Computers For Bank Exams Guide4BankExams PDF

The History of the
Computer
Then
&
Now
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Computer Evolution
 1642 Blaise Pascal – mechanical adding machine

Computer Evolution
 Early 1800’s Jacquard –
uses punch cards to
control the pattern of
the weaving loom.
 1832 Charles Babbage -
invents the Difference
Engine

The Punch Card
 1890 Herman Hollerith
– invents a machine
using punch card to
tabulate info for the
Census. He starts the
company that would
later be IBM.

Evolution (continued)
1946 – Mauchly and Eckert created the ENIAC
computer, first electronic computer is unveiled
at University of Pennsylvania (shown on next
slide)

ENIAC Computer
 Miles of wiring
 18,000 vacuum tubes
 Thousands of resistors and switches
 No monitor
 3,000 blinking lights
 Cost $486,000
 100,000 additions per second
 Weighed 30 tons
 Filled a 30x50 foot room
 Lights ofFor
Philadelphia would dim when it booted
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1943
 Base codes develop by Grace Hopper while
working on the Mark I programming project.
 She invented the phrase “bug” – an error in a
program that causes a program to
malfunction.

1950s
 Vacuum Tubes were the components for the
electronic circuitry
 Punch Cards main source of input
 Speeds in milliseconds (thousands/sec)
 100,000 additions/sec.
 Used for scientific calculations
 New computers were the rule, cost
effectiveness wasn’t’

1960s
 Transistors were electronic circuitry (smaller,
faster, more reliable than vacuum tubes)
 Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec)
 200,000 additions/sec.
 Computers In Businesses: Emphasis on marketing
of computers to businesses
 Data files stored on magnetic tape
 Computer Scientists controlled operations

Late 60’s Early 70’s
 Integrated circuit boards
 New input methods such as plotters, scanners
 Software became more important
 Sophisticated operating systems
 Improved programming languages
 Storage capabilities expanded (disks)

1970’s Integrated circuits and
silicone chips lead to smaller
microprocessors

Late 80’s to Current
 Improved circuitry – several thousand transistors

placed on a tiny silicon chip.
 Pentium chip named by Intel
 Modems – communication along telephone wires
 Portable computers: laptops
 Increased storage capabilities: gigabytes
 Emphasis on information needed by the decision
maker.

The Information Processing Cycle
MAIN
MEMORY
INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT
AUXILIARY
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INPUT DEVICES
INPUT
(Hardware)
 Keyboard  Touch tone telephone

 Mouse  Touch screens
 Joystick  Bar code scanner
 Trackball  Digitizer
 Light pen  Voice recognition
 Image scanner  Auxiliary Storage Device

PROCESSING PROCESSING
HARDWARE
 Central Processing Unit: CPU
 The Brains or Intelligence of the
computer. Controls input and output
 The part of the computer that interprets
and executes instructions.
 Silicon chip: integrated circuit board
 Pentium: name give to a particular chip

What two numbers are used in
Binary Code?
 0 and 1
 They are each called a BIT
 8 BITS make a BYTE
 1 BYTE makes a letter or number
 KILOBYTE = 1,024 bytes
 MEGABYTE = 1,048,576 bytes
 GIGABYTE = 1,024 megabytes
 TERABYTE = 1,024 gigabytes
MEMORY MEMORY
PROCESSING HARDWARE
ROM RAM
READ ONLY MEMORY RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
 Small  Main Memory
 Instructions are installed  Temporary—
Temporary —it is erased when
permanently at the factory turned off.
 Cannot be changed  It is where programs and data is
 These instructions check stored while being processed
the computer’s resources
and looks for Operating
System

OUTPUT DEVICES
(HARDWARE)
 Useful information that leaves the system
 Output Hardware includes:
•Monitor: soft copy
•Printers: hard copy
•Flat Panel displays
•Voice and music - speakers
•Synthesizers
•Plotters
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AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICES
 Network Drive (H: drive)

AUXILIARY
STORAGE  Hard Disk Drive (C:drive)
 Floppy Disk Drive with 3 ½”
Floppy Disk (A:drive)
 Smart card
 CD Read/Write Drive
 Zip Drive
 Digital Audio Tape
Computer Hardware

Hardware
 Includes the electronic and mechanical devices
that process the data; refers to the computer as
well as peripheral devices

System Unit
 Case that holds the power supply, storage
devices and the circuit boards (including the
motherboard).

