Oracle English Literature Sharif Sir PDF

A Handbook on English Literature by Sharif Hossain Ahmad Chowdhury 1
A Handbook
on
English Literature
[Including a short history of English literature, famous authors,
works and quotations]
for BCS and other competitive exams
Compiled by:
Sharif Hossain Ahmad Chowdhury
BA (Hons), MA in English, MM
MBA in Mgt Studies (DU)
Senior Teacher, Faculty of English, BCS Confidence
Formerly Lecturer in English, Edinburgh Int‘l College, Dhaka
Follow me: sharif_bmc@yahoo.com; 01728395949 (sms)
Confidence Research Work Ltd.

2 A Handbook on English Literature by Sharif Hossain Ahmad Chowdhury
A Handbook on English Literature
First Edition (Hand Written) : 16 December 2013

Second Edition (Printed) : 07 March 2016
Third Edition : 01 May 2016
Fourth Edition : 01 December 2016
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Dedicated to―
My daughter
Rusafa Chowdhury
(Words are not enough to express the unconditional love that exists
between Rusafa and me)
Preface (†cÖwdm&)
All praise belongs to almighty Allah, who allows me finalizing this
book and peace be upon the last Prophet. A Handbook on English Literature
is designed to serve as a handbook to the candidates of BCS Preliminary
exam in their study of English literature. It is expected that this book will
help them secure good marks in their examination. Actually this book has
been published not because there is a scarcity of such notes on English
literature but because always we have opportunity to join with our existing
publications.
I have spared no pains in making this work quite comprehensive.
For overall betterment of the book, I have consulted a considerable number
of reference books specially William J. Long‘s English Literature, M. H.
Abrams‘ A Glossary of Literary Terms, some renowned websites
including Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 and
several critical notes of Dr. S. Sen, Ramji Lall, Scott A. Boulding, Dr. M.
Mofizar Rahman, Kabir Chowdhury and so on.
I express a deep sense of gratitude to my honourable teacher Mr.
Abdul Latif for his unabashed inspiration at every sphere of my life. I am in
fact thankful to my colleagues Mr. Rahat Hossain Khan and Mr. Mahbub
Shakil. Thanks also deserve Mr. Belal Ahmed Raju, respectable MD of BCS
Confidence for taking the responsibility of publishing the book.
No man is above error. Therefore, in spite of very careful effort,
there may be inadvertent mistake of any kind for hasty writing or lack of
my knowledge. I beg pardon for all those. Suggestions from both the
students and teachers are cordially expected for its further improvement.
Sharif Hossain Ahmad Chowdhury
Dhaka, March 7, 2016
Table of Contents (m~wPcÎ)
1. The Old English Period 11

1. Caedmon (K¨vWgb) 2. Cynewulf (†K‡bDjd) 3. Saint Venerable Bede
4. King Alfred the Great.
2. The Middle English Period 15

1. Geoffrey Chaucer (wRI‡d« Pmvi) 2. John Wycliff (DBwK¬d) 3. Sir
Thomas Malory 4. Dante (`v‡šÍ) 5. William Langland
3. The Renaissance 21
a) The Elizabethan Period: 24
1. Thomas Norton & Thomas Sackville 2. Christopher Marlowe 3.
Edmund Spenser 4. Nicholas Udall 5. Sir Thomas Wyatt 6. Sir Philip
Sidney 7. John Webster 8. Richard Hooker 9. George Chapman 10.
Ben Jonson 11. Thomas Kyd 12. Thomas Moore 13. Thomas Dekker
14. Arthur Golding 15. Nicholo Machiavelli 16. Cyril Tourneur 17.
Migunl de Cervantes 18. Francis Bacon 19. Galileo (M¨vwjwjI) 20.
William Shakespeare
b) The Jacobean Period: 44
1. John Donne (Rb Wvb) 2. Andrew Marvell 3. Henry Vaughan (†nbwi
fb) 4. George Herbert 5. Cowley (KvDwj)
c) The Caroline Period: 49
Robert Herrick
d) The Commonwealth Period: 51
1. Thomas Hobbes 2. Jeremy Taylor
Previous Questions: 52
4. The Neoclassical Period 67
a) The Restoration Period: 69
1. John Milton 2. John Dryden (Rb WªvB‡Wb) 3. William Congreve:
(KbwMÖf) 4. Samuel Butler 5. John Bunyan (Rb evwbqvb) 6. John Locke
(Rb jK) 7. William Wycherley 8. Aphra Ben 9. George Farquhar
b) The Augustan Period: 74

1. Alexander Pope 2. Jonathan Swift 3. Daniel Defoe 4. Samuel
Richardson 5. Joseph Addison and Richard Steele
c) The Age of Sensibility: 78
1. Dr. Samuel Johnson 2. Goethe (M¨v‡U) 3. Henry Fielding 4. Oliver
Goldsmith 5. Thomas Gray 6. Edmund Burke 7. Edward Gibbon 8.
Lindley Murray 9. Herasim Lebedeff (†nivwmg †j‡e‡Wd) 10. Sir Walter
Scott 11. Herold J Laski (jvw¯‥) 12. Adam Smith 13. bv_vwb‡qj eªvwm
n¨vj‡nW 14. DBwjqvg †Kwi 15. Rousseau 16. Voltaire (fj‡Zqvi)
5. The Romantic Period 89

1. William Wordsworth 2. S.T.Coleridge 3. P.B.Shelley
4. John Keats 5. William Blake 6. Charles Lamb 7. William Hazlitt 8.
Lord Byron 9. Jane Austen 10. Alexander Pushkin 11. †nbwi jyB wfwfqvb
wW‡ivwRI
6. The Victorian Period 113

1. Lord Alfred Tennyson (†Uwbmb) 2. Robert Browning 3. Matthew
Arnold (g¨v_y Avb©ì) 4. Charles Dickens (Pvj©m wW‡KÝ) 5. Maxim Gorky
(g¨vw·g †MvwK©) 6. William Makepeace Thekary (†_Kvwi) 7. Edward
Fitzgerald (wdRvijW) 8. John Stuart Mill (Rb ÷zqvU© wgj)
9. Thomas Hardy 10. Christina Rossetti (wµw÷bv i‡mwU) 11. Dante
Gabriella Rossetti (D.G. Rosettei) 12. R.L. Stevenson (w÷‡fbmb) 13.
Sir Richard Francis Burton (wiPvW© evU©b) 14. Benjamin Franklin (†eÄvwgb
d«v¼wjb) 15. Charlotte Bronte (kv‡j©vU eªæb‡U) 16. Emily Bronte 17. Leo
Tolstoy (wjD Uj÷q) 18. George Eliot (RR© GwjqU)
19. Elizabeth Barret Browning 20. Charles Robert Darwin (WviDBb)
21. Cardinal Newman 22. Gladstone 23. Alexandre Dumas
(Av‡jKRvÛvi Wzgvm) 24. Karl Marx (Kvj© gv·©) 25. Mark Twain (gvK© †Uv‡qb)
26. H. Christian Unlerson 27. Elizabeth Gaskell 28. Sir Arthur Conan
Doyle 29. A.S. Hornby 30. Kiran Desai 31. Samuel Butler 32. Oscar
Wilde 33. c¨vwiPuv` wgÎ 34. Edgar Allan Poe (GWMvi A¨vjvb †cv) 35. Ck¦iP›`ª
we`¨vmvMi 36. ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq 37. Napoleon (†b‡cvwjqb †evbvcvU©) 38.
Abraham Lincoln (Aveªvnvg wjsKb)
7. The Modern and The Post Modern Periods 13

AvaywbK hy‡M A‡bK †ewk †jLK _vKvq wkÿv_©x‡ì myweav‡_© †jLK‡ì bvg
eY©µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q:
01. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam 02. A.C. Bradley 03. Anthony Mascarenhus
(gvm&Kv‡ibnvm) 04. Adlof Hitler 05. Allen Ginsberg (A¨v‡jb wMbmevM©) 06.
Arther Clarke 07. Alexander Campbell (K¨v¤ú‡ej) 08. Arundhuty Roy
(fviZxq †jwLKv) 09. Alice Munro (Gwjm gb‡iv) 10. Amitav Ghosh (fviZxq
mvwnwZ¨K) 11. Aldus Huxley (GjWvm nv·wj) 12. AgZ©¨ †mb 13. Arbinda
Adigaon (Aiwe›` Avw`MvIu) 14. Albert Camus 15. Aiub Khan (AvBqye Lvb) 16.
Anita Desai (fviZxq mvwnwZ¨K) 17. A¨vbv d«v¼ 18. Bangabandhu Sheikh
Mujibur Rahman 19. Barak Obama 20. Bovey: 21. eveyj †P․ayix 22. †eMg †iv‡Kqv
23. Chinua Achebe 24. Colonel Gaddafi 25. Condoleezza Rice 26. Dan Brown
(W¨vb eªvDb) 27. David Émile Durkheim (`y‡L©Bg) 28. Doris Lessing (Wwim †jwms)
29. D.H Lawrence 30. Dylan Thomas 31. W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq 32. W.
AvKei Avjx Lvb 33. E. M. Milford 34. Emerson 35. Erik Axel Karlfeldt
36. E.M Forster 37. Ernesto che Guevara (†P ¸‡qfviv) 38. Earnest
Hemingway (Av‡b©÷ †nwgsI‡q) 39. Eugene O‘Neil (BDwRb IÕ‡bBj) 40.
Francis Fokuama (dzKzBqvgv) 41. Fidel Castro (wd‡`j K¨v‡÷ªv) 42. Fyodor
Dostoyevsky (wdDì `¯Íqfw¯‥) 43. †d¬v‡iÝ bvBwU‡½j: 44. Guner Myrdal 45.
Gunter Grass 46. Gabriel Garcia Marquez (Mvweª‡qj Mvwm©qv gv‡K©m) 47.
George Orwell (RR© AiI‡qj) 48. George Bernard Shaw (RR© evb©vW k) 49.
MxZv †gnZv 50. H.G. Wells (Herbert George Wells) 51. Hilary Clinton
52. Henry Kissinger 53. Harold Pinter 54. Henrik Ibsen 55. Herman
Melville 56. Henry James 57. Irwin Shaw 57. AvBwib Lvb 58. Jahanara
Imam (Rvnvbviv Bgvg) 59. Jimmy Carter (wRwg KvUvi) 60. John Masefield
(†g‡mwdì) 61. J.K. Rawling 62. Jhumpa Lahiri 63. Jean Paul Sartre 64.
James Joyce 65. Jane Taylor 66. Jefferson 67. Julian Assange (Rywjqvb
A¨vmvÄ) 68. J. M. Synge (Rb wgwjsUb wmÄ) 69. Joseph Conrad 70. Jules
Verne (Ryjm& fv‡b©) 71. John F. Kennedy (Rb Gd †K‡bwW) 72. Rwni ivqnvb 73.
wRqv nvq`vi ingvb 74. Kaiser Haq 75. Lee kuan U (wj Kzqvb BD) 76. Lord
Acton 77. Momota Banerjee 78. Mahatma Gandhi (gnvZ¥v MvÜx) 79. Martin
Luther King Junior (gvwU©b jy_vi wKs Rywbqi) 80. Marshall Macluhan (gvk©vj
g¨vKjynvb) 81. Monika Ali 82. Muhammad Asad 83. gvIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg
AvRv` 84. gvjvjv BDmydRvB 85. gybxi ‡P․ayix 86. gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë 87. Nathaniel
Hawthorne 88. Nirod C. Chowdhury 89. Neil Armstrong 90. Nelson
Mandela 91. Noam Chomsky (†bvqvg Pgw¯‥) 92. Orhan Pamuk (Iinvb cvgyK)
93. O‘ Henry 94. Pandit Neheru (cwÐZ RInijvj †b‡niæ) 95. Pablo Neruda
(cve‡jv †biæ`v) 96. Pearl S. Buck (cvj© Gm evK) 97. Parvez Mosharraf 98.
cve‡jv wcKv‡mv 99. R. K. Narayan 100. Rudyard Kipling (iæWBqvW© wKcwjs)
101. wiPvW© BUb 102. †ingvb †mvenvb 103. Steve Jobs (w÷f Rem) 104. Sun Tzu
(myb Ry) 105. Sully Prodhomme (mywj cÖæ‡avg) 106. Seamus Heaney 107.
Salman Rushdi 108. Seikh Hasina 109. Sigmund Freud (wmMgÛ d«‡qW) 110.
Sir Arthur Miller (m¨vi Av_©vi wgjvi) 111. Stephen Hawking (w÷‡db nwKs)
112. Saul Bellow 113. Samuel Beckett 114. Selma Lagerlof (†mjgv †jMid)
115. Samuel Huntington (nvw›UsUb) 116. Salvador Dali 117. ‣mq` gyRZev
Avjx 118. •mq` Avjx Avnmvb 119. •mq` IqvjxDjøvn& 120. kv‡q¯Ív BKivgyjøvn 121.
T.S. Eliot 122. Thomas Carlyle 123. Ted Hughes (†UW wnDR) 124. Tony
Morrison 125. Tahmima Anam 126. Thomas Usk 127. V. S. Neipaul
(we`¨vai m~hc
© Ömv` bvBcj) 128. Virginia Woolf (fvwR©wbqv Djd) 129. Victor
Hogo (û‡Mv) 130. føvw`gi BwjP Dwjqv‡bvf (†jwbb) 131. William Golding 132.
W. B. Yeats 133. William Hunter 134. W.H. Auden 135. William
Somerset Maugham (mgvi‡mU gg) 136. Wole Soyinka (I‡j mywq¼v) 137.
Wallace Stevens 138. Winston Churchil (DBb÷b PvwP©j) 139. William
Faulkner (dKbvi) 140. Walt Whitman, Robert Frost & Emily Dickinson
9. GK bR‡i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K‡ì Dcvwa 189
10. Av‡iv wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ 190
11. Top 35 Figures of Speech 216
GB eBwU mvgwMÖK Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ m¤úwK©Z| hy³ivR¨ Z_v

Bsj¨vÛ, ¯‥Uj¨vÛ, mgMÖ Avqvij¨vÛ I I‡qj‡mi mvwnZ¨mn
gvwK©b hy³ivóª Ges c~e©Zb weªwUk Dcwb‡ek¸‡jv‡Z iwPZ
Bs‡iwR mvwnZÏ GB eB‡q Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e 19k
kZvãx ch©šÍ GB eB‡qi AwaKvsk Av‡jvPbv weª‡Ub
I Avqvij¨v‡Ûi mvwnZ¨‡K †K›`ª K‡i n‡q‡Q|
Important Periods of English Literature

1. The Old English Period : 450-1066
 G hy‡Mi Ab¨ bvg The Anglo Saxon Period
 Saxon †ì fvlv Rvg©vb (Gmgq Bsj¨vÛ Rvg©vwbi m¨v·b‡ì Aax‡b wQj)
2. The Middle English Period : 1066-1500

1066-1340: The Anglo Norman Period (fvlv- †d«Â)
 G mgq Bsj¨vÛ d«v‡Ýi bg©¨vb‡ì Aax‡b wQj
Shorter
Ages 1340-1400: The Age of Chaucer (Pmv‡ii hyM)***
(14th Century Gi AšÍM©Z; Pmv‡ii gva¨‡g Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï hvÎv ïiæ)
1400-1485/1500: The Dark/ Barren Period
3. The Renaissance : 1500-1660

(i) 1500-1558: Préparation for Renaissance
G hyM‡K (†i‡bmuvi cÖ¯‘wZ hyM)
Early (ii) 1558-1603: The Elizabethan Period***
Modern
 GwU 2nd half of 16th Century Gi AšÍM©Z
PeriodI
ejv nq| (iii) 1603-1625: The Jacobean Period
 King James (1st) Gi bvgvbymv‡i G hy‡Mi bvgKiY
Shorter  Z‡e, 1590-1616 = Age of Shakespeare Ges
Ages  1620-1660 = Puritan Period wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ
(wLª÷vb wcDwiUvb‡ì Avwac‡Zï Kvi‡Y)
(iv) 1625-1649: The Caroline Period
 King Charles (1st) Gi bvgvbymv‡i G hy‡Mi bvgKiY
 Zv‡K nZ¨v Kivi gva¨‡g Bsj¨v‡Û cÖ_g ivRZ‡š¿i cZb N‡UwQj
(v) 1649-1660: The Commonwealth Period
 G hy‡M England G †Kvb Monarch wQj bv
 GwU wQj cÖRvZ‡š¿i hyM
4. The Neo-Classical Period : 1660-1798

1660-1700: The Restoration Period
 Restoration ej‡Z ivRZ‡š¿i cybiæ×vi †evSvq
 GB hyM‡K Kwe John Dryden Gi hyMI ejv nq
Shorter
Ages 1700-1745: The Augustan Period
 GB hyM‡K Kwe Alexander Pope Gi hyMI ejv nq
1745-1785/98: The Age of Sensibility

 Ab¨ bvg The Age of Reason/Transition
 GwU‡K Dr. Samuel Jhonson Gi hyMI ejv nq
5. The Romantic Period : 1798-1832

 †gvU 34 years; GwU Early 19th Century Gi AšÍM©Z
6. The Victorian Period : 1832-1901

 GwU 19th Century Gi AšÍM©Z
1848-1860: The Pre-Raphaelites (wc«-i¨v‡djvBUm)
Shorter
Ages 1880-1901: Aestheticism and Decadence
(b›`bZË¡/bv›`wbKZv I ¶wqòyZv)
7. The Modern Period : 1901-1939
 GwU 1st half of 20th Century Gi AšÍM©Z
Shorter 1901-1910: The Edwardian Period

Ages 1910-1936: The Georgian Period
8. The Post Modern Period : 1939-present

 GwU 2nd half of 20th century Gi AšÍM©Z
we.`ª.: g~jZ mgmvgwqK †Kvb weL¨vZ ivRv, ivbx ev †Kvb we‡kl mvwnwZ¨‡Ki bvgvbymv‡i
wKsev †Kvb hy‡Mi we‡kl †Kvb •ewk‡óï bvgvbymv‡i Gme hy‡Mi (Period/Age)
bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GRb¨ GKB hy‡Mi wewfbœ bvg cwijwÿZ nq|
1. The Old English Period

Duration: 450-1066
1. The Old English Period

Duration: 450-1066
G hyM m¤úwK©Z wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
 G hy‡Mi Ab¨ bvg The Anglo Saxon Period;

Saxon Rvg©vwbi GKwU DcRvwZi bvg|
 A_©vr 450-1066 mvj ch©šÍ Rvg©vwbi Saxon, Angles Ges Jutes mn
wewfbœ `yal© © RvwZ‡Mvôxi †jv‡Kiv England †K `L‡j †i‡LwQj| Z‡e Saxon †ì
c~‡e© England †ivgvb‡ì kvmbvaxb wQj| g~jZ, English is a West Germanic
Language.
 Literature was oral in this period. (AwjwLZ mvwnZ¨)
 King Alfred the Great spread educational institutions in this
period.
 According to Bede, the original Anglo-Saxon settlers came to
England from many of these continental locations:
Anglo Saxon Period Gi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K:

1. Caedmon: (K¨vWgb)
 Zv‡K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï Avw`Kwe ejv nq|
 Earliest poet/ first known poet in English Literature
 †hgb: evsjv mvwn‡Zï Avw`Kwe jyBcv
 wZwb wLªóxq fveavivi Kwe wQ‡jb|
 Zv‡K Father of English Sacred Song-I ejv nq|
 †KD †KD Zv‡K Anglo-Saxon hy‡Mi Milton-I e‡j _v‡Kb|
 Zvi cÖavb mvwnZ¨K‡g©i bvg Paraphrase|
2. Cynewulf: (†K‡bDjd)
 He is one of twelve Old English poets known by name, and
one of four whose work is known to survive today.
 Juliana Zvi GKwU weL¨vZ KweZv|
3. Saint Venerable Bede: (673-735)
 Zvi Dcvwa: Doctor of the Church
 Zv‡K Father of Learning Ges
 First historian in English language ejv nq| (we.`ª: evsjv mvwn‡Zï
cÖ_g BwZnvm welqK MÖš’ `x‡bk P›`ª †m‡bi e½fvlv I mvwnZ¨)
4. King Alfred the Great: (849-899)
 Zvi Dcvwa: The Law Governing (AvB‡bi kvmK)
 wZwb 871 mvj †_‡K 899 mvj ch©šÍ ZrKvjxb England Gi ivRv wQ‡jb|
 He compiled the Anglo Saxon Chronicle. (A_©vr The Anglo
Saxon Chronicle bv‡g cÖ_g M`¨MÖš’ G hy‡MB msKwjZ nq|)
 GwU‡K First monument in English prose ev Bs‡iwR M‡`ï Avw`
wb`k©b ejv nq|
 G Kvi‡Y Zv‡K Founder of English Prose-I ejv nq| (†hgb:
evsjv M‡`ï RbK Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi)
[D‡jøL¨: cixÿvi option-G Alfred the Great ev ga¨hy‡Mi John Wycliffe
Gi bvg bv _vK‡j Elizabethan period Gi Francis Bacon †KB Founder of
English Prose ejv n‡e|]
Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï Avw` wb`k©b:
1. Beowulf (†eIDj&d):
 GB gnvKv‡eï †jL‡Ki bvg

Rvbv hvq wb|
 GwU‡K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï
Avw` wb`k©b, Z_v First
Monument in English
Literature ejv nq| [†hgb: evsjvq Ph©vc`] First page of Bewulf
 GwU‡K The Earliest Epic (gnvKve¨) in England-I ejv n‡q

_v‡K| m¤¢eZ 650 mv‡j iwPZ n‡qwQj| (†hgb: evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g Ges
mv_©K gnvKve¨ gvB‡Kj gaym~`‡bi †gNbv` ea -1861 mv‡j)
 Kve¨wU ¯‥¨vwÛ‡bwfqv AÂ‡ji cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ n‡jI Bsj¨v‡Ûi RvZxq

gnvKv‡eï ¯^xK…wZ cvq|
 GB Heroic Epic wU‡Z 3182 wU jvBb wQj| gnvKv‡eï bvq‡Ki bvg

nj Beowulf, whwb England †K cÖ_‡g (†h․e‡b) cvZvjcyixi ivÿm‡ì
nvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡iwQ‡jb| c‡i (†kl eq‡m) WªvMb‡ì nvZ †_‡K iÿv Ki‡Z
wM‡q wb‡R gviv hvb| GB MÖ‡š’i g~j cvÐwjwc jÛ‡bi weªwUk wgDwRqv‡g
msiwÿZ Av‡Q|
2. Beowulf QvovI The Wanderer, The Seafarer, The Husband‘s
Message, The Wife‘s Lament, Traveler cÖf…wZ bv‡g wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
KweZv cvIqv hvq| G¸‡jvi mywbw`©ó †Kvb †jL‡Ki bvg cvIqv hvq bv|
we.`ª.: Rvg©vwbi `ya©l© Saxon-iv 450 mv‡j ïay Bsj¨vÛ `LjB K‡iwb eis Bs‡iwR
fvlv PP©vi Dci GK ai‡bi wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc K‡i| Zviv `wi`ª Bs‡iR‡ì‡K
`vm-`vmx‡Z cwiYZ K‡i Ges m¤£všÍ Bs‡iR‡ì‡K †`k †_‡K weZvwoZ K‡i|
d‡j G hy‡M weï× Bs‡iwR fvlvq †Kvb mvwnZ¨ iwPZ nqwb|
2. The Middle English Period

Duration: 1066-1500
G Aa¨v‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wZbwU hyM i‡q‡Q:
(a) 1066-1340: The Anglo Norman
(b) 1340-1400: The Age of Chaucer
(c) 1400-1485/1500: The Dark/ Barren Period
2. The Middle English Period

Duration: 1066-1500
ga¨hy‡Mi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv:

 1066 mv‡j d«v‡Ýi Norman RvwZ G‡m Rvg©vb Saxon-†ì‡K civwRZ K‡i
England `Lj K‡i †bq| G Rb¨ 1066-1340 mvj ch©šÍ mgq‡K Anglo
Norman Period ejv nq| G hy‡M divwm fvlv I ms¯‥…wZ †Rvi K‡i Bs‡iR‡ì
Dci Pvwc‡q †`qv nq|
 1400-1500 mvj ch©šÍ mgq‡K Barren/ Dark Period ejv nq|
[†hgb: evsjv mvwn‡Zï AÜKvi hyM 1201-1350]
 ag©xq wkÿv m¤úªmvi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ GB Anglo Norman hy‡MB weL¨vZ
Oxford (1168) Ges Cambridge (1209) wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq|
 Magna Carta (gnvmb`) was passed on 15 June 1215.*
 King John mvgšÍ‡ì Pv‡c c‡o ivwb‡gW (Runnymede) Øx‡c ivRvi
AwaKvi msµvšÍ G Pzw³‡Z ¯^vÿi K‡ib|
 It was a great charter, which limited the power of monarch.
 Av‡M ejv n‡Zv = King can do no wrong. (g¨vMbv KvU©v cÖRv‡ì AwaKvi
cÖwZôv Ges ivRv‡ì ÿgZv n«v‡mi GKwU †h․w³K `wjj)
 GUv‡K weªwUk kvmbZ‡š¿i evB‡ej Ges great charter of freedom ejv nq|
 evsjvi Magna Charta n‡jv 6-`dv/ Six point demand (1966)|
 In 1295, English Parliament was established.

 GB hy‡M (11th-13th Century) gymjgvb I wLª÷vb‡ì gv‡S HwZnvwmK
Crusade (ag©hy×) nq| BwZnvm g‡Z, cweÎ f~wg †RiæRv‡jg Ges
KÝUvw›U‡bvc‡ji AwaKvi †bIqvi Rb¨ 1096 †_‡K 1292 mvj ch©šÍ
BD‡iv‡ci wLª÷vb‡ì mw¤§wjZ kw³ gymjgvb‡ì weiæ‡× †h hy× cwiPvjbv K‡i
Zv‡K µz‡mW e‡j|
 1337-1453 mvj ch©šÍ Bsj¨vÛ-d«v‡Ýi gv‡S kZel© hy× (Hundred Year
War) nq| (Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv 3q GWIqvW© d«v‡Ýi wmsnvmb `vwe Ki‡j G hy×
ïiæ nq)
 dLiæÏxb †gveviK kvn Gi Avg‡j 1345-46 mv‡j weL¨vZ cwieªvRK Be‡b eZzZv
evsjv‡`‡k G‡mwQ‡jb| Zvi g‡Z, †m mgq G‡`‡k 7 UvKvq 8.75gY Pvj Ges 3
UvKvq 14 †mi wN cvIqv †hZ|
 1362 mv‡j cÖ_gev‡ii gZ Bs‡iwR‡K Language of law and court wn‡m‡e
†NvlYv Kiv nq| (D‡jøL¨, 1837 mv‡j fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k dviwm fvlvi cwie‡Z©
Bs‡iwR fvlv‡K ivóªfvlv Kiv nq| Avi cvwK¯Ív‡bi MYcwil‡` evsjv fvlv‡K 16
†deªæqvwi 1956 mv‡j Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`qv nq|)
 Gi Av‡M Norman Period G Latin and French were the
only recognized languages in Norman courts.
 William Caxton established printing press in 1476. GRb¨ Zv‡K
First English Printer ejv nq [we.`ª: 1777 mv‡j †Rgm wnwK cÖ_g Kv‡Vi
†cÖm •Zwi K‡i e½‡`‡k gy`ªY eëmv Pvjy K‡ib| Z‡e Pvj©m DBjwKÝ‡K evsjv
gy`ªvÿ‡ii RbK ejv nq Ges Zvi wb‡`©‡k cÂvbb Kg©Kvi evsjv Aÿi †Lv`vB K‡ib]
 1492 mv‡j BZvjxq bvweK Christopher Columbus AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi
AwZµg K‡i evnvgv Øx‡c AeZi‡Yi gva¨‡g Av‡gwiKv gnv‡`k Avwe®‥vi K‡ib|
 In 1498, Vasco Da-Gama reached India. (fv‡¯‥v `v Mvgv GKRb
cZz©wMR bvweK wQ‡jb)
 G ga¨hy‡MB 1204 mv‡j jÿY †mb‡K civwRZ K‡i eLwZqvi wLjRx evsjv
Rq K‡ib Ges 1333 mv‡j gynv¤§` web ZzNj‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j gi‡°vi ch©UK
Be‡b eZzZv evsjvq AvMgb K‡ib|
 G hy‡MB †R¨vwZwe©Ávbx Copernicus (Rb¥ 1473) cÖgvY K‡iwQ‡jb †h,
―The Sun is the center of all planets.‖ Avi †Kvcvwb©Kv‡mi gZev`
cÖPv‡ii `v‡q Zvi QvÎ wRqv`©v‡bv eªæ‡bv‡K Av¸‡b cywo‡q nZ¨v Kiv nq|
 G hy‡Mi Bs‡iR mvwnwZ¨Kiv BZvjxq Kwe Dante (`v‡šÍ), Petrarch, (†cÎvK©)
Boccaccio (†evKvwPI) cÖgyL weL¨vZ mvwnwZ¨K‡K AbymiY K‡iwQ‡jb|
 Roger Bacon (1214-1292) was a famous literary person of
Anglo Norman Period. Opus Majus Zvi weL¨vZ MÖš’| (iRvi
†eKb‡K AvaywbK weÁv‡bi RbKI ejv nq)
 GB hy‡MB Miracle Play, Mystery Play, Morality Play, Interlude
(Mf©bvwUKv) cÖf…wZ bv‡g English Drama Gi cÖPjb ïiæ nq|
Middle English Period Gi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K:

1. Geoffrey Chaucer: (wRI‡d«/†Rwd« Pmvi, 1340-1400)
 wZwb 14th century'i weL¨vZ Kwe (Representative Poet) wQ‡jb|
 wZwb GKvav‡i K~UbxwZK, `vk©wbK, Avgjv, ivR-Dc‡`óv I ivóª`~Z wQ‡jb|
 Zvi bvgvbymv‡i Age of Chaucer (1340-1400) bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 Zv‡K A‡b‡K Morning Star of Renaissance e‡j _v‡Kb|
The first great modernist
Father of English Language
Father of English Literature
 Zv‡K ejv nq|
First Humourist in English Literature
Father of English Modern Poetry *
The first great English story-teller
 wZwbB weï× Bs‡iwR fvlvq cÖ_g KweZv wj‡Lb| (Saxon Ges Norman hy‡M weï×
Bs‡iwR wQj bv| we.`ª: Father of Bengali Modern Poems- gvB‡Kj gaym~`b)
Canterbury Tales (K¨v›Uvi‡ewi †Ujm&&) Zvi †kÖô Kve¨MÖš’| GwU 1478 mv‡j cÖ_g
Qvcv nq| GwU g~jZ 17,000 jvBb wewkó Kv‡e¨ iwPZ GKwU Amgvß eY©bvg~jK MíMÖš’ (a
collection of 24 stories)| The tales are presented as part of a story-telling
contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from
London to Canterbury in order to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas
Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The prize for this contest is a free meal at
the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return.
Pmv‡ii Kve¨ mvwnZ¨‡K wZbwU fv‡M wPwýZ Kiv nq:
 The French Period
 The Italian Period
 The English Period
GQvovI Zvi weL¨vZ KweZv¸‡jv n‡jv:
 The House of Fame
 Troilus and Criseyde
 Nun Priest‘s Tale
 The Parliament of Fowls


The Legend of Good Women wRI‡d« Pmvi
2. John Wycliff: (DBwK¬d, 1331-1384)

 Morning Star of the Reformation
 Reformer of English Church (Pv‡P©i ms¯‥viK)
Titles  Evening Star of English Scholasticism (ga¨hyMxq

GKwU `vk©wbK gZev`)
 Father of English prose (M`¨) / First prose writer
in English (Avj‡d«W `¨ †MÖ‡Ui bvg bv _vK‡j)
 He was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian,

Biblical translator, reformer, seminary professor at Oxford.
 He was an influential dissident (wfbœ gZvej¤^x) within the
Roman Catholic priesthood (†c․iwnZ¨) during the 14th century.
 Zvi Abymvixiv Lollards bv‡g cwiwPZ, hviv cieZ©x‡Z †cvc we‡ivax
Av‡›`vjb Z_v Protestant Reformation Gi Rb¨ mgv`„Z|
 wZwb cÖ_gev‡ii gZ Bible (wbD †U÷v‡g›U, 2q LÐ) Gi Bs‡iwR Abyev`
K‡ib (M`¨ ixwZ‡Z)| †hgb:
 Rvg©vb fvlvq cÖ_g Bible Abyev` K‡ib Rvg©vwbi ag© ms¯‥viK Martin Luther|
 বvsjv, হ঵হি, উহিষ্যা, ঴ংস্কৃত, অ঴মীয় ঑ আরহব fvlvq cÖ_g evB‡ej Abyev`
K‡ib †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri evsjv wefv‡Mi cÖwZôvZv cÖavb DBwjqvg †Kwi|
 cweÎ KziAvb evsjvq cÖ_g Abyev` K‡ib gvIjvbv Avwgi DwÏb emzwbqv (AvswkK)|
 fvB wMwikP›`ª †mb (biwms`x) m¤ú~Y© KziAvb Abyev` K‡ib (1881-1886)|
 Marmaduke Pickthall (gvigvWzK wcK_vj) weï× Bs‡iwR‡Z KziAvb Abyev`
K‡ib|
3. Sir Thomas Malory: (1415-1471)

 Zvi weL¨vZ M`¨MÖ‡š’i bvg Morte D‟ Arthur ।
কর্তৃক 1485 ঵য়।
 GwU Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï First Romance in prose |
 Z‡e King Morte D‘ Arthur bv‡g weL¨vZ KweZv wj‡L‡Qb Victorian
hy‡Mi Kwe Alfred Tennyson|
4. Dante: (`v‡šÍ AvwjwMwi; 1265-1321)

 cy‡iv bvg: Dante Alighieri
 Rb¥: BZvwji †d¬v‡i‡Ý
 Titles:
The Father of the Italian Language
The Supreme Poet of Italy
 Zvi weL¨vZ Epic Gi bvg: The Divine Comedy
 `v‡šÍ (Dante), Petrarch (†cÎvK©) Ges Boccaccio (†ev°vwPI) GB wZb
Rb weL¨vZ BZvjxq Kwe‡K GK‡Î The Three Crowns/ The Three
Fountains ejv nq|
 Kwe †ngP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Dante Gi Divine Comedy Aej¤^‡b Zuvi
weL¨vZ Qvqvgqx Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib|
 Inferno (gv‡b Hell/ biK) bv‡g Kwe DanteÕi GKwU weL¨vZ KweZv Av‡Q| It is
the first part of the Divine Comedy.
5. William Langland:
 Zvi weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’: Piers Plowman
Drama & Play Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:

 Drama: before staged (gÂ‡¯’i Av‡M)
 Play: after staged (gÂ‡¯’i c‡i)
 Playwright means: dramatist
When life shows you a hundred reasons to cry,

Show life that
You have a thousand reasons to smile.
1.
2.
3.
4.
3. The Renaissance
Duration: 1500-1660
5.
G Aa¨v‡q Renaissance Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ PviwU hyM Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q:
(a) The Elizabethan Period (1558-1603)
(b) The Jacobean Period (1603-1625)
(c) The Caroline Period (1625-1649)
(d) The Commonwealth Period (1649-1660)
6. 3. The Renaissance
Duration: 1500-1660
†i‡bmuv hyM m¤úwK©Z wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:

 Actually European Renaissance began in 14th Century in Italy.
 Z‡e A‡b‡K 1453 mv‡j †i‡bmuv ïiæ n‡qwQj e‡j g‡b K‡ib|
 Renaissance means- Revival/ Regeneration/ Rebirth, re-
awakening (cybR©b¥) of classical (ancient Greek) learning, culture
and free thinking.
 Renaissance is an Italian word (gZvšÍ‡i French). It is considered
the bridge between the Middle ages and the Modern history.
 †i‡bmuv PZz`©k kZ‡K cÖ_‡g Florance
kn‡i Ges c‡i Venice I Rome
kn‡i Qwo‡q c‡o|
Z‡e, England G †i‡bmuv ïiæ nq
1500 mv‡j|
 Renaissance Gi hyM‡K Re-
discovery of Ancient
Civilization of Greece and Florence, birthplace of Renaissance
Rome ejv nq|
 Renaissance †K Early Modern Period-I ejv nq| KviY, AvaywbKZv I
†ivgvw›UwmR‡gi m~Pbv G hyM †_‡KB ïiæ nq| It started as a Cultural
Movement in Italy.
 A‡b‡K BZvjxq Kwe †cÎvK©‡K Father of Renaissance, Father of
Humanism g‡b K‡ib|
 1500-1558 mvj ch©šÍ mgq‡K England Gi RenaissanceÕi cÖ¯‘wZ hyM ejv nq|
 Gw`‡K 1526 mv‡j cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy‡× Beªvwng †jv`x‡K civwRZ K‡i Rwni DwÏb
†gvnv¤§` evei (1526–1530) fviZe‡l© †gvNj mv¤ªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb|
 The Bengal renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram
Mohan Roy (1772-1833) and ended with Rabindranath (1861-1941).
Raja Ram Mohan Roy is regarded as the "Father of the Bengal
Renaissance."
†i‡bmuv hy‡Mi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ •ewkó¨:
Humanism, Free Thinking, Nationalism, Individualism BZ¨vw`|
ivbx GwjRv‡e‡_i (1558 -1603) c~ ‡ e© G hy ‡ Mi

D‡jø L ‡hvM¨ wUDWi es‡ki kvmKMY n‡jv:
1. Henry (vii): 1485-1509 (ivbx GwjRv‡e‡_i `v`v)
2. Henry (viii): 1509-1547 (ivbx GwjRv‡e‡_i evev)
3. Edward (vi): 1547-1553 (GwjRv‡e‡_i mr fvB;
16 eQi eq‡m h²v †iv‡M gviv hvb)
4. Queen Mary: 1553-1558 (GwjRv‡e‡_i eo mr †evb Z_v K¨v‡_wi‡bi GKgvÎ
RxweZ Kb¨v wQ‡jb| AmsL¨ †cÖv‡U÷¨v›U nZ¨vi `v‡q Zv‡K i³ wccvmy †gwi ev Bloody
Mary ejv nq| KzBb †gwi Uterine Z_v Rivqy msµvšÍ cancer G gviv hvb)
D‡jøL¨: ivbx GwjRv‡e‡_i evev Henry (viii) 6wU we‡q K‡iwQ‡jb| Zviv n‡jb:
1. Catherine of Aragon (divorced, died while detained under guard at
Kimbolton Castle, mother of Mary I) 2. Anne Boleyn (executed, mother of
Elizabeth I) 3. Jane Seymour (died days after giving birth to Edward VI,
believed to be caused by birth complications) 4. Anne of Cleves (divorced,
outlived the rest of the wives) 5. Catherine Howard (divorced and later
executed) 6. Catherine Parr (widowed).
 Elizabethan Period Gi AwaKvsk bvUK Queen Elizabeth Gi mvg‡b gÂ¯’
n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g gÂ¯’ bvUK Gorboduc -1562 mv‡j|
 A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib, ZrKvjxb weL¨vZ Constantinople mv¤ªv‡Rï cZ‡bi ciB
†i‡bmuv ïiæ nq|
 Leonardo Da Vinci (Rb¥ 1452, †d¬v‡iÝ, BZvwj) Gi weL¨vZ The Last
Supper, La Giaconda, Mona Lisa, Virtuvian Man, The Madonna
and Child †i‡bmuv hy‡Mi †kÖô wPÎKg©| wZwbB cÖ_g †nwjKÞv‡ii wPÎ A¼b
K‡iwQ‡jb| (Z‡e 1740 mv‡j cÖ_g †nwjKÞvi •Zwi Kiv nq)|
 wjDbv‡`©v `¨ wfwÂ QvovI BZvwji gvB‡Kj G‡Ä‡jv (1475) G hy‡Mi weL¨vZ wPÎKi wQ‡jb|
Zvi †kÖô wPÎKg© n‡jv Ô†gv‡RmÕ, †WwfW, wc‡qZv Ges The Creation of Adam|
Mona Lisa wfwÂi AuvKv KwíZ †nwjKÞvi Madonna and Child

a. The Elizabethan Period

Duration: 1558-1603
Titles of the Age:

 Golden/Glorious Period of
English Literature/Drama
 A nest of singing birds
(MvqK cvwLi evmv)
G hy‡Mi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨: ivbx GwjRv‡e_

 Queen Elizabeth (i) Gi bvgvbymv‡i G hy‡Mi bvgKiY Kiv nq|
 wZwb 1533 mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zv‡K Virgin Queen ejv nq|
 wZwb wUDWi es‡ki ivRv Henry (viii) I ivbx Anne Boleyn Gi Kb¨v wQ‡jb|
 GwjRv‡e‡_i eqm hLb AvovB eQi ZLb Zvi gv Gwb †evwjb‡K wki‡ñ` K‡i
nZ¨v Kiv nq Ges GwjRv‡e_‡K A‣ea mšÍvb wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq|
 GB kZ‡K (†i‡bmuvi hy‡M) wLª÷vb ag© `ywU fv‡M wef³ n‡q c‡o:
(a) Catholic/Papist: ag©¸iæ Pope Gi Abymvix
(b) Protestant: Against the Pope
 Rvg©vwbi ag© ms¯‥viK Martin Luther Ges Switzerland Gi Calvin
Ges Zwingli ZrKvjxb Pope I ag©hvRK‡ì †¯^”QvPvwiZvi weiæ‡×
Protest K‡iwQ‡jb| ZvB Zv‡ì Abymvix‡ì Protestant ejv nq|
 ivRv Henry (viii) Zvi personal advantage (Z_v wØZxq we‡q msµvšÍ
welq) Gi Rb¨ England G Protestantism Pvjy K‡ib| d‡j England
G Civil War ïiæ nq| ivbx Elizabeth 1558 mv‡j ÿgZvq G‡m
religious problems `~i Kivi Rb¨ Anglicanism Pvjy Kivi gva¨‡g
Civil War Gi mgvwß NUvb|
 Anglicanism means England‘s own church.
 ―A good face is the best letter of recommendation.‖

(gv‡b, †c‡n‡j `k©b`vix †di ¸Y wePvix; GwU Queen Elizabeth Gi weL¨vZ Dw³)
1560 mv‡j ivbx GwjRv‡e_ jÛ‡b West Minister Abbey bv‡g GKwU PvP© cybwb©g©vY
K‡ib| GLv‡b weªwUk ivRv ivbx‡ì wmsnvmb Av‡ivnY Abyôvb I †klK…Z¨ AbywôZ nq|
GLv‡b 2q wek¦hy‡× wbnZ A‡bK AÁvZbvgv †hv×v‡ì mgvwa i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Poet‘s
Corner G Kwe Pmvi, weÁvbx wbDUb, চা঱ ঴ৃ হিককন্স,
†Uwbmb, e«vDwbs, nvwW©, iæWBqvW© wKcwjs, WviDBbmn
AmsL¨ weL¨vZ e¨w³‡ì mgvwa i‡q‡Q|
g‡b ivLybt
ivbx GwjRv‡e_ Ges w`wjøi m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii
Avg‡j 1600 mv‡j 218 Rb Bs‡iR ewY‡Ki
cÖ‡Póvq weªwUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ nq|
ivbx GwjRv‡e_ GB †Kv¤úvwb‡K 21 eQi ch©šÍ
GK‡PwUqv evwYR¨ Kivi ivRKxq mb` cÖ`vb m¤ªvU AvKei (1542 - 1605)
K‡iwQ‡jb|
D‡jøL¨, Gi Av‡M 1556 mv‡j cvwbc‡_i 2q hy‡× AvdMvb †bZv wngy‡K civwRZ
Kivi gva¨‡g m¤ªvU AvKei w`wjøi wmsnvmb jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| 1576 mv‡ji 12 RyjvB
ivRgn‡ji hy‡× AvKe‡ii wbKU evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxb myjZvb AvdMvb eskxq `vD` Lvb
Kiivbx civwRZ n‡j evsjv‡`k †gvMj m¤ªv‡Rï Aax‡b P‡j hvq|
Elizabethan Theatre Gi •ewkó¨:
1. There were no female writers in that period.
2. Women were not allowed to act.
3. The boys played the role of women.
4. Elizabethan tragedy Gi Ab¨Zg •ewkó¨ wQj:
(a) Revenge (b) Love
5. First English Theatre was established in 1576.
G hy‡Mi †hme mvwnwZ¨K‡ì wb‡q Avgiv Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ Zviv n‡jb:
1. Thomas Norton & Thomas Sackville 2. Christopher Marlowe
3. Edmund Spenser 4. Nicholas Udall 5. Sir Thomas Wyatt 6. Sir
Philip Sidney 7. John Webster 8. Richard Hooker 9. George
Chapman 10. Ben Jonson 11. Thomas Kyd 12. Thomas Moore
13. Thomas Dekker 14. Arthur Golding 15. Nicholo Machiavelli
16. Cyril Tourneur 17. Migunl de Cervantes 18. Francis Bacon 19.
M¨vwjwjI 20. William Shakespeare
Elizabethan Period Gi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K:
1. Thomas Norton (1532-1584) Ges

Thomas Sackville: (1536-1608)
 Giv `yBRb Literary collaborator (mvwnZ¨ mn‡hvMx) wQ‡jb|
 Zv‡ì‡K pioneers (cw_K…r) of English tragedy-I ejv nq|
 First Tragedy (we‡qvMvZ¥K bvUK) in English:
The Tragedy of Gorboduc (ivRv M‡e©vWv‡Ki Uª¨v‡RwW)
 GwUi Ab¨ bvg Ferrex and Porrex
 GwU 18 Rvbyqvwi 1562 mv‡j ivbx GwjRv‡e‡_i mvg‡b cÖ_g gÂ¯’ nq
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g mv_©K Uª¨v‡RwW n‡jv gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi K…òKzgvix
2. Christopher Marlowe: (1564-1593)

 Rb¥¯’vb: Canterbury of England
 wZwb GKRb University Wit-I wQ‡jb|
 ১৫৯৩ ঴াক঱র ৩০ মম 29 eQi eq‡m ¸ßP‡ii QzwiKvNv‡Z
(stabbing) wZwb wbnZ nb| এর আকগ ১৮ মম নাহিকতার
অহভকযাকগ তাকক মেফতার করা ঵কয়হিক঱া।
 Title: Father of English Drama/ Tragedy (mv_©K RbK)
 wZwb Shakespeare Gi c~‡e© England Gi †kÖô bvU¨Kvi wQ‡jb| মলক্সহিয়র মাক঱ াৃ র
ম঱খাক঱হখ মেকক হবকল঳ভাকব প্রভাহবত ঵কয়হিক঱ন।
 wZwb Shakespeare Gi Contemporary ev mgmvgwqK nIqv m‡Ë¡I
predecessor/ c~e©m~wi †jLK| (Though Marlowe and Shakespeare were born in
the same year, Shakespeare became prominent after Marlowe‘s mysterious
early death.)
 wZwb bvU‡K Blank verse (AwgÎvÿi Q›`) cÖeZ©b K‡ib| (evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AwgÎvÿi
Q‡›ì cÖeZ©K gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë)
 „The Passionate Shepherd to His Love‟ Ges „Hero and Leander‟
Zvi Ab¨Zg lyric (MxwZKweZv) । gv‡j©vi g…Zyï ci RR© P¨vcg¨vb Hero and
Leander KweZvwU mgvß K‡ib|
Famous Tragedies of Marlowe:
(i) Doctor Faustus (W±i d÷vm&) ***

 GwU‡K Morality play-I ejv nq|
 cy‡iv bvg: The Tragical History
of Doctor Faustus
 Faustus †K Renaissance Héro ejv nq|
 bvqK Faustus Zvi AvZ¥v‡K 24 eQ‡ii Rb¨
kqZv‡bi Kv‡Q wewµ K‡iwQj| Satanic figures-
Lucifer, Mephistophilis. W±i d÷vm& bvU‡Ki
evsjv Abyev` K‡i‡Qb wRqv nvq`vi (1936-2008)
(ii) The Jew (Ry¨) of Malta (Malta'i Bûw`, Pov my`‡Lvi)
 bMi KZ…©c‡ÿi weiæ‡× GK gvëv wbevmx Bû`xi ee©‡ivwPZ cÖwZ‡kva MÖn‡Yi
Kvwnbx wb‡q G bvUKwU †jLv n‡q‡Q| Bûw`wUi bvg Barabas|
 G bvUK c‡o Shakespeare Zvi The Merchant of Venice wj‡L‡Qb
e‡j aviYv Kiv nq|
(iii) Tambeurlaine the Great
 GwU †gvNj mgªvU eve‡ii c~e©cyiæl ivRv •Zgyi js‡K wb‡q †jLv। ততমুর
হকভাকব রাখা঱ মেকক মযাদ্ধা ঵কয় উকেহিক঱ন ম঴টিই এ নাটকক মেখাকনা ঵কয়কি।
(iv) Edward (II): GwU GKwU historical play
(v) The Massacre of Paris (1593)
(vi) Dido, Queen of Carthage (1586; মাক঱ াৃ র প্রেম bvUK)
3. Edmund Spenser: (GWgvÛ †¯úÝvi; 1552-1599)
 Poets‟ poet/ The poet of poets / Kwe‡ì Kwe ***
(evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Kwe‡ì Kwe wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y)
Titles  The Child of Renaissance and Reformation
 Second Father of English Poetry
 Court Poet/ Divine Master/ The Prince of Poets
 Zvi g„Zzï c‡i eû Kwe mvwnwZ¨K we‡kl K‡i
Romantic hy‡Mi (1798-1832) KweMY Zvi
KweZvi Style AbymiY K‡ib| ZvB Zv‡K Kwe‡ì
Kwe ejv nq|
 wZwb Spenserian Sonnet cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
 Zvi m‡bU msKj‡bi bvg- Amoretti|
GWgvÛ †¯úÝvi
†¯úÝv‡ii weL¨vZ gnvKv‡eï bvg:

The Faerie Queen (†dqvwi KzBb; fvev_©t cixi b¨vq my›ìx ivbx)*
 ivbx GwjRv‡e‡_i cÖksmv K‡i GwU iwPZ
 GB ig¨ Dc¨vL¨vbwU Allegory wn‡m‡eI L¨vZ
 Gi Theme: Patriotism (Amgvß gnvKve¨)
 Red Cross Knight GB gnvKv‡eï bvqK Ges Una wQ‡jb bvwqKv|
Famous books and poems:
(i) The Shepherds Calendar (ivLvwjqv ev‡ivgvm¨v)
(ii) The Ruins of Time
(iii) Amoretti (Collection of 89 sonnets)
 Sir Philip SidneyÕi g„Zz¨ wb‡q †jLv Zvi GKwU weL¨vZ pastoral elegy
n‡jv: Astrophel|
4. Nicholas Udall: (1505-1556)
Title: Father of English Comedy (wgjbvZ¥K bvUK)***
First comedy in English:
Ralph Roister Doister (ivj&d i‡q÷vi W‡q÷vi) ***
 GwU e¨_© †cÖ‡gi K‡gwW; bvqK- ivj&d
 GwU ivbx GwjRv‡e‡_i eo mr‡evb Queen Mary Gi mvg‡b 1553 mv‡j
cÖ_g gÂ¯’ nq|
 D‡jøL¨, evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g mv_©K K‡gwW gvB‡Kj gaym~`‡bi cÙveZx|
 Respublica bv‡g Zuvi GKwU Interlude (Mf©bvwUKv) Av‡Q|
 Z‡e A‡b‡KB John Still iwPZ Gammer Gurton‘s Needle (1533)
†KB Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g comedy g‡b K‡ib|
5. Sir Thomas Wyatt: (1503-1542)
Dcvwa: Father of English sonnet***
First Sonneteer in English literature
 Earl of Surrey wn‡m‡e L¨vZ Kwe Henry Howard
Zvi Literary Collaborator wQ‡jb|
 wZwb BZvjxq Kwe Petrarch মক AbymiY Ki‡Zb Ges
Zvi avivq sonnet wjL‡Zb|
 Zv‡ì †h․_ Kve¨- Tottel‟s Miscellany (GwU‡K First Fruit of
Renaissance ejv nq)
 we.`ª. Kwe Howard †ivgvb fvlvi weL¨vZ Kwe fvwR©‡ji Aeneid (CwbW)
gnvKv‡eï Bs‡iwR Abyev` K‡ib|
* Sonnet is a form of poem consisting of three
quatrains ending with a rhyming couplet.
g‡b ivLyb * m‡b‡Ui RbK: BZvjxq Kwe †cÎvK©
* evsjv m‡b‡Ui RbK: gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë (PZz`©kc`x KweZvejx)
* evsjv fvlvq BZvjxq m‡b‡Ui cÖeZ©K: cÖg_ †P․ayix
6. Sir Philip Sidney: (1554-1586)

 A famous critic and was also a poet and soldier.
 Sidney was one of the leading members of Queen
Elizabethan court.
 Famous books:
(i) The Lady of May
(ii) An Apology for Poetry
(GwU GKwU mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbv MÖš’)
(iii) Arcadia (Av‡K©wWqv; It is called the
embryo (seed/ åæY) of English novel)
7. John Webster: (1580-1634)
 Zuvi †kÖô bvUK¸‡jv Jacobean hy‡M iwPZ nq|
 Famous tragedies:
(i) The White Devil
(ii) The Devil‘s Law Case
(iii) The Duchess of Malfi**
 GwU GKwU Revenge play
 Bosola GB bvU‡Ki KzL¨vZ PwiÎ
 Bosola †K Machiavellian/ selfish character ejv nq|
8. Richard Hooker: (1554-1600)
 The greatest prose writer (M`¨ †jLK) of the Elizabethan period
 Influential theologian and clergy man
9. George Chapman: (1559-1634)

 wZwb Homer Gi Iliad Ges Odyssey Gi Bs‡iwR Abyev` K‡ib|
BwjqvW GKwU MÖxK gnvKve¨| cÖvPxb MÖx‡mi BwjIb kn‡ii bvgvbymv‡i G gnvKv‡eï bvgKiY Kiv
n‡q‡Q| 16,000 cO&w³ wewkó GB gnvKv‡eï welqe¯‘ Uª‡qi hy×, †hwU †n‡jb bv‡gi GK bvix‡K
†K›`ª K‡i msNwUZ nq| MÖxK‡ì †miv exi GwKwjm Ges Uª‡qi †miv exi †n±i| hy× †k‡l MÖxK
†mbviv myiwÿZ I mvRv‡bv bMix Uªq‡K R¡vwj‡q †`q|
10. Ben Jonson: (1572-1637)

 Father of English Realistic Comedy
 Father of Comedy of Humours
(K‡gwW Ae wnDgvi †gwW‡Kj w_Dwii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z|
†`nZ‡Ë¡i c«vPxb ÒPvi wnDgviÓ n‡jv PviwU †g․wjK Zij
c`v_©t i³, †kølv, †µva ev njy` wcË Ges welv` ev K…ò †eb Rbmb
wcË| GB c`v_©My‡jvi cwigvY Ges †`‡n Zv‡ì Dcw¯’wZ I wgk«‡Yi c«K…wZ Øviv gvby‡li
kvixwiK I PvwiwÎK UvBc wba©vwiZ nq e‡j wek¦vm Kiv nZ| my¯’ Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ me KwU
Dcv`vb mymgwš^Zfv‡e Dchy³ cwigv‡Y Dcw¯’Z _v‡K|
 g‡b ivLyb: †eb Rbmb evbv‡b h †bB|
 wZwb Elizabethan period-G †jLv‡jwL ïiæ Ki‡jI Jacobean period G †ewk
myL¨vwZ jvf K‡ib| ivRv cÖ_g †Rg‡mi Avg‡j †k·wcq‡ii c‡i Zv‡K †kÖô bvU¨Kvi
g‡b Kiv nq|
Famous plays of Ben Jonson:
(i) Every Man in His Humour
(ii) Every Man Out of His Humour
(iii) The Silent Woman (or Epicoene)
(iv) Volpone (fj‡cvwb) or the Foxes
 G bvU‡Ki Ab¨Zg PwiÎ Mosca| GUv‡K beast fable-I ejv nq|
(v) The Alchemist
11. Thomas Kyd: (1558-1594)
 A famous university wit
 Title: Father of English Revenge Tragedy
(Z‡e BZvwjq bvU¨Kvi Seneca †K Father of Revenge Tragedy ejv nq)
 Famous play of Kyd:
The Spanish Tragedy (প্রেম bvUK)
 GwU‡K Bloody Drama ejv nq|
 The Spanish Tragedy c‡o Shakespeare Zvi Hamlet bvUKwU
†jLvi Aby‡cÖiYv †c‡qwQ‡jb|
12. Thomas More: (1478-1535)

 তাকক রাজা অষ্টম ম঵নহর হলরকেে ককরহিক঱ন।
 Famous book:
Utopia (KvíwbK ¯^M©ivR¨), [A kingdom of no-where; an
imaginary island where there is no problem]
 GwU wZwb j¨vwUb fvlv †_‡K Bs‡iwR fvlvq Abyev` K‡i‡Qb|
13. Thomas Dekker: (1572 –1632)
 was an English Elizabethan dramatist and pamphleteer, a versatile
and prolific writer.
14. Arthur Golding: (1536 –1606)
 an English translator of more than 30 works from Latin into English.
15. Niccolo Machiavelli: (g¨vwKqv‡fwj, 1469-1527)
 Titles: Father of Modern Political Science
 wZwb BZvwj‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
 Zvi weL¨vZ MÖš’: The Prince ***
 mvwn‡Z¨ Machiavellian Character ej‡Z eySvq selfish character
 Belief of Machiavellian character: The end justifies the means.
 During the Italian Renaissance, Niccolò Machiavelli established
the emphasis of modern political science on direct empirical
observation of political institutions and actors. Machiavelli was
also a realist, arguing that even evil means should be considered if
they help to create and preserve a desired regime.
 A_©vr, wZwb ÿgZvq Av‡ivnY ev Kvw•ÿZ mvdj¨ jv‡fi Rb¨ mKj A‣ea cš’v‡K •ea
g‡b Ki‡Zb|
16. Cyril Tourneur: (1575-1626)
Famous plays:
1) The Revenger‘s Tragedy (1607)
2) The Atheist‘s Tragedy (1611)
17. Migunl de Cervantes: (1547-1616)
 †¯ú‡bi weL¨vZ Kwe, bvU¨Kvi I Jcb¨vwmK
 cÖavb mvwnZ¨Kg©: Don Quixote (Wb KzBK&‡RvU)
GwU‡K AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci cÖ_g Ges Ab¨Zg †miv Dcb¨vm
wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
18. Francis Bacon: (1561-1626)

Dcvwa:
 Father of English Essay (cÖeÜ)
 Father of Modern Prose
 Father of Empiricism
(AwfÁZvev`/ cÖ‡qvMev‡ì RbK)
 First essayist in English literature
 He was an English courtier (statesman), lawyer and natural
philosopher. covïbv K‡ib K¨vgweÖR wek¦we`¨vj‡q|
 wZwb GKvav‡i Bsj¨v‡Ûi Attorney General Ges Lord Chancellor wQ‡jb|
 Zvi mKj cÖe‡Üi bvg Of w`‡q ïiæ n‡q‡Q| (†hgb Of Studis, Of Love)
Famous quotes of Francis Bacon:
(i) Reading maketh a full man; conference (Av‡jvPbv) a ready
man; writing an exact man. (Av‡M es-†K th †jLv nZ)
(ii) Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability.
(wkÿv gvbyl‡K wZbwU wRwbm †`q: Avb›`, m¤§vb Ges RxweKv DcvR©‡bi ÿgZv)
(iii) History makes man wise.
(iv) Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed
(MjvaKiY) and some few to be chewed and digested.
** (Dc‡ii 4 wU quotation Of Studies cÖe‡Ü Av‡Q)
(v) Wives are young men‟s mistresses, companions for the
middle age and old men‘s nurses. (Of Marriage and Single Life)
(vi) A mixture of lie does ever add pleasure. (Of Truth)
(vii) A good friend is another himself. (Of Friendship)
(viii) It is impossible to love and be wise. (Of Love)
(fvj‡e‡m †KD Ávbx n‡Z cv‡ibv)
(ix) Suspicions among thoughts are like bats among birds.
(wPšÍvi g‡a¨ m‡›`n, cvwL‡ì g‡a¨ ev`y‡oi gZ)
(x) Opportunity makes a thief. (my‡hvM gvbyl‡K †Pvi evbvq)
(xi) The secret of success is the constancy of purpose.
(mdjZvi †Mvcb inm¨ n‡jv D‡Ï‡k¨ AwePj _vKv)
(ix) Revenge is a kind of wild justice. (Of Revenge)

