విజయమోహన్ రెడ్డి.

గద్వాల
I Ðû¦è[ª-
Oªô¢ª ÔÙ àŸC-Nû¦
OªÚÛª ÓÙêŸ êµL-ú‡û¦
Oªö˺ ÓÙêŸæ¨ ûµjí£±éuÙ Ñû¦o
Oª þ§nô³ Ôëµjû¦
Oª ví£AòÅ¡ìª Ó÷ô¢ª ÞœªJhÙà¦õû¦o
Oª ÷uÚ¨h-ÞœêŸ N÷-ô¦-öµjû¦
÷ª¸ô Nù£óŸª Nø™x-ù£é Íô³û¦...
OªÚÛª Oªô¢ªÞ¥ àµí£±p-ÚÁ-î¦L!
ÏÙvšíú‡îËÂÞ¥ ÑÙè¯L!
ÏÙvçµ-ú‡dÙÞ¥ àµð§pL!
ÏÚÛ\è¶ ÎÙÞœxí£J-â°cìÙ Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù!
ÍÙë]ªÚÛª þ¼p·ÚûËÂ ÏÙTxùÃ
ú£·ôjì ÎóŸ³ëÅ]Ù!
Oª õ¤Ûu-þ§-ëÅ]-ìö˺ OªÚÛª êÁè[p-è¶Ù-ë]ª¸Ú
‘Ðû¦-è[ª–-ví£-AòÅ¡’ ôÁV Nè…# ôÁV
ú£ªõòÅ¡ø˜jLö˺ þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ
î¦uþ§õìª ÍÙC-þ¼hÙC.
I discussions, presentations, self sketches ö˺ NáóŸªÙ þ§CÅÙ-à¦-
Kavita : How did you do in yesterday's
exam?
(Eìo í£K-¤Ûõª Óö° ô¦ø‹îËÂ?)
Suji : Well, I think. How did you do ?
(ò°Þ¥û¶ ô¦ø‹-ì-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª. ìªîµyö°
ô¦ø‹îËÂ?)
Kavita: Not bad. I could have done better.
(í£ô¦y-ö¶ë]ª. ÏÙÚ¥ú£h ò°Þ¥ ô¦ú‡ ÑÙè[-
ֈٻa)
Suji: What group are going to study in
Inter?
(ÏÙå-ôÂö˺ Ô vÞœ«íà Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oîËÂ?)
Kavita : MPC. What about you ?
(ÓÙíˆúˆ. ìª÷±y...!)
Suji : Not sure yet, though dad wants me
to do MPC.
(ÏÙÚ¥ ÔNª Íìª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª. ÷« û¦ìo
ÓÙíˆúˆ Íû¶ ÍÙåª-û¦oô¢ª)
Kavita : Which college? (Ô Ú¥ö¶@?)
Suji : No idea as yet. What's going to be
your college?
(ÔNª Íìª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª... ìª÷±y!)
Kavita : Same here. Not decided yet.
(û¶ìª ÍÙê¶. ÏÙÚ¥ ÔÙ Íìª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª.)
II
Supriya : Hi, Suneetha, What a relief! The
final degree exams are over. But
What next for you?
(Í÷ªtóŸªu! í£K-¤Û-öµj-ð¼-óŸ«óÀª ú£ªFê¦.
êŸô¦yêŸ ÔÙ à¶þ§hîËÂ)
Suneetha : Not yet decided. What are your
plans?
(ÏÙÚ¥ ÔÙ Íìª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª. F ú£ÙÞœ-
ê¶Ùæ¨?)
Supriya : Well, You know I've taken the
CAT for joining in IIM. Waiting for
the results. If I make it, I'll join
one of the IIMs. Hope I shall be
fortunate.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 12 WûË 2005
#ìo #ìoN êµLóŸª¸Ú #ÚÛª\õª!
Spoken English Conversational English
û¶ ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙæ°ô¢ª.
÷ªÙ# Career ÚÁô¢ª-ÚÛªû¶ Në¯u-ô¢ªn-õÙ-ë]-JÚ© Í÷-ú£-ô¢-iì
Sentence-1ö˺ verb is, Sentence-2 ö˺
Communications Skillsö˺ ÷³Üu-iì òŰޜ٠Spoken English. verb 'do speak', Sentence-3, 4 õö˺ 'is'.
Spoken Englishö˺ ÖÚÛ Sentence Subject,
÷ªÙ# ÑëÁuÞ¥ö˺x, ÚÁô¢ªqö˺x ví£î¶-ø‹-EÚ¨ Eô¢y-ÙචInterviews, group Verb ÞœªJhÙ-àŸÞœõÞœè[Ù à¦ö° Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù. î¦æ¨E
ÞœªJh›úh NªÞœ-ê¦-÷Fo à¦ö° ú£ªõòÅ¡Ù.
õÙç¶ Spoken English Oªë] í£åªd Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù. a) Andhra Pradesh is the biggest state in
South India
(ÕÕ-Ó-îªö˺ â°ô³ûË ڥ÷-è¯-EÚ¨ Ú¥uæËÀ (î¦üŒ‰x ÏÙTxùà ÷«æ°x-è[ô¢ª) b) The Eenadu was published first from
ô¦ø‹ìª ÚÛë¯! íÆ£L-ê¦õ ÚÁú£Ù 3. Where is Ramesh?
Vizag.
àŸ«ú£ªhû¦o. ÷ú£ªhÙ-ë]û¶ Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o) (ô¢î¶ªøÉ ÓÚÛ\è[?) Ð ·ôÙè[ª Sentences ÖÚÛ Nù£-óŸ«Eo ൛ípN.
ÍÙç¶ Statements Íìo-÷«å.
Suneetha : I wish I had appeared for CAT 4. How beautiful the Taj is!
c) Is AP the biggest state in South India?
too. It's too late now. I think I'll (ê¦âÉÀ-÷ª-öËÀ ÓÙêŸ ÍÙë]ÙÞ¥ ÑÙC)
d) Was the Eenadu first published from
do MCA. I am preparing for the šíj Sentencesö˺ ví£AD
Vizag?
entrance tests of all MCA
courses. I may also take PG
ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ Nù£-óŸ«Eo ÞœªJÙ#
àµñª-êÁÙC. îµ³ë]æ¨ (c), (d)õª Questions ÚÛë¯. (a), (b) õÚÛ« (c),
entrance tests and do MSc Sentence (d) õÚÛ« ê¶è¯ àŸ«ë¯lÙ.
Computers or Electronics. 'Vijayawada'ìª, Englishö˺ (a), (b)õö°Ùæ¨ StatementsÚÛª,
·ôÙèÁC
(û¶ì« ô¦ú‡ ÑÙç¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-è¶C. Íô³ê¶ 'They'ìª, ÷´èÁC (c), (d)õö°Ùæ¨ QuestionsÚÛª ví£ëů-ìÙÞ¥ ê¶è¯
Ïí£±pè[ª Íìª-Ú•E ÔÙ ö°òÅ¡Ù? û¶ìª 'Ramesh'ìª, û¦õªÞÁC î¦ÚÛu-E-ô¦téÙ (sentence structure)ö˺ ÑÙåªÙC.
ÓÙú‡Ó à¶þ§hìª. í‡> ví£î¶øŒ í£K-¤Ûõª 'Taj'ìª ÞœªJÙ# àµñª-꟪- (sentence structure ÍÙç¶ Ô ÷«å ÷³Ùë]ª, Ô
ÚÛ«è¯ ô¦óŸ«-õE ÑÙC. Ótúˆq û¦oô³. Ïö° Sentence M. SURESAN ÷«å êŸô¦yêŸ Íû¶ Í÷ªJÚÛ.)
ÚÛÙí£²u-åôÂq ö¶ë¯ Óõ-Ú¥Z-EÚÂq Ú¥F ൛íp Nù£-óŸ«Eo ë¯E Statement : AP is the
à¶þ§h) 'Subject' ÍÙæ°Ù. Ú¥ñæ¨d îµ³ë]æ¨ Sentence
Structure ) Subject + Verb
(DE
Subject Vijayawada, ·ôÙèÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ Subject
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-é-õFo Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛë¯...! biggest state in south India.
Question : Is AP the biggest
Spoken Englishö˺ Grammar ò°Þ¥ êµõªú£ª-ÚÁ- Verb + Subject
÷è[Ù Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù. Íô³ê¶ Grammar êµLú‡-ìÙêŸ state in South India!
÷«vê¦ì English ò°Þ¥ ÷«æ°xè[è[Ù ÷ú£ªhÙ-ë]-ìª-ÚÁ- ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 1 Statementö˺ Subject ÷³Ùë]ª, Verb êŸô¦yêŸ
÷è[Ù ð»ô¢-ð§åª. Í÷-ú£-ô¢îµªiì ÚÛFú£ grammar êµõª-
÷þ¼hÙC.Questionö˺ DEÚ¨ ÷uA-¸ô-ÚÛÙÞ¥ verb
ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. ÷³Ùë]ªÞ¥...
They, ÷´èÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ Subject Ramesh, û¦õªÞÁ ÷³Ùë]ª subject êŸô¦yêŸ ÷ú£ªh-û¦oô³. ÏC English
VOCABULARY î¦ÚÛuÙ Subject The Taj.
Íö°¸Þ ví£A SentenceöËºì« 'Subject'ìª
ö˺ à¦ö° ví£ëů-ì-iì ê¶è¯.
Vocabulary ÍÙç¶ òÅ°ù£ö˺ ÑÙè¶ ÷«å-õ-Foì«. Statement : The Eenadu was published first
Spoken Englishö˺
ÞœªJÙ# ൛íp òŰޜ٠ÖÚÛæ¨ ÑÙåªÙ-ë]E Þœ÷ª-EÙà¶
Í÷-ú£-ô¢-iì ÷«åõª þ§÷«- structure : Subject + Verb
ìuÙÞ¥ ëµjìÙ-Cì @N-ê¦-EÚ¨, ÚÛFú£ Í÷ú£-ô¦õÚÛª, ÏêŸ- ÑÙæ°ô¢ª. šíjì 1st sentenceö˺'.... is on the
banks of the Krishna' Î Sentence subject from Vizag.
ô¢ªõêÁ Ñìo ú£ÙñÙ-ëůõÚÛª, ÚÁô¢ªÚÛª-û¶-î¦-æ¨Ú©, ð»Ùë¶-î¦-
Ná-óŸª-î¦è[ ÞœªJÙ# àµñªêÁÙC. Question : Was the Eenadu published first
æ¨Ú© ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ìîµj ÑÙæ°ô³. à¦ö° ÷ªÙCÚ¨ ÏÙTx-
ùÃö˺ šíë]l-šíë]l ÷«åõª êµõªþ§hô³. Ú¥F #ìo-#ìo 'She sings well' structure : Verb + Subject ( Verb)
from Vizag?
Nù£-óŸ«-õÚÛª ÏÙTxùà ÷«åõª, î¦æ¨ î¦è[ªÚÛ êµL-óŸªë]ª. Ð Sentenceö˺ 'She' Subject. 'Sings well'
Íö°¸Þ Listening. ÏêŸ-ô¢ªõª ÷«æ°xè¶ English Íû¶C Subject She ÞœªJÙ# ൛íp òÅ°ÞœÙ. 'sings Ð Ú¨ÙC Statements ìª quesitons Þ¥ ÷«Ja
Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÁ-Þœ-õ-Þœè[Ù. DEÚ¨ ÚÛ«è¯ daily lifeö˺ þ§ëů- practice
well'ö˺ 'sings' ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ sentence ö¶ë]ª. (She à¶óŸªÙè….
ô¢-éÙÞ¥ î¦è¶ ÷«åõª, î¦æ¨ Pronunciation ÚÛ«è¯
well - ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ ö¶ë]ª. Sentence ö¶ë]ª). ÍÙç¶ Statements Questions
êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. 'She sings well' - Ð sentenceö˺ Subject a) (Yes), They are students -----?
Ð î¦Ú¥uõª í£J-Q-LÙ-àŸÙè…. 'She' êŸô¦yêŸ 'Sings' Íû¶ ÷«å SentenceÚÛª b) (Yes), Rani is the leader -----?
1. Vijayawada is on the banks of the Krishna à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. Íö°Ùæ¨ ÷«åû¶ 'VERB' ÍÙæ°ô¢ª. c) (No), I am not happy -----?
(Ná-óŸª-î¦è[ ÚÛ'ù£g Öè[ªfì ÑÙC) Subject, Verb êµõªú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù à¦ö°-÷³ÜuÙ. d) (Yes), He was here last night -----?
2. They do not speak English îµ³åd-îµ³ë]å Ï#aì û¦õªÞœª Sentencesö˺ Verbs e) (No), She is not hungry ? -----?
àŸ«ë¯lÙ.
I Ðû¦è[ª- ÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 14 WûË 2005

÷ªìÙ ôÁW ÷«æ°xè¶ ÎÙÞœxÙ ú£·ôjìë¶ ÍEí‡Ù#û¦, ÚÛ«õÙÚÛù£ÙÞ¥ àŸ«›úh

êŸí£±põª ñóŸªåí£è[ê¦ô³. NìoëÁ, ú£·ôjìë]E òÅ°NÙàÁ ú£ÙòÅ°ù£éö˺x
Ñí£óµ«Tþ§hÙ. ÚÛ·ôÚ¥d Ú¥ë¯ ÍE Îö˺#Ù# ÷«æ°xè[Ù. Ú¥F ìõªÞœªôÁx
÷«æ°xè¶åí£±pè[ª þ§ëÅ]uiìÙêŸ ÷ªÙ# òÅ°ù£ Í÷ú£ô¢Ù. ÷ªìÚÛª êµLú‡Ùë¶
ÚÛ·ôÚÂd ÍìªÚÛªÙç¶ êµõªú£ªÚÁ÷è¯EÚ¨ íÆ£±öËÀþ§díà í£è…ìç¶d.

PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
❐ English pronunciation confusion
Ú¥ô¢éÙ Ö¸Ú Í¤Ûô¢Ù ·ôÙè[ª ôyô¢ª øŒò°l-õÚÛª
ú£Ù¸Ú-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù.
Ñë¯: Car ö˺ c-ÚÛ, centre ö˺ c-ú£
ÚÛª

❐ Ö¸Ú øŒò°l-EÚ¨ ·ôÙè[ª ôyô¢ª ͤÛ-ô¦õª î¦è[è[Ù.

Ñë¯: centre - c ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£, sentry - s ÏÚÛ\è[
ú£).
Óö° í£õ-Ú¥L?
English ÷«åö˺x ÓÚÛª\÷ õÙ-ê¦õª. ÍÙç¶
#÷-ô¢-ð»-õªxêÁ ÑÙè¶ øŒò°lõª ÓÚÛª\÷. Pen - šíûËÂ;
Book- ñªÚÂ, Watch - î¦àÂ; Phone - ðƼûËÂ; Take
- ç¶óÀªÚÂ. Ïö°Ùæ¨ ÷«åö˺x #÷J ð»õªxìª ð»õªxÞ¥
í£L-򬐦 ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC. šíìªo, ñªÚÛª\, î¦<, ðƼìª,
ç¶ÚÛª ÍìÙ. Englishö˺ ÷«æ°x-è¶-åí£±pè[ª ð»õªx
#÷ô¢ ÑÙè¶ ÷«åõª ð»õªxÞ¥ í£L-Ú¨-ê¶û¶ ÍÙë]Ù.
ÏC ÷³ÜuÙ!
í£õªÚÛªö˺ R ÞœõxÙ꟪!
VERBS
Kranthi: Was anything special in the sun-
day Eenadu?
(ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù ‘Ðû¦-è[ª’ö˺ Ôëµjû¦ ví£ê¶u-ÚÛêŸ ÑÙë¯?)
Karuna: Yes. There was the first lesson in
Spoken English.
(Í÷±ìª. þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùà ë]æ¨ ð§ôÈ¢Ù ÑÙC.)
Kranthi: Was anything important in it?
(ÍÙë]ªö˺ Ôiû¦ ví£ê¶u-ÚÛêŸ ÑÙë¯?)
Karuna: Yes. Very important point was
there- the difference between the
statement structure and question
structure.
(Í÷±ìª. à¦ö° ÷³Üu-iì Nù£óŸªÙ...
3. They are happy
4. Are you happy?
5. Why are you here?
6. They are our relatives
am, is, are Ïí£±pè[ª (now) ÍÙç¶ ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ
(present) ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµLóŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. ÍÙê¶ Ú¥ë]ª–
am, is, are regular Þ¥ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸª-è¯-
EÚ¨ Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª. ÍÙç¶ Ôëµjû¦ ÓÚÛ\èµjû¦ vÚÛ÷ªÙ
êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ÚÛ«è¯ am, is, are
êµõªí£±ê¦ô³. Ú¨ÙC sentencesìª practice
à¶óŸªÙè….
Oª Ú¥xú£ª-öµ-í£±pè[ª? (ví£A ôÁW – ÏC regular)
When are your classes every day?
ÏÚÛ\è[ 'are' ÓÙë]ªÚÛª î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ? ÏC ví£A
5. ÷« êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª ôÁW 10 ìªÙ# 4 ÷ô¢ÚÛª
––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
6. Oªô¢ª ôÁW Ú¥ö¶-@ö˺ Óí£±p-è[ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª?
––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
7. ٠ڥö¶@ö˺ 10 ìªÙ# 4 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÑÙæ°Ù?
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Answers:
2. When is your father at office?
3. His pen is always in his pocket.
4. When are your classes (every day)?
5. Our classes are from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.
6. When are you at college (every day)?

