BLEEDING 5.
If conscious- lie the casualty down and raise or bend legs if injuries
 Bleeding is the loss of blood from the circulatory system.
 Causes can range from small cuts and abrasions to deep cuts and
amputations.
 Injuries to the body can also result in internal bleeding, which can range
from minor (seen as superficial bruising) to massive bleeds.
 First aid for severe external or internal bleeding is critical in order to limit
the loss of blood until emergency medical aid arrives.
 First aid actions to manage external bleeding include applying direct
pressure to the wound, maintaining the pressure using pads and
bandages, and, raising the injured limb above the level of the heart if
possible.
EXTERNAL BLEEDING
It refers to the minor cuts that do not clot but can occur again. It is also
occurred in the mouth, after you bite them and also your lips and tongue. It’s
when the blood leaves the body through some type of wound or when you
got any incident that you physically saw blood would be an external bleed.
There are three types of external bleeding depending on the blood
vessel that was damaged.
Capillary bleeding is the most common type of external bleeding. It is
considered to be a minor injury and can be easily
controlled. It occurs as slow or oozing wound due
to the small size and low pressure of capillary
vessels. It clots immediately and can require
minimal treatment. One example of capillary
bleeding is a scratch.
Venous bleeding is another type of external bleeding which comes
from the vein. Bleeding could be in a continuous
and steady manner. It could be controlled easily or
not depending on the deepness of the vein's
location that was ruptured. The bleeding could
stop when there is pressure applied and clotting
was allowed. Some examples of this bleeding is
cuts and punctures.
Arterial bleeding is the type externally bleeding wherein the blood is
gushing our in time of the heart beat. This type of
bleeding requires strong pressure and immediate
medical attention because it may lead to excessive
blood loss. Some examples of this bleeding are
gunshot wounds and deep punctured wounds.
Internal Bleeding
 It also known as hemorrhaging. It is the bleeding this occurs inside the
body when the blood vessel is damaged. It refers to the bleeding itself
that can usually or cannot be easily seen. It is usually on the knees, ankle,
elbow, and the hip joints. The blood sometimes leak from the inside of
the body through natural cleanings.
 Visible bleeding where the bleeding can be seen. This is the type of
internal bleeding that can be easier to identify and be seen from the ears,
under the skin (bruising), lungs, stomach, etc. Concealed bleeding is
more difficult to recognize at first but over time symptoms start
appearing.
First Aid Procedure
First aid procedure for internal bleeding:
1. Call or get someone to call emergency service.
2. If available put synthetic gloves on as bleeding may become
apparent.
3. Check airway, breathing and circulation. Perform cpr if necessary.
4. If unconscious- place the victim in a recovery position.
permit.
6. Reassure and stay calm.
7. Continue to check pulse and breathing.
8. Treat other injuries as appropriate.
9. Do not give anything to ear or drink as they may require surgery to
stop the bleeding.
First aid procedure for external bleeding:
1. If available put on disposable gloves.
2. Look at the wound to ensure there are no foreign objects.
3. Apply direct pressure over the wound with a sterile or clean pad.
4. Raise and support the injured part above the level of the heart if
possible.
5. Apply a dressing and a firm bandage to hold the pad in place.
6. Reassess circulation every 20-30 minutes.
BURNS
 An injury caused by exposure to heat or flame.
 Damage to the skin or other body parts caused by extreme heat, flame,
contact with heated objects, or chemicals. Burn depth is generally
categorized as first, second, or third degree. The treatment
of burns depends on the depth, area, and location of the burn, as well as
additional factors, such as material that may be burned onto or into the
skin. Treatment options range from simply applying a cold pack to
emergency treatment to skin grafts
TYPES OF BURNS
Thermal Burns occur when you come in contact with something hot.
Typically, you will suffer a thermal burn when you
touch:
Flames or fire Hot, molten liquid or steam (referred to as a scald)
Hot objects, such as cooking pans, irons, or heated
appliances.
Chemical Burns You may receive a chemical burn if your skin and/or
eyes come in contact with a harsh irritant, such as
acid. Substances that cause chemical burns include:
- Chlorine
- Ammonia
- Bleach
- Battery acid
- Strong or harsh cleaners
Electrical Burns happen when the body comes in contact with an
electric current. Our internal systems are not resistant
to electricity, so you may be injured if a strong jolt
enters your body.
The most common cause of electrical burn is coming
in contact with an extension cord where the
insulation material has worn away. Low-voltage
electrical burns can also occur in the mouth, most
commonly when young children place noninsulated
cords in their mouth.
Friction Burns can occur when skin repeatedly rubs against another
surface or is scraped against a hard surface. Like other
burns, friction burns are categorized into degrees.
Radiation Burns  Cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy
may suffer from an injury known as radiation burn.
High-energy radiation is used to shrink or kill
cancerous cells, and when it passes through the
body, skin cells may be damaged. If you’re
frequently receiving radiation treatments, your
skin cells may not have enough time to
regenerate, and sores or ulcers may develop.
CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS
First-degree affect only the epidermis, or outer layer of skin.
(superficial) burns The burn site is red, painful, dry, and with no
blisters. Mild sunburn is an example. Long-term
 tissue damage is rare and usually consists of an
increase or decrease in the skin color.
Second-degree involve the epidermis and part of the dermis layer
(partial thickness) of skin. The burn site appears red, blistered, and
burns may be swollen and painful.
Third-degree (full destroy the epidermis and dermis and may go into
thickness) burns the subcutaneous tissue. The burn site may
appear white or charred
Fourth degree burns damage the underlying bones, muscles, and
tendons. There is no sensation in the area since
the nerve endings are destroyed.
calibration. The magnitude of an earthquake is thus represented by a
single, instrumentally determined value.
 Seismic waves are the vibrations from earthquakes that travel through
the Earth; they are recorded on instruments called seismographs.
Seismographs record a zig-zag trace that shows the varying amplitude of
ground oscillations beneath the instrument. Sensitive seismographs, which
greatly magnify these ground motions, can detect strong earthquakes from
sources anywhere in the world. The time, location, and magnitude of an
earthquake can be determined from the data recorded by seismograph
stations.