(x) Silence is the sleep that nourishes wisdom.
(xi) Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants
but not always best subjects (wbf©i‡hvM¨ e¨w³).
(Of Marriage and Single Life)
(xii) Old wood best to burns, old wine to drink, old friends to trust
and old author to read.
we.`ª: Father of English
Famous books of Francis Bacon: Prose cÖ‡kœ Alfred the
(i) Advancement of Learning Great ev John Wycliff
(ii) Novum Orgamum Gi bvg bv _vK‡j Francis
Bacon†K Father of
(iii) The Wisdom of Ancients
English prose ejv nq|
(iv) Divine and Humane
(v) The New Atlantis
19. M¨vwjwjI M¨vwj‡jB: (Galileo Galilei; 1564-1642)

 AvaywbK †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi RbK
 BZvwjq c`v_©weÁvbx, †R¨vwZwe©Ávbx, MwYZÁ I `vk©wbK
 Galileo has been called the
"father of observational astronomy", the
"father of modern physics", and the "father
of science".
 He played a major role in the scientific revolution during the
Renaissance.
 wZwb `~iexÿY h‡š¿i Avwe®‥vi K‡ib Ges e…n¯úwZ MÖ‡ni mÜvb Lyu‡R cvb|
 His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic
confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four
largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his
honour), and the observation and analysis of sunspots.
 weL¨vZ Dw³- Ôm~h© c„w_exi Pviw`‡K bq, eis c„w_ex m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K Nyi‡Q|Õ
(Z‡e G K_vwU wLª÷c~e© 3q A‡ã †R¨vwZwe©` A¨vwi÷Kvm© cÖ_g e‡jwQ‡jb|)
20. William Shakespeare: (1564-1616)

 Birth: 23 April 1564 (gZvšÍ‡i 26 April)
 Death: 23 April 1616n (52 eQi eq‡m)
 Birth place: Stratford-upon-Avon
 GB kniwU Warwickshire G Aew¯’Z;
G¨fb GKwU b`xi bvg|
Titles:
g‡b ivLyb:
 National poet of England gv‡j©v, †k·wcqi
 The greatest dramatist Ges weÁvbx
M¨vwjwjI GB
 The greatest superstar of the world wZbRb GKB
 King without crown (gKzUwenxb m¤ªvU) mv‡j (1564)
Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
 The Bard of Avon (G¨f‡bi bard/ Kwe)
(†hgb, gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë‡K K‡cvZv‡ÿi Kwe ejv nq|)
 William Shakespeare †K Poet of Human Nature wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ
K‡i‡Qb Dr. Samuel Johnson|
 Shakespeare Gi Nickname n‡jv: The Swan of Avon
 Father: John Shakespeare (wZwb GKRb wkíx wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ)
 Mother: Mary Shakespeare (W. Shakespeare Zv‡ì PZy_© mšÍvb)
 Wife: Anne Hathaway (8 years senior to Shakespeare- 18:26); we‡q
K‡ib 1582 mv‡j। অযাহনর গকভৃ মলক্সহিয়করর হতনটি ঴ন্তান ঵কয়হি঱। এরা ঵ক঱ন কন্যা
সু঴ান এবং ঵যামকনট ঑ জুহিে নাকমর দুই জমজ। হবকয়র ৬ মা঴ িকরই সু঴াকনর জন্ম ঵কয়হি঱।
 †ckvMZ Rxe‡b wZwb GKRb Actor (Awf‡bZv) wQ‡jb; bvUK Ki‡Zb Globe
Theatre G| Shakespeare †K Trinity Church G mgvwnZ Kiv nq|
 Francis Meres bvgK GK AvBbRxex 1598 mv‡j †k·wcqi‡K Britain‘s
greatest dramatist wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib ।
Shakespeare was famous for:
(i) 37 plays (মতান্তকর ৩৮ টি; ২৫ wU ivbxi RxeÏkvq, evwK¸‡jv Jacobean
period G iwPZ)
(ii) 154 sonnets
(iii) 2 long narrative poems (eY©bvg~jK/আখ্যান KweZv)
 wZwb Jacobean Period G A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bvUK wjL‡jI Zuv‡K Elizabethan
period Gi bvU¨KviB ejv nq| Zvi RxeÏkvq 18 wU bvUK cÖKvwkZ nq|
Shakespeare wrote four types of play:

(i) Tragedy (12 wU)
(ii) Comedy (15 wU)
(iii) Tragi-comedy
(Tragi-comedy Gi cÖeZ©K
wQ‡jb Shakespeare wb‡RB)
(iv) Historical play
GB Globe Theatre G Shakespeare
 His each play consists of Gi AwaKvsk bvUK gÂ¯’ n‡q‡Q
five (5) acts
 Shakespeare composed much of his plays in iambic pentameter.
 Soliloquy means- ¯^M‡Zvw³; a speech by an actor on a lonely stage.
Soliloquy-†Z Awf‡bZvi g‡bi K_v †kÖvZv ïb‡Z cvq|
 Aside means- GKv‡šÍ; a brief comment by a character
addressing the audience, unheard by other characters.
Shakespeare Gi m‡bU:
 He is the innovator (cÖeZ©K) of Shakespearean Sonnet.
 wZwb তাi A‡bK m‡bU eÜz Earl of Southampton †K DrmM© K‡ib| তকব
তার ২৬টি ঴কনট তোকহেত মকান িাকৃ ম঱হির উকেকে রহচত।
 Sonnet Style: Three quatrains and a couplet (4 + 4 + 4 + 2)
 The rhyme scheme (AšÍwgj) of his sonnet: abab, cdcd, efef, gg
Shakespeare Gi wKQz weL¨vZ KweZv:
(i) The Rape of Lucrece (GwU narrative poem) g‡b ivLyb:
Quatrain- A
(ii) A Lovers Complaint stanza of four
(iii) The Passionate Pilgrim lines.
(iv) The Phoenix and the Turtle Quintain-A

stanza of five
(wdwb· GKwU mythological bird)
lines.
(v) Venus and Adonis (Narrative poem)
(Z‡e Adonais bv‡g GKwU weL¨vZ elegy wj‡L‡Qb Romantic Kwe P B Shelley)
Shakespeare Gi weL¨vZ Tragi-comedy/Problem play:

(a) The Merchant of Venice: (†fwb‡mi ewYK)
 GB bvU‡Ki weL¨vZ wKQz PwiÎ:
(i) Antonio
(ii) Shylock (my`‡Lvi Bûw` / Jew userer)
(iii) Portia (bvwqKv)- Zvi law trick Gi Kvi‡Y Antonio †eu‡P hvb my`‡Lvi
Bûw` Shylock Gi nvZ †_‡K|
(iv) Bassanio (v) Jessica
 Merchant of Venice Gi wKQz weL¨vZ Dw³:
(i) It is a wise father that knows his own child.
(wZwbB weÁ evev whwb Zvi mšÍvb m¤ú‡K© AeMZ)
(ii) All that glitters is not gold.
(iii) Love is blind.
(iv) In sooth, I know not why I am so sad.
(b) All’s Well that Ends Well: (কল঳ fv‡jv hvi, me fv‡jv Zvi)
(c) Measure for Measure: (†hgb KzKzi †Zgb gy¸i)
 GwU‡K Dark/Black comedy/ problem play-I ejv n‡q _v‡K|
"Measure for Measure" is neither a pure tragedy nor a fair
comedy. It is a tragi-comedy because it "ends with forced
marriages, not necessarily true love." Source: nosweatshakespeare.com
 GB bvU‡Ki weL¨vZ wKQz Dw³:
(a) Some rise by sin and some by virtue fall.
(cv‡c Kv‡iv DÌvb nq Ges c~‡Y¨ Kv‡iv cZb nq|)
(b) The miserable have no other medicine but only hope.
Shakespeare Gi HwZnvwmK bvUK:

 wZwb wZbRb ivRv‡K wb‡q 10 wU historical play wj‡L‡Qb|
(i) King Henry
(ii) King John
(iii) King Richard
 ―Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.‖ (gyKzU cwiwnZ
e¨w³ ¯^w¯Í‡Z Nygv‡Z cv‡i bv)- Dw³wU Henry (iv) G Av‡Q|
 ―Men of few words are the best men.‖ – Henry (v)
 Henry (VI) †k·wcq‡ii cÖ_g bvUK|
Shakespeare Gi weL¨vZ Tragedies:

a. Hamlet: ((1602 mv‡j iwPZ)
†WbgvK© mvgªv‡Rï cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ GwU †k·wcq‡ii me©e„nr Uªv‡RwW| †Wbgv‡K© ivRnZ¨v Ges
cy‡Îi cÖjw¤^Z cÖwZ‡kva- G bvU‡Ki g~j DcRxe¨ welq| G bvU‡K 7 wU Soliloquy i‡q‡Q|
 Hamlet k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© –
―A small village that doesn‘t have its own church‖
Hamlet bvU‡Ki weL¨vZ wKQz PwiÎ:
(i) King Hamlet (†Wbgv‡K©i ivRv)
(ii) Prince Hamlet
(cyÎ+protagonist/central character, Rvg©vwbi
Wittenberg wek¦we`¨vj‡q covïbv Ki‡Zb)
(iii) Gurtrude (gv) - welcv‡b gviv hvq|
(iv) Claudius (PvPv)- Hamlet Gi QzwiKvNv‡Z
gviv hvq|
(v) Horatio (†nvivwkI; †ng‡j‡Ui eÜy)
(vi) Ophelia (heroine; I‡dwjqv) – cvwb‡Z Wz‡e gviv hvq|
(vii) Laertes (Polonius' son and Ophelia's brother)
Hamlet bvU‡Ki wKQz weL¨vZ Dw³:
 To be or not to be that is the question. (a soliloquy of Hamlet)
ÑGwU Øviv indecisiveness of human mind / gvbe g‡bi wm×všÍnxbZv‡K
eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Every modern man is a Hamlet.
 Frailty, thy name is woman. (bvixi Aci bvg Aejv ev `ye©jZv)
 The play is a thing, where I will catch the conscience of the king.
 "What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite
in faculties, in form and moving how express and admirable, in
action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god!"
 Brevity is the soul of wit. (mswÿß K_vB iwmKZvi cÖvY)
 There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so.
(c„w_ex‡Z fv‡jv-g›` ej‡Z wKQz bvB, wPšÍvB fvj-g›` •Zwi K‡i)
 There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are
dreamt of in our philosophy. (†nvivwkI, ¯^M© I c„w_ex‡Z Ggb A‡bK welq
i‡q‡Q hv Avgiv ¯^‡cœI Kíbv Ki‡Z cvwibv)
 Neither a borrower nor a lender be;

For loan oft loses both itself and friend
(avi`vZv I aviMÖnxZv †KvbUvB n‡qv bv, KviY avi eÜz Ges A_© DfqB bó K‡i)
 There is divinity that shapes our end. (fvM¨B P~ovšÍ cwiYwZi w`‡K wb‡q hvq)
 When sorrows come, they come not single spies but in
battalions. (wec` GKvwK Av‡m bv; m`je‡j Av‡m)
b. Macbeth:
GwU †k·wcq‡ii me©v‡cÿv ÿz`ªvKvi Uªv‡RwW| ¯‥Uj¨v‡Ûi ivRv WvbKvb‡K nZ¨vi c~e© Ges
cieZ©x NUbvcÄx G bvU‡Ki g~j DcRxe¨ welq| bvU‡Ki ïiy‡Z ¯‥Uj¨vÛ‡K biI‡qi mv‡_
hy×iZ †`Lv hvq| ivRv WvbKv‡bi cy‡Îi bvg Malcolm|
Macbeth bvU‡Ki weL¨vZ wKQz PwiÎ:
(i) King Duncan (Scotland Gi ivRv)
(ii) Three Witches (3 WvBwb; g¨vK‡e_‡K Zviv wZbwU fwel¨lØvYx K‡i)
(iii) Macbeth ( A brave general + protagonist of the play)
(iv) Lady Macbeth (wife of Macbeth, Zv‡K Super-witchI ejv nq)
(v) Banquo (Macbeth Gi mn‡hv×v) (vi) Macduff (a nobleman)
Macbeth bvU‡Ki wKQz weL¨vZ Dw³:
 Fair is foul, foul is fair,
Hover through the fog and filthy air.
(A_©vr Ôfv‡jv †gv‡ì g›`, g›` †gv‡ì fv‡jvÕ
- bvU‡Ki ïiæ‡Z wZb WvBwb GB MvbwU †M‡qwQj)
 Your face is a book,
Where man may read strange matters.
 Look like an innocent flower
But be the serpent under it.
(Macbeth †K Lady Macbeth Gi civgk©)
 Here is still the smell of blood.
All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.
(Lamentation of Lady Macbeth)
 Life is but a walking shadow. (GwU Metaphor Gi D`vniY)
ÑRxeb GKUv Pjgvb Qvqv (Macbeth)
 Life is a tale, told by an idiot, (GwUI Metaphor Gi D`vniY)
Full of sound and fury
Signifying nothing. – (famous soliloquy of Macbeth)
c. Othello (The Moor):

 I‡_‡jv bvU‡Ki †K›`«xq PwiÎ I‡_‡jv- whwb BZvwji †fwbwmqvb †mbvevwnbxi
GKRb gywik †Rbv‡ij (gyi- ga¨hy‡M gi‡°vi gymwjg Awaevmx)| eY©ev`, Bl©v I
fv‡jvevmvi Awfbe mswgk«Y GB bvU‡Ki g~j DcRxe¨| I‡_‡jvi fyj m‡›`‡ni wbg©g ewj
n‡Z n‡q‡Q Zvi ¯¿x †WmwWgbv‡K|
 A Domestic Tragedy (†h bvU‡K ¯^vgx ¯¿x-KZ©„K A_ev ¯¿x ¯^vgx-KZ©„K wbnZ nq)
 Theme: Fatal consequence of doubt (m‡›`‡ni gvivZ¥K Kzdj)
 Othello gave Desdemona a handkerchief as a token of love.
 g‡bvweÁv‡b, I‡_‡jv wmbW«g ej‡Z m‡›`nevwZK ev gvbwmK weKviMÖ¯’ †ivMxi Ae¯’v eySvq|
I‡_‡jv bvU‡Ki weL¨vZ wKQz PwiÎ:
 Othello ( a brave Moorish solder)
 Desdemona (heroine)
 Brabantio (Venetian Senator, father of Desdemona)
 Iago (B‡q¸, lohš¿Kvix/ wf‡jb)
 Cassio (assistant of Othello)
d. King Lear:
 A tragedy of an arrogant king
 Father of three daughters
 Goneril – (myweav‡fvMx Z‡e wek¦vmNvZK)
 Regan – (myweav‡fvMx Z‡e wek¦vmNvZK)
 Cordelia–(myweav ewÂZ Z‡e loyal/wek¦¯Í)
King Lear bvU‡Ki wKQz weL¨vZ Dw³:
 I am a man more sinned against than sinning (
 King Lear Gi g‡Z, How sharper than a serpent‟s tooth it is

To have a thankless child.
 My love is richer than my tongue. (Avgvi fv‡jvevmv gy‡L eySv‡bv m¤¢e bq)
 Nothing will come of nothing.
e) Julius Caesar:
 Was a ruler of Rome about 2000 years ago
 wZwb 46 wLªóc~e©v‡ã †iv‡gi m¤ªvU n‡qwQ‡jb
 wmRv‡ii wek¦vmNvZK (betrayer)eÜz: Brutus (eªæUvm)
wmRv‡ii weL¨vZ Dw³:

 Veni, Vidi, Vici (I came, I saw, I conquered).
-GwU ‗climax‘ Gi D`vniY| K¬¨vBg¨v· ej‡Z, GKB ai‡Yi kã¸”Q
eënvi K‡i GKwU we‡kl fve‡K Zy‡½/ kxl©we›`y‡Z wb‡q hvIqv †evSvq|
 Cowards die many times before their death,
But the valiant never taste of death but once.***
(fxiæiv g„Zzï c~‡e© eûevi g‡i; wKš‘ ex‡iiv g„Zz¨‡K eiY K‡i GKevi)
 Brutus, you too! (eªæUvm, ZzwgI!)
f) Romeo and Juliet:
 A tragedy of eternal love
 Romeo and Juliet belong to two ever
hostile families.
 †ivwgI Ges Rywj‡q‡Ui cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ kÎæZvi m¤úK©
wQj| c‡i Zviv kZ evav D‡cÿv K‡i bvbv bvUKxqZvi gv‡S we‡q K‡i| me‡k‡l `yB
cwiev‡ii kÎæZvi †R‡i welcv‡b AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i GB †cÖwgK hyMj|
g) Antonio and Cleopatra:
 Cleopatra was a queen of Egypt (wgki)
 ivbx wK¬I‡cUªv‡K Serpent of the Nile
(bxj b‡ì mc©) ejv nq|
 Z‡e Caesar and Cleopatra bv‡g GKwU weL¨vZ
Play wj‡L‡Qb Father of Modern English
Literature bv‡g L¨vZ G B Shaw|
 wgkixq ivbx wK¬I‡cUªv I Zvi cÖavb †mbvcwZ G‡›Uvwb
cÖ_g `k©‡bB ci¯ú‡ii †cÖ‡g c‡o hvb Ges ivRKxq NvZ-cÖwZNvত D‡cÿv K‡i Zviv
we‡q K‡ib| aviYv Kiv nq, †ivgvb‡ì mv‡_ hy×iZ Ae¯’vq wK¬I‡cUªv wbnZ nevi
wg_¨v msev` ï‡b G‡›Uvwb AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib| c‡i wK¬I‡cUªv G Lei Rvb‡Z †c‡i wb‡Ri
mv‡_ memgq ivLv welv³ mv‡ci Kvg‡o AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡iন|
h) Titus Andronicus:
 GwU GKwU Tragedy
 Titus Andronicus was a renowned Roman general.
i) Timon of Athens:
 GwU Unfinished/ Incomplete play
 GwU Shakespeare Gi 38Zg Play; wZwb GwU †kl Kivi mgq cvbwb|
 Famous quote: Life is an uncertain voyage.
Shakespeare Gi weL¨vZ Comedies:

1. As You Like It:
 Theme: Love at first sight
GB bvU‡Ki weL¨vZ wKQz PwiÎ:
 Orlando, Rosalind, Celia, Duke Senior
GB bvU‡Ki wKQz weL¨vZ Dw³:
 All the world‟s a stage (GwUI Metaphor Gi D`vnviY)
And all the men and women are merely players.
(mgMÖ c„w_exUvB GKUv i½gÂ Ges me gvbe-gvbex GB g‡Âi Kzkxje)
 Sweet are the uses of adversity. (`y:†Li cÖ‡qvRbxqZv gayi)
 Under the green wood tree/ Who loves to lie with me, And
turn his merry note/ Unto the sweet bird's throat,/ Come hither, come
hither, come hither/ Here shall he see/ No enemy/ But winter and rough
weather. (meyR ebvbxi wb‡P- GwU GKwU Song; G‡Z winter Øviv kÎæ Ges Tree Øviv
Forest eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|)
 Blow, blow the winter wind (e‡q hvI kx‡Zi evZvm/
Thou (you) are not so unkind Zzwg AZ wb`©q bI/
As man‘s ingratitude. gvby‡li AK…ÁZvi gZ)
2. Comedy of Errors:
 Gi evsjv Abyev` K‡i‡Qb Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi åvwšÍwejvm bv‡g| bvU‡K †`Lv
hvq, GK KvV eëmvqx Zvi Kv‡Ri †jvK‡K mv‡_ wb‡q wbR kni †Q‡o Ab¨ GKwU kn‡i eëmvi
Kv‡R Av‡m| wKš‘ GB kn‡iB Zvi †Pnvivi ûeû Ab¨ GK f`«‡jvK Av‡Qb; GgbwK `yRb PvK‡iiI
GKB †Pnviv| ïiy nq åvwšÍ wejvm| Ae‡k‡l Rvbv hvq, Giv PviRb `yB †Rvov RgR| †QvU‡ejvq
hviv GK `yN©Ubvq wew”Qbœ n‡qwQj|
3. Twelfth Night: (G bvU‡Ki mve-UvB‡Ujt Or, What You Will)
 GB bvU‡Ki wKQz weL¨vZ Dw³:
 Some are born great, some achieve greatness
and some have greatness thrust upon them.
(†KD gnr n‡q Rb¥vq, †KD gnË¡Zv AR©b K‡i Ges Kv‡iv Dci gnË¡Zv Pvwc‡q †`qv nq)
 If music be the food of love, play on.
 Love sought is good but given unsought is better.
4. The Taming of the Shrew:

 GB bvU‡Ki weL¨vZ evsjv Abyev` K‡ib gybxi †P․ayix-
gyLiv igYx ekxKiY bv‡g|
 * GB bvU‡K Katherine bvgK GKwU bvix PwiÎ‡K
 Shrew (Kjnwc«q igYx) wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
5. Mid Summer Night’s Dream:
 A romantic comedy
GB bvU‡Ki wKQz weL¨vZ Dw³:
 Love looks not with the eyes but with the mind.
 The course of true love never did run smooth.
6. The Tempest :(
 A_©: `~išÍ So/ violent storm
 Calliban, Ariel, Prospereo, Miranda
-G bvU‡Ki weL¨vZ PwiÎ
 GwU‡K Shakespeare Gi Swan song (last work) ejv nq|
 g‡b ivLyb: jÛ‡bi White Hall cÖvmv`wU 1530 †_‡K 1698 wLªóvã ch©šÍ weªwUk
ivR cwiev‡ii evmfeb wQj| 1611 mv‡ji 1 b‡f¤î ivRv cÖ_g †Rg‡mi mvg‡b G
†nvqvBU n‡jB The Tempest bvUKwU cÖ_g gÂ¯’ nq|
Other Comedies of Shakespeare:

1 The Two Gentleman of Verona
2 The Merry Wives of Windsor
3 The Winter‘s Tale (a romance comedy,
A‡b‡K GwU‡K Tragi-comedy g‡b K‡ib)
4 Cymbeline (a romance)
5 Pericles, Prince of Tyre
6 The Two Nobel Kinsman
7 Troilus and Cressida
Dw³: The common curse of mankind folly and ignorance.
8 Much Ado About Nothing (AKvi‡Y •n‣P)
9 Love‘s Labours Lost (†cÖ‡gi dj e„_v †Mj)
*** Z‡e Love‟s Labours Won Ges The History of Cardenio
bv‡gi `ywU bvUK †jLvi ci Shakespeare nvwi‡q †d‡j‡Qb|
University Wits Kx/ Kviv?

 Elizabethan Period Gi GK`j Young dramatist and
pamphleteers (ÿz`ª cyw¯ÍKv iPwqZv)|
 Zviv Oxford Ges Cambridge University Gi scholar/witty
students wQ‡jb|
 Zviv A‡bK weL¨vZ bvUK iPbv I gÂ¯’ Kivi gva¨‡g L¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb|
weL¨vZ University Wits n‡jb (cÖvq 7 Rb):

Christopher Marlowe: (1564-1593)
 wZwb †k·wcqi c~e©eZ©x †kÖô bvU¨Kvi wQ‡jb| Zv‡K wb‡q G hy‡Mi ïiæ‡ZB
Avgiv we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ|
Thomas Kyd:
 wZwb G `ywU University Gi QvÎ bv n‡qI
University Wits Gi AšÍfy©³ wQ‡jb|
Robert Greene:: (1558-1592)
 Friar Bacon Zvi weL¨vZ Comedy|
George Peele (cxj): (1556-1596) The house, believed to be
 The Old Wife‘s Tale Shakespeare's birthplace,
 Famous Chronicle of King Edward (I) in Stratford-upon-Avon
Thomas Nashe: (1567-1601)

 Summer‘s Last Will and Testament Zvi weL¨vZ bvUK|
 Zv‡K The greatest of English Elizabethan pamphleteers ejv nq|
John Lyly: (1553-1606)
 King Midas Ges The Woman in the Moon Zvi weL¨vZ bvUK;
 The Anatomy of Wit Zvi †kÖô MÖš’|
Thomas Lodge: (1553-1606)
 wZwb GKRb Physician wQ‡jb
 wZwb GwjRv‡e_vb I †R‡Kvweqvb hy‡M †jLv‡jwL K‡ib|
b. The Jacobean Period

Duration: 1603-1625
G hy‡Mi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
 This age was named after King James (I),
who reigned England from 1603-1625.
 1603 mv‡j GwjRv‡e‡_i g„Zzï ci Stuart
es‡ki ivRv cÖ_g †Rgm& GKB mg‡q Bsj¨vÛ I
¯‥Uj¨v‡Ûi ivRv nb|
 King James †K The Wisest Fool ejv nq|
KviY wZwb wb‡R‡K Ck¦‡ii cÖwZwbwa g‡b Ki‡Zb |
 Latin fvlvq James †K Jacobus ejv nq| Stuart es‡ki ivRv James i
 Jacobean kãwU Jacobus kã †_‡K D`&MZ|

 1608 mv‡j ivRv James (I) Gi mycvwikcÎ wb‡q K¨v‡Þb nwKÝ evwYR¨ KzwV
¯’vc‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ m¤ªvU Rvnv½x‡ii (1605–1627)
ìev‡i Av‡mb| 1613 mv‡j GK digv‡bi gva¨‡g
m¤ªvU Rvnv½x‡ii AbygwZ‡Z Ômyiv‡UÕ cÖ_g Bs‡iR KzwV
¯’vwcZ nq Ges wKQz w`‡bi g‡a¨B Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vbmn
ûMwj‡Z evwYR¨ KzwV ¯’vwcZ nq| G mgq Emperor Jahangir (1605–1627)
Bs‡iRiv webv ï‡é evwYR¨ Kivi AwaKvi cvb|
 D‡jøL¨, my‡e`vi Bmjvg Lvb 1608 (gZvšÍ‡i 1610) mv‡j fu~Bqv‡ì `gb Kivi
D‡Ï‡k¨ evsjvi ivRavbx ivRgnj †_‡K XvKvq ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib Ges XvKv‡K
Rvnv½xibMi bvgKiY K‡ib|
PZz_© †gvNj m¤ªvU Nuruddin Salim Jahangir Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv James (I) †K
wb‡¤œv³ cÎwU wj‡LwQ‡jb:
Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general
command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all
the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend; that in
what place soever they choose to live, they may have free liberty without
any restraint; and at what port soever they shall arrive, that neither
Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet; and in what city
soever they shall have residence, I have commanded all my governors

and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires; to
sell, buy, and to transport into their country at their pleasure.
For confirmation of our love and friendship, I desire your Majesty
to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities
and rich goods fit for my palace; and that you be pleased to send me your
royal letters by every opportunity, that I may rejoice in your health and
prosperous affairs; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal.
— Nuruddin Salim Jahangir, Letter to James I.
 Jacobean Period Gi †k‡li 5 eQi Puritan Period (1620-1660)
Gi AšÍf³ y© |
 GB hy‡Mi Kweiv Metaphysical poetry Gi Rb¨ weL¨vZ|
 G me KweZvi welq Abstract (¸YwelqK)|
 ‗Meta‘ means beyond (Qvov); Physics means physical.
 G me KweZvi welqe¯‘ nj •`wnK welq †_‡K Aegy³|
†hgb t Love, God, Soul, Death etc.
 W. m¨vgy‡qj Rbmb G hy‡Mi Kwe‡ì‡K Metaphysical poet
wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
G hy‡Mi †hme Metaphysical poet †ì wb‡q Avgiv Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ Zviv n‡jb:
1. John Donne (Rb Wvb) 2. Andrew Marvell 3. Henry
Vaughan (†nbwi fb) 4. George Herbert 5. Cowley (KvDwj)
Jacobean Period Gi wKQz mvwnwZ¨K:
1. John Donne: (Rb Wvb, 1572-1631)

Titles:
 Father/ Leader of Metaphysical poets
 Poet of love
(Z‡e ¯¿x G¨vwb Wv‡bi g„Zzï ci Kwe eû ag©xq KweZv wj‡Lb)
Famous book: An Anatomy of the World
Famous poems:
 The Good Morrow (mycÖfvZ)***
 The Sun Rising
–G KweZvq Kwe m~h©‡K wZi¯‥vi K‡ib| (Z‡e The Sun Also Rises bv‡g GKwU
Dcb¨vm wj‡L‡Qb Av‡gwiKvi weL¨vZ Jcb¨vwmK Earnest Hamingway)
 The Canonization (cweÎKiY)
 A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning (we`vq †ejvq †kvK cÖKvk wbwl×)
 The Flea
 The Undertaking
 Twicknam Garden
 For Whom The Bell Tolls (Gi Ab¨ bvg No Man Is An Island ev †KD
wew”Qbœ Øxc bq| Z‡e For Whom The Bell Tolls bv‡g Av‡b©÷ †nwgsI‡qi GKwU
weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm i‡q‡Q)
Famous quotes:
(i) I wonder by my truth, what thou and I did till we love.
Avgvi wek¦v‡mi Kmg, Avwg wew¯§Z nB ‡f‡e Zywg-Avwg wK KiZvg fv‡jvevmvi Av‡M|
(The Good Morrow)
(ii) For love, all love of other sights control and make a little room an
everywhere. fv‡jvevmv Ab¨ mKj Abyf~wZ‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i Ges †QvU Ni‡K K‡i
Zy‡j wek¦ PivPi| (The Good Morrow)
(iii) Busy old fool, unruly sun
Why dost thou thus?
Through windows and through curtains
Call on us? (The Sun Rising)
(iv) She‘s all states and all princesses I,

Nothing else is. (The Sun Rising)
(v) For God‟s sake, hold your tongue and let me love.
(মেv঵াই মতাকের একটুকু চুি কর; ভাক঱াবাহ঴বাকর মে মমাকর অব঴র)-The Canonization
 Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Zvi †k‡li KweZv bvgK †ivgvw›UK Kveägx© Dcb¨v‡m
John Donne Gi GB jvBbwU GKvwaKevi D×…Z K‡i‡Qb| (D‡jøL¨, †k‡li KweZvi
GKwU weL¨vZ Dw³ n‡jv ÔMÖnY K‡iQ hZ, FYx ZZ K‡iQ Avgvq- †n eÜz we`vq|Õ)
(vi) If they be two, they are two so,
As stiff twin compasses are two.
(GwU A Valediction KweZv †_‡K †bIqv)
2. Andrew Marvell: (1621-1678)
 wZwb gnvKwe wgjU‡bi Nwbô Ges Aby‡cÖiYv`vbKvix eÜz wQ‡jb| Z‡e John
Donne Gi Abymvix wQ‡jb|
 Famous poems:
(i) To His Coy Mistress (j¾veZx‡K)
– †kÖô KweZv|
(ii) The Definition of Love
(Theme: out of sight, near to mind)
(iii) The Garden
(iv) An Horatian Ode
3. Henry Vaughan: (†nbwi fb; 1621-1695)

 wZwb GKRb weL¨vZ Metaphysical poet, Z‡e †ckvMZ Rxe‡b
Physician wQ‡jb|
Famous poems:
 Mount of Oliver
 The Chemist‘s Key
 Silex Scintillans
(He is chiefly known for this religious poetry)
4. George Herbert: (1593-1633)

 Title: Religious Poet
 wZwb GKvav‡i Kwe Ges hvRK (Priest) wQ‡jb|
 Famous poems:
(i) The Collar
(ii) The Easter Wings
(GB KweZvq Kwe hxï wLª‡÷i
cybiæ×v‡ii K_v e‡j‡Qb)
(iii) On the Progress of Soul
(iv) The Temple
(v) Affliction
Quote: Help thyself (yourself) and God will help thee (you).
(wb‡R‡K mvnvh¨ Ki, Avjøvn †Zvgv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡eb)
5. Cowley: (KvDwj; 1618-1667)

 cy‡iv bvg : Aveªvnvg KvDwj|
Poem : Constantia and Philetus
Famous quotes:
 Life is an incurable disease.
 Of all ills that one endures, hope is a cheap and universal
cure.
 Curiosity does, no less than devotion, pilgrims make.
 God the first garden made, and the first city Cain.
 For the whole world, without a native home,
Is nothing but a prison of larger room.
c. The Caroline Period

Duration: 1625-1649

 This age was named after Charles (I),
who reigned England from 1625-1649.
 Caroline is derived (DrcwË) from ―Carolous‖
which is Latin version of Charles.
 GwUI Puritan hy‡Mi AšÍf©~³, Bsj¨v‡Ûi M…nhy‡×i Kvj|
King Charles (I)
 GB mgq Bsj¨v‡Û Cavaliers (Supporter of King)
Ges Roundheads (Supporter of Parliament) Gi g‡a¨ civil war PjwQj|
 GB M„nhy‡× Cavalier-iv civf~Z nq Ges 30 Rvbyqvwi 1649 mv‡j ivRv cÖ_g Pvj©m‡K
a‡i wki‡ñ` Kiv nq| (King Charles (I) was caught and publicly
beheaded.)
 Gi d‡j Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRZ‡š¿i cZb N‡U|
 ZrKvjxb ivRZ‡š¿i mg_©K Kwe‡ì‡K Cavalier poet ejv nq| Zviv Secular
(ag©wbi‡cÿ) wQ‡jb| Gme Kwe‡ì‡K Sons of Ben (bvU¨Kvi †eb Rbm‡bi Abymvix)
ejv nq| G hy‡Mi weL¨vZ Cavalier poet n‡jb: Robert Herrick|
 Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell came to power 1649.
 GB hy‡M AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Drama eÜ K‡i †Ìqv nq| KviY wQj Puritan attack|
 GB hy‡MI Metaphysical Kwe‡ì KweZv weL¨vZ wQj|
 1628 mv‡j weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›U gvbevwaKvi msµvšÍ Petition of Rights AvBb cvm nq|
 1633 mv‡j m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb Bs‡iR‡ì‡K nwinicy‡i evwYR¨KzwV ¯’vc‡bi AbygwZ †`b|
 1636 mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi g¨vmvPz‡mUm G weL¨vZ Harvard wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq|
 -
বাং঱া-
ó বাং঱াকেকল
Caroline Period Gi GKRb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K:
Robert Herrick: (1591-1674)

 A famous poet of Caroline period
 Zv‡K The greatest Cavalier poet ejv nq
 KviY wZwb ivRvi mg_©K wQ‡jb|
 wZwb clergyman (hvRK) wQ‡jb|
†nwi‡Ki weL¨vZ KweZv:
To Daffodils
 GB KweZvi Theme n‡jv 'short living of human being' ev 'Life is short, so
live to the fullest'| A_©vr Daffodil dy‡ji gZ gvby‡li Rxeb cÖùzwUZ n‡q GK mgq
S‡i hvq| Daffodil Kwe‡K g„Zzï K_v g‡b Kwi‡q †`q| G KweZvq Hasting day
ej‡Z Hurriedly passing day eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q Ges Human life †K Summer‘s
morning dew Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 Z‡e The Daffodils (I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud) bv‡g GKwU weL¨vZ KweZv
wj‡L‡Qb †ivgvw›UK hy‡Mi Kwe William Wordsworth (GwUi welqe¯‘ n‡jv- cÖK…wZi wbivgq
ÿgZv Av‡Q|)
Other poems of Herrick:
 Delight in Disorder
 The Night Piece of Julia
 His Slitany to the Holy Spirit
(GwU‡K Sacred poem ejv nq)
Famous quotes from To Daffodils:
 Fair daffodils, we weep to see
You haste away so soon;
 We have a short time to stay, as you,
We have as short a spring;
Never to be found again. (The last line of ―To daffodils‖)
(fvev_©t D¾¡j W¨v‡dvwWj hZ †`wL wf‡R D‡V †PvL/ KZB bv `ªyZ P‡j hvq/ †Zvgv‡ì gZ
GK msw¶ß Rxeb| Avgv‡ì †h․eb emšÍKv‡ji gZB, G‡mB Avevi P‡j hvq/ cjK †div‡jB
bvB, me duvKv|)
d. The Commonwealth Period

Duration: 1649-1660
 GB hyMI puritan hy‡Mi AšÍf³
z© |
 There was no monarch in England
in this period.
 KviY 1649 mv‡j ivRv cÖ_g Pvj©m‡K wki‡ñ` Kiv
n‡qwQj| Oliver Cromwell
 1658 mv‡j Oliver Cromwell Gi g„Zzï ci Zvi cyÎ Richard Cromwell
England Gi ÿgZvq Av‡ivnY K‡ib Ges wZwb Aেক্ষতার কারকে জনহপ্রয়তা ঵ারান
(became gradually unpopular)|
 Then English people realized that Monarchy was essential for them.
 1658 mv‡j m¤ªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei Avg‡j (1658–1707)
B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi GKRb cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e †Rgm nvU©।
XvKv cÖ‡ek Kivi ga¨ w`‡q evsjvq Bs‡iR AvMgb ïiæ nq|
 AvIi½‡R‡ei
‡l© wl©
b©‡Ki
Commonwealth Period Gi wKQz mvwnwZ¨K:
1) Thomas Hobbes: (1588-1679)

 A political philosopher
Zvi weL¨vZ eB‡qi bvg- Leviathan
(GB MÖ‡š’ nem& mvgvwRK Pyw³i c‡¶ hyw³ cÖ`k© K‡ib)
Quote: The end of knowledge is power.
2) Jeremy Taylor: (1613-1667)

Famous prose:
♦ Holy Living ♦ Holy Dying
Previous Questions
The Old English Period to The Renaissance Period
01. Which is the oldest period in English Literature? [mve-‡iwR÷ªvi

wbe©vPbx cixÿv- 1992 / Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2010-2011]
(a) Anglo-Norman (b) Anglo-Saxon
(c) Chaucer's Period (d) Middle Ans. b
02. Which one of the following is first long poem in English? [miKvwi
gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK- 2006]
(a) The Wanderer (b) Beowulf
(c) The Seafarer (d) Dream of the Road Ans. b
03. Choose the right answer: Chaucer is the representative poet of-
[AvBb, wePvi I msm` gš¿Yvj‡qi mve †iwR÷ªvi- 2012]
(a) 17th century (b) 14th century
(c) 16 the century (d) 18th century Ans. b
04. Who is known as the father of English poetry? Who is called
the father of English Poetry? [PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-12]
(a) Milton (b) Wordsworth
(c) Chaucer (d) Charles Dickens Ans. c
05. Who is the father of Modern English Poetry? [Lyjbv wek¦we`¨v. fwZ© c- 2010-11]
(a) Cynewulf (b) Geoffrey Chaucer
(c) Robert Browning (d) None of the above Ans. b
06. „The Canterbury Tales‟ are told by- [cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mn .cwiPvjK-2011]
(a) Geoffrey Chaucer (b) John Wycliffe
(c) Boccaccio (d) Thomas Barth Ans. a
07. The Canterbury Tales is as alive and---today as it was nearly
600 years ago. [XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2010-11]
(a) appealing (b) fruitful (c) repelling (d) enhanting Ans. a
08. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote— [cwi‡ek Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK- 2011]
(a) Canterbury Tales (b) Piers Plowman
(c) Morte d‘ Arthur (d) The Maid‘s Tragedy Ans. a
09. Who is considered to be the father of English Poem? [moK I Rbc_
Ges MYc~Z© Awa`ß‡ii Dc-mncÖ‡K․kjx (wmwfj) c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2001]
(a) William Langland (b) Thomas Moore
(c) Rozer Bacon (d) Geoffrey Chaucer Ans. d
10. Who translated the Bible into English for the first time?
[wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK Ges cvm‡cvU© A¨vÛ Bwg‡MÖk‡b mnKvix cwiPvjK- 2016]
(a) Nicolas Udall (b) Thomas Norton Ans. c
(c) John Wycliffe (d) Edmund Spenser
11. Who translated „The New Testament‟?

[WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi wnmveiÿY Kg©KZ©v- 2003]
(a) Langland (b) John Wycliffe
(c) Layaman (d) Touci Ans. b
12. „Renaissance‟ means— [PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ©- 2007-08]
(a) regain (b) reborn
(c) re-arrange (d) rebirth Ans. d
13. „Renaissance‟ means — [WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi †Uwj‡dvb †ev‡W©i mnKvix
cwiPvjK / wnmve iÿY Kg©KZ©v cixÿv- 2004]
(a) the revival of learning (b) the revival of hard task
(c) the revival of life (d) the revival of new country Ans. a
14. Renaissance K_vwUi A_© wK? [gnvwnmve iÿK I wbixÿK Awd‡mi AaxÿK cixÿv- 1998]
(K) g„Zz¨ (L) eva©K¨
(M) †c․pZ¡ (N) beRxeb DËi: N
15. The beginning of the Renaissance may be traced to the city
of—[Rbkw³ I Kg©ms¯’vb ey¨v‡iv Dc-cwiPvjK- 2001]
(a) Venice (b) London
(c) Paris (d) Florence Ans. d
16. Renaissance is — word.
(a) an Italian (b) a Russian
(c) a European (d) a French Ans. a
17. Where did the Renaissance start from?
(a) England (b) Germany
(c) Italy (d) U.S.A Ans. c
18. The main feature of the Renaissance is—
(a) Humanism (b) Utopia
(c) Polyolbian (d) Opus Majas (a)
19. Who is the 'University Wits' in the following list? [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi
Aaxb ewnivMgb I cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK- 2011]
(a) William Shakespeare (b) Thomas Gray
(c) Robert Greene (d) John Dryden Ans. c
20. Elizabethan tragedy is centred on- [kÖg Awa`ß‡ii Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿK
ey¨v‡iv Dc-mnKvix cwiPvjK wb‡qvM-2001 / Lyjbv wek¦ we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2010-11]
(a) love (b) war
(c) revenge (d) philosophy Ans. c
21. Which period is known as 'the golden age' of English
Literature? [cvewjK mvwf©m Kwgk‡bi mnKvix cwiPvjK- 1994]
(a) the Victorian age (b) the Eighteenth century
(c) the Restoration (d) the Elizabethan Age Ans. d
22. Who wrote the plays “The Tempest‟ and “The Mid Summer
Night‟s Dream”? [29Zg wewmGm]
(a) Ben Jonson (b) Christopher Marlowe
(c) John Dryden (d) William Shakespeare Ans. d
23. Julius Caesar was the ruler of Rome about— [28Zg wewmGm]
(a) 1000 years ago (b) 1500 years ago
(c) 2000 years ago (d) 3000 years ago Ans. c
24. Shakespeare is known mostly for his- [16Zg we‡kl wewmGm (wkÿv)]
(a) poetry (b) novels
(c) autobiography (d) plays Ans. d
25. Which of the following is a play by Shakespeare —
[†mvbvjx e¨vsK Awdmvi/ Awdmvi (K¨vk)- 2014]
(a) King Lear (b) The Duchess of Malfi
(c) Candida (d) Waiting for Godot Ans. a
26. William Shakespeare was an English dramatist and poet of the-
---- century. [†mvbvjx e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi- 2014]
(a) fifteenth (b) sixteenth
(c) fourteenth (d) seventeenth Ans. b
27. Which of the following plays is by William Shakespeare?
[†mvbvjx e¨vsK Awdmvi- 2014]
(a) Desire Under the Elms (b) Measure for Measure
(c) Pygmalion (d) Cocktail Party Ans. b
28. „Shakespeare‟ is the writer of— [ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2012-13]
(a) The Tempest (b) The Idea of University
(c) The Hairy Ape (d) Riders to the Sea Ans. a
29. A sonnet is a lyric poem of— [cÖevmx Kj¨vY I •e‡`wkK Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi
mnKvix cwiPvjK- 2012]
(a) 12 lines (b) 24 lines
(c) 14 lines (d) 10 lines Ans. c
30. William Shakespeare is the author of— [evsjv‡`k nvDR wewìs dvBbvÝ
K‡c©v‡ikb wmwbqi Awdmvi- 2011 / ciivóªgš¿Yvjq mvBdvi Awdmvi- 2012]
(a) Pride and Prejudice (b) Waiting for Godot
(c) Sound of Music (d) King Lear Ans. d
31. “Twelfth Night” is— [Kviv ZZ¡veavqK (¯îvóª gš¿Yvjq) wb‡qvM cixÿv-2012]
(a) a comedy (b) an elegy
(c) a novel (d) a tragedy Ans. a
32. Which book is a Tragedy? [mnKvix _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi-2012]
(a) Hamlet (b) Measure for Measure
(c) As you like it (d) She stoops to conquer Ans. a
33. „Macbeth‟ is — [AvBb wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi mve-†iwR÷ªv-2012]

(a) a play (b) a novel
(c) an essay (d) a poem Ans. a
34. William Shakespeare is the author of- [ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi mvBdi Awdmvi- 2012]
(a) Paradise Lost (b) Old Man & the Sea
(c) Daffodils (d) King Lear Ans. d
35. Which is not true of an English sonnet? [Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2011-12]
(a) It has fourteen lines
(b) It has fourteen syllables in each line
(c) It has five feet in each line
(d) It is written in iambic pentameter lines Ans. b
36. William Shakespeare is a famous— [cÖevmx Kj¨vY I •e‡`wkK Kg©ms¯’vb
gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK-2012]
(a) dramatist (b) novelist
(c) essayist (d) critic Ans. a
37. The play „Romeo and Juliet‟ was written by- [÷¨vÛvW© e¨vsK 2012]
(a) Charles Dickens (b) William Shakespeare
(c) Jane Austen (d) Michael Modhusudon Ans. b
38. Who wrote „The Tempest‟? [mnKvix _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi-2012]
(a) William Wordsworth (b) Ben Jonson
(c) William Shakespeare (d) Tennyson Ans. c
39. Romeo and Juliet is a— [Bmjvgx wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-12]
(a) Comedy (b) Tragedy
(c) Romance (d) Morality play Ans. b
40. William Shakespeare is not the author of— [Rv.we. fwZ©- 2011-12]
(a) Titus Andronicus (b) Taming of the Shrew
(c) White Devil (d) Hamlet Ans. c
41. The poem „Under the Green Wood Tree‟ was written by— [Lywe2011-12]
(a) William Wordsworth (b) Robert Browning
(c) William Shakespeare (d) Ralph Hodgson Ans. c
42. Macbeth is a — by Shakespeare. [RvZxq wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2011-12]
(a) novel (b) short story
(c) verse (d) play Ans. d
43. Who is the greatest dramatist of all times? [MYc~Z© Awa.(wmwfj)-2011]
(a) G.B. Shaw (b) William Shakespeare
(c) William Wordsworth (d) Jonathan Swift Ans. b
44. Which of the following is a „Comedy‟ written by Shakespeare?
(a) Macbeth (b) King Lear
(c) As You Like It (d) Hamlet Ans. c
45. Who is the writer of „The Merchant of Venice‟? [cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v-2010]

(a) Tolstoy (b) William Shakespeare
(c) Goethe (d) Edmund Spenser Ans. b
46. Which is known as Shakespeare‟s Swansong? [Ly.we. fwZ© cix¶v-2009-10]
(a) Hamlet (b) Macbeth
(c) The Tempest (d) Twelfth Night Ans. c
47. „To be or not to be that is the question‟ From which novel the
above sentence has been taken? [ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cix¶v- 2009-10]
(a) Macbeth (b) Merchant of Venice
(c) Tempest (d) Hamlet Ans. d
48. One of the following plays is not a tragedy- [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wk¶v Awdmv-09]
(a) Hamlet (b) Macbeth
(c) Othello (d) Tempest Ans. d
49. Shakespeare was born in the year--- [cÖv_wgK cÖavb wk¶K wb‡qvM cix¶v- 98]
(a) 1540 (b) 1564 (c) 1340 (d) 1610 Ans. b
50. William Shakespeare is a famous ___ century English
Playwright [Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK mnKvix Awdmvi (mvavib)- 2008]
(a) nineteenth (b) sixteenth
(d) eighteenth (d) fifteenth Ans. b
51. Shakespeare‟s King lear‟ is a ___ [†mvbvjx, RbZv I AMÖYx e¨vsK- 2008]
(a) Satire (b) comedy
(c) Tragedy (d) Historical Play Ans. c
52. In what year did Shakespeare die? [mnKvix AvenvIqvex` c‡` wb‡qvM cix¶v
2004 /kªg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b †gwW‡Kj Awdmvi 2003 / miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi cÖavb
wk¶K wb‡qvM cix¶v- 1997]
(a) 1570 AD (b) 1580 AD (c) 1630 AD (d) 1616 AD Ans. D
53. Shakespeare wrote brilliant--- [Dc‡Rjv wbe©vPb Awdmvi wb‡qvM cix¶v- 2004]
(a) poems (b) essays
(c) novels (d) dramas Ans. d
54. Hamlet is __ [cÖwZi¶v gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb ¸ß ms‡KZ cwi`ß‡ii Awdmvi c‡ì wb‡qvM cix¶v- 2005]
(a) a tragedy by Shakespeare (b) a play by G.B Shaw
(c) a poem by Shelley (d) a novel by Hardy Ans. a
55. „The Merchant of Venice‟ is a drama by __
[mnKvix cÖ‡K․kjx GjwRBwW c‡ì wb‡qvM- 2005]
(a) Webster (b) Ben Jonson
(c) William Shakespeare (d) Christopher Marlowe Ans. c
56. Shakespeare‟s „Julius Caesar‟ is a -- [`ybx© wZ `gb ey¨v‡ivi 2004]
(a) comedy (b) satire
(c) tragedy (d) historical play Ans. c
57. Who wrote the world famous tragic play „King Lear‟? [kªg I
Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿bvj‡qi kªg I cwi`ß‡ii mnKvix kªg cwiPvjK- 2006]
(a) Shelley (b) Wordsworth
(c) Shakespeare (d) Miltion Ans. c
58. gybxi †P․ayixi ÔgyLiv igYx ekxKiYÕ Kvi †jLvi Abyev`? [cwievi Kj¨vY Kg©KZ©v- 03]
(a) William Wordsworth (b) W. Somerset Maugham
(c) William Shakespeare (d) Charles Dickens Ans. c
59. Hamlet by Shakespeare is ----- [`yb©xwZ `gb ey¨v‡ivi cwi`k©K wb‡qvM cix¶v-2003]
(a) a comedy (b) a tragic-comedy
(c) an epic (d) a tragedy. Ans. d
60. Who is the author of „The Taming of the Shrew‟ [mve †iwR: c‡` wb‡qvM cix¶v- 2001]
(a) Shaw (b) Shakespeare
(c) Ibsen (d) Jonson Ans. b
61. Hamlet is a __ by Shakespeare. [ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡q cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM cix¶v- 2001]
(a) play (b) novel (c) tale (d) story Ans. a
62. Shakespeare lived during the reign of - [ciivóª gš¿Yvjq 2001]
(a) Elizabeth i (b) Elizabeth ii
(c) Queen Victoria (d) King Charles Ans. a
63. Shakespearean play consists of ----- [wmwfj BwÄwbqvwis 1999]
(a) Three acts (b) two acts
(c) five acts (d) two acts Ans. c
64. Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii ÔåvwšÍwejvmÕ †Kvb MÖ‡š’i Abyev`? [gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mn wk¶K- 1997]
(a) Uncle Tom‘s Cabin (b) Doll‘s House
(c) Macheth (d) The Comedy of Errors Ans. d
65. „The Faerie Queene‟ is an---
(a) Elegy (b) Epic (c) Sonnet (d) Poem Ans. b
66. Shakespeare‟s Macbeth is a ------ [mnKvix cwiPvjK c‡` wb‡qvM cix¶v-1994]
(a) Comedy (b) Satire
(c) Tragedy (d) Low comedy Ans. c
67. „Comedy of Errors‟… [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wk¶K wb‡qvM cix¶v- 1994]
(a) Ben Johnson (b) G. B Shaw
(c) T S Eliot (d) William Shakespeare Ans. d
68. Shakespeare was famous for all but one of the following ----
[hye Dbœqb Awa`ß‡i mnKvix cwiPvjK wb‡qvM cix¶v- 1994]
(a) Comedies (b) Bourgeois Drama
(c) Tragedies (d) Tragi-drama Ans. b
69. „Dr. Faustus‟ was written by--
(a) Ben Jonson (b) W. Shakespeare
(c) Christopher Marlowe (d) John Webster Ans. c
70. Christopher Marlowe is Shakespeare‟s [cvm‡cvU© Awa mn cwiPvjK- 2011]

(a) Successor (b) predecessor
(c) contemporary (d) mentor Ans. b
71. What is the full name of the tragedy „Dr. Faustus‟?
[miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨v: mnKvix wk¶K 2006]
(a) The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus
(b) The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus
(c) The Tragedy of Doctor Faustus
(d) Doctor Faustus Ans. a
72. The beginning of the Renaissance may be traced to the country
of— [kÖg Awa`ß‡i Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY ey¨‡iv DcmnKvix cwiPvjK wb‡qvM cixÿv-2001]
(a) Germany (b) England (c) France (d) Italy Ans. d
73. A great playwright of Shakespeare time was-[mnKvwi AvenvIqvwe`- 2004]
(a) Samuel Johnson (b) Christopher Marlowe
(c) Oliver Goldsmith (d) John Donne Ans. b
74. Francis Bacon is a/an--- [gva¨wgK mnKvwi cÖavb wk¶K wb‡qvM cix¶v- 2003]
(a) Novelist (b) Dramatist
(c) Poet (d) Essayist Ans. d
75. Who is considered to be the father of English prose?
[‡ijI‡q mnKvix Kgv‡Û›U c‡` wb‡qvM cix¶v- 2000]
(a) Francis Bacon (b) Kind Alfred the Great
(c) Henry (d) Geoffrey Chaucer Ans. a
76. Where is expressed the view that 'There is a divinity that
shapes our, ends?' [mve-†iwR÷ªvi wbe©vPbx cixÿv-1992]
(a) In King Lear (b) In Merry Wives of Windsor
(c) In the Tempest (d) In Hamlet Ans. d
77. Who is called the poet of poets?
(a) Geoffrey Chaucer (b) Edmund Spenser
(c) Roger Bacon (d) William Shakespeare Ans. b
78. Who wrote an epic „The Faerie Queen‟?
(a) Edmund Spenser (b) T. S Eliot
(c) Robert Browning (d) Alfred Tennyson Ans. a
79. Macbeth bvUKwU Kvi †jLv? [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wk¶K wb‡qvM 1996]
(a) William Wordsworth (b) William Shakespeare
(c) John Milton (d) George Bernard Shaw Ans. b
80. Who wrote „The Ruins of Time‟?
(a) Sir Philip Sidney (b) Chapman
(c) Edmund Spenser (d) Thomas Hardy Ans. c
81. Who among the following was an English Renaissance Poet?
(a) John Donne (b) Robert Browning

(c) John Milton (d) Sir Philip Sidney Ans. d
82. Who wrote „An Apology for Poetry‟?
(a) P. B Shelly (b) Samuel Johnson
(c) Sir Philip Sidney (d) John Donne Ans. c
83. Which of the following school of literature is connected with a
medical theory? [15Zg wewmGm]
(a) Comedy of Manners (b) Theatre of Absurd
(c) Heroic Tragedy (d) Comedy of humours Ans. d
84. „Silent Woman‟ written by--- [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b wb‡qvM cix¶v- 2003/
ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cix¶v- 2010-2011]
(a) John Ruskin (b) Ben Jonson
(c) Kalidas (d) Munishi Prem Chand Ans. b
85. Why is the poet so sad to see the Daffodils in „The Daffodils‟?
[XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cix¶v- 2012-13]
(a) The poet is asd because the flowers have not bloomed fully.
(b) The poet is sad because winter will soon arrive. Ans. c
(c) The poet is sad because the flowers remind him of his own death.
86. ‗I wandered lonely as a cloud‟ is an example of - [Rvnv½xibMi - 2011-12]
(a) Symbol (b) Metaphor
(c) Simile (d) Metonymy Ans. c
87. In „To Daffodils‟, human life is compared with: [Rvnv½xibMi wek¦ 11-12]
(a) ―Sunset‖ (b) ―flowing river‖
(c) ―Morning‘s dew‖ (d) ―Graying hair‖ Ans. c
88. ―Hasting day” in To Daffodils means- [XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© c. 2009-10]
(a) fast day (b) quiet day
(c) finishing day (d) hurriedly passing day Ans. d
89. Which two things of nature does Robert Herrick find similar to
human beings and daffodils? [XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cix¶v- 2010-11]
(a) rising sun, moon (b) summer‘s morning‘s dew
(c) spring, summer (d) hasting day, even song Ans. b
90. In the poem „To Daffodils‟ the poet weeps over--- [WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM]
(a) loss of beautiful flower (b) loss caused to environment
(c) loss of sweet scent (d) Short-lived human life Ans. d
91. Which word seems out of place?
(a) rose (b) lily
(c) cauliflower (d) daffodil Ans. c
92. The last line of “To daffodils” is [ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cix¶v- 2008-09]
(a) Ne‘er to be seen again
(b) Vanish like summer‘s rain
(c) Ne‘re to be found again

(d) As quack a growth of meet decay Ans. c
93. Who used the term 'The Metaphysical poet'?
(a) Edmund Spencer (b) John Donne
(c) Samuel Johnson (d) Andrew Marvell Ans. c
94. Who is a Metaphysical poet?
(a) Cowley (b) Thomas Kyd
(c) Ben Johnson (d) John Webster Ans. a
95. Who is not called the Metaphysical poet?
(a) John Donne (b) Andrew Marvell
(c) George Herbert (d) Alfred Tennyson Ans. d
96. Who was a friend of John Milton?
(a) John Donne (b) John Dryden
(c) Andrew Marvell (d) Alexander Pope Ans. c
97. Who wrote the poem 'The Definition of Love.'
(a) Andrew Marvell (b) John Donne
(c) W.B Yeats (d) John Keats Ans. a
98. The poem 'To His Coy Mistress' was written by-
(a) John Keats (b) Andrew Marvell
(c) John Milton (d) William Shakespeare Ans. b
99. Who is the representative of the metaphysical poets?
(a) Samuel Johnson (b) John Donne
(c) Geoffrey Chaucer (d) Robert Browning Ans. b
100. 'The Good Morrow' is a poem by-
(a) Andrew Marvell (b) W.B. Yeats
(c) John Donne (d) P.B Browning Ans. c
101. Who wrote the poem 'The Sun Rising'?
(a) John Donne (b) Lord Byron
(c) William Wordsworth (d) None of them Ans. a
102. Who is called the 'poet of love'?
(a) Andrew Marvell (b) John Donne
(c) John Keats (d) William Shakespeare Ans. b
103. 'The Flea' by John Donne is-
(a) a romantic poem (b) an Elegy
(c) a religious poem (d) an Ode Ans. c
104. Who was both a poet and a Priest?
(a) Andrew Marvell (b) George Herbert
(c) Edmund Spencer (d) Robert Browning Ans. B
105. Who wrote the poem 'The Collar'?

