ST.

PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE

COLLEGE OF NURSING
A.Y. 2023-2024

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENT IN NCM
109 (RELATED LEARNING
EXPERIENCE)

SUBMITTED TO:

Ms. Antonette Collen Carrancho,

RN

SUBMITTED BY:

Shiera Mae R. Bernales

DATE SUBMITTED:

March 23, 2024

 ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
A.Y. 2023-2024

NCM 109 RLE:

Care of the Clients across the Lifespan with Mother, Child, and Families at risk or with Problems

1. Discuss the concept of inflammation.

Inflammation happens when tissues are harmed and causes five basic symptoms: redness, heat,
swelling, pain, and function impairment. These isolate and eliminate hazardous substances. It
begins when bacteria infiltrate the tissue, and when tissue damage occurs, chemical mediators
are released, causing chemotaxis, which increases vascular permeability and blood flow. White
blood cells also grow, and bacteria are trapped, destroyed, and phagatocytized. When
bacteria are gone, tissue repair occurs; but, if they remain, other chemical mediators are
activated, and the process continues. Differentiate the pre-hospital, in-hospital, and post-
hospital setting.

2. Differentiate the pre-hospital, in-hospital, and post-hospital setting.

In a pre-hospital setting, patients haven't reached the hospital yet. Emergency medical
responders provide care, assess the patients, and transfer them to the right hospital. Once
admitted, patients receive treatment in an inpatient care setting. After leaving the hospital,
patients get post-hospital care, which is medical attention they receive after discharge.

3. Explain why first aid is needed when somebody becomes ill.

First aid is needed because it provides immediate assistance to an ill or injured person until expert
medical care arrives or becomes accessible. It speeds up the recovery process, saves money on
healthcare, and lowers the possibility of the injury worsening.

4. Mechanisms and morphology of cellular injury, degeneration, and death:

Describe the condition, signs and symptoms, types, and the first aid of each of the following
sudden illnesses.

a. Bites and Stings

Signs and symptoms:
- Immediate or delayed pain at the bite site
- Swelling, bruising, or local bleeding
- Bite marks ranging from puncture wounds to nearly invisible scratches, typically
found on limbs
- Swollen and tender glands in the groin or armpit of the affected limb
 ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
A.Y. 2023-2024

- Faintness and dizziness

- Nausea and vomiting
- Headache
- Abdominal pain
- Oozing of blood from the bite site or gums
- Double or blurred vision
- Drooping eyelids
- Difficulty speaking or swallowing
- Limb weakness or paralysis
- Difficulty breathing

Types:
- Spider bites (e.g., red back, funnel-web, mouse, white-tailed)
- Bee stings
- European wasp stings
- Scorpion stings
- Ant and centipede bites
- Mosquito bites
- Tick bites
- Snake bites
- Stings from sea creatures (e.g., blue-ringed octopus, cone shells, box jellyfish,
stonefish)
- Bites from household pests

First Aid:
- In the event of a snake bites, follow the DRSABCD protocol and seek immediate
medical attention.
- Avoid using tourniquets, cutting the puncture site, or attempting to suck out the
venom.
- For tick bites, refrain from killing the tick before removal to prevent it from injecting
more poison.
- Immobilize the limb and bandage it firmly to slow the spread of venom.
- Seek medical assistance promptly for both snake and tick bites to minimize
complications and ensure appropriate treatment.

b. Bleeding
Signs and symptoms:
- Arterial bleeding – blood is bright red and spurts and pulses
- Venous Bleeding – Dark res and less severe and flowing out
 ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
A.Y. 2023-2024

- Capillary Bleeding -It oozes from damaged part

- Internal Bleeding – small red marks and slight bruising, nausea, headache, blood in
urin and stool