ÏÙTxùà ÷«åö˺x #÷J 'r'ìª í£õÚÛÙ. Ñë¯--ô¢é ›údæËÀ-ÙæËÀ ú£ZÚÛa-ôÂÚ¨ Ú•ø˜aûË ú£ZÚÛa-ôÂÚ¨ ê¶è¯ ôÁW vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£pE Nù£óŸªÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d. 7. We are at college from 10 to 4 (every

(è¯ÚÛd), car (Ú¥), for (ðƼ), paper àµð§pô¢ª.) ÷ªSx àŸ«è[Ùè…. day)?
1st show Óí£±pè[ª? 6, 7î¦Ú¥uö˺x every
Doctor
(šíóÀªí£). Kranthi: Is it so important?
1st show Óí£±pè[« Ö¸Ú çµjîªÚÛª ÑÙåªÙC ÚÛë¯? day Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª. (are
Ô ÷«å #÷ô¢ 'r' Ñû¦o ë¯Eo í£õ-ÚÛ-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷C- (ÍC ÍÙêŸ ÷³Üu÷«?)
ÍÙç¶ regularÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù. Ú¥ñæ¨d is î¦è[è[Ù ÍÙç¶û¶ ·ôÞœªu-õ-ôÂÞ¥
ö¶þ§hÙ.ÍÚÛ\è['r' silent. Ô ÷«åõ ÷ªëÅ]uö˺ Karuna: Very. The statement has the sub-
ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. ÑÙè[è[Ù.)
Íô³û¦ a, e, i, o, uõö˺ ë¶E êŸô¦yêŸ 'r' ÷#aû¦ ject first, and the verb next. The
ÍC silent. ë¯Eo í£õÚÛÙ. ë¯E êŸô¦yêŸ a, e, i, o, question has verb first and the
VOCABULARY
u, õö˺ Ôëµjû¦ ÷›úh êŸí£p. subject next.
(à¦ö°... ›údæËÀ-Ùæ˺x îµ³ë]å ú£òµbÚÛªd êŸô¦yêŸ þ§÷«-ìu-iì Íû¦-ôÁ- M. SURESAN
Ñë¯: form (ðƧÙ); Card (Ú¥èÂ); Fur (íÆ£); sir îµôÂs ÑÙæ°ô³. Ú¥F Ú•ø˜a-ûËÂö˺ ÷³Ùë]ª îµôÂs Þ¥uõª, î¦æ¨Ú¨ ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì
(ú£), her (); information (ÏûËÂ-íÆ£-- êŸô¦yêŸ ú£òµbÚÛªd ÑÙæ°ô³.) ÷«åõª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù–
óÀª-ù£ûËÂ). ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 2
1. áõªñª– Cold. 2. ë]Þœª_ Cough (Ú¥íÆÃ). 3.
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛë¯! ÏÙë]ªö˺ vÚ¥ÙA-÷Fo
ví£øŒoõª. ÚÛô¢ª-é-÷Fo ›údæËÀ-Ùåªx. ꟪÷³t– Sneeze (úˆoâÉÀ– ‘âÉÀ’ sizeö˺ #÷J
When is the first show?
øŒñlÙö°Þ¥ í£õ-Ú¥L.) 4. <ë]è[Ù– blow the nose.
ÏO Í÷ú£ô¢î¶ª!
Ð î¦Ú¥uõª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…... Oª·ô-í£±p-è[ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª Collegeö˺ (ví£A ôÁV)
Oæ¨-êÁ-ð§åª I am here- verb: 'am'
5. Ú¥¸ô ÷³ÚÛª\ – running nose. 6. ûË•í‡p – ache
Conversationö˺ Í÷- You are in class- verb: 'are'
ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ 'regular' Ú¥ñæ¨d, (ÓóÀªÝËÀ), ò°ëÅ] – pain, suffering;
ú£-ô¢-iì Ú•Eo ÷«åõª My pen is in my pocket- When are you at college (every day)? ë¶ï£° òÅ°Þ¥õ ûË•í£±põª: ÚÛè[ª-í£±-ûË•í‡p, êŸõ-ûË•í‡p,
êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù. îµ³ë]å verb: 'is' ÏÚÛ\è[ every day ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼-ô³û¦ íÆ£ô¢-î¦-ö¶ë]ª. ìè[ªÙûË•í‡p Oæ¨Ú¨ Î òÅ°Þ¥õ ›íô¢ª êŸô¦yêŸ 'ache'
parts of the human
ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ 'are' ÍÙç¶ regularÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù Ú¥ñæ¨d. î¦è[ªê¦Ù.pain î¦è[Ù.
body- øŒKô¢ òÅ°Þ¥õÚÛª
šíj
sentencesö˺ Ñìo Verbs stomach ache- stomach pain Ú¥ë]ª.
ÏÙTxùà ÷«åõª 'am', 'is', 'are. Oæ¨ Íô¢nÙ Íö°¸Þ ‘û¶ìª þ§óŸªÙ-vê¦õª ÏÙæ˺xû¶ ÑÙæ°ìª’
àŸ«ë¯lÙ. ‘ÑÙè[è[Ù’ Íû¶ ë¯EÚ¨ ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#- Íìè[Ù Óö°? head ache, back ache etc.
head, face,
ìN. Ð Ú¨ÙC êµõªÞœª ví£øŒoõª, 'I am at home in the evenings'.
áyô¢Ù (fever) ÷à¶aåªx, ÷#a-ìåªx 'feel' Íô³ê¶
eyes, ears, neck,
Statements Englishö˺ prac- Evenings ÍÙç¶ ví£A evening- regular.
'feeling feverish'.
shoulder, hand,
legs, fingers ö°Ùæ¨
tice à¶óŸªÙè…. Ú¥ñæ¨d regular states of being (vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p- ë]ªô¢ë] itch (ÏàÂ) ÞÁÚÛåÙ scratch (vþ§\àÂ),
÷«åõ Íô¦lÄõª ÍÙë]JÚ© 1. (Ïí£±pè[ª) Oªô¢ª ÓÚÛ\è[ ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙè[è[Ù) àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ am, is, are î¦è[è[Ù Þ•Ù꟪ ûË•í‡p – sore throat; ò°ëÅ]êÁ Íô¢-÷è[Ù
ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨Ú¨ English àµí£pÙè…. prac- groan; Î÷±-LÙ-àŸè[Ù yawn, î¦í£± – swelling,
êµõªú£ª. thumb (ò˹å- Ñû¦oô¢ª?
ì-î¶õª), forefinger tice à¶óŸªÙè…. ÚÛÙC-ì-î¦í£± – inflammation. Ï÷Fo practice à¶ú‡
(àŸ«í£±-è[ª-î¶õª), middle
English: Where are you?
1. Ð çµjîªö˺ Óí£±pè[« Oª·ôÙ-ë]ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°-J-ÚÛ\è[? ÷«æ°x-è¶-åí£±pè[ª î¦è[Ùè….
2. (Ïí£±pè[ª) û¶ìª Ú¥xú£ªö˺ û¦ÚÛª êŸõ-ûË•-í‡pÞ¥ ÑÙC.
(÷ªëÅ]uî¶õª), (Regular ÚÛë¯?)
finger
Ñû¦oìª.
ring finger (ÑÙÞœô¢Ù
I have a head ache.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Answer: Why are you here at this time ÷« Í÷ªtÚÛª áõªñª.
î¶õª), little finger every day?
(#æ¨-·Úì î¶õª). toe 3. (Ïí£±pè[ª) î¦üŒ‰x ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ 2. Oª û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª Îíƈ-ú£ªö˺ Óí£±p-è[ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª?
My mother has a cold.

(Ú¥L-î¶õª), big toe Ñû¦oô¢ª. Ïö°Ù-æ¨N ÷ªJÚ•Eopractice à¶óŸªÙè….

(Ú¥L ò˹å-ì-î¶õª), nail (ÞÁô¢ª), waist (ìè[ªÙ),
wrist (÷ªé¨-ÚÛåªd), arm (÷ªé¨-ÚÛåªd ìªÙ# òÅ¡ªáÙ
÷ô¢ÚÛª), forearm (÷ªé¨-ÚÛåªd ìªÙ# à¶ô³
(elbow) ÷ô¢ÚÛª), back arm (elbow ìªÙ# òÅ¡ªáÙ
÷ô¢ÚÛª), buttocks (í‡ô¢ª-ë]ªõª), Knee (ڥõª).
Knee ìªÙ# ð§ë]Ù ÷ô¢ÚÛª Ú¥L ÷³Ùë]ô¢ òÅ°ÞœÙ
shin, Ú¥L-îµ-ìÚÛ òŰޜ٠calf (Ú¥íÆÃ), Ú¥LÚ© ð§ë¯-EÚ¨
÷ªëÅ]u joint (Ú©õª)– ankle, ð§ë]Ù Íè[ªÞœª–Sole,
í‡è…-Ú¨L– fist, Íô¢-à¶ô³– Palm, ÚÛìª-ò˹-÷ªõª– eye-
brows, ìªë]ªô¢ª – forehead. cheeks - àµÚ¨\üŒ‰x,
pupil - ÚÛÙæ¨-ð§í£, eyelid- ÚÛìª-·ôí£p, nostril-
÷³ÚÛª\ ô¢ÙvëÅ]Ù, gums - í£Ùæ¨-#-ÞœªüŒ‰x, skull-í£±v·ô,
scalp- Våªd Ú¨ÙC êŸõ-šíj-òÅ°ÞœÙ.
––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
3. î¦è… šíûË Óí£±pè[« î¦è… â¶ñªö˺ ÑÙåªÙC.
4. (Ïí£±pè[ª) Oªô¢ª ú£ÙêÁ-ù£-ÙÞ¥ Ñû¦oô¦?
––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
4. ôÁW Oª êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª Óí£±pè[ª?
5. (Ïí£±pè[ª) Oªô¢ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛª-û¦oô¢ª?
––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
––––--–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
6. (Ïí£±pè[ª) î¦üŒ‰x ÷« àŸªæ°dõª. Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª,
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
Answers:
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
2. I am in class
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
ÏÙTxùà Consonant ending øŒò°lõª ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥
Ñìo òÅ°ù£. ÍÙç¶ ð»õªxõª #÷ô¢ ÑÙè¶ øŒò°lõª
ÓÚÛª\÷. #÷ô¢ ð»õªxõìª ð»õªx-õª-Þ¥û¶ í£õ-Ú¥L.
Ñë¯: book, ñªÚÂ, ñªÚÛª\ Ú¥ë]ª.
šíûËÂ, šíìªo Ú¥ë]ª. Tub - åòËÀ, åñªs Ú¥ë]ª.
Hotel- É˹ç¶öËÀ (‘綒 ûË•ÚÛ\Ùè…). mag-
azine- Ïö° #÷ô¢ 'ine', 'ile' ÑÙç¶
ÐûËÂ, ÐöËÀö° í£õ-Ú¥L. Magazine -
ޜ-@ûË (@, ÏÚÛ\è[ easyö˺ #÷J øŒñlÙ-
ö°Ù-æ¨C) Automobile- Îæ˹-îµ³-HöËÀ,
intestine (›íÞœª) ÏÙçµ-ú‡dûË etc.
I Ðû¦è[ª-
Ô í£ë]Ù ÓÚÛ\è[ Óí£±pè[ª Óö° í£õÚ¥ö˺ Íö° í£LÚ¨ê¶û¶ òÅ°ù£ þ»Þœú£ªÞ¥
ÑÙåªÙC. êµLúˆ êµLóŸªE ví£óµ«Þ¥õª Óë]ªæ¨ î¦JE Íóµ«÷ªóŸªÙö˺ڨ
ûµç¶dóŸª÷àŸªa ö¶ë¯ Nú£ªÞœª ÚÛLTÙàŸ÷àŸªa. ÷«êŸ'òÅ°ù£ Ñà¦aô¢éêÁû¶
ÎÙÞ¥xEo í£õÚÛè[Ù ÚÛ«è¯ Ú•ÙêŸ ÚÛ'êŸÚÛÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC. ÍÙë]ª¸Ú ÷ªìÙ
û¶ô¢ªaÚÛªû¶ òÅ°ù£ö˺E ú£ï£°áiì í£ë]lÄ꟪õìª Íìªú£JÙàŸè[Ù Í÷ú£ô¢Ù.
the- ÓÚÛ\è[ ‘C’, Óí£±pè[ª ‘ë]’?
WAS, WERE
Ram: Were you there yesterday?
(Eìo ìª÷±y ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oî¦?)
Raghav: I was there, of course.
(Í÷±ìª ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oìª)
Ram: When were you there?
(Óí£±p-è[ª-û¦oîËÂ?)
Raghav: I was there exactly at 6 when the
function began.
(ú£JÞ¥_ íÆ£ÙÚÛ{ûË ë]-öµjì 6 ÞœÙå-õÚÛª
ÍÚÛ\è¶ Ñû¦oìª)
Ram: Who else was there yesterday?
(Eìo ÏÙÚ¥ Ó÷-ô¢ª-û¦oô¢ª?)
Raghav: Anil, and Sunil were also there.
(ÍEöËÀ, ú£ªFöËÀ ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oô¢ª)
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Ram, Raghav Eìo
ÍÙç¶ ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo was, wereö˺ àµí£±p-ÚÛª-
û¦oô¢ª. English ö˺ çµjÙìªñæ¨d Verb forms
÷«ô¢ªêŸ« ÑÙæ°ô³. Ïí£±pè[ª, Óí£±pè[ª, êŸô¢-àŸªÞ¥ ÑÙè[-
è¯Eo am, is, areö˺ àµñªê¦Ù. Íö°¸Þ ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ñìo
î¦æ¨E Óí£±pè[« was, wereõö˺ àµñªê¦Ù.
was- singular
were- plural
Ïí£±pè[ª û¶E-ÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oìª.
1.
I am here
Eìo ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oìª.
2.
I was here yesterday
3. Oªô¢ª Eìo ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oô¦? ÏC Question.
Ú¥ñæ¨d verb ÷³Ùë]ª ô¦î¦L
Were you here yesterday?
4. Eìo î¦èµ-ÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oè[ª? (Question)
Where was he yesterday?
5. òÅ°ô¢-êŸ-ë¶øŒÙ vGæ¨ùà ð§õ-ìö˺ ÑÙè¶C.
India was under British rule.
6. 1947 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªì ð§õ-ÚÛªõª (rulers) Ó÷ô¢ª?
Who were our rulers till 1947?
ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ çµjîª êµLóŸª-⶛ú ÷«åõª ÍÙç¶ ê¶D, ú£Ù÷-
êŸqô¢Ù, ûµõ, çµjîª Óí£±pè[« sentence #÷ô¢û¶
ví£øŒo: Had, would ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨ short forms Íô³ì I had/would - I'd
ÕèÂ. We had/would -We'd OèÂ, Ö¸Úö° Ñû¦oô³. I'd ö¶ë¯
We'd ìª àŸ«ú‡ ú£òµbÚÛªd êŸô¦yêŸ had ÑÙë¯, would ÑÙë¯ Óö°
êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L?
áî¦ñª: 'd ìª Oªô¢-ìoåªx had ÚÛª î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. êŸô¦yêŸ ing form ÷#a-ì-í£±pè[ª, Oæ¨ ÷³Ùë]ª 'd
would ÚÛ« î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. Íô³ê¶ ÓÚÛ\è[ had ÓÚÛ\è[
would Íû¶C ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d ÷«vêŸî¶ª êµõªq-ÚÁ-
ÞœõÙ.
A) He'd gone before I saw him.
ÏÚÛ\è[ He'd = He had
ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ 'gone' ö°Ùæ¨ past participles
÷³Ùë]ª would Óí£±pè[« ô¦ë]ª. had ÷«vêŸî¶ª
÷ú£ªhÙC.
B) I thought he'd do it.
ÏÚÛ\è[ 'd êŸô¢-î¦êŸ past participle ö¶ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d
would Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. ÖÚÛ Nù£óŸªÙ Þœªô¢ªh-ší-
åªd-ÚÁ-î¦L. Past participles ÷³Ùë]ª, 'been'
ÑÙè¯L. 6. I was at College.
7.Eìo ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ ÓÙë]ªÚÛªû¦o÷±? 7. Are you at college at this time every day?
Why were you here yesterday? 8. Yes, I am (at college... every day - conver-
8. ÷« ›úo-꟪è[ª ÞœêŸ ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oè[ª. sationö˺ Ð òŰޜ٠÷C-ö¶-óŸª-÷àŸªa.)
9. When are you at home usually? (÷«÷´-
My friend was here last Sunday.
Ú¥ñæ¨d ÞœêŸÙ (past)ö˺ ÑÙè¶ Nù£-óŸ«õìª õªÞ¥ Ú¥ñæ¨d 'are')
Óí£±pè[« was, wereõö˺ àµñªê¦Ù. 10. I am at home in the evenings (Regular,
Ú¨ÙC sentencesìª englishö˺ practiceà¶óŸªÙè…. therefore, am) but I was not (wasn't) at
1. Praveen: Oªô¢ª Eìo ÏÙæ˺x Ñû¦oô¦? home last evening.
2. Pranav: Í÷±ìª, ÏÙæ˺xû¶ Ñû¦oìª. (Eìo þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ, Eìo ô¦vA – last evening,
3. Praveen: Oª Íìo ÚÛ«è¯ ÏÙæ˺xû¶ Ñû¦oè¯? last night).
4. Pranav: ö¶è[ª. 11. Where else were you? (Eìo Ú¥ñæ¨d)
5. Praveen: Eìo Oªô¢ª ÓÚÛ\è[ª-û¦oô¢ª?
12. I was at a meeting.
➠ Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£éìª Oªô¢ª, Oª friendêÁÞ¥F, Oª
6. Pranav: û¶ìª Ú¥ö¶-@ö˺ Ñû¦oìª. ÏÙæ˺x Ó÷-J-êÁ-Þ¥F practice à¶óŸªÙè….
➠ îµ³ë]å Oªô¢ª practice à¶ú‡ êŸô¦yê¶ answers
àŸ«ú£ªÚÁÙè….
➠ Ïí£±pè[ª àŸ«ø‹ô¦? ÖÚÛ\ am, is, are, was,
wereõêÁû¶ ÓÙêŸ English ÷«æ°x-è[-÷àÁa?
3 swallow (þ§yö˺)- NªÙÞœè[Ù
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é
PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
7. Praveen: ví£A ôÁW Ð çµjîªö˺ Ú¥ö¶-@ö˺ ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ pure sounds ö¶÷Ù-æ°ô¢ª. ÍÙç¶
ÑÙæ°ô¦? (Regular) ÓÚÛ\èµjû¦ 'a' ͤÛô¢Ù–
➠ bake, cake, case, date, face, game, hate,
8. Pranav: Í÷±ìª.
lane ö°Ùæ¨ ÷«åö˺x ÷#a-ì-í£±pè[ª ë¯Eo ‘ÓóÀª’Þ¥
9. Praveen: Oªô¢ª ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ÏÙæ˺x Óí£±p-è[ªÙ-
í£õ-Ú¥L.
æ°ô¢ª? bake- òµóÀªÚÂ
10. Pranav: þ§óŸªÙ-vê¦õª ÏÙæ˺xû¶ ÑÙæ°ìª. Eìo cake- ·ÚóÀªÚÂ
þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÷«vêŸÙ ÏÙæ˺x ö¶ìª. case- ·ÚóÀªúÃ
11. Praveen: ÷ª·ô-ÚÛ\è[û¦oô¢ª? face- šíÆóÀªúÃ
game- ·ÞóÀªîª
12. Pranav: Oªæ¨Ù-ÞÂö˺
hate- šï°óÀªæËÀ
lane- öµóÀªûËÂ
Answers:
date- èµóÀªæËÀ
1. Were you at home yesterday?
2. Yes, I was at home. M. SURESAN
(I hate you-
šï°óÀªæËÀ óŸ´).
3. Was your brother too/also at home?
4. No, he was not at home. Íö°¸Þ NªÞœê¦ ÷«å-õö˺ Ú۫诖
(ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ No, he wasn't. ÍE Λí-þ§hô¢ª) tale, tail pronunciation ÖÚÛ\ç¶ – çµóÀªöËÀ.
(wasn't = was not) ➠ Óí£±pè[ª 'a', Óí£±pè[ª 'an' Íû¶C šíë]l ví£ø™o.
5. Where were you? 'a, e, i o, uõêÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Íó¶ªu ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª,
'an' ÍE, NªÞœê¦ î¦æ¨ ÷³Ùë]ª 'a' ÍE ÍÙåªÙ-
æ°ô¢ª. Ú¥F ÍC Óí£±pè[« ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. a univer-
sity, a European ÍÙåªÙæ°Ù. Íë¶ ÚÛ·ôÚÂd.
'the' E ‘C’ ÍE Óí£±pè[ª, ‘ë]’ ÍE Óí£±pè[ª
í£õ-Ú¥L?
– ë¶÷ìx ÍEêŸ, ìª-÷ª-Ú•Ùè[ Í, Î, Ï, Ð, Ñ, Ò, Ó, Ô, Õ, Ö, ×, Ø– Ð êµõªÞœª
øŒò°l-õêÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Íó¶ªu English ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª
Óí£±pè[« had Í÷±-꟪ÙC. Do, go, come ö°Ùæ¨ 'an' î¦è¯L. Ð øŒò°lõ ÷³Ùë]ª ÷à¶a 'the'E ‘C’Þ¥
verb forms ÷³Ùë]ª, be + ing ÷³Ùë]ª 'd Óí£±pè[« í£õÚ¥L. NªÞœê¦ øŒò°l-õêÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡÷ªó¶ªu ÷«åõ
would Í÷±-꟪ÙC. ÷³Ùë]ª 'a' î¦è¯L.
Example: They'd done it. Íö°¸Þ 'the'E ‘ë]’Þ¥ í£õÚ¥L.
(done past participle Ú¥ñæ¨d 'd = had) a University (‘óŸ´’êÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥ñæ¨d 'a')
an example (‘Ó’êÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù, Ú¥ñæ¨d 'an')
They'd been doing it. (ÏÚÛ\è[ been + ing
÷³Ùë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d 'd = had). the egg (ÏÚÛ\è[ ‘C’, egg, 'a'êÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù
She'd marry him. 'd êŸô¦yêŸ marry ÍE ÷#aÙC Ú¥ñæ¨d)
Ú¥ñæ¨d 'd = would the tree (‘ë]’ væ©. ÏÚÛ\è[ ‘Í’ ìªÙ# ‘Ø’ ÷ô¢ÚÛª
She'd be going. ÏÚÛ\è[ be + ing form ÷³Ùë]ª ÑÙè¶ øŒò°l-õêÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥ö¶ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d).
Ú¥ñæ¨d 'd = would. ➠ Communications/informationÚÛª
Have been + ing ÷³Ùë]ª ÚÛ«è¯ 'd = would. ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì Ð ÷«åõª àŸ«è[Ùè….
Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 16 WûË 2005
ðƼûË à¶óŸªè[Ù– phone, ringup, give a ring,
call- Oå-Eo-æ¨ö˺ Ïí£±pè[ª ò°Þ¥ î¦è[ª-ÚÛö˺ Ñìo ÷«å,
'call', phone to a person, phone a person
í£²JhÞ¥ ð§êŸ-ñ-è…-ð¼-óŸ«ô³. ring up, give a ring
ÏÙÚ¥ î¦è[ª-ÚÛö˺ Ñû¦oô³.
1) Oªô¢ª û¦ÚÁ-þ§J ðƼûË à¶óŸªÙè….
Please call me.
Please give me a ring.
Please ring me up.
êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ à¶þ§hìª.
I will certainly call you.
Sure, I will call you.
÷ªSx OªÚÛª ðƼûË à¶þ§hìª.
I will get back to you.
2) û¦Ú¥ Nù£óŸªÙ ϖ-ô³öËÀ à¶óŸªÙè….
Please mail me the matter.
Please mail the matter to me at
yours@yahoo.com
Ú•JóŸªô ë¯yô¦ í£Ùí£Ùè….
3)
4)
Send it by courier.
÷«÷´õª ð¼úÃd ë¯yô¦ í£Ùí£Ùè….
Post it.
Send it by ordinary post.
Sent it by snail mail.
'snail mail' ÍÙç¶ ìêŸh-ö°Þ¥ à¦ö° Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥
îµü™x post ÍE Íô¢nÙ.
÷ªJEo ÷«åõª!
chew (àŸ«u) - ì÷ªõè[Ù
swallow in a gulp - ÖÚÛ ÞœªÚÛ\ö˺ NªÙÞœåÙ
trim (væ¨îª)(mustache, beard)
- (Oªú£Ù, Þœè[fÙ) ÚÛAh-JÙ# ú£Jà¶óŸªè[Ù
clench (·ÚxûËÂàÂ)- GTÙ-àŸåÙ (í‡è…-Ú¨L – fist)
injure (ÏûËÂáôÂ) - Þ¥óŸªí£è[è[Ù
injury (ÏûËÂáK)- Þ¥óŸªÙ
twist (æ¨yúÃd)the arm - à¶ô³ L-A-í£pè[Ù
snap the fingers - #æ¨ÚÛ î¶óŸªè[Ù
shatter (›ùåôÂ)- ñë]lõª Ú•ådè[Ù
swelling (šúyLÙÞÂ)- î¦í£±
inflammation (ÏûËÂíÆ£xóÀªî¶ªù£ûËÂ)- ÚÛÙCì î¦í£±
fracture(vðƧÚÛa)- Ó÷³ÚÛ Nô¢-Þœè[Ù
sprain(všúpóÀªûËÂ)- òµéªÚÛª
ÍóÀª itch(ÏàÂ)- ë]ªô¢ë], scratch(vþ§\àÂ)- ÞÁÚÛè[Ù
abscess (ÎòËÀšúúÃ)- ÚÛªô¢ªí£± (<÷³êÁ)
boil (ò°óÀªöËÀ)- Þœè[f
pimple (í‡ÙíÃöËÀ)- îµ³æ¨÷ª
scar (þ§\)- Þ¥óŸªÙ ÷õx ÷ªàŸa
pus (í£úÃ)- <÷³ blister (Gxú£d)-í£±Ùè[ª
÷ªSx Verbs: ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ, Óí£±pè[« ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ൛ípN–
am, is, are. ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ൛ípN– was,
were. òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ൛ípN– shall be,
will be
¸ôí£± û¶ì-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ìª.
I shall be/will be there tomorrow.
٠ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù îµjâ°-ÞÂö˺ ÑÙæ°Ù.
We shall be/we will be in Vizag on Sunday.
ÍêŸè…E àŸ«è[è[Ù û¦ÚÛª ú£ÙêÁ-ù£î¶ª.
I shall be happy to see him.
¸ôí£± ÍêŸìª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°è[ª.
He will be here tomorrow.
Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª,
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
I Ðû¦è[ª- øŒEî¦ô¢Ù 18 WûË 2005