(a) George Herbert (b) John Donne
(c) Edmund Spenser (d) Alfred Tennyson Ans. a
106. The poem 'Easter Wings' written by-
(a) Andrew Marvell (b) George Herbert
(c) John Keats (d) S.T Coleridge Ans. B
107. "To be or not to be, that is the ___ ." [29Zg wewmGm/ mgvR‡mev Awdmvi
(mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvjq wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2010/ PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-2012]
(a) meaning (b) question (c) answer (d) issue Ans. B
108. Cowards die___ before their death. [PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2012-13]
(a) much time (b) many time
(c) enough time (d) many times Ans. d
109. 'Knowledge is power' was stated by- [Bmjvgx wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-2012]
(a) Hobbes (b) Hamlet
(c) Socrates (d) Rousseau Ans. a
110. 'Frailty, Thy name is woman'-- in which of the following plays
you find this? [RvZxq mÂq cwi`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK-2009/ ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi mvBdi
Awdmvi- 2012]
(a) Macbeth (b) Romeo and Juliet
(c) Hamlet (d) Tempest Ans. c
111. 'Sweet are the uses of adversity' was stated by--- [Bmjvgx wek¦we`¨vjq
fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-2012]
(a) Valtaire (b) Shakespeare
(c) Milton (d) Tolstoy Ans. b
112. 'To be or not to be' is the beginning of a famous soliloquy from-
[kÖg Awa`ß‡i Rbkw³ Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY ey¨v‡iv DcmnKvix c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2001 / Lyjbv
wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-2012]
(a) Paradise Lost (b) Romeo & Juliet
(c) Hamlet (d) Shahnama Ans. c
113. 'Good face is the best letter of recommendation' was stated by--
[mnKvix cwiPvjK (cvm‡cvU© GÛ Bwg‡MÖkb) wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2000]
(a) Queen Victoria (b) Queen Elizabeth
(c) Queen Anne (d) Queen Marry Ans. b
114. 'Fair daffodils! We weep to see/ You haste away so soon;
As yet the early rising sun
Has not attained his noon.' [cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK-2011]
Who is the writer to these beautiful lines?
(a) William Wordsworth (b) Robert Herrick
(c) William Blake (d) John Keats Ans. b
115. 'Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; writing

an exact man' Who said this? [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b †Uwjwfkb cÖ‡K․kjx †MÖW- 2
c‡ì wb‡qvM 2004]
(a) Shakespeare (b) Bacon
(c) Keats (d) Kyd Ans. b
116. 'Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some
few to be chewed and digestd.' Said- [WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvjq wnmveiÿY
Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2003/ Dc‡Rjv Awdmvi- 2008]
(a) Joseph (b) Dr. Johnson
(c) Charles Lamb (d) Francis Bacon Ans. d
117. 'Veni, Vidi, Vici' this quotation from Shakespeare's- [mve RR wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2007]
(a) Hamlet (b) Otherllo
(c) Merchant of Venice (d) Julius Caesar Ans. d
118. 'Cowards die many times before their death,' [evK¨wU †k·wcqv‡ii †Kvb
bvUK n‡Z DØ„Z n‡q‡Q? [¯îvóªgš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb mn-imvqbwe`- 2001/ _vbv Awdmvi-2005]
(a) Macbeth (b) Julius Caesar
(c) Hamlet (d) Othello Ans. b
119. „Faerie Queene‟ is a/an — [mnKvix _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi-2012]
(a) Play (b) short story (c) epic (d) novel Ans. C
120. 'All the perfumes of Arabian will not sweeten this little hand's
is a quotation from--- [cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv Awa`ßi mn cwiPvjK- 2001]
(a) Hamlet (b) Othelo
(c) Macbeth (d) King Lear Ans. c
121. Who said 'Cowards die many times before their death. [cÖavbgš¿xi
Kvh©vjq I gwš¿cwil` Kvh©vj‡q cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2004/ P.we. fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-12]
(a) Shakespeare (b Franklin
(c) Carlyle (d) Alexander Pope Ans. a
122. Calliban is a Character in— [`ybx©wZ `gb ey¨‡ivi cwi`k©K c‡` evQvB cixÿv-2003]
(a) King Lear (b) Tempest
(c) Man and Superman (d) Othello Ans. b
123. Brutus is a famous character of Shakespeare in— [¯îvóªgš¿Yvj‡qi
Aaxb ewnivMgb I cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK-2011]
(a) King Lear (b) Julius Caeser
(c) The Tempest (d) Hamlet Ans. b
124. 'Ophelia' is an important character in the Shakespearean play?
[Kviv ZË¡veavqK (¯îvóª gš¿Yvjq) cixÿv-2010]
(a) Macbeth (b) The Tempest
(c) Hamlet (d) King Lear Ans. c
125. 'Blow, Blow thou winter wind/ Thu art not so unkind
As man‟s ingratitude;/ They tooth is not so keen,
Although they breath be rude.' [cvewjK mvwf©m Kwgkb mnKvix cwiPvjK- 1998]
These are a few lines of a poem of a great poet. Who is the poet?
(a) J. Webstar (b) C. Marlowe
(c) W. Shakespeare (d) Lord Bacon Ans. c
126. Who is called the poet of poets? [gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2006]
(a) Geoffrey Chaucer (b) Edmund Spenser
(c) Francis Bacon (d) William Shakespeare Ans. b
127. Shylock †h bvU‡Ki PwiÎ, †m bvUKwUi bvg— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q cÖavb wkÿK -1998]
(a) Doctor Faustus (b) The Merchant of Venice
(c) The Way of the World (d) Arms and the Man Ans. b
128. Who is known as the father of English poetry? /Who is called
the father of English Poetry? [PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-12]
(a) Milton (b) Wordsworth
(c) Chaucer (d) Charles Dickens Ans. c
129. Who is the father of Modern English Poetry? [Ly.we. fwZ© cixÿv-2010-11]
(a) Cynewulf (b) Geoffrey Chaucer
(c) Robert Browning (d) None of the above Ans. b
130. Who is considered to be the father of English Poem? [moK I Rbc_
Ges MYc~Z© Awa`ß‡ii Dc-mncÖ‡K․kjx (wmwfj) c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2011]
(a) William Langland (b) Thomas More
(c) Francis Bacon (d) Geoffrey Chaucer Ans. d
131. 'There are more things in heaven and earth,
Horatio,/ Than are dreamt of in our philosophy.‟ Dw³wU Shakespeare-
Gi †Kvb bvUK †_‡K DØ„Z n‡q‡Q? [mnKvix _vbv cwievi cwiKíbv Awdmvi- 1998]
(a) Hamlet (b) King Lear
(c) Macbeth (d) Othello Ans. a
132. Who wrote “The Spanish Tragedy”? [gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK-2006]
(a) John Lyly (b) Thomas Kyd
(c) Robert Green (d) Christopher Marlowe Ans. b
133. Robert Herrick was an English-- [‡mvbvjx e¨vsK Awdmvi / (K¨vk)- 2014]
(a) Novelist (b) Historian
(c) Poet (d) Dramatist Ans. c
134. A poem of fourteen lines is called— [_vbv wkÿv Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM cixÿv-1998]
(a) Elege (b) Sonnet
(c) Ode (d) Epic Ans. b
135. 'The Merchant of Venice' is a Shakespearean play about-[36Zg wewmGm]

(a) a Jew (b) a Moor
(c) a Roman (d) a Turk Ans. a
136. 'Frailty the name is woman'-- is a famous dialogue from. [36Zg wewmGm]
(a) Christopher Marlowe (b) John Webster
(c) W. Shakespeare (d) T. S Eliot Ans. c
137. Shakespeare's „Measure for Measure‟ is a successful---[36Zg wewmGm]
(a) tragedy (b) comedy
(c) Tragi-comedy (d) Melodrama Ans. c
138. The sentence 'Who would have thought Shylock was so
unkind?' expresses— [32Zg wewmGm
(a) hyperbole (b) intreeogation
(c) command (d) wonder Ans. d
139. A Machiavellian character is—[KvwiMwi wkÿv Awa`ß‡ii Aax‡b wPd Bb÷ªv±i 2003]
(a) an honest person (b) a selfish person
(c) a courageous person (d) a judicious person Ans. B
140. Fill in the blank. '____' is Shakespeare's last play. [37Zg wewmGm]
(a) As you like it (b) Macbeth
(c) Tempest (d) Othello Ans. c
141. Who has written the play 'Volpone'? [37Zg wewmGm]
(a) John Webster (b) Ben Jonson
(c) Christopher Marlowe (d) William Shakespeare Ans. b
142. Shakespeare composed much of his plays in what sort of verse?
[37Zg wewmGm]
(a) Alliterative verse (b) Sonnet form
(c) Iambic pentameter (d) Daetylic Haxameter Ans. c
143. Which of the following is not apoetic tradition? [37Zg wewmGm]
(a) The Epic (b) The Comic
(c) The Occult (d) The Tragic Ans. c
144. Othello gave Desdemona____ as a token of love: [37Zg wewmGm]
(a) Ring (b) Handkerchief
(c) Pendant (d) Bangles Ans. b
145. When a speaker speaks his thoughts aloud, it is called-
[¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Kviv ZË¡veavqK-05]
(a) aside (b) monody
(c) soliloquy (d) negative capability Ans. c
146. Soliloquy means - [cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv Awa`ß‡i mnKvix cwiPvjK-01]
(a) to memorise (b) talking to oneself
(c) action of speech (d) rehearsal of a play Ans. b
147. What is the meaning of 'Soliloquy'? [wbe©vPb Kwgkb mwPevj‡q mnKvix mwPe-95]
(a) action of body (b) action of speech
(c) to memorira part (d) long self speech by an actor Ans. d
148. A drama is a/an -- [kÖg cwi`ß‡ii RbmsL¨v I cwievi Kj¨vY Kg©KZ©v-09]
(a) novel retold in dialogue (b) magical performnces on the stage
(c) fairy tale (d) story translated into action Ans. b
149. A tragedy does not have ____ [K.U. (gvbweK ¯‥zj) 05-06]
(a) a tragic hero (b) a plot
(c) an act (d) an octave-sestet division Ans. d
150. Comedy is - [I.U. 06-07]
(a) a lignt play with a happy ending.
(b) an amusing play with a serious ending.
(c) a serious play with a humorous ending. Ans. a
(d) a plays that shows terrible things in a way that is intended to be funny.
151. A comedy does not have__ [K.U. (gvbweK ¯‥zj) 07-08]
(a) a happy ending (b) a plot
(c) catharsis (d) comic element Ans. c
152. The hero or central character of a literary work is __ [J.U.(C) 14-15]
(a) Villain (b) Protagonist
(c) Antagonist (d) Chorus Ans. b
153. 'Protagonist' indicates__ [`yb©xwZ `gb ey¨‡ivi cwi`k©K-03]
(a) the villain in a play
(b) the leading character or actor in a play
(c) the clown in a play
(d) the stage-director of a play. Ans. b
154. 'Melodrama' is a kind of play of- [`yb©xwZ `gb ey¨‡ivi mntcwi`k©K-04]
(a) violent and sensational themes (b) historical themes
(c) philosophical themes (d) pathetic themes Ans. a
155. What is catastrope? [`yb©xwZ `gb ey¨‡ivi mntcwi`k©K- 04]
(a) The comical end of dramatic events
(b) The tragic end of dramatic events
(c) The comic tragic end of the play
(d) None of the above Ans. b
156. Climax is related to- [K.U. 07-08]
(a) Prose (b) Drama
(c) Poetry (d) Novel Ans. b
157. 'Much Ado About Nothing' is written by __
(a) Jane Austen (b) Charles Dickens
(c) William Shakespeare (d) Virginia Woolf Ans. c
158. What is an act in a play? [K.U. (gvbweK ¯‥zj) 07-08]

(a) a unit of act on with no change of place or time
(b) the rising action of a play
(c) a major division in the action of a play
(d) conversation of character is in a play Ans. c
159. 'Phoenix' is __ [mv‡K©j A¨vWRy‡U›U- 10]
(a) an imaginary bullock
(b) a mythical bird
(c) a mythical bird regenerating from ashess
(d) a dead mythical bird Ans. c
160. Who is the 'Univesrsity Wits' in the following list? [ewnivMgb I cvm‡cvU©
Awa`ß‡ii mn:cwiPvjK-11]
(a) William Shakespeare (b) Thomas Gray
(c) Robert Greene (d) John Dryden Ans. c
161. Andrew Marvell was a- [K.U. (gvbweK ¯‥zj) 05-06]
(a) Metaphysical poet (b) Victorian poet
(c) Romantic poet (d) Modern poet Ans. a
162. Who, among the following playwrights, is Shakespeare's
contemporary?
(a) Arthur Miller (b) Christopher Marlowe
(c) Samuel Beckett (d) William Congreve Ans. b
163. Shakespeare was not__.
(a) a dramatist (b) a playwright
(c) a poet (d) a story writer Ans. d
164. Which of the following is not true about Shakespeare?
(a) Poet (b) Playwright
(c) Novelist (d) Actor Ans. c
165. William Shakespeare wrote-
(a) sonnets, tragedies and comedies (b) sonnets, plays and essays
(c) sonnets, plays and novels (d) sonnets, novels and epics Ans. a
166. In Shakespearean tragedy, the hero is __ [K.U. (gvbweK ¯‥zj) 06-07]
(a) an ordinary man (b) a high ranking man
(c) a sacrilegious man (d) none of these Ans. b
167. Ben Jonson introduced- [mve-†iwR÷ªvi-16]
(a) allegory (b) heroic drama
(c) comedy of manners (d) comedy of humours Ans. d
168. "Better three hours too soon than a minute too late" was said by-
(a) Shakespeare (b) Wordsworth
(c) O Henry (d) Edgar Allan Poe Ans. a
4. The Neoclassical Period

Duration: 1660-1798
G Aa¨v‡q Neoclassical Period Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wZbwU hyM Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q:
(a) The Restoration Period (1660-1700)

(b) The Augustan Period (1700-1745)
(c) The Age of Sensibility (1745-1785/98)
4. The Neoclassical Period

Duration: 1660-1798

 GB hyM‡K 17th & 18th Century Literature-I ejv nq|
Other name: Pseudo-classical Period (Pseudo means mock, artificial)
 The period is also known as The Enlightenment Period.
 The writers of this age imitated (AbyKiY) the ancient Greek
and Roman literary tradition but they lacked the originality of
those writers of that period.
Slogan of this age: Art for Humanity‟s Sake (gvbeZvi Kj¨v‡Y mvwnZ¨)
 Z‡e Romantic hy‡M GwU n‡e: Art for Art‟s Sake|
 18k kZvãx‡ZB W¨vwb‡qj wW‡dv, m¨vgy‡qj wiPvW©mb I †nbwi wdwìs‡qi
iPbvi gva¨‡g Bs‡iwR‡Z Dcb¨vm mvwn‡Zï m~Pbv N‡U|
 A novel in the form of letters is called- epistolary novel.
 The narrator of a novel written in the third person is called-
omniscient narrator.
The Period has three shorter ages:
(a) The Restoration Period (1660-1700)
(b) The Augustan Period (1700-1745)
(c) The Age of Sensibility (1745-1785/98)
Prominent critics of Shakespeare:
(i) Dr. Samuel Johnson
(ii) John Dryden
(iii) William Hazlitt
(iv) S.T. Coleridge
(v) T.S. Eliot
(vi) A.C. Bredly
a. The Restoration Period

Duration: 1660-1700
GB hy‡Mi wKQz D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbvt
 Restoration means, Restoration of Monarchy.
(`xN© 11 eQi ci ivRZ‡š¿i cybiæ×vi)
 L¨vwZgvb Kwe John Dryden Gi bvg Abymv‡i G Restoration Period †K Age
of Dryden-I ejv nq|
 Commonwealth period Gi Richard Cromwell Gi cZ‡bi ci England
Gi †jv‡Kiv Caroline Period Gi ivRv Charles-I (hv‡K wki‡ñ` Kiv n‡qwQj)
Gi †Q‡j Charles-II (whwb France G cvwj‡q AvZ¥iÿv K‡iwQ‡jb) †K England
Gi wmsnvm‡b emvb|
 GB hy‡M `ywU political party MwVZ nq:
 Whig- against the king
 Tory- on the favour of king
 Industrialization began in England.
 In 1662, The Royal Society was formed
to promote scientific research. Sir Isaac
Newton Gi m`m¨ wQ‡jb| Charles-II
 1688 mv‡j †M․iegq wecø‡ei (Glorious Revolution) gva¨‡g weª‡U‡b MYZš¿
cÖwZwôZ nq| hy³iv‡R¨ c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg MYZš¿ Pvjy Av‡Q| eZ©gv‡b hy³iv‡R¨
kvmbZvwš¿K ivRZš¿ miKvi c×wZ cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q|
 In 1689, The Bill of Rights was adopted in England. Bill of Rights
restricted the power of monarch and enhanced the power of
parliament. [Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, 1787 mv‡j M„nxZ Ges 1789 mv‡j Kvh©Ki
nIqv hy³iv‡óªi msweav‡bi (c„w_exi ÿz`ªZg msweavb) bvMwiK AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z cÖ_g
10 ms‡kvabx‡KI Bill of Rights ejv nq| hy³iv‡óªi msweavb G ch©šÍ 27 evi
ms‡kvwaZ n‡q‡Q|]
 In 1695, the press was made free.
(Everyone was given liberty to express his/ her views)
 - হয
b©‡Ki
U© M©
Restoration Period Gi K‡qKRb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K:

1. John Milton: (1608-1674)
Titles:
(i) Epic poet (evsjvi wgëb ejv nq- 'gnvKv‡eï Kwe' L¨vZ †ngP›`ª‡K)
(ii) A great master of verse in the Puritan Period.
(iii) Zv‡K Ô†i‡bmuv hy‡Mi me©‡kl gnvb KweÕI ejv nq|
Zvi weL¨vZ Epics:
(i) Paradise Lost
(12 LÐ, 1658-1664 mv‡ji g‡a¨ Blank Verse G
iwPZ GB gnvKve¨wU Kwei Rxe‡bi nZvkv e¨_©Zv Zy‡j a‡i Ges
GKB mv‡_ gvby‡li myß ÿgZv wb‡q Avkvev` e¨³ K‡i| evB‡e‡ji
eY©bv Abyhvqx nhiZ Av`g I nvIqv (Av:) Gi ¯^M© nviv‡bvi
KvwnbxwPÎ dz‡U D‡V‡Q G gnvKv‡e¨)
(ii) Paradise Regained John Milton
* GB `ywU gnvKve¨ wZwb AÜ Ae¯’vq wj‡Lb
* evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ GKgvÎ M`¨ gnvKve¨- welv` wmÜz
Theme of Paradise Lost: To Justify the ways of God to man
Famous elegies (†kvKMxwZ):
(i) Lycidas (jvBwP`vm; Kwei eÜz Edward King Gi g„Zz¨ wb‡q †jLv)
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g mv_©K †kvKMuv_v/ †g․wjK MÖš’ n‡jv Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii
ÒcÖfveZx m¤¢vlYÓ| Elegy means: a poem of lamentation/ sadness.
(ii) Song on Shakespeare
Zvi cÖ_g KweZv: On The Morning of Christ‘s Nativity (1629)
Famous poetic drama (Kve¨bvU¨):
♦ Samson Agonistes (m¨vgmb A¨vMwb÷m, Uª¨v‡RwW) ♦ Comus
Famous prose (M`ïPbv):
♦ Of Education (essay) ♦ Areopagitica (about freedom of press)
wgëb BZvwj _vKv Ae¯’vq Bsj¨vÛ †_‡K Lei G‡jv †`‡k hy‡×i m¤¢vebv †`Lv w`‡q‡Q|
wZwb Bsj¨v‡Û wd‡i G‡jb| Zvi wfZi †R‡M DVj we‡`ªvnx mËv| Gevi Avi Kve¨ bq,
GLb cÖ‡qvRb M‡`ï| jÛ‡b wZwb wb‡R‡K GB hy‡×i •mwbK wn‡m‡e †NvlYv w`‡jb| Z‡e
Zvi A¯¿ e›`yK bq, Kjg| G mgq wZwb iPbv K‡ib G¨v‡ivc¨vwRwUKv MÖš’wU| G MÖš’ mgMÖ
we‡k¦i gvby‡li evK ¯^vaxbZv, g~`ªY ¯^vaxbZv Ges msMÖv‡gi GK RxešÍ `wjj|
Famous sonnets:
♦ On the Blindness (m‡bU msKjb) ♦ On the Late Massacre
Famous quotes:
(i) ―It is better to reign in hell than to serve in heaven.‖
(Ô¯^‡M© `vmZ¡ Kivi †P‡q bi‡K ivRZ¡ Kiv †kÖqÕ; GwU Satan Gi Dw³)
(ii) ―Childhood shows the man as morning shows the day.‖
(mKv‡ji m~h© †hgb wè‡mi cÖwZ”Qwe, evj¨KvjI gnr gvby‡li cÖwZ”Qwe)
(iii) ―Death is the golden key that opens the place of eternity.‖
(g„Zzï gva¨‡g gvbyl AgiZ¡ jvf K‡i)
NB: There are two types of epic:
(i) Primary Epic (cÖ_‡g AwjwLZ wQ‡jv, c‡i wjwLZ n‡q‡Q| †hgb: MÖxK
mvwnwZ¨K †nvgv‡ii Iliad Ges Odessey)
(ii) Secondary Epic (cÖ_g †_‡KB wjwLZ| †hgb: Paradise Lost,
Paradise Regained)
2. John Dryden: (Rb WªvB‡Wb, 1631-1700)

Title:
 Father of Modern English Criticism
 England's First Poet Laureate (1670 mv‡j wb‡qvMc«vß)
 wZwb Shakespeare Gi The Tempest bvU‡Ki Zxeª
mgv‡jvPbv I e¨½ K‡i The Enchanted Island bvUKwU wj‡L‡Qb|
 John Dryden †K Glorious John wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb Sir Walter Scott
Famous works:
(i) All for Love ( a heroic tragedy) ***
(ii) The Mistaken Husband (1674)
(iii) Absalom and Achitophel
(A¨vemv‡jvg A¨vÛ A¨vwK‡Uv‡dj, a poetic political satire)**
(iv) The Indian Emperor (a famous tragedy)
(v) Mac Flecknoe (a satirical poem) **
(vi) An Evening‘s Love (a comedy)
(vii) The Conquest of Granada (1670)

(viii) Preface to the Fables
Famous poem: Heroic Stanzas on the Death of Cromwell
Famous quotes:
(i) They think too little who talk too much.
(ii) We first make our habits then habits make us.
(c«_‡g Avgiv Af¨vm M‡o Zywj, c‡i Af¨vm Avgv‡ì M‡o †Zv‡j)
(iii) Jealousy is the proof of love.
3. William Congreve: (KbwMÖf, 1670-1729)

 wZwb Jonathon Swift Gi eÜz wQ‡jb|
 He was famous for Comedy of Manners. (DcRxe¨t D”Pwe‡Ëi
AvPvi-AvPiY, bibvixi jNy †K․Zy‡Kv”Qj †cÖgjxjv, RvMwZK Avb›` wb‡q AwZ e¨¯ÍZv, •bwZKZv
m¤ú‡K© D`vmxbZv cÖf…wZ)
Famous plays:
(i) The Way of the World***
(ii) Love for Love **
(iii) The Double Dealer
(iv) The Old Bachelor
(v) The Mourning Bride (†kvKvZzi K‡b)
4. John Bunyan: (Rb evwbqvb, 1628-1688)

 wZwb Puritan Period Gi me‡P‡q kw³kvjx M`¨ †jLK|
 Bsj¨v‡Ûi Civil War Gi mgq cvj©v‡g›Uvwi Avwg©i c‡¶
wZwb †ek †Rviv‡jvfv‡e KvR K‡ib, d‡j wZwb 12 eQi †Rj
Lv‡Ub|
Famous books:
(i) Pilgrim‟s Progress (1678 mv‡j)
(ii) The Holy War
-G `ywU MÖš’ Zvi weL¨vZ iƒcKvkÖqx M`¨
(Allegory in Prose) GwU wZwb †RjLvbvq
e‡m iPbv K‡ib
(iii)The Life and Death of Mr. Badman
Famous quote:
"In prayer it is better to have a heart without words than
words without a heart." (fvev_©: ü`qwenxb K_vgvjv wbf©i †gvbvRv‡Zi †P‡q
kãnxb ü`‡qi cÖv_©bv †kÖq)
5. Samuel Butler: (1613-1680)
 A famous poet and satirist
 Famous work: Hudibars (1663)
 Z‡e Samuel Butler bv‡g GKRb weL¨vZ Victorian novelist i‡q‡Qb|
6. John Locke: (Rb jK, 1632-1704)
 Father of Modern Democracy
Famous Book:
(i) An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding (1690, gvbweK Ávb welqK cÖeÜ)
(ii) Some thoughts Concerning Education (wk¶v welqK wPšÍv)
(iii) Two Treaties on Civil Government (mgvR miKvi m¤úwK©Z `ywU M‡elYvcÎ)
Dw³: †hLv‡b AvBb †bB †mLv‡b ¯^vaxbZv †bB|
7. William Wycherley:
Famous work:
 The Country Wife
 The Plain Dealer
8. Aphra Behn: (আফরা মবন)
 ‘Woman in a world of man’ খ্যাত
আফরা মবন মরকটাকরলন হিহরয়কির প্রেম মহ঵঱া কহব
হযহন েীঘ হৃেকনর প্রহতবন্ধকতা মভকে ম঱খাক঱হখকক মিলা
হ঵ক঴কব মনয়ার ঴া঵঴ মেহখকয়কিন।
Famous work:
 The Rover (a comedy)
 Oroonoko (A‡iv‡bv‡Kv, prose fiction)
9. George Farquhar:
Famous work: ivYx G¨vwbi ivRZ¡Kv‡j Bsj¨vÛ I
 The Recruiting Officer ¯‹Uj¨vÛ GKÎ n‡q †MÖU weª‡Ub nq
 The Beaux‘s Stratagem 1707 mv‡j
b. The Augustan Period

Duration: 1700-1745
 GB hy‡Mi †jLKMY cÖvPxb BZvwjq m¤ªvU Augustus (27BC-14AD) Gi Avg‡ji
†jLK‡ì‡K AbyKiY K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j GB hyM‡K Augustan Period e‡j|
[Virgil (70 BC –19 BC) was an ancient Roman poet of the
Augustan period.]
 GB hy‡Mi L¨vwZgvb Kwe Alexander Pope Gi bvg Abymv‡i G hyM‡K Age of
Pope ejv nq|
 In 1707, Scotland was annexed (mshy³) with England. A_©vr, ivbx
G¨vwbÕi ivRZ¡Kv‡j Bsj¨vÛ I ¯‥Uj¨vÛ GKÎ n‡q †MÖU weª‡Ub nq| More than a
hundred years before, in 1603, King James VI, King of Scots, had
inherited the throne of England, but it was not until 1707 that the
Parliaments of the two countries agreed to form a unified state.
Subsequently, in 1801, Great Britain united with the neighbouring
Kingdom of Ireland, forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland. The state was renamed the "United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland" after five-sixths of Ireland seceded
from the United Kingdom in 1922.
 The First Cabinet (gwš¿mfv) of England was formed in this period.
 1702 mv‡j cÖ_g Bs‡iwR •`wbK The Daily Courant (wKD‡ib&U) jÛb †_‡K
cÖKvwkZ nq| (Avi evsjv‡`‡ki f~LÐ †_‡K cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g msev`cÎ iscyi evZ©ven)
 v
-
v
 we‡k¦i cÖ_g ev‡RU 1733 mv‡j hy³iv‡R¨ †NvwlZ nq| (Z‡e Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g
ev‡RU 1861 mv‡j (jW© K¨vwbs) Ges evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g ev‡RU 30 Ryb 1972 mv‡j
†NvwlZ nq)
 G hyMwU Queen Anne, King George (i) Ges King George (ii) Gi
kvmbvgjvaxb|
 G hyMwU e¨½ag©x †jLv (Satire) Ges Gothic (†f․wZK) Novel Gi Rb¨ weL¨vZ|
 Gothic Novel Gi hvÎv ïiæ K‡ib Ann Radcliffe|
 GB hy‡M wKQz Literary Club MwVZ nq| †hgb-
The Scriblerus Club, The Kit-Kat Club, The Spectator Club
Augustan Period Gi K‡qKRb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K:
1. Alexander Pope: (1688-1744)

 Title: Mock Heroic Poet (Dcnvmg~jK exi‡Z¡i Kwe)***
 Mock Heroic Epic Gi RbÏ wZwb weL¨vZ|
 He was also famous for his ―Translation of Homer‖***
 MÖxK Kwe Homer Gi Iliad Ges Odyssey (I‡Wwm) gnvKve¨ `ywU wZwbI
Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` K‡ib| Z‡e cÖ_‡g George Chapman †i‡bmuv hy‡M G `ywU
gnvKv‡eï Bs‡iwR Abyev` K‡iwQ‡jb|
 The Oxford Dictionary of Quotation-G †k·wcq‡ii c‡I me‡P‡q †ewk
msL¨K †Kv‡Ukb Zvi †jLv †_‡K †bqv n‡q‡Q|
 wZwb KweZvq Heroic Couplet eënvi K‡i‡Qb|
Famous Epic:
The Rape of the Lock (†eYx KZ©b) ***
 GwU GKwU mock epic (bvqK- Baron, bvwqKv- Belinda, God- Arial)
 1712 mv‡j iwPZ G e¨½vZ¥K KweZvwUi g~j DcRxe¨ n‡jv: D”P eskxq‡ì g‡a¨ Kjn weev`|
 Z‡e Rape Upon Rape bvUKwU wj‡L‡Qb Henry Fielding|
Famous poems:
 An Essay on Man (G `vk©wbK কাকের Theme n‡jv:
'To vindicate the ways of God to man'|
(Z‡e Essay on Islam wj‡L‡Qb W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn)
 The Dunciad
 An Essay on Criticism (১৭১১)
 Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot
Famous quotes:
(i) A Little learning is a dangerous thing.
(ii) To err is human, to forgive is divine.
(iii) An honest man is the noblest work of God.
(iv) The proper study of mankind is man.
(v) Charms strike the sight but merit strikes the heart.
(vi) Hope springs eternal in the human breast.
(vii) Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.
(fvev_©: Ô†è`~‡Ziv †hLv‡b fq cvq, †evKviv †mLv‡b Av‡M avqÕ)
2. Jonathan Swift: (1667-1745)

 Title: The greatest satirist (e¨½ iPwqZv) of the 18th Century
(D‡jøL¨, evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g we`ªæcvZ¥K cÖeÜ iPbv K‡ib cÖg_ †P․ayix- exie‡ji nvjLvZv)
 g½j MÖ‡ni Puv` ÓwW‡gv‡mi myBdU µvUviÓ bvgKiY n‡q‡Q †Rvbv_b myBd‡Ui
bvgvbymv‡i|
Famous novels:
(i) Gulliver‟s Travels (4 Books)
 It is the best satire in 18th Century.
 Gulliver‘s Travels Gi PviwU LÐ n‡jv-
 Part I: A Voyage to Lilliput
 Part II: A Voyage to Brobdingnag
 Part III: A Voyage to Laputa, Balnibarbi, Luggnagg,
Glubbdubdrib, and Japan
 Part IV: A Voyage to the Country of the Houyhnhnms
 Gulliver‘s Travels Gi PZz_© L‡Ði Rb¨ Zv‡K Misanthropist ejv nq|
 GB aªæcw` Dcb¨v‡m myBdU gvbe PwiÎ‡K e¨½ K‡i‡Qb Ges mwn‡Zï cÖPwjZ ågY
e„ËvšÍ avivwUi c¨v‡ivwW K‡i‡Qb| K¨vwe‡bU KvDwÝj †_‡K bvm©vwi me©ÎB GB eB
cvV‡hvM¨| ZvB eBwU KL‡bv AvDU Ad wcÖ›U nqwb|
 Jcb¨vwmK Zvnwgbv Avbvg Gi `v`v Z_v The Daily Star Gi m¤úv`K
gvndzR Avbv‡gi evev Aveyj gbmyi Avng`- M¨vwjfv‡ii mdibvgv bv‡g
Gulliver‘s Travels Gi evsjv Abyev` K‡ib| (D‡jøL¨, evsjv mvwn‡Zï
cÖ_g cÖnmb gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi Ôey‡ov kvwj‡Ki Nv‡o †iuvÕ)
(ii) A Tale of a Tub [Z‡e A Tale of Two Cities

bv‡g Victorian hy‡Mi (1832-1901) Charles
Dickens Gi weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm i‡q‡Q]
(iii) A Modest Proposal
(iv) A Journey to Stella
(v) The Battle of Books -GwU GKwU Pamphlet/
ÿz`ª cyw¯ÍKv (Z‡e The Battle of Life Dcb¨vmwU
wj‡L‡Qb wf‡±vwiqvb hy‡Mi Charles Dickens)
3. Daniel Defoe: (1660-1731)
 1688 mv‡j Bsj¨v‡Ûi wecø‡ei mgq Zv‡K ew›` Kiv nq Ges Uvbv 7 eQi wZwb ‡Rj Lv‡Ub
 Famous satirical poem: The True Born English Man
 Famous novels:
(i) Robinson Crusoe (µz‡kv; এটি First Realistic Fiction in English)
Colonel Jack (K‡b©j)

(ii) Captain Singleton
(iii) Moll Flanders
Famous quotes:
 He is not poor that has little, but that desire much.
 Today we love what tomorrow we hate; today we seek what
tomorrow we shun; today we desire what tomorrow we fear.
 The fear of danger is ten thousand times more terrifying than
danger itself.
4. Samuel Richardson: (1689-1761)

Famous novels:
a. Pamela or the Virtue Rewarded
 1740 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ GB Novel wU‡K A‡b‡KB Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g
Novel g‡b K‡ib| (†hgb: evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g Dcb¨vm: c¨vwiPuv` wg‡Îi Avjv‡ji
N‡ii `yjvj; cÖ_g mv_©K Dcb¨vm: ew¼‡gi `y‡M©k bw›`bx; Ges gymwjg iwPZ cÖ_g
Dcb¨vm: gxi gkvii‡di iZ¥eZx)
b. The History of Sir Charles Grandison
c. Clarissa (1748)
(Clarissa is a tragic heroine, pressured by her unscrupulous
nouveau-riche family to marry a wealthy man she hates, in the book
that Samuel Johnson described as Ôthe first book in the world for the
knowledge it displays of the human heartÕ.)
5. Joseph Addison and Richard Steele:

 Zviv Literary Collaborator wQ‡jb|
 Zviv `yRb Addison & Steele bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 They were famous essayists.
†h․_ cÖeÜMÖš’t
(i) The Spectator
(ii) The Tatlar
 Famous Comedy of Addison: The Drummer
c. The Age of Sensibility

Duration: 1745-1785/98
 G hy‡Mi writer-iv g~jZ sense, reason, feeling, original genius ‡K †ewk ¸iæZ¡
w`‡q‡Qb, ZvB GB hyM‡K Age of Sensibility/ Reason ejv n‡q‡Q|
 GB hy‡Mi cÖavb Author wQ‡jb Dr. Samuel Johnson|
 1769 mv‡j James Watt invented Steam Engine.
 In 1757, British founded its empire in India.
 But in 1776, British lost its American Colonies.
 fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k 1757 mv‡j 23 Ryb cjvkxi hy×, 1761 mv‡j cvwbc‡_i
3q hy× Ges 1764 mv‡j e·v‡ii hy× nq| e·v‡ii hy‡× Bs‡iR‡ì Kv‡Q gxi
Kv‡kg civwRZ nb|
 1765 mv‡j eQ‡i 26 jÿ UvKv †Ìqvi wewbg‡q ZrKvjxb †gvMj m¤ªvU wØZxq kvn
Avj‡gi wbKU †_‡K GK digvb e‡j Bs‡iRiv evsjv, wenvi I Iwol¨vi ivR¯^
Av`v‡qi ÿgZv A_©vr †Ìqvwb mb` jvf K‡i|
 1765 mv‡j jW© K¬vBf Dcgnv‡`‡k •ØZ kvmb eë¯’v Ges 1793 mv‡j jW©
Kb©Iqvwjm wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
 1770 mv‡j (evsjv 1176) Dcgnv‡`‡k wQqvË‡ii gš^šÍi bv‡g `ywf©ÿ nq|
 ১৭৭১ ঴াক঱ প্রেম Encyclopedia Britannica প্রকাহলত ঵য়।
 1780 mv‡j †Rgm AMv÷vm wnwK †e½j †M‡RU cwÎKvwU cÖKvk K‡ib|
 1784 mv‡j প্রেম ÔfviZ kvmb AvBbÕ cvm nq|
 1775 - 1785 ch©šÍ mgqKvj American Revolution Gi Rb¨ weL¨vZ|
[A_©vr weª‡U‡bi ewYK m¤úª`vq Av‡gwiKvi 13wU A½iv‡R¨ Dcwb‡ek M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb|
1773 mv‡j weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›U Tea Act (Pv AvBb) cvm nIqvi cÖwZev‡` hy³iv‡óª weL¨vZ
Boston Tea Party AbywôZ nq| 4 RyjvB 1776 mv‡j weªwUk kvmbvaxb Av‡gwiKvi
13wU iv‡óªi cÖwZwbwaiv d«v‡Ýi cÖZ¨ÿ mnvqZv wb‡q ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡i| Av‡gwiKvi
¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i mgibvqK wQ‡jb RR© IqvwksUb|]
 1789 mv‡j weL¨vZ French Revolution msNwUZ nq (†kl nq 1799 mv‡j)|
 G hy‡M Seven Year War (mßel©e¨vcx hy×, ১৭৫৪- ১৭৬৩) msMwVZ nq Ges
weª‡Ub d«v‡Ýi weiæ‡× Rqjvf K‡i|
 Slogan of French Revolution:
i. Liberty (¯^vaxbZv)
ii. Equity (mvg¨)
iii. Fraternity (åvZ…Z¡)
Major writers and works of the Age of Sensibility

1. Dr. Samuel Johnson: (1709-1784)
Titles:
 Father of English Dictionary
 Shakespeare‘s Critic (†k·wcqi M‡elK)
 First Lexicographer in English
(one who writes dictionaries)
 1755 mv‡j wZwb cÖ_g Dictionary wj‡Lb| GwU 40 nvRvi kã m¤^wjZ| G‡Z
k‡ãi wewfbœ e¨venvi †`Lv‡Z wPÎ I D`vniY eëüZ n‡q‡Q|
Famous books:
(i) A Preface to Shakespeare
(Shakespeare Gi merits I demerits wb‡q
literary criticism)
(ii) Rasselas: Prince of Abissinia (Novel)
iv‡mjvm Dcb¨vmwUi e½vbyev` K‡i‡Qb kÖx ZvivksKi
ZK©iZœ| eZ©gvb Bw_Iwcqvi c~e©bvg wQj Avwewmwbqv|
(iii) Life of The English Poets
(GwU Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg †k«ô RxebPwiZvejx)
Famous poem: The Vanity of Human Wishes
g‡b ivLyb: John Dryden wj‡L‡Qb: Preface to the Fables

William Wordsworth wj‡L‡Qb: Preface to the Lyrical Ballads
2. Goethe: (gnvKwe M¨v‡U, 1749-1832)

 Rb¥: Rvg©vwbi d«v¼dz‡U 28 AvM÷ 1749 mv‡j
 The greatest/ national poet of Germany
Famous dramatic poem (Kve¨bvU¨): Faust (dvD÷)
 The Sorrows of Young Werther (M¨v‡Ui AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK Dcb¨vm)
 Quote: Man errs so long he strives.
3. Henry Fielding: (1707-1754)

 Zv‡K A‡b‡KB Father of English Novel e‡j _v‡Kb;
(Z‡e A‡bK mgv‡jvPK Henry Fielding/ Daniel Defoe/ Samuel
Richardson/ Jonathon Swift- GB PviRb‡KB Zv‡ì Ae`v‡bi Dci wfwË
K‡i Father of English novel ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q _v‡Kb| D‡jøL¨, evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi
mv_©K RbK ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq)
 wZwb Picaresque Novel Gi Rb¨ weL¨vZ (hvi bvqK feNy‡i n‡q _v‡K) |
 Henry Fielding Gi Pen Name n‡jv Captain Hercules Vinegar
Famous plays of Fielding:
(i) The Tragedy of Tragedies
(ii) The Temple Beau
(iii) The Modern Husband
(iv) The Mock Doctor
(v) The Miser
(vi) Rape Upon Rape (Z‡e The Rape of the Lock gnvKve¨wU
wj‡L‡Qb Alexander Pope)
Famous novels:
(i) Tom Jones
(ii) Amelia
(iii) Joseph Andrews
4. Oliver Goldsmith: (1728-1774)

 A famous Anglo- Irish novelist, playwright and poet
 Famous Books and poems:
(i) The Citizen of the World (a series of letters)
(ii) The Vicar of Wakefield (satiric Dcb¨vm)***
(iii) The Deserted Village (KweZv)
(iv) The Good Natured Man (K‡gwW)
(v) She Stoops to Conquer (K‡gwW)
(vi) The Traveller (a philosophical poem)
(vii) An Elegy on the Death of a Mad Dog (ironic KweZv)
(viii) The Hermit (KweZv, romantic ballad)
Quote: Handsome is that handsome does. (my›`‡iiv hv K‡ib, Zv-B my›ì)
5. Thomas Gray: (1716-1771)

 wZwb Graveyard poet bv‡g L¨vZ|
 1757 mv‡j wZwb Poet Laureate nIqvi
cÖ¯Íve †c‡qI cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib|
Famous elegy:
 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard (c~e© cyiæl‡ì g„Zz¨ wb‡q †jLv)
 Zvi weL¨vZ KweZv- Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat
Famous quotes:
(i) Full many a flower is born to blush unseen,
and waste its sweetness on the desert air.
(Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard)
(ii) Where ignorance is bliss, it is folly to be wise.
(†hLv‡b AÁZvB Avkxe©v`, †mLv‡b Ávbx nIqvUv †evKvwg)
(iii) The paths of glory lead but to grave.
6. Edmund Burke: (12 January 1729 [1] – 9 July 1797)

 A famous essayist, orator and politician of
18th century|
 wZwb Irish Born ‗Whig politician‘ wQ‡jb|
 ‣ngšÍx M‡íi 3q c¨vivq Zvi bvg D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 A‡bK eQi a‡i wZwb we«wUk nvDm Ae Kg‡Ý weªwUk ûBM
`‡ji msm` m`m¨ wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| Av‡gwiKv‡Z weªwUk Dcwb‡ek I ivRv 3q
R‡R©i ga¨Kvi we‡iv‡a wZwb Dcwb‡ek¸‡jv‡K mg_©b w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb divwm wecø‡ei Pig
we‡ivax wQ‡jb|
Famous speechs of Edmund Burke:
 Speech on Conciliation with America (1775)
(wZwb GB fvl‡Y Av‡gwiKv‡K mwVK my‡hvM myweav w`‡q England Gi Aax‡b
ivL‡Z cÖ¯Íve K‡iwQ‡jb|)
 Speech on Mr. Fox‘s East India Bill. (About the tyranny
and opression of the British in Indian Sub-Continent.)
 On American Taxation
Famous book: Reflection on the Revolution in France
(GB MÖ‡š’ wZwb divwm wecø‡ei Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib)
Famous quotes:
 The greater the power, the more dangerous the abuse.
(¶gZv hZ eo Aceënvi ZZ wec¾bK)
 Superstition is the religion to feeble minded persons.
 Fear is the mother of safety.
 Power and authority are sometimes bought by kindness.
7. Edward Gibbon: ((1737-1794)

 GKRb BwZnvmwe` Ges weªwUk msm` m`m¨
Famous historical book:
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
(†ivgvb mvg«v‡Rï ¶q Ges cZ‡bi BwZnvm, 6 L‡Ð;
GwU Bs‡iwR fvlvq me©‡kÖô BwZnvm MÖš’ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z)
8. Lindley Murray: (1745-1826)
 Father of English Grammar
 1794 mv‡j Zvi weL¨vZ Bswjk MÖvgvi eBwU wj‡Lb|
9. Herasim Lebedeff (†nivwmg †j‡e‡Wd):
 Gerasim Lebedev, also spelled Herasim Lebedeff (1749 –1817),
was a Russian adventurer, linguist, pioneer of Bengali theatre
(founded Hindu Theatre in 1795), translator, musician and writer.
He was a pioneer of Indology.
 KjKvZvq 1795 mv‡j †e½j w_‡qUvi bv‡g GKwU i½vjq ¯’vcb K‡ib|
 wZwb me©cÖ_g The Disguise Ges Love is the Best Doctor bvgK `ywU bvUK
e½vbyev` K‡i G‡`kxq cvÎ-cvÎx Øviv Awfbq Kivb|
10. Sir Walter Scott: (1771-1832)
 স্কটল্যাকের হবখ্যাত ঐহত঵াহ঴ক উিন্যা঴ রচহয়তা এবং কহব।
Dcvwa: Father of the Regional and Historical Novels
 evsjvi ¯‥U ejv nq- ew¼gP›`ª‡K
 Ivanhoe (AvBf¨vb‡nv) Zvi †kÖô Dcb¨vm (HwZnvwmK)
Famous works:
(i) Patriotism (Z‡e The Patriot bv‡g
Victorian hy‡Mi Kwe Robert Browning
Gi GKUv weL¨vZ KweZv Av‡Q)
(ii) The Lady of the Lake (poem)
(iii)Waverley (স্ককটর ম঱খা cÖ_g মবনাহম ৩২ টি উিন্যা঴কক তার ঑কয়ভাwj© উিন্যা঴ ব঱া ঵য়)
(iv) Talisman (poem)
11. Herold J Laski: (jvw¯‥)

 Book: A Grammar of Politics
 Dw³: K) AvBb iv‡óªi E‡aŸ©|
L) MYZš¿ nj `wi`ª, AÁ I A‡hvM¨‡ì kvmb|
12. Adam Smith: (Rb¥- ¯‥Uj¨v‡Û; 1723-1790)
 Father of Economics/ Classical Economics
 wZwb Ô†jBm †dqvi bxwZÕ Ges ÔkÖgwefvM ZË¡Õ Gi cÖe³v|
 He was a Scottish moral philosopher, pioneer of political economy,
and a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment.
 Smith is best known for two classic works: The Theory of Moral
Sentiments (1759), and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of
the Wealth of Nations (1776).
 The Wealth of Nations A_©bxwZi Dci cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g c~Y©v½ MÖš’| 2005 mv‡j
GB eBwU me©Kv‡ji ‡miv 100wU ¯‥wUk eB‡qi ZvwjKvq ¯’vb cvq|
 Z‡e AvaywbK A_©bxwZi RbK gvwK©b A_©bxwZwe` cj m¨vgy‡qjmb| wZwb 1970 mv‡j
A_©bxwZ‡Z ‡bv‡ej cvb|
13. bv_vwb‡qj eªvwm n¨vj‡nW:
 1778 mv‡j A Grammar of the Bengal Language
bv‡g evsjv UvBc mn‡hv‡M evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g Av`k© e¨vKiY
MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| MÖš’wU g~jZ Bs‡iwR‡Z gyw`ªZ|
14. William Carey (DBwjqvg †Kwi):
 William Carey (1761 – 1834) was a British missionary, a Particular
Baptist minister, a translator and an activist. He also opened the
first University in (Serampore) India offering degrees. He is
known as the "father of modern missions." He translated the Bible
into Bengali, Oriya, Assamese, Arabic, Hindi and Sanskrit.
 1801 mv‡j Grammar of the Bengalee Language bv‡g Bs‡iwR fvlvq evsjv
e¨KiY iPbv K‡ib|
15. Rousseau: (Ru¨v R¨vK iæ‡kv)
 divwm `vk©wbK, Z‡e R‡b¥‡Qb myBRvij¨v‡Û|
 cy‡iv bvg- Jean Jacques Rousseau
 divwm wecø‡ei AMÖcw_K
 Zvi Ô¯^vaxbZv, mvg¨ I åvZ…‡Z¡iÕ gZev`
divwm wecøe‡K AbycÖvwYZ K‡iwQj
Famous Books:
(i) The Social Contract
(e½vbyev`t mvgvwRK Pyw³, mi`vi dRjyj Kwig)
(ii) Emile (On Education) -BgvBj
(iii) Julie
(iv) Discourse on the Origin and
Foundation of Inequility
Quotes:
(i) Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains.
(ii) Patience is bitter but its fruit is sweet.
(iii) RbMYB mve©‡f․g ÿgZvi AwaKvix|
16. Voltaire: (fj‡Zqvi)
 cy‡iv bvgt Francis Marie Arouet
(d«v‡mvqv gvwi Aviy‡q)
 wZwb bvMwiK ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^c‡¶ we‡klZ a‡g©i ¯^vaxbZv I
b¨vq wePv‡ii AwaKv‡ii c‡¶ Ae¯’vb †bqvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ
wQ‡jb|
 Rb¥ : d«v‡Ýi c¨vwi‡m (1694 mv‡j)
 †ckv: †jLK, bvU¨Kvi, `vk©wbK
Books:
(i) Candide (e¨½vZ¥K Dcb¨vm)
 Z‡e Candida bv‡g GKwU weL¨vZ Play wj‡L‡Qb G.B. Shaw
(ii) Zaire
(iii) Essays on Morals
(iv) Spirit of Nations
Quotes:
(i) Prejudice is the reason of fools.
(Kzms¯‥vi n‡”Q †evKv‡ì hyw³)
(ii) If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him.
(hw` c„w_ex‡Z †Kvb ¯ªóv bv _vK‡Zv, Zvn‡j GKRb ¯ªóv bZzb K‡i m„wó Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nZ)
(iii) I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to death your
right to say it. (A_©vr Zzwg hv ej Avwg nq‡Zv Zv gvwbbv| Z‡e Avwg Avg„Zz¨
†Zvgvi K_v ejvi AwaKvi/ evK& m¦vaxbZv iÿv Kie)
Previous Questions
The Neoclassical Period
01. 'Elegy Written is a Country Churchyard' is written by- [36Zg wewmGm]
(a) William Wordsworth (b) Thomas Gray
(c) John Keats (d) W. B. Yeats Ans. b
02. 'Paradise Lost' attempted to---- [14Zg wewmGm]
(a) Justify the ways of man to God
(b) Justify the ways of God to man
(c) Show that the Satan and god have equal power
(d) Explain why good and evil are necessary. Ans. b
03. Who wrote the famous poetic line 'To err is human, to forgive is
divine'? [Xv.we. fwZ© cixÿv- 2009-2010/ Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-2012]
(a) Pope (b) Shelley (c) Keats (d) Dryden Ans. a
04. Edmund Spenser is a ---. [Kvi ZË¡veavqK (¯îvó gš¿Yvjq) wb‡qvM cix¶v- 2012]
(a) Scientist (b) Poet (c) Critic (d) Dramatist Ans. b
05. Who is the composer of 'Paradise Lost'? [cÖevmx Kj¨vY I •e‡`wkK Kg©ms¯’vb
gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK- 2012 / AvBb wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi mve †iwRóªvi-2012]
(a) John Keats (b) Lord Byron
(c) S.T. Coleridge (d) John Milton Ans. d
06. 'Better to reign in Hell than to serve in Heaven.' Who said this
and where? [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb ewnivMgb I cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK- 2011]
(a) Satan in "Paradise Lost" (b) Stain in "Paradise Regained"
(c) Adam in 'Paradise Lost' (d) Adam in 'Paradise Regained' Ans. a
07. 'Paradise Lost' is a/an ---- [ciivóªgš¿Yvj‡q cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2001]
(a) short story (b) epic poem
(c) play (d) lyrical poem Ans. b
08. Who of the following is a famous epic poet in English
literature? / Of the following authors who wrote an epic? [kÖg
Awa`ß‡ii Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY ey¨‡iv DcmnKvix cwiPvjK c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2001]
(a) Jane Mansfield (b) John Milton
(b) William Cowper (d) William Shakespeare Ans. b
09. 'Paradise Regained' is an epic by- [miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mn. wkÿK -2011]
(a) John Keats (b) P.B. Shelly
(c) John Milton (d) William Blake Ans. c
10. †kvKMxwZ 'Lycidas' -Gi iPwqZv †K? [gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`ßi mnKvix cwiPvjK-1999]
(a) Thomas Gray (b) Alfred Tennyson
(c) John Milton (d) John Keats Ans. c
11. Who wrote 'Where ignorance is bliss, it is folly to be wise'?

[‡mvbvjx e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi- 2010]
(a) Robert Frost (b) George Orwell
(c) Thomas Gray (d) John Milton Ans. c
12. Who is famous for his elegies? [Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2009-10]
(a) Robert Browning (b) Lord Byron
(c) Thomas Gray (d) Thomas Paine Ans. c
13. Who wrote 'Gulliver's Travels'? [AvBb wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿. mve †iwRóªvi- 2012]
(a) R. L. Stevenson (b) Daniel Defoe
(c) Jonathan Swift (d) D. H. Lawrence Ans. c
14. 'A Voyage of Lilliput' is written by-- [Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK WvUv Gw›U Acv‡iUi-2011]
(a) R. L Stevenson (b) Thomas Hardy
(c) Jonathan Swift (d) William Wordsworth Ans. c
15. Jonathan Swift is the author of-[kÖg-Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi mn cÖavb cwi`k©K-2009]
(a) The Old man and the Sea (b) A Doll's House
(c) Robinson Crusoe (d) Gulliver's Travels Ans. d
16. The first English Dictionary was compiled by-- [15Zg wewmGm]
(a) Izaak Walton (b) Samuel Johnson
(c) Samuel Butler (d) Sir Thomas Browne Ans. b
17. Edmund Burke belonged to- [eb I cwi‡ek gš¿Yvj‡q mn. cwiPvjK wbe©vPbx cixÿv- 1995]
(c) 18th century (d) 19th century Ans. c
18. The Romantic Age began with the publication of- [Ly.we.-2011-12]
(a) Lyrical Ballads (b) My Last Duchess
(c) A Tale of Two Cities (d) Canonization Ans. a
19. 'To err is human, to forgive is divine' is written by- [_vbv wkÿv
Awdmvi-2005/ mnKvix cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v- 1998]
(a) Tennyson (b) W. Blake (c) Milton (d) Pope Ans. d
20. Who was the famous mock-heroic poet in English literature?
[mve-‡iwRóªvi wbe©vPbx cixÿv- 1992]
(a) Lord Byron (b) John Milton
(c) Alexander Pope (d) Lord Tennyson Ans. c
21. The First English novel, Pamela has been written by-
[Rbkw³ Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY ey¨‡iv Dc-cwiPvjK- 2007]
(a) Daniel Defoe (b) Henry Fielding
(c) Samuel Richardson (d) Sir Walter Scott Ans. c
22. Tom Jones by Henry Fielding was first published in- [13Zg wewmGm]
(a) the 1st half of 19th century (b) the 2nd half of 18th century
(c) the 1st half of 18th century (d) the 19th century Ans. c
23. 'A little learning is a dangerous thing' is a quotation from-

(a) Oscar wilds (b) Alfred Tennyson
(c) Alexander Pope (d) Voltaire Ans. c
24. Who is considered to be the father of English novel?
[‡ijI‡q mnKvix Kgv‡Û›U c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2000]
(a) Francis Bacon (b) Geoffrey Chaucer
(c) King Alfred the Great (d) Henry Fielding Ans. d
25. Alexander Pope's "An Essay on Man" is a- [MYc~Z© Awa.cÖ‡K․kjx- 20111]
(a) Novel (b) Treatise
(c) Short Story (d) Poem Ans. d
26. Who wrote first English dictionary?/ Who is the author of the
first English dictionary? [28Zg wewmGm]
(a) Boswell (b) Ben Jonson
(c) Samuel Johnson (d) Milton Ans. c
27. Who is the most famous satirist in English literature? [12Zg wewmGm/
`yb©xwZ `gb ey¨‡ivi mnKvix Dc-cwi`k©K c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2004]
(a) Alexander Pope (b) Jonathan Swift
(c) William Wordsworth (d) Butler Ans. b
28. Poet Alexander Pope's famous work-- [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b mn cwi- 2003]
(a) The Rape of the Lock (b) Spectator
(c) The Deserted Village (d) Man was made to mourn Ans. A
29. "Full many a flower is born to blush unseen,
And waste its sweetness in the desert air.'- [gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`ßi- 1999]
(a) Shelly (b) Wordsworth (c) Thomas Gray (d) Keats Ans. c
30. A lexicographer is a person who writes-- [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡q mn. cwiPvjK-2003]
(a) Novels (b) Dictionaries (c) Graphs (d) Medical books Ans. b
31. Paradise Regained is an epic written by-- [R.we. fwZ© cixÿv- 2012-13]
(a) Homer (b) Tagore
(c) Dante (d) Milton Ans. D
32. Who was the famous mock-heroic poet in English literature?
[mve-‡iwRóªvi wbe©vPbx cixÿv- 1992]
(a) Lord Byron (b) John Milton
(c) Alexander Pope (d) Lord Tennyson Ans. c
33. Who is considered to be the father of English novel? [‡ijI‡q mn-00]
(a) Francis Bacon (b) Geoffrey Chaucer
(c) King Alfred the Great (d) Henry Fielding Ans. D
34. Who has written the poem "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard"?
[37Zg wewmGm]
(a) Thomas Gray (b) P.B. Shelley
(c) Robert Frost (d) Y.B.Yeats Ans. a
35. 'Restoration period' in English literature refers to - [37Zg wewmGm]

(a) 1560 (b) 1660
(c) 1760 (d) 1866 Ans. b
36. A mornful poem written on the death of someone's love is
called__ [J.U. (C) 14-15]
(a) homage (b) ode
(c) elegy (d) saga Ans. c
37. Addison and Steele are known for__ [K.U. (gvbweK ¯‥zj) 06-07]
(a) Lyrical Ballad (b) The Mirror
(c) The Spectator (d) Biographia Literaria Ans. c
38. 'A critic and lexicographer' applies to __
(a) Bradly (b) Coleridge
(c) Johnson (d) Hazlitt Ans. c
39. An epic is based on__ performed by a hero. [Jn.U. (B) 12-13]
(a) heroic deeds (b) a narrative
(c) intervention (d) trifle subjects Ans. a
40. A 'canto' is - [D.U. (B-EE) 10-11]
(a) an act of a play (b) a part of play
(c) a chapter of a novel (d) a division of an epic Ans. d
41. A novel in the form of letters is called ___. [D.U.(B-EE) 14-15]
(a) picaresque novel (b) novelette
(c) non-fiction novel (d) epistolary novel Ans. d
42. The narrator of a novel written in the third person is called -
narrator. [DU(B-EE) 15-16]
(a) a dedicated (b) an evanscent
(c) a ubiquitous (d) an omniscient Ans. d
43. A work which has a meaning behind the surface meaning is__
[ewnivMgb I cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK-11]
(a) an epic (b) an allegory
(c) a metaphor (d) personification Ans. b
44. What is the meaning of the word 'Dirge'? [_vbv mnKvix wkÿv Awdmvi- 95]
(a) a kind of sonnet sequence
(b) a son expressing patriotic sentiment
(c) a long verse telling about an adventure
(d) a song expressing grief, lamentation and mourning Ans. d
45. Goethe is the greatest poet of___. [cvm‡cvU©/Bwg‡MÖk‡bi mn:cwiPvjK-98]
(a) Germany (b) Russia
(c) England (d) France Ans. a
5. The Romantic Period

Duration: 1798-1832
5. The Romantic Period

Duration: 1798-1832 (gZvšÍ‡i 1785-1830)
 G hyM‡K ejv nq- The Golden Age of Lyric (MxwZ KweZv)/ Age of
Revolution; G mgq Bs‡iwR KweZv Zvi m‡e©v”P P~ovq †cu․‡Q|
 Slogan: Art for Art‟s Sake (wk‡íi Rb¨ wkí; A_©vr wkí m…wói †cQ‡b
†Kvb •bwZK D‡Ïk¨ †bB)
Romanticism Gi msÁv:
It is not only imitation but creation with the help of
imagination.
 4 †g, 1800 mv‡j Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij jW© Iqv‡jmwj KZ…©K ivRv DBwjqv‡gi
bvgvbymv‡i KjKvZvq †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR cÖwZwôZ nq|
 In 1801, Ireland was united

with England. A_©vr 1801 mv‡j ivRv
3q R‡R©i Avg‡j (ivRZ¡Kvj 1760-1820)
†MÖU weª‡Ub I Avqvij¨vÛ GKÎ n‡q United
Kingdom (hy³ivR¨) MwVZ nq|
(D‡jøL¨, 1921 mv‡j Avqvij¨vÛ ¯^vaxbZv
jvf Ki‡j eZ©gv‡b UK ej‡Z- Bsj¨vÛ,
¯‥Uj¨vÛ, I‡qj&m I DËi Avqvij¨vÛ‡K eySvq) The 4 countries of the UK
 1805 mv‡j d«v‡Ýi weiæ‡× weªwUk †b․evwnbxi Rq‡K ¯§iYxq K‡i ivL‡Z jÛ‡bi
†K›`ª¯’‡j weL¨vZ UªvdvjMvi ¯‥qvi wbwg©Z nq| D‡jøL¨, UªvdvjMvi hy‡× Bsj¨v‡Ûi †b․
†mbvcwZ মন঱঴কনর Kv‡Q d«vÝ Ges †¯ú‡bi wgwjZ evwnbx civwRZ nq| wKš‘ †bjmb
wb‡R ¸wjwe× n‡q gviv hvb|
UªvdvjMvi
¯‹qvi
 1829 mv‡j jW© †ew›U¼ Dcgnv‡`‡k mZx`vn cÖ_v we‡jvc K‡ib|

 Akbar Shah II (1806–1837) became a British pensioner after the
defeat of the Marathas, who were the protector of the Mughal
throne, in the Anglo-Maratha wars. Under East India Company‘s
protection, his imperial name was removed from the official
coinage after a brief dispute with the British East India Company.
 In 1830, Train was introduced in England. (Z‡e jW© Wvj‡n․wm 1854
mv‡j Dcgnv‡`‡k †ij eë¯’v Pvjy K‡ib|)
 1831 mv‡j K‡b©j ÷zqv‡U©i †bZ…‡Z¡ wZZzgx‡ii euv‡ki †Kjøv aŸsm Kiv nq|
Pioneers of Romanticism:
i) William Wordsworth
ii) S.T. Coleridge
 1798 mv‡j Zv‡ì cÖKvwkZ Lyrical
Ballads bvgK Kve¨MÖš’ cÖKv‡ki ga¨ w`‡q
Bs‡iwR Romantic Period Gi hvÎv ïiæ nq|
(GB M«‡š’ KweØq c«gvY K‡i‡Qb †h, G‡Kev‡i mvaviY gvby‡li
fvlvqI KweZv †jLv hvq| c~e©eZ©x wbIK¬vwmK hy‡M KweZvq
RvqMv †cZ exi‡hv×v, ivRv-ivbx I AwfRvZ gn‡ji evwm›`viv)
D‡jøL¨t Ballad k‡ãi A_© MxwZ-KvwnbxKve¨| GwU

Ggb GKwU Kvwnbx/ Mí wbf©i Mvb †hwU AwjwLZ
Ae¯’vq †jv‡Ki gy‡L-gy‡L P‡j G‡m‡Q| G hy‡Mi gZ Title page of the first edition
msw¶ß mg‡q GZ cÖwZfvevb Kwe‡ì GKmv‡_ mgvMg Gi Av‡M †`Lv hvqwb|
Romantic Age wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© •ewkó¨:
 Subjectivity [KweZvq ‗I‘ (Avwg) Gi eënvi]
 High Imagination
 Pvlv-f~lv, gy‡U-gRyi, wkï I feNy‡i †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wbgœweË I ga¨weË mgv‡Ri
gvby‡li gy‡Li fvlv‡K KweZvi fvlvq wb‡q Avmvi cÖ‡Póv|
 Love for nature, beauty, common people common language
 Supernaturalism (AwZ cÖvK…Zev`) etc.
 Wordsworth mn †ivgvw›UK hy‡M A‡bK Kwe 1789 mv‡j msMwVZ divwm wecøe Øviv
cÖfvweZ n‡qwQ‡jb|
 Wordsworth, Coleridge Ges Robert Southey- GB wZb Kwe‡K Lake poets
ejv nq|
Romantic Period Gi K‡qKRb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K:
1. William Wordsworth: (1770-1850)

IqvW©mIqv‡_©i Dcvwa:
 Poet of Nature***
 Poet of Childhood
 Lake Poet
 Believer in Pantheism
 Father of Romantic Age IqvW©mIqv_©
g‡b ivLyb:
* Pantheist (m‡e©k¦iev`x)- Everything is God
* Monotheist (G‡Kk¦iev`x)- Everything is God‘s
* Polytheist- (eû Bk¦iev`x)
 He became a Poet Laureate in 1839. (Poet Laureate gv‡b
ÔmfvKweÕ/ court poet of England; Z‡e wZwb K¨vgwe«R wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K wk¶v
jvf K‡ib|)
 IqvW©mIqv‡_©i mv‡_ evsjv mvwn‡Zï wef~wZf~lY e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi wgj cvIqv hvq|
 Zv‡K Oxford wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K m¤§vbm~PK Doctor of Civil Law wWwMÖ †`qv nq|
 Wordsworth Gi GKgvÎ bvUK: The Borderers
 The Prelude (wcÖwjDW) bv‡g wZwb Poetic Autobiography GKwU Kve¨
iwPZ AvZ¥Rxebx wj‡Lb| (wkïKvj †_‡K bvbv AwfÁZvi ga¨ w`‡q wb‡Ri KwemËvi
weKv‡ki BwZnvm wb‡q G wekvj AvZ¥‣RewbK Kve¨Kg©wU iwPZ n‡q‡Q)
Famous book of poems (Kve¨MÖš’):

 Lyrical Ballads - G‡Z †gvU 23wU KweZv i‡q‡Q|
(19wU Wordsworth Gi; 4wU Zvi eÜz Coleridge Gi)
Famous poems of Wordsworth:
 The Daffodils [I wondered lonely as a cloud- GwU Simile (wmwgwj) Gi
D`vniY; The comparison of unlike things using the words like or as
known to be- simile]
♦ GB KweZvq Kwe Daffodil Øviv eywS‡qQb- Nature has a healing power to
a sorrow stricken heart. (A_©vr cÖK…wZi wbivgq ÿgZv Av‡Q)
 Tintern Abbey
(wUbUv‡b©i gV, Wye b`xi Zx‡i GKwU g‡Vi bvg Tintern G KweZvq Kwe wb‡R‡K
worshiper of nature wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| g‡b ivLyb: 1560 mv‡j ivbx
GwjRv‡e_ wbwg©Z jÛ‡bi GKwU Pv‡P©i bvg Westminister Abbey)
 The Solitary Reaper (GKvKx kl¨ AvniYKvix)
 Ode on Immortality (Agi‡Z¡i Mvb)
 Michael
 Written in March
 Revolution and Independence
 Rainbow
* Z‡e Rainbow bv‡g GKwU weL¨vZ novel wj‡L‡Qb Modern Period
Gi D. H. Lawrence|
 The Excursion (`¨ G·Kvikb)
 Lucy Poems (jywm bv‡gi GKwU †g‡q‡K wb‡q; Lucy is a series of five
poems about an English girl who died young.)
g‡b ivLyb: Robert Herrick wj‡L‡Qb: To Daffodils KweZv, Z‡e Daffodils

bv‡g Av‡iKwU weL¨vZ KweZv wj‡L‡Qb AvaywbK hy‡Mi weL¨vZ Kwe †UW wnDR|
Famous quotes of Wordsworth:
1. Child is the father of man (Nywg‡q Av‡Q wkïi wcZv me wkïiB AšÍ‡i)
2. All at once I saw a crowd, a host of golden daffodils.
Ten thousands saw I at a glance tossing their heads
In sprightly dance. -The Daffodils KweZv †_‡K
[Avwg GK bR‡i `k nvRvi dzj †`Ljvg; Hyperbole (AwZiÄb) Gi D`vniY]
3. Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting.
(ÿ‡Y ÿ‡Y g„Zz¨ Avwg Zvnv‡iB ewj)
4. Nature never did betray the heart that loved her.
(cÖK…wZ‡K fv‡jvevm‡j cÖK…wZ KL‡bv wek¦vmNvZKZv K‡i bv; GwU
Tintern Abbey KweZvq Kwe Zvi †evb Dorothy †K GB Dc‡`k w`‡q‡Qb)
5. Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.