First Degree Burn:  Richter scale measures the magnitude of an earthquake (how
A. Cool the burn. Immediately immerse the burn in cool tap water or apply powerful it is). It is measured using a machine called a seismometer
cold, wet compresses. Do this for about 10 minutes or until the pain which produces a seismograph. It is normally numbered 1-10,
subsides. though there is no upper limit.
B. Apply petroleum jelly two to three times daily. Do not apply ointments,
toothpaste or butter to the burn, as these may cause an infection. Do not
apply topical antibiotics.
C. Cover the burn with a nonstick, sterile bandage. If blisters form, let
them heal on their own while keeping the area covered. Do not pop the
blisters.
D. Consider taking over-the-counter pain medication. Acetaminophen or
ibuprofen can help relieve the pain and reduce inflammation.
E. Protect the area from the sun. Once the burn heals, protect the area
from the sun by seeking shade, wearing protective clothing or applying a
broad-spectrum, water-resistant sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher.
This will help minimize scarring, as the redness from a burn sometimes
persists for weeks, especially in those with darker skin tones.
Second – Degree Burn
A. Running the skin under cool water for 15 minutes or longer, use
compresses if running water isn’t available.
B. Don’t apply ice. It can lower body temperature and cause further pain
damage.
C. Take over-the-counter pain medication (acetaminophen or ibuprofen)
D. Don’t break or pop blisters, instead apply antibiotic cream, butter or
ointments to blisters
Third-degree Burn
A. Call 911
B. Protect Burn Area
- Cover loosely with sterile, nonstick bandage or, for large areas, a sheet EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS
or other material that that won’t leave lint in wound.
- Separate burned toes and fingers with dry, sterile dressings.  Each Floor/Dept./Unit–Kits Containing:
- Do not soak burn in water or apply ointments or butter, which can cause – Food & Water for Three Days
infection. – First Aid Kit
C. Prevent Shock – Rescue & Repair Tools
- Lay the person flat. – Flashlights, Battery-Operated Radio, Spare Batteries
- Elevate feet about 12 inches.
 Individuals
- Elevate burn area above heart level, if possible.
– Walking Shoes
- Cover the person with coat or blanket.
- For an airway burn, do not place pillow under the person's head when – Individual Prescription Medications (Enough for Three
the person is lying down. This can close the airway. Days)
- Have a person with a facial burn sit up. Individual Work Area Preparedness
- Check pulse and breathing to monitor for shock until emergency help  Remove or Secure Heavy Overhead Items which May Fall On You
arrives. or Block Your Egress
D. See a Doctor  Secure Breakables with Quake Putty or Museum Gel
- Doctors will give oxygen and fluid, if needed, and treat the burn Home Earthquake Preparedness