Types: capillary, venous, and arterial bleeding, Internal Bleeding

First Aid:
- Locate the source of bleeding and assess severity.
- Minor cuts and wounds: Apply regular bandages and monitor for bleeding cessation.
Seek medical treatment if bleeding persists or signs of infection appear.
- Life-threatening bleeding: Call an ambulance, cover wound, and apply pressure. Use
bandages if available, otherwise, utilize cloth such as a shirt. Treat leg and arm
wounds with a tourniquet, while other areas should be bandaged and secured with
roller gauze.
- Light capillary bleeding may stop on its own; bandages can help with more severe
bleeding.
- Arterial bleeding requires immediate direct pressure as it originates from major
arteries.
- When in doubt, seek medical help promptly, as bleeding emergencies can escalate
rapidly.

c. Burns
Types: First-Degree Burn, Second-Degree Burn, Third-Degree Burn

Signs and Symptoms:

- Intact and Ruptured Blisters: Blisters may be intact or have ruptured, leaking fluid.
- Pain: The severity of the burn is not necessarily correlated with pain; serious burns can
be painless.
- Peeling Skin: Skin affected by burns may peel.
- Shock Symptoms: Watch for signs of shock such as pale and clammy skin, weakness, blue
lips and fingernails, and decreased alertness.
- Swelling: Burn injuries may result in swelling.
- Skin Appearance: Skin may appear red, white, or charred depending on the severity of
the burn.

First Aid:
- If unsure, treat as a major burn and seek immediate medical care.
- If skin is unbroken, run cool water over the area for 5 to 30 minutes or soak in cool
water.
 ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
A.Y. 2023-2024

- Calm and reassure the person.

- Cover with a dry, sterile bandage or clean dressing.
- Protect from pressure and friction.
- Administer over-the-counter pain relief (ibuprofen or acetaminophen) if needed.
- Apply moisturizing lotion with aloe and antibiotic after skin has cooled.
- For someone on fire, instruct them to stop, drop, and roll.
- Wrap the person in thick material to smother flames, pour water, and call 911.
- Do not remove stuck clothing; cover burn area with dry sterile bandage or clean cloth.
- Elevate burned body part above heart level.
- Separate burned fingers or toes with dry, sterile bandages.
- If electrical injury is suspected, use non-metallic object to separate victim from wires.
- Prevent shock by laying flat, raising feet, and covering with coat or blanket.
- Continuously monitor pulse, breathing, and blood pressure until medical help arrives.

d. Diabetes Mellitus Emergencies

Types: DM1, DM2
Signs and Symptoms:
- hunger
- clammy skin
- profuse sweating
- drowsiness or confusion
- weakness or feeling faint
- sudden loss of responsiveness.

First Aid:
- Provide something sweet to eat or a non-diet drink to raise blood sugar levels during
a diabetic emergency.
- Avoid diet drinks as they lack sugar and won't be effective in raising blood sugar.
- Reassure the person experiencing the emergency.
- If in doubt about their condition, call emergency services
- If unable to call, delegate someone else to do so.

e. Fainting
Types: Vasovagal syncope, Postural syncope, Cardiac Syncope, Neurologic Syncope

Signs and Symptoms:

- Cold and clammy.
- Dizzy.
- Lightheaded.
 ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
A.Y. 2023-2024

- Hot and suddenly sweaty.

- Sick to your stomach.
- Stressed out or anxious.
- Weak.

First Aid:
- Ensure the person's airway is clear.
- Check for breathing and pulse.
- Call emergency or seek immediate medical attention if injuries are present.
- Administer CPR if no breathing or pulse is detected.
- Ask someone to locate an AED if necessary.