(KweZv n‡”Q c«ej Av‡e‡Mi ¯^Ztù~Z© ewntc«Kvk; GB msÁvwU Lyrical Ballads-G w`‡q‡Qb)
6. The music in my heart I bore/ Long after it was heard no more.
-The Solitary Reaper
7. The best portion of a good man‘s life, his little, nameless,
unremembered act of kindness and love. (Lyrical Ballads)
8. Poetry is the breath and finer spirit of knowledge.
9. Every great poet is a teacher.
10. Let nature be your teacher.
11. Our birth is but a sleep and forgetting.
IqvW©mIqv‡_©i g‡Z Process of poetic creation n‡jv:

a) Observation b) Recollection
c) Meditation d) Composition
2. S.T. Coleridge: (1772-1834)

 cy‡iv bvg: Samuel Taylor Coleridge
 Title: Poet of supernaturalism
(AwZc«vK…‡Zi Kwe)
 Bosom friend and literary collaborator
of Wordsworth
 Addicted to opium (Opium eater) Coleridge
(Keats I Avwdg †L‡Zb; Z‡e Exam G Avm‡j Coleridge w`‡Z n‡e, KviY
wZwb Avwdg Avm³ wQ‡jb| †KvjwiR cÖvßeq¯‥ Rxe‡b `ye©j ¯^v¯’¨, evZR¡i Ges
evB‡cvjvi wWmAW©v‡i fzMwQ‡jb| Gme Amy¯’Zvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡K Avwd‡gi AviK
(Laudanum) w`‡q wPwKrmv Kiv n‡qwQj| hvi d‡j mviv Rxeb Zvi g‡a¨ Avwd‡gi
Avmw³ cÖwZcvwjZ nq)
 Famous book: Biographia Literaria (GwU GKwU mgv‡jvPbvg~jK MÖš’)
 Zvi KweZv cvV Ki‡j cvV‡Ki g‡b, ‗Willing suspension of disbelief‘ •Zwi nq|
A_©vr, cvVK Awek¦vm¨ welq‡K wek¦vm Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i|
 Kwe Rb KxUm m¤ú‡K© Coleridge e‡j‡Qb ÒKeats was a Greek.Ó
Famous poems of Coleridge:

1. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner***
(&GB KweZvq Albatross cvwLi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q)
2. Kubla Khan (a romantic poem: ¯^‡cœ cvIqv Am¤ú~Y© KweZv;
†gv½j kvmK I Px‡bi mg«vU Kyejv Lv‡bi MÖx®§Kvjxb cÖvmv` RvbvWyi GKwU
eY©bv covi ci GKiv‡Z Avwdg †L‡q Nygv‡bvi c‡i wZwb GwU ¯^‡cœ †`‡Lb)
3. Dejection: An ode
4. Christabel (wµ÷v‡ej)
Quotes from The Rime of Ancient Mariner:
a) ‗Water, water, every where
Nor any drop to drink.‘
b) ‗Alone, alone, all, all alone
Alone on a wide, wide sea.‘ (It is an example of ‗assosance‘/¯îvbycÖvm)
b) ‗He prayth best who loveth best.
All things both great and small.‘
(fvev_©: Rx‡e `qv K‡i †hB Rb, †mB Rb †mwe‡Q Ck¦i-¯^vgx we‡eKvb›`)
3. P.B. Shelley: (1792-1822)

 cy‡iv bvg: Percy Bysshe Shelley
Titles:
 Revolutionary Poet
 Lyrical Poet/ Poet of Wind
 Poet of Hope and Regeneration cvwm© wek †kwj
 He was expelled from Oxford University for atheism (bvw¯ÍKZv)
 He liked Keats very much, Zvi c‡K‡U me mgq Keats Gi KweZv _vKZ|
 wZwb 30 eQi eq‡m BZvwj‡Z †b․KvWywe‡Z gviv hvb|
 Zvi Amgvß MÖš’: The Triumph|
 Shelley was drowned while he was crossing the Adriatic sea (1822)
 Jibonanondo Das is often called the Shelly of Bangladesh.
Famous books of Shelley:

1. The Revolt of Islam (GwU †kwjÕi weL¨vZ KweZv;
Z‡e The Spirit of Islam MÖš’wU wj‡L‡Qb- •mq` Avgxi Avjx)
2. A Defense of Poetry (mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbv MÖš’)
3. The Necessity of Atheism (GwUi Rb¨B wZwb Oxford ‡_‡K ewn®‥…Z nb)
4. Prometheus Unbound (a four act play/tragedy)
*** Father of Greek Literature L¨vZ Aeschylus Gi `ywU weL¨vZ bvUK:
1. Prometheus Bound 2. Agamemnon
5. Cenci (&GKwU Tragedy)
6. Adonais (Kve¨MÖš’: GKwU elegy, Keats Gi g„Zz¨ wb‡q †jLv)
Famous poems of P.B. Shelley:
a) Ode to the West Wind (cwðgv mgxi‡Yi Mvb: wZwb cwðgv evqy‡K
destroyer and preserver wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb)
b) Ode to a Skylark (fiZcÿxi Mvb)
c) The Cloud
d) Ozymandias (a famous sonnet)
 (IRvB‡gwÛqvm: †divDb; GB †divD‡bi bvg wQj Ramses-II )
e) Queen Mab (cÖ_g `xN© KweZv)
f) Alaster (Zvi AvZ¥Rxebx)
g) When Soft Voices Die (Z‡e Two Voices wj‡L‡Qb Kwe Tennyson)
h) The Masque of Anarchy
(Z‡e Culture & Anarchy wj‡L‡Qb wf‡±vwiqvb hy‡Mi Kwe Matthew Arnold)
Famous quotes of P B Shelley:
i) If winter comes
Can spring be far behind? (Ode to the West Wind)
ii) Oh! Lift me as wave, a leaf, a cloud!
I fall upon the thorns of life. (Ode to the West Wind)
iii) Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world.
(KweMY we‡k¦i A¯^xK…Z AvBb c«‡YZv)
iv) We look before and after and pine for what is not.
v) Fear not the future, weep not for the past.
vi) My name is Ozymandias, King of king. (It is an example of Irony)
vii) Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought.
(wei‡ni Mvb gayi Mvb, Ode to a Skylark )
viii) The more we study, the more we discover our ignorance.
g‡b ivLyb: Romantic Kwe P B ShelleyÕi ¯¿x Mary Shelley‘i
wek¦weL¨vZ Novel Gi bvg Frankenstein (d«v‡¼b‡÷Bb) ev The
Modern Prometheus; P B Shelley Ges Byron Gi Drmv‡n wZwb
1828 mv‡j GwU wj‡L‡Qb| g~j welq: gvbyl AcwiYvg`k©x n‡j Zvi m„wói nv‡ZB
Zvi wb‡Ri webvk N‡U|
4. John Keats: (1795-1821)

Titles: 1. Poet of beauty
2. Poet of sensuousness
(KviY Zvi KweZv cvV Ki‡j cvV‡Ki five senses RvMÖZ nq)
4. A death hunted poet
3. The youngest poet of English literature Keats
 He was also a physician, surgeon and doctor
 Zvi Kvwe¨K Rxeb wQj gvÎ 5 eQi|
 Zvi KweZvi wKQz •ewkó¨ n‡jv- Escapism, Negative capability,
Hellenism BZ¨vw`|
 He died of Tb (Tuberculosis,) at age of 26 in Rome of Italy.
 Keats I Avwdg †L‡Zb| Z‡e Coleridge Gi g‡Zv Addicted wQ‡jb bv|
Famous books of poems:
1. Endymion
2. Hyperion
3. Lamia
Famous sonnet: On First Looking into Chapman‘s Homer

(g~jZ Kwe Homer Gi gnvKve¨¸‡jvi cÖ_g Bs‡iwR Abyev` K‡iwQ‡jb RR© P¨vcg¨vb)
Famous Poems:
1. Ode to a Nightingale
2. Ode on a Grecian Urn
(cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi GKwU cvÎ; a piece of
ancient Greek sculpture) g‡b ivLyb:
3. Ode to Autumn  wgkwiq bvix D‡¤§ Kzjmyg‡K Avi‡ei
4. Ode on Melancholy bvBwU‡½j ejv nq|
5. Ode to Psyche  fvi‡Zi gwnjv Kwe m‡ivwRwb bvB‡Wv‡K
6. Ode to Fancy bvBwU‡½j Ae BwÛqv (fvi‡Zi †KvwKj)
7. Isabella ejv nq|
 Avi BZvwjq bvix †d¬v‡iÝ bvBwU‡½‡ji
Famous quotes of Keats: Dcvwa n‡jv 'Lady with the lamp'|
i. Beauty is truth, truth beauty. (Ode on a Grecian Urn)
ii. A thing of beauty is a joy forever. (Endymon)
iii. Heard melodies are sweet but those unheard are sweeter.
(A_©vr gvbyl ARvbv‡K Rvb‡Z Pvq; Ode on a Grecian Urn)
iv. 'My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains. My sense, as
though of hemlock I had drunk.'
(Avgvi ü`‡q e¨_v Ki‡Q, wb`«vZyi GK weekZv cxov Ki‡Q Avgvi Bw›`«q¸‡jv‡K, †hb
Avwg cvb K‡iwQ †ngjK, Ode to a Nightingale)
Keats Gi g‡Z, „If poetry comes not as naturally as the leaves to a
tree it had better not come at all.‘ (Mv‡Qi g‡a¨ †hfv‡e cvZv MRvq, †mfv‡e
Kwei †fZi †_‡K ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e KweZv bv Avm‡j, Zv eis bv AvmvB fv‡jv)
5. William Blake: (1757-1827)

 He was both poet and painter
 wZwb Neo-classical period †_‡K †jLv‡jwL
ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb| G Rb¨ A‡b‡KB Zv‡K
Neo classical period Gi †jLK g‡b K‡ib|
 Books of poems:
i. Songs of Innocence
ii. Songs of Experience William Blake
(Z‡e Songs of Blood and Sword MÖš’wU wj‡L‡Qb cvwK¯Ív‡bi dvwZgv f‚‡Æv)
iii. Milton: A Poem
(Z‡e On Shakespeare bv‡g GKwU Elegy wj‡L‡Qb gnvKwe wgjUb)
 Famous book: Marriage of Hell and Heaven (A theological book)

 Famous quotes:
i. The road of excess leads to the palace of wisdom.
ii. All pray in their distress.
iii. Little lamb, who made thee?
iv. It is easier to forgive an enemy than to forgive a friend.
6. Charles Lamb: (1775-1834)
 He has never married. (wPiKzgvi wQ‡jb)
 He was also a famous essayist.
 wZwb Elia QÙbv‡g (Pen-name) wjL‡Zb|
 Famous books:
i. The Essays of Elia
ii. The Last Essays of Elia
iii. Tales from Shakespeare (a children‘s book; GB wkï‡Zvl
MÖš’wU wZwb Ges Zvi †evb Mary Land †h․_fv‡e 1907 mv‡j iPbv K‡ib)
 Famous poem: The Old Familiar Faces
7. William Hazlitt:
 A famous critic and essayist
 DBwjqvg nvRwjU †ivgvw›UK hyM m¤ú‡K© e‡j‡Qbt
ÒIt was a time of promise, a renewal of the world and of letters.Ó
(GUv wQj cÖwZkÖæwZi mgq, we‡k¦i bZyb‡Z¡i mgq, Avi wk¶v `x¶vi mgq)
Books:
1) The Spirit of Age
2) The Dramatic Literature of the Age of Elizabeth
Quotes:
1) Poverty i s the test of civility and the touchstone of friendship.
2) Prejudice is the child of ignorance. (Kyms¯‥vi n‡”Q AÁZvi dj)
Spirit kã w`‡q Av‡iv wZbwU weL¨vZ eB:

1. The Spirit of Islam: Sir Sayed Ameer Ali
2. Spirit of Nations: fj‡Zqvi (divwm `vk©wbK)
3. The Spirit of Capitalism: Max Waver (wZwb AvgjvZ‡š¿i RbK;
Zvi Ab¨ MÖš’: The Protestant Ethics)
8. Lord Byron: (1788-1824)

 George Gordon Lord Byron
 wZwb 36 eQi eq‡m wMÖ‡mi †gmjw½ _vKv
Ae¯’vq R¡‡i AvµvšÍ n‡q gviv hvb|
 Title: Rebel Poet (we‡`ªvnx Kwe)
 Kazi Nazrul Islam is called the rebel
poet of Bengali Literature. Lord Byron
 evqib evB‡cvjvi AvB wWmAW©vi Ges g¨vwbK wW‡cÖk‡b fzM‡Zb|
 wZwb Dmgvbxq mv¤ªv‡Rï weiæ‡× Greece Gi ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× AskMÖnY
K‡iwQ‡jb| ZvB Greek iv Zv‡K National Hero wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡ib|
Famous books of Byron:
1. The Vision of Judgement
2. Hours of Idleness
3. Heaven and Earth
Famous poem: Child Harold‟s Pilgrimage
Famous epic: Don Juan (Wb †Rvqvb) GwU GKwU epic satire
Don Juan Gi PwiÎvewj: Don Alfonso, Don Juan, Donna Julia etc.
evqi‡bi weL¨vZ MxwZ KweZv: She walks in beauty like the night.
Famous quotes:
1. Man‘s love is of man‘s life a thing apart,
‘Tis (It is) woman‘s whole existence. (Don Juan)
2. Revenge is sweet especially to women.
3. Man‘s conscience is the oracle of God. (gvby‡li we‡eK ¯ªóvi •èevbx)
evqib Kb¨v cÖm½:
Cambridge wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MwY‡Zi Aa¨vcK Charles Babbage 1822 mv‡j
Difference Engine Ges 1833 mv‡j Analytical Engine Gi bKkv •Zwi K‡ib| hv
†_‡K Modern Computer Gi D™¢e nq| GB Analytical Engine Gi Software
cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv| GB Software •Zwii Rb¨ Babbage Kwe Byron Gi Kb¨v Lady Ada
Augusta Lovelace †K wb‡qvM †`b|
 Lady Ada c„w_exi cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvgvi|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvgvi: nvwbd DÏxb wgqv
 Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi fvlv Ada Zvi bvgvbymv‡i bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Jane Austen: (†RBb Aw÷b; 1775-1817)

 An anti-romantic female novelist of the
Romantic Period
 wZwb AweevwnZ wQ‡jb Ges evevi jvB‡eªwi‡Z covïbv
Ki‡Zb; †eu‡P wQ‡jb gvÎ 42 eQi
 Zvi Amgvß Dcb¨v‡mi bvg: Sandition
Novels:
1. Pride and Prejudice (†cÖRywWm, GwU domestic novel, gvÎ 22 eQi
eq‡m †jLv GB Dcb¨vmwU A`¨vewa 20 j¶ Kwci †ewk wewµ n‡q‡Q)
PwiÎ: Mr. Darcy, Elizabeth Bennet (protagonist)
2. Sense and Sensibility
3. Emma
4. Mansfield Park
5. Persuasion
6. Northanger Abbey
Famous quote:
A lady's imagination is very rapid; it jumps from admiration to
love, from love to matrimony (weevn) in a moment.
(Pride and Prejudice)
10. Alexander Pushkin: (1799-1837)
 Father of Modern Russian Literature
 iæk mvwn‡Zï AvaywbKZvi RbK|
 National Poet of Russia
 Zvi weL¨vZ MÖš’:
a) Boris Godunov (ewim †Mv`ybf; Dcb¨vm)
b) Eugene Onegin (Q‡›` iwPZ Dcb¨vm)
11. †nbwi jyB wfwfqvb wW‡ivwRI: :(1808-1832)
 wZwb GKRb BD‡ivkxq wPšÍvwe`
 Zvi wkl¨‡ì Bqs †e½j (Bs‡iR fveavivcyó evOvwj hyeK) ejv nq|
 gvÎ 17 eQi eq‡m KjKvZvi †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡j‡R (ZrKvjxb wn›`y K‡jR) Bs‡iwR
mvwnZ¨ I BwZnv‡mi wkÿK nb|
 1828 wLªóv‡ã ÔGKv‡WwgK G‡mvwm‡qkbÕ bv‡g GKwU msMVb M‡o †Zv‡jb|
 Zvi cÖavb MÖš’: The Fakeer of Jungkeera
 1831 mv‡j Zvi m¤úvw`Z evsjv cwÎKv ÔÁvbv‡š^lYÕ; Bs‡iwR cwÎKv ÔGb‡KvqviviÕ
 1832 mv‡j Zv‡K wn›`y K‡jR †_‡K ewn®‥vi Kiv nq Ges gvÎ 22 eQi eq‡m wZwb
g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Previous Questions
The Romantic Period
01. Who is known as „the poet of nature‟ in English literature?
[36Zg wewmGm]
(a) Lord Tennyson (b) John Milton
(c) William Wordsworth (d) John Keats Ans. c
02. The poem 'The Solitary Reaper' is written by-[36Zg wewmGm]
(a) W. H. Auden (b) W. Wordsworth
(c) W. B. Yeats (d) Ezra Pound Ans. b
03. Which of the following writers belongs to the Romantic period
in English literature? [36Zg wewmGm]
(a) A. Tennyson (b) Alexander Pope
(c) John Dryden (d) S.T. Coleridge Ans. d
04. The Romantic age in English literature began with the
publication of----.[36Zg wewmGm]
(a) Preface to Shakespeare (b) Preface of Lyrical Ballads
(c) Preface to Ancient Mariners
(d) Preface to Dr. Johnson Ans. b
05. Ballad is — [`ybx©wZ `gb ey¨‡ivi cwi`k©K c‡` evQvB cixÿv-2003]
(a) a kind of short narrative poem (b) a kind of short condoling poem
(c) a kind of short lyrical poem (d) a rhymic verse Ans. c
06. 'Child is the father of man' is taken from the poem of---. [36Zg wewmGm]
(a) W. Wordsworth (b) S. T. Coleridge
(c) P. B. Shelley (d) A. C. Swinburne Ans. a
07. The year 1798 is famous for--- [cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v- 2010]
(a) The French Revolution (b) The American Independence
(c) Publication of lyrical ballads (d) The death of Keats Ans. c
08. Pioneer/s of Romanticism is/are- [_vbv wkÿv Kg©KZ©v cixÿv-2010]
(a) Wordsworth (b) Coleridge
(c) Both a & b (d) None Ans. c
09. Water, water, everywhere, not a drop to drink jvBb †Kvb Kwei †jLv?
[cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b mvBdvi Awdmvi wb‡qvM- 1999]
(a) Wordsworth (b) Gray (c) Coleridge (d) Scott Ans. c
10. "Child is the father of man" is taken from the writings of —
[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv-1992]
(a) P.B Shelly (b) S.T. Coleridge
(c) W. Wordsworth (d) A.C. Swinburne Ans. c
11. Romanticism is mainly connected with--- [hye Dbœqb Awa`ß‡i mnKvix

cwiPvjK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 1999/ ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2010-11]
(a) Joy and happiness
(b) Expectation and disappointment
(c) Excitement and sensation
(d) Love and beauty Ans. d
12. Which is known as Romantic Period of English literature?
[Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-12]
(a) 1550-1558 (b) 1649-1660
(c) 1798-1832 (d) 1910-1936 Ans. c
13. Most important feature of a romantic poetry is--- [`yb©xwZ `gb ey¨‡ivi
mnKvix Dc-cwi`k©K c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2004]
(a) Beauty (b) Nature
(c) Subjectivity (d) Imagination Ans. c/d
14. 1798-1832 mvj ch©šÍ mgq‡K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï †Kvb Kvj ejv nq? [_vbv mnKvix
cwievi cwiKíbv Awdmvi-1998]
(a) The Renaissance Period (b) The Elizabethan Age
(c) The Restoration (d) The Romantic Age Ans. d
15. Who of the following was both a poet and painter?/wb‡¤œv³‡ì g‡a¨
†K GKvav‡i Kwe Ges wPÎwkíx wQ‡jb? [15Zg wewmGm / mnKvix cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v-1998]
(a) Keats (b) Donne
(c) Blake (d) Spenser Ans. c
16. The author of 'Songs of Innocence and of Experience' is--
[Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2010-11/Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2011-12]
(a) John Lennon (b) Richard Mark
(c) William Blake (d) John Keats Ans. c
17. Who among the following is not a novelist? [Ly. we. fwZ© cixÿv-2011-12]
(a) Hardy (b) Joyce (c) Thackeray (d) Blake Ans. d
18. One of the four mentioned below is not poet of Romantic age-
[‡ijI‡q mnKvix Kgv‡ÛU c‡` wb‡hvM cixÿv- 2000]
(a) William Blake (b) William Wordsworth
(c) P.B. Shelley (d) John Keats Ans. a
19. William Wordsworth was a— [kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwi`k©K-2009]
(a) Novelist (b) historian (c) Poet (d) dramatist Ans. c
20. Why were The Daffodils in Wordsworth's I wandered Lonely as
a Cloud dancing? [XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq- 2012-13]
(a) The poet was day dreaming
(b) The flowers had cheerful company
(c) The sea waves beside them had gone wild
(d) There was a strong wind. Ans. d
21. In „I Wandered Lonely As a Cloud‟ Wordsworth compares the

daffodils with— [XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq cixÿv-2012-13]
(a) the stars of the milky way (b) the waves
(c) the trees (d) the milky way Ans. a
22. William Wordsworth is pre-eminently— [cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii
mnKvix cwiPvjK-2007/mnKvix _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi cixÿv-2010]
(a) a poet of nature (b) a poet of love
(c) a poet of human nature (d) a poet of liberty Ans. a
23. The Daffodils is a poem written by— [cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v- 2010]
(a) William Wordsworth (b) Lewis Carroll
(c) John Keats (d) P.B. Shelly Ans. a
24. Lyrical Ballads was published in the year-. [mÂq cwi`ß‡ii mn. cwi-2009]
(a) 1798 (b) 1770
(c) 1779 (d) 1775 Ans. a
25. In 'I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud' the daffodils gave the poet.
[XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq cixÿv- 2012-13]
(a) a great deal of pleasure (b) very pleasure
(c) many pleasure (d) much pleasure Ans. a
26. William Wordsworth Gi mgmvgwqK Kwe †K? [mnKvix cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v wØZxq
†kÖYxi c‡` wb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ evQvB cixÿv-1998]
(a) T.S. Eliot (b) W.B. Yeats
(c) D.G. Rossetti (d) S.T. Coleridge Ans. d
27. Who is known as „the poet of nature in English literature‟?
[cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vjq I gwš¿cwil` Kvh©vj‡q cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v-2004/Dc‡Rjv mgvR‡mev-2008]
28. In „The Solitary Reaper‟ what does the word solitary mean?
[cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vjq I gwš¿cwil` Kvh©vj‡q cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM cixÿv-2004]
(a) classical (b) modern
(c) romantic (d) Greek Ans. c
29. Wordsworth is a — poet. [ciivóªgš¿Yvjq cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM cixÿv-2001]
(a) classical (b) modern
(c) romantic (d) Greek Ans. c
30. The Solitary Reaper is a— [_vbv mnKvix wkÿv Awdmvi wb‡qvM cixÿv-1995/Rbkw³,
Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY ey¨‡iv DcmnKvix cwiPvjK c‡` wb‡qvM-2001]
(a) heroic poem (b) romantic poem
(c) classical poem (d) patriotic poem Ans. b
31. „Written in March‟ is a poem composed by- [gv. we`¨v mn. wkÿK-2001]
(a) William Wordsworth (b) William Congreve
(c) William Blake (d) William Shakespeare Ans. a
32. Wordsworth was inspired by— [Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY ey¨‡iv DcmnKvix
cwiPvjK c‡` wb‡qvM-2001]
(a) the French Revolution (b) the American Revolution
(c) the Russian Revolution (d) the Industrial Revolution Ans. a
33 Who wrote the poem „Solitary Reaper? [Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK mn. Awdmvi (K¨vk)- 2001]
(a) Wordsworth (b) Shelley
(c) Keats (d) Shakespeare Ans. a
34. William Wordsworth wrote— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK-1997]
(a) The Rape of the Lock
(b) The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
(c) The Lucy Poems
(d) Absalom and Achitophel Ans. c
35. Who wrote poem about Lucy? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK-1994]
(a) S.T. Coleridge (b) P.B. Shelley
(c) William Wordsworth (d) Lord Byron Ans. c
36. Lucy m¤ú‡K© KweZv †Kvb Kwe iPbv K‡ib? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv-1994]
(c) William Wordsworth (d) Lord Byron Ans. c
37. „The Daffodils‟ wK RvZxq iPbv? [msm` mwPevj‡qi Aax‡b mnKvix mwPe-1996]
(a) Dcb¨vm (b) KweZv (c) bvUK (d) ågY Kvwnbx Ans. b
38. The literary work „Kubla Khan‟ is— [13Zg wewmGm]
(a) a history of Vincent Smith (b) a verse by Coleridge
(c) a drama by Oscar Wilde
(d) a short-story by Somerset Maugham Ans. b
39. P.B. Shelley is known as— [we`y¨r Dbœqb †ev‡W©i Dc-mnKvix-2012]
(a) Epic Poet (b) Romantic Poet
(c) Poet of nature (d) Poet of beauty Ans. b
40. Who is the author of „The Rime of the Ancient Mariner‟? [kÖg
Awa`ß‡i kÖg Awdmvi-1994/ Dc‡Rjv mgvR‡mev Awdmvi-2008]
(a) William Wordsworth (b) S.T. Coleridge
(c) W. Somerset Maugham (d) Sir Walter Scott Ans. b
41. Who was English poet addicted to opium?—
[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2003]
(c) John Keats (d) Pearl S. Buck Ans. a
42. „The Rime of the Ancient Mariner‟ is a—
[¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb ewnivMgb I cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK-2011]
(a) play (b) short story
(c) novel (d) poem Ans. d
43. Who wrote Prometheus Unbound? [ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi mvBdi Awdmvi-2012]

(a) Coleridge (b) Keats (c) Byron (d) Shelley Ans. d
44. The phrase „trunk less legs‟ in the poem „Ozymandias‟ refers
to: [Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-12]
(a) hug legs (b) legs without toes
(c) legs without body (d) beautiful legs Ans. c
45. The statue of Ozymandias is— [Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2011-12]
(a) on a mountain (b) beside a river
(c) in a desert (d) in a valley Ans. c
46. In „Ozymandias‟, who saw the statue of Ozymandias?
[Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2011-12]
(a) the poet (b) an old man
(c) a traveller (d) a sculptor Ans. c
47. The central idea of „Ozymandias‟ is that—
[Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-12]
(a) all things, both great and small, will perish
(b) man is mortal, art immortal
(c) imagination is stronger than fact
(d) history repeats Ans. a
48. In Shelly‟s „Ozymandias‟ frown‟, and „sneer of cold command‟
are seen on—. [XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-12]
(a) the pedestal of the staue (b) desert sand
(c) two trunkless legs (d) Shattered visage Ans. d
49. „Ode to the west wind‟ is by— [cwi‡ek Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK-2011]
(a) Keats (b) Shelley
(c) Coleridge (d) Wordsworth Ans. b
50. One of the following was a Romantic poet- [mgvR †mev Awa`ßi cixÿv- 2010]
(a) Tennyson (b) Arnold (c) Shelley (d) Browning Ans. c
51. A famous English poet who was professionally known as man
of medicine is-- [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb Ges weÁvcb AaxKvwiK (‡MÖW-2)-2006]
(a) Shelley (b) Keats (c) Milton (d) Pope Ans. b
52. In Shelley‟s „Ozymandias‟ the words, „My name is ozymandias,
king of kings‟ are inscribed on— [XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2009-2010]
(a) the visage of the nature (b) the pedestal of the statue
(c) the hand of the staue (d) the sand of the antique land Ans. b
53. What lies half sunk in the sand in Shelley‟s Ozymandias‟?
[XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2008-2009]
(a) broken statue (b) two trunkless legs
(c) an ancient place (d) broken head of a statue Ans. d
54. In „Ozymandias‟ the poet says, „I met a traveller— an—land.‟

[XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2007-2008]
(a) by, old (b) going, ancient
(c) from, antique (d) passing, antique Ans. c
55. fiZcÿx I mgxi‡Yi Kwe (Poet of „Skylark and Wind‟) bv‡g cwiwPZ †K?
[cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 1993]
(a) Lord Byron (b) John Keats
(c) W. Wordsworth (d) P B Shelley Ans. d
56. Who is called the 'poet of beauty'? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2003/kÖg I
Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b mnKvix kÖg Awdmvi-2003/ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2012-13/
RvZxq †fv³v AwaKvi msiÿY Awa`ßi wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2013]
(a) William Wordsworth (b) P.B. Shelley
(c) John Keats (d) Shakespeare Ans. c
57. 'Ode to Autumn' was written by--- [_vbv wkÿv Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2011]
(a) Shelley (b) Keats (c) Byron (d) Blake Ans. b
58. In the poem „Ozymandias‟ who calls Ozymandias „King of
Kings‟? [XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2009-10]
(a) The Traveller (b) The speaker
(c) Other kings (d) Ozymandias himself Ans. d
59. Keats belong to - [evsjv‡`k miKvwi Kg© Kwgkb mwPevj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK-2006]
(a) Eighteenth century (b) Nineteenth century
(c) Twentieth century (d) Seventeenth century Ans. b
60. Poet of sensuousness- [`yb©xwZ `gb ey¨‡ivi cwi`k©K c‡` evQvB cixÿv- 2003/ `yb©xwZ `gb
ey¨‡ivi mnKvix Dc-cwi`k©K c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2004]
(a) P. B. Shelley (b) William Wordsworth
(c) John Keats (b) Byron Ans. c
61. 'Ode on a Grecian Urn'-- Who is the poet of the poem?
[mnKvix AvenvIqvwe` c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2003]
(a) Wordsworth (b) Shelley
(c) Shakespeare (d) Keats Ans. d
62. The poet of 'Romantic Age' is--- [mnKvix cwiPvjK (cvm‡cvU© A¨vÛ Bwg‡MÖkb0 c‡`
wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2000]
(a) George Orwell (b) D. H. Lawrence
(c) John Milton (d) John Keats Ans. d
63. John Keats is primarily a poet of-
[hye Dbœqb Awa`ß‡i mnKvix cwiPvjK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 1999]
(c) Love (d) Revolution Ans. a
64. †Kvb Bs‡iR Kwe h²v †iv‡M g„ZzëiY K‡ib?

[gv`ªK`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 1999]
(a) P. B Shelley (b) Robert Burns
(c) S. T. Coleridge (d) John Keats Ans. d
65. Who wrote 'Ode to a Nightingale?'[gva¨wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK wb‡qvM- 1997]
(a) Pope (b) Shelley
(c) Wordsworth (d) Keats And. d
66 g„Zz¨ n‡”Q wbQK 'A Short Sleep' Gi Dw³wU Kvi? [hye Dbœqb Awa`ßi mn cwiPvjK- 1994]
(K) evqib (L) wKUm&
(M) gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë (N) myBUg¨vb DËi: L
67. John Keats †Kvb †kÖwYi Kwe?
(a) Romantic (b) Classical
(c) Modern (d) Ancient Ans. a
68. John Keats is known as a romantic poet. So is (choose one name)
(a) T. S. Eliot (b) Lord Tennyson
(c) Lord Byron (d) G. M. Hopkins Ans. c
69. Who is the author of 'Heaven and Earth'? [iv. we. fwZ© cixÿv- 2009-10]
(a) Lord Tennyson (b) William Wordsworth
(c) Lord Byron (d) John Keats Ans. c
70. Who is sometimes called 'Rebel Poet?'
(a) S. T. Coleridge (b) William Wordsworth
(c) John Keats (b) Lord Byron Ans. d
71. Who wrote the poem 'Don Juan'? [‡mvbvjx e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi-2014]
(a) William Wordsworth (b) William Blake
(c) Lord Byron (d) John Keats Ans. c
72. Who is the author of 'Pride and Prejudice'? / Pride and Prejudice' is
written by-- [Dc‡Rjv wbe©vPb Awdmvi wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2008/ evsjv‡`k e¨vsK K¨vk Awdmvi-2011]
(a) Emily Bronte (b) Charlotte Bronte
(c) Jane Austen (d) Charles Dickens Ans. c
73. Which is not a play? [mÂq cwi`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK- 2009]
(a) The tempest (b) Othello
(c) King Lear (d) Pride and Prejudice Ans. d
74. Jane Austen is the writer of-- [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb ewnivMgb I cvm‡cvU©
Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK- 2011]
(a) Jane Eyre (b) Ramona (c) Emma (d) Rebecca Ans. c
75. 'Essays of Elia' was written by--- [Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 1995]
(a) William Hazlitt (b) Emily Dickinson
(c) Charles Lamb (d) Emily Brontee Ans.c
76. Charles Lamb was--- [eb I cwi‡ek gš¿Yvj‡q mnKvix cwiPvjK wbe©vPbx cixÿv-1995]
(a) an essayist (b) a novelist
(c) an epic poet (d) a dramatist Ans. a
77. 'If winter comes, can spring be far behind?' These lines were
written by__ [28Zg wewmGm / Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2009-10]
(a) Keats (b) Frost (c) Eliot (d) Shelley Ans. d
78. Who wrote 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty'? [15Zg wewmGm / gva¨wgK mnKvix
wkÿK- 2006/ miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK cixÿv- 2011]
(a) Shakespeare (b) Wordsworth (c) Keats (d) Eliot Ans. c
79. 'Our Sweetest songs are those that tell of a sadest thoughts is a
quotation from Shelley's [kªg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb †gwWK¨vj Awdmvi- 2003/ Dc‡Rjv
mgvR‡mev Awdmvi-2008/cÖevmx Kj¨vY I ‣e‡`wkK Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK 2012]
(a) Ode to a skylark (b) The cloud
(c) Ode to the west Wind (d) Adonais Ans. a
80. They__ in never-ending-- [XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2009-2010]
(a) Started, show (b) shone, laughter
(c) grow, row (d) stretched, line Ans. d
81. 'The Trumpet of prophecy! O wind. If winter comes, can
spring be far behind?' Who is the poet of these lines? [AvBb wePvi I
msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi mve-†iwRóªvi-2012]
(c) John Keats (d) Robert Browing Ans. a
82. 'A thing of beauty is a joy forever' was stated by--- [RvZxq msm`
mwPevj‡q mnKvix M‡elYv Awdmvi-2006/ AvBb wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi mve-‡iwRóªvi- 2012]
(a) John Keats (b) William Shakespeare
(c) Bacon (d) Milton Ans. a
83. 'Nature never did betray the heart that loved her' is a
quotation. [PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-2012]
(a) Wordsworth (b) B. J. Baryon
(c) P. B. Shelly (d) J. Keats Ans. a
84. If Winter comes, can spring be far behind? is a line from---.
[kÖg cwi`ß‡ii RbmsL¨v I cwievi Kj¨vb Kg©KZ©v- 2009]
(a) Shelley's Ode to West Wind
(b) Coleridge's Rime of the Ancient Mariner
(c) Byron's Don Juan
(d) Keats Ode to Autumn Ans. a
85. If Winter comes, can --- be far behind? [mÂq cwi`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK-2009]
(a) Autumn (b) Spring (c) Summer (d) Rain Ans b
86. 'Ten thousand saw I at a glance' Who said this? [Dc‡Rjv mgvR‡mev Awdmvi-2007]
(a) Shakespearen (b) Coleridge (c) Keats (d) Wordsworth Ans. d
87. 'The music in my heart I bore/ Long after it was heard no

more.' These lines are from the poem--- [AvBb wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi
mve-‡iwRóªvi- 2012]
(a) The Solitary Reaper by Wordsworth
(b) Ode to a Nightingale by John Keats
(c) To a lady with a guitar by P. B. Shelley
(d) Elegy written in a country churchyard by Thomas Gray Ans. A
88. Identify the Poet of the verse: 'Our sweetest songs are those that
tell of saddest thought.' [kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb †gwWK¨vj Awdmvi- 2003]
(a) John Keats (b) P. B. Shelley
(c) Lord Byron (d) William Wordsworth Ans. b
89. 'Ten thousand saw I at a glance
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.'
What is the poet William Wordsworth referring to? [kªg I Kg©ms¯’vb
gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb †gwWK¨vj Awdmvi- 2003]
(a) birds (b) daffodils
(c) leaves (d) bees Ans. b
90. Which ode begins with the lines?
'My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains.
My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk.'
[kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb †gwWK¨vj Awdmvi- 2003]
(a) Ode of the Spring (b) Ode to Duty
(c) Ode to a Nightingale (d) Ode to the West Wind Ans. c
91. Who has written?
'He prayeth best, who loveth best
All things great and small.' [`yb©xwZ `gb ey¨‡ivi mnKvix Dc-cwi`k©K c‡` cixÿv- 2004]
(a) John Keats (b) Lord Byron
(c) P. B Shelley (d) Coleridge Ans. d
92. 'Poet are unacknowledged legislators of the world'-- Who told it?
[eb Dbœqb Awa`ßi mnKvix cwiPvjK- 1994/ _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi -1996]
(a) Browing (b) Shelley
(c) Tennyson (d) Byron Ans. b
93. Who is known as 'the poet of nature in English literature'?
[cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vjq I gwš¿cwil` Kvh©vjq cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v-2004 / Dc‡Rjv mgvR‡mev Awdmvi- 2008]
94. Who was a 'poet laureate?
(a) William Wordsworth (b) Robert Browning
(c) T. S Eliot (d) John Keats Ans. a
95. Who of the following was both a poet and painter? /wb‡¤œv³‡ì
g‡a¨ †K GKvav‡i Kwe Ges wPÎwkíx wQ‡jb? [15Zg wewmGm/ mnKvix cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v- 1998]
(a) Keats (b) Donne (c) Blake (d) Spenser Ans. c
96. Who is called the 'poet of beauty'? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2003]
(a) William Wordsworth (b) P. B. Shelley
(c) John Keats (d) Shakespeare Ans. c
97. Poet of sensuousness-- [`yb©xwZ `gb ey¨‡ivi cwi`k©K c‡` evQvB cixÿv- 2004]
(c) John Keats (d) Byron Ans. c
98. John Keats is primarily a poet of [hye Dbœqb Awa`ß‡i mnKvix cwiPvjK wb‡qvM c.- 1999]
(c) Love (d) Revolution Ans. a
99. The central idea of “I wandered lonely as a cloud” is that:
[Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2011-12]
(a) nature excites human imagination
(b) nature is harmful for human being
(c) nature is beautiful (d) we can find solace in nature Ans. d
100. “Ten thousand saw I at a glance” is an example of- [Rvnv. wek¦. f.c.-11-12]
(a) hyperbole (b) symbol
(c) metaphor (d) apostrophe Ans. a
101. “The waves beside them danced‟‟ (from „I wandered lonely as a
cloud‟) is an example of: [Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-12]
(a) simile (b) metaphor
(c) metonymy (d) personification Ans. d
102. The speaker of “I wandered lonely as a cloud” saw: [Rvnv½xibMi
wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2011-12]
(a) wet daffodils (b) yellow daffodils
(c) fair daffodils (d) golden daffodils Ans. d
103. William Hazlitt †K wQ‡jb? [mnKvix _vbv cwievi cwiKíbv Awdmvi- 1998]
(a) Novelist (b) Essayist (c) Dramatist (d) Poet Ans. b
104. Who wrote "Biographia Literaria"? [37Zg wewmGm]
(a) Lord Byron (b) P.B. Shelley
(c) S.T. Coleridge (d) Charles Lamb Ans. c
105. P.B. Shelley's 'Adonais' is an elegy on the death of - [37Zg wewmGm]
(a) John Milton (b) S.T. Coleridge
(c) John Keats (d) Lord Byron Ans. c
106. What figure of speech do you find in "budding beauty"?
(a) Assonance (b) Alliteration
(c) Simile (d) Metaphor Ans. b
107. Which of the following chronologycally in order

(a) Chaucer, Spenser, Shelley, Swinburae
(b) Shakespeare, Chaucer, Eliot, Donne
(c) Hughes, Eliot, Yeats, Auden
(d) Hopkins, Browings, Wordsworth, Marvell Ans. a
108. Romantic poets are so called because __
(a) they are connected more with heart than with head
(b) they have written romances
(c) they are specially romantic about women
(d) they are not Victorians Ans. a
109. In the poem "Ozymandias", The phrase "king of kings" is an
example of-
(a) exaggeration (b) irony
(c) sarcasm (d) humour Ans. b
110. The comparison of unlike things using the words like or as
known to be - [37Zg wewmGm]
(a) metaphor (b) simile
(c) alliteration (d) personification Ans. b
111. Whose dying words were, 'Crito, I owe a cock to Asceleping;
will you remember to the debt’.
(a) Aristotle (b) Tules
(c) Socretes (d) Aristotle Onassis Ans. c
112. The 'merit' in the sentence 'The boy showed his merit by
making twenty mistakes in ten minutes' is an example of -
(a) personification (b) metaphor
(c) pun (d) irony Ans. d
113. The sentence, "Death, thou shalt not die'' is an example of__.
(c) irony (d) parsonification Ans. d
114. Which of the following is a story in verse? [C.U. (B1) 11-12]
(a) elegy (b) ballad
(c) ode (d) sonnet Ans. b
115. Prosody signifies the systematic study of __? [K.U. (SS) 04-05]
(a) Drama (b) Short story
(c) Novel (d) Versification Ans. d
A meaningful silence is better than thousands of

meaningless words.
6. The Victorian Period

Duration: 1832-1901
6. The Victorian Period

Duration: 1832-1901
 During the reign of Queen Victoria; Z‡e ivbx wf‡±vwiqv 1837 mv‡j
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| GwU weªwUk †jvK‡ì Rb¨ me‡P‡q `xN©-myL-kvwšÍ-mg„×gq hyM|
 1857 mv‡ji wmcvnx we‡`ªv‡ni ci ivbx wf‡±vwiqv 1858 mv‡j B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi
KvQ †_‡K fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki kvmbfvi wbR nv‡Z MÖnY K‡ib|
 1860 mv‡j fvi‡Z bxj we‡`ªv‡ni Aemvb N‡U|
 GB hy‡Mi •ewkó¨ n‡jv- Symbolism, Medievalism, Sensuousness etc.
 Concept of communism (mvgëv‡ì aviYv) GB hyM‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
 GB hy‡M Charles Darwin Gi weL¨vZ Theory of Evolution
(weeZ©bev` ZË¡) cÖPvwiZ nq| hv wQj ag©xq †PZbvi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K|
 In 1833, slaves were declared free (`vm‡ì‡K gy³ †NvlYv Kiv nq).
 In 1833, Fabian society was formed (RR© evb©vW k Gi Ab¨Zg m`m¨ wQ‡jb)
 Bahadur Shah II, (1837–1857) the last Mughal emperor was
deposed in 1858 by the British East India company and exiled to
Burma following the War of 1857 after the fall of Delhi to the
company troops. His death marks the end of the Mughal dynasty.
 1853 mv‡j jW© Wvj‡n․wm Dcgnv‡`‡k †ij †hvMv‡hvM Pvjy K‡ib Ges 1856 mv‡j
(Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii cÖ‡Póvq) weaev weevn AvBb cvm Kivb|
 1857 mv‡j jW© K¨vwbs Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g KvM‡Ri gy`ªv Ges 1861 mv‡j cywjk
mvwf©m Pvjy K‡ib|
 1839-1842 ch©šÍ Pxb I weª‡U‡bi gv‡S First Opium War msMwVZ nq| G hy‡× Pxb
civwRZ nq Ges hy³iv‡Rï Kv‡Q nsKs ØxcwU wjR w`‡Z eva¨ nq|
 1886 mv‡j d«vÝ hy³ivóª‡K ÷¨vPz Ae wjevwU© Dcnvi †`q, hv 1924 mv‡j hy³ivóª
miKvi RvZxq †m․a wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i|
 wf‡±vwiqv µm (Victoria Cross) e„‡U‡bi m‡e©v”P mvgwiK †LZve| KgbI‡qj_fy³
†`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ G c`K cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
 weªwUk ivRcwiev‡ii evmfeb n‡jv jÛ‡biÔevwKsnvg
c¨v‡jmÕ, ivbx wf‡±vwiqv G cÖvmv‡ì cÖ_g ivbx wn‡m‡e
emevm K‡iwQ‡jb|
 G hy‡Mi 3 Rb cÖavb Kwe n‡jb-
i. Alfred Tennyson
ivbx wf‡±vwiqv
ii. Robert Browning
iii. Matthew Arnold
Major poets and authors of the Victorian Period
1. Lord Alfred Tennyson: (†Uwbmb, 1809-1892)

 Wordsworth Gi g„Zzï ci 1850 mv‡j wZwb England Gi Poet laureate
wbe©vwPZ nb| (Poet Laureate gv‡b ÔmfvKweÕ/ court poet of England)
 He was a representative/ Lyric poet of the Victorian age.
 wZwb Cambridge University †Z covïbv K‡ib|
 wZwb William Shakespeare †K ÔÔDazzling Sun” Dcvwa w`‡q‡Qb|
Famous elegy (†kvKMxwZ):
 In Memoriam
(GwU Kwei eÜz Arthur Henny Hallam
Gi g„Zz¨ wb‡q †jLv)
Famous comedies:
1. The Falcon
2. Queen Marry
(Z‡e Queen Mab n‡jv Shelly‘i GKwU weL¨vZ KweZv)
3. Harold
Famous Poems of Tennyson:
a) Oenone (B‡bvbx: daughter of River-God)
b) Ulysses (BDwjwmm, MÖxK exi)
(GB bv‡g James Joyce Gi weL¨vZ Novel Av‡Q)
c) Lotus Eaters (cÙ †Lu‡Kv)
d) The Lady of Shalott
(Z‡e The Lady of the Lake bv‡g weL¨vZ KweZvwU wj‡L‡Qb
wbD K¬vwmK¨vj wcwiI‡Wi Jcb¨vwmK Sir Walter Scott)
e) Locksley Hall (Gi bvwqKv: Gwg)
f) Tears Idle Tears
g) Tithonus (wU‡_vbvm; g‡Z©i gvbyl wKš‘ we‡q K‡iwQ‡jb Elv †èx Aurora †K)
i) The Two Voices
j) Vision of Sin
k) The Charge of the Light Brigade
l) The Lover's Tale
h) Morte D‟ Arthur
(GB KweZvwU †c․ivwYK ivRv gwU© wW Av_©vi‡K wb‡q †jLv; G‡Z †c․ivwYK
Excaliber Zievwii K_v ejv n‡q‡Q।g‡b ivLyb: Morte D‘ Arthur bv‡g
GKwU weL¨vZ prose wj‡L‡Qb Middle English Period Gi Kwe Sir
Thomas Malory|)
Famous quotes of Tennyson:

i) Sorrows are the best educator.
ii) A man can see farther through a tear than a telescope.
iv) The old order changeth yielding place to new. (Morte D‘ Arthur)
[fvev_©: G‡m‡Q bZzb wkï, Zv‡K †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e ¯’vb]
iv) I will never rest from travels
I will drink life to the lees. (Ulysses)
v) Authority forgets a dying king. (Morte D‘ Arthur)
vi) More things are wrought out by prayers. (Morte D‘ Arthur)
vii) Death is the end of life, Ah! why should life all labour be.
(Lotus Eaters)
viii) Knowledge comes but wisdom lingers. (Locksley Hall)
ix) It is better to have loved and lost
Than never to have loved at all. (In Memorium)
x) Who are wise in love, love most, say least.
2. Robert Browning: (1812-1889)

 He was a famous poet, playwright and psycho-analyst of the
Victorian period.
 Zvi ¯¿x wQ‡jb weL¨vZ Kwe GwjRv‡e_ e¨v‡iU|
 wZwb e‡j‡Qb, Italy was my university.
 wZwb Kwe P B Shelley Gi great admirer (we‡kl AbyivMx) wQ‡jb
 He was a famous poet of Dramatic Monologue (bvUKxq ¯^M‡Zvw³/

ev bvUKxq GKK fvl‡Yi KweZv).
 †h KweZvq GKRb Speaker Ges GK ev GKvwaK †kÖvZv _v‡K, Z‡e †kÖvZv
†Kv‡bv K_v e‡j bv) Zv‡K Dramatic Monologue e‡j|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †kÖô Dramatic Monologue n‡jv cjøxKwe Rmxg D`&`x‡bi
Kei KweZv|
Books of poems:
 Men and Women (AwgÎvÿi Q‡›`)
 Dramatic Lyrics
 The Ring of the Book
Famous poems:
1. My Last Duchess (weMZ cZœx) Robert Browning
2. Andrea Del Sarto (wkíx GwÛªqv)
3. Porphyria‘s Lover (†cvidvBwiqvi †cÖwgK)
4. A Grammarian‘s Funeral (e¨vKiYwe‡ì A‡šÍ¨wówµqv)
5. Home Thoughts from Abroad (A political peom)
6. Rabbi Ben Ezra (GKRb Bûw` cwÐZ; Bûw`‡ì ag©hvRK‡K Ôi¨vevBÕ ejv nq)
7. Fra Lippo Lippi (wjày wjwà)
8. The Pied Piper of Hamelin (wkï‡Zvl KweZv)
9. The Patriot (Z‡e Patriotism KweZvwU wj‡L‡Qb Sir Walter Scott)
10. The Ring and the Book (an epic poem)
Famous Quotes of Robert Browning:

i. Ignorance is not innocence but sin (The Inn Album)
ii. So absolutely good is truth
Truth never hurts the taller.
iii. Oppression makes the wise man mad.
iv. God is in the Heaven
All is right with the world.
3. Matthew Arnold: (g¨v_y Avb©ì, 1822-1888)

 Title- Melancholic / Elegiac poet
(evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ `ytLev`x Kwe- hZx›`ªbv_ †mb¸ß)
 wZwb Oxford wek¦we`¨vj‡q 5 eQi Professor of Poetry wn‡m‡e wbhy³ wQ‡jb|
 He was also a critic and essayist.
Famous books:
a) The Study of Poetry
(GwU mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbv MÖš’)
b) Literature and Dogma
c) Culture and Anarchy (Kve¨MÖš’)
d) Essays in Criticism
Matthew Arnold
Famous elegies:
i) Thyrsis (_vBwm©m; Kwei eÜz Arthur Clough Gi g„Zz¨ wb‡q †jLv)
ii) Rugby Chapel (Kwei evevi g„Zz¨ wb‡q †jLv)
iii) Heine‘s Grave (Kwei fvB Heine’i g„Zz¨ wb‡q †jLv)
Famous poems:
i) Dover Beach (†Wvfvi •mKZ; †Wvfvi cÖYvjx Bsj¨vÛ I d«vÝ‡K c„_K K‡i‡Q)
ii) The Scholar Gypsy (hvhvei cwÐZ)
iii) Sohrab and Rustom
iv) Cromwell
Famous quotes:
 Truth sits upon the lips of dying men.
 Poetry is the criticism of life.
 The sea of Faith
Was once, too, at the full. (Dover Beach)
4. Charles Dickens:
 Pvj©m wW‡KÝ (1812-1870)
 The greatest novelist in the Victorian Period
(ivbx wf‡±vwiqvi hy‡M †kÖô Jcb¨vwmK)
 cÖ_g MÖš’: Sketches By Boz
Famous novels: Pvj©m wW‡KÝ
i) David Copperfield (AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK Dcb¨vm; GwZg wkï †WwfW
Kcviwd‡ìi eo n‡q DVv Ges mr evevi wbg©g wbh©vZ‡bi Kvwnbx)
ii) Oliver Twist (GKwU evj‡Ki `ywe©ln Rxeb Kvwnbx)
iii) Great Expectations (†K›`ªxq PwiÎ- Pip, Estella, Miss Havisham;
wcc bv‡g GK Bs‡iR evj‡Ki eo n‡q IVvi Mí)
iv) A Tale of Two Cities (`yB kni- jÛb I c¨vwim; divwm wecø‡ei
†cÖwÿ‡Z †jLv; wKš‘ A Tale of a Tub wj‡L‡Qb Jonathon Swift)
v) A Christmas Carol
vi) The Bleak House
vii) The Old Curiosity Shop
viii) The Pickwick Papers
ix) Hard Times
(ZrKvjxb Bsj¨v‡Ûi mvgvwRK A_©‣bwZK Aw¯’iZvi weeiY)
x) Our Mutual Friend
xi) The Mystery of Edwin Drood (GwU Amgvß Dcb¨vm)
xii) Little Dorrit
xiii) The Battle of Life
(Z‡e The Battle of the Books bv‡g Dcb¨vmwU wj‡L‡Qb †Rvbv_b myBdU)
Famous quote:
―Charity begins at home and justice begins next door.‖
5. Maxim Gorky: (Av‡j‡·B g¨vw·‡gvwfP †ckKf, iæk mvwnwZ¨K)

 He is the Father of socialist realism (mgvRZvwš¿K e¯‘ev`)
 mvwnwZ¨K QÙbvgt †MvwK© (A_©- †Z‡Zv)
Novels: 1. Mother (iæk fvlvq wjwLZ GB Dcb¨vmwU 1906 mv‡j c«KvwkZ nIqvi
cieZ©x 100 eQ‡i mvivwe‡k¦i cÖvq me fvlvq Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q| Dcb¨vmwU wecøex k«wgK
Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ Ges c«avb `ywU PwiÎ n‡jv c¨v‡fj I Zvui gv)
2. My Childhood
6. William Makepeace Thackary: (1811-1863)

 Indian born British novelist
 Rb¥ : we«wUk fvi‡Zi KjKvZvq 1811 mv‡j
 wZwb Zvuui †jLvq ZrKvjxb ¶wqòy MÖvg¨ mgv‡Ri
†_Kvwi
w`‡K †ewk Av‡jvKcvZ K‡iwQ‡jb|
Famous novels:
1. Vanity Fair
 G novel Gi Hero †bB
 Vanity Fair novel Øviv wZwb England †K Satire K‡i‡Qb
 Gi Theme n‡jv: Man‘s sinful attachments to worldly things.
2. The Virginians: A Tale of the Last Century (1857-59; GwU Zvi
historical novel)
3. Catherine: A Story (GwU Zvi cÖ_g Dcb¨vm)
4. The Newcomes (first published in 1855)
7. Edward Fitzgerald: (wdRvij&W)