EARTHQUAKE SAFETY  Establish Family Earthquake Plan

 is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden – Practice Drills
release of energy in the Earth’s lithosphere that creates seismic waves.  Choose Out-of-State Friend/Relative
Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they – Person Family Members Can Contact to Report
cannot be felt to those violent enough to toss people around and destroy Whereabouts & Conditions
whole cities.  Learn First Aid/CPR
 Organize Neighborhood to Be Self-Sufficient After an Earthquake
 It manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the  Prepare Earthquake Emergency Kit
ground.
Home Earthquake Emergency Kit
Classification of Earthquakes
Severity of an earthquake can be expressed in terms of both intensity and  1 Gallon of Water per Person per Day (3 Day Minimum)
magnitude
 Intensity- is based on the observed effects of ground shaking on people,  First Aid Kit/Book
buildings, and natural features. It varies from place to place within the
 3 Days of Food
disturbed region depending on the location of the observer with respect
to the earthquake epicenter.  Non-Electric Can Opener
 Magnitude is related to the amount of seismic energy released at the  Portable Radio, Flashlights, & Batteries
hypocenter of the earthquake. It is based on the amplitude of the
earthquake waves recorded on instruments which have a common  Extra Glasses, House/Car Keys
 Essential Medications  1964 Alaska 8.5 Earthquake
 11 Fatalities Directly From Earthquake
 ABC Fire Extinguisher  120 Fatalities From Tsunami
AFTER INITIAL SHOCK HAVE SUBSIDED
 Blankets/Sleeping Bag
 Remain Calm & Be Prepared for Aftershocks
 Water Purification Kit  Check for Injuries & Administer First Aid to the Degree You Are Trained
for
 Essentials for Infants, Elderly, or Pets  Check for Obvious Hazards & Damage on Your Floor
 Instructions on How to Turn Off: Gas, Water, and Electricity  Do Not Turn on or Off any Lighting or Electrical Devices
 Do Not Use Telephones Except in Extreme Emergencies
 Secure Pictures o Make Sure Phone is on the Hook to Receive Emergency
Information Calls
 Secure Hot Water Heater
 Follow Directions Over the Building PA System or by the Floor Wardens
 Wrench Near Emergency Gas Shut Off  Use Emergency Supplies If Necessary
FLOOR WARDENS AFTER QUAKE
 Secure Heavy Items  Gather Occupants at Pre-Selected Gathering Place & Perform Head
Count–Is Everyone Accounted For?
 Know Safe Spots in Every Room
 Search Floor for Missing or Injured Personnel
o Sturdy Tables, Desks  Attend Injured Persons
 Prepare Condition Report for Area & Provide to Building Management
 Know Dangerous Spots in Every Room
o Number of People on Floor
o Windows, Hanging Objects, Fireplace, Appliances o Number of Injured People & Description of Injuries
o Description of Apparent Structural Damage
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE – INDOORS o Immediate Needs
 Floor Cannot Immediately Evacuate
 Stay There! Do NOT Run Outside
o Must Assess Damage to Stairways
 Stay Calm & Remember the Phase, “Duck, Cover, and Hold”  Turn- On Battery-Operated Radio
o Assign Someone to Keep Track on What is Going on in the
– Duck – And Look for Cover Surrounding Community
o Listen for Emergency Instructions
– Cover – Under a Sturdy Desk or Table
 Take Inventory of Emergency Supplies
– Hold – Onto the Furniture Leg Until Shaking Stops o May Be Needed to Last Several Days
o Conserve Supplies
 Face Away from Windows  Await for O.K. to Evacuate