êµõªÞœª î¦ÚÛu Eô¦té°Eo óŸªëǯêŸëÇ]ÙÞ¥ Íìyô³ú£«h ÎÙÞœxÙ ÷«æ°xè[è[Ù

þ§ëÅ]uÙ Ú¥ë]ª. ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨ î¦uÚÛô¢é°õ« í£²JhÞ¥ î¶ô¢ªî¶ô¢ª. ·ôÙè[ª òÅ°ù£õÚÛ«
÷ª¾LÚÛÙÞ¥ Ñìo ê¶è¯õª êµõªú£ªÚÛªÙç¶ êµõªÞœªêÁ ú£÷«ìÙÞ¥ ÏÙTxùÃE
ú£ÙòÅ°ù‡ÙàŸè[Ù šíë]l ÚÛù£diì í£E ÚÛ«è¯ Ú¥ë]ª. ÏÙë]ªö˺ ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Ú¥õÙ

î¦ÚÛuÙ #÷¸ô Ú¥õÙ!

ÞœªJÙ# àŸ«›úh ÎÙÞœxÙö˺ Ú¥ö°EÚ¨ ú£ÙñÙCÅÙ#ì í£ë¯õª #÷ô¢o ÷þ§hô³.

7. NT Ramarao could be the CM because he

was an actor.
8. If it is comfortable here, I can be here for
as long as possible.
9. It was very cool yesterday.
Yesterday was very cool.
10. How long can you be here?
'Be' forms (ÍÙç¶ am, is, are, was, were,
shall be, should be ö˺ 'be' #÷ô¢ ÑÙè¶ í£ë¯õª,
SHALL BE, WILL BE 3. Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ¸ôí£± Oª ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙ-åªÙë¯? Þ¥xú£ª – tumbler (åîªñx) 'been' #÷ô¢ ÷à¶aN – have been, has been,
Kiran: Will you be here tomorrow? 4. û¶E-ÚÛ\è[ ÓÚÛª\-÷-›úí£± ÑÙè[ìª. ÷´êŸ – lid (LèÂ) had been, should have been ö°Ùæ¨N) ÑÙè[è[Ù
¸ôí£± ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙåª-û¦oî¦? 5. ÷ªÙ-ë]ô¢Ù ¸ôí£± šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂö˺ ÑÙæ°Ù. šíìÙ– pan (ð§ûËÂ) Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ ÷à¶a Verbs. ÏN Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ í£EE êµL›í
6. Ð î¶è… ÏÙÚ¥ ·ôÙè[ª ôÁV-õªÙ-åªÙC. ÞœÙÞ¥üŒÙ – cauldron (Ú¥öËÀ-vè[ûËÂ) ÷«åõª ÚÛ«è¯ Verbs. Ú¨Ùë] A ö˺ Ï#aì î¦æ¨E B
Kranthi: What for?
ÓÙë]ªÚÛª? 7. í£C ENª-ÿ§-õÚÛª û¶ìª CÇó¶ª-å-ôÂö˺ ÑÙæ°ìª. ÷ªJ-TÙ-àŸè[Ù– boil (ò˺óÀªöËÀ) ö˺ Ï#aì î¦æ¨êÁ ð¼õaÙè….
8. F êŸô¦yA àŸô¢u ÔNªæ¨?(next step) î¶í£±è[ª– fry (wšíÆj) A
Kiran: All our friends will be here tomor-
9. ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\è[ Ó÷ô¢« ÑÙè[ô¢ª. Ú¥õaè[Ù (Aû¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª) = bake (òµóÀªÚÂ) I am a teacher (Ñû¦oìª).
row. Will you not be (won't you be).
10. Î ÏÚÛ\è[ ÓÙêŸ-›ú-í£±Ù-åªÙC? Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÙÚ¥ Ú•Eo 'be' forms (ÍÙç¶ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo She is a player (playerÞ¥ ÑÙC).
÷ªì ›úo-꟪-õÙ-ë]ô¢« ¸ôí£± ÍÚÛ\-è[ªÙ-åª- êµL›í Verbs): They are singers.
û¦oô¢ª. ÷ªJ ìª÷±yÙ-è[î¦? can be - ÑÙè[ÞœõÞœè[Ù (Ïí£±pè[ª, òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺) B
Kranti: I shall be very happy to be with all of
could be - ÑÙè[ޜޜõè[Ù (ÞœêŸÙö˺) I teach (à¶þ§hìª).
you. What will be the programme?
may be - ÑÙè[-÷àŸªa (Ïí£±pè[ª, òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺) She plays (Îè[ªêŸªÙC).
Oª ÍÙë]-J-êÁì« ÑÙè[è[Ù û¦ÚÛ« ú£ÙêÁ- might be - ÑÙè[÷àŸªa (ÞœêŸÙö˺) They sing (ð§è[-ê¦ô¢ª).
ù£î¶ª. vð¼vÞ¥îª ÔÙæ¨?
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 4
should be, must be = ÑÙè¯L
Kiran: Let's decide when we meet. Answers: 1. He can be here in five minutes.
÷ªìÙ ÚÛL-ø‹ÚÛ Eô¢g-ô³ë¯lÙ. 1. When will he be here? ÍêŸè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ Íô³ë]ª ENª-ÿ§ö˺x ÑÙè[-Þœ-õè[ª.
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛë¯! ¸ôí£± ÑÙè¶ Nù£- 2. How long will you be in Hyderabad? 2. She could be the Prime Minister.
óŸ«Eo ÞœªJÙ# ÷«æ°x-è[ª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª. will be, shall 3. Will the book be with you tomorrow? Î ví£ëů-EÞ¥ ÑÙè[-Þœ-L-TÙC.
be î¦è¯ô¢ª ÚÛë¯! 4. I shall not be here for long? 3. She may be there now.
I shall be there tomorrow. Î Ïí£±è[ª ÍÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè[÷àŸªa
(¸ôí£± û¶ì-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ìª.) (ÑÙë¶îµ«?).
She is a player.
ví£øŒo: The machine is out of service.
He will be a graduate soon. 4. They might be happy. The machine has out of service.
(êŸyô¢ö˺ ÍêŸè[ª vÞ¥è[ªu-ó¶ªæËÀ Í÷±-ê¦è[ª.) î¦üŒ‰x ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙè… ÑÙè[-÷àŸªa (ÞœêŸÙö˺). šíj î¦æ¨ö˺ ú£·ôjìC ÔC? î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ has
÷›úh Íô¢nÙ Óö° ÷ú£ªhÙC? has ô¦ÚÛð¼ê¶
The train will be here in five min-
utes. She plays. 5. You should be here at 10 a.m.
ìª÷±y Ñë]óŸªÙ í£CÙ-æ¨Ú¨
ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯L.
Óö° ÷ú£ªhÙC?
(ÏÙÚÁ Íô³ë]ª ENªÿ§ö˺x ·ôjõª India won the match.

ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÷ú£ªhÙC.) 6. Ravi must be in office

from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
India has won the match.
Ïö° has à¶J›úh Íô¢nÙ Óö° ÷ú£ªhÙC.
How long will you be here?
ô¢N Ñë]óŸªÙ 10 ìªÙ# B›ú›úh Óö°Ùæ¨ Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC?
(ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ ÓÙêŸ-›úí£± þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ 5 ÷ô¢ÚÛª Îíƈ- – Îó¶ªÿ§, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂ
ÑÙæ°÷±?) ú£ªö˺ ÑÙè¯L.
shall be, will be ÍÙç¶ òÅ¡N- ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª Ð 'be' forms áî¦ñª :
ù£u-꟪hö˺ ÑÙè[è[Ù (A future (ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµL›í 'verb- M. SURESAN The machine is out of service. Íû¶ î¦ÚÛuÙ
state of being) s'ìª àŸ«ø‹Ù. correct.
êµõª-ÞœªÚÛª ÷uA-¸ô-ÚÛÙÞ¥ 'Time words' Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª ÏÙTxùÃö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. The machine has out of service Íû¶C
ÍÙç¶ Ú¥ö°Eo êµLóŸª-⶛ú ÷«åõª Englishö˺ 1. ìªNy-ÚÛ\è[ ÓÙêŸ-›úí£± ÑÙè[-Þœ-õ÷±? English Ú¥ë]ª.
sentence #÷ô¢ ÑÙæ°ô³. 2. Eìo î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\è[ Óí£±pè[ª Ñû¦oô¢ª? Has êŸô¢-î¦êŸ Óí£±pè[ª out ö°Ùæ¨ prepositions
3. ¸ôí£± ÍÚÛ\è[ Ú•ÙêŸ ÏñsÙC ÑÙè[-÷àŸªa. ô¦÷±.
India won the match. Ð ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺ ú£J-
eg: He will be here tomorrow.
4. Ú¥ú£h ×ô¢ªpêÁ ÑÙè[-ö¶î¦?
They were here yesterday.
5. ÍÚÛ\è[ ٠ÓEoÙ-æ¨Ú¨ ÑÙè¯L? Ú¥ë]ª. ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ ·ÞL-#ì ôÁVÞ¥F, ê¶DÞ¥F ൛íp-åx-
The meeting will begin at 6 this
6. ÍêŸè[ª Eìoû¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè[-Þœ-L-Þ¥è[ª. ô³ê¶ won correct.
India won the match last week. ÏC ÚÛ·ôÚÂd.
evening.
7. ÓûËÂ.æ¨. ô¦÷«-ô¦÷± ÷³Üu-÷ªÙ-vAÞ¥ ÑÙè[-Þœ-L-Þ¥ô¢ª
Order: time, day, date, month, year
ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ ÎóŸªì ìåªè[ª Ú¥ñæ¨d. ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ last week ÍE çµjîª àµñª-꟪û¦oÙ
eg: The meeting will be at 6 PM (Time)
8. ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£ªÜÙÞ¥ ÑÙç¶, û¶ìª ÓÙꟛúšíjû¦ ÑÙè[-Þœ- Ú¥ñæ¨d.
on Monday (day), the 28th (date)
õìª. India ·ÞL-#Ùë]E, Óí£±pè[ª ·ÞL-#ÙëÁ çµjîª àµí£p-
May (month) 2005 (year)
9. Eìo à¦ö° àŸõxÞ¥ ÑÙC. ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷C-ö¶›úh India has won the match Íû¶C
ÏC Englishö˺ à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. 10. Oªô¢ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÓÙêŸ-›úí£± ÑÙè[÷àŸªa? correct. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª àŸ«è[Ùè….
(÷ªSx Question order Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁÙè…– 5. We shall all be in Hyderabad tomorrow. A. He has gone out.
Vb+Sub/1st Word of the Verb+Sub+the other 6. It will be hot for another two days.
Answers:
ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ ÓÙêŸ-›úí£±– How long? Óí£±pè[ª îµRxÙD çµjîª àµí£p-è[Ù-ö¶ë]ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d
words of the verb.) 7. I will be in the theatre in another 10 min- ÓÙêŸ ë]«ô¢Ù – How far? ÓEo-þ§ô¢ªx – How often? has + past participle correct.
Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E Englishö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. utes. B. He went out this morning.
1. ÍêŸìª ÏÚÛ\è[ Óí£±p-è[ªÙ-æ°è[ª? 8. What will be your next step?
1. How long can you be here? ÏÚÛ\è[ Óí£±pè[ª ñóŸª-æ¨Ú¨ îµRxÙD, this morn-
2. Oªô¢ª šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂö˺ ÓEo-ôÁ-V-õªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? 9. Nobody will be here tomorrow. 2. When could they be here yesterday? ing ÍE çµjîª àµñªêŸªû¦oÙ. Ú¥ñæ¨d past
10. How long will she be here? 3. There may be some trouble there tomor- simple tense correct.

Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…! VOCABULARY

þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª,
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
ð§vꟖ dish (è…ùÃ), bowl (ò®öËÀ)
ÏÙæ˺x ð§vêŸõª – Vessels (îµú£öËÀq),
utensils (óŸ³çµ-EqöËÀq)
àµÙñª – ewer (óŸ´îËÂ)
row. C. She has bought a car.
has + past participle (çµjîª àµí£pè[Ù ö¶ë]ª
4. Can't you be patient? (Can you not = Can't
Ú¥ñæ¨d).
you)
D. She bought it yesterday.
5. When should we be there? (bought - past simple- yesterday ÍE
(Eìoû¶). çµjîª àµñª-꟪û¦oÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d).
6. He could be here yesterday itself
I Ðû¦è[ª- þ¼÷ªî¦ô¢Ù 20 WûË 2005

í£ë¯õ î¦è[ªÚÛö˺ ú£ªEoêŸîµªiì ê¶è¯ êµLóŸªÚÛ ð¼÷è[Ù ÷õx ÖÚÁ\þ§J ÷ªì

ú£ÙòÅ°ù£é Íô¢nÙ ÷«¸ô ví£÷«ë]Ù ÑÙC. DEÚ¨ ÷«êŸ'òÅ°ù£ ví£òÅ°÷Ù ÚÛ«è¯
Ú¥ô¢éÙ Ú¥÷àŸªa. Ö¸Ú í£ë¯Eo ÖÚÁ\àÁå ÖÚÁ\ NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ î¦è¯Lq ÑÙåªÙC.
ÔC ÓÚÛ\è[ Óö° ví£óµ«TÙà¦ö˺ êµõªú£ªÚÛªÙç¶ ÷ªìÙ ÷«æ°xè¶ òÅ°ù£
Óë]ªæ¨î¦JE ÎÚÛåªdÚÛªÙåªÙC.