 He translated Rubaiyat of Omar Khayam into English. (dvwm©
fvlvi Kwe Igi •Lqv‡gi †ivevBqvZ)
8. John Stuart Mill: (Rb ÷zqvU© wgj)
 wZwb Ôe¨w³ ¯^vZš¿ev‡ìÕ g~j cÖe³v
 Books: 1. On Liberty
2. Utilitarianism (Dc‡hvMev`)
3. A System of Logic
9. Thomas Hardy: (1840-1928)
 Title: Pessimistic Novelist (nZvkvev`x)
 wZwb Victorian hy‡M Dcb¨vm Ges Modern
Period-G Poems Ges Short stories wj‡L‡Qb|
 wZwb IqvW©m&Iqv_© I Pvj©m wW‡KÝ `¦viv cÖfvweZ wQ‡jb|
 Zvi msKwjZ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg t Wessex Poems
 Zvi weL¨vZ KweZv t At an Inn (mivBLvbvq)
Famous novels:
(i) Tess of the d'Urbervilles:
A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented (1891)
(Wvieviwej es‡ki ïwP †g‡q †U‡mi Uª¨v‡RwW;
Characters-Tess, Alec, Angel)
(ii) Far From the Madding Crowd
(iii) The Return of the Native (1886)
(iv) The Poor Man and the Lady
(v) The Mayor of Casterbridge
(vi) Jude the Obscure
(Hardy exposed his deepest feelings in this bleak, angry novel
and, stung by the hostile response, he never wrote another.)
(vii) The Trumpet Major
(GwU nvwW©i GKgvÎ HwZnvwmK Dcb¨vm; UªvdvjMvi hy‡×i †cÖÿvc‡U †jLv)
(viii) A Pair of Blue Eyes
(GB Dcb¨vm Aej¤^‡b kirP›`ª Zvi weL¨vZ M„n`vn Dcb¨vmwU iPbv K‡ib|)
(ix) Under the Greenwood Tree,
(Z‡e GB wk‡ivbv‡g Shakespere Gi As You Like It bvU‡K GKwU Song i‡q‡Q)
Famous quote: ―The greater the sinner, the greater the saint.‖
(hZ eo cvcx, ZZ eo mvay)
10. Christina Rossetti: (wµw÷bv i‡mwU)
Poems: 1. A Daughter of Eve
2. My Dream
3. Bride Song
4. Dream Land
11. Dante Gabriella Rossetti:
Poems: 1. Heart Compass
2. Love and Hope
3. Supreme Surrender
4. Nuptial Sleep
5. Redemption D.G. Rosettei
12. R.L. Stevenson: (ievU© jyBm w÷‡fbmb)

 He was a Scottish writer. (¯‥Uj¨vÛxq mvwnwZ¨K)
 English Travelogue (ågY Kvwnbx) Gi Rb¨ weL¨vZ †jLK|
 wZwb we‡k¦i 28 Rb me©vwaK Ab~w`Z †jLK‡ì GKRb|
Famous novels:
1. The Treasure Island
2. Kidnapped
(It is a thrilling adventure story, gripping history and fascinating study of the
Scottish character, Kidnapped has lost none of its power.)
3. The New Arabian Nights
4. Black Arrows
13. Sir Richard Francis Burton: (wiPvW© evU©b)

 wZwb 1883 mv‡j cÖvPxb fviZxq cwÐZ gvj¨bvM evrm¨vqb
iwPZ ÒKvgm~ÎÓ (Kama Soutra) M«‡š’i Bs‡iwR Abyev`
K‡ib|
Famous Novel:
Arabian Nights (Avwjd jvqjv)
 It is an Arab folk story of Banjamin
 One Thousand and One Nights is a collection of Middle Eastern
and South Asian stories and folk tales compiled in Arabic
during the Islamic Golden Age.
14. Benjamin Franklin: (†eÄvwgb d«v¼wjb)

 wZwb GKRb weÁvbx, `vk©wbK Ges USA'i Ab¨Zg RbK
Quotes:
1. Early to bed and early to rise makes
a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
2. Honesty is the best policy.
3. Admiration is the daughter of ignorance.
4. A penny saved is a penny earned. (†hUyKy evuPv‡Z cvi‡j †mUyKy †Zvgvi Avq)
5. Eat to please thyself, but dress to please others
(Avnvi K‡iv wb‡Ri cQ‡›`, wKš‘ †cvkvK c‡iv A‡bï cQ‡›`)
6. Eat to live, not live to eat (evuPvi Rb¨ LvI; LvIqvi Rb¨ †eu‡Pvbv)
15. Charlotte Bronte: (kv‡j©vU eªæbwU)

 wZwb eªæbwU cwiev‡ii eo Kb¨v
 Zvi Rxebx MÖš’: The Life of Charlotte
Bronte wj‡L‡Qb- Mrs. Gaskell
 Novels:
 Jane Eyre (†RBb A¨vqvi)
(Agi †cÖ‡gi GB AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK Dcb¨vmwU wZwb Cerrer Bell QÙbv‡g cÖKvk K‡ib)
 Shirley
 The Professor (GwU Zvi cÖ_g Dcb¨vm)
16. Emily Bronte:
 wZwb eªæbwU cwiev‡i 2q Kb¨v
 Her only novel:
Wuthering Heights (A`vwis)
> GwU GKwU cÖwZ‡kvacivqY `yB cÖwZ‡ekxi Mí
> GwU wZwb Ellis Bell QÙbv‡g (Pen-name) cÖKvk K‡ib|
Famous poems of Emily: g‡b ivLyb: Bronte Sisters ej‡Z wZb
1. A Death Scene †evb‡K eySvq, hviv weL¨vZ mvwnwZ¨K wQ‡jb:
2. Day Dream 1. Emily Bronte 2. Charlotte Bronte
3. A Little While 3. Ammey Bronte
17. Leo Tolstoy: (wjD Uj÷q; 1828-1910)
 He was a Russian novelist and playwright and political thinker.
Uj÷q †kl eq‡m GKvwK _vK‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| Ry‡Zv evbv‡bv †_‡K wb‡Ri me KvR wb‡RB
Ki‡Zb| KvD‡K bv Rvwb‡q evwo †_‡K cvwj‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb| cw_g‡a¨ VvÐv †j‡M Zvi
wbD‡gvwbqv nq| G‡ZB wZwb gviv †M‡jb evwo †_‡K `~‡i GK †ij †÷k‡b 20 b‡f¤î 1910
mv‡j| †QvUMí, eoMí, Dcb¨vm, bvUK, wkïmvwnZ¨, cÖeÜ, Wv‡qwi, wPwVcÎ me wgwj‡q
Uj÷‡qi iPbvmgMÖ cÖvq 90 L‡Ð wef³| `y:LRbK n‡jI mwZ¨ †h GB gnvb mvwnwZ¨K †bv‡ej
cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib wb|
Famous plays:
1. The Power of Darkness (AÜKv‡ii kw³)
2. The Fruits of Enlightment
Famous novels:
1. War and Peace (Iqvi GÛ wcm Dcb¨v‡mi †cÖÿvcU n‡”Q †b‡cvwjqb †evbvcv‡U©i iæk
Awfhvb| hy‡×i fqvenZv Ges kvwšÍi Rb¨ gvby‡li msMÖvgB GB Dcb¨v‡mi g~j e³e¨)
2. Anna Karenina (bvwqKv: Avbv; Theme: Adultery/ ciKxqv †cÖ‡gi cwiYwZ)
3. Childhood (cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Dcb¨vm)
4. Resurrection (cybiyÌvb, me©‡kl Dcb¨vm; 1899)
5. The Kingdom of Good is Within You
18. George Eliot: (RR© GwjqU)

Real name: Mary Ann Evans
(wf‡±vwiqvb hy‡Mi G weL¨vZ gwnjv Jcb¨vwmK cyiæ‡li QÙbv‡g †jLv‡jwL K‡i‡Qb|
She used a male pen name to ensure her works would be taken
seriously; to protect her private life from public inquiry and to
prevent scandals attending her relationship with the married
George Henry Lewes, with whom she lived for over 20 years)
Famous novels:
1. Silas Marner (mvBjvm& gvibvi)
2. Adam Bede
3. The Mill on the Floss
4. Middle March
5. Romola
RR© GwjqU
 Dramatic poem: The Spanish Gypsy
 Quote: ―No man can be wise on an empty stomach.‖
g‡b ivLyb:
Matthew Arnold wj‡L‡Qb: The Scholar-Gypsy (poem)
George Eliot wj‡L‡Qb: The Spanish Gypsy (poem)
Rulph Hodgson wj‡L‡Qb: Time, You Old Gypsy Man
19. Elizabeth Barret Browning:

 A famous female poet
 wZwb Kwe Robert Browning Gi ¯¿x wQ‡jb|
 Poems:
 How do I Love Thee (Sonnet- 43)
 Grief (`ytL)
 Lost Mistrees
 Consolation
 Sonnets from Portuguese
Famous quote:
 How do I love thee (you)? Let me count the ways.
 I love thee to the depth and breadth and height.
20. Charles Robert Darwin: (WviDBb, 1809-1882)
 An English naturalist (RxeweÁvbx)
 wZwbB c«_g cÖZ¨¶ ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g weeZ©bev‡ì aviYv †`b| Zuvi g‡Z mKj cÖRvwZB
wKQy mvaviY c~e©cyiyl †_‡K D™¢~Z n‡q‡Q| GwU‡K wZwb cÖvK…wZK wbe©vPb (Natural
Selection) wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡ib|
 He is the Father of theory of the Evolution (weeZ©bev‡ì RbK)
Famous books:
i) The Origin of Species
ii) The Origin of Life and Earth
iii) The Decent of Man
Famous quote:
 Tomarrow as yesterday only the fittest will survive in
the struggle for existence.‖ (AZx‡Zi b¨vq fwel¨‡ZI Aw¯Í‡Z¡i
jovB‡q †hvM¨ZgivB wU‡K _vK‡e)
* g‡b ivLyb: Sir James Jeans wj‡L‡Qb-
The Origin of Life on Earth (prose)
21. John Henry Cardinal Newman:

 He was a leader of the ―Oxford Movement‖.
 Famous books:
1. Loss and Gain (GwU Dcb¨vm)
2. The Idea of University
* g‡b ivLyb: Idea and Justice Ges Poverty and Famine bv‡g `ywU
weL¨vZ MÖš’ wj‡L‡Qb: †bv‡ejRqx A_©bxwZwe` AgZ©¨ †mb (prose)
22. Gladstone:
Dcvwa: Grand Old Man of Britain
(Z‡e fviZxq ivRbxwZK `v`vfvB bI‡ivwR‡K
Grand Old Man of India ejv nq)
Famous quote of Gladstone:

 ―Justice delayed, Justice denied
Justice hurried, Justice buried.‖
23. Alexandre Dumas: (divwm: Av‡j·vu`« `ÿgv)

 divwm bvU¨Kvi I Jcb¨vwmK
 BwZnvm AvwkÖZ A¨vW‡fÂvi Dcb¨vm †jLK wn‡m‡e weL¨vZ
 me wgwj‡q Zvui cÖKvwkZ †jLv 1 jvL cvZv
Novels:
1. Three Musketeers (w_« gv‡¯‥wUqvm© / wZb mvnmx i¶x a historical adventure
novel which narrates the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan who
leaves home to travel to Paris, to join the Musketeers of the Guard.)
2. Twenty Years After
3. Black Tulip (eø¨vK wUDwjc)
4. The New Troy
24. Karl Marx: (Kvj© gv·©)
 Rb¥: 5 †g 1818; Rvg©vwbi cÖæwkqvq, Bûw` cwiev‡i|
 born in Germany but settled in England.
 He is the father of socialism and
modern scientific communism.
 A_©vr wZwb AvaywbK •eÁvwbK MYmvgëv‡ì RbK|
 He was a famous German philosopher and
Kvj© gv·©
pioneer of Marxism.
 wZwb Ôw_Dwi Ae mvicøvm f¨vjyÕ Ges Ôw_Dwi Ae G·‡cøv‡ikbÕ Z‡Ë¡i cÖe³v|
 1883 mv‡j wZwb Bsj¨v‡Û g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Famous books:
1. Das Capital
2. Communist Manifesto
3. The Holy Family (cweÎ cwievi)
Famous quotes: MÖš’wU mgvRZ‡š¿i evB‡ej bv‡g cwiwPZ
1. Religion is opium to the people.
2. AvR ch©šÍ hZ mgvR †`Lv †M‡Q Zv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki BwZnvm †kÖwY msMÖv‡gi BwZnvm|
3. Men make their own history.
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ gvK©mev`x Kwe weòz †`; gvK©mev`x Jcb¨vwmK gvwbK e‡›`vcva¨vq|
25. Mark Twain: (gvK© †Uv‡qb,1835 – 1910)

Real name: Samuel Langhorne Clemens (pen name Mark Twain)
 was an American writer, entrepreneur, publisher and lecturer.
 Books: a) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)
b) Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885)
26. H. Christian Unlerson:
 A Danish author
 He is the father of English fairy tales.
 His most famous fairy tales:
"The Emperor's New Clothes"
"The Little Mermaid"
"The Nightingale"
"The Snow Queen"
"The Ugly Duckling"
27. Elizabeth Gaskell:
 Books:
1. North and South
2. Wives and Daughters
3. Mary Barton
28. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle:
 British author and physician
Books:
1. Sherlock Holmes
(kvj©K †nvgm: †Mv‡q›`v Kvwnbx/ detective story)
2. A Study in Secret
3. The Sign of Four (1890; Sherlock Holmes‘s second visit)
4. The Hound of the Baskervilles
29. A. S. Hornby:
 He is famous for dictionary writing.
30. Kiran Desai:
Novel: The Inheritance of Loss
(†jvKmv‡bi DËivwaKvi)
31. Samuel Butler: (1832-1902)

Famous work: The Way of All Flesh
- a semi autobiographical novel
(Z‡e Restoration hy‡Mi William Congreve
wj‡L‡Qb- The Way of the World)
Famous quote:
―Self preservation is the first law of nature.‖
(A_©vr, AvZ¥iÿvB cÖK…wZi cÖ_g AvBb)
32. Oscar Wilde: (1856-1900)

 He was an Irish born novelist and dramatist.
Famous Books and plays:
(i) A Woman of No Importance
(ii) An Ideal Husband
(iii) The Selfish Giant
(iv) Lady Windermer‘s Fan (1890)
(v) The Picture of Dorian Gray
 It is Wilde‘s brilliantly allusive moral tale of youth, beauty and
corruption, greeted with howls of protest on publication.
(vi) The Importance of Being Earnest (play)

(cÖavb PwiÎ Av‡b©÷| mv`vwm‡a I †evKv‡mvKv UvB‡ci)
33. c¨vwiPuv` wgÎ: (1814-1883)

 Zvi Dcvwa "Defence of Bengal"
 Zvi iwPZ evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g Dcb¨vm
Avjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvj Gi Bs‡iwR Abyev‡ì bvg:
"The Spoilt Child: A Tale of Hindu Domestic Life"
(Abyev`K: George Devereux Oswell)
34. Edgar Allan Poe: (GWMvi A¨vjvb †cv, 1809 - 1849)

 gvwK©b Kwe, m¤úv`K, †QvU MíKvi Ges hy³iv‡ó« †ivgvÝ Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg †bZv|
 Father of English Short-story (†QvUMí)
and Modern Detective Story
(Z‡e evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †QvUM‡íi RbK iex›`ªbv_|
cÖ_g mv_©K †QvUMí †`bv cvIbv;
cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ †QvUMí wfLvwibx; me©‡kl j¨ve‡iUwi)
Edgar Allan Poe‘s only novel: GWMvi A¨vjvb †cv
The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket

(a classic adventure story with supernatural)
Famous poem:
To Helen
 GB KweZvi cÖfve c‡o‡Q Rxebvb›` `v‡mi ÒebjZv †mbÓ KweZvq
Famous short stories of Edgar Allan Poe:
(i) The Black Cat
(Z‡e Cat and Mouse Dcb¨vmwU wj‡L‡Qb Rvg©vb Kwe ¸›Uvi MÖvm)
(ii) The Oval Portrait
(iii) The Tell Tale Heart
(iv) The Gold Bug
(v) The Light House (Z‡e To The Light House Dcb¨vmwU wj‡L‡Qb AvaywbK
hy‡Mi kw³kvjx gwnjv Kwe fvwR©wbqv Dj&d)
35. Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi: (1820-1891)
 wZwb evsjv M‡`ï RbK
 jW© Wvj‡n․wmi kvmbvg‡j 1856 mv‡ji 26 RyjvB
Zvi cÖ‡Póvq weaev weevn AvBb cvm nq|
 †P¤^vm© iwPZ Rudiments of Knowledge Aej¤^‡b †ev‡av`q (1851) Ges
cÖvPxb MíKvi Ck‡ci Fables Aej¤^‡b K_vgvjv (1856) iPbv K‡ib|
 1869 mv‡j wZwb †k·wcq‡ii Comedy of Errors Gi evsjv Abyev` K‡ib
åvwšÍwejvm bv‡g|
36. ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq: (1838-1898)

 evsjv Dcb¨v‡mi RbK|
 Rajmohan‘s Wife-
(GwU Bs‡iwR fvlvq iwPZ †jL‡Ki cÖ_g Dcb¨vm)
 Bs‡iwR Romantic hy‡Mi mvwnwZ¨K Thomas De Quincy Gi
―Confession of an English Opium Eater‖ iPbvi AbyKi‡Y ew¼gP›`ª
Zvi KgjvKv‡šÍi `ßi iPbv K‡ib|
 ew¼gP‡›`ªi Avb›`gV Dcb¨v‡mi Bs‡iwR Abyev` K‡i‡Qb b‡ikP›`ª †mb¸ß-
„The Abbey of Bliss‟ bv‡g|
37. Napoleon: (†b‡cvwjqb †evbvcvU©; 1769-1821)
 Title: divwm wecø‡ei wkï
 Dcbvg: wjUj K‡c©vivj
 wZwb mviv we‡k¦i me©Kv‡ji Ab¨Zg †miv †mbvcwZ
 wZwb BZvwji Kwm©Kv Øx‡c Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
 1804-1815 mvj ch©šÍ wZwb d«v‡Ýi m¤ªvU wQ‡jb|

 1821 mv‡j †m›U †n‡jbv Øx‡c wbe©vwmZ Ae¯’vq wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
¸ß es‡ki ivRv mgy`ª ¸ß‡K cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi †b‡cvwjqb ejv nq|
Famous quotes:
(i) Give me a good mother; I will give you a good nation.
(ii) The career is open to the talents.
(iii) England is a nation of shop keepers. (Bs‡iRiv †`vKvb`v‡ii RvwZ)
(iv) Impossible is a word to be found only in the dictionary of the fools.
1815 mv‡j IqvUvi jyÕi hy‡× †b‡cvwjqb weª‡U‡bi

Kv‡Q civwRZ n‡q AvUjvw›U‡Ki GB †m›U †n‡jbv Øx‡c wbe©vwmZ nb|
38. Abraham Lincoln: (Aveªvnvg wjsKb, 1861-1865)

 Av‡gwiKvi 16Zg †cÖwm‡W›U
 wZwb mr cÖwZ‡ekx bxwZ Z‡Ë¡i cÖe³v
 15 GwcÖj 1865 mv‡j wZwb DBj· ey_ bvgK GK
AvZZvqxi ¸wj‡Z wbnZ nb|
 1863 mv‡j wZwb gvwK©b hy³iv‡ó«i `vmc«_vi Aemvb
NUvb Ges Emancipation Proclamation (gyw³i
†NvlYv) Gi gva¨‡g `vm‡ì gy³ K‡i †`b|
weL¨vZ Dw³:
(a) Democracy is the government of the people, by the
people, for the people.
(1863 mv‡ji 21 b‡f¤î Zvi 2 wgwb‡Ui ¯’vqx 272 k‡ãi weL¨vZ Gettysburg
Address G wZwb G K_v e‡jb| D‡jøL¨, e½eÜzi HwZnvwmK 7 gv‡P©i fvlY‡K
†MwUmevM© fvl‡Yi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq)
(b) With malice towards none, with charity for all.
(fvev_©: Kv‡iv mv‡_ •ewiZv bq, mevi mv‡_ †m․nv`©¨)
(c) The ballot is stronger than bullet.
(d) You can fool all the people some of the time, and
some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool
all the people all the time.
(e) The best way to destroy an enemy is to make him a friend.
(f) No man has a good enough memory to be a successful liar.
(g) Marriage is neither heaven nor hell, it is simply purgatory.
Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.

Previous Questions
The Victorian Period
01. 'David Copperfield' is a / an ----- novel. [36Zg wewmGm]
(a) Victorian (b) Elizabethan
(c) Romantic (d) Modern Ans. a
02. London town is found a living being in the work of- . [36Zg wewmGm]
(a) Thomas Hardy (b) Charles Dickens
(c) W. Congreve (d) D. H. Lawrence Ans. b
03. Who wrote 'Patriotism'? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv-2002]
(a) William Shakespeare (b) William Wordsworth
(c) Sir Walter Scott (d) Robert Browning Ans.c
04. Who excels in dramatic monologue? [Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-12]
(a) John Milton (b) Robert Browning
(c) S.T. Coleridge (d) William Wordsworth Ans. B
05. Who wrote the book 'Ivan Hoe'? [Dc mnKvix cwiPvjK(kÖg) c‡` cixÿv-2001]
(a) O' Henry (b) R L Stevenson
(c) Earnest Hemingway (d) Sir Walter Scott Ans.d
06. Which poetry is written by Sir Walter Scott? [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq
mnKvix wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2000]
(a) Patriotism (b) the Patriot
(c) A Frosty Night (d) All of the above Ans.a
07. In which century was the Victorian period? [16Zg wewmGm/ mve RR
wb‡qvM cixÿv-2008/we`y¨r Dbœqb †ev‡W©i Dc-mnKvix- 2012]
(c) 19th century (d) 20th century Ans. c
08. The Victorian age is named after-- [Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2010-11]
(a) King Victor 1
(b) Victory of the British Empire
(c) The Victors in the war against the French
(d) Queen Victoria Ans. d
09. Tennyson‟s 'In Memoriam' is- [cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awdmvi- 1990]
(a) an elegy (b) an ode
(c) a sonnet (d) None of them Ans. a
10. Who wrote the poem 'Ulysses'? [mnKvix cwiPvjK (Z_¨ gš¿Yvjq-03]
(a) Robert Browning (b) Alfred Tennyson
(c) George Eliot (d) Charles Dickens Ans. b
11. Tennyson wrote-- [_vbv mnKvix wkÿv Awdmvi- 1999]

(a) The Lotus-Eaters (b) Dover Beach
(c) My Last Dutchess (d) The Eve of St. Agnes Ans. a
12. 'The Falcon' is a comedy by-
(a) Emily Bronte (b) Charlotte Bronte
(c) Robert Browning (d) Alfred Tennyson Ans. d
13. Which of the following ages in literary history is the latest?
[wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK Ges cvm‡cvU© A¨vÛ Bwg‡MÖk‡b mnKvix cwiPvjK- 2006]
(a) The Anglo Saxon Age (b) The Renaissance Age
(c) The Romantic Age (d) The Victorian Age Ans. d
14. Browning was the composer of any of the following poems-
(a) Two Voices (b) The Scholar Gipsy
(c) Andrea Del Sarto (d) Oenone Ans. c
15. Who is the poet of the Victorian age?
(a) Helen Keller (b) Matthew Arnold
(c) Shakespeare (d) Robert Browning Ans. b/d
16. Who among the following is not a recipient of the Nobel prize
in Literature? [‡mvbvjx e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi- 2014]
(a) Rabindranath Tagore (b) W.B Yeats
(c) T. S Eliot (d) Robert Browning Ans. d
17. The poem 'The Patriot' is written by-- [mnKvix _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi- 2012]
(a) Alfred Tennyson (b) Robert Browning
(c) Matthew Arnold (d) John Donne And. b
18. Browning wrote-- [_vbv mnKvix wkÿv Awdmvi- 1999]
(a) Rabbi Ben Ezra (b) La Belle Dame Sans Merci
(c) Adonais (d) Don Juan Ans. a
19. Who is a Victorian Poet?
(a) Lord Byron (b) Thomas Gray
(c) Matthew Arnold (d) None of them Ans. c
20. 'The Scholar Gipsy' wrote by-
(a) Matthew Arnold (b) Robert Browning
(c) W. B Yeats (d) Alfred Tnnyson Ans. a
21. One of the following authors is French. Who is he? [‡ijI‡q mnKvix
Kgv‡ÛU c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2000]
(a) W. Somerset Maugham (b) Sir Arthur Doyle
(c) Edward Fitzgerald (d) Alexandre Dumas Ans. d
22. Matthew Arnold belongs to--
(a) Romantic Age (b) Victorian Age
(c) Puritan Age (d) Modern Age Ans. b
23. Who is the author of the novel 'Three Musketeers? [mgevq `ß‡i 1997]
(a) R. L. Stevenson (b) William Shakespeare
(c) Sir Walter Scott (d) Alexandre Dumas Ans. d
24. 'Vanity Fair' is a ---- [ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi mvBdi Awdmvi-2012]
(a) short story (b) drama
(c) Poem (d) novel Ans.d
25. Vanity Fair is a novel by--
(a) Dickens (b) Thackeray
(d) Scott (d) Fielding Ans. b
26. The writer of David Copperfield is- [mgvR‡mev Awdmvi (mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvjq)- 2010]
(a) Shakespeare (b) David Copperfield
(c) Charles Dickens (d) Rudyard Kipling Ans. c
27. Who wrote the two famous novels, 'David Copperfield' and 'A Tale of
Two Cities'? [29Zg wewmGm / ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2010-11]
(a) Thomas Hardy (b) Jane Austen
(a) George Eliot (d) Charles Dickens Ans. d
28. Charles Dickens was the writer of--- [mgvR †mev Awa`ßi cixÿv- 2010]
(a) Jane Eyre (b) Wuthering Heights
(c) David Copperfield (d) Return of the Native Ans. c
29. A Tale of Two Cities is a novel by- [mn cÖ‡K․kjx GjwRBwR c‡ì cixÿv- 2005]
(a) Dickens (b) Thackeray
(c) Scott (d) Fielding Ans. a
30. Charles Dickens is a great- [`yb©xwZ `gb ey¨‡ivi mnKvix cwi`k©K c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2004]
(a) poet (b) critic (c) play-wright (d) novelist Ans. d
31. †Kvb cy¯ÍKwU Charles Dickens- Gi †jLv? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK wb‡qvM 2001]
(a) The Moon and the Sixpence (b) As you Like It
(c) David Copperfield (d) The Old and the Sea Ans. c
32. Charles Dickens is not the novelist for one of the following-
(a) A Tale of Two Cities (b) Treasure Islam
(c) David Copperfield (d) Great Expectations Ans. b
33. Who did not receive Nobel Prize in Literature. [evsjv‡`k e¨vsK - 2013]
(a) Leo Tolstoy (b) Bernard Show
(c) T. S Elliot (d) Bertand Russell Ans. a
34. One of the four mentioned below is not a novelist of Modern Age in
English Language. Who is he? [cvewjK mvwf©m Kwgk‡b mnKvix cwiPvjK cixÿv- 1998]
(a) H.G Wells (b) Charles Dickens
(c) Rudyard Kipling (d) T. S Elliot Ans. b
35. Who is the author of the book "War and Peace?' [_vbv wkÿv Awdmvi-10]
(a) Leo Tolstoy (b) William Cowper
(c) Shakespeare (d) John Ruskin Ans. a
36. Leo Tolstoy is a-- novelist. [Rbkw³ Kg©¯’vb I cªwkÿY ey¨‡ivi Dc-cwiPvjK-2007]
(a) British (b) German (c) French (d) Russian Ans. d
37. 'War and Peace' an epic late of Napoleonic invasion is written by-
[cwi‡ek Awa`ß‡ii mn cwiPvjK-2007/ ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2010-11]
(a) George Bernard Show (b) Ernest Hemisgway
(c) Leo Tolstoy (d) Anne Frank Ans. c
38. The central idea of 'Under the greenwood tree' is that:
[Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-12] Ans. d
(a) life in the forest is dangerous (b) urban life is disgusting
(c) we all should live simple life (d) life in nature is simple and free
39. In 'Under the greenwood tree' which of the following is
mentioned as an 'enemy'? [Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-12]
(a) nature (b) forest (c) sun (d) a big tree Ans. b
40. The Return of the native is written by--
[cvm‡cvU© I Bwg‡MÖkb Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK-2007]
(a) Aldus Huxley (b) Alexander Dumas
(c) Somerset Maugham (d) Thomas Hardy Ans. d
41. 'Sherlock Holmes' was written by--- [Bmjvgx wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2010-11]
(a) G. K. Cheslerton (b) Macbeth
(c) John Galsworthy (d) Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Ans. d
42. Who created the detective 'Sherlock Holmes'? [kÖg Awa`ß‡ii kÖg Kg©KZ©v
Ges RbmsL¨v I cwieviKj¨vY Kg©KZ©v- 2003]
(a) John Gay (b) W. B Somerset Maugham
(c) Sir A Conan Doyle (d) Dylan Thomas Ans. C
43. 'Govt. of the people, by the people for the people' was observed by-
[5g we‡RGm (mnKvix RR) cÖv_wgK cixÿv-2010]
(a) Abraham Lincoln (b) Clinton
(c) M. K. Gandhi (d) Yasir Arafat Ans. a
44. 'You may fool some of the people some of the time; you can
even fool some of the people all the time, but you can't fool all
the people all time' was stated by-- [mve †iwR÷ªvi 2001]
(a) George Washington (b) V. V. I Lenin
(c) Abraham Lincoln (d) Churchill Ans. c
45. 'Give me good mothers, I will give you a good nation' was the
observation of- [‡Uwj‡dvb †ev‡W©i mnKvix cwiPvjK/ wnmve iÿY Kg©KZ©v- 2004]
(a) Hitler (b) Abraham Lincoln
(d) Napoleon (d) Sheikh Mojib Ans. c
46. Who is not Poet Laureate?
(a) Alfred Tennyson (b) William Wordsworth
(c) Robert Browning (d) Edmund Spenser Ans. c
47. Who was a peot Laureate after William Wordsworth?

(a) Alfred Tennyson (b) Ben Jonson
(c) John Dryden (d) Edmund Spenser Ans. a
48. Who is the author of “The Origin of Species,” [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mn- 2002]
(a) C. Darwin (b) A. Pope
(c) T. Hardy (d) O. Goldsmith Ans. a
49. Who is the author of „Arabian Nights‟? [¯îvóªgš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb mn cwiPvjK- 2011]
(a) Sir Richard Burton (b) Alexander Pope
(c) Smith (d) None of them Ans. a
50. Robert Browning was a ___ poet. Fill in the gap with
appropriate word. [37Zg wewmGm]
(a) Romantic (b) Victorian
(c) Modern (d) Elizathan Ans. b
51. The appropriate meaning of the word 'monologue' is -.
[evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡bi cÖ‡hvRK- 06]
(a) a long speech in a play spoken by one actor especially when alone
(b) conversation in a play
(c) a speech in a play in which a character, who is alone on the stae,
speaks his thoughts aloud
(d) a dialogue between the two actors or actresses in a drama Ans. a
52. 'A song embodying religious and sacred emotions.' [30th BCS]
(a) Lyric (b) Ode
(c) Hymn (d) Ballad Ans. c
53. A novel is not written in ___. [COU(B) 13-14]
(a) prose (b) letter form
(c) rhyme (d) third person narrative Ans. c
54. Kv‡K Short story Gi RbK ejv nq?
(a) GW. Gjvb †cv (b) wU. GwjqU
(c) mgvi‡mU gg (d) †`qv †bB Ans. A
The Messenger of Allah prophet Muhammad

(peace be upon him) says:
- ‫ ﻭﺳﻨﺔ ﻧﺒﻴﻪ‬،‫ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ‬: ‫ﺗﺮﻛﺖ ﻓﻴﻜﻢ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻀﻠﻮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻤﺴﻜﺘﻢ ﺑﻬﻤﺎ‬
I left you two things. If you maintain,
you will not go astray-
the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of His Prophet.
7. The Modern &

The Post Modern Periods
Duration: 1901-1939-present
The Modern & The Post Modern Periods

Duration: 1901-1939-present

 The Modern Period includes two shorter ages:
a. The Edwardian (1901-1910)- Edward (vii) Gi Avgj|
(Zvi Avg‡j 1905 mv‡j Dcgnv‡`‡k e½f½ nq- Viceroy jW© KvR©b KZ…©K)
b. The Georgian (1910-1936)- George (v) Gi Avgj|
(Zvi Avg‡j 1911 mv‡j Dcgnv‡`‡k e½f½ i` nq- Viceroy jW© nvwW©Ä KZ…©K)
Edward (vii) jW© KvR©b George (v) jW© nvwW©Ä

 aviYv Kiv nq, Kwe Ezra Pound Gi “Make it new” ZË¡ †_‡K Modernism
Gi hvÎv m~wPZ nq|
 -
(Dyarchy)
 ivbx wØZxq GwjRv‡e_ eZ©gvb hy³iv‡Rï ivóªcÖavb|
Nobel cyi¯‥vi cÖm½:
 1901 mvj †_‡K mvwn‡Z¨ Nobel cyi¯‥vi Pvjy nq|
 1901 mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g Nobel cyi¯‥vi weRqxi bvg: mywj cÖæayg
 mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g Nobel weRqx bvix: Selma Lagerlof (†mjgv †jMid)
 g~jZ mvwn‡Z¨ Nobel cyi¯‥vi †`qv nq mvwnwZ¨K‡ì mgMÖ Rxe‡bi mvwnZ¨Kg©
Pzj‡Piv we‡kølY K‡i| Z‡e 9 evi †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi cÖ`vb Kiv nq mvwnwZ¨K‡ì
wbw`©ó K‡g©i Rb¨|
Nobel Prize in Literature winners:
1) Rudyard Kipling (1907): UK (born in British India)

2) Rabindranath Tagore (1913): India
3) W. B. Yeats (1923): Ireland
4) George Bernard Shaw (1925): Ireland
5) Sinclair Lewis (1930): US
6) John Galsworthy (1932): UK
7) Eugene O'Neill (1936): US
8) Pearl S. Buck (1938): US
9) T. S. Eliot (1948): UK (born in the US)
10) William Faulkner (1949): US
11) Bertrand Russell (1950): UK
12) Winston Churchill (1953): UK
13) Ernest Hemingway (1954): US
14) John Steinbeck (1962): US
15) Samuel Beckett (1969): Ireland (lived in France much of his life)
16) Patrick White (1973): Australia
17) Saul Bellow (1976): US
18) Isaac Bashevis Singer (1978): US (born in Poland)
19) William Golding (1983): UK
20) Wole Soyinka (1986): Nigeria
21) Joseph Brodsky (1987): US (born in Russia)
22) Nadine Gordimer (1991): South Africa
23) Derek Walcott (1992): St Lucia, West Indies
24) Toni Morrison (1993): US
25) Seamus Heaney (1995): Ireland
26) V. S. Naipaul (2001): UK (born in Trinidad)
27) J. M. Coetzee (2003): South Africa
28) Harold Pinter (2005): UK
29) Doris Lessing (2007): UK (grew-up in Zimbabwe)
30) Alice Munro (2013): Canada
 AvaywbK hy‡M A‡bK †ewk †jLK _vKvq wkÿv_©x‡ì myweav‡_© †jL‡ì bvg
eY©µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
Modern English Period Gi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K:
01. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam:

 cy‡iv bvg: Aveyj cvwKi Rqbyj Av‡ew`b gy. Avãyj Kvjvg
 wZwb fvi‡Zi 11Zg ivóªcwZ Ges PZz_© gymwjg ivóªcwZ
 Rb¥ : 15 A‡±vei 1931; g„Zz¨ 27 RyjvB, 2015 (84 eQi)
 Rb¥¯’vb: iv‡gk¦i, Zvwgjbvo–, fviZ
 Dcvwa: wgmvBjg¨vb, ¯^‡cœi †dwiIqvjv
Famous books:
(i) Wings of Fire (An Autobiography; Z‡e India Wins Freedom
(fviZ ¯^vaxb nj) MÖš’wU wj‡L‡Qb gvIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`)
(ii) Ignited Minds
(iii) Inspiring Thought
(iv) The Luminus Sparks
(v) Turning Points (Z‡e Decision Points MÖš’wU RR© WweøI ey‡ki †jLv)
(vi) You are Born to Bloom
(vii) Target 3 Billion (Z‡e Four Million bv‡g O‘ HenryÕi GKwU weL¨vZ
†QvUMí i‡q‡Q)|
(viii) Indomitable Spirit
(ix) My Journey (Z‡e A Journey MÖš’wU wj‡L‡Qb Uwb †eøqvi)
Famous quote:
 ―Dream is not that which you see while sleeping;
It is something that will not let you sleep.‖
(Ògvbyl hv Nywg‡q †`‡L Zv ¯^cœ bq; ¯^cœ Zv hv gvbyl‡K Nygv‡Z †`q bvÓ)
02. A.C. Bradley:

Full name: Andrew Cecil Bradley
 He was a famous critic of Shakespeare.
Famous book: Shakespearean Tragedy
03. Anthony Mascarenhas: (gvm&Kv‡ibnvm; 1928 – 3 Dec. 1986)

 A famous Pakistani journalist and author
 Mascarenhas was born into a Goan Catholic family
in Belgaum, and educated in Karachi.
 wZwb 1971 mv‡ji 13 Ryb jÛb Gi mvb‡W UvBgm cwÎKvq gyw³hy‡×
evsjv‡`‡k MYnZ¨v wb‡q Genocide bv‡g GKwU weL¨vZ Article cÖKvk
K‡ib| hv wek¦-we‡eK‡K `viæYfv‡e bvov w`‡qwQj|
 The BBC writes: "There is little doubt that Mascarenhas'
reportage played its part in ending the war. It helped turn world
opinion against Pakistan and encouraged India to play a decisive
role." Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi stating that
Mascarenhas' article led her "to prepare the ground for India's
armed intervention".
Books:
(i) The Rape of Bangladesh (1971)
 GB eB‡q 1971 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívbx ee©iZvi wPÎ †`qv n‡q‡Q|
(ii) Bangladesh : A Legacy of Blood (evsjv‡`k: i‡³i FY)
 1986 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ GB eB‡q e½eÜz †_‡K wRqvDi ingvb ch©šÍ
mKj ivR‣bwZK nZ¨vKv‡Ði cÖvgvY¨ weeiY †`qv Av‡Q|
g‡b ivLyb:
Alexander Pope: The Rape of the Lock (mock epic)
Henry Fielding: Rape upon Rape (novel)
William Shakespeare: The Rape of Laurece (poem)
04. Adlof Hitler:

 He was an Austrian-born German politician
 wZwb Rvg©vwbi P¨v‡Ýji nb 30 Rvbyqvwi 1933 mv‡j
 Zvi †Mvcb cywjk evwnbxi bvg †M÷v‡cv
 wZwb 2 AvM÷ 1934 mv‡j wb‡R‡K Ôdz‡qiviÕ (Fuhrer) ev Leader wn‡m‡e
†NvlYv †`b|
 wZwb bvrwm evwnbxi cÖavb wQ‡jb|

 Zvi †Mvcb †cÖwgKvi bvg- Bfv eªvDb (Eva Braun)
 30 GwcÖj 1945 mv‡j wZwb Ges Bfv eªvDb GKB
mv‡_ AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib
(to avoid capture by the Red Army)
 Zvi weL¨vZ AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖš’: Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
(70 eQi wbwl× _vKvi ci 2016 mv‡j M«š’wU cybg©y`ªY n‡q‡Q| c…ôv msL¨v 720, Rvg©vb fvlv)
 Dw³: hy×B Rxeb, hy×B mve©Rbxb|
05. Allen Ginsberg: (A¨v‡jb wMbmevM©; June 3, 1926 – April 5, 1997)

 A famous American poet
 weL¨vZ KweZv:
September on Jessore Road
(†m‡Þ¤î Ab h‡kvi †ivW; 152 jvBb)
 AviDBb A¨v‡jb wQ‡jb gvwK©b Kwe, †jLK, MxwZKvi whwb 1950-Gi `k‡Ki weU c«Rb¥ Ges
wecixZ ms¯‥…wZ Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…¯’vbxq e¨w³| wZwb mvgwiKZš¿, A_©‣bwZK e¯‘ev` Ges †h․b wbcxob
wel‡qi †Rviv‡jvfv‡e we‡ivwaZv K‡ib| ïiy‡Z wMÝevM© Zvi "nvDj" (1956) gnvKv‡eï Rb¨ me©vwaK
cwiwPZ nb; †hLv‡b wZwb gvwK©b hy³iv‡ó«i cyuwRev‡ì aŸsmvZ¥K kw³‡K wb›`v K‡ib| GB KweZvwU
wj‡LwQ‡jb Zvi weU cÖR‡b¥i eÜy‡ì eiY K‡i wb‡q Ges e¯‘ev‡ì aŸsmvZ¥K kw³‡K AvµgY K‡i|
wMÝevM© 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i mgq fviZxq mvwnwZ¨K mybxj M‡½vcva¨v‡qi mv‡_
fvi‡Z Aew¯’Z evsjv‡`kx kiYv_©x wkwei¸‡jv‡Z Ny‡i †ewi‡qwQ‡jb| Gmgq h‡kv‡ii AwfÁZv wb‡q
GKwU KweZv wj‡Lb hvi bvg †m‡Þ¤î Ab h‡kvi ‡ivW (September on Jessore Road, 152-
line poem)| hy³iv‡ó« wd‡i wM‡q Zvi eÜy ee wWjvb I Ab¨‡ì mnvqZvq GB KweZvwU‡K wZwb Mv‡b
iƒc w`‡qwQ‡jb| Kbmv‡U© GB Mvb †M‡q Zviv evsjv‡`kx kiYv_©x‡ì mnvqZvi Rb¨ A_© msM«n
K‡iwQ‡jb| (m~Î: DBwKwcwWqv)
 KweZvwUi weL¨vZ K‡qKwU jvBb n‡jv:

Millions of daughters walk in the mud/ Millions of children wash
in the flood/ A Million girls vomit & groan/Millions of families
hopeless alone.
 KweZvwU‡Z gyw³hy‡×i mgq Av‡gwiKvi f‚wgKv m¤ú‡K© wMbmevM© e‡j‡Qb:

Where are the helicopters of U.S. AID?/ Smuggling dope in
Bangkok's green shade./ Where is America's Air Force of Light?/
Bombing North Laos all day and all night?
06. Arther Clarke:

 A famous science fiction writer
07. Alexander Campbell: (K¨v¤ú‡ej)
 Book: The Heart of India (BwZnvm MÖš’)
08. Arundhuty Roy:

 Rb¥ : 24 b‡f¤î 1961, wkjs, †gNvjq, fviZ
Books:
a) God of Small Things (Novel)
1997 mv‡j GB MÖ‡š’i Rb¨ wZwb ‗Booker Prize‘ cvb|
b) Field Notes on Democracy
09. Alice Munro: (Gwjm gb‡iv)

 wZwb Canadian short story writer
 wZwb 2013 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib|
Novel: My Mother‘s Dream
10. Amitav Ghosh: (fviZxq mvwnwZ¨K)

Works:
(i) The Glen Palace
(ii) Sea of Poppies
(iii) River of Smoke
(iv) The Shadow Lines (Novel)
11. Aldus Huxley: (GjWvm nv·wj)
Novels:
(v) Point Counter Point
(vi) Ends and Means
(vii) Brave New World
[Aldous Huxley‘s vision of a future human race controlled
by global capitalism is every bit as prescient as Orwell‘s
more famous dystopia.]
12. Amartya Sen: (AgZ©¨ †mb)

 Rb¥: 3 b‡f¤î, 1933
 GKRb †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi weRqx (1998) evsjv‡`kx-fviZxq
evOvjx A_©bxwZwe` I `vk©wbK|
 AgZ©¨ †m‡bi Rb¥ evsjv‡`‡ki gvwbKM‡Ä| Zvi Avw` wbevm
eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx XvKvi Iqvix‡Z|
 Kw_Z Av‡Q, iex›`«bv_ VvKyi Zvi bvg †i‡LwQ‡jb AgZ©¨- hvi A_© Agi ev Awebk¦i|
 wZwb eZ©gv‡b Ugvm WweøI j‡g›U wek¦we`¨vj‡qi m¤§vbm~PK Aa¨vcK Ges nvf©vW©
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi `k©b wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e Kg©iZ Av‡Qb|
 wZwb RvwZms‡Ni wewfbœ †`‡ki wk¶v I gvbe m¤ú` Dbœqb m¤ú‡K© aviYv cvIqvi Rb¨
Ògvbe Dbœqb m~PKÓ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib|
 AgZ©¨ †m‡bi wjwLZ eB weMZ Pwjøk eQi a‡i cÖvq wZwikwU fvlvq Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q|
 wZwb wewewm Rwi‡c 14 Zg †kÖô ev½vjx|
Zvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’:
(a) Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entittlement and
Deprivation
(b) On Ethics and Economics
(c) Development as Freedom
(d) An Uncertain Glory: India and its Contradiction
(e) The Country of First Boys
(f) The Country of First Boys
13. Arbinda Adigaon: (Aiwe›` Avw`MvI)

Novel: The White Tiger
14. Albert Camus: (1913-1960)

Famous books:
 The Qutsider or The Stranger (1992)
 "The Myth of Sisyphus" (Le Mythe de Sisyphe, 1942)
 The Plague (1947)
15. Aiub Khan: (AvBqye Lvb )

 Book: Friend not Master
16. Anita Desai: (fviZxq mvwnwZ¨K)

 Anita Mazumdar Desai (born 24 June 1937)
 An Indian novelist and the Emerita John E. Burchard Professor
of Humanities at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Works:
(i) Games at Twilight
(ii) Fire on the Mountain
17. Anne Frank (A¨vbv d«v¼):

Works: The Diary of a Young Girl (Ij›`vR fvlvq)
 2q wek¦hy‡×i Rvg©vb bvrmx (Nazi) evwnbx †b`vij¨vÛ (nj¨vÛ) Awfhv‡bi mgqKvjxb NUbv
†jwLKv Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| †m mgq †jwLKv Zvi cwiev‡ii mv‡_ 2 eQi AvZ¥‡Mvc‡b _vKvi mg‡qi
`y‡f©v‡Mi eY©bv i‡q‡Q M«š’wU‡Z|
18. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman:

 The founding leader of Bangladesh/ The Father of the Nation.
 Zvi RxebKvj: 17 March 1920 – 15 August 1975
 weL¨vZ MÖš’:
Amgvß AvZ¥Rxebx (pubilised: 12th June 2012)
 MÖš’wUi f~wgKv wj‡Lb : †kL nvwmbv|
 Bs‡iwR Abyev`: The Unfinished Memoirs (†g‡gvqvi-¯§„wZK_v)
Abyev`K: dKiæj Avjg
 Aviwe Abyev`K: c«‡dmi W. Avey †iRv gynv¤§` †bRvgyÏxb b`fx (Gg.wc.)
 Rvcvwb fvlvq Abyev`K:
Kazuhiro Watanabe (KvRywn‡iv IZv‡b‡e)
 cÖKvkbv ms¯’v: ÔAvKvwk †kv‡ZbÕ|
 Chinese Translator: Chi Jhee
(Former ambassador of China in Bangladesh)
 University Press Ltd. †_‡K GwU cÖKvwkZ nq|
 e½eÜzi Av‡iKwU MÖš’ ÔAvgvi wKQz K_vÕ|
 5 Gwc«j 1971 mv‡j gvwK©b hy³iv‡ó« wbDBqK©wfwËK weL¨vZ Newsweek
mvgwqKx‡Z e½eÜz‡K wb‡q Poet of Politics (ivRbxwZi Kwe) wk‡ivbv‡g
GKwU weL¨vZ cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj|
 g‡b ivLyb: wR gvIjv msKwjZ 12wU fvlvq Ab~w`Z e½eÜzi 7 gv‡P©i fvlY I
Zvi Rxeb cwiPq msewjZ MÖ‡š’i bvgI Poet of Politics.
e½eÜz c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvg cwieZ©b K‡i evsjv‡`k †i‡LwQ‡jb:

On 5 December 1969, Mujib made a declaration at a public
meeting held to observe the death anniversary of Suhrawardy that
henceforth East Pakistan would be called "Bangladesh":
"There was a time when all efforts were made to erase the word
"Bangla" from this land and its map. The existence of the word "Bangla"
was found nowhere except in the term Bay of Bengal. I on behalf of
Pakistan announce today that this land will be called "Bangladesh"
instead of East Pakistan."
(Source: "Political Profile of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman" by
Bangladesh Awami League)
e½eÜz GB K_v e‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb:
"This may be my last message, from today Bangladesh is independent.
I call upon the people of Bangladesh wherever you might be and
with whatever you have, to resist the army of occupation to the last. Your
fight must go on until the last soldier of the Pakistan occupation army is
expelled from the soil of Bangladesh and final victory is achieved."
(The Declaration of Independence on the night of 26th March, 1971 by
Bangabandhu)
e½eÜyi weL¨vZ wKQz Dw³:
a) “This time the struggle is for our freedom,
this time the struggle is for our independence!”
(7 March,1971)
b) “My greatest strength is the love for my people.
My greatest weakness is that I love them too much.”
(Interview with Sir David Frost on the BBC, 1972)
c) “I have given you independence, now go and preserve it.”
(While speaking to Awami League leaders a few hours before
his arrest on the night of 25th March, 1971)
d) 1971 mv‡ji DËvj gv‡P©i w`b¸‡jv‡Z GK †c«m Kbdv‡i‡Ý e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingvb `…ßK‡É
GB AwMœSiv K_v¸‡jv e‡jwQ‡jb:
―Nobody should play with fire. Nobody should try to
suppress the will of 70 million people. When 70 million are
determined to achieve something- no power on earth can suppress
them. Today, tomorrow or day after tomorrow- victory is ours.‖
(Av¸b wb‡q †Ljv Kiv Kv‡iv DwPZ bq| †KD mvZ †KvwU gvby‡li B”Qv‡K `vev‡q ivL‡Z
cvi‡ebv| hLb mvZ †KvwU gvbyl †Kvb wKQy AR©‡bi Rb¨ c«wZÁve× nq, c…w_exi †KD Zv‡ì
`wg‡q ivL‡Z cv‡ibv| AvR †nvK, Kvj †nvK, Avi ciï †nvK- Rq Avgv‡ìB)
19. Barak Obama:

 †Kbxq es‡kv™¢zZ evivK (†nv‡mb) Ievgv n‡jb cÖ_g K…òv½ gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U
 wZwb Bwjbq A½iv‡Rï wm‡bUi wQ‡jb|
 2009 mv‡j wZwb 44 Zg gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vwPZ nb Ges GKB mv‡j kvwšÍ‡Z
†bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib|
 g‡b ivLyb: evivK Ievgvmn hy³iv‡óªi †gvU 4 Rb †cÖwm‡W›U kvwšÍ‡Z †bv‡ej cvb|
Abïv n‡jb-
1| w_DWi iæR‡fë (1901 mv‡j wZwb †nvqvBU nvD‡Ri bvgKiY K‡ib)
2| W. D‡Wªv DBjmb (USA Gi GKgvÎ W±‡iU wWwMÖavix †cÖwm‡W›U)
3| wRwg KvU©vi (wZwb †nvqvU nvDR Wv‡qwi MÖš’wU wj‡L‡Qb)
evivK Ievgvi weL¨vZ MÖš’:
(i) The Audacity of Hope (cÖZ¨vkvi ¯úa©v)
(ii) Dreams From My Father
(iii) It Takes A Nation
(iv) Change We Can Believe In
(v) Of Thee I Sing : A Letter to My Daughters
(Z‡e A Prayer for My Daughter bv‡g weL¨vZ KweZv wj‡L‡Qb W.B. Yeats)
20. Bertrand Russell: (evUª©vÛ iv‡mj; 18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970)

 was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian,
writer, social critic and political activist
 But he was awarded Nobel Prize in literature in 1950.
 cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i mgq hy×we‡ivax e³‡eï Rb¨ Zv‡K 6 gvm †Rj LvU‡Z nq|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †P․ayix‡K evU©ªvÛ iv‡m‡ji fvewkl¨ ejv nq| Zvi
ÔmyLÕ MÖš’wU evU©vÛ iv‡m‡ji Conquest of Happines Gi Abyev`|
evU©vÛ iv‡m‡ji weL¨vZ MÖš’:
 The Elements of Ethics
 Human Knowledge
 The Problems of Philosophy
 Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy
(†RjLvbvq e‡m †jLv GB eB‡Z †jLK MwYZ Ges hyw³‡K G‡K A‡bï mv‡_ A½vw½fv‡e RwoZ
e‡j AvL¨v †`b| wZwb e‡jb Zv‡ì cv_©K¨ nj evjK I cyiæ‡li| hyw³ MwY‡Zi †QvU‡ejvi iƒc
Avi MwYZ hyw³i eo‡ejv)
 Religion and Science
 Marriage and Morals
 The Impact of Science on Society
21. eveyj †P․ayix:

Innocent Millions
(gyw³hy×wfwËK cÖvgvY¨ Pjw”PÎ)
22. †eMg †iv‡Kqv:
 Sultana‘s Dream
(GwU Bs‡iwR‡Z †jLv Zvi GKgvÎ Dcb¨vm)
23. Chinua Achebe: (wPbyqv AvwP‡e)
 wZwb bvB‡Rwiqvi novelist poet & professor
 Zv‡K Father of Modern
African Literature ejv nq|
Novels:
(i) Things Fall Apart
(ii) Arrow of God
(iii) The African Trilogy Chinua Achebe
(iv) The Man of the People

24. Colonel Gaddafi:
 The Green Book
25. Condoleezza Rice:
 Book: No Higher Honour
26. Dan Brown: (W¨vb eªvDb, born June 22, 1964)
 An American author of thriller fiction
His best-selling novel:
 The Da Vinci Code (a 2003 mystery-detective novel)
 Angels and Demons
27. David Émile Durkheim: (`y‡L©Bg)
 a French sociologist, social psychologist and philosopher
 Novel : Suicide
28. Doris Lessing: (Wwim †jwms)

* African (Zimbabwe) English Writer
Famous novels:
(i) The Grass is Singing
(ii) Children of Violence
(iii) The Good Terrorist Wwim †jwms
(iv) The Golden Notebook (GB MÖ‡š’i Rb¨ wZwb 2007 mv‡j †bv‡ej
cyi¯‥vi †c‡q‡Qb)
29. D.H. Lawrence: (†WweW nvievU© j‡iÝ)
 David Herbert Richards Lawrence
 was a famous novelist of Modern Age
 His characters always portray himself.
Famous novels: †WweW nvievU© j‡iÝ
(i) Sons and Lovers [an autobiographical (AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK) novel]

(ii) Lady Chatterley‘s Lovers
(iii) The Rainbow (Z‡e G bv‡g IqvW©m&Iqv‡_©i GKwU weL¨vZ KweZv i‡q‡Q)
(iv) Woman in Love
(v) The White Peacock (Z‡e The White Tiger wj‡L‡Qb Arbinda
Adigaon; fvi‡Zi RvZxq cvwL Peacock/gq~i)
Famous short stories:
(i) The Virgin and the Gypsy
(ii) The Rocking House Winner
30. Dylan Thomas:

 Poems:
(i) Fern Hill
(ii) The Map of Love
31. W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq:
 wZwb Origin and Development of Bangali Languege (ODBL)
bv‡g GKwU weL¨vZ fvlv welqK MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib 1926 mv‡j|
32. W. AvKei Avjx Lvb:
 A Bangladeshi economist and educationist
Famous book:
Gresham's Law Syndrome and Beyond:
An Analysis of the Bangladesh Bureaucracy
33. E. M. Milford:
Book: The Field of Embroidered Quilt
(GwU cjøxKwe RmxgD`&`x‡bi bKkx Kuv_vi gv‡Vi Bs‡iwR Abyev`|
RmxgD`&`x‡bi Folk Songs of East Bengal)
34. Emerson:
 Ralph Waldo Emerson
 May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882
 was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet
 He led the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century.
 Famous book: The American Scholar
35. Erik Axel Karlfeldt:
 He is the only posthumous (gi‡YvËi) Nobel Prize winner in
literature in 1931.
 mvwn‡Z¨ gi‡YvËi †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi weRqx GKgvÎ e¨w³| D‡jøL¨, G ch©šÍ 3
Rb gi‡YvËi †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib| Ab¨ `yRb n‡jb `¨vM n¨vgvi‡kvì
(kvwšÍ‡Z 1961mv‡j) Ges ivjd Gg. †÷bg¨vb (wPwKrmvq 2011mv‡j)
36. E.M Forster:

 Full name : Edward Morgan Forster (d÷vi)
 Zvi weL¨vZ cÖeÜ: ―My Wood‖
Famous novels:
(i) A Passage to India
(PwiÎvejx: Dr. Aziz, Rony Hislop,
Stella Moore, Miss Adela Quested cÖgyL)
(ii) Howards End
(iii) A Room with a View
 Z‡e A Room of One‟s Own (fiction) wj‡L‡Qb Virginia Woolf
(iv) Where Angels Fear to Tread
Collection of short stories:
The Celestial Omnibus
37. Ernesto Che Guevara: (†P ¸‡qfviv; 1928-1967)
 Rb¥- 14 Ryb 1928, †ivRvwiI, Av‡R©w›Ubv
 Dcvwa: Che Ernesto (†P Gi‡b‡¯Ív)
 wKDevi wecø‡ei cÖavb e¨w³Z¡
 weL¨vZ MÖš’: Guerrilla Warfare
38. Ernest Hemingway: (Av‡b©÷ †nwgsI‡q, 1899-1961)

 Av‡gwiKvi weL¨vZ Jcb¨vwmK I mvsevw`K|
 wZwb RxeÏkvq 7wU Dcb¨vm, 6wU †QvUMí msKjb I `ywU bb-wdKkb MÖš’ c«Kvk K‡ib|
 1961 mv‡ji 2 RyjvB †fv‡i wb‡Ri wc«q kU©Mvb w`‡q ¸wj K‡i AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib|
 Zvi weL¨vZ MÖš’ (MíMÖš’) ―In our time‖|
Novels:
(i) A Farewell to Arms (AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK Dcb¨vm, 1929)
 GLv‡b Arms ej‡Z GKB mv‡_ †cÖwgKvi evû Ges hy×v¯¿‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GwU GKwU
hy×we‡ivax Dcb¨vm| evsjv Abyev`K- wbqvR †gvi‡k`|
(ii) The Old Man and the Sea
 1951 mv‡j wKDevq _vKvKvjxb mg‡q wjwLZ GB MÖ‡š’i Rb¨ wZwb 1953 mv‡j cywjrRvi
Ges 1954 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib| Gi e½vbyev` K‡i‡Qb d‡Zn †jvnvbx|
Dcb¨vmwU‡Z DcmvMixq †¯ªv‡Z wekvj GK gviwjb gv‡Qi mv‡_ mvwšÍqv‡Mvi GK e…×
†R‡ji msM«v‡gi Kvwnbx ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| Z‡e, fviZxq ivRbxwZK `v`vfvB bI‡ivwR‡K
The Grand Old Man of India ejv nq|
(iii) For Whom the Bell Tolls

 Z‡e G bv‡g Jacobean Period Gi Kwe Rb Wv‡bi GKwU KweZv i‡q‡Q|
(iv) The Sun also Rises
 It is Hemingway‘s first and best novel which explores courage,
cowardice and manly authenticity.
(v) The Dangerous Summer
(vi) True at First Light
(vii) The Torrents of Spring
Short story:
i) Indian Camp (1924)
ii) Cat in the Rain (1925)
iii) Men Without Women (Mí msKjb)
iv) The Killers Ernest Miller Hemingway
 g‡b ivLyb:
Ernest Hemingway: The Sun also Rises (novel)
John Donne: The Sun Rising (poem)
39. Eugene O’Neil: (BDwRb IÕ‡bBj)
 American Dramatist
 wZwb 1936 mv‡j wZwb †bv‡ej cvb
Plays:
 The Hairy Ape (†jvgk evbi)
 bvq‡Ki bvg Yank
 GwU GKwU Tragedy of class division
 Long Days Journey into Night (A four act play)
 Desire Under the Elms
40. Francis Fokuama: (dzKzBqvgv)

 wZwb eZ©gv‡b ÷¨vb‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †R¨ô †d‡jv
 Book: The End of the History and the Last Man
41. Fidel Castro: (wd‡`j K¨v‡÷ªv)