 Stay Clear of Tall Objects that May Topple Over

In case of medical needs; The following procedure are:
 Watch for Falling Objects  To perform CPR, place one hand over the center of the person’s chest,
and hold your other hand over the first. Keep your arms straight as you
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE – IN AN ELEVATOR press directly into their chest at a rate of about 100 beats per minute.
 Stop bleeding by applying direct pressure to the wound. Pack the
 Will Not Fall Down the Shaft wound with sterile gauze or a clean cloth and apply firm pressure.
 May Lose Power  If firm pressure doesn’t stop the bleeding, use a belt, article of clothing,
 May Stop & Lights May Go Out or bandages to fashion a tourniquet. Wrap the tourniquet 2 to 3 in (5.1
 Use Emergency Alarm to 7.6 cm) above the wound toward the torso. For a wound on the
 Await Emergency Crew & Follow Directions thigh, wrap the tourniquet above the wound near the groin to limit the
amount of blood flowing from the heart
PUBLIC AREAS  If someone is seriously injured or unconscious, don’t move them unless
 Steer Clear of Panicking Crowds & Structural Hazards the building is structurally unsound or they’re otherwise in immediate
 Theatre – Crouch in Seat danger.
 Ball Park or Stadium
– Go to the Open Play Field – Not the Exits FIRE
Shopping Malls
Fire is the visible effect of the process of combustion – a special type of
– Avoid Glass Displays
chemical reaction. It occurs between oxygen in the air and some sort of fuel.
– Head to Back of Shop
The products from the chemical reaction are completely different from the
Warehouse Store
starting material. The fuel must be heated to its ignition temperature for
OUTDOORS combustion to occur. The reaction will keep going as long as there is enough
 Get into the Open heat, fuel and oxygen. This is known as the fire triangle.
 Stay Clear of Buildings & Power Lines
Classification of Fire
 Do Not Smoke or Light Matches or Lighters
CLASS A: fires involve common combustibles such as wood, paper,
 If Driving: cloth, rubber, trash and plastics. They are common in
– Stop If Safe, But Stay Inside Car typical commercial and home settings, but can occur
 Avoid Stopping Under Trees, Light Posts, Power Lines, or anywhere these types of materials are found.
Signs CLASS B: fires involve flammable liquids' gases, solvents, oil,
– Stay Away from Bridges, Overpasses & Tunnels gasoline, paint, lacquers, tars and other synthetic or oil-
 In Mountainous Area based products. Class B fires often spread rapidly and,
– Falling Rocks & Other Debris unless properly secured, can reflash after the flames are
 On the Beach/Ocean Front extinguished.
– Move to Higher Ground or Several Hundred Yards Inland CLASS C: fires involve energized electrical equipment, such as wiring,
– Tsunami Hazard controls, motors, data processing panels or appliances.
They can be caused by a spark, power surge or short circuit
 Several Hours Afterwards
and typically occur in locations that are difficult to reach
 Multiple Tsunamis
and see.
 CLASS D: fires involve combustible metals such as magnesium and
sodium. Combustible metal fires are unique industrial
hazards which require special dry powder agents.
CLASS K: fires involve combustible cooking media such as oils and
grease commonly found in commercial kitchens. The new
cooking media formulations used form commercial food
preparation require a special wet chemical extinguishing
agent that is specially suited for extinguishing and
suppressing these extremely hot fires that have the ability
to reflash.
SAFETY PROCEDURES DURING FIRE
BASIC FIRE SAFETY YOU MUST KNOW FOR EVERY WORKSITE:
Know the location of the fire extinguishers in the workplace. You should be
aware where the nearest extinguisher is at all times.
Know where your nearest emergency exits are.
Know the difference between alarm signals to quickly recognize the situation.
IF YOU DISCOVER A FIRE:
Alert all other individuals within the workplace by activating the nearest fire
alarm, shouting clearly or by using other procedures set in place by your
company.
Use the nearest exit to evacuate the workplace.
Use a fire extinguisher to put the fire out. Be careful while doing this and do
not attempt if yours or others safety is at risk or on large fires.
DURING EVACUATION OF A WORKSITE:
Stay calm and evacuate the building immediately when you hear the fire
alarm. For more check out our blog on evacuation checklists and procedures.
Along the escape route, close (don’t lock) all the doors and windows you pass
by so that you can cut the fire and the smoke off from spreading to the other