5) A cricketer (He/She) plays cricket

Cricketers (They) play cricket
Ð ô¢«í£Ùö˺ ÑÙè¶ verbs, vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ
í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÍÙç¶ regular actionsÚÛª.
Íô¢nÙ ÖÚÛç¶ Ú¥F...! Óí£±pè[« áJ¸Þ í£ìª-õÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ Oæ¨E Ñí£-óµ«-Tþ§hÙ.
I go to college at 10 AM (ví£A-ôÁW)
My mother cooks for me (Óí£±pè[«)
Ïö° Oªô¢ª ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo sentences ô¦óŸªÙè….
÷ªS} ÖÚÛ\-þ§J àŸ«è[Ùè…:
Ram: Where is your brother? to Guntur - ÞœªÙå«-ô¢ªÚÛª. 2) A doctor --- patients (I) am; (he, she, it) is; they (are).
Oª þ¼ë]-ô¢ªè[ª ÓÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oè[ª? Ð Nù£óŸªÙö˺ ÷ªìÙ ÏÙTxùÃö˺ ÷«æ°x-è¶-å-í£±pè[ª Doctors --- patients (treat) ÏÚÛ\è[ am, is, are ÍÙç¶ Ïí£±pè[ª ÑÙè[åÙ, Óí£±pè[«
Raghav: He is watching the t.v. at home â°vÞœ-êŸh-í£-è¯L. Ú¨ÙC verbs ×þ§J àŸ«è[Ùè…. 3) A lawyer --- cases ÑÙè[åÙ. Íö°¸Þ was, were- ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[åÙ;
ÍêŸìª ÏÙæ˺x æ©O àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. A B Lawyers --- cases (argue) shall be / will be futureö˺ ÑÙè[åÙ
Ram: Where does he study? 4) Pens --- I. I am in class
ÍêŸìª ÓÚÛ\è[ àŸë]ª÷±êŸªû¦oè[ª?
come comes
go goes A pen --- (Write) (Ïí£±pè[ª Ú¥xúÃö˺ Ñû¦oìª)
Raghav: He is a student of Learn well school 5) A cricketer --- cricket My friend (he/she) is in the next room
ÍêŸìª öµôÂo-îµöËÀ ú£«\öËÀ Në¯uJn write
take
writes
takes Cricketers --- cricket (÷« friend, í£ÚÛ\ ÞœCö˺ Ñû¦o-è[ª/-ÑÙC
Ram: Which class is he in?
(Play) –Ïí£±pè[ª)
ÍêŸìª ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ ÓûËÁo êŸô¢-ÞœA àŸë]ª-÷±- My parents (they- î¦üŒ‰x) are at home
꟪-û¦oè[ª? Answers:
1) Wrist watches (ÏÙæ˺x Ñû¦oô¢ª– Ïí£±pè[ª)
Raghav: He is doing the 8th class
ÓE-NªëÁ êŸô¢-ÞœA àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦oè[ª. (They) show the Ú¥ñæ¨d am, is, are ÍÙç¶ Ïí£±pè[ª ÑÙè[åÙ
time II. I was/he was here yesterday.
M. SURESAN
Ram: What games does he play?
ÍêŸìª Ôó¶ª Îåõª Îè[-ê¦è[ª?
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 5 A Wrist Watch (It) (ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦o쪖 Ñû¦oè[ª – Eìo)
shows the time My friends were in Hyderabad last week
Raghav: He plays cricket and hockey.
vÚ¨·ÚæËÀ, ک Îè[-ê¦è[ª. sing sings 2) A doctor (He/She) treats patients (û¦ ›úo-꟪õª šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂö˺ Ñû¦oô¢ª,
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éìª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. teach teaches Doctors (They) treat patients ÞœêŸî¦ô¢Ù) -was, were, ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[åÙ
III. Shall be/will be- future (òÅ¡N-ù£u-êÂö˺ ÑÙè[åÙ)
verb ÍEo àÁæ°x ÑÙè[-è¯Eo àµñª-꟪ÙC. speak speaks 3) A lawyer (He/She) argues cases
is is
watching, does study ( = studies), is doing, AÚ¨ÙC î¦æ¨Ú©, Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨Ú© Íô¢nÙ ÖÚÛç¶. Ú¥F
B
Lawyers (They) argue cases 1. India will be a great country by 2010
(2010 ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦-EÚ¨ òÅ°ô¢ê ޕí£p ë¶øŒÙÞ¥
(does play = plays) plays Ï÷Fo ÚÛ«è¯ à¶êŸ-õìª I, We, You, TheyêÁ Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E Ñí£-óµ«-Tþ§hÙ.
A
4) Pens (They) write
ÑÙåªÙC)
(actions) êµL›í
Verbs. A pen (It) writes
2. Anil will be here next week
A
(÷à¶a î¦ô¢Ù ÍEöËÀ ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°è[ª)
The girl is
The teacher is in class.
(æ©àŸô ڥxúÃö˺ ÑÙC)
He was on the playground.
(Play ground ö˺ Ñû¦oè[ª ÞœêŸÙö˺) reading They have had two cups of coffee so far.
B (Ïí£p-æ¨-÷-ô¢ÚÛ« ·ôÙè[ª ÚÛí£±põ Ú¥íƈ ê¦Þ¥ô¢ª)
The teacher is teaching (Verb) Present perfect tense ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£E,
(ò˺CÅ-þ¼hÙC) Óí£±pè[ª (Ô ôÁV, Ô ê¶D, Ô çµjÙ) áJ-TÙD àµí£p-ÚÛ-
He was playing have í£ÚÛ\ì had ìª ÖÚÛ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ Ñí£-óµ«- ð¼ê¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù.
(Îè[ª-꟪-û¦oè[ª ÞœêŸÙö˺) I have had my lunch. (û¦ òÅ˺áìÙ Íô³-ð¼-ô³ÙC)
ví£øŒo:
TÙ-àŸ-÷à¦a? Íö° ô¦›úh Î î¦ÚÛuÙ Íô¢nÙ
B Ú¨Ùë] verbs ÍFo à¶êŸõìª êµL›í ★ had had- ÏC past perfect tense of 'have'.
(Actions) ÔNªæ¨? ÍC Ô tense Í÷±-꟪ÙC? Íö°¸Þ
Verbs. î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ had êŸô¦yêŸ í£ÚÛ\û¶ ÷ªSx had Past perfect ö˺ verb form: had + past par-
A Ú¨ÙC verbs ÑÙè[-æ°Eo êµõª-í£±-ê¦ô³. Ð à¶êŸ- ÷ú£ªhÙë¯? ë¯E Íô¢nÙ ÔNªæ¨? ticiple
õìª àµ›íp verbs, action words. ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ êµL-›íC: ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì
– êŸêŸhJ ô¢î¶ªøÉÂ, ìt-Ú•Ùè[
Past perfect
eg: go, come, eat, talk, run, sleep, read, ·ôÙè[ª í£ìªö˺x îµ³ë]-æ¨-í£-EE.
dance. áî¦ñª: 'have' í£ÚÛ\ì 'had'___ have had_ ÏC He told me that he had passed
1. The boys are playing present perfect tense of have. present perfect (had + pp of pass)
2. The girl is reading ö˺verbform: have/has + past participle (pp); ð§ú£-óŸ«u-ìE û¦êÁ àµð§pè[ª.
3. These students talk in class eg: have seen, have gone etc. pass Í÷åÙ, àµí£påÙ, ·ôÙè[« ÞœêŸÙö˺ í£ìªö¶.
4. The cheetah runs fast Present perfect tense ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ êµL-›íC Ïí£p-æ¨- pass Í÷åÙ ÷³Ùë]ª, àµí£påÙ êŸô¦yêŸ. ÷³Ùë]ª,
5. A dog barks He, she, itêÁ Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E î¦è[ê¦Ù.
B ÷-ô¢ÚÛª áJ-Tì í£E. DEÚ¨ for the past, for the last, 'pass' Í÷åÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d had passed ÍE past per-
êµõª-ÞœªÚÛ«,
English ÚÛ« Ñìo ê¶è¯ ÏÙÚÁæ¨ Þœ÷ª- I/We/You/Andhras (they) speak Telugu since ÷þ§hô³.
fect î¦è[ê¦Ù.
EÙ-àŸÙè…. My father (he) a) I have studied (have+ pp of study) here for
Ð Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•ìÚÛ ÷³Ùë]ª ÍêŸ-EÚ¨ ú£«\åô ÑÙè¶C.
ÏÚÛ\è[ ·ôÙè[« past actions. ú£«\åô ÑÙè[åÙ
Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ç¶ñªöËÀ Oªë] ÑÙC
The book is on the table.
÷ªìÙ, ‘Oªë]’ ç¶ñªöËÀ êŸô¦yêŸ î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺
}
My Mother (she) speaks Telugu
This class (it)
the past two years-
·ôÙè¶üŒ‰x àŸC-î¦ìª.
û¶E-ÚÛ\è[ Ïí£p-æ¨-÷-ô¢ÚÛª
÷³Ùë]J past action. ‘ú£«\åô ÑÙè[åÙ’ ÍÙç¶
'have a scooter.' Ú¥ñæ¨d past perfect of have =
I/We/you/these trains (they) go there b) He has worked (has + pp of work)
Oªë] Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ, on 'table' ÷³Ùë]ª î¦è[ê¦Ù. My mother (she) here since 2004 = 2004 ìªÙ# Ïí£p-æ¨-÷-ô¢ÚÛª had + past partciple of have (=had) = had
ÍEo Nù£-óŸ«-õöËºì« ÍÙê¶.
from school -
at home -
ú£«\õª ìªÙ#
ÏÙæ¨ö˺
This train
}
My friend (he/she) goes there every day ÎóŸªì ÏÚÛ\è[ í£E-à¶-ø‹è[ª.
Ïí£±pè[ª û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ô¢ª ÑÙC ÍE àµð§põÙ綖
I have a car ÍÙæ°Ù. ·ôÙè¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ û¦ÚÛª Ð Ú¥ô¢ª
had.
He had had a scooter before he bought the
car.
In the bag - ú£Ù#ö˺
Fans (they) give air
A Fan (it) gives air ÑÙC ÍE Íû¦õÙç¶, 'have' ÚÛª present perfect (Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¶ ÷³Ùë]ª, ÍêŸ-EÚ¨ ú£«\åô ÑÙè¶C)
tense, ÍÙç¶ have + past participle of have
★ He had had his breakfast when his friend
Dogs (they) bark
Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…! A dog (it) barks
ÏN Oªô¢ª í£²Jh-à¶ú£«h à¶óŸªÙè…
(=had) î¦è¯L ÚÛë¯! Íí£±p-è¶-÷ªÙæ°Ù?
I have had this car for the past two years
came in.
(î¦üŒx všíÆÙè ÷à¶aåí£p-æ¨Ú¨ ÍêŸE
breakfast
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª practice
ÍÙæ°Ù. ÚÛLT Íô³-ð¼-ô³ÙC)
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, ö˺ Ñìo
(Brackets verb êÁ í£²Jh à¶óŸªÙè…) have + had (pp of 'have'_
1) Wrist watches --- the time Ñû¦oìª) ÍE. She has had (has + pp of 'have')
★ She had had the information before I told
her of it.
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa. this job for the last one year.
(û¶ìª ൛íp ÷³Ùë¶ Î ë]Þœ_ô¢ Î ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù ÑÙC)
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
A Wrist watch --- the time (show)
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net (ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¢ÙÞ¥ ÎN-è[Ú© ÑëÁuޜ٠ÑÙC)
I Ðû¦è[ª-
Pooja: Are you happy?
(ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ Ñû¦oî¦?)
Durga: Certainly I am.
(Í÷±ìª)
Pooja: Why are you happy?
(ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ Ñû¦o÷±?)
Durga: My cousin Saraswathi is here for
vacation. We shall be happy in each
other's company.
(÷« ÚÛ>ûË ú£ô¢-ú£yA šúõ-÷±-õÚ¨ ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨
÷#aÙC. ٠ÚÛõ-÷è[Ù Ïë]l-JÚ© ÓÙêÁ
ÎìÙë]ÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC.)
Pooja: What will be your plan?
(F ð§xûË ÔNªæ¨?)
Druga: Come home tomorrow. You will know.
(¸ôí£± ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ô¦. F¸Ú êµõª-ú£ªhÙC.)
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛ믖
am, is, are; was, were; shall be, will be êŸô¦yêŸ
happy, plan ö°Ùæ¨ Ô ÷«åöµjû¦ î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Ð
Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E ÷«æ°xè[ªêŸ« practice à¶óŸªÙè….
Blanks ìª Brackets ö˺ Ï#aì ÷«å-õêÁ
EÙí£Ùè….
I am ________
(Oª ›íô¢ª àµí£pÙè…. Ñë¯:
I am Pavan)
I am _____
He is _______
They are ________
My friends will be ______
šíjì Ï#aìN sampleÞ¥ ÷«vêŸî¶ª.
ú£«dèµÙæËÀ, ú£«dèµÙæËÀq, ð»è[ªÞœª, ð»æ¨d, ö°÷±, ú£ìoÙ
ú£ÙêÁ-ù£Ù-Þ¥/-ë]ªÌ-ÜÙÞ¥, ë]óŸª-Þœõ, vÚÛ«ô¢-iì, ÷ªÙ#,
àµè[ª, þ¼÷ªJ, àŸªô¢ªÚÛª, ÚÁí£Ù Þœõ, ×ô¢ªp-Þœõ, êµL-îµjì,
êµL-N-ö¶E, î¦Þœªè[ª, ÷³òÅ°÷Ù Þœõ, Eâ°-óŸªB Þœõ,
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é
Eâ°-óŸªB ö¶E, ì÷ªt-ë]Þœ_, ì÷ªt-ö¶E– Ð í£ë¯õÚÛª,
ÏÙÚ¥ Oªô¢ª àµí£p-Þœõ í£ë¯õÚÛª ú£·ôjì English ÷«å-
õìª ô¦óŸªÙè…. am, is, are; was, were; shall be,
will be í£ÚÛ\ì î¦æ¨E à¶Ja ÷«æ°x-è[Ùè….
šíj ÷«å-õÚÛª ÏÙTxùà ÷«åõª–
tall, short, fat, slim, happy, sad/sorrowful,
kind, cruel, good, bad, lazy, active, patient,
clever/intelligent/wise, foolish, talkative,
reserved, honest, dishonest, reliable, unreli-
able
ÏÙÚÁ ÍÙøŒÙ...
öµÚÛ\-ší-ç¶d-î¦-æ¨E English ö˺ countables
ÍÙæ°ô¢ª.
Ñë¯: man, book, student, pen, town, village
etc.
Oæ¨Ú¨ singular, plural ÑÙæ°ô³. Íô³ê¶ Oæ¨
singular ÷³Ùë]ª Óí£±pè[« 'a' Ú¥F, 'an' Ú¥F
ô¦î¦-õû¶C Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L.
I am a student.
He is an engineer.
She is a doctor.
She is an eye surgeon.
He is an uncle of mine.
Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª 6. ٠í£ë¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂö˺ Ñû¦oÙ.
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, We have been in Hyderabad for the
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
It is an ox. etc.
Ð ÏÙUxù£ª ÷«å-õêÁ Questions ÚÛ«è¯ prac-
tice à¶óŸªÙè….
eg: Is he happy?
Are they clever? etc.
šíjì àµí‡pì ÷«å-õ-EoÙæ¨Ú¨ English ÷«å-
õö˺ question practice à¶óŸªÙè….
Question structure Þœªô¢ªhÙC ÚÛë¯?
a) vb+Sub [Are (verb) you (sub) happy?]
b) first word of the verb + sub + other words
of the verb.
[Has (first word of the verb) he (sub) been helping
(other words of the verb) you?]
1. ÍêŸè[ª ò°Þ¥ ð»è[ªÞ¥?
Îû¦æ¨ ìªÙ<...
Ðû¦æ¨ ë¯Ú¥..!
2. Î ÍÙë]ÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙë¯?
3. Î ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙë¯? (futureö˺)
4. î¦üŒ‰x Eâ°-óŸªBÞ¥ ÑÙè¶ î¦ü‹x? (past)
5. î¦ü˜xí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª??
6. ¸ôí£± Oª·ô-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª?
7. î¦è[ª Eâ°-óŸªB Þœõî¦-è[E OªÚÛª ì÷ªtÚÛÙ
ÑÙë¯?
8. ÍêŸè[ª â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ ÑÙæ°è¯?
(futureö˺)?
9. Oªô¢ª ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙè¶-î¦ü‹x?
6 10. ÖÚÛ-í£±pè[ª Î ö°÷±Þ¥ ÑÙè¶ë¯?
Answers:
1) Is he very tall?
2) Is she beautiful?
3) Will she be happy?
4) Were they honest?
5) Where are they now?
6) Where will you be tomorrow?
7) Are you sure that he is honest?
8) Will he be careful?
9) Were you happy?
10) Was she fat once?
ÏÙTxùÃö˺ ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙç¶, was, were.
Ïí£±pè[ª ÑÙç¶ am, is, are ÞœêŸÙ ìªÙ#
Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª Ú¥F, ÏÙÚ¥ Ú¥F ÑÙè[è¯Eo
àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ have been, has been î¦è[ê¦Ù.
I, we, you, they Íô³ê¶ have; he, she, it
Íô³ê¶ has î¦è[ê¦Ù.
1. ÍêŸè[ª û¦õª¸ÞüŒx vÚ¨êŸÙ ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oè[ª.
He was here four years ago.
2. ÍêŸè[ª Ïí£±p-è…-ÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oè[ª.
He is here.
3. ÍêŸè[ª û¦õª-¸Þ-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ÏÚÛ\è¶ Ñû¦oè[ª.
He has been here for the past four years.
4. ·ôÙè[ª ôÁV-õªÞ¥ ò°Þ¥ ÓÙè[Þ¥ ÑÙC.
It has been very hot for the past two days.
5. òÅ°ô¢ê 1947 ìªÙ# ú£yêŸÙ-vêŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙC.
India has been independent since
1947 (for the past 57 years)
past ten years (since 1995)
ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 22 WûË 2005
7. ÏÙêŸ-›úí£² ÓÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦o÷±? before?
Where have you been all this time? Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õÚÛª Oæ¨Ú¨ English practice à¶óŸªÙè….
8. Oªô¢ª ÓÙêŸ-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ ÏÚÛ\è[ª-û¦oô¢ª? 1. Oª·ôÙêŸ Ú¥õÙÞ¥ ÏÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oô¢ª?
How long have you been here? 2. çµÙè[«-õ\ô ÓÙêŸ-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ vÚ¨·Ú-å-ôÂÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª?
9. í£²á ÏÙêŸÚ¥õÙ ÓÚÛ\-è[ªÙC? 3. ÎóŸªì 2001 ìªÙ# ÚÛöµ-ÚÛd-ôÂÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª.
Where has Pooja been all these days? (since, for the past ·ôÙè[« Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ#
ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ have been / has been ÚÛª à¦ö° àµí£pÙè….)
vð§÷³ÜuÙ ÑÙC. ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÖÚÛ-í£pæ¨ ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨ 4. ÎóŸªì 2001 ìªÙ# 2003 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è[ æ©àŸ-ôÂÞ¥
÷ô¢ÚÛª Þ¥F, ÏÙÚ¥-Þ¥F Ôëµjû¦ ÑÙç¶ Î ÑÙè[-è¯Eo I, Ñû¦oè[ª.
We, you and theyêÁ 5. à¦ö°-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ èÅ…Mx ÏÙè…óŸ«ÚÛª ô¦á-ëůEÞ¥ ÑÙC.
Íô³ê¶ 'have been'êÁ Þ¥F 6. ·ôÙè[ª ôÁV-õªÞ¥ ÎóŸªì Fô¢-ú£ÙÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª.
he, she, it êÁ Íô³ê¶ 'has (Fô¢Ùú£Ù– Weak)
been' êÁÞ¥F ú£«#þ§hÙ. 7. Oªô¢ª î¦ô¢Ù ôÁV-õªÞ¥ G@Þ¥ Ñû¦oô¦?
ÏÙÚÁ-N-ù£óŸªÙ... 8. ÎóŸªì ÓÙêŸ Ú¥õÙÞ¥ áñªsêÁ Ñû¦oô¢ª? (áñªs–
ÞœêŸ Ú•Eo ôÁV-õªÞ¥/ Ú•Eo ill/sick)
ÞœÙå-õªÞ¥/ Ú•Eo ûµõ-õªÞ¥/ 9. ÓÙêŸ Ú¥õÙÞ¥ îµjÓúà ÷³Üu-÷ªÙvAÞ¥ Ñû¦oô¢ª?
Ú•Eo ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦-õªÞ¥ ÍÙç¶ for 10. Oªô¢ª à¦ö° Ú¥õÙÞ¥ ÏÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oô¦?
the past (The last)... days/ Answers:
... hours/ ... months / ... M. SURESAN 1. How long have you been here?
years (Ý°Sö˺x ôÁVõª, 2. How long has Tendulkar been a cricketer?
ÞœÙåõª, ûµõõª, ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦õ ú£ÙÜu.) 3. He has been a collector since 2001/ for the
eg: for the past (The last) 2 days / 2 hours/ 2 past (last) 4 Years.
months / 2 years 4. He was a teacher here from 2001 to 2003.
ö¶ë¯ for 2 days / hours / months / years 5. Delhi has been the capital of India for a
now ÍÙæ°Ù. long time.
íÆ£ö°û¦ ôÁV/ ÞœÙå/ ûµõ/ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù ìªÙ# 6. He has been weak for two days now (for
the past/ for the last two days)
7. Have you been busy for the past (last) one
week?
8. How long has he been ill?
9. How long has YS been the Chief Minister?
10. Have you been here for long?
šíj Sentencesö˺ have been/ has been
î¦è[ÚÛÙ Þœ÷ª-EÙàŸÙè…. Ú•ÙêŸ-Ú¥õÙ vÚ¨êŸÙ ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨
÷ô¢ÚÛª Þ¥F, ÏÙÚ¥-Þ¥F ÑÙè[-è¯Eo have been/ has
been êµL-óŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. Question structure
Óí£±pè[« verb + subject Þ¥F, verb ö˺ ·ôÙè[ª-
÷´è[ª ÷«å-õªÙç¶, Ist word of the verb +
Subject + other words of the verb Þ¥F
ÑÙåªÙC.
Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ since ÍÙæ°Ù.
✫ I have been here for the past (last) two
years.
I have been here since 2003
✫ She has been here for the (last) past two
months.
She has been here since February end.
ví£øŒo: áì-ô¢-öËÀÞ¥ ‘Í÷ªt-ñ-è[ªìª’ – ‘à¶óŸª-ñ-è[ªìª’ –
I am a student ‘û¶JpÙ-àŸ-ñ-è[ªìª’ Íû¶ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x verb v3 E
ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª? Ñë¯--ô¢-éÚÛª–
Milk 'sold' here; Job work 'done' here;
'Spoken' English Institute - Ïö°
verb
ìª Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ E ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Ñí£-óµ«-T-
v1 v3
ú£ªhû¦oôÁ N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª.
– ¸ôÿ§t, òµõxÙí£Lx
áî¦ñª :
1. verb v3 ÍÙç¶
past participle: done, spo-
ken, seen etc.
passive form ö˺
verb Óí£±pè[«,
'be' form +
past participle.
Íû¶C,
'Milk sold here'
ÚÛª
'Milk is sold here'
short form.
ÏÚÛ\è[
✫ India has been independent for the past
verb 'is (be form) + sold (past par-
ÚÛª Íô¢nÙ– Í÷ªt-ñ-è[ª-꟪ÙC.
(last) 57 years.
ticiple of sell)'
Íö°¸Þ ÍÙç¶
'Job work done here' 'Job
India has been independent since 1947.
Ð for the past (last)ÚÛª, since ÚÛª ê¶è¯ à¦ö° work is done here' ÍE Íô¢nÙ.is done,
÷³ÜuÙ. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª àŸ«è[Ùè…. (passive) ÍÙç¶ à¶óŸª-ñ-è[ªìª ÍE.(is - be
ë]ªô¢_ Eìo ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC. form + done - past participle).
ÚÛª ÏÙÚÁ Íô¢nÙ ‘ñè…ì’,
Durga was here yesterday.
2. past participle (p.p.)
‘ñ趒 ÍE.
ë]ªô¢_ Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC. ÏÚÛ\è[
Durga is here.
eg: The man seen here every day -
àŸ«è[-ñè¶ ÷uÚ¨h. #Ùí£-ñ-è…ì
ë]ªô¢_ Eìoæ¨ ìªÙ# ÏÚÛ\è¶ ÑÙC. torn paper -
Durga has been here since yesterday. Ú¥TêŸÙ. Íö°¸Þ
spoken english ÍÙç¶
÷«æ°x-è[-ñè¶ ÏÙTxùà ÍE Íô¢nÙ.
î¦üŒ‰x îµ³ìo ÓÚÛ\è[ªû¦oô¢ª?
÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ ÷ªìÙ ôÁW ÷«æ°xè¶ êµõª-Þœªö˺
Where were they the day before?
î¦üŒ‰} Ïí£±p-èµÚÛ\è[ªû¦oô¢ª? passive voice î¦è[Ù.
Where are they? ‘Í÷«t, ÍìoÙ ÷Ùè[-ñ-è…Ùë¯?’ ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯!
î¦üŒ‰x îµ³ìoæ¨ ìªÙ# ÓÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oô¢ª? Íö°¸Þ ‘#Ùí£-ñè[f Ú¥TêŸÙ’ ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ ÍìÙ.
Where have they been since the day ‘#E-Tì Ú¥TêŸÙ’ ÍÙæ°Ù.
I Ðû¦è[ª- øŒ‰vÚÛî¦ô¢Ù 24 WûË 2005