CPU (Central Processing Unit)
 Where the processing in
a computer takes place,
often called the brain of
the computer.

Circuits
 The path from one
component of a
computer to another
that data uses to travel.
 Circuits run between
 RAM and the
microprocessor
 RAM and various storage
devices

Silicon Chip
 Silicon is melted sand.
 What the circuits are
embedded into to keep
them together.

Peripheral Devices
 Devices connected by cable to the CPU.
 Used to expand the computer’s input, output
and storage capabilities.

Input Devices
 Units that gather
information and
transform that
information into a series
of electronic signals for
the computer.

Keyboard
 An arrangement of
letters, numbers, and
special function keys
that act as the primary
input device to the
computer.

Mouse
 An input device that
allows the user to
manipulate objects on
the screen by moving
the mouse along the
surface of the desk.

Sound Card
 A circuit board that
gives the computer the
ability to accept audio
input, play sound files,
and produce audio
output through speakers
or headphones.

Modem
 A device that sends and
receives data to and
from computers over
telephone lines.
 Means (Modulate –
Demodulate).

Output Devices
 Devices that display, print or
transmit the results of
processing from the
computers memory.

Monitor
 Display device that forms an image by
converting electronic signals from the
computer into points of colored light on the
screen.

Resolution
 The density of the grid used to display or print
text and graphics; the greater the horizontal
and vertical density, the higher the resolution.
 The amount of Pixels on the screen. The more
pixels the better the resolution.

Pixels
 The smallest unit in a graphic image; computer

display devices use a matrix of pixels to display
text and graphics.
 Basic unit of composition of an image on a TV
screen, Computer monitor, or similar display

Printer
 Output device that
produces text or
graphical images on
paper.

Speakers
 Output devices that receive signals from the
computer’s sound card to play music, narration,
or sound effects.

Storage Devices
 Used to keep data when
the power to the
computer is turned off.
 Different forms
 Hard disk
 Floppy or zip disks
 CD--Writer
CD

Formatted
 Arrangement of data for storage or display.
 All storage devices must be formatted.

Hard Disk
 Rigid magnetic disk mounted for permanent
storage

Floppy Disk
 Small portable magnetic disk enclosed in stiff
envelope

Compact Discs
 CD--ROM
CD
 Compact disk with read only memory
 CD--R
CD
 Compact disk which you can write to only one time.
It then becomes a read only disk.
 CD--RW
CD
 Compact disk which you may rewrite to.

DVD
 DVD ROM
 Digital Video Disk which is read only.
 DVD--R
DVD
 Digital Video Disk which can be written to one
time. It then becomes read only.
 DVD--RW
DVD
 Digital Video Disk which can be rewritten to.

Flash or Jump Drives
 External storage devices that can be used like a
external hard drive.
 They have the capability to be saved to,
deleted from, and files can be renamed just like
with a normal hard drive.

Software Components

Software
 A computer program that tells the computer
how to perform particular tasks.

Program
 A series of commands and executable files that
produce results.

Operating System
 Software that translates a computers
commands and allows application programs to
interact with the computer’s hardware
 Examples:
 Windows XP
 Unix
 OS 10 (MAC)

Application Software
 Program that performs a specific function.
 Examples
 Microsoft Office
 Adobe Photoshop
 WordPerfect

Multitasking
 Ability to do more than one thing at a time.
 Computers can run several application software
programs and the operating system at the same
time.
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Software Use
 Icon
 Image that represent executable files.
 GUI (Graphical User Interface)
 Graphics that aid in accomplishing tasks. Icons on
screen.
 Menus
 List or table of executable files

Types of Computers

Super Computer
 Mainframe computer which is the largest,
fastest or most powerful at one given time.
 A computer that was the fastest in the world at
the time it was constructed.
 Can tackle tasks that would not be practical for
other computers
 Typical uses
 Breaking codes
 Modeling weather systems

Super Computer

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Mainframe
 Large powerful computer often serving many
connected terminals.
 Large expensive computer capable of
simultaneously processing data for hundreds or
thousands of users.
 Used to store, manage, and process large
amounts of data that need to be reliable,
secure, and centralized.
 Usually housed in a closet sized cabinet.
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Mainframe

Server
 A computer that processes request for HTML
and other documents that are components of
Web pages.
 Purpose is to “serve.”
 A computer that has the purpose of supplying
its users with data; usually through the use of a
LAN (Local Area Network).