rooms.
Go to the assembly point and alert your relevant supervisors that you are safe
and outside the building.
Adhere to any protocols put in place by your company
FIRE EXTINGUISHER AND ITS TYPES
A portable fire extinguisher is a handy, first aid fire fighting equipment used
to control small fires in emergency situations. Every fire extinguisher type has
different color bands to distinguish their type:
POISONING
is any substance that enters or touches the body with effects that are
injurious to health or life threatening
- Poisoning is injury or death due to swallowing, inhaling, touching
or injecting various drugs, chemicals, venoms or gases.
- Children are the most common victims of poisoning in the
Philippines. Curiosity, inability to read warning labels, a desire to
imitate adults, and inadequate supervision lead to most childhood
poisonings.
- The elderly are the second most likely group to be poisoned.
Mental confusion, poor eyesight, and the use of multiple drugs are
the leading reasons this group has a high rate of accidental
poisoning. A substantial number of poisonings also occur as suicide
attempts or drug overdoses.
People may be poisoned by things not typically thought of as poisons,
including:
• Cosmetics
• Personal care items such as shampoo, body lotions and perfume
• Cleaning solutions, including laundry detergent pods
• Plants
• Foreign bodies such as watch or button batteries
Classification of Poisoning
Origin
 Poisons are of microbial, plant, animal, or synthetic origin.
a) Microbial - Bacteria and Fungi
b) Plant
c) Animal - bites and stings
d) Synthetic - chemicals manufactured by chemists
Physical Form
 Solids are generally not well absorbed into the blood, they must be
dissolved in the aqueous liquid lining the intestinal tract if ingested or
the respiratory tract if inhaled.
 liquid form can be absorbed by ingestion or by inhalation or through the
skin.
Chemical Nature
 Metallic poisons are often eliminated from the body slowly and
accumulate to a greater extent than nonmetallic poisons and thus are
more likely to cause toxicity during chronic exposure.
 Organic chemicals are more soluble in lipids and therefore can usually
pass through the lipid-rich cell membranes more readily than can
inorganic chemicals.
Chemical Activity
 Electrophilic chemicals attack the nucleophilic sites of the cells’
macromolecules, such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), producing
mutations, cancers, and malformations.
TYPES OF POISONING
Food poisoning
- caused by eating contaminated food. In most cases the food hasn’t been
cooked properly and is contaminated by bacteria such as salmonella or
Escherichia coli (E. coli), which are found mainly in meat.
- the effects of food poisoning within a few hours, and will often be sick or
have diarrhoea. However, in some cases it can take up to three days.
Alcohol poisoning
- happens to someone when they’ve drunk a dangerous amount of alcohol,
normally in a short space of time.
- Alcohol poisoning can also send a person into deep unresponsiveness and,
at worst, can slow or even shut down their breathing, causing death.
 • Your body enters shock when you don’t have enough blood
circulating through your system to keep your organs and tissues
functioning properly.
WHAT Are the different types of shock?
1. OBSTRUCTIVE SHOCK
• Obstructive shock occurs when blood can’t get where it needs to
go.
• Conditions that can cause a build up of air or fluid in the chest
cavity can also lead to obstructive shock. These include:
• Pneumothorax
• Hemothorax
• Cardiac tamponade
Drug poisoning 2. DISTRIBUTIVE SHOCK
- Poisons are substances that can cause temporary or permanent damage if • Distributive shock causes your blood vessels to lose their tone.
too much is absorbed by the body. Poisons can be swallowed, inhaled, • Conditions where blood vessels can become open and floppy that
injected or absorbed through the skin. decreases the blood pressure supply in the organs causes this
- Someone can get drug poisoning from taking an overdose of prescribed type of shock.
drugs, over the counter drugs, or illegal drugs. Different types of Distributive Shock
• Anaphylactic shock
• Septic Shock
• Neurogenic Shock
3. CARDIOGENIC SHOCK
• It is the condition in which your heart suddenly can't pump
enough blood to meet your body's needs.
4. HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
• This type of shock happens when there isn’t enough blood in your
blood vessels to carry oxygen to your organs. This can be caused
by severe blood loss.