countable, singular). Ú¨ÙC regular actions ìª English ö˺ àµí£pÙè….

Sudha: I meet Padmaja here everyday. I
miss her today.
(ôÁW ÏÚÛ\è[ í£ë]t-áìª ÚÛõª-þ§hìª. Ð
ôÁV ÚÛE-í‡Ù-àŸ-ö¶ë]ª.)
Valli: Yes. She comes here everyday. I
too see that.
(Î ôÁW ÏÚÛ\-è[ÚÛª ÷ú£ªhÙC. û¶ìª
ÚÛ«è¯ àŸ«ø‹ìª (ví£A-ôÁV))
Sudha: I remember now. Today is Sunday.
She does not come here on sun-
day.
(û¦ÚÛª Þœªô•h-þ¼hÙC. Ð ôÁV ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù.
Î ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª ÏÚÛ\-è[ÚÛª ô¦ë]ª.)
Valli: I do not know that.
(û¦ÚÛª êµL-óŸªë]ª.)
Sudha: She goes to her aunt's place every
sunday. I too visit my cousin every
sunday evening.
(Î ÎCî¦ô¦õª î¦üŒx ÍêŸhóŸªu ÏÙæ¨Ú¨
îµüŒ‰-꟪ÙC. û¶ìª ÚÛ«è¯ ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù
þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÷« ÚÛ>ûË ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµüŒ-ê¦ìª.)
be forms ö°Þ¥ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµõ-í£è[Ù Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ šíj
î¦Ú¥uö˺xE meet, comes, remember, does
come, goes, visit í£ë¯õª í£ìª-õìª êµLóŸª-â¶-
2) I have an idea (idea - countable, singular).
3) An umbrella is useful in rain (umbrella- 1. ÎÚÛª Ð vèµúà à¦ö° Ïù£dÙ.(like î¦è[Ùè…)
countable, singular). 2. û¶ìª ôÁW ‘Ðû¦è[ª’ àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ìª.
4) A pen is for writing (pen- countable, singu- 3. ÷« êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª Ñë]óŸªÙ í£C-ÞœÙ-å-õÚÛª vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù
lar) Í÷±-ê¦ô³.
'a'Óí£±pè[ª? Óí£±pè[ª?
'an' 4. ÷« Í÷ªt æ©O úˆJ-óŸªöËÀq àŸ«ú£ªhÙC.
Í, Î, Ï, Ð, Ñ, Ò, Ó, Ô, Ö, ×, Ø– Ð êµõªÞœª (watch - úˆJ-óŸªöËÀq, ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«è[è[Ù)
øŒò°lõêÁ vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡÷ªó¶ªu î¦æ¨ ÷³Ùë]ª 'an' î¦è¯L. 5. ÷« û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª ôÁV ÎJÙ-æ¨Ú¨ ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ AJ-T-÷-
NªÞœê¦ ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª 'a' Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ-à¦L. þ§hô¢ª. (return, come back; ÏÙæ¨Ú¨– 'home')
an umbrella (ÍÙvòµö° – Ú¥ñæ¨d an)
an hour (Í÷ô – an)
Íö°¸Þ Ð Ú¨ÙC Íô¦nõª ÷à¶a NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ ÷«åõª an honour (Îìô – an)
àµí£pÙè…. an idea (Õè…óŸ« – an)
an owl (ØöËÀ –an)
ô¦óŸªè[Ù, Îè[è[Ù, ìè[÷è[Ù, í£ô¢ª-·Þ-êŸhè[Ù, ÷Ùè[è[Ù, an egg (ÓÞ – an)
v›íNªÙ-àŸè[Ù, EvCÙ-àŸè[Ù, ÷'ëǯ à¶óŸªè[Ù, Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ- Ð ú£«vêŸÙ ð§æ¨›úh a, an Nù£-óŸªÙö˺con-
àŸè[Ù, Þœªô¢ªhÙàŸªÚÁ÷è[Ù, ÷ªô¢#-ð¼-÷è[Ù– ÏÙÚ¥ Oªô¢ª fusion ÑÙè[ë]ª.
A, AN...
ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÞœÙë]ô¢ÞÁüŒÙ? NªÞœê¦ øŒò°lõ ÷³Ùë]Ùê¦ a î¦è[Ùè….
6. ví£A-ôÁW Ñë]óŸªÙ ÞœÙå-›úí£± àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ìª.
(study; for an hour, every morning)
7. ÷« Í÷ªt Ú¥íƈ ê¦Þœª-꟪ÙC.
ÓEo í£ìªõ ÷«åõª àµí£p-Þœ-L-Tê¶ ÍEo-æ¨êÁ prac-
(ví£A-ôÁW – Íõ-î¦åª – regular)
countable singular ÓÚÛ\è[ ÷#aû¦ ë¯E ÷³Ùë]ª a
ticeà¶óŸªÙè…. Ú¥F an Ú¥F ÑÙè¯-LqÙë¶.
Answers:
Answers :
Mother loves her child (wrong) 1. She likes this dress.
I write sleep
2. I read the Eenadu (every day).

}
A Mother (countable singular) loves her child.
We play waste
þ§hô³. You walk use f) Uncountable ÷³Ùë]ª a Ú¥F an Ú¥F Óí£±pè[« 3. Our classes (They) begin / start at 10 a.m.

The boys run remember ô¦ë]ª. 4. My mother (She) watches TV serials.

(They) cook forget ÷ªSx ÖÚÛ-þ§J 1st RDW (1st Regular doing 5. My father (He) returns / comes back home

word ÍÙç¶ come, go, walk), 2nd RDW (2nd

at 6 a.m.
love
Regular doing word ÍÙç¶ comes, goes,
6. I study for an hour every morning.
Hemant (he) writes cooks uses

} walks) õìª í£J-Q-Lë¯lÙ.

7. My mother (She) takes coffee (every day).
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 7 Sarala (she) plays loves remembers
I, We, you, they Íô³ê¶ 1st RDW;
It(Íô¢nÙ walks sleeps forgets
ú£J-ð¼-ó¶ª-åªxÞ¥) runs wastes he, she, it Íô³ê¶ 2nd RDW î¦è¯L.
í£ìª-õìª êµL›í Ð Ú¨ÙC ÷«åõª àŸ«è[Ùè…. Oæ¨E í£J-Q-LÙ-àŸÙè…. Ð ·ôÙè[ª Regular doing words vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-
I Regular Doing II Regular Doing ÚÛªÙè¯, EêŸuÙ áJ¸Þ í£ìªõÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù– ÍÙç¶
Words Words
a) Pens (They) write. Regular actions ÚÛª. Óí£±pè[« áJ¸Þ í£ìª-õÚÛª
A B A pen (It) writes. ÚÛ«è¯ Oæ¨û¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù.
eat eats (eat+s) b) Wrist watches (They) show the time. 1) û¶ìª ôÁW ÎJÙ-æ¨Ú¨ Evë]-ö¶-þ§hìª.
take takes (take+s) A wrist watch (It) ÏC regular action. Ú¥ñæ¨d I get up at 6 a.m.
give gives (give+s) shows the time. ÏÚÛ\è[ every day ÍE àµí‡pû¦, àµí£p-ÚÛ-ð¼-ô³û¦ ví£øŒo: Oxford advanced dictionary ö˺
wash washes (Wash+es) c) Doctors (They) treat ÖÚÛç¶. get Íû¶ 1st RDW ö˺û¶ regular Íû¶C í£ÚÛ\ì Ïú£ªhìo pronunciationö˺ letters
word

like likes (like+s) patients. Íô¢n-÷ª-÷±-꟪ÙC. Ú•Eo Íè[fÙÞ¥, Ú•Eo êŸõ-Ú¨Ù-ë]ª-õªÞ¥ ÑÙæ°-
sing sings (Sing+s) A doctor (He/She)
treats patients.
2) ٠ê•NªtCÙ-æ¨Ú¨ ÚÛü‹-ø‹õÚÛª ñóŸªõªë¶-ô¢ê¦Ù. óµªÙ-ë]ªÚÛª? Oæ¨E Óö° ÑàŸa-JÙ-à¦L?
dance dances (dance+s)
d) Fans (They) give air.
We start for college at 9 a.m. ÍÙë]ª-¸Ú-iû¦ EóŸª-÷«-õªÙ-æ°óŸ«?
go goes (go+es)
A fan gives air.
(Regular action - start - 1st RDW) Dictionary page bottom line Ú¨Ùë] ÚÛ«è¯
'A' Ú¨ÙC ÷«å-õìª I Regular Doing Words, B e) Teachers (They) 3) ÷« ›úo-꟪õª ò°Þ¥ Îè[ê¦ô¢ª. Ïö°¸Þ ÑÙæ°ô³. Oæ¨ ÞœªJÙ# êµL-óŸª-â¶-
Ú¨ÙC ÷«å-õìª II Regular Doing Words ÍÙæ°Ù. M. SURESAN ÏC regular action. óŸªÙè….
– ô¢÷«-ë¶îËÂ, šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂ.
teach.
I Regular Doing Words ÚÛª (A Ú¨ÙC ÷«å-õÚÛª)
's' Ú¥F 'es' Ú¥F à¶J›úh II Regular doing words
A Teacher (He/She) teaches. Ïö° ÍEo Our friends (They) play well.

÷þ§hô³. verbs ÚÛª

A Ú¨ÙC ÷«åõª [I Regular Doing Words
(I RDWs)], I, We, you and they êÁ î¦è[ê¦Ù. B
Ú¨ÙC ÷«å-õìª [II Regular Doing Words
(II RDWs)] He, She, itêÁ î¦è[ê¦Ù.
I Ú•Eo øŒò°l-õÚÛª Þœªô¢ªhõª.
practice à¶óŸªÙè…. 4) Oª·ô-í£±pè[« Îõú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§hô¢ª. áî¦ñª : ÏÙTx-ùÃ-ö˺E ͤÛ-ô¦õª (alphabet), ÏÙTxùÃ
(Óí£±pè[« áJ-¸Þ-í£E). Ñà¦a-ô¢-éö˺ ÷à¶a øŒò°l-õ-EoÙ-æ¨Ú© ú£J-ð¼÷±. ÍÙë]ª-
COUNTABLES, UNCOUNTABLES You always come late. ÷ö¶x pronunciationö˺ ÍÙêŸ confusion. Ñìo
a) countables ÍÙç¶ öµÚÛ\ šíç¶dN. 5) ÷« û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª Ñë]óŸªÙ 9Ú¨ ÎíƈúÃÚÛª ñóŸª-õª-ë¶-ô¢- ͤÛ-ô¦õª ÍEo øŒò°l-õìª ú£«#Ù-àŸ-è¯-EÚ¨ ú£J-ð¼÷±.
ê¦ô¢ª (Regular- ví£A-ôÁV). Ú¥ñæ¨d êŸõ-Ú¨Ù-ë]ª-õªÞ¥, Íè[fÙÞ¥ Ñìo ͤÛ-ô¦-õìª
book, pen, teacher, boy, dog etc.
b) uncountables ÍÙç¶ öµÚÛ\-šíådö¶EN. My father (He) starts for office at 9 a.m.
Ú•Eo øŒò°lõ ÚÁú£Ù î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. Íö° ÑÙè¶ Í¤Û-ô¦õª

} ÍE àµð§pLqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.

milk, sugar, rice, water etc.
'v'E veryö˺ ‘îµ’ øŒò°l-EÚ¨ î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. êŸõ-Ú¨Ù-ë]ª-õªÞ¥
(everyday
We
c) countables ÚÛª ÷«vêŸî¶ª singular (ÖÚÛæ¨), ÍÙç¶û¶
You like milk
(ÖÚÛæ¨ ÚÛÙç¶ ÓÚÛª\÷) ÑÙæ°ô³.
starts regular)
Ñìo v = ‘∧’ E but, shut, cut ö°Ùæ¨ ÷«åö˺x
My parents
plural
book (singular) books (plural)
6) ÷« Í÷ªt ÷Ùè[ª-꟪ÙC (Óí£±pè[«). ÷à¶a ‘Í’ øŒò°l-EÚ¨ î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. but- DE pronunci-
(They)
pen (singular) pens (plural)
My mother (She) cooks for us. ation, dictionary ö˺ Ïö° ÑÙåªÙC. b∧t; cut =
7) 1st show Îô¢ªÙ-ò°-÷±ÚÛª vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Í÷±-꟪ÙC k∧t etc. è…ÚÛ{-vFö˺ key to Pronunciation ö˺

}
My father (he)
teacher (singular) teachers (plural)
My mother (she) likes milk (ôÁW ÚÛë¯). àŸ«›úh Ô Þœªô¢ªh Ô øŒò°l-EÚ¨ Íû¶C N÷-ô¢ÙÞ¥
The Cat (it)
boy (singular)
ÚÛª
boys (plural)
ÑÙè[ë]ª. The 1st show (It) starts at 6.15 p.m. ÑÙåªÙC. î¦æ¨-êÁ-ò°åª pronunciation
casettes, CDs Ñí£-óµ«-Þœ-í£-è[-ê¦ô³.
d) uncountables plural milks, sug-
šíjì àŸ«í‡ì NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ A group ÚÛª í£C Verbs, B ars, rices ÍìÙ.
group ÚÛª í£C verbs àµí£pÙè…. ví£øŒo: ‘Óí£±p-èµjû¦ ›ú-î¦J Oªë]û¶ ÏÙÚ¥ú£h òÅ°ô¢Ù
eg: ê¦Þœè[Ù
e) Very Important: countable singulars
(ÍÙç¶ öµÚÛ\-šíç¶dN– ÖÚÛ-ë¯Eo, ÖÚÛJE ÞœªJÙ# Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…! í£è[ª-꟪ÙC’ ÍE àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ ú£÷«-ì-
൛íp-å-í£±pè[ª) ÷³Ùë]ª Óí£±pè[« 'a' Ú¥F þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª îµªiì proverb ÑÙç¶ êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸªÙè….