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Workstation
 Desktop computer which is usually more powerful
than a Microcomputer.
 Powerful desktop computer designed for specialized
tasks.
 A microcomputer that fits on a desk and runs on
power from an electrical wall outlet.
 The CPU can be housed in either a vertical or
horizontal case.
 Has separate components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) that
are each plugged into the computer.

Workstation

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Desktop Microcomputer
 Small computer based on a microprocessor.
 A personal computer designed to meet the
needs of an individual; provides a variety of
applications.
 Provides access to a wide variety of computing
applications, such as word processing, photo
editing, e-
e-mail, and internet.

Desktop Microcomputer

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Laptop or Notebook
 Portable, compact computer that runs on a wall
outlet or battery unit with all components in
one unit.
 All components (keyboard, mouse, etc.) are in
one compact unit.
 Usually more expensive than a comparable
desktop.
 Sometimes called a notebook.
Handheld
 Also called a PDA (Personal Digital Assistant).
 A computer that fits into a pocket, runs on
batteries, and is used while holding in your
hand.
 Typically used as an appointment book, address
book, calculator, and notepad.
 Can be synchronized with a personal
microcomputer as a backup.

Networks
 File Server
 A computer dedicated to running applications and
storing data. May be shared with other
workstations
 IP address
 A unique address assigned to a computer so that it
may be located across the web.

Network
 Two or more computers and other
devices that are connected, for
the purpose of sharing data and
programs.

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Types of Networks
 LAN Intranetwork
 Local Area Network A method by which multiple
computers are connected. (CJH)
 WAN InternetworkWide
 Wide Area Network by which large geographical
areas can be connected. (Davis District)

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Computer Performance
and Processing

Boot Process
 Sequence of events that occurs between the time
you turn on a computer and the time that it
becomes ready to accept commands.
 Purposes
 Runs a diagnostic test to make sure everything is
working.
 Loading the operating system, so the computer can carry
out basic operations.

6 events of the boot process:
 Power up
 Start boot program
 Power
Power--on self-
self-test
 Identify peripheral devices
 Load operation system
 Check configuration and customization

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Megahertz (mHz)
 A measurement used to describe the speed of
the system clock.
 A megahertz is equal to one million cycles (or
pulses) per second.
 1.3 GHz means that the microprocessor’s clock
operates at a speed of 1.3 million cycles per
second.

Pentium
 Name of the CPU.
 Pentium is the 5th generation of the Intel
processor.
 Other generations were called:
 80-88
80-
 286
 386
 486

RAM vs. ROM
 RAM  ROM
 “Random Access Memory”  “Read only memory”
 The ability of a storage devices  Drives can read data from
to go directly to a specific disks, but cannot store new
storage location without data on them.
having to search sequentially  One or more integrated
for a beginning location. circuits that contain
 Very volatile permanent instructions that
 Cannot hold data when the the computer uses during the
power is off. boot process.
 Losses all data when power is
lost.

Binary Number System
 A method for representing numbers using only
two digits 0 and 1.
 Bit – each 0 or 1.
 Byte – 8 bits
 Also referred to as Base 2 Binary Code.

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Memory Measurements
 Bit
 Each 0 or 1
 Byte
 8 bits
 Kilobyte
 Approximately 1 thousand bytes
 Megabyte
 Approximately 1 million bytes (Exactly 1, 048,576 bytes)
 Gigabyte
 Approximately 1 billion bytes
 Terabyte
 Approximately 1 trillion bytes

Basic Terms

Basic Terms
 Computer
 A device that accepts input, processes data, stores
data, and produces output, all according to a series
of stored instructions.

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Basic Terms
 Input
 Any information, data, sound, etc. that is created
and fed into the computer.
 Output
 Useful information that leaves the system.
 Data
 Facts used by the computer. Refers to the symbols
that represent facts, objects or ideas.
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Basic Terms
 Processing
 Manipulation of the data in many ways
 Memory
 Area of the computer that temporarily holds data
waiting to be processed, stored, or output.
 Storage
 Area of the computer that holds data on a
permanent basis when it is not immediately needed
for processing.
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Basic Terms
 File management
 A method of organizing files and folders to make
data more easily accessible.
 Folders
 Location of physical media where data is stored
 File
 Individual document created and saved by the user.

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The History of the

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 1642 Blaise Pascal – mechanical adding machine

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 Improved circuitry – several thousand transistors

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INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT

 Keyboard  Touch tone telephone

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 Network Drive (H: drive)

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 The smallest unit in a graphic image; computer

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