Swallowed poisoning

- Poisons are substances that can cause temporary or permanent damage if

too much is absorbed by the body. Poisons can be swallowed, inhaled,
injected or absorbed through the skin.

- Swallowed poisons include chemicals, drugs, plants, fungi and berries.

What causes shock?

• Your body enters shock when you don’t have enough blood
circulating through your system to keep your organs and tissues
functioning properly.
• It can be caused by any injury or condition that affects the flow of
blood through your body. Some causes of shock include:
• severe allergic reaction
• significant blood loss
• heart failure
• blood infections
Carbon monoxide poisoning
• dehydration
- Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas. When inhaled, the gas directly • burns
prevents the red blood cells from carrying oxygen to the body’s tissues and INITIAL PROCEDURES:
organs. It can quickly prove fatal if it is inhaled in large amounts, for example 1. If you suspect someone has gone into shock, call 911.
from vehicle exhaust fumes or smoke within a confined space, or even in 2. If they’re unconscious, check to see if they’re still breathing and have a
small amounts, for example due to leakage of fumes from a faulty boiler or heartbeat.
heater.  If you don’t detect breathing or a heartbeat, begin CPR.
If they’re breathing: perform THE
“lecc” Procedure
L-ay them down on their back.
E-levate their feet at least 12 inches above the ground. (Shock position)
C-over them with a blanket or extra clothing to help keep them warm.
C-heck their breathing and heart rate regulation
If you suspect they’ve injured their head, neck, or back:
1. Avoid moving them.
2. Apply first aid to any visible wounds.
3. Avoid turning their head. Instead, stabilize their neck and roll
SHOCK their entire body to the side to clear the vomit out.
• The term “shock” may refer to a psychologic or a physiologic type If you suspect they’re experiencing an allergic reaction:
of shock. Shock causes a strong emotional response and may 1. Ask them if they have an EpiPen.
cause physical responses as well. If they begin to vomit:
1. Turn their head sideways. This helps prevent choking.
 PLANE CRASH
 It is when a plane takes flight and ends with fatality, casualty, and/or
serious injuries and damages.
 Lawsuits can be made which the liability may be held by the manufacturer
of the plane or the airline.
Classifications of Plane Crash (in terms of its cause)
Causes of Plane Crash
TERRORIST ATTACKS
 Violence towards citizen to express radical extremist ideologies.
Examples:
 9/11 Attack
 Metrojet Flight 9268
Safety Measurement in Aircraft Hijacking
According to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration…
 Stay calm and encourage others to do so.
 Follow the instructions of the hijackers.
 Do not provoke the hijackers in any manner.
 Keep your head down when shooting occurs.
 Be aware that the hijackers do not reveal themselves wholly. TO SIT IN AN EXIT-ROW SEAT, YOU:
 Do not draw attention to yourself.  Must be both willing and physically able to open the exit doors in
TECHNICAL PROBLEMS an emergency.
➤ Can be the cause of...  Must completely understand the printed emergency evacuation
• Faulty manufacturing techniques.
• Pilot Error IN CASE OF FIRE OR SMOKE
• Natural Calamities  Bend down close to the floor and move away from the fire and
EXTERNAL FORCES smoke.
Caused by objects that disturb the plane externally.  Place a wet handkerchief or napkin over your nose and mouth to
filter some smoke and help you breathe better.
Classifications of Plane Crash (in terms of where to land)
WATER LANDING
 The process of a plane landing on a body of water.
 Most commercial airplanes cannot land on water.
EMERGENCY LANDING
The occurrence of a plane landing forcibly on land.
PROCEDURES
GENERAL SAFETY GUIDELINES
o Study the passenger safety card both before take-off and landing, so
that the information is fresh in your mind.
o Listen closely when the flight attendant gives the safety briefing.
o Know where the emergency exits are, both in front of you and behind
you. Count the rows between your seat and the exit row, so you could
find it in a dark, smoke-filled cabin.
o Feel under the seat until your hand locates the flotation device.