} }
I He
We drink coffee She drinks coffee 'an' Ú¥F ô¦î¦-LqÙë¶. þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª, – ÓÙ. -ûËÂ-ô¦÷±, ìt-Ú•Ùè[.
You It eg:
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82 áî¦ñª : Oªô¢-ìo-ë¯-EÚ¨ ú£÷«-ì-iì proverb ÔD
They 1) A doctor treats patients (doctor - Englishö˺ ö¶ë]ª.
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
I Ðû¦è[ª-
Ramu: Do you know Mr. venu?
(FÚÛª î¶éª êµõªþ§?)
Vasu: Of course, I know him.
(Í÷±ìª û¦ÚÛª êµõªú£ª)
Ramu: How do you know him?
(ÍêŸìª FÚÛª Óö° êµõªú£ª?)
Vasu: We work in the same department.
But he works in another section.
(î¶ªÙ Ö¸Ú è…ð§-ô¢ªd-Ùæ˺x ÷ôÂ\ à¶ú£ªhû¦oÙ.
Ú¥F ÍêŸìª ô šúÚÛ{ûËÁx í£E-à¶-þ§hè[ª)
Ramu: Which section does he work in?
(ÍêŸìª Ô šúÚÛ{ûËÁx í£E à¶þ§hè[ª?)
Vasu: Why do you want to know all this?
(ìª÷±y Ð N÷-ô¦õª ÓÙë]ªÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦-
õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±?)
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Question õö˺ do,
does ÷ú£ªh-û¦oô³. Oæ¨ î¦è[ÚÛÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù
Englishö˺ à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ.
Regular doing words (1st RDW, 2nd RDW)
- come, comes; go, goes- Ïö°Ù-æ¨N
not
questionö˺ î¦è¶-å-í£±pè[ª à¦ö° â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ ÑÙè¯L.
÷ªìÚ¨ ÏÙTxùÚíj í£åªd ÑÙë¯ ö¶ë¯ Íû¶ Nù£óŸªÙ
Ïö°Ùæ¨ ÷«åö˺x êµõª-ú£ªhÙC.
û¶ìª ÚÛü °ø‹õÚÛª ví£A ôÁW Ñë]óŸªÙ
ê•NªtCÙæ¨Ú¨ îµüŒê¦ìª.
I go to college at 9 AM.
û¶ìª Ñë]óŸªÙ ê•Nªt-CÙ-æ¨Ú¨ îµüŒx쪖 Íû¦-õÙç¶
I do not (don't) go to college at 9 AM.
ví£A ôÁV î¦üŒ‰x ììªo ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª.
They meet me every day.
î¦üŒ‰x ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁô¢ª.
They do not meet
me every day.
î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª (÷uA-
'not'
¸ô-ÚÛÙÞ¥ àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨),
question Íè…¸Þåí£±pè[ª
1st RDW (come, go
ö°Ùæ¨N)êÁ 'do'
÷ú£ªhÙC.
Ú•Eo Ïö°Ùæ¨ î¦Ú¥uõª– M. SURESAN
1) I go there every Sunday.
a) I do not go there every Sunday.
b) Do I go there every Sunday?
2) They speak Telugu.
a) They do not speak Telugu.
b) Do they speak Telugu?
(1) ö˺ go not êÁ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª 1 (a) ö˺ do
go Í÷±-꟪ÙC. Question 1 (b)ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ do
go Í÷±-êÁÙC.
Íö°¸Þ (2)ö˺ Speak notêÁ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª
2(a)ö˺, questionÞ¥ 2(b)ö˺ do speak Í÷±-
êÁÙC.
3) We like mangoes
a) We do not like mangoes
b) Do we like mangoes?
ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯ like notêÁ Ú¥F questionö˺
Ú¥F î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª do like Í÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-
àŸÙè….
Ú¥ñæ¨d 1 RDW + not/?= do + 1st RDW.
ÍÙç¶1st Regular Doing Words (come,
go ö°Ùæ¨-N)E not êÁ questionö˺ î¦è…-ì-
í£±pè[ª do + 1st RDW Í÷±-꟪ÙC.
Ð Ú¨ÙCî¦-æ¨Ú¨ not êÁ ÷uA-¸ôÚ¥õª, questions
practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Ú•Eo Ñë¯--ô¢éõª...
1. î¦üŒxÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµõªú£ª.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 26 WûË 2005
4. û¦ÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµõªú£ª. 3. î¦ü˜xö° ð§è[ê¦ô¢ª?
û¦ÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµL-óŸªë]ª. How do they sing? (How = Óö°?)
OªÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµõªþ§? Ans: ò°Þ¥ ð§è[ê¦ô¢ª.
5. Ð æ©àŸô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅ-þ§hô¢ª. They sing well
Ð æ©àŸô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅÙ-àŸô¢ª. 4. Oª·ôÙ-ë]ªÚÛª Óí£±pè[« Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§hô¢ª?
Ð æ©àŸô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅ-þ§hô¦? Why do you always come late?
6. ٠ÏÙTxùà ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«þ§hÙ. Ans: I miss the bus.
٠ÏÙTxùà ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«è[Ù. 5. Oªô¢ª ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª Óí£±pè[ª ñóŸªö¶lô¢ê¦ô¢ª?
Oªô¢ª ÏÙTxùà ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«þ§hô¦? (ôÁW)
7. ÏÚÛ\è[ è¯ÚÛdô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ îµjë]uÙ à¶þ§hô¢ª. When do you start for college? (every
(îµjë]uÙ à¶óŸªè[Ù = treat) day)
ÏÚÛ\è[ è¯ÚÛdô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ îµjë]uÙ à¶óŸªô¢ª. Ans: I start at 9 AM.
They know English. ÏÚÛ\è[ è¯ÚÛdô¢ªx ò°Þ¥ îµjë]uÙ à¶þ§hô¦? 6. ÓÙë]ªÚÛª çµjÙ î¶úÃd à¶þ§h÷±?
î¦üŒxÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµL-óŸªë]ª. 8. î¦üŒ‰x ò°Þ¥ ìæ¨-þ§hô¢ª. Why do you waste time?
They do not know English. î¦üŒ‰x ò°Þ¥ ìæ¨Ù-àŸô¢ª. Ans: û¶û¶Ù î¶úÃd à¶óŸª-è[Ù-ö¶ë]ª.
î¦üŒxÚÛª ÏÙTxùà êµõªþ§? î¦üŒ‰x ò°Þ¥ ìæ¨-þ§hô¦? I do not waste time.
Do they know English?
Þœªô¢ªhÙC ÚÛë¯ – Answers: Ð Ú¨ÙC questions English ö˺ practice
(Question Structure
Óí£±pè[« ÷³Ùë]ª)
'verb'
1. They come here daily. à¶óŸªÙè….
2. ìªîµy-í£±è[« Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§h÷±. They do not come here daily. 1. î¦üŒ‰x ôÁW ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÷þ§hô¢ª?
You always come late. Do they come here daily? 2. Oªô¢ª ÍEo ú‡E-÷«-öµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª àŸ«þ§hô¢ª?
ìªîµy-í£±pè[« Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ô¦÷±. (not) 2. You meet him every day. 3. Oªô¢ª ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ í£±ú£h-Ú¥-öµ-ÚÛ\è[ Ú•Ùæ°ô¢ª?
You do not come late. You do not meet him every day. 4. î¦üŒ‰x Ô í£vAÚÛ àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ô¢ª?
ìªîµy-í£±è[« Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§hî¦? Do you meet him everyday? 5. Óí£pæ¨ ìªÙ# Oª šúõ-÷±õª?
Do you always come late? 3. We sing well. 6. Oª·ôÙêŸ ú£Ùð§-C-þ§hô¢ª?
7. î¦üŒ‰x ôÁW ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ Óí£±p-è•-þ§hô¢ª?
8. ví£A ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù ìªîµy-÷-JE ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°÷±?
9. Óö°Ùæ¨ ú‡E-÷«õª FÚ¨ù£dÙ?
10. Oªô¢ª í£à¦K ú£ô¢ª-ÚÛªõª ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ÓÚÛ\è[
Ú•Ùæ°ô¢ª?
šíj questions ÚÛª ví£A-ë¯-EÚ© ú£÷«-ëů-û¦õª ÚÛ«è¯
ö˺, í£åªd êµL›í í£ë¯õª! ô¦óŸªÙè….
Answers:
1. Why do they come here every day?
Ans: They come here to see me.
2. Why do you watch so many movies?
Ans: I watch them because I like them.
3. ÍêŸè… ›úo-꟪õª ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ þ§óŸªÙ à¶þ§hô¢ª. We do not sing well.
3. Where do you buy books usually?
His friends help him. Do we sing well?
Ans: I buy them at that stall.
ÍêŸè… ›úo-꟪õª ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ þ§óŸªÙ à¶óŸªô¢ª. 4. I know English.
4. What newspaper do they read?
His friends do not help him. I do not know English.
Do you know English?
Ans: They read the Eenadu.
5. When do your holidays begin?
5. These teachers teach well.
These teachers do not teach well. Ans: They usually begin in April 3rd week.
6. How much do you earn?
Do these teachers teach well?
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 8 6. We watch English movies. Ans: Why do you want to know?
We do not watch English movies. (Oª·ôÙ-ë]ªÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª?)
ÍêŸè… ›úo-꟪õª ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ þ§óŸªÙ à¶þ§hô¦? Do you watch English movies? 7. When do they come here every day?
Do his friends help him? 7. The doctors here treat well. Ans: They come here at 7 PM
The doctors here do not treat well.
know = do know
Do the doctors here treat well?
8. Whom do you meet every sunday?
come = do come
8. They act well.
Ans: I meet my friend.
help = do help
Í÷è[Ù šíj î¦Ú¥uö˺x Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. They do not act well.
9. What kind of movies do you like?
Ans: I like suspense movies.
Ð Ú¨ÙC êµõªÞœª î¦Ú¥u-õìª Englishö˺ practice Do they act well?
10. Where do you buy provisions usually?
à¶óŸªÙè…. English ö˺
what, where, when, which,
Ans: I buy them at that shop.
1. î¦Rx-ÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ôÁW ÷þ§hô¢ª. whose, whom and why êÁ ÚÛ«è¯
questions
î¦RxÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ôÁW ô¦ô¢ª. Íè[ª-Þœªê¦Ù ÚÛë¯? Oæ¨E ÍÙæ°ô¢ª.
Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!
'wh' words
î¦Rx-ÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ôÁW ÷þ§hô¦? Oæ¨êÁ Íè…¸Þ questions 'wh' questions. Ð
2. ìª÷±y î¦è…E ôÁW ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°÷±. 'wh' ÷«å-õêÁ ÍÙç¶ 'wh' questions 1 ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯
ìª÷±y î¦è…E ôÁW ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ÷±. êÁ
st RDW do + 1 st RDW ÷ú£ªhÙC. þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª
ìª÷±y î¦è…E ôÁW ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°î¦? 1. Oª¸ÚÙ êµõªú£ª? þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª,
3. ٠ò°Þ¥ ð§è[ê¦Ù. What do you know? þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
٠ò°Þ¥ ð§è[Ù. 2. Oª·ô-ÚÛ\-è[ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? #ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
٠ò°Þ¥ ð§è[-ê¦÷«? Where do you live? email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
ví£øŒo: standard è…ÚÛ{vFE Óö° JíÆ£ô ô³ê¶ í£ë]Ù ë•ô¢-ÚÛë]ª. Íö°Ù-å-í£±pè[ª ví£ê¦u- è…ÚÛ{vFö˺ Ïà¶a ÷«åÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì N÷-
à¶óŸ«L? Ôëµjû¦ ÖÚÛ Word ìª êŸyô¢Þ¥ ÷«oóŸª Spellings ìª ÒÙàŸªÚ•E îµêŸ- ô¦õª. ÍN–
îµAÚ¨šíç¶d ø‹úˆYóŸªí£ë]lÄA êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸªÙè…. Ú¥L. existence Íû¶ í£ë]Ù spelling ìª ★ Î ÷«å Pronunciation
Íö°¸Þ Key to dictionary entries ÷ªìÙ ð»ô¢-ð§-åªÞ¥ existance ÍìªÚÛªE ★ parts of speech
ÍÙç¶ ÔNªæ¨? îµA-Ú¨ê¶ Ð í£ë]Ù Dictionary ö˺ ë•ô¢-ÚÛë]ª. ★ Ôó¶ªparts of speech ö˺, Ôó¶ª ô¢ÚÛ-iì
– ø˜jõá, ÚÛKÙ-ì-Þœô Íö°Ù-å-í£±pè[ª a ñë]ªõª e ví£ê¦u-÷«o- Print ö˺, ͤÛ-ô¦õ
Type ö˺ ÑÙC.
óŸªÙêÁ îµêŸ-ÚÛè[Ù êŸô¢ª-î¦A ë]øŒ. ÖÚÛ-î¶üŒ õª
áî¦ñª: Ô Standard dictionary ö˺ ➻ Word ìª îµA-Ú¨-šíç¶d ø‹úˆYóŸª í£ë]lÄA ÑÙC.
★ Parts of speech Noun, Verb
Íô³ê¶ î¦æ¨ö˺ Ô ô¢Ú¥Eo Óö° ú£«#þ¼hÙC.
Íô³û¦ ÖÚÛ Word ìª îµAÚ¨-šíç¶d í£ë]lÄA ÖÚÛç¶. ÷ªìÚÛª ͤÛô¢vÚÛ÷ªÙ Þœªô¢ªhÙ-è¶-ë¯Eo ñæ¨d ★ Íë¶ ÷«åêÁ ÷à¶a IdiomÚÛª Ïà¶a Þœªô¢ªh,
Íë¶ Alphabetical order ö˺ refer à¶óŸªè[Ù. êŸyô¢Þ¥ í£ë]Ù ë•ô¢-ÚÛè[Ù Îëů-ô¢-í£è… î¦æ¨Ú¨Synonyms, antonyms Óö°
ê¶LÞ¥_ refer à¶óŸ«-õÙç¶ Ð Ú¨ÙC ÍÙø‹õìª ÑÙåªÙC. êµLð§ô¢ª.
êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. ➻ îµ³ë]å ví£A ›í@šíjì Ñìo Lead Word ...êŸCêŸô¦õª. Oæ¨E Key to dictionary
➻ English alphabetö˺ ͤÛô¢ vÚÛ÷ªÙ a-z
÷ô¢ÚÛª êµL-óŸ«L. àŸ«ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. entries N÷-J-þ§hô³.
➻ ÏÚÛSpelling ìª ñæ¨d îµêŸ-Ú¥L. Ð NëůìÙ è…ÚÛ{vF NE-óµ«-Þ¥Eo ÍêŸuÙêŸ ú£ô¢-
➻ îµA¸Ú í£ë]Ù Spelling ÚÛ«è¯ ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥
Key to dictionary entries ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ üŒ-êŸô¢Ù à¶ú£ªhÙC.
êµLú‡ ÑÙè¯L. ÖÚÛ-î¶üŒ ÷ªì šúpLxÙÞ êŸí£p-
I Ðû¦è[ª- ÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 28 WûË 2005

Raghu: Does your friend meet you regular- He does not

ly?
(Oª všíÆÙè Eìªo ·ôÞœªu-õ-ôÂÞ¥ ÚÛõª-þ§hè¯?) move out of home
Ramu: Which friend? (Ô všíÆÙèÂ?) on sunday.
Raghu: Seshu (ø™ù£ª)
Ramu: Yes, he meets me regularly. But
he does not meet me on sundays.
(Í÷±ìª. ·ôÞœªu-õ-ôÂÞ¥ ÚÛõª-þ§hè[ª Ú¥F
ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù ÷«vêŸÙ ÚÛõ-÷è[ª.)
Raghu: Why does he not (doesn't he) meet
you on sundays?
(ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÚÛõ-÷è[ª?)
Ramu: He does not move out of home on Does Usha play well? ANSWERS:
sunday. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè…. 1. a) Mr Ananda Rao teaches well.
(ÍêŸìª ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù Ïõªx ÚÛë]-õè[ª.) 1. a) ÎìÙ-ë]-ô¦÷± ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅ-þ§hô¢ª. b) Mr Ananda Rao does not teach well.
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛë¯! 2nd RDW meets b) ÎìÙ-ë]-ô¦÷± ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅÙ-àŸô¢ª. c) How does Mr Ananda Rao teach?
question ö˺ not êÁ does meet Í÷±-êÁÙC. c) ÎìÙ-ë]-ô¦÷± ò°Þ¥ ò˺CÅ-þ§hô¦? 2. a) They help others.
Íö°¸Þ does move ÍÙç¶ moves (not êÁ ÷#a- 2. a) î¦üŒ‰x ÏêŸ-ô¢ª-õÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶þ§hô¢ª. b) They do not help others.
ì-í£±pè[ª). b) î¦üŒ‰x ÏêŸ-ô¢ª-õÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶óŸªô¢ª.
c) î¦üŒ‰x ÏêŸ-ô¢ª-õÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶þ§hô¦?
c) Do they help others?
Come, go, Walk ö°Ùæ¨ 1st RDWs
(Regular Doing Words)ìª notêÁ, 3. a) ô¦÷±-Þ¥ô¢ª ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ôÁW ÷þ§hô¢ª.
3. a) Mr Rao comes here every day.

questionsö˺ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª do ÷ú£ªhÙ-ë]E b) Mr Rao does not come here every day.

êµõªú£ªÚÛªû¦oÙ. c) Does Mr Rao come here every day?

eg: 4. a) We watch the TV for an hour every
1) They come here everyday. morning.