After Regaining Consciousness:

- Encourage the person to sit or lie down for 10 to 15 minutes (or longer if needed).
- Check for any injuries requiring medical attention, such as head injuries or cuts.
- Advise the person to sit forward and lower their head below their shoulders and
knees.
- Offer ice or cold water for comfort.

f. Heart Attack
Types: STEMI, NSTEMI, Coronary Artery Spasm, Stable Angina, Unstable Angina
Signs and Symptoms:
- Chest pain radiating down one arm (more common in men)
- Shortness of breath
- Nausea or vomiting
- Extreme fatigue
- Dizziness or lightheadedness

First Aid:
- Call your local emergency number immediately; do not ignore symptoms of a heart
attack. If unable to get an ambulance, have someone drive you to the nearest
hospital; drive yourself only as a last resort.
- Start CPR if the person has no pulse or isn't breathing. If untrained, perform hands-
only CPR by pushing hard and fast on the person's chest at a rate of about 100 to
120 compressions per minute.
- If trained in CPR, start with 30 chest compressions followed by two rescue breaths.
- Use an automated external defibrillator (AED) if available and the person is
unconscious. AEDs deliver shocks to reset heart rhythm and come with step-by-step
voice instructions. They only administer shocks when appropriate.
 ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
A.Y. 2023-2024

g. Heat Emergencies
Types: Heat cramps, Heat exhaustions, Heat Stroke
Signs and Symptoms:
- Dizziness or confusion
- Headaches or cramps
- Sweating
- Paler than usual
- Nausea
- Fast breathing and heart rate

First Aid:
- Help the person lie down in a cool or shady area
- Remove excessive clothing and loosen any tight clothing
- Immerse hands and feet in cold water
- Cool by fanning
- Moisten the skin, if possible
- If fully alert and responsive, give them frequent small drinks of water

h. Poisoning
Types: Food poisinong, Carbon monoxide, Chemicals, Drugs
Signs and Symptoms:
- Disorientation
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Shortness of breath
- Increased heartbeat
- Seizures
- Unconsciousness.
First Aid:
Inhaled Poison:
- Move to fresh air immediately.
- Call Emergency

Skin Contact with Poison

- Remove any clothing touched by the poison.
- Rinse skin with running water for 15 to 20 minutes.
- Call Emergency
 ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
A.Y. 2023-2024

Poison in the Eyes

- Rinse eyes with running water for 15 to 20 minutes.
- Call Emergency

Cases Not to Give First Aid:

- If the person ingested the wrong medicine or too much medicine Call, Emergency
immediately

i. Shock
Types: Hypovolemic, Cardiogenic, Neurogenic, Septic, Anaphylactic, Obstructive, Endocrine
Signs and Symptoms:
- Pale, cold, clammy skin
- Shallow, rapid breathing
- Difficulty breathing
- Anxiety
- Rapid heartbeat
- Heartbeat irregularities or palpitations
- Thirst or a dry mouth
- Low urine output or dark urine
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Dizziness
- Light-headedness
- Confusion and disorientation
- Unconsciousness

First Aid:
- Assess the situation following the DRSABCD protocol (Danger, Response, Send for
help, Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Defibrillation).
- If conscious, lie them down and keep them warm and comfortable.
- Loosen their clothing.
- Raise their legs above the level of their torso and head to improve blood flow to vital
organs, unless there's a suspected spinal injury or leg fracture causing pain.
- Manage any obvious signs of external bleeding by applying firm pressure with a
clean cloth or pad.
- If blood seeps through, add another cloth or pad on top without removing the first
one.
 ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
A.Y. 2023-2024

- If the second cloth or pad gets soaked, remove and replace with another clean cloth
or pad.
- If possible, raise the bleeding injured limb.
- Do not give anything to eat or drink, even if they are thirsty.
- Reassure the person and encourage them to rest or stay still.
- Stay with them until the ambulance arrives.

j. Stroke
Types: Ischemic stroke, Hemorrhagic
Signs and Symptoms:
- weakness and numbness on one side of the face or body
- vision problems affecting one or both eyes
- difficulty talking or understanding speech
- coordination problems and loss of balance
- severe and sudden headache
- sudden confusion
- dizziness
- loss of consciousness