 Former president of Cuba
Famous books:
(i) The Guerrilla of Time (†Mwijv)
 Gi Theme: Revolutionary Zeal
(ii) The Strategic Victory
e½eÜz m¤ú‡K© wd‡`j K¨v‡÷ªv e‡j‡Qb: wd‡`j K¨v‡÷ªv
“I have not seen the Himalays,
But I have seen Sheikh Mujib.
In personality and in courage, this man is the Himalays.
I have thus had the experience of witnessing the Himalays.”
[in 1973, at an international summit of NAM, held in Algiers]
42. Fyodor Dostoyevsky: (wdDì `¯Íqfw¯‥)

 wZwb ivwkqvi †jLK I `vk©wbK
Famous novels:
(i) Crime and Punishment
(ii) The Idiot
(iii) The Eternal
(iv) A Little Hero
(v) The House of the Dead
(vi) Notes from Underground
 Crime and Punishment MÖ‡š’i Theme n‡jv: ―Crime never goes
without punishment.‖
43. †d¬v‡iÝ bvBwU‡½j:
Title: Lady with the Lamp 
44. Gunnar Myrdal:
 A Swedish Nobel laureate economist, sociologist, and politician.
Famous book: The Asian Drama
45. Gunter Grass:

 Famous Poet and Novelist of Germany
 wZwb wnUjv‡ii c¨viv wgwjUvwi evwnbx‡Z KvR Ki‡Zb|
 1999 mv‡j wZwb mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib|
 wZwb 1986 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k Av‡mb|
 wZwb 13 GwcÖj, 2015 mv‡j g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
Novels:
(i) The Tin Drum (†kÖô Dcb¨vm)
(ii) Cat and Mouse
(Z‡e The Cat and The Moon KweZvwU wj‡L‡Qb W.B. Yeats)
(iii) Dog Years
(iv) What Must Be Said
46. Gabriel Garcia Marquez: (Mvweª‡qj Mvwm©qv gv‡K©m, 1927-2014)
 wZwb Colombian writer / Novelist
 wZwb 17 GwcÖj 2014, Mexico †Z g„ZzëiY K‡ib|
 Zv‡K j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvi wesk kZvãxi me‡P‡q
¸iæZ¡c~Y© †jLK g‡b Kiv nq|
Novels:
(i) Love in the time of Cholera
(ii) Autumn of the Patriarch
(iii) One Hundred Years of Solitude (wbtm½Zvi GKk eQi)
 ¯ú¨vwbk fvlvq iwPZ G Dcb¨v‡mi weL¨vZ Dw³: They were so close
to each other that they preferred death to separation.
47. George Orwell: (RR© AiI‡qj)

 wZwb e„wUk Avg‡ji GKRb cywjk Awdmvi wQ‡jb|
 Zvi Avmj bvg: Eric Arthur Blair
 Rb¥: Awef³ fvi‡Zi evsjv cÖ‡`‡ki gwZnvwi‡Z|

 ²v b
Famous novels:
(i) Animal Farm
GwU †mvwf‡qZ we‡ivax iƒcKvkÖqx Dcb¨vm| G M«‡š’ Avgv‡ì mgKvjxb ivR‣bwZK I mvgvwRK
cwi‡ek‡K we`«~cvZ¥K fw½‡Z cïKvwnbxi iƒc‡K (Allegory) Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
(ii) Nineteen Eighty Four
wZwb K&
Kg©KvÐ h©‡ Y
- ‡Q Big Brother
eûj |
( DcwiD³ e©
(iii) Homage to Catalonia
(iv) The Road to Wigan Pier
Famous essay: ―Shooting an Elephant‖
48. George Bernard Shaw: (RR© evb©vW k)

 Zvi Rb¥ Avqvij¨v‡Û 1856 mv‡j|
 Zvi mswÿß bvg G.B. Shaw. He wrote more than 60 plays.
 He is the Father of Modern English Literature /Drama.
 He was strongly influenced by Henric Ibsen.
 He is the greatest playwright of the Modern Period.
 RR© evb©vW k Fabian society Gi Ab¨Zg m`m¨ wQ‡jb|
 wZwb 1925 mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib|
Famous plays of G B. Shaw:
(i) Man and Superman (1902-03)  It is a famous Comedy of Ideas.
(ii) Arms and the Man (1894)***
(iii) Ceaser and Cleopetra (1898)***
 Z‡e Antony and Cleopatra bv‡g GKwU weL¨vZ Play wj‡L‡Qb King without
crown bv‡g L¨vZ William Shakespeare
(iv) Doctors Dilemma

(v) St. Joan of Arc**
(vi) Major Barbara
(vii) You Never Can Tell
(viii) Heart Break House (1919)
(ix) The Philanderer
(x) Man of Destiny (1895) RR© evb©vW k
 Z‡e Roads of Destiny wj‡L‡Qb O‟ Henry
(xi) The Apple Cart
(xii) Widower‘s Houses
(xiii) Candida
(xiv) Press Cuttings (1909)
(xv) Beauty‘s Duty
(xvi) The Devils Disciple
(xvii) Mrs. Warren‘s Profession***
(xviii) How He Lied to Her Husband
(xix) Buoyant Billions
(xx) Macbeth Skit
(xxi) Getting Married
(xxii) Pygmalion***
(GwUi Rb¨ wZwb A¯‥vi cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib)
(xxiii) Too True to Be Good
Famous quotes of G.B. Shaw:
i) Nine soldiers out of ten are born fools.
ii) God is on the side of big battalions. (fvev_©: Ck¦i _v‡Kb f`ª cjøx‡Z)
iii) Beware of false knowledge; it is more dangerous than ignorance.
(åvšÍ Ávb AÁZvi †P‡q †ewk fqsKi)
iv) It is our duty to live as long as we can.
v) GUvB BwZnv‡mi wkÿv †h BwZnvm †_‡K †KD wkÿv †bq bv|
gynv¤§` (`t) m¤ú‡K© RR© evb©vW k e‡jwQ‡jb:
I have always held the religion of Muhammad in high estimation
because of its wonderful vitality. It is the only religion which appears to me
to possess that assimilating capacity to the changing phase of existence
which can make itself appeal to every age. I have studied him - the
wonderful man and in my opinion far from being an anti-Christ, he must

be called the Saviour of Humanity.
I believe that if a man like him were to assume the dictatorship of the
modern world he would succeed in solving its problems in a way that
would bring it the much needed peace and happiness: I have prophesied
about the faith of Muhammad that it would be acceptable to the Europe of
tomorrow as it is beginning to be acceptable to the Europe of today.
49. MxZv †gnZv:
 Dateline Bangledesh (gyw³hy×wfw³K cÖvgvY¨ Pjw”PÎ; GwU jÛ‡b wbwg©Z nq|)
50. H. G. Wells :
 cy‡iv bvg:(Herbert George Wells
Famous science fiction:
(i) The Time Machine
(ii) The Invisible Man
H. G. Wells studying in London
51. Hilary Clinton:
 Former secretary of the White House
Famous books:
(i) Invitation of the White House
(ii) Hard Choice (2014)
(iii) Living History (AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK)
(Z‡e My Life bv‡g AvZ¥Rxebx wj‡L‡Qb wnjvwii ¯^vgx 42Zg gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U Bill Clinton)
52. Henry Kissinger:

 An American diplomat and political scientist.
 Former Secretary of the State of the USA
(Av‡gwiKvi mv‡eK ciivóªgš¿x)
Famous books:
53. Harold Pinter: (1930-2008)

 Born : USA in 1930
Famous works:
(i) The Room
(ii) The Birthday Party (Z‡e The Cocktail Party bv‡g GKwU weL¨vZ
Dcb¨vm wj‡L‡Qb wU Gm GwjqU)
(iii) No Man‘s Land
(iv) The Dumb Waiter
(v) The Caretaker
(vi) The Homecoming
54. Henrik Ibsen:
 He is a Norwegian playwright
 Title : Father of Modern Drama
 Famous play: A Doll‟s House
 (Theme: Realization of true freedom. The play is
significant for its critical attitude toward 19th century marriage
norms. Z‡e `y:LRbK n‡jI mwZ¨ †h GB gnvb mvwnwZ¨K †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib wb)
55. Herman Melville:
 American Novelist
Famous novels:
(i) Moby Dick
( It deals with a white whale)
(ii) White Jacket
(iii) Bartelby the Scrivener
56. Henry James:
Famous novels:
(i) The Wings of the Dove
(ii) The Portrait of a Lady
(iii) The Tragic Muse

(iv) The American
(v) The Ambassadors**
(vi) The Golden Bowl *
57. Irwin Shaw:

 a prolific American playwright, screenwriter, novelist, and
short-story author whose written works have sold more than
14 million copies.
Famous play: Bury the Dead (anti-war drama)
 GB bvUK Aej¤^‡b gybxi †P․ayix Zuvi ÒKeiÓ bvUKwU iPbv K‡ib|
57. Irin Khan (AvBwib Lvb): (1992-2002)

 A¨vgb¨vw÷ B›Uvib¨vkbv‡ji mv‡eK gnvmwPe
 weL¨vZ MÖš’: The Unheard Truth: Poverty and Human Rights
(†h mZ¨ ïwbwb: `vwi`ª Ges gvbevwaKvi)
58. Jahanara Imam: (Rvnvbviv Bgvg)

 Zvi gyw³hy× wfwËK ¯§„wZPviY g~jK MÖš’ ÔGKvË‡ii w`b¸wjÕ MÖ‡š’i Bs‡iwR
Abyev` K‡i‡Qb †gv¯ÍvwdRyi ingvb “Of Blood and Fire” bv‡g|
 GKvË‡ii w`b¸wj Aej¤^‡b wbwg©Z Pjw”P‡Îi bvg Ô`xc wb‡f hvqÕ
59. Jimmy Carter: (wRwg KvU©vi)

 Ex President of the USA
 the 39th President of the United States
from 1977 to 1981
 He was awarded the 2002 Nobel Peace
Prize for his work with the Carter Center.
Book: White House Diary
(Z‡e The White House Years eBwU wj‡L‡Qb Henry Kissinger wU)
60. John Masefield: (†g‡mwdì)

Famous novels:
(i) Mid Summer Night
(ii) End and Beginning
(iii) The Bird of Dawning
(Z‡e A Midsummer Night‟s Dream (play) wj‡L‡Qb Shakespeare;
and Midnights Children is written by Salman Rushdi)
61. J.K. Rawling:

 A British Female novelist
screen writer and film producer
 wZwb weL¨vZ wkï‡Zvl MÖš’-
Harry Poter Gi †jLK|
 ‗Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince‟ is a series of
seven fantasy novels written by J. K. Rowling.
 n¨vwi cUvi Gi Awf‡bÎx Ggv IqvUm‡bi weL¨vZ MÖš’: 'He for She'
Quote: We are only strong as we are united as weak as we are divided.
62. Jhumpa Lahiri:
 She was an Indian born novelist.
Famous books:
(i) The Namesake
(ii) The Law Land
(iii) Interpreter of Maladies
(iv) A Temporary Matter (Short Story)
63. Jean Paul Sartre: (1905-1980)
 bvgt Ru¨v cj mv‡Î©
 French novelist, playwright & philosopher
 wZwb gv·©ev`x - Aw¯ÍZ¡ev`x `vk©wbK wQ‡jb
 wZwb 1964 mv‡j †¯^”Qvq Nobel Prize Z¨vM K‡ib
 Zvi No Exit bvU‡Ki e½vbyev`: Øviiæ×
Abyev` K‡i‡Qb wRqv nvq`vi (1936-2008)
Books:
g‡b ivLyb:
(i) The Road to Freedom ivwkqvi †jLK ‘Boris
(ii) Nausea [†bvwmqv: ewg-ewg fve] Pestarnak’ I 1958
mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ Nobel
(iii) Age of Reason cyi¯‥vi miKv‡ii Pv‡c
(iv) Iron in the Soul cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡iwQ‡jb|
Zvi MÖš’:
(i) Dr. Zivago
64. James Joyce: (1882-1941) (ii) Blind Beauty
 Avqvij¨v‡Ûi weL¨vZ Jcb¨vwmK I Kwe
 wZwb mvwn‡Z¨ Stream of Consciousness (†PZbvi AšÍtkxj cÖevn) †UKwbK
cÖeZ©‡bi Rb¨ weL¨vZ
Famous Books:
(i) Exiles (bvUK, 1918)
(ii) Ulysses (Dcb¨vm, 1922)
( †nvgv‡ii I‡Wwm Aej¤^‡b †jLv GB Dcb¨vmwU‡K ô
MY¨ wK© ³ cÖ cÖ K b©
cÖY Z‡e BDwjwmm
(Ulysses) bv‡g †Uwbm‡bi GKwU weL¨vZ KweZv i‡q‡Q)
(iii) A Potrait of the Artist as a Young Man (cÖ_g Dcb¨vm)
(iv) Dubliners (Wvewjbvim, †QvUMí msKjb)
65. Jane Taylor:
 Famous poem: Twinkle Twinkle Little Star
66. Thomas Jefferson: (March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809)

 an American Founding Father who was principal author of
the Declaration of Independence (1776)
 3rd President of the United States
Quote: Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.
(m¦vaxbZv AR©‡bi †P‡q ¯^vaxbZv iÿv Kiv KwVb)
67. Julian Assange: (Rywjqvb A¨vmvÄ)
 wek¦L¨vZ Wiki-Leaks Gi cÖwZôvZv|
68. J. M. Synge: (Rb wgwjsUb wmO)

 Zvi cy‡iv bvg : John Millington Synge
 He was a famous dramatist.
Famous works:
(i) Riders to the Sea (GwU GKwU one act play)
(Z‡e The Old Man and the Sea (novel) wj‡L‡Qb Ernest Hemingway)
(ii) The Play Boy of the Western World
(iii) The Shadow of the Glen
(iv) The Well of the Saints
69. Joseph Conrad: (1857-1924)

 A famous novelist ( b¥: Z©
 Avmj bvg: Joseph Teoder Konrad
 Zvi weL¨vZ †QvUMí: The Lagoon
Famous novels :
i) Heart of Darkness Joseph Conrad
 Theme: The hycopracy of imperialism. Joseph Conrad‘s
masterpiece about a life-changing journey in search of Mr
Kurtz has the simplicity of great myth.
 Z‡e The Heart of India (history) wj‡L‡Qb Alexander Campbell
ii) Lord Jim: A Tale
iii) Under Western Eyes
iv) Typhoon (UvBdzb)
v) The Rover
vi) The Rescue
vii) An Island Tale
viii) A Tale in Two Parts (a collection of short stories)
g‡b ivLyb:
Jonathon Swift: A Tale of a Tub
Charles Dikens: A Tale of Two Cities (London & Paris)
R.M Ballantyne: A Tale of the Pacific Ocean (adventure fiction)
Joseph Conrad: A Tale in Two Parts (collection of short stories)
An Island Tale (collection of short stories)
70. Jules Verne: (Ryjm& fv‡b©)

 He was born in France
 Father of Science Fiction
Novels:
o Around the World in Eighty Days (80 w`‡b f~-cÖ`wÿY; GwU
GKwU Adventure Novel)
o Journey to the Centre of the Earth
Science fiction: Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea
71. John F. Kennedy: (Rb Gd †K‡bwW)

 35Zg gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U
 weL¨vZ Dw³:
(i) Ask not what your country can do for you. Ask you can
do for your country. (†`k †Zvgv‡K Kx w`‡jv †mwU bq, Zzwg †`k‡K
Kx w`‡j †mwUi †LuvR ivL)
(ii) Let us never negotiate (ga¨¯’Zv) out of fear. But let us
never fear to negotiate.
72. Rwni ivqnvb:
gyw³hy×wfwËK cÖvgvY¨ Pjw”PÎ:
 Stop Genocide
(MYnZ¨v eÜ Ki)
 A State is Born
 Let There Be Light
73. wRqv nvq`vi ingvb:

 evsjv‡`kx es‡kv™¢zZ weªwUk Jcb¨vwmK
 cÖ_g Dcb¨vm: „In The Light of What We Know‟
[GB Dcb¨v‡mi Rb¨ †jLK me‡P‡q cyi‡bv weªwUk mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‥vi †Rgm †UBU eø¨vK
cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib]
74. Kaiser Hamidul Haq: (born 7 December 1950)

 A Bangladeshi poet, translator, essayist, critic and academic
 A professor of English at the University of Dhaka
Famous poems and books:
(i) Ode on the Lungi
(ii) Black Orchid
(iii) A Little Ado
(iv) A Happy Farewell
(v) Poor Man Eating
75. Lee kuan Yew: (wj Kzqvb BD; 1923-2015)
 The founding father of independent Singapore
 wZwb ¯^vaxb wm½vcy‡ii cÖ_g wbe©vwPZ cÖavbgš¿x
(1965-1990)
 2015 mv‡ji 23 gv‡P© gviv hvb|
Book: From Third World to First: The Singapore Story - 1965-2000
76. Lord Acton:
Quote: ―Power tends to corrupt and
absolute power corrupts absolutely.‖
(¶gZv gvbyl‡K `ybx© wZcÖeY K‡i, Avi Pig ¶gZv gvbyl‡K Pigfv‡e `ybx© wZMÖ¯’ K‡i)
77. Momota Banerjee:
 My Unforgettable Memories (¯§„wZK_v)
78. Mahatma Gandhi: (gnvZ¥v MvÜx, 1869-1948)
 Dcvwa: evcyRx
 cy‡iv bvg: †gvnb `vm KigPuv` MvÜx
 Rb¥: fvi‡Zi ¸Riv‡U 2 A‡±vei 1869 mv‡j
 Zv‡K iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi gnvZ¥v Dcvwa †`b|
 wZwb ¯^vaxb fviZxq RvwZi RbK Ges Awnsm Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖe³v|
 wZwb fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k niZv‡ji (Awnsm) cÖeZ©K|
 Zvi Rb¥w`b 2 A‡±vei‡K AvšÍR©vwZK Awnsm wèm wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq wZwb weªwUk miKvi cÖ`Ë Kvqmvi-B-wn›` Dcvwa
cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib|
 DBb÷b PvwP©j gnvZ¥v MvÜx‡K Half Nacked Indian Fakir e‡jwQ‡jb|
 wZwb `wÿY Avwd«Kvi `¨v µwb‡Kj cwÎKvwU m¤úv`bv Ki‡Zb|
 Zvi Rxeb Kvwnbx wb‡q wbwg©Z wek¦weL¨vZ Pjw”PÎ Ô`¨ MvÜxÕ cwiPvjbv K‡ib
Richard Samuel Attenborough
 Zvi weL¨vZ MÖš:’ The Story of My Experiment with Truth
 30 Rvbyqvix 1948 mv‡j AvZZvqx b_yivg MW‡m KZ…©K wZwb wbnZ nb|
79. Martin Luther King Junior:

 An American Baptist minister, activist,
humanitarian & leader in the African-
American Civil Rights Movement.
 Zuvi Rb¥ 1929 mv‡ji 15 Rvbyqvwi|
 Zvi Rb¥w`b 15 Rvbyqvwi‡K †cÖwm‡W›U
†ivbvì wiM¨vb Av‡gwiKvb nwj‡W †NvlYv
K‡ib (1986 mv‡j) | gvwU©b jy_vi wKs Rywbqi
 hy³iv‡óªi wb‡MÖv‡ì AwaKvi Av`vq Av‡›`vj‡bi Awnsmev`x †bZv
 wZwb 1959 mv‡j visited India to study Mahatma Ghandi‘s
philosophy of non-violence. (A_©vr gnvZ¥v MvÜxi Awnsm Av‡›`vj‡bi `k©b
Aa¨q‡bi Rb¨ wZwb 1959 mv‡j fviZ ågY K‡iwQ‡jb|)
 wZwb 1964 mv‡j kvwšÍ‡Z †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib|
 In April 04, 1968, he was assassinated by a sniper.
[hy³iv‡óªi †Uwbwm A½iv‡Rï †gg&wdm kn‡i]
Famous speech:
 I have a dream that my four little children will one day
live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour
of their skin but by the content of their character.
[On August 28, delivered to over 250,000 civil rights supporters
from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC]
 Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.
80. Marshall Mcluhan: (gvk©vj g¨vKjynvb)

 KvbvWvi weL¨vZ `vk©wbK
 wZwb me©cÖ_g- Global Village (wek¦MÖvg)
K_vwU eënvi K‡ib|
Famous books:
(i) The Gutenberg: The Making of Typographic Man
(ii) Understanding Media (G `y‡Uv MÖ‡š’B wZwb wek¦MÖv‡gi aviYv †`b|)
81. Monika Ali:

 A Bangladeshi-born British writer and novelist.
Books:
(i) Brick Lane
(ii) Untold Story (bv ejv Mí)
82. Muhammad Asad:
 wZwb cvwK¯Ívwb es‡kv™¢zZ Aw÷ªqvi gymwjg mvsevw`K wQ‡jb|
 Famous book:
The Road to Macca
 Z‡e Road to Freedom wj‡L‡Qb- Rüv cj mv‡Î©, whwb 1964 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi
cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡iwQ‡jb|
83. gvIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`:

Book: India Wins Freedom (fviZ ¯^vaxb nj)
84. gvjvjv BDmydRvB (Yousafzai):

 12 RyjvB 1997 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi LvBevi
cvLZzb LvIqv cÖ‡`‡ki †mvqvZ †Rjvq Rb¥|
 KwbôZg †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi weRqx|
 kvwšÍ‡Z †bv‡ej cvb (2014)
 Dcvwa: Daughter of Pakistan (Z‡e Daughter of the East n‡jb

†ebwRi f‚‡Æv)
 wZwb I am Afraid wk‡ivbv‡g Ô¸j gvKvBÕ QÙbv‡g wewewmi I‡qe eø‡M D`y©
ms¯‥i‡Y wjL‡Zb|
 wZwb wg‡½viv kn‡i ¸wjwe× nb |
 AvZ¥Rxebx I am Malala
85. gybxi ‡P․ayix:

 1965 mv‡j wZwb gybxi AcwUgv bv‡g cÖ_g evsjv UvBc ivBUvi wbg©vY K‡ib|
 gvwK©b bvU¨Kvi Irwin Shaw Gi Bury the Dead bvUK Aej¤^‡b gybxi
†P․ayix Zuvi ÒKeiÓ bvUKwU iPbv K‡ib|
 Zuvi Ab~w`Z bvUK 3wU:
1) gyLiv igYx ekxKiY (Shakespeare Gi The Taming of the Shrew Gi
Abyev`)
2) iƒcvi †K․Uv (Rb MjmIqvw`©i The Silver Box Aej¤^‡b)
3) †KD wKQz ej‡Z cv‡i bv|
86. gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë: (1824-1873wLª:)

 wZwb Timothy Pen Poem QÙbv‡g Bs‡iwR KweZv wjL‡Zb|
 wZwb BZvjxq Kwe Iwf‡ì "Heroids" Kve¨ Aej¤^‡b exiv½Yv Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib|
GwU evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g cÎKve¨|
 MÖxK cyiv‡bi Apple of Discord Aej¤^‡b wZwb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g mv_©K K‡gwW
cÙveZx iPbv K‡ib|
 wZwb A Native QÙbv‡g `xbeÜz wg‡Îi bvUK bxj `c©Y Gi Bs‡iwR Abyev` K‡ib-
The Indigo Planting Mirror bv‡g|
 GB Bs‡iwR Abyev`wU Qvcvi c‡i Zv‡K 1000 UvKv Rwigvbv Kiv nq| ûZzg c¨vPvi
bKkuv L¨vZ KvjxcÖmbœ wmsn †¯^”Qvq †mwU cwi‡kva K‡i †`b|
 bxj `c©Y (The Indigo Planting Mirror) bvUKwU Av‡gwiKvb †jwLKv Mrs.
Harriet Stoe Gi Anti-Slavery (`vm cÖ_v we‡ivax) Novel wn‡m‡e L¨vZ
Uncle Tom‟s Cabin Aej¤^‡b iwPZ |
 D‡jøL¨, Uncle Tom‘s Cabin Dcb¨v‡mi Ab¨ bvg Life Among the Lowly;
GwU 19th century Gi best selling Dcb¨vm| cÖKv‡ki ci cÖ_g eQ‡i ïay USA
†ZB GwU wZb jvL Kwc weµq nq|
 Famous Books :
(i) Vision of the Past
(ii) The Captive Lady
87. Nathaniel Hawthorne: (1804–1864)
 bv_vwb‡qj n_b©
 American Novelist
Famous novels:
(i) The Scarlet Letter
(jvj e‡Y©i ‗A‘ letter wb‡q) Nathaniel Hawthorne
(ii) The House of the Seven Gables
88. Nirod C. Chowdhury: (Rb¥: 23 b‡f¤î, 1897 - g…Zÿ: 1 AvM÷, 1999)

 bxi`P›`« †P․ayix GKRb L¨vZbvgv `xN©Rxwe evOvwj gbbkxj †jLK I wewkó
wPšÍvwe`| ¯‥jvi G·U«vAwW©bvix kxl©K g¨v· gyjv‡ii Rxebx wj‡L 1975
wL«÷v‡ã bxi`P›`« †P․ayix fviZ miKvi c«`Ë wØZxq m‡e©v”P mvwnZ¨ m¤§vbbv
wn‡m‡e mvwnZ¨ GKv‡Wwg cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib| wZwb Zvui HwZnvwmK `…wófw½ I
Zxh©K c«Kvkf½xi Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ wQ‡jb| wZwb Bs‡iwR I evsjv
Dfq fvlvqB wj‡L‡Qb| Bs‡iwR‡Z Zvui c«KvwkZ M«‡š’i msL¨v 11; evsjvq 5|
GQvov wewfbœ c«eÜ-wbeÜ msKjb wn‡m‡e c«KvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
 Zvi QÙbvg ejvnK b›`x
 evwo wK‡kviMÄ, gqgbwmsn|
 m¤úv`K : kwbev‡ii wPwV|
Famous novel: A Passage to England (1953)
Famous books:
 ÒAvZ¥NvZx evOvwjÓ
 The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian (1951)
(GwU Zvi c«avb mvwnZ¨Kg©| bZyb I ¯^vaxb †`k wn‡m‡e fvi‡Zi wePvi eë¯’v‡K KUv¶ K‡i eBwU
DrmM© K‡ib wZwb| wek kZ‡Ki c«_g w`‡Ki we«wUk kvmbvaxb M«vgxY evsjvi weeiYI i‡q‡Q eBwU‡Z)
89. Neil Armstrong:

 gvwK©b b‡fvPvix
 1969 mv‡ji 20 RyjvB wZwb cÖ_g Puv‡ì gvwU‡Z cv iv‡Lb| G mgq wZwb
wb‡Pi weL¨vZ gšÍe¨wU K‡ib:
 “This is a single step for a man; but giant leap for
mankind.” (A_©vr GwU GKRb gvby‡li ÿz`ª c`‡ÿc n‡jI gvbeRvwZi
Rb¨ wekvj AMÖhvÎv|)
90. Nelson Mandela: (18 July 1918 - 5 December 2013)
 Dcvwa:
Icon (g~Z©cÖZxK) of peace, freedom & reconciliation (mg‡SvZv)
 Former President of South Africa
 1993 mv‡j wZwb kvwšÍ‡Z †bv‡ej cvb Ges 1997 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k Av‡mb|
 MYZvwš¿Kfv‡e wbe©vwPZ `wÿY Avwd«Kvi cÖ_g ivóªcwZ (1994 †_‡K 1999 ch©šÍ)|
 Zvi ivR‣bwZK `‡ji bvg Avwd«Kvi b¨vkbvj Ks‡MÖm (ANC)
 Zvi 6wU WvK bvg wQj- gvwèv, ZvZv, Lyjy, cwjfz½v, †ivwjn¬vn¬v I †bjmb
 wZwb 1964 †_‡K 1990 mvj ch©šÍ `xN© 27 eQi Kvive›`x wQ‡jb| Kviv
†fv‡Mi AwaKvsk mgq †iv‡eb Øx‡c wQ‡jb|
 The 46664 GKwU AIDS we‡ivax cÖPviYv| (Gi inm¨ n‡jv wZwb 466 bs
K‡qw` wQ‡jb Ges mvj wQj 1964)
 wZwb Yes for the Children Gi cÖwZôvZv|
Zvi AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK `ywU MÖš’ n‡jv:
(i) A Long Walk to Freedom
(ii) Conversation with Myself
Quote:
―Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use
to change the world.‖
91. Noam Chomsky: (†bvqvg Pgw¯‥)
 He is a Jew. (Bûw` ag©vej¤^x)
 He is an American Linguist, Philosopher and Logician.
Famous book: The Common Good
92. Orhan Pamuk: (Iinvb cvgyK)

 wZwb Zzi‡¯‥i †jLK|
 wZwb 2006 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib
Famous books:
(i) My Name is Red
(ii) The White Castle
(iii) The New Life
(iv) The Black Book Iinvb cvgyK
(v) The Museum of Innocence
(Z‡e Songs of Innocence Kve¨MÖš’wU wj‡L‡Qb †ivgvw›UK hy‡Mi Kwe
William Blake)
93. O’ Henry:
 Real Name : William Sidney Porter
 He was an American short story writer
Famous short stories:
 The Gift of the Magi (g¨vRvB)
 Sixes and Sevens
 Roads of Destiny William Sidney Porter
[Z‡e Man of Destiny (play) wj‡L‡Qb G.B. Shaw]
 Cabbage and Kings
 The Four Million
 The Voice of the City
 The Ransom of the Red Chief
 Hearts and Hands
 Heart of the West
[Z‡e The Heart of Darkness (novel) wj‡L‡Qb Joseph Conrad Ges
The Tell Tale Heart wj‡L‡Qb Edgar Allan Poe]
94. Pandit Nehru: (cwÐZ RInijvj †b‡niæ)

 Zvi Dcvwa n‡jv: PvPv (Chacha)
 wZwb NAM (Non-Alliance Movement)
Gi Ab¨Zg cÖwZôvZv|
Books:
(i) Discovery of India
(M«š’wU wZwb ÒfviZ QvoÓ Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq †RjLvbvq e‡m wj‡Lb)
(ii) Glimpses of World History RInijvj †b‡niæ
Quote: The country is good if its universities are good.

(hw` †`‡ki wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv fv‡jv nq Z‡e †`k fv‡jv nq)
95. Pablo Neruda: (cve‡jv †biæ`v)

 He was Chilean (wPwj) poet, diplomat and politician.
 wZwb 1971 mv‡j Nobel Prize jvf K‡ib|
 Kjw¤^qvi Jcb¨vwmK MÖ¨vweª‡qj Mvwm©qv g‡K©R Zv‡K ―The Greatest Poet of
20th Century in any language‖ wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
(i) Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair
(ii) 100 Love Sonnets
Famous poem: Winter Garden
96. Pearl S. Buck: (cvj© Gm evK)

 Famous Female Novelist
 wZwb mvwn‡Z¨ Nobel cvIqv Av‡gwiKvi cÖ_g bvix|
 wZwb „The Good Earth‟ Dcb¨v‡mi Rb¨ 1938 mv‡j Nobel jvf K‡ib|
 GB Dcb¨vmwU Chinese Life wb‡q †jLv|
 cjøx Kwe Rmxg D`&`xb‡K Pearl S. Buck Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq|
Famous books/ novels:

i. The Big Wave
ii. Dragon Seed
iii. East Wind: West Wind
[Z‡e Ode to the West Wind (poem)
wj‡L‡Qb P.B.Shelley]
iv. A House Divided
v. Command the Morning
97. Parvez Mosharraf:

 Former President of Pakistan
Book: In the Line of Fire
[Z‡e The Wings of Fire (Autobiography)
wj‡L‡Qb A.P.J. Kalam]
98. cve‡jv wcKv‡mv: (1881-1973)

 Rb¥: †¯ú‡bi gvjvMvq
 †ckv: wPÎKi
 RbwcÖq fviZxq wPÎKi gKeyj wd`v †nv‡mb‡K
(1915-2011) fvi‡Zi cve‡jv wcKv‡mv ejv nq|
 wek¦L¨vZ wkíKg©t
i) The Blue Room
ii) Old Guitarist (wMUvwi÷)
iii) Self Portorait
iv) There Danecrs
iv) Two Nudes
v) The young Ladies of Avignon †Mv‡qwb©Kv
vi) Guernica (†Mv‡qwb©Kv) [Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóª gš¿Yvjq cÖv½‡Y Aew¯’Z
kvgxg wkK`v‡ii wbwg©Z fv¯‥‡h©i bvg- Ôjv ¸‡qwb©KvÕ]
99. R.K. Narayan:

Works:
(i) The Financial Expert
(ii) Waiting for the Mahatma (gnvZ¥v)
(Z‡e Waiting for Godot bv‡g
weL¨vZ bvUKwU wj‡L‡Qb m¨vgy‡qj †e‡KU)
(iii) The Guide
100. Rudyard Kipling: (iæWBqvW© wKcwjs; 1856-1936)

 He was a British journalist.
 wZwb wkï mvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e myL¨vwZ jvf K‡ib|
 He was Indian descendent
(fviZxq es‡kv™¢zZ) British novelist
Famous novel:
i) Kim
(In this spy story of a boy, an orphan in British India must make a
choice between east and west.)
ii) Plain Tales from the Hills
iii) Soldiers Three
iv) Just So Stories (Z‡e My Story MÖš’wU wj‡L‡Qb Kgjv `vm)
v) The White Man‘s Burden (weL¨vZ KweZv)
vi) Captain Courageous
vii) The Jungle Book (1894 mv‡j; a collection of short stories; g~jZ GB
wkï‡Zvl MÖš’wUi Rb¨ wZwb 1907 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib|)
Famous poems:
i) The Fight
ii) The Blue Roses
Famous quote:
East is east and west is west.
Never the twain shall meet.
101. wiPvW© BUb:

 Famous book: The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier
102. †ingvb †mvenvb:
 CPD (Centre for Policy Dialogue) Gi cÖwZôvZv|
Famous books:
a) From Two Economics to Two Nations:
My Journey to Bangladesh
b) Untranquil Recollections:
The Years of Fulfilment (¯§„wZK_v)
103. Steve Jobs: (w÷f Rem, 1955-2011)

 wek¦L¨vZ cÖhyw³ cÖwZôvb ÒA¨vcjÓ Gi mn-cÖwZôvZv
 an American information technology entrepreneur and inventor.
 weL¨vZ Dw³: Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a
follower. (A_©vr bZzb wKQz Kivi ÿgZv †bZv I Abymvixi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ M‡o †`q)
104. Sun Tzu: (myb Ry)
cÖvPxb •PwbK `vk©wbK, mgibvqK
weL¨vZ MÖš’: The Art of War
105. Sully Prodhomme: (mywj cÖæ‡avg)
First Noble prize winner in literature
106. Seamus Heaney:
 He is Irish poet and playwright
Novels/ works:
(i) Death of a Naturalist
(ii) Field work
(iii) Human Chain
(iv) Punishment
Seamus Heaney
Famous poems: Digging, Follower, Midterm Break
107. Salman Rushdi:

 A British Indian novelist and essayist
Books:
(i) Satanic Verses
(ii) Midnights Children
(iii) Shame mvjgvb iyk`x
108. Sheikh Hasina:
The honourable incumbent prime minister of Bangladesh
Famous books:
(i) Who is the Father of My Son (1972)
(ii) Iiv †UvKvB †Kb (1989)
(iii) evsjv‡`‡k •¯îZ‡š¿i Rb¥ (1993)
(iv) People and Democracy (1997)
(v) Democracy in Distress (2003)
(vi) m‡nbv gvbeZvi Aegvbbv (2003)
(vii) Avgiv RbM‡Yi K_v ej‡Z G‡mwQ
(viii)Living with Tears (2004)
(ix) Sheikh Mujib Amar Pita (an autobiographical memoir)
(x) meyR gvV †cwi‡q
109. Sigmund Freud: (wmMgÛ d«‡qW)

 Famous Austrian Neurologist
and Psycho-analyst
 Zv‡K AvaywbK Ôg‡bvweÁv‡bi /
g‡bvwe‡kølY Z‡Ë¡i RbKÕ ejv nq|
 Jcb¨vwmK gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq cÖ_g Rxe‡b d«qwWq gZev` Øviv cÖfvweZ
wQ‡jb| Z‡e cieZ©x‡Z wZwb gvK©wmRg Øviv cÖfvweZ nb| d«‡q‡Wi g‡Z,
Everythig is controled
Books: by sex.
(i) Psycho-pathology in Everyday Life Kvj© gv‡·©i g‡Z,
(ii) Interpretation of Dream Everythig is controled
by money.
110. Sir Arthur Miller: (m¨vi Av_©vi wgjvi; 1915-2005)

 weL¨vZ Av‡gwiKvb bvU¨Kvi
 Plays:
(i) The Death of a Sales Man
(ii) A View form the Bridge
(iii) All My Sons
111. Stephen Hawking: (w÷‡db nwKs)
 Rb¥: 8 Rvbyqvix 1942, weª‡U‡b
 wZwb eZ©gv‡b ÔgUi wbDibÕ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ
 eZ©gvb we‡k¦i ZvwË¡K c`v_© weÁvbx
 wZwb Big Bang Z‡Ë¡i e¨vL¨vKviK;
(Z‡e Big Bang Z‡Ë¡i cÖe³v wQ‡jb RR© j¨v‡gUvi)
Famous Books:
(i) A Brief History of Time (Kv‡ji mswÿß BwZnvm)|
(ii) The Theory of Everything
(iii) The Universe in a Nutshell (ms‡ÿ‡c)|
112. Saul Bellow:
 He is an American novelist.
 wZwb 1976 mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib
Novels:
(i) Seize the Day
Gi Theme n‡jv: Live the present to the fullest (eZ©gvb‡K Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z wkLyb)
(ii) The Adventure of Arabic March
113. Samuel Beckett:
 wZwb Irish born dramatist wKš‘ English I French fvlvq wjL‡Zb|
Famous plays:
(i) Waiting for Godot (Absurd Play)
(ii) Endgame
(iii) Murphy
[Beckett‘s first published novel is an absurdist masterpiece, a
showcase for his uniquely comic voice.]
(iv) The Unnamable
(v) Breathe [The shortest dramatist work of Beckett]
(vi) Catastrophe
(vii) More Pricks than Kicks (a short story collection)
weL¨vZ Dw³: Nothing to be done.
114. Selma Lagerlof: (†mjgv †jMid)
 wZwb mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cvIqv cÖ_g bvix mvwnwZ¨K| wZwb myBwWk fvlvq
wjL‡Zb| wZwb 1909 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib|
115. Samuel Huntington: (nvw›UsUb; April 18, 1927 – December 24, 2008)
 He was an influential American conservative political scientist,
adviser and academic.
 He spent more than half a century
at Harvard University.
 Zvi weL¨vZ cÖeÜMÖš’:
The Clash of the Civilization: The Next Pattern of Conflict
[1993 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ GB cÖe‡Ü nvw›UsUb fwel¨‡Z mvZwU mf¨Zvi Ø‡›Øi K_v
e‡j‡Qb| ¯œvqyhy‡×vËi we‡k¦ mf¨Zvi msNvZ (Clash of Civilization) n‡e e‡j
wZwb g‡b K‡ib|]
116. Salvador Dali: (1904-1989)
 A prominent Spanish surrealist painter
 ¯ú¨vbxq ciev¯Íeev`x wPÎKi
wPÎKg©:
 The Persistence of Memory
(`¨ cviwmm‡UÝ Ae g¨vgix)
 The Elephants
 Crucifixion
117. •mq` gyRZev Avjx:

 Kveyj kn‡ii Kvwnbx wb‡q †jLv Zvi weL¨vZ ågY Kvwnbx Ô†`‡k-we‡`‡kÕ
MÖš’wUi Bs‡iwR Abyev` K‡i‡Qb mvsevw`K b‡Rm Avd‡ivR ‗In a Land
Far from Home: A Bengali in Afganistan‘ bv‡g|
118. •mq` Avjx Avnmvb: (1992-2002)

 wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMx‡Zi Bs‡iwR Abyev`K|
 wZwb MÖxK bvU¨Kvi m‡dvwK¬‡mi (Sophocles) †jLv
Uª¨v‡RwW CwWcvm (Oedipus Rex) Gi e½vbyev` K‡ib|
 wZwb Av‡gwiKvi RvZxq Kwe ûBUg¨v‡bi KweZv cÖ_g evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib|
119. •mq` IqvjxDjøvn&: (1922-1971)
 Zvi jvjmvjy Dcb¨v‡mi Bs‡iwR Abyev` : Tree Without Roots (1967)
 jvjmvjy Dcb¨vmwUi divwm Abyev`- Ôju¨v Aie‡i mvgm gvq‡guÕ(1961);
Abyev`K: Zvi ¯¿x A¨vb †gwi|
 Zvi weL¨vZ bvUK The Ugly Asian (K`h© Gkxq) Gi Abyev`K wkeeªZ eg©Y|
120. kv‡q¯Ív BKivgyjøvn:

Novel: From Purdah to Parliament
121. T.S. Eliot: (1888-1965)

 cy‡iv bvg: Thomas Stearns Eliot
 Born : USA in 1888
 wesk kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg cÖfvekvjx Kwe, bvU¨Kvi I mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPK
 wZwb gvÎ
e„wUk bvMwiKZ¡ jvf K‡ib 1927 mv‡j|
 wZwb Theory of objective co-relative Gi Rb¨ weL¨vZ|
 gwnjv Kwe Ezra Pound Zvi Literary Collaborator wQ‡jb|
 Zvi weL¨vZ KweZv n‡jv The Waste Land ( M¨ ; 1922 mv‡j †jLv)
 GB KweZvq Hindu Myth/ Allusion of Philosophy cvIqv hvq|

 AvaywbK mvwn‡Z¨ Abb¨ Ae`v‡bi ¯^xK…wZ ¯îƒc wZwb 1948 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf
K‡ib|
 g~jZ The Waste Land ej‡Z wZwb eZ©gvb c„w_ex‡K eywS‡q‡Qb|
 The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Zvi weL¨vZ GKwU KweZv|
¨ | GwU AvaywbK
mvwn‡Zï Ab¨Zg †kÖô W«vgvwUK g‡bvjM (bvUKxq GKK fvl‡Yi KweZv)|
 Tradition and Individual Talent Zvi weL¨vZ mgv‡jvPbv MÖš’|
 BwjqU Gi MÖš’ cÖ_g evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
 iex›`ªbv‡_i Zx_©hvÎv KweZvwU Bwjq‡Ui ‗Journey of the Magi‘ Gi Abyev`|
 iex›`ªbv‡_i c‡i gvK©mev`x Kwe weòz †` Abyev` K‡ib ÒBwjq‡Ui KweZvÓ bv‡g
BwjqU Gi K‡qKwU weL¨vZ KweZv|
The poem „Waste Land‟ consists of important five parts:
(i) The Burial of the Dead (April is the cruelest month)
(ii) A Game of Chess
(iii) The Fire Sermon
(iv) Death by Water
(v) What the Thunder Said
Famous plays of Eliot:
(i) Murder in the Cathedral (†kÖô bvUK)
(ii) The Cocktail Party
(Z‡e The Birthday Party bvUKwU wj‡L‡Qb: Harold Pinter)
(iii) The Trail of a Judge
(iv) The Family Reunion
Other famous poems of Eliot:
 The Hollow Men (1925)
 Gerontion (It narrates the opinions and impressions of a gerontic, or
elderly man, through a dramatic monologue which describes Europe
after World War I through the eyes of a man who has lived the
majority of his life in the 19th century.)
 Ash Wednesday (1930)
 Four Quartets (1945)
122. Thomas Carlyle: (Ugvm Kvj©vBj, Scottish philosopher)

Books:
(i) The French Revolution
(ii) Past and Present
Quotes:
(i) Speech is great, silence is greater.
(K_v ejv fvj, Pyc _vKv †ewk fv‡jv)
(ii) Popular opinion is the greatest lie.
(c…w_ex‡Z me‡P‡q eo wg_¨v n‡”Q RbgZ)
(iii) A loving heart is the beginning of all knowledge.
(iv) Go as far as you can see; when you get there you'll be
able to see farther.
(v) A man lives by believing something: not by debating and
arguing about many things.
123. Ted Hughes: (†UW wnDR)
 cy‡iv bvg Edward James Hughes
 wZwb GKRb wkï mvwnwZ¨K wQ‡jb
 Zvi †`k: England
 wZwb 1984-1998 (g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ) poet Laureate wQ‡jb|
Famous poems:
 Pike (cvBK; gvQ) †UW wnDR
 Jaguar (Rv¸qvi; evN)
 Relic
 Thought Fox
 Examination at the Womb Door
 A Childish Prak
 Daffodils (Z‡e The Daffodils bv‡g †ivgvw›UK hy‡Mi Kwe IqvW©m&Iqv‡_©iI GKwU
weL¨vZ KweZv i‡q‡Q)
124. Toni Morrison:
 An American novelist, editor & professor
 wZwb K…òv½ wQ‡jb|
Famous novels:
 Beloved
 Song of Solomon
The Bluest Eye (GB Dcb¨v‡mi Rb¨ wZwb 1993 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib)
125. Tahmima Anam:

 wZwb The Daily Star Gi m¤úv`K gvndzR
Avbv‡gi Kb¨v Ges Aveyj gbmyi Avn‡g` Gi bvZbx|
gyw³hy×wfwËK Zvi Bs‡iwR Îqx Dcb¨vm n‡jv:
i) A Golden Age (†mvbvSiv w`b)
ii) The Good Muslim
iii) The Bones of Greece (GwU Zvnwggv Avbv‡gi Îqx Dcb¨v‡mi †kl ce©)
126. Thomas Usk:
A petty bureaucrat, scrivener, and author
127. V. S. Neipaul: (we`¨vai m~h©cmÖ v` bvBcj)

 wZwb 2001 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib|
Famous novels:
(i) The Enigma of Arrival
(ii) India : A Wounded Civilization
(iii) The Masque of Africa bvBcj
128. Virginia Woolf: (fvwR©wbqv Djd)

 She was a famous female novelist.
 wZwb ―Presentation of inner realities‖
Gi Rb¨ weL¨vZ|
 wZwb †Mvc‡b AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡iwQ‡jb|
 Zvi †kÖô Fiction n‡jv-
―A Room of One‟s Own‖ fvwR©wbqv Djd
 Zuvi †kÖôZg Essay n‡jv- Shakespeare‘s Sister (cÖavb PwiÎ- Judith)
Famous novels of Virginia Woolf:
(i) The Voyage Out (cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ)
(ii) To the Light House (Z‡e The Light House bv‡g GKwU
†QvUMí wj‡L‡Qb Edgar Allan Poe)
(iii) Mrs. Dalloway (a psychological novel)

(Clarrisa Ges Peter- `ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© PwiÎ)|
(iv) The Waves
(v) A Haunted House
(vi) Night and Day
(vii) The Years
(viii) Orlando : A Biography
Famous quote:
 'As a woman, I have no country.
As a woman, I want no country.
As a woman, my country is the whole world.'
129. Victor Hugo: (û‡Mv, 1802-1885)

 A French novelist and politician.
 cÖ
 Novel:
(i) Les Miserable (j¨v wgRv‡iej)
(ii) The Hunchback of Notre - Dame
Famous quote-
Men are the women‟s playthings
But women are devils'.
130. føvw`wgi BwjP Dwjqv‡bvf (†jwbb): (1870-1924)

 A Russian communist revolutionary, politician, & political theorist.
 He was the most translated authour in the world in 2005.
 ivwkqvi ej‡kwfK wecø‡ei †bZv (Zvi QÙbvg- †jwbb)
 1917 mv‡j iæk wecø‡ei bvqK|
 wZwb New Economic Policy (NEP) cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
 weL¨vZ MÖš’: The state and Revolution
 Dw³: mv¤ªvRëv` cyuwRev‡ì m‡e©v”P ¯Íi|
131. William Golding:

 A famous British novelist
Novels:
(i) Lord of the Flies
(ii) The Scorpion God
(wZbwU Novella Gi mgš^‡q)
(iii) The Pyramid
(iv) The Paper Men
(v) Darkness Visible
132. W. B. Yeats:
 Full Name: William Butler Yeats
 He is the national poet of Ireland.
 He was a famous critic, poet
and dramatist.
 He is famous for symbolism (cÖZxwKev`) and mysticism
(AZxw›`ªqev`).
 He was a senator and a poet who won the Nobel Prize for
literature.
(i) The Wild Swans at Coole (Kzj)
(ii) The Tower
(iii) The Cat and the Moon
 Z‡e The Moon and Sixpence Dcb¨vmwU
wj‡L‡Qb William Somerset Maugham (gg)|
Famous poems:
(i) The Second Coming (hxï wLª‡÷i cÖZ¨veZ©b‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q)
(ii) A Prayer for My Daughter (Z‡e Daughter of the East eBwU
wj‡L‡Qb †ebRxi f‚‡Æv)
(iii) Easter 1916 (Avqvij¨v‡Ûi ¯^vaxbZv ¯ú„nv wb‡q †jLv)

(iv) A Prayer for Old Age
(v) The Lake Isle of Innisfree (Bwbm&wd«)
(wZwb kn‡ii †Kvjvnj †Q‡o wbR©b •bmwM©K ¯’vb Bwbmwd«‡Z P‡j ‡h‡Z †P‡q‡Qb)
(vi) No Second Troy (bvixNwUZ welq wb‡q c„w_ex‡Z Avi †hb Uª‡qi
g‡Zv aŸsmjxjv bv N‡U)
(vii) A Dream of Death
(viii) Leda and the Swan
(ix) The Sailing to Byzantium (evB‡Rw›Uqvg)
W.B. Yeats I iex›`ªbv_ cªm½:

MxZvÄwji Bs‡iwR Abyev` iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi wb‡RB K‡i‡Qb ―Song Offerings‖
bv‡g| G‡Z 157 wU Mx‡Zi g‡a¨ 103 wUi Abyev` i‡q‡Q|
 1912 mv‡j London Gi Indian society GwU cÖ_g cÖKvk K‡ib|
 1912 mv‡j W. B. Yeats „Song Offerings‟ Gi f~wgKv wj‡Lb|
 1913 mv‡j iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi mvwn‡Z¨ Nobel cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib|
 1923 mv‡j W. B. Yeats mvwn‡Z¨ Nobel cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib|
Av‡R©w›Ubvi gwnjv Kwe, Victoria Ocampo †K iex›`ªbv_ ÒweRqvÓ Dcvax †`b
Ges Zv‡K Òc~iexÓ Kve¨ DrmM© K‡ib| iex›`ªbv_‡K Ôwek¦KweÕ Awfavq cÖ_g Awfwl³
K‡ib †ivgvb K¨v_wjK cwÐZ eªþevÜe Dcva¨vq| wZwb evsjv‡`k, fviZ Ges kÖxjsKv
GB 3 wU †`‡ki RvZxq m½x‡Zi iPwqZv| Avi National poets of India n‡jb
Kvwj`vm, Zzjmx `vm Ges iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
W.B. Yeats Rxebvb›` `vm cÖm½:

 W.B Yeats Gi Falling of the Leaves Gi mv‡_ Òa~mi
cvÐzwjwciÓ wgj cvIqv qvq|
 He Reproves the Carlow Gi mv‡_ Ònvq wPjÓ KweZvi wgj cvIqv hvq|
 Rxebvb›` `vk‡K wb‡q M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb- wK¬›Ub we wmwj
133. William Hunter:

Famous book: The Indian Muslims
(Z‡e The Good Muslim eBwU wj‡L‡Qb Tahmima Anam)
134. W.H. Auden:
 cy‡iv bvg : Weston Hugh Auden
 Born in England but settled in the USA
Play: ―The Dog Beneath the Skin‖
Poems:
(i) Lullaby (jvjvevB; Nygcvovwb Mvb)
(ii) The Shield of Achilles (A¨vwKwj‡mi Xvj) Auden
(iii) In Memory of W.B. Yeats (Elegy; B‡qU&‡mi g„Zz¨ wb‡q †jLv)
(iv) The Age of Anxiety (weL¨vZ KweZv)
135. William Somerset Maugham: (mgvi‡mU gg)

 An English Novelist who studied Medicine but never
practiced in life.
Short stories:
(i) The Ant and the Grasshopper
(wcucov I Nvmdwos)
(ii) The Luncheon (jvÂb; ga¨vý‡fvR)
Novels:
(i) Of Human Bondage mgvi‡mU gg
(This semi-autobiographical novel shows the author‘s savage
honesty and gift for storytelling at their best.)
(ii) The Moon and Sixpence
(iii) The Sacred Flame
(iv) The Razor‘s Edges
(v) Cakes and Ale
(vi) Liza of Lambeth
136. Wole Soyinka: (I‡j mywq¼v)

 An African novelist
 1986 mv‡j wZwb †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib|
Famous Books:
(i) The Lion and the Jewel
(ii) The Road
137. Wallace Stevens (October 2, 1879 – August 2, 1955)

 He was an American Modernist poet
Some of his best-known poems:
 The Emperor of Ice-Cream,"
 Sunday Morning,
 The Snow Man
 Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird"
138. Winston Churchill: (DBb÷b PvwP©j)

 2q wek¦hy‡×i mgq weª‡U‡bi cÖavbgš¿x wQ‡jb
 A statesman/ political leader of
the UK but awarded Nobel prize
in literature in 1953
 1953 mv‡j hy³ivóª KZ…©K Zv‡K “An honorary citizen of the USA” wn‡m‡e
m¤§vbm~PK Dcvwa †Ìqv nq|
Famous books:
a) History of the Second World War
b) Into Battle
PvwP©j Gi Dw³: i) „I hate Indians.

They are beastly people with a beastly language.‟
ii) When there is no enemy within, the enemies outside can't hurt.
139. William Faulkner: (dK&bvi)

 He was an American writer
Famous novels: dK&bvi
(i) The Sound and Fury

(Zvi †kÖô Dcb¨vm)
(ii) Light in August
(iii) Absalom, Absalom
(iv) As I Lay Dying
[The influence of William Faulkner‘s immersive tale of raw
Mississippi rural life can be felt to this day.]
(v) A Rose for Emile
Famous plays:
(i) Soldier‘s Play
(ii) Mosquitoes
140. Walt Whitman, Robert Frost & Emily Dickinson:

 GB wZbRb‡K Av‡gwiKvi RvZxq Kwe wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
 Robert Frost Gi GKwU weL¨vZ KweZv : Road Not Taken, Mending
Wall, Stopping By Woods On A Snowy Evening, Christmas
Trees etc. †eu‡P _vKv Ae¯’vqB U© d«÷ (1924, 1931,
1937, 1943)
 Robert Frost †K wesk kZvãxi Av‡gwiKvi †kÖô Kwe ejv nq|
 ûBUg¨v‡bi weL¨vZ KweZv: Leaves of Grass, Songs of Myself
³ † f& ³
³ e©v cÖ ¨
 wWwKbm‡bi weL¨vZ KweZv: Im nobody! Who are you?, Because I
could not stop for Death, I had no time to hate because, How
happy I was if I could forget, Heaven is what I cannot reach!
Whitman Gi Dw³:
―If anything is sacred, human body is sacred.‖
Famous quote of Robert frost:

1. ―The woods are lovely dark and deep
But I have promises to keep
And miles to go before I sleep (Stopping by Woods on
And miles to go before I sleep‖ a Snowy Evening)
2. ―Two roads diverged in a wood, and I– I took the one
less traveled by, And that has made all the difference.‖
(Road Not Taken)
3. ―Good fences make good neighbors.‖ (Mending Wall)
4. Home is the place where, when you have to go there,
they have to take you in.‖ (Home Burial)
 g‡b ivLyb:
The Death of the Hired Man (poem): wj‡L‡Qb Robert Frost
Death of a Salesman (play): wj‡L‡Qb Arthur Miller
The whole world is a book.