Does Óí£±pè•ú£ªhÙC?
a) they do not come here every day. b) We do not watch TV for an hour every
b) Do they come here every day? morning.
2) You come here often. c) When do you watch the TV every day?
a) You do not come here often. 5. a) The paper comes every day at 6 AM.
b) Do you come here often? b) The paper does not come here at 6
Ïö°¸Þ Ïí£±pè[ª2nd Regular Doing Words- AM.
comes, goes, walks, talks ö°Ùæ¨
verbs not ìª c) When does the paper come?
êÁÚ¥F, question ö˺ڥF î¦è…ìí£±pè[ª
'does' 5. a) We get the paper at 6 AM
÷ú£ªhÙC.2nd RDWs- he, she, it êÁû¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù. b) We do not get the paper at 6 AM
Ú¥ñæ¨d
'does' ÚÛ«è¯
he, she, it êÁû¶ Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ- Q: Does (Sunil) find?
à¦L. 4) goes (+ not) = does not go; b) ô¦÷±-Þ¥ô¢ª ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ôÁW ô¦ô¢ª. c) When do you get the paper?

1) Sunita (She) sings well. Q: Does (Sita) go? c) ô¦÷±-Þ¥ô¢ª ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ôÁW ÷þ§hô¦? 6. a) They understand his teaching well.

2nd RDW
Ïö° Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁÙè…. 4. a) ٠Ñë]óŸªÙ ÖÚÛ ÞœÙå æ©O àŸ«þ§hÙ. b) They do not understand his teaching
a) Sunita does not sing well. takes = does take (with not/?) b) ٠Ñë]óŸªÙ ÖÚÛ ÞœÙå æ©O àŸ«è[Ù. well.
2nd RDW
c) Oªô¢ª ôÁW æ©O Óí£±pè[ª àŸ«þ§hô¢ª? c) How well do they understand his teach-
ÏÚÛ\è[verb 'does sing' - not êÁ. comes = does come (with not/?)
writes = does write (with not/?) . ôÁW Ñë]óŸªÙ 6 ÞœÙåõÚÛª ›íí£ô ÷ú£ªhÙC.
5 a) ing?
b) Does Sunita sing well?
Ïí£±pè[ª Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E à¶óŸªÙè…. b) ôÁW Ñë]óŸªÙ 6 ÞœÙå-õÚÛª ›íí£ô ô¦ë]ª. 7. a) You read the paper every day.
ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯ verb 'does sing' - question ö˺. ÏN
practice
·ôÙè…Ùæ¨Ú© ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#- c) ôÁW ÓEoÙ-æ¨Ú¨ ›íí£ô ÷ú£ªhÙC? b) You do not read the paper everyday.
ÍÙç¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ sings + not/?
1st RDW, 2nd RDW
ìN. ÍÙç¶ Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺x 'do',÷ªJ Ú•Eo 6. a) î¦üŒxÚÛª ÎóŸªì ò˺ëÅ]ì ò°Þ¥ Íô¢n÷ª÷±-꟪ÙC. c) What paper do you read everyday?
= does sing
ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺x î¦è¯Lq ÑÙåªÙC. â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ b) î¦üŒxÚÛª ÎóŸªì ò˺ëÅ]ì ò°Þ¥ Íô¢nÙ Ú¥ë]ª. 8. a) She goes to her friends' on Sundays.
sings ìª not êÁ Ú¥F, 'does'
c) î¦üŒxÚÛª ÎóŸªì ò˺ëÅ]ì ÓÙêŸ ò°Þ¥
question ö˺ Ú¥F î¦è…-ì- Íô¢n÷ª÷±êŸªÙC?
b) She does not go to her friends' on

í£±pè[ª 'does sing' 7. a) Oªô¢ª ôÁW ›íí£ô àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ô¢ª.

Sundays.

Í÷±êÁÙC. b) Oªô¢ª ôÁW ›íí£ô àŸë]-÷ô¢ª.

c) How often does she go to her friends'?
9. a) She likes him.
2) Kumar (he) knows c) Oªô¢ª ôÁW Ô ›íí£ô àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ô¢ª?
9
8. a) Î ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª î¦üŒx všíÆÙèÂq ÏÙæ¨Ú¨
English.
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é b) She does not like him.
a) Kumar does not
M. SURESAN Þœ÷ª-EÙ# practice à¶óŸªÙè…. îµüŒ‰êŸªÙC. c) Why does she like him so much?

b) Î ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª î¦üŒx všíÆÙèÂq ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµüŒxë]ª.

know English. 10. a) He goes to Vizag every week.
eg:
b) Does Kumar know English?
û¶ìª 11 í‡.ÓÙ. Ú¨ í£è[ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ìª. c) Î î¦üŒx všíÆÙèÂq ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ÓÙêŸ êŸô¢-àŸªÞ¥ îµüŒ‰- b) He does not go to Vizag every week.
(Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛë¯!
knows + not/? = does know)
1. a)
I go to bed at 11 PM. ꟪ÙC? c) Why does he go to Vizag every week?
3) Hari likes music.
b) û¶ìª 11 í‡.ÓÙ. Ú¨ í£è[ª-ÚÁìª. 9. a) ÎÚÛª ÍêŸ-ìÙç¶ Ïù£dÙ. 11. a) We take coffee.
a) Hari does not like music.
I do not go to bed at 11 PM. b) ÎÚÛª ÍêŸ-ìÙç¶ Ïù£dÙ ö¶ë]ª. b) We do not take coffee.
b) Does Hari like music?
Oª·ô-EoÙ-æ¨Ú¨ í£è[ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? c) ÎÚÛª ÍêŸ-ìÙç¶ ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙêŸ Ïù£dÙ? c) What do you take, coffee or tea?
Ïö° êÁ
'not' questions ö˺ ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo
2nd RDWs
c)
10. a) ÍêŸìª ví£A-î¦ô¢Ù îµjâ°Þ îµüŒê¦è[ª.
ô¢«ð§õª àŸ«è[Ùè…. 2. a)
When do you go to bed?
Ñù£ ò°Þ¥ Îè[ª-꟪ÙC. b) ÍêŸìª ví£A-î¦ô¢Ù îµjâ°Þ îµüŒxè[ª.
1) works (+ not) = does not work;
Q: Does (he) work?
b)
Usha plays well.
Ñù£ ò°Þ¥ Îè[ë]ª.
c) ÍêŸìª ví£A-î¦ô¢Ù îµjâ°Þ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª îµüŒê¦è[ª?
11. a) ٠ڥíƈ Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙæ°Ù.
Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!
2) takes (+ not) = does not take;
Usha does not play well. b) ٠ڥíƈ Bú£ªÚÁÙ. þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª
Q: Does (she) take?
c) Ñù£ ò°Þ¥ Îè[ª-꟪Ùë¯? c) Oª¸ôÙ Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª, Ú¥íÆˆóŸ« æ©óŸ«? þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª,
3) finds (+ not) = does not find;
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
NªÚÂqè çµûËÂq î¦è¯Lq ÷#a-ì-í£±pè[ª Óö°Ùæ¨ my book. simple present ÚÛª
present perfect email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
ví£øŒo: â°vÞœ-êŸhõª Bú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. 5. I know (that) you stolen my book combination ú£·ôj-ì-ë¶û¦? Íö°¸Þ
simple
1. I know you've stolen my book. yesterday. pastÚ¨ past perfect ú£·ôj-ì-ë¶û¦? tion ú£·ôj-ìë¶. Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ì îµ³ë]æ¨ î¦ÚÛuÙ Íë¶.
Ïë¶ î¦Ú¥uEo Ïö° ô¦óŸª-÷à¦a? 6. I knew that you had stolen my book Ú¨
simple past simple past ú£·ôj-ìë¯?
just I Know (simple present) you've stolen
2. I knew you had stolen my book. yesterday. ÷Ùæ¨ Ú¨
recent actions present perfect +
3. I Knew you stole my book šíj î¦Ú¥uõª Ô ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺ î¦è¯L. Ð present perfect ú£·ôj-ìë¯ N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª.
(present perfect).
simple past, past perfect combination Ñìo
4. I have just Know (that) you've stolen î¦Ú¥uõª ú£·ôj-ìî¦ Ú¥î¦? – óŸªÙ. ÎÚ¥Ù¤Û, 궸ôo-ÚÛöËÀ, ÚÛô¢«oõª ·ôÙè[ª, Íô³ë]ª î¦Ú¥uõª ÚÛ·ôÚÂd.
áî¦ñª: I know you have stolen my book F÷± û¦ í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ë•ÙT-LÙ-à¦-÷E û¦ÚÛª êµõªú£ª. î¦Ú¥uEo Ïö° ô¦óŸª-÷àŸªa– û¦õªÞÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ ÚÛ«è¯ ú£·ôj-ìë¶.
DE Íô¢nÙ– ìª÷±y û¦ í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ë•ÙÞœ-LÙ-à¦-÷E ÏÚÛ\è[ ë•ÙT-LÙ-àŸ-è[÷´ ÞœêŸî¶ª. êµL-óŸª-è[÷´ I knew you had stolen my book. eg:
û¦ÚÛª êµõªú£ª. ÞœêŸî¶ª. ÏÚÛ\è[ ·ôÙè[ª í£ìªõ« past ö˺ ÖÚÛæ¨ ÷³Ùë]ª, I have just noticed that he has not attend-
ÏÙë]ªö˺ ë•ÙT-LÙ-#ÙC ÞœêŸÙö˺ Íô³û¦ êµLú‡ÙC I Knew you stole my book. ÏÙÚÁæ¨ êŸô¦yêŸ áJ-Þ¥ô³ Ú¥ñæ¨d knew, had ed class for the past two days.
Ïí£±pè[ª. ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d DEÚ¨ Íô¢nÙ ô¦÷-à¶a stolen î¦è¯L. have noticed, have attended ·ôÙè[« pres-
I knew you had stolen my book. Ú¥F ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ Íô³ê¶ Ð î¦ÚÛuÙ êŸí£±p. Ð Simple Present, Present perfect combina- ent perfect ö¶ ÚÛë¯! Ïö° ·ôÙè[« î¦è•àŸªa.
I Ðû¦è[ª- Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 30 WûË 2005

vÚÛ ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ, ඛú í£ìª-õÚÛª

ö°Ùæ¨N, 2nd RDW (Regular Doing
Words- comes, goes)
1st
RDW (Regular Doing Words- come, go)

ö°Ùæ¨N î¦è[ê¦Ù.
1st
(Past Doing Word- PDW).
ÚÛ«ôÁa-÷è[Ù, Eõñ-è[è[Ù, EvCÙ-àŸè[Ù, ÚÛõ-Þœ-ìè[Ù, Íô¢nÙ
à¶ú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù, Ú•ìè[Ù, ê¶÷è[Ù, ú‡ë]lÄ-í£-è[è[Ù,
îµªàŸªaÚÁ÷è[Ù, û¦åuÙ à¶óŸªè[Ù, ìæ¨Ù-àŸè[Ù, Îè[è[Ù,
RDW ìª
'not' êÁ Þ¥E,
question ö˺ Þ¥F î¦è…ê¶ Nvø‹ÙA Bú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù, í£E-à¶óŸªè[Ù, ÷'ëǯ à¶óŸªè[Ù,
'do', 2nd RDW ìª
'not' êÁÞ¥E,
question ö˺ޥE î¦è[è[Ù, ð§è[ª à¶óŸªè[Ù, ÚÛådè[Ù, E÷-ú‡Ù-àŸè[Ù,
î¦è…ê¶ 'does' ÷ú£ªhÙC ÍE êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. ñêŸÚÛè[Ù.
Ravi: Hello Ramana when did you return
from Vizag?
ÔÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ?
(ô¢÷ªé, îµjâ°Þ ìªÙ# Óí£±pè[ª AJ-Þ•- Let's go over what we've learnt so far.
à¦aô¢ª?) ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛ« û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÛª-ìoC ×þ§J àŸ«ë¯lÙ.
Ramana: I returned yesterday. am, is, are; was, were; have/has been; shall
(Eìo AJ-Þ•-à¦aìª.) be/will be;1st Regular Doing Words (go, Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ›í@õª. come - came
Ravi: Why did you go to Vizag? come, walk ö°Ùæ¨
verbs), 2nd Regular Doing The pages of the book (book's- î¦è[-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª) like - liked
(îµjâ°Þ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª îµü‹xô¢ª?) Words (goes, comes, walks ö°Ùæ¨
verbs) ç¶ñªöËÀ Ú¥üŒ‰x. talk - talked
Ramana: I went there to attend a marriage Oæ¨êÁ 'not' êÁ,
question ö˺
do, does î¦è[è[Ù legs of the table (table's êŸí£±p) smell - smelt
the day before. êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. ÏÙæ¨ êŸõª-í£±õª–Doors of the house. kill - killed
(ÖÚÛ šíRxÚ¨ á-ô¢-ó¶ªuÙ-ë]ªÚÛª îµ³ìo Ïí£±pè[ª Oæ¨E Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Ú¥ô¢ª-àŸ-vÚ¥õª–
Wheels of the car. etc.
ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµü‹xìª.) Ó÷-J/-Ó-÷-JC = whose Ïí£±pè[ª Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é àŸ«è[Ùè…. Oæ¨E çµjîª êµL-ú‡ì past actions ÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù.
Ravi: How did the marriage go off? Ó÷-J-E/-Ó-÷-JÚ¨ = whom Ramu: I went to my uncle's place last Ïí£±pè[ª àŸ«è[Ùè….
(šíRx Óö° áJ-TÙC?) a) Whose book is this? evening. 1) He comes on time everyday, but he came
Ramana: Oh, it went off very well. late yesterday.
(šíRx à¦ö° ò°Þ¥ áJ-TÙC.) (ví£AôÁW çµjîªÚÛª ÷þ§hè[ª, Eìo Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. return ÷à¦aè[ª – yesterday - came)
before)
Óí£±pè[ª(yesterday, day before)
÷ªìÚÛª êµõªú£ª.
(yester-
day), went (day before), went (also day
Ï÷Fo ÚÛ«è¯ ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£ìªõª.
áJÞ¥óµ« ÚÛ«è¯
past actions ÚÛª (ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-T-ð¼-ô³ì í£ìª-õÚÛª Ô
ôÁV, Ô ûµõ, Ô ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù ÍE ÚÛ#aêŸÙÞ¥ êµL-ú‡-ì-
í£±pè[ª) î¦è¶ verb - past doing word. Ð Ú¨ÙC
î¦Ú¥uõª àŸ«è[Ùè….
A
1) He comes here every day.
Íà¶êŸû¦õÚÛª of 2) My mother goes to bed early (regular-
goes). She went late to bed yesterday
(yesterday
went).
ÍE çµjîª àµñªêŸªû¦oÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d –
3) India became independent in 1947.
(òÅ°ô¢ê 1947ö˺ ú£yêŸÙvêŸ ë¶øŒÙ Íô³uÙC.)
4) The movie flopped on the first day of its
release last week (flopped - last week).
5) She passed Intermediate 2 years ago.
Ð Ú¨Ùë] Ï#aì I & II Regular Doing Words
(ví£A-ôÁW) regular action ÏC Ó÷J í£±ú£hÚÛÙ? (Eìo þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÷« ÷«÷ªóŸªu ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ Ú¨ past formsàµí£pÙè….
2) I go to movies every sunday. b) Whose is this book? îµü‹xìª.) eg: buy/buys (regular) - bought (past- Ú•ìåÙ
ÏC regular Ú¥ñæ¨d
'go' Ð í£±ú£hÚÛÙ Ó÷-JC? Raghu: What was the matter? áJ-T-ð¼-ô³ÙC)
B c) ìª÷±y Ó÷-JE ÓÚÛª\÷ Ïù£d-í£-è[-ê¦÷±?A û¦, B û¦? (ÓÙë]ªÚÛª?) sing/sings (regular) - sang (past- ð§è[è[Ù
1) He came here yesterday. Whom do you like more, A or B? Ramu: My cousin returned from the states Íô³-ð¼-ô³ÙC)
(ÍêŸìª Eìo ÷à¦aè[ª) the day before. He wanted to see Oæ¨E vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè….
(past action ÚÛë¯, Eìo ÍÙç¶? Eìo ÍE çµjîª me. Aìè[Ù (Regular), Ú•ìè[Ù, ìè[-÷è[Ù, û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÁ÷è[Ù,
ÚÛ«è¯ àµñªêŸªû¦oÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d came) (îµ³ìoû¶ î¦üŒx-ò°sô³ Í-JÚ¥ ìªÙ# ô¦óŸªè[Ù, ÷«æ°xè[è[Ù, Íô¢÷è[Ù, Ôè[÷è[Ù, ÚÛådè[Ù,
2) He went to a movie last night. AJ-Þ•-à¦aè[ª. ÍêŸìª ììªo ÚÛõ-î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛª- ê¦Þœè[Ù, ÚÛë]õè[Ù, ÷«ô¢è[Ù
ÏC Eìo ô¦vA ÍÙç¶ ÞœêŸÙö˺ × íÆ£ö°û¦ çµjîªö˺ ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 10 û¦oè[ª.) Answers:
áJ-TÙ-ë]E àµñªêŸªû¦oÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d went. Raghu: I tried to get you over phone this eat/eats - ate;
Ð Ú¨ÙC í£æ¨dÚÛ àŸ«è[Ùè…. morning; but your people told me buy/buys - bought;

Regular actions d) ìª÷±y Ó÷-JÚ¨ ú£ï£„-óŸª-í£- you were out. walk/walks - walked;

(vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ-¸ÞN) è[-ê¦÷±? (Ð ôÁV ð»ë]ªlì ÚÛ«è¯ Oª ÚÁú£Ù learn/ learns - learnt;

Regular Doing Words Whom do you help? ðƼûË à¶ø‹ìª. Ú¥F Oª î¦üŒ‰x ö¶ô¢E write/writes - wrote;

e) ÎÚÛª Ó÷ô¢ª êµõªú£ª? àµð§pô¢ª.) talk/talks

shout/shouts
-
-
talked;
shouted;
Whom does she know? Ramu: Yes, I spent the whole of last night
I RDW II RDW ÏÙÚ¥– û¦;
my- mine- û¦C. at my uncle's.
weep/weeps - wept;

(I, We, You & they) (He, She & It) a)ÏC û¦ ÚÛõÙ. M. SURESAN (Í÷±ìª. Eìo ô¦vêŸÙê¦ ÷« ÷«÷ªóŸªu build/builds - built;