First Aid:
- Use the acronym FAST:
- F = Face: Check for drooping on one side or a lopsided smile.
- A = Arms: Ask if they can raise both arms or if they drift down.
- S = Speech: Listen for slurred speech or difficulty repeating a simple sentence.
- T = Time: If any of the above signs are present, call ambulance.
- Remain calm and ensure safety.
- Communicate with the person and assess responsiveness.
- If conscious, position them comfortably and loosen tight clothing.
- Keep them warm with a blanket or coat.
- Check and clear their airway, but do not give food or liquids.
- Note symptoms and changes in condition for emergency personnel.
- Remember the time symptoms started.
- If unconscious, move them into the recovery position and monitor breathing.
- For untrained individuals, perform hands-only CPR with chest compressions.
- For trained individuals with a mouth guard, perform chest compressions and rescue
breaths at a ratio of 30 compressions to 2 breaths.
- Utilize an automated external defibrillator (AED) if available to check heart rhythm
and deliver electric shock if needed.
 ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
A.Y. 2023-2024

k. Wounds
Types: Abrasions, Lacerations, Puncture, Avulsion
Signs and Symptoms:
- Redness
- Heat
- Fever
- Tenderness
- Oozing pus
- Foul smell
- Not being able to use or move the affected area

First Aid:
- Apply pressure to the wound to stop visible bleeding.
- Rinse the wound under cool running water.
- For small cuts, press the edges together and close with surgical tape.
- If a foreign object (e.g., splinter, knife) is attached to the tissue, do not remove it.
- Cover the wound with a protective bandage.
- Ensure your tetanus vaccine is up to date.

5. The use of assistive devices: Cane, Crutch, Walker, Wheelchair

a. Describe the purpose of each assistive device.
• Cane - The cane provides balance support while standing and walking.
Take a little pressure off one or both legs,Improve sensory information for comfort
and security when walking.
• Crutch - Crutches are walking aid that helps build up an individual's base of support.
They transfer weight from the legs to the upper body and are frequently used by
those who are unable to sustain their weight with their legs.
• Walker - Offers a larger base of support. It typically has three sides, with the open
side being the one nearest to the patient. Helps the user maintain their balance,
reduce their risk of falling, and maximize their level of activity. Using a walker can
also raise metabolic and musculoskeletal demands.
• Wheelchair - assistive technology which is wheeled to increase mobility and improve
the quality of life for those who have trouble walking. Wheelchair mobility helps
wheelchair users study, work, socialize, and access resources like healthcare. It also
helps to lessen common problems like pressure sores, the progression of
deformities, and improves breathing and digestion.
 ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
A.Y. 2023-2024

b. Describe the key features and characteristics that distinguish each of them.

Every mobility aid has a different appearance and has a specific function. Canes are usually
single-stemmed and offer support for balance. Crutches have handgrips for underarm
support and transferring weight. Walkers, with their three sides and adjustable height,
provide stability on a bigger base. They help keep one's equilibrium and lower the chance of
falling. Wheelchairs with wheels allow people who have trouble walking to move more easily
and support a range of activities. Every mobility aid caters to individuals with different levels
of impairments in mobility by addressing specific mobility needs.

c. In your own opinion, how do mobility aids contribute to maintaining independence and
enhancing the quality of life for individuals with mobility limitations?

Mobility aids such as wheelchairs, walkers, and canes are vital for people with mobility
constraints because they allow them to move more freely, access different settings, and
participate in daily activities. These aids lessen reliance on others, increase safety, and
promote independence in activities such as dressing and grooming. Also, they enable people
to save energy, participate in a wider variety of activities, and confidently navigate their
surroundings. In all, mobility aids help people with problems with movement improve their
quality of life by allowing them to be more independent, safe, and participate in daily
activities.
 ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
A.Y. 2023-2024

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 ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
A.Y. 2023-2024

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 ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY DUMAGUETE
COLLEGE OF NURSING
A.Y. 2023-2024

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