The man, who doesn't travel,
reads the one page of the book.
-Saint Augusten
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GK bR‡i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K‡ì Dcvwa:

01. Caedmon : First Known poet in English
02. Alfred the Great : The founder of English prose/
The law governing
03. Venerable Bade : Father of English learning
04. John Wycliffe : Father of English prose/ first translated
Bible into English
05. Dante : The father of Italian language
06. Geoffrey Chaucer : Father of modern English poetry/
Father of English literature
07. Christopher Marlowe : The father of English Drama / Tragedy
08. Sir Thomas Wyatt : The father of English sonnet
09. Ben Jonson : The father of Comedy of humors
10. Thomas Kyd : The father of English Revenge play
11. Francis Bacon : The father of modern essay/ Natural
Philosopher
12. Edmund Spenser : The poet of poets
13. Galileo : The father of modern astronomy
14. William Shakespeare : Bard of Avon and poet of human nature
15. John Donne : Poet of love
16. Robert Herrick : The greatest cavalier poet
17. Jonathan Swift : The greatest satirist in English
18. John Milton : The master of epic/ epic poet
19. Alexander pope : Mock heroic poet
20. John Dryden : Father of modern English criticism
21. Henry Fielding : The father of English novel
22. Dr. Samuel Johnson : The father of English Dictionary
23. Thomas Gray : The Graveyard poet
24. Sir Walter Scott : The father of both the Regional &
Historical Novels
25. William Wordsworth : The Poet of Nature / Childhood
[Gfv‡e evwK¸‡jv eB †_‡K wb‡R wgwj‡q wbb]

Av‡iv wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:

1. Socrates, Plato Ges Aristotle GB wZbRb `vk©wbK‡K Wise men of the old ejv nq|
2. g‡b ivLyb: Socrates> Plato> Aristotle>Alexander the Great
3. Father of Knowledge (Áv‡bi wcZv) ejv nq- m‡µwUm‡K|
4. MYZš¿B m‡e©vrK…ó kvmb eë¯’v- jW© eªvBm|
5. m‡µwU‡mi Virtue of knowledge Z‡Ë¡i cÖwZdjb NUv‡bvi Rb¨ †cø‡Uv G‡_Ý
GKv‡Wwg MVb K‡ib L„óc~e© 385 A‡ã|
6. MÖxK mvwn‡Zï RbK n‡jb Aeschylus (G¯‥vBjvm)|
7. Know Thyself (wb‡R‡K Rv‡bv)- m‡µwUm|
8. I to die, you to live which is better only God knows- (†ngjK wel nv‡Z wb‡q
m‡µwU‡mi †kl Dw³)|
9. †cø‡Ui D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’- w` wicvewjK, †÷Umg¨vb I WvqjMm|
10. †cø‡Uvi M„nwkÿK wQ‡jb m‡µwUm|
11. ÔBwZnvm n‡”Q AwfRvZ †kÖwYi mgvwa‡ÿÎÕ- Gwi÷Uj|
12. Ôkw³ bq, B”QvB iv‡ói wfwËÕ - Gwi÷Uj|
13. Gwi÷U‡ji M„nwkÿK wQ‡jb †cø‡Uv|
14. weL¨vZ ¯‥zj Ae wd‡jvmwd mv‡qÝ'i cÖwZôvZv- Gwi÷Uj|
15. msweavb n‡”Q ivóª KZ…©K g‡bvbxZ c~Y©v½ Rxeb weavb (Gwi÷Uj) |
16. Gwi÷Uj cÖwZwôZ wkÿv `vb †K‡›`ªi bvg- jvBwmqvg (Lyceums)|
17. cÖvPxb MÖxK bvU¨Kvi m‡dvwK¬m (Sophocles) 100 wUi I †ewk bvUK wj‡Lb|
18. BwjqvW I I‡Wwm gnvKve¨ `ywUi iPwqZv n‡jb- †nvgvi|
19. cÖvPxb MÖx‡mi RvZxq Kwe wQ‡jb †nvgvi (Rb¥vÜ) |
20. Gwi÷U‡ji (weL¨vZ) MÖš’¸‡jv n‡jv- The Politics, The Poetics, The Etheics the
logic, w` †ivUvwiK The Constituton of Athence.
20. MÖxK bvU¨Kvi m‡dvwK¬‡mi †kÖôZg bvUK n‡jv CwWcvm (Oedipus Rex).
21. BwZnv‡mi RbK †n‡iv‡WUvm wLª÷c~e©, 484 A‡ã eZ©gvb Zzi‡¯‥i †ivìv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
22. cÖvPxb MÖxK BwZnvmwe` ÔLyKzfvBwWmÕ †K weÁvbm¤§Z BwZnv‡mi RbK ejv nq|
23. Gw›UM‡b I B‡j±v bvU¨Kvi m‡dvwK¬‡mi `ywU weL¨vZ Uª¨v‡RwW|
24. wMÖK weL¨vZ MwYZwe` wc_v‡Mvivm wLª÷c~e© 6ô kZ‡K Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib|
25. wLª÷c~e© 5g kZ‡K Rb¥ †bb weÁvbx Gbv‡·v‡Mvivm I wPwKrmv weÁvbx wn‡cv‡µwUm|
26. cÖvPxb †ivgvb Kwe fvwR©‡ji gnvKve¨ ÔBwbWÕ eû fvlvi Ab~w`Z nq|
27. cÖvwYweÁv‡bi RbK Gwi÷U‡ji QvÎ w_Ddv÷vm wQ‡jb Dw™¢` weÁv‡bi RbK|
28. myjZvb gvngy‡ì mfvKwe gnvKwe †di‡`․wmi gnvKv‡eï bvg kvnbvgv (dviwm fvlvq)|
29. wgkixq †R¨vwZwe©Ávbx U‡jwgi (Ptolemy) (Rb¥ 90 L„:) weL¨vZ MÖš’ Almagest |
30. Knowledge is virtue (ÁvbB cyY¨)-m‡µwUm|
31. An unexamined life is not worth living- (m‡µwUm)|
32. ivóª n‡jv cwiev‡ii m¤úªmvwiZ dj- Aristotle.
33. Imagination is more important than knowledge (Kíbvkw³ Ávb A‡cÿv

¸iæZ¡c~Y©; Einstein)
34. Man is the measure of all things. (†cÖv‡U‡Mvivm)
35. Man is by nature a political animal- Aristotle.
36. A friend is to all is a friend to none- (Aristotle).
37. Rxe weÁvb I ivóªweÁv‡bi RbK Gwi÷Uj|
38. Eureka, Eureka (I have found it)- AvwK©wgwWm|
39. cÖvPxb MÖx‡mi wZbRb weL¨vZ bvU¨Kvi n‡jb m‡dvwK¬m, BDwiwcwWm Ges G¯‥vBjvm|
40. gnvexi Av‡jK&RvÛv‡ii †mbvcwZi bvg †mjyKvm|
41. Necessity is the mother of invention- (Plato).
42. At the touch of love everyone becomes a poet- (†cø‡Uv)|
43. A person who never made a mistake never tried anything new-(Albert
Einstein).
44. wkÿv n‡”Q †`n, gb I AvZ¥vi mylg weKvk- gnvZ¥v MvÜx|
45. my Af¨vm MV‡bi bvgB wkÿv- iæ‡kv|
46. ―Our first love and last love is self love.‖-Bovey
47. Do not read success stories, you will get only message. Read failure
stories, you will get some ideas to get success. (A.P. J. Abdul Kalam)
48. The most wasted day in life is the day in which we have not laughed.
(Charlie Chaplin)
49. Kwe Virgil Gi weL¨vZ gnvKv‡eï bvg- Aeneid (CwbW)|
50. Socrates believed that an angry man was equal to a beast.
51. The theme of Iliad is: The Wrath (Anger) of Achilles
52. Dying words of Socretis were: 'Crito, I owe a cock to Ascleping;
will you remember to the debt?'
53. 'The government is the best which governs least.'
-Henry David Thoreau
54. Achilles was a great Greek fighter.
55. 'An unexamined life is not worth living'- Socrates
56. Menelaus was the first husband of Helen of Troy.
57. Phoenix (wdwb·) is a mythical bird regenerating from ashes.
58. Socrates believed that an angry man was equal to a beast.
59. Bibliography gv‡b M«š’ I iPbvejxi ZvwjKv|
60. City of Literature- GwWbevM©|
61. Catastrophy gv‡bt The tragic end of dramatic events.
62. d«v‡Ýi RvZxq Kwet Pvj©m †ev`‡jqvi|
63. Achilles' Heel gv‡b one's weak point|
64. Prosody A_© Q›`weÁvb, Q›` c«KiY|
Previous Questions
The Modern & The Post Modern Periods
01. 'Caesar and Cleopatra' is -- [12Zg wewmGm/ miKvwi gva¨wgK mn wkÿK-2011]
(a) a tragedy by Shakespeare (b) a play By G.B Shaw
(c) a poem by lord Byron (d) a novel by S.T. Coleridge Ans. b
02. Who among the following is a dramatist? [cÖevmx Kj¨vY mn cwi- 2012]
(a) George Bernard Shaw (b) E. M. Forster
(c) T. S. Eliot (d) Stephen Spender Ans. a
03. George Bernard Shaw is--- [ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v- 2001]
(a) a playwright (b) a film-maker
(c) a historian (d) a modern painter Ans. a
04. Who is the author of the drama 'Joan of Arc?' [PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ©
cixÿv- 2009-10/ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2010-11]
(a) G. B. Shaw (b) Lord Byron
(c) Charles Dickens (d) P. B. Shelly Ans. a
05. 'Man and Superman' eBwU Kvi †jLv [kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvjq: 2010-11]
(a) William Shakespeare (b) G. B Shaw
(c) Leo Tolstoy (d) Gharles Dickens Ans. b
06. Who is the greatest English dramatist? [12Zg wewmGm]
(a) P. B. Shelley (b) Virginia Wolff
(c) G. B. Shaw (d) T. S. Eliot Ans. c
07. Who is the modern philosopher who was awarded Nobel Prize
for literature? [12Zg wewmGm]
(a) James Baker (b) Dr. Kissinger
(c) Bertrand Russell (d) Lenin Ans. c
08. Bertrand Russell was a British--- [kÖg Awa`ß‡i kÖg Kg©KZ©v -2003]
(a) Journalist (b) Scientist
(c) Philosopher (d) Astronaut Ans. c
09. The author of 'Road to Freedom' is- [‡mvbvjx, RbZv I AMÖYx e¨vsK-2008]
10. History of the II world war is written by-- [_vbv wkÿv Awdmvi- 2005]
(a) Keats (b) Winston Churchill
(c) Clinton (d) None of them Ans. b
11. Who wrote the short story 'The Gift of the Magi'?
(a) William Wordsworth (b) Nixon
(c) Jane Austen (d) O' Henry Ans. d
12. O' Henry is famous for- [kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b mnKvix kÖg Awdmvi- 2003]
(a) Drama (b) Short Story (c) Novel (d) France Ans. b
13. Who was the greatest modern American short story writer?
(a) E. Hemingway (b) S. Bellow
(c) W. A Longfellow (d) O' Henry Ans. d
14. Who wrote the Introduction to Rabindranath Tagore's Songs
Offerings? [†mvbvjx e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi-2014]
(a) T. S Eliot (b) Auden (c) Ezra Found (d) W. B Yeats Ans. d
15. Famous Irish poet and dramatist is---- [M„nvqb I MYc~Z© gš¿Yvj‡qi Avevmb
cwi`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK- 2006/ Kviv ZË¡veavqK (¯îvóª gš¿Yvjq) cixÿv- 2010]
(a) H. G. Wells (b) Alexander (c) Tolstoy (d) W. B. Yeats Ans. d
16. Who translated 'Gitanjoli' of Rabindranath Tagore in English?
[kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿bvj‡qi Aaxb †gwWK¨vj Awdmvi- 2003]
(a) W. B. Yeats (b) John Keats
(c) Robert Frost (d) Ralph Hodgson Ans. a
17. 'The Sacred Flame' is written by--- [wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK 2006]
(a) William Somerset Maugham (b) G B Shaw
(c) Ernest Hemingway (d) Oscar Wilde Ans. a
18. Who is the author of the book 'Of Human Bondage'?
(a) Charles Dickens (b) Somerset Maugham
(c) Jane Austen (d) D. H. Lawrence Ans. b
19. What kind of literary work is „The Luncheon‟ by Somerset
Maugham? [‡Rjv `yb©xwZ `gb Awdmvi c‡` wbe©vPbx cixÿv- 1994]
(a) A novel (b) A short story
(c) A poem (d) A scientific article Ans. b
20. What is the work of Winston Churchill? [Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© - 2011-12]
(a) History of the Second World War
(b) History of the English Speaking People
(c) Life in Marlborough
(d) Far from the Madding Crowd Ans. a
21. In which year Winston Churchill got the Novel prize in
literature? [‡Rjv `yb©xwZ `gb Awdmvi c‡` wbe©vPbx cixÿv- 1994]
(a) 1943 (b) 1945 (c) 1948 (d) 1953 Ans. d
22. Who was a statesman but awarded Nobel Prize in English Literature?
(a) Stalin (b) Nixon (c) Churchill (d) Roosevelt Ans. c
23. What was the real name of the great American short-story
writer, 'O Henry'? [13Zg wewmGm]
(a) Samuel L. Clemens (b) William Sydney Porter
(c) Fitz-James O Brien (d) William Huntington Wright Ans. b
24. One of the four mentioned below is not a novelist of Victorian Age-
(a) Charles Dickens (b) George Eliot
(c) James Joyce (d) Thomas Hardy Ans.c
25. What was the first novel of Virginia Woolf? [miKvwi gva¨ we`¨v wkÿK- 2009]
(a) The Waves (b) To the light house
(c) The voyage out (d) Jacob's Room Ans. c
26. 'To the light house' eBwUi iPwqZv †K?
(a) Jane Austen (b) Shakespeare
(c) S. T. Coleridge (d) Virginia Woolf Ans. d
27. 'The Rainbow' is---. [13Zg wewmGm]
(a) a poem by Wordsworth (b) a short story by Maugham
(c) a novel by D. H. Lawrence (d) a verse by Coleridge Ans. c
28. 'Lady Chatterley's Lover' is a novel written by- [cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi
Aaxb AvenvIqv Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix AvenvIqvwe`-2007/ ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi mvBdi Awdmvi- 2012]
(a) William Somerset Maugham (b) Thomas Hardy
(c) Charles Dickens (d) D. H. Lawrence Ans. d
29. The most striking feature of D.H. Lawrence's character is that-
(a) they almost portray himself (b) they live a very simple life
(c) they live a very simple life (d) they are sly of themselves Ans. a
30. D. H. Lawrence a famous novelist of Modern Age is not the author of
one of the four novels mentioned below : [wcGmwm mn-cwiPvjK 1998]
(a) The Rainbow (b) Lady Chatterley's Lover
(c) Sons and Lovers (d) Ulysses Ans. d
31. Any one of the following pairs is literary collaborators- [17Zg wewmGm]
(a) Eliot and Pound (b) Yeats and Eliot
(c) Pope and Dryden (d) Shelley and Keats Ans. a
32. T. S. Eliot was born in----
(a) Ireland (b) England (c) Wales (d) USA Ans. d
33. The literary work 'The Waste Land' is a- [Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© -2011-12]
(a) poem by T.S Eliot (b) historical work by Charles Dickens
(c) play by P.B. Shelley (d) None Ans. a
34. In which poem do you find Hindu allusion of philosophy?
(a) Kubla Khan (b) The Patriot
(c) The Waste Land (d) The Cloud Ans. c
35. Who wrote 'The waste Land'? [Rbkw³ Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY ey¨‡ivi Dc-cwiPvjK- 2007]
(a) W. B. Yeats (b) Robert Forst
(c) W. H. Auden (d) T. S. Eliot Ans. d
36. According to most of the critics who is not a romantic poet?
(a) John Keats (b) T. S. Eliot
(c) Rabindranath Tagore (d) William Wordsworth Ans. b
37. 'Murder in the Cathedral' is written by--- [ÎvY I cybe©vmb Awa -2006]
(a) Harold Pinter (b) T. S Eliot
(c) G. B. Shaw (d) Samuel Beckett Ans. b
38. Who is famous for the theory of 'Objective Co-relative'?
(a) Virginia Woolf (b) William Somerset Maugham
(c) Edward Morgan Forster (d) T. S Eliot Ans. d
39. Who of the following was a poet? [WvK I †Uwj. gš¿Yvjq- 2003]
(a) T. S Eliot (b) Charles Dickens
(c) Jane Austen (d) G. B Shaw Ans. a
40. T. S. Eliot is an English poet who is famous for the
sensuousness. What do. T. S stand for? [gva¨. mn cÖavb wkÿK c-03]
(a) Thomas Stearns (b) Thompson Simson
(c) Thomas Stewart (d) Thomas Stephen Ans. a
41. T. S Eliot is a---- poet. [mve †iwRóªvi c‡` wbe©vPbx cixÿv-2001]
(a) Romantic (b) Victorian
(c) Modern (d) Post-modern Ans. c
42. 'The Waste Land' is- [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 1992]
(a) a drama (b) a poem (c) a novel (d) an essay Ans. b
43. A Russian author who refused Nobel Prize [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Kviv ZË¡veavqK- 2010]
(a) Maxim Gorky (b) Ruskin
(c) Alexander Solzhenitsyn (d) Boris Pasternak Ans. d
44. Dr. Zivago- eB‡qi †jL‡Ki bvg †KvbwU? [cÖavbgš¿x Kvh©vjq cv‡m©vbvj Awdmvi- 2004]
(a) Boris Pasternak (b) Leo Tolstoy
(c) Rabindranath Tagore (d) Dante Ans. a
45. 'The Good Earth' has been written by-[evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q mnKvix Kgv‡ÛU- 2007]
(a) Viginia Wolff (b) George Eliot
(c) Charles (d) Pearl S. Buck Ans. d
46. Who is the author of 'For Whom the Bell Tolls'? [11Zg wewmGm]
(a) Charles Dickens (b) Homer
(c) Lord Tennyson (d) Ernest Hemingway Ans. d
47. American female novelist Pearl S. Buck got Nobel Prize in 1938
for the book--- [cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vjq I gwš¿cwil` Kvh©vj‡q cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v- 2004]
(a) The Good Earth (b) House Divided
(c) The Patriot (d) De Cameron Ans. a
48. Nobel Prize winner American woman novelist is- [Z_¨ gš¿. 2006]
(a) Bronte (b) Austen (c) Woolf (d) Pearl S. Buck Ans. d
49. "Into the ___ of death rode the six hundred".
(a) city (b) tunnel (c) road (d) valley Ans. d
50. 'Melodrama' is a kind of play of—[`ybx©wZ `gb ey¨‡iv- 2004]

(a) violent and sensational themes (b) historical themes
(c) philosophical themes (d) pathetics themes Ans. a
51. What is an epic? [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv-1997]
(a) a prose composition (b) a romance
(c) a novel (d) a long poem Ans. d
52. A Fantasy is—PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2010-2011]
(a) An imaginary story (b) A funny film
(c) A real life event (d) A funny place Ans. a
53. Readers who have electic tastes in literature— [Xvwe- 2010-2011]
(a) read strange books (b) read a wide variety of books
(c) read books on just one topic (d) do not read books Ans. b
54. Choose the one which does not fit in—[Xvwe. fwZ© cixÿv- 2010-2011]
(a) sonnet (b) ode (c) stanza (d) elegy Ans. c
55. 'Blank Verse' is a kind of verse— [/¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Kviv ZË¡veavqK-2010]
(a) having blanks in the verse (b) having no rhyming end
(c) having no significance (d) having no rhythmic flow Ans. b
56. Blank Verse A_©— [mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi mgvR‡mev Awa. mgvR‡mev Awdmvi-2010]
(a) AbycvÖ m (b) AwgÎvÿi (c) cqvi (d) gnvKve¨ Ans. b
57. A drama is a/an [kÖg cwi`ß‡ii RbmsL¨v I cwievi Kj¨vY Kg©KZ©v-2009]
(a) novel retold in dialogue (b) magical performances on the stage
(c) fairy tale (d) story translated into action Ans. b
58. Which word does not relate to literature?— [kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Y]
(a) epilogue (b) monologue
(c) prologue (d) demagogue Ans. d
59. Canto ej‡Z wK eySv hvq? [mnKvix _vbv cwievi cwiKíbv Awdmvi-1998]
(a) `xN© KweZvi GKwU ¯ÍeK (b) bvU‡Ki A¼
(c) gnvKv‡eï wefvM (d) AwgÎvÿi Q‡›` iwPZ KweZv Ans. c
60. Earnest Hemingway is a famous-- [mnKvix _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi cixÿv- 2010]
(a) British novelist (b) Irish novelist
(c) American Novelist (d) Latin American Novelist Ans. c
61. Earnest Hemingway is the author of--
(a) The old man and the sea (b) the Invisible Man
(c) Arms and the Man (d) A doll's House Ans. a
62. Who writes 'Waiting for Godot'? [Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2099-10]
(a) Bertolt Brecht (b) Samuel Beckett
(c) Henric Ibsen (d) Samuel Bulter Ans. b
63. Who Wrote 'The Birthday Party'? [Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2009-10]
(a) James Joyce (b) G. B. Shaw
(c) Harold Pinter (d) Jane Austen Ans. c
64. Who authored that statement "Injustice anywhere is a threat
to justice everywhere"? [PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2012-13]
(a) Harold Laski (b) Martin Luther King
(c) Tocqueville (d) Abraham Lincoln Ans. b
65. "I have a ___ that one day this nation will live out the true
meaning of its creed that all man are created equal." [29Zg wewmGm]
(a) desire (b) hope (c) dream (d) wish Ans. c
66. Who is the author of 'The Old Man and the Sea'?
[kÖg Awa`ß‡i kÖg Awdmvi 1994/ewikvj wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2010-2011]
(a) H. Melvile (b) George Orwell
(c) Charles Dickens (d) E. Hemingway Ans. d
67. Who is the author of the novel 'The Sun also Rises'?
(a) H. G. Wells (b) George Orwell
(c) Ernest Hemingway (d) Thomas Hardy Ans. c
68. Nobel Prize winner in literature 'Harold Pinter' is from- [cwiKíbv
Ges cÖevmx Kj¨vY I ‣e‡`wkK Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK- 2006]
(a) Us (b) Australia (c) UK (d) Canada Ans. c
69. "Justice delayed is justice denied" was state by___ [11Zg wewmGm]
(a) Shakespeare (b) Emerson
(c) Gladstone (d) John Keats Ans. C
70. 'But I have promises to keep
And miles to go before I sleep'- was written by- [Dc-mnKvix
cwiPvjK(kÖg) c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2001]
(a) T. S Eliot (b) W. B
(c) Robert Frost (d) Ted Huges Ans. c
71. Who authored the statement 'The government is the best which
governs least'?
(a) Hobart Spancer (b) Harold Laski
(c) Tocqueville (d) Henry David Thoreau Ans. d
72. Who said 'Man is a political animal'? [PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© - 2011-2012]
(a) Dante (b) Aristotle (c) Voltaire (d) Plato Ans. b
73. Whose dying words were, 'Crito, I owe a cock to Ascleping;
will you remember to the debt?' [Dc‡Rjv mgvR‡mev Awdmvi- 2008]
(a) Aristotle (b) Tules
(c) Socretes (d) Robert Louis Strvenson Ans. c
74. "Achilles" was--

(a) a great Trojan fighter (b) a great Greek fighter
(c) a great Roman fighter (d) husband of Helen Ans. b
75. Who said 'An unexamined life is not worth living'?
[AvenvIqv Awa`ß‡ii Aax‡b mnKvix AvenvIqvwe` wb‡qvM cixÿv- 1995]
(a) Socrates (b) Plato (c) Aristotle (d) Zeno Ans. a
76. England expects every man to do his duty- Who told it?
(a) Nelson (b) Churchill
(c) Wilson (d) Thatcher Ans. a
77. Adela is character in a novel written by— [mnKvwi cwiPvjK gv`K`ªe¨
wbqš¿K Awa`ßi-2013]
(a) Joseph Conrad (b) James Joyce
(c) E.M. Forster (d) Rudyard Kipling Ans. c
78. A Russian author who refused Nobel Prize -[¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Kviv ZË¡veavq- 2010]
(a) Maxim Gorky (b) Ruskin
(c) Alexander Solzhenitsyn (d) Boris Pasternak Ans. d
79. Who was a statesman but awarded Nobel Prize in English
Literature?
(a) Stalin (b) Nixon (c) Churchill (d) Roosevelt Ans. c
80. Who was the first husband of Helen of Troy? [Dc‡Rjv mgvR‡mev Awdmvi- 2008]
(a) Paris (b) Agamemnon
(c) Achilles (d) Menelaus Ans. d
81. According to the writer of 'A Mother in Mannville' which of
the following word best describes the character of Jerry-
[‡eMg †iv‡Kqv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2012-13]
(a) Brave (b) Honesty (c) Independence (d) Integrity Ans. d
82. Who is the modern philosopher who was awarded Nobel Prize
for literature?
83. Who among the following is not a recipient of the Nobel Prize
in Literature? [†mvbvjx e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi- 2014]
(a) Rabindranath Togore (b) W. B Yeats
(c) T. S Eliot (d) Robert Browning Ans. d
84. Who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2013?
[‡mvbvjx e¨vsK Awdmvi / Awdmvi K¨vk)- 2014]
(a) Alce Munro (b) Gunter Grass
(c) Nadine Gordimer (d) V. S Naipaul Ans. a
85. Helen of Troy was the wife of---

(a) Agamemnon (b) Achilles
(c) Menelaus (d) Ulysses Ans. c
86. Award of Nobel Prize in Literature was started from the year-
[cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv wefv‡M mnKvix cwiPvjK c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2001]
(a) 1901 (b) 1911 (c) 1913 (d) 1917 Ans. a
87. American female novelist Pearl S. Buck got Nobel Prize in 1938
for the book. [cÖavbgš¿x Kvh©vjq I gwš¿cwil` Kvh©vj‡q cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v- 2004]
(a) The Good Earth (b) House Divided
(c) The Patriot (d) De Cameron Ans. a
88. Nobel Prize winner in literature 'Harold Pinter' is from-
[cwiKíbv Ges cÖevmx Kj¨vY I •e‡`wkK Kg©¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK- 2006]
(a) US (b) Australia (c) UK (d) Canada Ans. c
89. Who was not awarded the Nobel Prize? [Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-12]
(a) John Galsworthy (b) Orthan Pamuk
(c) Winston Churchill (d) Elizabeth Barrett Ans. d
90. Nobel Prize winner American woman novelist is- [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb
evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb Ges weÁvcb AaxKvwiK (†MÖW-2) 2006]
(a) Bronte (b) Austen
(c) Woolf (d) Pearl S. Buck Ans. d
91. Who was awarded Nobel Prize for the poem 'The Waste Land'?
[wbe©vPbx cixÿv- 1992]
(a) D. H. Lawrence (b) Lord Tennyson
(c) T. S Eliot (d) William Wordsworth Ans. c
92. The 'Poet Laureate' is- [15Zg wewmGm]
(a) the best poet of the country
(b) a winner of the Noble Prize in poetry
(c) the Court Poet of England
(d) a classical poet. Ans. c
93. Of the following authors, one is American. Who is he?
[‡ijI‡q mnKvix Kgv‡ÛU c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2000]
(a) Alexander Pope (b) Daniel Defoe
(c) William Faulkner (d) Robert Browning Ans. c
94. Of the following who is the most translated author of the
world? [weGmwmi mnKvwi cwiPvjK- 2006]
(a) V. I. Lenin (b) Leo Tolsoty
(c) Agatha Cristie (d) Mao Tse Tung Ans. a
95. Who is the father of Modern English Literature? cÖv_wgK we`¨v- 2005]
(a) G. B. Shaw (b) Shakespare
(c) P.B. Shelley (d) William Wordswroth Ans. a

96. Who wrote Madame Bovary? [ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi mvBdi Awdmvi-2012]
(a) Leo Tolstoy (b) James Joyce
(c) E.M/ Forster (d) Gustave Elaubert Ans. d
97. A Doll‟s House is written by— [†eMg †iv‡Kqv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2011-12]
(a) Francis Bacon (b) Henrick Ibsen
(c) E.M. Forster (d) R.K. Narayan Ans. b
98. „My Experiments with Truth‟ was written by- [PÆMÖvg wek¦ fwZ©- 2011-12]
(a) Mahatma Gandhi (b) Michael Anderson
(c) Winston Chrchill (d) James Morris Ans. a
99. The author of the book „The Sense of an Ending‟-[Lyjbv wek¦.fwZ©-11-12]
(a) Julian Barnes (b) Henry Fielding
(c) R.K. Narayan (d) Toas Transtromer Ans. a
100. Among the following who is not a poet? [Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© c.-2011-12]
(a) Matthew Arnold (b) Robert Frost
(c) John Donne (d) Doris Lessing Ans. d
101. Who was not awarded the Nobel Prize? [Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-12]
(a) John Galsworthy (b) Orhan Pamuk
102. Who wrote „Crime and Punishment‟? [Bm. wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2011-12]
(a) George Eliot (b) Dostoyevsky
(c) Anglo Saxon (d) John Keats Ans. b
103. ‗The Rape of Bangladesh‟ [cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vj‡q cv‡m©vbvj Awdmvi-2004]
(a) Anthony Mascarenhas (b) Matthew Arnold
(c) G.B. Shaw (d) Alexander Dumas Ans. a
104. The author of the famous book „The Judgement‟ is— [PÆMÖvg
wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2011-12]
(a) Anthony Mascarenhas (b) Kuldip Nayer
(c) R. Venkataraman (d) Amrtya Sen Ans. b
105. Which phrase would best describe „the cuckoo‟?
[RMbœv_ wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-12]
(a) ‗the scavenger of Nature‘ (b) ‗a bird that does not sleep at night‘
(c) ‗the harbinger of spring‘ (d) ‗the queen of the forest‘ Ans. c
106. The Asian Drama MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv †K? - [23Zg wewmGm]
(a) AgZ©¨ †mb (b) ¸bvi wgiWvj
(c) gvB‡Kj wjdUb (d) DBwjqvg i‡÷v Ans. b
107. Who is the author of „India Wins Freedom‟? [10Zg wewmGm/M„nvqb I

MYc~Z© gš¿Yvj‡qi Avevmb cwi`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK-2006]
(a) Mahatma Gandhi (b) J.L. Nehru
(c) Abul Kalam Azad (d) Moulana Akram Khan Ans. c
108. Who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2013?
[†mvbvjx e¨vsK Awdmvi/Awdmvi (K¨vk)-2014]
(a) Alice Munro (b) Gunter Grass
(c) Nadine Gordimer (d) V.S. Naipaul Ans. a
109. Who wrote „Wuthering Heights‟? [ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi mvBdi Awdmvi-2012]
(a) Jane Austen (b) Emily Bronte
(c) Thomas Hardy (d) D.H. Lawrence Ans. b
110. Epics are divided into — types. [RMbœv_ wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2012-13]
(a) six (b) four (c) two (d) five Ans. c
111. The word „Limerick‟ means [PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2012-13]
(a) a form of light verse
(b) a form of dramatic monologue
(c) a kind of long narrative poem
(d) A kind of historical play Ans. a
112. An epic based on—performed by a hero [RMbœv_ wek¦: fwZ© cixÿv- 2012-13]
(a) heroic deeds (b) a narrative
(c) intervention (d) trifle subjects Ans. a
113. Rabindranath Tagore wrote—. [RMbœv_ wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2012-13]
(a) Balaka (b) Banalata sen
(c) Bidrahi (d) Chhar Patra Ans. a
114. The epic „Odyssey‟ was written by— [†eMg †iv‡Kqv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2012-13]
(a) Milton (b) Tennyson
(c) Homer (d) Shakespeare Ans. c
115. The only medium of literature is— [RMbœv_ wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2012-13]
(a) language (b) painting
(c) scuplture (d) architecture Ans. a
116. Kazi Nazrul Islam is the—poet of Bangladesh. [RvZxq wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2012-13]
(a) national (b) love (c) romantic (d) mystic Ans. a
117. Who is the author of the novel „A Golden Age‟? [PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2012-13]
(a) Parl S. Bark (b) Tahmima Anam
(c) Virginia Wolf (d) Tony Morrison Ans. b
118. Emily Bronte is a — [cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK-2011]
(a) poet (b) critic (c) novelist (d) scientist Ans. c
119. „There is no one so poor as a wealthy miser.‟ This is an example

of— [Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2011-12]
(a) paradox (b) synecdoche
(c) consonance (d) caesura Ans. a
120. The Wrath of Achilles is the theme of— [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb ewnivMgb I
cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK-2011]
(a) Aeneid (b) Iliad (c) Odyssey (d) Don Juan Ans. b
121. Who is the author of „Around the World in Eighty Days‟?
[Dc‡Rjv mgvR‡mev Awdmvi-2008/gnvwnmve wbixÿK I wbqš¿‡Ki Kvh©¨vj‡qi Aaxb AwWUi-2011]
(a) Sir A. Canon Doyle (b) Jules Verne
(c) Daniel Defoe (d) Robert Louis Stevenson Ans. b
122. Which Indian English Writer wrote „A Suitable Boy‟‟? [¯îvóª
gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb ewnivMgb I cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK- 2011]
(a) Nirod C. Chanudhuri (b) Jhumpa Lehri
(c) Anita Desai (d) Vikram Seth Ans. d
123. Victor Hugo was a — [miKvix gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv-2011]
(a) English novelist (b) American novelist
(c) Scottish novelist (d) French novelist Ans. d
124. Which of the following is a story in verse? [PÆMÖvg wek¦. fwZ© cixÿv-2011-12]
(a) elegy (b) ballad (c) ode (d) sonnet Ans. b
125. Phoenix is— [¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb Avbmvi I wfwWwc Awa`ß‡ii mv‡K©j A¨vWRyU¨v›U- 2010]
(a) an imaginery bullock (b) a mythical goat
(c) a mythical bird regenerating from ashes
(d) a dead mythical bird Ans. c
126. Socrates believed that an angry man was— [UCB-2010]
(a) not superior (b) equal to a beast
(c) disliked by all (d) less human than beast Ans. b
127. Which one of the following is not true for Socrates‟ wife?
[BDbvB‡UW Kgvwk©qvj e¨vsK-2010]
(a) She disturbed her husband
(b) She was not reasonable
(c) She would lose her temper frequently
(d) She did not insult Socrates Ans. d
128. „Captive Lady‟ Kvi iPbv?
[cjøx we`y¨Zvqb †evW© mnKvix cwiPvjK (A_©) c‡` wb‡qvMv‡_© evQvB cixÿv-2010]
(a) DBwjqvg IqvW©mI_© (b) wc.we. †kjx
(c) gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë (d) jW© evqib Ans. c
129. „After thunder comes rain‟. Here thunder means— [UCB-2010]
(a) a thunder bolt
(b) the loud and angry scolding of Socrates wife

(c) the laughter of the passersby
(d) a loud noise which usually follows a flash of lightening Ans. b
130. A mournful poem written on the death of someone love and
lost— [b¨vkbvj e¨vsK-2010]
(a) Homage (b) Ode (c) Saga (d) Elegy Ans. d
131. Nissim Ezekiel is a famous poet of— [Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2009-10]
(a) Israel (b) America (c) India (d) Nepal Ans. c
132. Kazi Nazrul Islam is a—poet. [RvZxq wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2011-12]
(a) revolting (b) rebel
(c) rebellious (d) rebelling Ans. b
133. King Lear banished his youngest daughter Cordelia from his
Kingdom; but in the end, she became her only shelter. This is
an example of- [Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv -2011-12]
(a) sarcasm (b) irony (c) hyperbole (d) metaphor Ans. b
134. When a poem has a speaker, what does a novel have?
[Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2011-12]
(a) narrator (b) character (c) author (d) speaker Ans. a
135. Rabindranath Tagore won Nobel Prize for writing—
[RvZxq wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2011-12]
(a) plays (b) novels (c) poetry (d) short stories Ans. c
136. ‗Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince‟ eBwUi iPwqZ †K? [cÖv_wgK
we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK-2005/kvnRvjvj wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2010-11]
(a) J.K Rowling (b) Sir Walter Scott
(c) Verginia (d) Alexander Dumas Ans. a
137. “The hungry judges soon the sentence sign, And wretches hang
that jurymen may dine.” This is an example of— [Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ©
cixÿv-2011-12]
(a) a satire (b) an irony (c) a metaphor (d) a metonymy Ans. a
138. Who wrote the book „The Kite Runner‟? [ivwe. fwZ© cixÿv-2009-10]
(a) Salman Rushide (b) Khaled Hosseini
(c) Orhan Pamuk (d) None Ans. b
139. ‗Things Fall Apart‟ was written by— [Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2009-10]
(a) W.B. Yeats (b) Chinua Achebe
(c) Wole Soyinka (d) V.S. Naipaul Ans. b
140. Homer‟s Iliad is a/an— [kÖg cwi`ß‡ii RbmsL¨v I cwievi Kj¨vY Kg©KZ©v-2009]
(a) Novel (b) Drama (c) Epic (d) Epilogue Ans. c
141. ‗Satanic Verses‟ is written by— [kÖg cwi. RbmsL¨v I cwievi Kj¨vY Kg©KZ©v-2009]
(a) Arundhati Roy (b) R.K. Narayan
(c) Salman Rushdie (d) Thumpa Lathiri Ans. c

142. 'Mending Wall' KweZvwUi iPwqZv †K? [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK-2001]
(a) William Shakespeare (b) William Wordworth
(c) Robert Frost (d) Henry Longfellow Ans. c
143. What is the salient feature of all literatures?
[†Uwj‡dvb †ev‡W©I mnKvix cwiPvjK/ wnmveiÿY Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM-2004]
(a) Artistic Quality (b) Sensuous quality
(c) Suggestive quality (d) Reflective quality Ans. a
144. Who is well known for his translation of „The Rubaiyat of
Omar Khayyam‟ into English. [kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿. Aax‡b mn. kÖg Awd.-2003]
(a) Rose Macaulay (b) Edward Fitzerald
(c) George Bernard Shaw (d) D.H. Lawrence Ans. b
145. Author of The Picture of Dorian Gray— [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi cixÿv-2003]
(a) Boris Pasernauk (b) Fitzerald
(c) Aldous Huxley (d) Oscar Wilde Ans. d
146. A famous short story of Maupassant is— [kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b
mnKvix kÖg Awdmvi-2003]
(a) Gift of the Magi (b) Tropic of Cancer
(c) The Diamond Necklace (d) The Prince Ans. c
147. Who wrote the book „Cancer Ward‟? [MYgva¨g Bbw÷wUD‡Ui mnKvix cwiPvjK
†eZvi cÖ‡K․kj cÖwkÿK)-2003]
(a) Alexander Solzhenitsyn (b) Alexander Pope
(c) Boris Pasternak (d) Leo Tolstoy Ans. a
148. Goethe is the greatest poet of— [kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿. Aax‡b mn. kÖg Awd.-2003]
(a) Germany (b) Russia (c) England (d) France Ans. a
149. What type book „The Woman‟ is— [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b (mnKvix cwiPvjK,
†MÖW-2) wb‡qvM cixÿv-2003]
(a) Novel (b) Story (c) Essay (d) Drama Ans. a
150. A.S. Hornby is famous for— [gva¨wgK mnKvix wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2001]
(a) writing dictionaries (b) writing poems
(c) writing songs (d) writing texbooks Ans. a
151. Who is the author of 'The Jungle Book'? [kÖg Awa`ß‡i kÖg Kg©KZ©v Ges
RbmsL¨v I cwieviKj¨vY Kg©KZ©v-2003]
(a) Hans Christain Anderson (b) Enid Blyton
(c) Rudyard Kipling (d) H.G. Wells Ans. c
152. ‗A Passage to India‟ is written by— [Dc‡Rjv/_vbv wbe©vPb Awdmvi-2008]
(a) E.M. Forster (b) Saadat Hossan Minto
(c) Rudyard Kipling (d) Gallsworthy Ans. a
153. Who is the author of the drama, „You never can tell‟ [RvZxq msm‡`
mwePvj‡q mnKvix M‡elYv Awdmvi- 2006]
(a) William Shakespeare (b) George Bernard Shaw
(c) Christopher Marlowe (d) Ben Jonson Ans. b
154. 'A Brief History of Time' eBwUi †jLK— [kÖg Awa`ß‡i Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb I
cÖwkÿY ey¨‡iv mnKvix cwiPvjK c‡` wb‡qvM-2001]
(a) AvjevU© AvBb÷vBb (b) AvBR¨vK wbDUb
(c) RM`xk P›`ª emy (d) w÷‡db nwKs Ans. d
155. 'The End of History and the Last Man' [mve †iwR÷ªvi-2001]
(a) Samuel Huntington (b) Robert Frost
(c) David Lynn (d) M. Francis Fukuyama Ans. a
156. Author of 'The Time Machine' is— [mnKvix cwiPvjK (cvm‡cvU© A¨vÛ Bwg‡MÖkb)
c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv-2000]
(a) T.S. Eliot (b) Kyd (c) Robert Herrick (d) H.G. Wells Ans. d
157. ‗Point Counterpoint‟- Gi †jLK †K? [gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿Y Awa`ß‡i mn. cwi.-2000]
(a) C. Bronte (b) H.G. Wells (c) Galsworthy (d) Huxley Ans. d
158. Uncle Tom's Cabin-Gi †jLK †K? [mnKvix _vbv cwievi cwiKíbv Awdmvi-1998]
(a) Tennyson (b) Pearl S. Buck
(c) Mrs. Harriet Stowe (d) Thomas Hardy Ans. c
159. 'Time, You Old Gipsy Man' KweZvwU Kvi †jLv? [mnKvix cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v
wØZxq †kÖYxic‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv-1998]
(a) Ralph Hodgson (b) Laurence Binya
(c) W.B. Keats (d) Robert Frost Ans. a
160. ‗The God of Small Things‟ is written by—
[cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vjq I gwš¿cwil` Kvh©vj‡q cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v-2004]
(a) Vikram Seth (b) John Galsworthy
(c) Aroundhuti Roy (d) E.M. Forster Ans. c
161. Who was the tutor of Alexander the Great— [Dc‡Rjv m. Awdmvi-2008]
(a) Aristotle (b) Socrates (c) Galileo (d) Sophocles Ans. a
162. Guy de Maupassant is a famous— short story writer.
[evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q mnKvix Kgv‡ÛU-2007]
(a) French (b) Italian (c) German (d) Russian Ans. a
163. Brick Lane is Written by— [evsjv‡`k †ijI‡q mnKvix Kgv‡ÛU- 2007]
(a) Monica Ali (b) R. K. Narayan
(c) Harold Pinter (d) Elizabeth Bowen Ans. a
164. ‗Alice in the Wonderland‟ belongs to— [cvm‡cvU© Awdm mn. cwiPvjK-2007]
(a) Detective literature (b) Satirical Literature
(c) Juvenile Literature (d) Religious Literature Ans. c
165. Of the following who is the most translated author of the

world? [wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK- 2006]
(a) V.I. Lenin (b) Leo Tolsoty
(c) Agatha Cristie (d) Mao Tse tung Ans. a
166. Who wrote the book „Lord Jim: A Tale‟? [gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK-2006]
(a) Joseph Conrad (b) Oscar Wilde
(c) Thomas Hardy (d) Rudyard Kipling Ans. a
167. Who is the writer of the critical work „Aspects of Novel‟?
[gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK- 2006]
(a) George Eliot (b) George Herbert
(c) Virgina Woolf (d) Edward Morgan Forster Ans. d
168. Who is the only Laureate to refuse the Nobel Prize?
[cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vjq I gwš¿cwil` Kvh©vj‡q cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v-2004]
(a) Jea- Paul Sartre (b) Rabindranath Tagore
(c) Leo Tolstoy (d) T.S. Eliot Ans. a
169. 'The Affluent Society' eBwUi †jLK †K? [mn. _vbv cwievi cwiv Awdmvi-1998]
(a) H.G. Wells (b) J.K. Galbrath (c) Eliot (d) David Hume Ans. b
170. RR© Bwjq‡Ui cÖK…Z bvg wK wQj? — [_vbv mn-cwievi cwiKíbv Awdmvi-1998]
(a) T.S. Eliot (b) Jane Austen
(c) Mary Anne Evans (d) William Hazlitt Ans. c
171. The novel 'Roots' was written by— [mgevq `ß‡i wØZxq †kÖYxi †M‡R‡UW Awdmvi-1997]
(a) Henry Miller (b) H.G. Wells
(c) Alex Haley (d) P.B. Shelley Ans. c
172. Who is the author of 'Spirit of Islam? [Zzjv Dbœqb Kg©KZ©v-1997]
(a) Abul Monsur Ahmed (b) Syed Amir Ali
(c) Sir Syed Ahmed (d) Abul Kalam Azad Ans. b
173. †nvqvBU‡n‡Wi myweL¨vZ cy¯ÍKwUi bvg wK? [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mn.wkÿK cixÿv-1996]
(a) The Social Contract (b) The Aim of Education
(c) The Rythm of Education (d) Education and Democracy Ans. b
174. 'Lorna Doone' is— [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv- 1992]
(a) a drama by Shakespeare (b) a poem of Tennyson
(c) a novel by Blackmore (d) an allegory by Bunyan Ans. c
175. What is Limerick? [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wkÿK-2006]
(a) A form of light verse (b) A form of one-act play
(c) A kind of short narrative poem
(d) A kind of love poem Ans. a
176. 'Debut' Means— [cÖevmx Kj¨vY I •e‡`wkK Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK-2012]
(a) conclusion (b) contradiction
(c) gracious response (d) first appearance Ans. d
177. Someone who writes plays is called a [cwi‡ek Awa. mnKvix cwiPvjK-2011]
(a) play writer (b) dramatizer (c) playwright (d) playwrite Ans. c
178. A work which has a meaning behind the surface meaning is—
[¯îvóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb ewnivMgb I cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK-2011]
(a) an epic (b) an allegory (c) a metaphor (d) personification Ans. b
179. The sentence, 'Death, thou shalt not die.' is an example of—
[XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2007-2008]
(a) Simile (b) metaphor (c) irony (d) paradox Ans. d
180. Writing one's own life story is known as— [mnKvix AvevIqvwe`-2007]
(a) Biography (b) Autobiography
(c) Autography (d) Life history Ans. b
181. When a person writes the story of his own life it is called— [Lv`¨
I `~‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb ÎvY I cybe©vmb Awa`ß‡ii cÖKí ev¯Íevqb Kg©KZ©v-2006]
(a) an autobiography (b) a biography
(c) a diary (d) a chronology Ans. a
182. Protagonist indicates [`ybx©wZ `gb ey¨‡ivi mnKvix Dc-cwi`k©K c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv-
2004/wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK Ges cvm‡cvU© A¨vÛ Bwg‡MÖk‡b mnKvix cwiPvjK-2006]
(a) the villain in a play
(b) the clown in a play
(c) the leading character or actor in a play
(d) the stage-director of a play Ans. c
183. What is 'Sonnet'? [†Uwj‡dvb †ev‡W©i mnKvix cwiPvjK/wnmveiÿY Kg©KZ©v-2004]
(a) A prose of special nature (b) A sacred poem of reputed poet
(c) A poem of fourteen lines (d) A criticism of a poet Ans. c
184. A sonnet is a poem having— lines. [mve-†iwRóªvi c‡` wbe©vPbx cixÿv-2004]
(a) sixteen (b) ten (c) twelve (d) fourteen Ans. d
185. What is 'Linguistics' [_vbv wkÿv Awdmvi-2005]
(a) The study of history (b) The study of literature
(c) The scientific study of language (d) The study of prose Ans. c
186. Elegy wK? [cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv Awa`ßi mn-cwiPvjK-2001]
(a) historical poem (b) figurative story
(c) enemy (d) song of Lamentation Ans. d
187. What is an epic wK? [cÖv_wgK gva¨wgK we`¨vjq cÖavb wkÿK wb‡qvM cixÿv-1997]
(a) a prose composition (b) a romance
(c) a sonnet (d) a long poem Ans. d
188. What is the meaning the word 'Dirge'? [_vbv mnKvix wkÿv Awdmvi wb‡qvM cixÿv-1995]
(a) a kind of sonnet sequence
(b) a song expressing patriotic sentiment
(c) a long verse telling about an adventure
(d) a song expressing grief, lamentation and mourning Ans. d

189. What is the meaning of the word 'euphemism'?
[`ybxwZ `gb ey¨‡ivi cwi`k©K c‡` wbe©vPbx cixÿv-1992]
(a) vague idea (b) inoffensive expression
(c) verbal play (d) wise saying Ans. b
190. If a part of speech or writing breaks the theme, it is called-- [33Zg wewmGm]
(a) pomposity (b) digression
(c) exaggeration (d) anti-climax Ans. b
191. What is catastrophy? [`ybx©wZ `gb ey¨‡ivi mnKvix Dc-cwi`k©K c‡` evQvB cixÿv-2004]
(a) The comical end of dramatic events
(b) The tragic end of dramatic events
(c) The comic and tragic end of the play
(d) None of the above Ans. b
192. Allegorical means- [Z_¨ gš¿. Aaxb MY‡hvMv‡hvM Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix Z_¨ Awdmvi-2013]
(a) poetry (b) written in verse
(c) having symbolic meaning (d) with timely significant Ans. c
193. Which one is a Metaphor? [kÖg cwi`ß‡ii RbmsL¨v I cwievi Kj¨vY Kg©KZ©v-2009]
(a) He is as good as his father (b) He is the sort of the family
(c) The boy takes after his father (d) She sing like a cuckoo Ans. b
194. Award of Nobel Prize in Literature was started from the year-
(a) 1901 (b) 1911 (c) 1913 (d) 1917 Ans. a
195. The play ‘Candida' is by-[36Zg wewmGm]
(a) James Joyce (b) Shakespeare
(c) G. B. Shaw (d) Arthur Miller Ans. c
196. The Climax of a plot is what happens---[36Zg wewmGm]
(a) in the beginning (b) at the height
(c) at the end (d) in the confrontation Ans. b
197. Which of the following books is written by Thomas Hardy? [36Zg wewmGm]
(a) Vanity Fair (b) The Return of the Native
(c) Pride and Prejudice (d) Oliver Twist Ans. b
198. „Man is a Political animal‟-- who said this? [36Zg wewmGm]
(a) Dante (b) Plato
(c) Aristotle (d) Socrates Ans. c
199. „A Passage to India‟ is written by---[36Zg wewmGm]
(a) E. M. Forster (b) Rudyard Kipling
(c) Galls Worth (d) A. H. Auden Ans. a
200. Who of the following writers was not a novelist? [36Zg wewmGm]
(a) Charles Dickens (b) W. B. Yeats
(c) James Joyce (d) Jane Austen Ans. b
201. The phrase 'Ahilles' heel' means: [37Zg wewmGm]

(a) A strong point (b) A weak point
(c) A permanent solution (d) A serious idea Ans. b
202. "Gerontion" is a poem by - ? [37Zg wewmGm]
(a) T.S. Eliot (b) W.B. Yeats
(c) Matthew Arnold (d) Robert Browning Ans. a
203. The repetition of beginning consonant sound is known as-[37Zg
wewmGm]
(a) personification (b) onomatopoeia
(c) alliteration (d) rhyme Ans. c
204. What is a funny poem of five lines called? [37Zg wewmGm]
(a) Quartet (b) Limerick
(c) Sixtet (d) haiku Ans. b
205. 'The Sun Also Rises' is a novel written by - [37Zg wewmGm]
(a) Charles Dickens (b) Hermanne Melville
(c) Earnest Hemingway (d) Thomas Hardy Ans. c
206. A 'Prologue' is- [K.U. 08-09]
(a) a poem or speech at the end of a play.
(b) an introduction to a play or a literary work.
(c) a song of mourning (d) the science of versification Ans. b
207. A closing speech in a play, often delivered after the completion
of the main action is called - [D.U. (B-EE) 14-15]
(a) a monologue (b) an epilogue
(c) a prologue (d) dialogue Ans. b
208. A long speech by one actor in a play or movie is called- [SUST (A) 12-13]
(a) Dialogue (b) Monologue
(c) Prologue (d) Epilogue Ans. b
209. Which one does not relate to literature? [RvZxq ivR¯^ †ev‡W©i BÝ‡c±i]
(a) Epilogue (b) Monologue
(c) Demagogue (d) Prologue Ans. c
210. Which composition emphasizes on author's witnesses and
experiences rather than his/her own personality or life? [K.U. 07-08]
(a) Poem (b) Paragraph
(c) Letter (d) memoir Ans. d
211. What is trimeter [K.U. (Kjv I gvbweK) 09-10]
(a) a line of a poem consisting of three feet
(b) a line of a poem consisting three syllables
(c) a poem consisting of three rhymes
(d) all are correct Ans. a
212. Lines of a song or a poem repeated at the end of each verse is

called a-
(c) quatrain (d) refrain Ans. d
213. A 'dirge' is a song to be sung at -- [D.U. (B-EE) 15-16]
(a) weddings (b) reunions
(c) funerals (d) temples Ans. c
214. A funny imitation of a poem__ [Social Islami Bank-10]
(a) Counterfeit (b) Sonnet
(c) Caricature (d) Parody Ans. d
215. A story, with animals as the main characters, and a moral, is
called a__ [C.U.(B) 08-09]
(a) legend (b) fiction
(c) parody (d) fable Ans. d
216. 'Myth' means __. [I.U.(C) 09-10]
(a) The story of the old time heroes
(b) The story of the civilization
(c) The story the childhood
(d) the story of the ancient history Ans. d
217. Mythology is the study of various beliefs about__ [C.U.(B) 08-09]
(a) monsters and fairies (b) kings and queens
(c) gods and goddesses (d) knights and acquires Ans. c
218. 'Poetic Licence' means [R.U. (A- we‡Rvo) 14-15]
(a) freedom to write poetry (b) freedom to read poetry
(c) freedom to change the normal rules of language in a special
piece of writing (d) doing what one likes Ans. c
219. Guy de Maupassant is a famous_shory writer. [†ijI‡q mnKvix Kgv‡ÛU-07]
(a) French (b) Italian
(c) German (d) Russian Ans. a
220. Earnest Hemingway is a famous - [mn:_vbv/Dc‡Rjv wkÿv Awdmvi-10]
(a) British novelist (b) Irish novelist
(c) American novelist (d) Latin American novelist Ans. c
221. "Langston Hughes" is- [J.U. (M) 11-12]
(a) Russian poet (b) British poet
(c) American poet (d) Rumanian poet Ans. c
222. Of the following authors, one is American. Who is he?
(a) Alexander Pope (b) Daniel Defoe
(c) William Faulkner (d) Robert Browning Ans. c
223. Among the following who is not a poet?

(a) Matthew Arnold (b) Robert Frost
(c) John Donne (d) Doris Lessing Ans. d
224. Among the following who is not a novelist?
(a) Hardy (b) Joyce
(c) Thackeray (d) Blake Ans. d
225. Who is regarded as the 'Father of the Science Fiction'?
(a) Isaac Asimov (b) Jules Verne
(c) H.G. Wells (d) Arthur C.Clarke Ans. b
226. The only medium of literature is -
(a) language (b) painting
(c) sculptor (d) architecture Ans. a
227. What is the salient feature of all literatures?
(a) Artistic quality (b) Sensuous quality
(c) Joyous/Suggestive quality (d) Reflective quality Ans. a
228. Which of the Bronte sisters wrote Jane Eyre ?
(a) Anne (b) Charlotte
(c) Emily (d) Louise Ans. b
229. Virginia Woolf was a contemporary of__
(a) Jane Austen (b) Arnold
(c) Browning (d) Joyce Ans. d
230. Who is known as an "Icon of peace and reconciliation" ?
(a) Malala Yousafzai (b) Dr. Muhammad Yunus
(c) Nelson Mandela (d) Kailash Satyarthi Ans. c
231. Who was not awarded the Nobel Prize?
(a) John Galsworthy (b) Orhan Pamuk
232. A senator and a poet who won the Nobel prize for literature
was __
(a) Winston Churchill (b) Matthew Arnold
(c) J M Synge (d) W.B. Yeats Ans. d
233. 'Alice in Wonderland' is written by -
Who is the author of Alice Adventures in Wonderland __
(a) G.B. Shaw (b) Lewis Carrol
(c) John Keats (d) P. B. Shelley Ans. b
234. 'Alice in Wonderland' belongs to -
(a) detective literature (b) satirical literature
(c) juvenile literature (d) religious literature Ans. c
235. The book "Glimpses of World History" was written by-

(a) Rabindranath Tagore (b) Carlyle
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru (d) Karl Marx Ans. c
236. Who is the author of Les Miserables?
(a) Victor Hugo (b) Alexander Dumas
(c) Emile Zola (d) Jean de La Fontaine Ans. a
237. The epic 'Odyssey' was written by__
(a) Milton (b) Tennyson
(c) Homer (d) Shakespeare Ans. c
238. The novel ‘Roots’ was written by__
(a) Henry Miller (b) H.G. Wells
(c) Alex Haley (d) P.B.Shelley Ans. c
239. "The dairy of a young girl" is written by-
(a) Otto Frank (b) James Frank
(c) Anne Frank (d) Henry Frank Ans. c
240. Who is the author of the novel 'The Trial’?
(a) Ernest Hemingway (b) Leo Tolstoy
(c) Gabriel Garica Marquez (d) Franz Kafka Ans. d
241. A Thousand Splendid Suns is a novel written by__
(a) Khaled Hosseini (b) Adeep Khan
(c) Mawlana Jalal Uddin Rumi (d) Monsur Hallaj Ans. a
242. Adela is a character in a novel written by-
(a) Joseph Conrad (b) James Joyce
(c) E.M.Forster (d) Bertrand Russell Ans. c
243. "Be You Ever So High, the Law is Above You" G Dw³wU Kvi?
(a) Justice Atkinson (b) Justice Marshal
(c) Lord Denning (d) Justice Coke Ans. c
244. Who authored the statement 'The government is the best which
governs least'?
(a) Herber Spencer (b) Harold Lasky
(c) Henry David Thoreau (d) Alexander Pope Ans. c
245. In the sentence, "Death lays his icy hands on kings",
"Death" is an example of__.
(a) symbolism (b) metaphor
(c) hyperbole (d) personification Ans. d
246. The technique of treating non-living things as humans is called-
(a) Living (b) Description
(c) Feeding (d) Personification Ans. d
247. 'Paradox' is ____

(a) A statement which is false
(b) A statement which is apparently self-contradictory
(c) A statement which is apparently false
(d) A statement which is apparently true Ans. b
248. In the sentence "The man is a mad dog." "mad dog" is an
example of a/an-
(c) assonance (d) alliteration Ans. b
249. 'Metaphor' is a word or phrase that is applied to an object or
action to which it is not literally applicable. Which one is an
example of metaphor?
(a) He is the eternal summer (b) He is youthful and happy
(c) Death will never touch him (d) He will live forever Ans. a
250. Assonance refers to the repetition of similar vowel sounds.
Which of the following is an example of assonance?
(a) the rain in Spain falls (b) burning broom
(c) cawing crow (d) buzzing bell Ans. a
251. Apostrophe is an exclamatory addressing of imagianry person
or abstract idea. Ans. a
Which of the following is not an example of apostrophe?
(a) Death! be not proud (b) Roll on thou dark deep ocean
(c) Where, O Death! the sting? (d) Is Science a Daughter of Art
252. Oxymoron refers to a term made of two words that contradict
each other. Which of the following is an example of oxymoron?
(a) screaming bull (b) bluest eyes
(c) big sleep (d) open sercret Ans. d
253. A climax is - [COU(D) 12-13]
(a) a climbing apparatus (b) point of greatest intesity
(c) a crisis in a drama (d) the latest scene in a drama Ans. c

Top 35 Figures of Speech

GB AskwU Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï wkÿv_©x‡ì wewmGmÕmn wewfbœ fvBfv
cixÿvq AwaKZi cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ GKUy mwe¯Ív‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
1. Alliteration (AbycÖvm)→
The repetition of an initial consonant sound. The repetition can be
put side by side. (GKB aŸwb ev aŸwb¸‡”Qi cybtcybt web¨vm‡K AbycÖvm e‡j| AbycvÖ m
mvaviYZ k‡ãi cÖ_‡g, gv‡S I †k‡l _v‡K|) †hgb-
 "sleepy sun sank slowly over the sea"
 KvK Kv‡jv, †KvwKj Kv‡jv, Kv‡jv Kb¨vi †Kk|
 But a better butter makes a batter better.
 A big bully beats a baby boy.
 Pzj Zvi K‡eKvi AÜKvi wew`kvi wbkv|
- Rxebvb›` `vm|
 I‡i wen½, I‡i wen½ †gvi,
GLb AÜ, eÜ K‡iv bv cvLv| - iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
2. Allegory (iƒcKag©x iPbv )

A story or picture with two or more different meanings– a literal
meaning and one or more symbolic meanings. The setting,
characters, and things that happen inside an allegory are symbols
for ideas or qualities. (iƒcK ej‡Z Ggb ai‡bi iPbv †evSvq, †hLv‡b †jLK Zvi
†Kv‡bv we‡kl fve ev ZË¡‡K mivmwi cÖKvk bv K‡i Ab¨ †Kv‡bv evwn¨K NUbv, wPÎ BZ¨vw`
Avov‡j †i‡L mgvšÍivjfv‡e e¨wÄZ K‡i _v‡Kb| Allegory A_© n‡”Q- Ab¨ wKQz eySv‡bv|)
mvwn‡Z¨ Allegory Gi wKQz D`vniYt
Edmund Spenser – The Faerie Queene: The several knights in the

poem actually stand for several virtues.
William Shakespeare – The Tempest: a fight between good and evil
on a deserted island.
John Bunyan – The Pilgrim's Progress: The journey of the

protagonists Christian and Evangelist symbolises the ascension of
the soul from earth to Heaven.
 Nathaniel Hawthorne – Young Goodman Brown: The Devil's Staff
symbolises defiance of God. The characters' names, such as
Goodman and Faith, ironically serve as paradox in the conclusion
of the story.
 Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter: The scarlet letter
symbolizes many things. The characters, while developed with
interiority, are allegorical in that they represent ways of seeing the
world. Symbolism is also prominent.
 George Orwell – Animal Farm: The pigs stand for political figures
of the Russian Revolution.
3. Allusion (c‡ivÿ D‡jøL/ Bw½Z)

A short mention of a famous historical or literary person or event.
The use allusions is not confined to literature alone. Their occurrence is
fairly common in our daily speech. Look at some common allusion
examples in everyday life. (welq‡f‡` GKB e¯‘i wewfbœ `„wó‡Kv‡Yi `k©‡b †h †m․›`h©
m„wó nq Zv‡K D‡jøL Aj¼vi/ Allusion ejv nq) D`vniY:
 †n Zš^x, †fvMxi Zzwi Kvgbvi ab
Zc¯^xq wefxwlKv, Kwei ¯^cb| - k¨vgvc` PµeZ©x
-GLv‡b GKB ÔZš^xÕ‡K Kvgbvi, wefxwlKvi Ges ¯^cœ e‡j wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K MÖnY
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 ―Don‘t act like a Romeo in front of her.‖ – ―Romeo‖ is a
reference to Shakespeare‘s Romeo, a passionate lover of Juliet, in
―Romeo and Juliet‖.
 The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora‘s box of crimes. –
This is an allusion to one of Greek Mythology‘s origin myth,
―Pandora‘s box‖.
 ―This place is like a Garden of Eden.‖ – This is a biblical
allusion to the ―garden of God‖ in the Book of Genesis.
 ―Hey! Guess who the new Newton of our school is?‖ –
―Newton‖, means a genius student, alludes to a famous scientist
Isaac Newton.
 ―Stop acting like my ex-husband please.‖ – Apart from
scholarly allusions we refer to common people and places in our speech.
4. Anecdote (†Kvb e¨w³ ev NUbv‡K †K›`ª K‡i †QvULv‡Uv AvKl©Yxq gRvi Mí)
A short and humorous (funny) story about a real event or
person. An anecdote is a short and amusing but serious account,
which may depict a real/fake incident or character. †hgb-
 A mother tells her son a story about a family vacation when she
was growing up.
5. Anaphora
The repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of
successive clauses or verses. †hgb-
 ―Every day, every night, in every way, I am getting better and
better‖
 ―My life is my purpose. My life is my goal. My life is my
inspiration.‖
 ―I want my money right now, right here, all right?‖
6. Antithesis (ci¯úiwe‡ivax kãvejx eënvi )

The combination of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases.
Antithesis, literal meaning opposite, is a rhetorical device in which
two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a
contrasting effect.
wKQz Common Antithesis Gi D`vniYt
 Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice.
 Man proposes, God disposes.
 Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing.
 Speech is silver, but silence is gold.
 Patience is bitter, but it has a sweet fruit.
 Money is the root of all evils: poverty is the fruit of all goodness.
 You are easy on the eyes, but hard on the heart.
mvwn‡Z¨ Antithesis Gi wKQz D`vniYt
D`vniY # 1
Alexander Pope in his ―An Essay on Criticism‖ says:
―To err is human; to forgive divine.‖
D`vniY # 2
The opening lines of Charles Dickens‟ novel ―A Tale of Two Cities‖
provides an unforgettable antithesis example:
―It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age
of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it
was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season
of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we
had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going
direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.‖
(we.`ª. 35Zg wewmGm wjwLZ cixÿvq GB AskUzKzi Bs‡iwR †_‡K evsjvq Abyev` G‡mwQ‡jv)
D`vniY # 3
In Shakespeare‘s ―Julius Caesar‖ we notice antithesis in
characters of ―Mark Antony‖ and ―Marcus Brutus‖. Brutus is portrayed
as a ―noblest of Romans‖ close to Caesar and a person who loved Rome
and Caesar. Antony, on the contrary, is shown as a man with evil
intentions of harming Caesar and taking charge of Rome. These
antithetical characters highlight the conflict in the play.
D`vniY # 4
John Milton in ―Paradise Lost‖ says:
―Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heav‘n.‖
7. Apostrophe (m‡¤^vab Aj¼vi)

Breaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing, some
abstract quality, an inanimate object, or a nonexistent character. †hgb-
 Oh! Lift me as wave, a leaf, a cloud! (wc we †kwj)
 Twinkle, twinkle, little star,
How I wonder what you are.
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky.
(A well-known nursery rhyme ―The Star‖ by Jane Taylor)
8. Assonance (¯îvbycÖvm)→
The same vowel sound of the short vowel ―-e-‖ repeats itself in
almost all the words excluding the definite article. The words do share
the same vowel sounds but start with different consonant sounds unlike
alliteration that involves repetition of the same consonant sounds. Below
are a few assonance examples that are more common.
wKQz Common Assonance Gi D`vniYt

 We light fire on the mountain.
 I feel depressed and restless.
 Go and mow the lawn.
 ‗Alone, alone, all, all alone
Alone on a wide, wide sea.‟ (The Rime of the Ancient Marriner)
 The engineer held the steering to steer the vehicle.
mvwn‡Z¨ Assonance Gi D`vniYt

William Wordsworth employs assonance to create an internal rhyme in
his poem ―Daffodils‖:
―I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o‗er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.‖
9. Aside Ges Soliloquy Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:
An aside is a dramatic device in which a character speaks to the
audience. By convention the audience is to realize that the character's
speech is unheard by the other characters on stage. It may be addressed
to the audience expressly (in character or out) or represent an unspoken
thought.
mvwn‡Z¨ Aside Gi D`vniYt
In the play Shakespeare's Macbeth, Macbeth has the following aside:
Time, thou anticipatest my dread exploits.
Here is another example in the Shakespeare play Hamlet:
A little more than kin, and less than kind.
A soliloquy is a device often used in drama when a character speaks to
himself or herself, relating thoughts and feelings, thereby also sharing
them with the audience, giving off the illusion of being a series of
unspoken reflections. If other characters are present, they keep silent
and/or are disregarded by the speaker.
mvwn‡Z¨ Soliloquy Gi D`vniYt
To be, or not to be: that is the question:
Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,

Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them?
(The most famous soliloquy in Shakespeare's Hamlet)
10. Blank Verse (AwgÎvÿi Q›`)
A Blank Verse is a poem with no rhyme but does have iambic
pentameter. This means it consists of lines of five feet, each foot
being iambic, meaning two syllables long, one unstressed followed
by a stressed syllable. [Blank Verse n‡jv: AšÍwgj wenxb Avqvw¤^K †c›UvwgUvi PiY
m¤^wjZ c`¨Q›`| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AwgÎvÿi Q‡›ì cÖeZ©K gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë]
11. Ballad (†jvKMv_v)
A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. MxwZ
KweZvi Avw` iƒc wn‡m‡e wePvi Kiv nq Mv_v ev e¨vjvW‡K| BZvwjq kã Ballare †_‡K
e¨vjvW (Ballad) k‡ãi DrcwË| Ballare A_© Ôb„Z¨ KivÕ| A_©vr KweZvi m‡½ b„Z¨ I
bvUKxqZvi wgkÖ‡Y Mv_vi m„wó|M v_v KweZvq †cÖg, ag©, exiZ¡, ivRbxwZ, mvgvwRK cÖm½,
nvmï‡mi NUbv ¯’vb cvq| GQvovI †jvKRxeb ev MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi cÖm½I Gi welqe¯‘| G‡Z
e¨w³ wKsev mvgwóK Rxe‡bi †e`bv KiæY Kvwnbxi cÖvavb¨ _v‡K| e¨vjvW‡K MxwZKvwnbx ev
Romantic Folck Song-I ejv nq |
Ballad Gi D`vniYt
Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ IqvW©m&Iqv_©, nvwW©, †KvjwiR, KxU&m cÖgyL Kwe G RvZxq cÖPzi KweZv
wj‡L‡Qb| John Keats‘s ―La Belle Dame sans Merci,‖ Thomas Hardy‘s
―During Wind and Rain,‖ and Edgar Allan Poe‘s ―Annabel Lee.‖ etc. evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨ G RvZxq KweZvi DrK…ó D`vniY Ô‣ggbwmsn MxwZKvÕ| GQvovI iex›`ªbv_ Mv_v KweZv
AbyKi‡Y Ô¯úk©gwYÕ ÔcYiÿvÕ, Rmxg D`&`x‡bi ÔbKmx Kuv_vi gvVÕ Ô†mvRb evw`qvi NvUÕ Mv_v
KweZvi AZzjbxq wb`k©b|
12. Couplet (wØc`x †køvK)
Two lines with rhyming ends. Shakespeare often used a couplet to end a
sonnet. (Avi Rhyme n‡jvt Repeatition of similar ending sounds.)
Shakespeare'i myweL¨vZ Sonnet 18 Gi †kl `yB jvBb †`Lyb:
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer's lease hath all too short a date:
Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade

Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest;
Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou growest:
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this and this gives life to thee.
13. Comedy (wgjbvZ¥K bvUK):

Aristotle Gi g‡Z, A comedy is an imitation of men worse than
the average; worse however, not as regards any and every sorts of fault
but only as regards particular kind, the ridiculous.
Rxe‡bi nvwm-Avb›` fiv nvj&Kv (light) w`KUv Avb›`Nb cwi‡e‡k wgjb-gayi Av‡e‡k
bvU‡K wPwÎZ n‡j Zv‡K K‡gwW (comedy) e‡j| Gme bvU‡K bvqK-bvwqKvi wgj‡bi †h cÖk¯Í
iƒc dz‡U I‡V, Zv-B K‡gwWi †m․›`h© I `xwß| K‡gwW I Uªv‡RwWi wewfbœZv †kªwYMZ bq- gvÎvMZ|
K‡gwWi nvmï‡mi myiwU e„w× †c‡Z nvm¨µ‡g AkÖæR‡j cwiYZ n‡j ZLbB Zv Uªv‡RwW‡Z iƒcvšÍi
n‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr gvbe-Pwi‡Îi †h †K․ZzKven w`KwU cxob K‡i bv, e¨_v †`q bv, eiÂ nvmïm
m„wó K‡i ZvB K‡gwWi DcRxe¨| K‡gwWi †kÖwYwefvM: K‡gwW‡K †gvUvgywUfv‡e K‡qK †kÖwY‡Z fvM
Kiv hvq| h_v-
(1) Kveäg©x K‡gwW: K‡gwWi welq hLb we¯§„Z Kíbvi RMr †_‡K AvüZ nq ev †h K‡gwW
AZ¨waK Kíbv ev Av‡eMcÖeY, †m K‡gwW‡K Kveäg©x K‡gwW ejv nq| D`vniY- Shakespeare
Gi Twelfth Night|
(2) PµvšÍg~jK K‡gwW: †h K‡gwW‡Z cvÎ-cvÎxiv lohš¿g~jK AvPi‡Yi Øviv cÖwZcÿ‡K bv‡Rnvj
Kivi ga¨ w`‡q bvU¨ cwiYwZ Awbevh© K‡i †Zv‡j- †m K‡gwW‡K PµvšÍg~jK K‡gwW ejv nq| G
†kÖwYi bvU‡K PwiÎv¼b A‡cÿv AvL¨vbfvM iPbvi Ici †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv nq| Dryden Gi
'The Spanish Friar'. ÿx‡iv` cÖmv‡ì ÔRqkÖxÕ G †kÖwYfz³ bvUK|
(3) msjvcag©x K‡gwW: K‡gwW‡Z hLb msjv‡ci cÖvavb¨ m~wPZ nh, ZLb Zv‡K msjvcag©x K‡gwW
ejv nq| PwiÎmg~‡ni Awfe¨w³i ‡ÿ‡Î NUbv ev AvL¨vbfvM A‡cÿv msjv‡ci wewkóZvB †ewk
Kvh©Kix nq| Shakespeare Gi As You like it, iex›`ªbv‡_i ÔwPiKzgvi mfvÕ G RvZxq
K‡gwW|
(4) Farce (dvm©) ev cÖnmb: G RvZxq K‡gwW‡Z PwiÎ m„wó I msjv‡ci cÖvav‡bï cwie‡Z© GKwU
mvgwMÖK nvmïmvZ¥K cwiw¯’wZ m„wó Kiv nq Ges NUbv, PwiÎ cÖf…wZ me †ÿ‡ÎB m¤¢ve¨Zvi we‡kl
†Kv‡bv evaëvaKZv _v‡K bv|
(5) Comedy of Humour (wnDgvi K‡gwW): G RvZxq bvU‡K A¯^vfvweK I †ivgvÂKi
cwiw¯’wZ wbg©vY ev fvev‡e‡Mi AvwZkh¨ cwijwÿZ nq|
(6) Comedy of Manners (K‡gwW Ad g¨vbvi&m ev DBU): G RvZxq K‡gwW‡Z mvgvwRK
ixwZ c×wZ ev AvPvi-AvPiY Dc¯’vcbvB g~L¨ welq| GLv‡b Av‡e‡Mi cwie‡Z© Pwi‡Îi eyw×e„wË‡K
cÖvavb¨ †Ìqv nq| It is also known as Restoration Comedy.
14. Chiasmus: (evK¨vj¼vi)

A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is
balanced against the first but with the parts reversed.
mvwn‡Z¨ Chiamus Gi D`vniYt
D`vniY #1
―Love as if you would one day hate,
and hate as if you would one day love.‖
– Bias (6th Century B.C.)
D`vniY #2
―Bad men live that they may eat and drink,
whereas good men eat and drink that they may live.‖ – Socrates (5th
Century B.C.)
D`vniY #3
―His time a moment, and a point his space.‖
(Alexander Pope, Essay on Man)
D`vniY #5
―Do I love you because you‘re beautiful?
Or are you beautiful because I love you?‖ (Oscar Hammerstein, Do I
Love You Because You‘re Beautiful?)
D`vniY #6
―In his face. Divine compassion visibly appeered,
Love without end, and without measure Grace‖ (John Milton, Paradise Lost)
15. Elegy (GwjwR ev †kvKMxwZ)
g~j wMÖK kã Elegeia Gi A_© n‡jv lament, †e`bvi AvwZ©| GB kã †_‡K
Elegy k‡ãi DrcwË| Elegia ev Elegos †Kej †kvK A_© †evSv‡Z eëüZ n‡Zv bv|
cÖvPxb wMÖK Ges j¨vwUb mvwn‡Z¨ GwjwRqvK (Elegiac) bv‡g 6+5 gvÎvq iwPZ GK ai‡bi
KweZv cÖPwjZ wQj| mg‡qi weeZ©‡b GwjwR ej‡Z GLb †Kej †kvK KweZv‡KB †evSvq| G
ixwZi KweZvq Kwei e¨w³MZ †kvK we‡kl ai‡bi †kvK KweZv|
S. T. Coleridge Gi g‡Z,
Elegy is a form of poetry natural to the reflective mind. It may
treat of any subject, but it must treat of no subject for itself; but always
and exclusively with reference to the poet. As he will feel regret for the
past or desire for the future, so sorrow and love became the principal themes
of the elegy. Elegy presents every thing as lost and gone or absent and
future.
A famous example of elegy is Thomas Gray's Elegy Written in a

Country Churchyard (1750). wMÖK Kwe weqb iwPZ Lament for Adonis we‡kl
ai‡bi †kvK KweZv| Milton Gi Lycidus Ges Shelley Gi Adonis Ges evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨ hZx›`ªbv_ †mb¸‡ßi Ô22 †k kÖveY 1348Õ iex›`ªbv‡_i KweZv¸”Q Ô¯§iYÕ, KvRx
bRiæj Bmjv‡gi ÔwPËbvgvÕ, Rmxg D`&`x‡bi ÔKeiÕ G RvZxq KweZvi Abb¨ `„óvšÍ|
16. Euphemism (kÖæwZKUz c‡ì cwie‡Z© †KvgjZi c‡ì cÖ‡qvM)

The substitution of an inoffensive expression for one
considered offensively explicit.
Euphemism Examples in Everyday Life
Euphemism is frequently used in everyday life. †hgb-
 You are becoming a little thin on top (bald).
 Our teacher is in the family way (pregnant).
 He is always tired and emotional (drunk).
 We do not hire mentally challenged (stupid) people.
 He is a special child (disabled or retarded).
mvwn‡Z¨ Euphemism Gi D`vniYt
D`vniY #1
John Donne in his poem ―The Flea‖ employs euphemism. He says:
―Mark but this flea, and mark in this,
How little that which thou denies me is;
It suck‘d me first, and now sucks thee,
And in this flea our two bloods mingled be.
Thou know‘st that this cannot be said
A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead;
Yet this enjoys before it woo,
And pamper‘d swells with one blood made of two; Euphemism Gi D`vniY
And this, alas! is more than we would do.‖
In order to persuade his beloved to sleep with him, the speaker in
the poem tells her how a flea bit both of them and their blood got mixed
in it. This is a euphemism.
D`vniY #2
Examples of euphemism referring to sex are found in William
Shakespeare‘s ―Othello‖ and ―Antony and Cleopatra‖. In ―Othello‖, Act
1 Scene 1, Iago tells Brabantio:
“I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor
are now making the beast with two backs.”
Here, the expression ―making the beast with two backs‖ refers to the act
of having sex.
D`vniY #3
―The Squealer‖, a character in George Orwell‘s ―Animal
Farm‖, uses euphemisms to help ―the pigs‖ achieve their political ends.
To announce the reduction of food to the animals of the farm, Orwell
quotes him saying:
―For the time being,” he explains, “it had been found necessary to
make a readjustment of rations.‖
Substituting the word ―reduction‖ with ―readjustment‖ was an attempt
to suppress the complaints of other animals about hunger. It works because
reduction means ―cutting‖ food supply while readjustment implies changing the
current amount of food.
17. Hyperbole (AwZk‡qvw³)

An extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated terms for
the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect (ev¯Í‡ei †P‡q AwZiwÄZ K‡i
ejv). A hyperbole is an extreme exaggeration used to make a point. It
is like the opposite of ―understatement.‖ Hyperboles are comparisons,
like similes and metaphors, but are extravagant and even ridiculous. A
boring story can come to life or become comical with the use of a
hyperbole. Some examples of hyperboles include:
wKQz Common Hyperbole Gi D`vniYt

 ―I‘ve told you a million times‖
 I am so hungry I could eat a horse.
 This car goes faster than the speed of light.
 That new car costs bazillion dollars.
 That joke is so old, the last time I heard it I was riding on a
dinosaur.
 They ran like greased lightning.
 He's got tons of money.
 Her brain is the size of a pea.
 He is older than the hills.
 He is as skinny as a toothpick.
 I have a million things to do.
Examples of hyperboles in advertising:

 ―adds amazing luster for infinite, mirror-like shine‖ (Brilliant
Brunette shampoo)
 ―It doesn't get better than this‖ (Oscar Meyer)
Example of hyperbole comes from "Hamlet" by Shakespeare:
I loved Ophelia. Forty thousand brothers
Could not with all their quantity of love
Make up my sum. What wilt thou do for her?
18. Irony (we`ªæc/ e¨vR¯‘wZ)
The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. A
statement or situation where the meaning is contradicted by the
appearance or presentation of the idea. (wb›`v”Q‡j cÖksmv Ges cÖksmv”Q‡j wb›`v
n‡j Irony/ e¨vR¯‘wZ Aj¼vi nq|) †hgb-
(K) Ô†Q‡j fvj Z‡e g` cvb K‡i|Õ
- GLv‡b ÔfvjÕ Q‡j wb›`v Kiv n‡q‡Q|
(L) ÔAwZ eo e„×cwZ wmw×‡Z wbcyY,
†Kvb ¸Y bvB Zvi Kcv‡j Av¸bÕ| (fviZP›`ª)
- GLv‡b wb›`v”Q‡j cÖksmv ev ¯‘wZi e¨Äbv m„wó n‡q‡Q|
wKQz Common Interesting Irony Gi D`vniYt
 'The boy showed his merit by making twenty mistakes in ten
minutes'.
 I posted a video on YouTube about how boring and useless
YouTube is.
 The name of Britain‘s biggest dog was ―Tiny‖.
 The butter is as soft as a marble piece.
 “Brutus is an honourable man.”
 He is a brilliant student because he failed in the exam.
mvwn‡Z¨ Irony Gi D`vniYt
D`vniY #1
―Go ask his name: if he be married.
My grave is like to be my wedding bed.‖
(Shakespeare‘s ―Romeo and Juliet‖, Act I, Scene V.)
Juliet commands her nurse to find out who Romeo was and says if he were
married, then her wedding bed would be her grave. It is a verbal irony because
the audience knows that she is going to die on her wedding bed.
D`vniY #2
In the English drama ―King Lear‖ written by Shakespeare,
King Lear banished his youngest daughter Cordelia from his
Kingdom; but in the end, she became her only shelter.
D`vniY #3
Irony examples are not only found in stage plays but in poems too. In his
poem ―The Rime of the Ancient Mariner‖, Coleridge wrote:
―Water, water, everywhere,
And all the boards did shrink;
Water, water, everywhere,
Nor any drop to drink.‖
19. Litotes (GK RvZxq A_©vj¼vi hv‡Z bT_©K k‡ãi mvnv‡h¨ Zvi wecixZ
m`_©K fvewU‡KB †Rviv‡jvfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq)
A figure of speech consisting of an understatement in
which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite. Litotes,
derived from a Greek word meaning ―simple‖, is a figure of speech
which employs an understatement by using double negatives or, in other
words, positive statement is expressed by negating its opposite
expressions.
A few examples of litotes from daily conversations:
 They do not seem the happiest couple around.
 The ice cream was not too bad.
 New York is not an ordinary city.
 I cannot disagree with your point of view.
 William Shakespeare was not a bad playwright at all.
 He is not the cleverest person I have ever met.
 She is not unlike her mother.
 A million dollars is not a little amount.
 You are not doing badly at all.
 Your apartment is not unclean.
Examples of Litotes from Literature:
D`vniY #1
―I am not unaware how the productions of the Grub Street brotherhood
have of late years fallen under many prejudices.‖
(Jonathan Swift, A Tale of a Tub)
D`vniY #2
―Some say the world will end in fire,
Some say in ice.
From what I‘ve tasted of desire
I hold with those who favor fire.
But if I had to perish twice,
I think I know enough of hate
To say that for destruction ice
Is also great
And would suffice.‖
―Fire and Ice‖ by Robert Frost
20. Limerick (gRv`vi Qov)
It is a humorous verse of three long and two short lines rhyming aabba.
The third and fourth lines are usually shorter than the other three. GK
K_vq, Limerick is a funny poem of five lines.
GKwU Limerick Gi D`vniY:
The limerick‘s an art form complex
Whose contents run chiefly to sex;
It‘s famous for virgins
And masculine urgin‘s
And vulgar erotic effects.
21. Lyric (MxwZ KweZv)
A short poem with a song-like quality, or designed to be set to music;
often conveying feelings, emotions, or personal thoughts. Lyric poetry
is a formal type of poetry which expresses personal emotions or feelings,
typically spoken in the first person. cªvPxb hy‡M, exYvev`‡bi m‡½ cwi‡ewkZ Mvb †K
wjwiK ejv nZ|
22. Metaphor (`„óvšÍ/iƒcKvj¼vi)
An implied comparison between two unlike things that actually
have something important in common. (†hgb- "the curtain of night" or "all
the world's a stage.") A metaphor is a word or phrase that is used to make
a comparison between two people, things, animals, or places. They can
be very helpful for kids who are learning the meaning of specific words
because they provide a more visual description of the word or thought.
h_v, †hiƒc, †hgb cÖf…wZ DcgvevPK k‡ãi cÖ‡qvM bv K‡i Ges Df‡qi g‡a¨ mvaviY ¸‡Yi
D‡jøL bv K‡i, mgvb ag©hy³ `yB e¯‘i mv`„k¨ cÖ`k©bB Metaphor/`„óvšÍ| †hgb:
(K) Ôi½gvjv cy®úd‡j fvw½ c‡o Wvj|

bvix •nqv †hŠeb, ivwLe KZKvj\Õ -gqbvgZxi Mvb
GLv‡b Df‡qi g‡a¨ mv`„k¨‡eva n‡jI Zvrch© wfbœ Ges †Kv_vI mv`„këvPK kã †bB|
(L) Avgvi bv‡n †Mv, fvjevm ïay, fvjevm †gvi Mvb,
e‡bi cvLx‡i †K wP‡b iv‡L Mvb n‡j Aemvb| - KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
GLv‡b Dc‡gq- Ô†cÖwgKÕ (ÔAvgvqÕ k‡ã e¨wÄZ), Dcgvb- Ôe‡bi cvLxÕ| G `y‡qi g‡a¨
ev¯Í‡ei †Kv‡bv mv`„k¨ †bB| wKš‘ Zv‡ì mvaviY ag©- †cÖwg‡Ki wb‡Ri cÖwZ bq, Zvi Mv‡bi cÖwZ
fvjevmv; Avi Mvb †k‡l Mv‡bi cvLxi cÖwZ AvMÖ‡ni Afve- G `y‡qi g‡a¨ GKwU `~ivMZ mv`„k¨
jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
wKQz Kid-Friendly Metaphors:

 The snow is a white blanket.
 The hospital was a refrigerator.
 The classroom was a zoo.
 America is a melting pot.
 Life is a roller coaster.
 Their home was a prison.
 His heart is a cold iron.
 She is a peacock.
 He is a shining star.
 The alligator‘s teeth are white daggers
 The slide on the playground was a hot stove.
 Her lovely voice was music to his ears.
 Time is money.
 My teacher is a dragon.
 Tom‘s eyes were ice.
 The detective‘s face was wood as he listened to her story.
 She feels that life is a fashion show.
 The world is a stage.
 My kid‘s room is a disaster area.
 The children were flowers grown in concrete gardens.
 Kisses are the flowers of affection.
 His words were cotton candy.
 The cast on his broken leg was a plaster shackle.
 Jane‘s ambitions are a house of cards.
 Her long hair was a flowing golden river.
 The computers at school are old dinosaurs.
 Laughter is the music of the soul.
 He is a night owl.
 Maria is a chicken.
 Her teddy bear was her best friend, never telling her secrets.
 The peaceful lake was a mirror.
 Terry was blue when his goldfish died.
 The wind was an angry witch.
 The ballerina was a swan, gliding across the stage.
 Her angry words were bullets to him.
 Your brain is a computer.
 Jamal was a pig at dinner.
 You are my sunshine.
 The car was a furnace in the sun.
 Thank you so much. You are an angel.
 That coach is an ogre.
 Ben‘s temper was a volcano, ready to explode.
 The kids were monkeys on the jungle gym.
 The sun is a golden ball.
 The clouds are balls of cotton.
 Sue‘s room is a zoo with fish, a gerbil and a parakeet.
 The stars are sparkling diamonds.
 Those two best friends are two peas in a pod.
 He is a walking dictionary.
 Donations for the popular charity were a tsunami.
 Necessity is the mother of invention.
 My big brother is a couch potato.
 The road was a ribbon stretching across the desert.
 The teenager‘s stomach was a bottomless pit.
 The thunder was a mighty lion.
 I am so excited. My pulse is a race car.
 The moon is a white balloon.
 The stormy ocean was a raging bull.
 Her tears were a river flowing down her cheeks.
Metaphor: Situation vs. the Real Thing:

You may have often heard expressions such as:
 He drowned in a sea of grief.
 She is fishing in troubled waters.
 Success is a bastard as it has many fathers, and failure is an
orphan, with no takers.
23. Metonymy (evK¨vj¼viwe‡kl jÿYv)

It is a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the
name of something else with which it is closely associated.
Metonymy, Synecdoche and Metaphor
Metonymy is often confused with another figure of speech called
synecdoche. They resemble each other but are not the same. Synecdoche
refers to a thing by the name of one of its parts. For example, calling a
car ―a wheel‖ is a synecdoche. A part of a car i.e. ―a wheel‖ stands for
the whole car. In a metonymy, on the other hand, the word we use to
describe another thing is closely linked to that particular thing, but is not
a part of it. For example, ―Crown‖ which means power or authority is a
metonymy.
Metonymy is different from a metaphor. A metaphor draws
resemblance between two different things as in ―You are sunlight and I
moon‖ – Sun And Moon from Miss Saigon. Sunlight (and moon) and
human are two different things without any association but it attempts to
describe one thing in terms of another based on a supposed similarity.
Metonymy, however, develops relation on the grounds of close
associations as in ―The White House is concerned about terrorism.‖
The White House here represents the people who work in it.
Examples of Metonymy in Everyday Life

 England decides to keep check on immigration. (England refers
to the government.)
 The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen refers to written words
and sword to military force.)
 The Oval Office was busy in work. (―The Oval Office‖ is a
metonymy as it stands for people at work in the office.)
 Let me give you a hand. (Hand means help.)
Metonymy Examples from Literature
D`vniY #1
―Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears.‖
(Shakespeare‘s ―Julies Caesar‖ Act I.)
Mark Anthony uses ―ears‖ to say that he wants the people present there to listen
to him attentively. It is a metonymy because the word ―ears‖ replaces the
concept of attention.
D`vniY #2
―As he swung toward them holding up the hand
Half in appeal, but half as if to keep
The life from spilling.‖
(From ―Out, Out‖ by Robert Frost)
In these lines, the expression ―The life from spilling‖ is a metonymy that refers
to spilling of blood. It develops a link between life and blood. The loss of too
much blood means loss of life.
D`vniY # 3
―But now my oat proceeds,
And listens to the herald of the sea
That came in Neptune‘s plea,
He asked the waves, and asked the felon winds,
What hard mishap hath doomed this gentle swain?‖
(from Lycidas written by John Milton)
In the above-mentioned lines, John Milton uses ―oat‖ for a musical instrument
made out of an oak-stalk. Thus, ―oat‖ represents the song that the poet is
composing next to the ocean.
24. Ode (†¯ÍvÎ):

†h cÖkw¯Íg~jK (Address) MxwZ KweZvq †Kv‡bv mygnvb ev Mv¤¢xh© e¨ÄK welqe¯‘
ev Dcv`vb AvkÖq K‡i Kwe wewfbœ ai‡bi IR¯^x Q‡›` AvZ¥MZ Abyf‚wZi fveg~wZ© `vb K‡ib,
Zv‡K Ode ev †¯ÍvÎ KweZv bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| iex›`ªbv‡_i Ôel© †klÕ, m‡Z¨b `‡Ëi
Ôbg¯‥viÕ †gvwnZjv‡ji Ôiex›`ª RqšÍxÕ evsjv †¯ÍvÎ (Ode) RvZxq KweZv| Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨
Gray Gi The Bard, Milton Gi Ode on the Morning of Christ's, Keats Gi
Ode to a Nightingale weL¨vZ †¯ÍvÎ KweZv|
25. Onomatopoeia (AbyKvi kã)

The use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the
objects or actions they refer to. Onomatopoeia is when a word‟s
pronunciation imitates its sound. When you say an onomatopoeic
word, the utterance itself is reminiscent of the sound to which the word
refers. Poets use onomatopoeia to access the reader‘s auditory sense and
create rich soundscapes. It is one of many poetic devices dealing with
the sounds of poetry. Many people confuse onomatopoeia with
interjections; however, they are two different and distinct concepts.
Interjections are one of the eight parts of speech. An interjection is a
sudden outburst of emotion or excitement, such as ―ouch‖ or ―wow.‖
wKQz Common Onomatopoeia Gi D`vniYt
1. The sheep went, ―Baa.‖

2. It is not unusual for a dog to bark when visitors arrive.
3. Silence your cellphone so that it does not beep during the movie.
4. Dad released a belch from the pit of his stomach.
5. The bridge collapsed creating a tremendous boom.
6. The large dog said, ―Bow-wow!‖
7. Are you afraid of things that go bump in the night?
8. My brother can burp the alphabet.
9. Both bees and buzzers buzz.
10. The cash register popped open with a heart warming ca-ching.
11. The bird‘s chirp filled the empty night air.
12. The clanging pots and pans awoke the baby.
13. If you want the red team to win, clap your hands right now!
14. The cadets swelled with pride when they heard the clash of the
cymbals at their graduation ceremony.
15. The dishes fell to the floor with a clatter.
16. Nothing annoys me more than rapidly clicking your pen.
17. The bride and groom were not surprised to hear the familiar sound
of clinking glasses.
18. The horse‘s hooves clip-clopped on the cobblestones.
19. Those clucking chickens are driving me crazy!
20. The dim-witted pigeon repulsed us with its nerve crawling coo.
21. If you‘re going to cough, please cover your mouth.
22. The prisoner was terrified to hear the crack of the whip.
23. We roasted marshmallows over the crackling fire.
24. The two-year old crashed into the cabinet.
25. The cabinet opened with a distinct creak.
26. Dissatisfied with her work, Beth crinkled up the paper and threw it
in the trash.
27. The swamp frogs croaked in unison.
28. The teacher heard the distinct crunch of ruffled potato chips.
29. Jacob could not sleep with the steady drip-drop of water coming
from the sink.
30. The root beer fizzed over the top of the mug.
31. The flag flapped in wind.
32. Did you forget to flush the toilet?
33. Daryl gargled the mouthwash.
34. The wounded soldier groaned.
35. As Tom got closer, the dog began growling.
36. Juan had a hard time hearing the teacher over his grumbling
stomach.
37. When Mom asked Tommy how his day went, Tommy just grunted.
38. Vince gulped down the Mountain Dew.
39. The patient sounded like he was hacking up a lung.
40. If you have the hiccups, you should try drink a glass of water.
41. The snake slithered and hissed.
42. If you see anyone coming, honk your horn.
43. The wolves howled at the moon.
44. The new pencil sharpener hummed efficiently.
45. They knew that the principal was coming because they heard the
jingle of his keys.
46. Someone is knocking on the door.
47. That cat will keep meowing until you pet it.
48. John was disturbed by the strange moaning.
49. The cow aggressively mooed at the passing freight train.
50. Janet murmured the answer under her breath.
51. While lounging in the slop pile, the pigs oinked excitedly.
52. The hail pattered on the tin gutter.
53. When he saw the cheese, the mouse could not help but to
peep excitedly.
54. The lunch lady plopped a scoop of something on Kristen‘s tray.
55. Billy will cry if you pop his balloon.
56. After eating the knight, the dragon let out a puff of smoke.
57. Most cats purr if you pet them behind the ears.
58. The kind man shared his bread with the quacking ducks.
59. My favorite singers have raspy voices.
60. Tim would have stepped on the snake had he not heard the rattle of
its tail.
61. The race-car driver revved his engine.
62. Our peaceful dinner ended when the phone began ringing.
63. I secretly ripped up the birthday checks that my grandmother sent me.
64. The lion‘s mighty roar could be heard across the Savannah.
65. The earthquake rumbled the foundations of our house.
66. When the wind blew the leaves rustled.
67. He took off so quickly that his tires screeched.
68. When Reuben saw what he thought was a ghost, he shrieked like a
woman.
69. I love the sound of bacon sizzling on a weekend.
70. You could hear the slap echo across the valley.
71. The thirsty dog slurped the dirty water from the puddle.
26. Oxymoron (wecixZvj¼vi)

A figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms
appear side by side. (wecixZag©x `ywU kã cvkvcvwk e‡m| †hgb- I see a wild
civility.)
Oxymorons from Everyday Life:
 Open secret
 Tragic comedy
 Disgustingly delicious
 Seriously funny
 Awfully pretty
 Foolish wisdom
 Original copies
 Liquid gas
 Great Depression
 Jumbo shrimp
 Deafening silence
 Pretty ugly
 Pretty fierce
 Pretty cruel
 Definitely maybe
 Living dzead
 Cruel to be kind
 Pain for pleasure
 Clearly confused
 Act naturally
 Beautifully painful
 Painfully beautiful
 Walking dead
 Only choice
 Amazingly awful
 Alone together
 Virtual reality
 Random order
 Original copy
 Happy sad
 Run slowly
 Awfully good
 Awfully delicious
 Small crowd
 Dark light
 Light darkness
 Dark snow
 Open secret
 Passive aggressive
 Appear invisible
 Awfully lucky
 Awfully pretty
 Big baby
 Tiny elephant
 Wake up dead
 Goodbye reception
 Growing smaller
 Least favorite
 True myth
 Typically weird
 Typically odd
 Naturally strange
 Weirdly normal
 Unpopular celebrity
 Worthless gold
 Sad joy
 Liquid food
 Heavy diet
 Noticeable absence
 Quiet presence
 Short wait
 Sweet agony
Oxymorn Gi D`vniYt
 "I can resist anything, except temptation." - Oscar Wilde
 "I like a smuggler. He is the only honest thief." - Charles Lamb
 "And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true." - Alfred Tennyson
 "Modern dancing is so old fashioned." - Samuel Goldwyn
 "A business that makes nothing but money is a poor business." -
Henry Ford
 "I am busy doing nothing." - Oxymorons
 "A little pain never hurt anyone." - Word Explorations
 "I am a deeply superficial person." - Andy Warhol

 "No one goes to that restaurant anymore - It's always too
crowded." - Yogi Berra
 "We are not anticipating any emergencies." - Word Explorations
 "A joke is actually an extremely really serious issue." - Winston
Churchill
 "I like humanity, but I loathe persons." - Edna St. Vincent Millay
 "Always be sincere, even though you do not necessarily mean
it." - Irene Peter
Difference between Oxymoron and Paradox

It is important to understand the difference between a paradox
and an oxymoron. A paradox may consist of a sentence or even a group
of sentences. An oxymoron, on the other hand, is a combination of two
contradictory or opposite words. A paradox seems contradictory to the
general truth but it does contain an implied truth. An oxymoron,
however, may produce a dramatic effect but does not make sense.
mvwn‡Z¨ Oxymorn Gi D`vniYt
D`vniY # 1
―Why, then, O brawling love! O loving hate!
O anything, of nothing first create!
O heavy lightness! Serious vanity!
Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms!
Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health!
Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is!
This love feel I, that feel no love in this.
Dost thou not laugh?‖
―Romeo and Juliet‖, Act I, Scene I, written by William Shakespeare.
We notice a series of oxymoron being employed when Romeo confronts the
love of an inaccessible woman. An intense emotional effect is produced to
highlight his mental conflict by the use of contradictory pairs of words such as
―hating love‖, ―heavy lightness‖, ―bright smoke‖, ―cold fire‖, and ―sick health‖.
D`vniY # 2
―I find no peace, and all my war is done
I fear and hope, I burn and freeze like ice,
I flee above the wind, yet can I not arise;‖
In Sir Thomas Wyatt‘s Petrarch‘s 134th sonnet,
The contradicting ideas of ―war…peace‖, ―burn ….freeze‖, and ―flee

above…not rise‖ produce a dramatic effect in the above-mentioned lines.
D`vniY #3
―The bookful blockhead ignorantly read,
With loads of learned lumber in his head,
With his own tongue still edifies his ears,
And always list‘ning to himself appears.‖
―Essays of Criticism‖ by Alexander Pope
D`vniY #4
In Hamlet Shakespeare makes use of oxymoron in his plays to develop a paradox.
―I will bestow him, and will answer well
The death I gave him. So, again, good night.
I must be cruel, only to be kind:
Thus bad begins and worse remains behind.
One word more, good lady.‖
In the above lines taken from ―Hamlet‖, he draws two contradictory ideas ―be
cruel…be kind‖. The contradiction is understood in the context of the play.
Hamlet wants to kill Claudius, the murderer of his father, who has married his
mother. Hamlet does not want his mother to be the beloved of his father‘s
murderer. Therefore, he is of the view that this murder will purge her.
27. Paradox (AvcvZ we‡ivax n‡jI mZ¨/ we‡ivavfvm)

A statement that appears to contradict itself. (†hgb- That I may
rise and stand, overthrow me and bend). Paradox can prove to be very
revealing about human nature and the way that we speak. If someone
says to you "I'm a compulsive liar," do you believe them or not? That
statement in itself is a paradox, because it is self contradictory, which is
precisely what a paradox is. At the most basic level, a paradox is a
statement that is self contradictory because it often contains two
statements that are both true, but in general, cannot both be true at the
same time.
†hLv‡b `ywU wel‡qi g‡a¨ cÖK…Z we‡iva †bB wKš‘ AvcvZ we‡iva Av‡Q e‡j g‡b nq, †mLv‡b
we‡ivavfvm Aj¼vi (Paradox) nq| †hgb-
fwel¨‡Zi jÿ Avkv †gv‡ì gv‡S mšÍ‡i-
Nywg‡q Av‡Q wkïi wcZv me wkï‡ì AšÍ‡i|
- †Mvjvg †gv¯Ídv|
-GLv‡b Ôwkïi AšÍ‡iÕ wkïi wcZv Nywg‡q Av‡Q- G e³e¨ AvcvZ we‡ivax| wKš‘ ÔwkïB gvby‡li
wcZvÕ G wPi mZ¨ e³‡e¨ AvcvZ we‡iv‡ai Aemvb|
Paradox Gi D`vniYt
 There is no one so poor as a wealthy miser.
 I'm nobody.
 "What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young." - George
Bernard Shaw
 Wise fool
 Bittersweet
 "I can resist anything but temptation."-Oscar Wilde
 I'm a compulsive liar- am I lying when I say that?
 A rich man is no richer than a poor man.
 Nobody goes to that restaurant because it is too crowded.
 You shouldn't go in the water until you know how to swim.
 If you didn't get this message, call me.
 The person who wrote something so stupid can't write at all
 Men work together whether they work together or apart. - Robert Frost
 Be cruel to be kind
 The beginning of the end
mvwn‡Z¨ Paradox Gi D`vniY:
D`vniY #1
In George Orwell's Animal Farm, the words "All animals are equal,
but some are more equal than others" are part of the cardinal rules.
Clearly this statement does not make logical sense. However, the point of
a paradox is to point out a truth, even if the statements contradict each
other.
Orwell is trying to make some sort of political statement here. Perhaps it is that
the government claims that everyone is equal when that is clearly false, or
perhaps it is that individuals have skewed perceptions of what it means to be
equal. The interpretation is up to the reader to decide.
D`vniY #2
In Shakespeare's Hamlet, the title character states "I must be cruel to be
kind." On the surface, once again, this statement does not seem to make
much sense. Can an individual convey kindness through evil?
However, Hamlet is speaking about his mother, and how he plans to ultimately
slay Claudius in order to avenge his father's death. His mother is now married to
Claudius, so of course this will be a tragedy for her. However, he does not want
his mother to be the lover of his father's murderer (unbeknownst to her) any
longer, and so he believes the murder will be for her own good.
28. Personification (e¨w³iƒc `vb)

A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is
endowed with human qualities or abilities. (†Kvb Ro ev e¯‘MZ welq‡K
Rxe ev e¨w³i ¸Yvejx Øviv g~Z© Kiv | †hgb- Let not Ambition mock their
useful toil.)
Common Examples of Personification
 'Death, thou shalt not die.'
 The wind whispered through dry grass.
 The flowers danced in the gentle breeze.
 Time and tide waits for none.
 The fire swallowed the entire forest.
 Lightning danced across the sky.
 The wind howled in the night.
 The car complained as the key was turned.
 “The waves beside them danced‟‟
(from ‗I wandered lonely as a cloud‘)
 The avalanche devoured anything standing in its way.
 Traffic slowed to a crawl.
 The door protested as it opened slowly.
 My house is a friend who protects me.
 The moon played hide and seek with the clouds.
 That book was so popular, it flew off the shelves.
 My car‘s headlights winked at me.
 She is so beautiful the camera loves her.
 The stairs groaned as we walked on them.
 Winter‘s icy grip caused people to shudder.
 Our vacuum hums a happy tune while it cleans.
 You need to cross over at the mouth of the river.
 Time flies and waits for no one.
 My flowers were begging for water.
 The ivy wove its fingers around the fence.
 The thunder was grumbling like it was angry.
 Hail pounded the houses and streets.
 The cactus saluted those who drove past.
 The wildfire ran through the forest at an amazing speed.
 When I didn‘t make the team, my dream of being a star died.
Personification in Advertising
 Oreo: Milk's favorite cookie
 Nothing hugs like Huggies - Huggies diapers
 Goldfish - The snack that smiles back - Goldfish snack crackers
 Kleenex says bless you - Kleenex facial tissues
 The car that cares - Kia
 Unwrap a smile - Little Debbie snack cakes
 Carvel - It's what happy tastes like - Carvel ice cream
mvwn‡Z¨ Personification Gi D`vniYt
D`vniY #1
Taken from Act I, Scene II of ―Romeo and Juliet‖,
―When well-appareled April on the heel
Of limping winter treads.‖
There are two personification examples here. April cannot put on a dress, and
winter does not limp and it does not have a heel on which a month can walk.
Shakespeare personifies the month of April and the winter season by giving
them two distinct human qualities.
D`vniY #2
Emily Elizabeth Dickinson employs personification in her poem ― Have
You Got A Brook In Your Little Heart‖.
―Have you got a brook in your little heart,
Where bashful flowers blow,
And blushing birds go down to drink,
And shadows tremble so?‖
The bashful flowers, blushing birds and trembling shadows are examples of
personification.
D`vniY #3
Katherine Mansfield wrote in her short story ―How Pearl Button Was
Kidnapped‖,
―Pearl Button swung on the little gate in front of the House of Boxes. It
was the early afternoon of a sunshiny day with little winds playing hide-
and-seek in it.‖
It personifies wind by saying that it is as playful as little children playing
hide-and-seek on a shiny day.
D`vniY #4
William Blake personifies Sunflowers in his poem ―Two Sunflowers Move
in a Yellow Room‖.
―Two Sunflowers
Move in the Yellow Room.
‗Ah, William, we‘re weary of weather,
said the sunflowers, shining with dew.
Our traveling habits have tired us.
Can you give us a room with a view?‖
The flowers are depicting a human characteristic of weariness caused by the
weather. In a human way, they make a request to the poet to put them in a room
with a window with plenty of sunshine.
D`vniY # 5
Ten thousand (daffodils) saw I at a glance, / Tossing their heads in
sprightly dance. / The waves beside them danced; but they / Out-did the
sparkling waves in glee –
"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" by William Wordsworth
D`vniY # 6
Humpty Dumpty
Sat on a wall.
Humpty Dumpty
Had a great fall.
– Nursery Rhyme
29. Pun (†kølvj¼vi/Ø¨_©K kã cÖ‡qvM)
A play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same
word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words. A
pun is a joke that makes a play on words. A pun, also called
paronomasia, uses words that have several meanings or words that sound
similar but have different meanings. GKwU kã GKevi gvÎ eëüZ n‡q wewfbœ A_©
cÖKvk Ki‡j Zv‡K †køl Aj¼vi (Pun) ejv nq| GB Aj¼vi ¯^vaxb I c„_Kfv‡e eëüZ
n‡Z cv‡i Avevi Ab¨ Aj¼v‡iii mv‡_ hy³ ev GKvšÍ n‡qI eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i| †kø‡li ga¨
w`‡q e³v GKwU K_v GKevigvÎ eënvi K‡i GKvwaK A‡_©i e¨Äbv m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cvVK
ev †kÖvZv †mB e¨Äbvi mÜvb Ki‡eb| †hgb-
Ò†K e‡j Ck¦i ¸ß e¨vß PivPi,
hvnvi cÖfvq cÖfv cvq cÖfvKi|Ó - Ck¦i ¸ß
1g A_© t Ck¦i- m„wóKZ©v, ¸ß- †Mvcb, cÖfvKi- m~h©|
2q A_© t Ck¦i ¸ß- Kwe Ck¦iP›`ª¸ß, cÖfvKi- msev` cÖfvKi cwÎKv|
mvwn‡Z¨ Pun Gi D`vniYt
 A chicken crossing the road is poultry in motion.
 The flock of doves decided to stage a coo.
 Peacocks are meticulous because they show attention to de tail.

 Energizer Bunny arrested -- charged with battery.
Fun Puns
 She had a photographic memory but never developed it.
 The two pianists had a good marriage. They always were in a chord.
 The grammarian was very logical. He had a lot of comma sense.
 Guerrilla warfare is more than just throwing a banana.
 The cartoon animator felt imprisoned by his job. He could not
free himself from his cel.
 A pessimist's blood type is always B-negative.
 Dockyard: A physician's garden.
 Two peanuts walk into a bar, and one was a-salted.
 Reading while sunbathing makes you well red.
30. Satire (e¨½ag©x iPbv)

 j¨vwUb kã Sature lans †_‡K
Satire kãwU Drcbœ| Satire is a
literary composition, in verse
or prose, in which human folly
and vice are held up to scorn,
derision, or ridicule. AvPvi-
eënvi, ixwZ-bxwZ ms‡kva‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨
Zxeª †kølvZ¥K fvlvq †h iPbv †jLv nq, Zv‡K e¨½ag©x iPbv (Satire) e‡j| †jvK
wkÿv, †jvK-PwiÎ ms‡kvab I mgv‡Ri `ybx© wZ-¯Lj‡bi Rb¨ G RvZxq KweZv
DrK…ó PveyK|
 Jonathan Swift‘s 1726 novel Gulliver’s Travels is an
example of satirical fiction.
 D`vniY: “The hungry judges soon the sentence sign, And
wretches hang that jurymen may dine.”
31. Simile (wmwgwj, Dr‡cÖÿv/ my¯úó Zzjbvg~jK Aj¼vi)

A stated comparison (usually formed with "like" or "as")
between two fundamentally dissimilar things that have certain qualities
in common. Dc‡g‡qi mv‡_ Dcgv‡bi mv`„k¨ KwíZ n‡j Zv‡K Simile (Dr‡cÖÿv
Aj¼vi) e‡j| GB Aj¼v‡i- †hb/ †evanq cÖf…wZ weZK©evPK kã cÖvq eëüZ nq| †hgb-
mÜ¨viv‡M wSwjwgwj wSj‡gi †¯ªvZLvwb euvKv
Avuav‡i gwjb nj, †hb Luv‡c XvKv
euvKv Z‡jvqvi| - iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
Simile examples that begin with “as”:
 As big as an elephant
 As black as coal
 As blind as a bat
 As bold as brass
 As brave as a lion
 As bright as a button
 As busy as a bee
 As cheap as dirt
 As clean as a whistle
 As clear as mud
 As clear as crystal
 As cold as ice
 As cool as a cucumber
 As cunning as a fox
 As cute as a bug's ear
 As dead as a doornail
 As deaf as a post
 As dry as a bone
 As dull as dishwater
 As easy as ABC
 As fit as a fiddle
 As flat as a pancake
 As free as a bird
 As fresh as a daisy
 As gentle as a lamb
 As good as gold
 As hard as nails
 As heavy as lead
 As innocent as a lamb
 As long as a month of Sundays

 As happy as a dog with two tails
 As difficult as nailing jelly to a tree
 As loose as a goose
 As mad as a hatter
 As mad as a hornet
 As nutty as a fruitcake
 As old as the hills
 As pale as death
 As playful as a kitten
 As pleased as Punch
 As proud as a peacock
 As quick as lightning
 As regular as clockwork
 As scarce as hen's teeth
 As sharp as a razor
 As sick as a dog
 As silent as the grave S= wmwgwj, m= †gUv‡dvi
 As slippery as an eel
 As slow as molasses in January
 As sly as a fox
 As snug as a bug in a rug
 As solid as the ground we stand on
 As sour as vinegar
 As steady as a rock
 As stiff as a board
 As honest as the day is long
 As straight as an arrow
 As strong as an ox
 As stubborn as a mule
 As sturdy as an oak
 As sweet as pie
 As tall as a giraffe
 As thin as a rake
 As tight as a drum
 As timid as a rabbit
 As tough as old boots
 As quiet as a church mouse
 As nervous as a long tailed cat in a room full of rocking chairs
 As useless as a chocolate teapot

 As plain as the nose on your face
 As warm as toast
 As welcome as a skunk at a lawn party
 As white as snow
 As wise as an owl
Similes Can Also Start with "Like"
 (Sing) like an angel
 (Act) like an animal
 (Eat) like a bird
 (Fight) like cats and dogs
 (Work) like a dog
 Like a dream
 (Soar) like an eagle
 Like fingernails on a chalkboard
 Like a fish
 (Racing) like a frightened rabbit
 (Have eyes) like a hawk
 (Eat) like a horse
 (Sleep) like a log
 Like a moth to the flame
 (Eat) like a pig
 Like a pile of rocks
 Like a rose
 Like a screaming baby
 Like stars
 (Meandered) like a stream
 Like two peas in a pod
 Like a volcano
 Well-known similes are:
 ―cute as a kitten,‖ comparing the way someone looks to the way
a kitten looks
 ―as busy as a bee‖ comparing someone‘s level of energy to a
fast-flying bee
 "as happy as a clam" comparing someone's happiness to the
contentment of a clam
 "Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what you're

going to get." comparing the uncertainty of life to the uncertainty
of choosing a chocolate from a box
 I wandered lonely as a cloud.
 My love is like a red, red rose.
 They fought like cats and dogs.
 My love for you is as deep as the ocean.
 I am so thirsty, that my throat is as dry as a bone.
32. Sonnet (m‡bU)

Sonnet is a poem of fourteen lines using any of a number of
formal rhyme schemes, in English typically having ten syllables per line.
BZvjxq Ôm‡b‡UvÕ (Sonetto) kã †_‡K Ôm‡bUÕ k‡ãi DrcwË| hvi A_© sound, g„`y aŸwb ev
Mvb| m‡bU GK RvZxq gb¥q KweZv| BZvjxq Kwe †cÎvK© (Petrarch) m‡b‡Ui RbK| evsjv
Kve¨ mvwn‡Z¨ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë cÖ_g m‡bU iPbv K‡ib| Zuvi L¨vwZ ïay cÖeZ©K wn‡m‡eB
bq, DuPz `‡ii m‡bU iPwqZv wn‡m‡eI| m‡b‡Ui cÖ_g AvU jvB‡bi ¯ÍeK‡K ejv nq AóK
(Octave) Ges c‡ii Qq jvB‡bi ¯ÍeK‡K ejv nq lU&K ev lôK (Sestet)| cÖ_g AvU
jvB‡b (Aó‡K) †h fve-Kíbvi Bw½Z Kiv nq, lU&‡K Zv cwic~Y©Zv jvf K‡i|
Shakespeare m‡b‡Ui AóK I lUK wefvM ‡g‡b P‡jb wb| Milton Ges Wordsworth
BZvwjqvb cš’vbyM| Milton †gvUvgywU K¬vwmK Q›` cÖ‡qv‡Mi cÿcvwZ wQ‡jb, wKš‘ Bs‡iwR
m‡b‡U Av‡iK iKg wg‡ji cÖPjb †ewk †`Lv hvq - KLKL, MNMN, QQ (abab, cdcd, efef,
gg)| Shakespeare Gi m‡b‡UB G ixwZ †ewk jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
33. Synecdoche (wm‡bK‡WwK/jÿYv)

A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole
(for example, ABCs for alphabet) or the whole for a part ("England won
the World Cup in 1966"). A synecdoche is a type of trope, which is a
figure of speech. When used in literature, a synecdoche will add to the
visual imagery of the passage and enhance the reader‘s experience.
Difference between Synecdoche and Metonymy
Synecdoche examples are often misidentified as metonymy
(another literary device). Both may resemble each other to some extent
but they are not the same. Synecdoche refers to the whole of a thing by
the name of any one of its parts. For example, calling a car ―wheels‖ is a
synecdoche because a part of a car ―wheels‖ stands for the whole car.
However, in metonymy, the word we use to describe another thing is
closely linked to that particular thing, but is not necessarily a part of it.
For example, ―crown‖ that refers to power or authority is a metonymy

used to replace the word ―king‖ or ―queen‖.
Synecdoche Examples from Everyday Life

 The word ―bread‖ refers to food or money as in ―Writing is my
bread and butter‖ or ―sole breadwinner‖.
 The phrase ―gray beard‖ refers to an old man.
 The word ―sails‖ refers to a whole ship.
 The word ―suits‖ refers to businessmen.
 The word ―boots‖ usually refers to soldiers.
 The word ―glasses‖ refers to spectacles.
 ―Coppers‖ often refers to coins.
mvwn‡Z¨ Synecdoche Gi D`vniYt

D`vniY # 1
Coleridge employs synecdoche in his poem The Rime of the Ancient
Mariner:
―The western wave was all a-flame.
The day was well was nigh done!
Almost upon the western wave
Rested the broad bright Sun‖
The ―western wave‖ is a synecdoche as it refers to the sea by the name of one of
its parts i.e. wave.
D`vniY # 2
Look at the use of synecdoche in the lines taken from Shakespeare‘s
Sonnet 116:
―O no! It is an ever-fixed mark
That looks on tempests and is never shaken.‖
The phrase ―ever-fixed mark‖ refers to a lighthouse.
D`vniY # 3
Look how Shelly uses synecdoche in his poem Ozymandias:
―Tell that its sculptor well those passions read
Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,
The hand that mocked them.‖
―The hand‖ in the above lines refers to the sculptor who carved the ―lifeless
things‖ into a grand statue.
34. Tragedy (we‡qvMvšÍK bvUK)

wek¦L¨vZ gbxlx Aristotle Uª¨v‡RwWi msÁv wb‡`©k Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡j‡Qb,
―A tragedy is the imitation of an action that is serious and also, as
having magnitude, complete in itself; in appropriate and pleasurable
language;... in a dramatic rather than narrative form; with incidents
arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish a catharsis of these
emotions.‖ kÖxkP›`ª `vm Aristotle Gi GB weL¨vZ msÁvwU‡K Gfv‡e Abyev` K‡i‡Qb-
ÔÔi½g‡Â bvqK ev bvwqKvi MwZgvb Rxeb Kvwnbxi `„k¨ ci¯úiv Dc¯’vwcZ KiZ: †h bvUK
`k©‡Ki ü`‡q Dw`ª³ fxwZ I KiæYv cÖkgb Kwiqv Zvnvi g‡b KiæY- i‡mi Avb›` m„wó K‡i,
ZvnvB Uª¨v‡RwWÕÕ|
ÔAvZ¥Ø‡›Ø civf‚Z ev Awff‚Z gvbe Rxe‡bi KiæY Kvwnbx‡K mvaviYZ Tragedy
ejv nqÕ- msÁvwU mgv‡jvPK kÖxkP›`ª `v‡mi| mvaviY A‡_© g„Zy¨, we‡”Q` ev `y:LRbK NUbvi
ga¨ w`‡q †h bvUK †kl nq, Zv‡K Uª¨v‡RwW bvUK e‡j| Rxe‡bi my‡Kvgj weKv‡ki wecix‡Z
†h Pig `ytL, gg©vwšÍK R¡vjv, e¨_©Zv I Ac~Y©Zv Awbevh© n‡q I‡V Zv-B Uª¨v‡RwWi DcRxe¨|
wMÖK Uª¨v‡RwW‡Z Rxe‡bi GB KiæY cwiYwZ wbqwZ wba©vwiZ, •è weo¤^bvi dmj| Avi
†k·cxq‡ii Uª¨v‡RwW‡Z ¯^xK…Z fy‡ji `y‡f©vM we‡klfv‡e cÖKvwkZ| A_©vr Zuvi Uª¨v‡RwW‡Z
gvbyl Zvi cZb ev g„Zzï Rb¨ wb‡RB `vqx wKš‘ wMÖK Uª¨v‡RwW‡Z g„Zy¨ AeavwiZ bq|
wµ‡÷vdvi gv‡j©v Zvi Doctor Faustus (W. dm&Uvm) bvU‡K Ggb GK e¨w³i Rxe‡bi
Uª¨v‡RwW A¼b K‡i‡Qb, whwb ivRv ev ivRes‡kv™¢‚Z †KD bb|
35. Understatement (b~¨‡bvw³)

A figure of speech in which a writer or speaker deliberately
makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is.
Understatement is way of speaking which minimizes the significance of
something. When using understatement, a speaker or writer often
employs restraint in describing the situation at hand and uses an
expression with less emphasis or strength than would be expected.
One very famous example of understatement occurred during a

plane crash in 1982. After all four engines of British Airways Flight 9
failed due to volcanic ash, the captain of the flight made the following
announcement: “Ladies and Gentlemen, this is your Captain
speaking. We have a small problem. All four engines have stopped.
We are doing our damnedest to get them going again. I trust you are
not in too much distress.” The situation at hand was clearly much more
severe than ―a small problem,‖ as the captain described it.
mvwn‡Z¨ Understatement Gi D`vniYt

D`vniY # 1
―I´ll go with you and I´ll stay with you all the time. They just let
the air in and then it´s all perfectly natural.‖
(―Hills like White Elephants‖ by Ernest Hemingway)
Ernest Hemingway was a king of understatement, and believed it was an
extremely important aspect of writing well. In this famous short story of his, a
couple is discussing the woman‘s upcoming abortion.
D`vniY # 2
In Mark Twain‘s Huckleberry Fin,
[Aunt Sally] ―Good gracious, anybody hurt?‖
[Huck] ―No‘m. Killed a nigger.‖
“Dream is not that which you see while sleeping;

it is something that will not let you sleep.”
(Ògvbyl Nywg‡q hv †`‡L Zv ¯^cœ bq;
¯^cœ Zv- hv gvbyl‡K Nygv‡Z †`q bvÓ)
-G wc †R Avãyj Kvjvg


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A Handbook on English Literature by Sharif Hossain Ahmad Chowdhury 1

for BCS and other competitive exams

Confidence Research Work Ltd.

A Handbook on English Literature

First Edition (Hand Written) : 16 December 2013

© Reserved by the Publisher

Fixed Price: Tk. 100.00

Table of Contents (m~wPcÎ)

1. The Old English Period 11

2. The Middle English Period 15

b) The Augustan Period: 74

5. The Romantic Period 89

6. The Victorian Period 113

7. The Modern and The Post Modern Periods 13

9. GK bR‡i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K‡`i Dcvwa 189

10. Av‡iv wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ 190

Previous Questions: 192

11. Top 35 Figures of Speech 216

GB eBwU mvgwMÖK Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ m¤úwK©Z| hy³ivR¨ Z_v

Important Periods of English Literature

2. The Middle English Period : 1066-1500

1400-1485/1500: The Dark/ Barren Period

3. The Renaissance : 1500-1660

4. The Neo-Classical Period : 1660-1798

1745-1785/98: The Age of Sensibility

5. The Romantic Period : 1798-1832

6. The Victorian Period : 1832-1901

Shorter 1901-1910: The Edwardian Period

8. The Post Modern Period : 1939-present

1. The Old English Period

1. The Old English Period

G hyM m¤úwK©Z wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:

 G hy‡Mi Ab¨ bvg The Anglo Saxon Period;

Anglo Saxon Period Gi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K:

Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i Avw` wb`k©b:

 GB gnvKv‡e¨i †jL‡Ki bvg

 GwU‡K The Earliest Epic (gnvKve¨) in England-I ejv n‡q

 Kve¨wU ¯‥¨vwÛ‡bwfqv AÂ‡ji cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ n‡jI Bsj¨v‡Ûi RvZxq

 GB Heroic Epic wU‡Z 3182 wU jvBb wQj| gnvKv‡e¨i bvq‡Ki bvg

2. The Middle English Period

2. The Middle English Period

ga¨hy‡Mi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv:

 In 1295, English Parliament was established.

Middle English Period Gi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K:

2. John Wycliff: (DBwK¬d, 1331-1384)

Titles  Evening Star of English Scholasticism (ga¨hyMxq

 He was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian,

3. Sir Thomas Malory: (1415-1471)

4. Dante: (`v‡šÍ AvwjwMwi; 1265-1321)

Drama & Play Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:

When life shows you a hundred reasons to cry,

†i‡bmuv hyM m¤úwK©Z wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:

ivbx GwjRv‡e‡_i (1558 -1603) c~ ‡ e© G hy ‡ Mi

Mona Lisa wfwÂi AuvKv KwíZ †nwjKÞvi Madonna and Child

a. The Elizabethan Period

Titles of the Age:

G hy‡Mi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨: ivbx GwjRv‡e_

 ―A good face is the best letter of recommendation.‖

Elizabethan Period Gi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K:

1. Thomas Norton (1532-1584) Ges

2. Christopher Marlowe: (1564-1593)

Famous Tragedies of Marlowe:

(i) Doctor Faustus (W±i d÷vm&) ***