î¦üŒx-êÁû¶ Ñû¦oìª.)
drink/drinks - drank;
go goes This is my pen.
move/moves - moved;
see sees b) Ð ÚÛõÙ û¦C. Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é í£J-Q-L›úh ÞœêŸÙö˺ î¦JÚ¨ êµL-ú‡ì change/changes - changed.
come comes This pen is mine. ú£÷ª-óŸªÙö˺ áJ-Tì ú£ÙíÆ£ª-å-ì-õìª ÞœªJÙ# ÷«æ°x-è…-
know knows our - ÷«;
ours - ÷«C ìåªx êµõª-þ¼hÙC. Î verbs: went (last evening),
tell tells your- F/Oª returned (the day before), wanted (after he
teach teaches yours- FC/-OªC came), tried (this morning), told (this morn-
write writes This is my book; Where is yours? Oæ¨E
ing). went, returned, wanted, tried, told -
sing sings (ÏC û¦ í£±ú£hÚÛÙ; Fëµ-ÚÛ\è[?) ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ÍÙæ°Ù. Ïö°Ùæ¨
past tense past
keep keeps his- ÍêŸ-E/-Í-êŸ-EC; verbs- ìª ÷ªìÙ Past Doing WordsÍÙë¯Ù.
learn learns her- Î óµ³ÚÛ\ Oæ¨E ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£ìªõª, Ô ôÁV, ví£øŒo: present tense, past tense, future
walk walks hers- ÎC Ô ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù, Ô çµjîªö˺ ÍE êµL-ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª tense õìª Ô NëÅ]ÙÞ¥, Ôó¶ª Ú¥ö°ö˺x Ñí£-
Past actions, Time stated
her ÍÙç¶ Îîµªìª ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íô¢nÙ ÑÙC. î¦è[ê¦Ù. óµ«-TÙ-à¦ö˺ N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª.
(ÞœêŸÙö˺ × çµjîªö˺ áJ-T-ìN) This is Ramesh's shirt. I met him yesterday. – ú‡. ò°ñª, ÷³ë]l-ì«ô¢ª
ÏC ô¢î¶ªùà à•Ú¥\. ÍÙç¶ ô¢î¶ª-ùÃC, ô¢î¶ª-ùÃÚÛª àµÙCì (Eìo û¶ìª ÍêŸè…E ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦oìª)
Past Doing Words
ÍE êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ 's (Apostrophe- s) áî¦ñª: ÏÙTxùà ÷«æ°x-è¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª tenses ›íô¢ªx êµõª-
went saw
î¦è[ê¦Ù.
They lost a lot of money last year.
ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª. Time of action (í£E-
(ð¼ô³ì ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù î¦üŒ‰x à¦ö° è[ñªs ð¼Þ•-åªd- á-J¸Þ Ú¥õÙ) ñæ¨d î¦è¯-Lqì verb ô¢«í£Ù (verb
came knew
÷« û¦ìo Þ¥J ë]ªú£ªhõª. ÚÛª-û¦oô¢ª)
told taught form) êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙç¶ à¦õª. Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª Ð QJ{-ÚÛö˺
wrote sang
My father's cloths.
÷« Í÷ªt ìÞœõª ÍÙç¶ çµjîª êµL-ú‡ì past actions ìª (ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ- ÷#aì ÍÙø‹-õFo tense ÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#-ìî¶. î¦æ¨E
kept learnt Tì í£ìª-õìª) past doing words ö˺ (past sim- vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè….
ple ö˺) êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸ«L. past doing words (past
My mother's jewels
walked
ÖÚÛJ ÍE Þ¥E, ÖÚÛ-JÚ¨ àµÙCì ÍE Þ¥F àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ ûËÁæËÀ: ÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù (WûË 28ì) Q&A ö˺
Ïö°¸Þ Ð Ú¨ÙC Íô¦nõª ÷à¶a English verbs Ú¨, English ö˺ 's (apostrophe- s) î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íô³ê¶
simple) Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª– ví£àŸªJÙ#ì ví£øŒoö˺E û¦õªÞÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ
Regular Doing Words, Past Doing Words
vð§éÙ ö¶E Íà¶-êŸ-ì-iì î¦æ¨Ú¨ ‘àµÙCì’ Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ 's go - went ú£·ôjìC Ú¥ë]ª. Î î¦ÚÛuÙ Ïö° ÑÙè¯L–
practice à¶óŸªÙè…. î¦è[Ù. ë¯E ñë]ªõª 'of' î¦è[ê¦Ù. see - saw I have known (that) you've stolen my
eg: Aìè[Ù –
eat (I RDW), eats (II RDW), ate write - wrote book.
I Ðû¦è[ª- øŒEî¦ô¢Ù 2 Vöµj 2005

Sridhar: Where were you last Evening? à¶óŸªÙè….) ÷« ÚÛ>ûË áÞœ-Dùà ÚÛ«è¯ ÏÚÛ\-
(Eìo þ§óŸªÙêŸÙ ÓÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦o÷±?) è[ªÙ-æ°è[ª. ìªîµ\-ÚÛ\-è[ªÙ-æ°÷±?
Srikanth: I was at Sankar's. We spent the Ramesh: Ô û¦ÚÛª êµMë]ª. ÓÙë]ªÚÛª êµõªq-ÚÁ-î¦-
evening together. õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±?
(û¶ìª øŒÙÚÛô î¦RxÙæ˺x Ñû¦oìª. Naresh: Eìªo ÷« ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ í‡õ-î¦-õE (want to
þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ Ïë]lô¢Ù ÚÛL›ú Ñû¦oÙ.) î¦è[Ùè…).
Sridhar: Do you see him everyday? Answer:
(ôÁW ìª÷±y ÍêŸEo ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°î¦?) Ramesh: Hi Naresh? How are you?
Srikanth: No. He is out some evenings. He (Ð í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙ-í£±õª ò°Þ¥ practice
attends music classes two or three à¶óŸªÙè…)
evenings a week. Naresh: Fine. Thank you. How are you?
(ö¶ë]ª Ú•Eo-ôÁ-Võª ÍêŸìª þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ Ramesh: Fine too. Thank you. Why are you Ð ÷«å ÚÛ«è¯ ò°Þ¥ î¦è[Ùè… õ. ÍÙê¦ ÷ªì practice Oªë¶ ÑÙC.
ÏÙæ˺x ÑÙè[è[ª. î¦ô¦-EÚ¨ ·ôÙè[ª, ÷´è[ª here? Ramesh: Do you read a lot?
VOCABULARY
þ§óŸªÙ-vê¦õª ú£ÙUêŸÙ û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÛªÙ-æ°è[ª.) (How is it you are here?/What brings you (Have you/do you have the habit of reading?)
Sridhar: When did he start learning? here?/How do I see you here now?- Oå-Eoæ¨ Naresh: Yes, I read a lot. Reading interests Sentence structures ÏÙÚ¥ ò°Þ¥ practice
(û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù Óí£±pè[ª îµ³ë]õª šíæ°dè[ª?) Íô¢nÙ ÖÚÛç¶. Ð î¦Ú¥u-õìª ò°Þ¥ practice me/ I am interested in reading. à¶óŸ«-õÙç¶ vocabulary (í£ë¯õª ÍÙç¶ ÏÙÚ•Eo
Srikanth: I don't know. I think he has been à¶óŸªÙè….) Ramesh: Don't you (Do you not) watch ÷«åõª) êµõªú£ªÚÁ-î¦L.
at, is for at least 6 to 7 months Naresh: I bought some books in this shop movies? climb up = ÓÚÛ\è[Ù
now. here this morning. One of them is (ÏÚÛ\è[ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. àŸ«þ§hî¦? Do you watch? climb down = CÞœè[Ù
rush = êŸyô¢êŸyô¢Þ¥

êÁ
(û¦ÚÛª êµLóŸªë]ª. Ú¥F θôè[ª ûµõ-õªÞ¥ îµüŒxè[Ù/ è¯-N-è…Þ¥
ë¯E Oªë¶ Ñû¦o-è[-ìª-ÚÛªÙæ°.) îµüŒxè[Ù/urgentÞ¥ ë¶Eûµjû¦ í£Ùí£è[Ù.
Sridhar: How about a movie tomorrow? Will

Do you?
Hurry up, please = êŸyô¢Þ¥ Ú¥FóÀª.
you be free? Why are you in a hurry?
(¸ôí£± ú‡E÷«Ú¨ îµüŒë¯÷«? ¸ôí£± ìª÷±y ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙêŸ ê•Ùë]ô¢ FÚÛª?/-ê•Ù-ë]ô¢ í£è[ª-꟪-û¦oîËÂ?
Ý°Só¶ªû¦?) hurry(J) = ê•Ùë]ô¢

í£ë¯õª Îë¯!
Srikanth: I will be away tomorrow. I will be Crawl (vÚ¥öËÀ) = ð§ÚÛè[Ù
free the day after tomorrow. ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Ú¥üŒ‰x ö¶E áÙ꟪-÷±õª, ÷ªK ÓÚÛª\÷
(¸ôí£± û¶ìªÙ-è[ìª. ÓõªxÙè… Ý°SÞ¥ Ú¥üŒ‰xìo âµvô¢ªõª, ê¶üŒŠx ö°Ùæ¨N, ÏÙÚ¥ ìè[÷-ö¶E î¦üŒ‰x
ÑÙæ°ìª.) ò˺ô¦xí£è… ð§ÚÛè[Ù, í‡õxõª, û¦õªÞœª Ú¥üŒx áÙ꟪÷±õª
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. ð§ÚÛè¯Eo creep (vÚ©íÖ-vÚ©íÃq, v·ÚíÃd) ÍÙæ°ô¢ª. Íô³ê¶
Timeìª ñæ¨d î¦è…ì verb forms àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª Þœë¯? ·ôÙè[ª ÷«åõÚÛª ð¼LÚÛ à¦ö° Eë¯-ìÙÞ¥ ÚÛë]õè[Ù.
Ð Ú¨ÙC ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Oª friends êÁ Ú¥F, OªêÁ ú£ï£°- not in a good condition / is in a bad àŸ«è[î¦ – Do you not watch / Don't you Creep-ô¢ï£°-ú£uÙÞ¥, ë•ÙÞœ-êŸ-ìÙÞ¥ ÚÛë]-õè[Ù Íû¶
ÚÛ-JÙචî¦ü˜x-÷-J-êÁ-ûµjû¦ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Ïí£p-æ¨-÷- condition. I want to return it. watch? Íô¢nÙ ÚÛ«è¯ ÑÙC.
ô¢ÚÛª Ð Spoken English Columns ö˺ Ï#aì Ramesh: What's (=What is) wrong with the Naresh: Do you? ÚÛõêŸ = worry (÷J);
N÷-ô¦õª Oªô¢ª follow Íô³ ÑÙç¶, Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é book? ÏÚÛ\è[ Do you watch movies ÍE í£²JhÞ¥ ê¦íˆÞ¥ ìè[-÷è[Ù =amble (ÎÙñªöËÀ)
OªÚÛª à¦ö° ú£ªõòÅ¡Ù. (Ð Ú¨ÙC ›íô¢xÚÛª ñë]ªõª OªOª (What's wrong- ÏC ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ ú£ô¢y-þ§-ëů-ô¢-éÙÞ¥ Íû¦Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª. / Do you sea a lot? (campö˺ am ö°Þ¥ ‘ÎÙ’ í£õ-Ú¥L)
friends ›íô¢xêÁ practice à¶óŸªÙè….) Ramesh: Oh, yes. I ê•Ùë]-ô¢-ð§åª = haste (šï°óÀªúÃd)
Ramesh: óÀª ì¸ôùà Óö° Ñû¦o÷±? watch at least
Naresh: ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦o, ëǯuÙÚÛ«u. PRONUNCIATION GUIDE
ìª÷±y Óö° one movie a
Ñû¦o÷±?
Ramesh: û¶ìª ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦o. ëǯuÙÚÛ«u. ÔÙæ¨
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 11 week. / I watch
movies at least
1) English ö˺ hitting, betting, selling, hum-
ming, cunning ö°Ùæ¨ ÷«å-õö˺ ÷à¶a ·ôÙè[-¤Û-
Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oîËÂ? once a week. ô¦õ« Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ ÖÚÛ Í¤Û-ô¢î¶ª í£õ-Ú¥L.
Naresh: Ð í£±ú£h-Ú¥õ ÿ§í£±ö˺ ð»ë]ªlì Ú•Eo í£±ú£h- î¦è[ê¦ô¢ª– Íô¢nÙ: ÔÙæ¨ ð»ô¢-ð§åª?, ê¶è¯ ÔÙæ¨?, ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯ Oªô¢ª Íõ-î¦åª hitting = æ¨ÙÞÂ
Ú¥õª Ú•û¦oìª. î¦æ¨ö˺ ÖÚÛæ¨ ú£JÞ¥ ꟛíp-÷ª-û¦oû¦?) à¶ú£ªÚÁ-Þœ-L-T궖 Oh, yes, I M. SURESAN betting = òµæ¨ÙÞÂ
ö¶ë]ª. ë¯Eo AJT Ïà¶a-óŸ«-õE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ- Naresh: Some pages are missing. do. At least once a weak. selling = šúLÙÞÂ
åªû¦o. Ramesh: Didn't you (did you not) notice it ÍE clipped sentences (ÚÛªCÙ-#ì î¦Ú¥uõª) î¦è[- humming = NªÙÞÂ
Ramesh: ÔÙæ¨ Î í£±ú£h-ÚÛÙö˺ ö˺í£Ù? this morning when you bought it? ÷àŸªa. ÍÙç¶ I do= I watch. cunning = ÚÛEÙÞÂ,
Naresh: Ú•Eo ›í@õª ö¶÷±. þ§÷«-ìuÙÞ¥ à¦ö°-÷ªÙC Ú•ìè[Ù Íû¶ í£ë¯-EÚ¨, pur- Naresh: Tomorrow is/will be a holiday for (æ¨dÙÞÂ, òµæ¨dÙÞÂ, šúLxÙÞ etc ÍìÚÛ«è[ë]ª)
Ramesh: Ñë]óŸªÙ Ú•ìo-í£±è[ª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸ-ö¶ë¯? chase(s) past doing word 'purchased' î¦è[ª- us. My cousin Jagadish also will 2) Looked, booked, talked, pressed, jumped
Naresh: Ú•ClÞ¥ ê•Ùë]-ô¢ö˺ Ñû¦o! ꟪Ù-æ°ô¢ª– ÏC ð§Ùè…êŸuÙ. ÷«÷´õª ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-é-ö˺- be here tomorrow. Where will you - Ïåª-÷Ùæ¨ ÷«åö˺x #÷J 'ed'E t Þ¥ í£õ-Ú¥L.
Ramesh: FÚÛª í£±ú£h-Ú¥õª àŸCî¶ Íõ-î¦-åªÙë¯? Þ¥E, ô¢àŸ-ìö˺, buy, buys, bought etc. ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. Ú•ìª- be? Looked= Lookt; talked=talkt etc.
Naresh: à¦ö° ÓÚÛª\÷ àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ìª. àŸë]-÷åÙ ÞÁõª Íû¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª purchase î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Ramesh: I don't (do not) know. Why do you
û¦ÚÛª Îú£¸Úh.
Ramesh: ú‡E-÷«õª àŸ«è[î¦?
I have a few purchases to make.
Ú•Eo ÷ú£ªh-÷±õª Ú•ìª-ÞÁõª à¶óŸ«L.
want to know?
Naresh: I wish to/want to invite you to my
Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!
Naresh: ìª÷±y ò°Þ¥ àŸ«þ§hî¦? OöµjìÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª buy, buys, boughtû¶ î¦è[Ùè…. ú£ï£°- place. þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª
Ramesh: Î. ÚÛFú£Ù î¦ô¦-E-ÚÁ-þ§J. áÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC. àŸ«ø‹ô¦. ÷ªìÙ ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª Spoken English ö˺ þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª,
Naresh: ¸ôí£± ÷«ÚÛª šúõ÷± (tomorrowêÁ begin Naresh: I was in a little hurry êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªìo Ú•Cl ÍÙø‹-õ-êÁû¶ ÓÙêŸ ú£ÙòÅ°-ù‡Ù-àŸ-Þœ- þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
ví£øŒo: 'She has had this job for the last 'She has been this job for the last one year ÷«vêŸî¶ª's' / 'es' à¶ô¢ªþ§hÙ.
one year' , 'She has been this job Íû¶ î¦ÚÛuÙ ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. She has been in this ví£øŒo: ‘û¶ìª Î í£E à¶ô³-þ§h쪒. DEE ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ áî¦ñª: I got married, I was married ·ôÙè[«
for the last one year' Ð ·ôÙè[ª job Íû¦L (in ÑÙè¯L). Óö° ÍÙæ°ô¢ª? ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. Íô¢nÙö˺ ÷«vêŸÙ Ú•ClÞ¥ ê¶è¯ ÑÙåªÙC.
î¦Ú¥uõÚÛª ê¶è¯ ÔNªæ¨? ví£øŒo: Simple present tenseö˺ subject's – âµ.·Ú ví£þ§ëÂ, ÚÛè[í£ got married = û¦ÚÛª šíüŒx-ô³ÙC ( Ô ôÁV, Ô
I
– Ná-óŸª-õ¤¨t, Ná-óŸª-î¦è[ singularö˺ Ñìo-í£±pè[ª verbÚÛª 's' Þ¥E, áî¦ñª: I will make him / her / them / you ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù êŸC-êŸô¢ N÷-ô¦õª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d
'es'Þ¥E à¶ô¢ª-þ§hô¢ª. Subject - 'I' Ñìo- do it. clearÞ¥ ÑÙç¶).
áî¦ñª: 'She has had this job for the last
one year' She has been in this job
í£±pè[ª verbÚÛª 's', 'es' à¶ô¢a-·ôÙ-ë]ªÚÛª? ví£øŒo: I got married, I was married Ð Ex: I got married (on Monday last/ last
– ÓÙ. òÅ°ìª-àŸÙ-ë]ôÂ, ÷ªCl-î¦-E-ð§öµÙ
Íû¦o, year / in 2004 / 22nd June etc.)
for the last one year' Íû¦o Íô¢nÙ ÖÚÛç¶. ·ôÙè[ª î¦Ú¥uõª ú£·ôj-ì-î¶û¦? Ô ú£Ùë]-
ÎÚÛª Ð ÑëÁuޜ٠ÖÚÛ ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¢ÙÞ¥ ÑÙë]E áî¦ñª: Simple presentö˺ Singular sub- ô¢sÄÙö˺ Óö°Ùæ¨ î¦Ú¥uEo Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ- I was married = DE Íô¢nÙ Íí£p-æ¨¸Ú û¦ÚÛª

jects ÍEoÙ-æ¨Ú¨ VerbÚÛª 's' / 'es'à¶ô¢aÙ. III à¦L? šíüŒx-ô³-ð¼-ô³Ù-ë]E.

– ÓöËÀ. û¦¸ÞøŒyô¢ô¦÷±, Þœªè…-î¦è[ Q: Were you married (at the time)?
îµ³ë]æ¨ î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨ Íô¢nÙ. ·ôÙèÁ î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨ Íô¢nÙ–
Î Ð ÑëÁu-ÞœÙö˺ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù ìªÙ< ÑÙC. Person singular subjects- He, She, It ÚÛª
A: yes, I was married.
I Ðû¦è[ª- þ¼÷ªî¦ô¢Ù 4 Vöµj 2005

Pranav: How is everybody, Praveen? ÑÙè[è[Ù.

(ví£OéÉÂ! ÍÙë]ô¢« Óö° Ñû¦oô¢ª, children (plural) - child (singular)
ÚÛªøŒ-õ÷«?) child
ÚÛª ñë]ªõª ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ he/she Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ It
Praveen: Not bad, I suppose. How is it with ÍÙæ°Ù.
you? 6. Do snakes lay eggs?
(ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦o-÷ª-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o. ìªîµyö° (ð§÷³õª Þœªè[ªx šíè[-ê¦óŸ«?)
Ñû¦oîËÂ) pron: lay : (öµóÀª) = Þœªè[ªx-ö°Ù-æ¨N šíådè[Ù
Pranav: Fine. Thank you. 7. These hotels do good business.
(ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦o) do good business = î¦uð§ô¢Ù ò°Þ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù
šíj÷Fo ÚÛ«è¯ í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙí£± ÷«åö¶. Oª všíÆÙèÂqìª, 8. Why do students waste time?
ú£Eo--꟪-õìª ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ìo-í£±pè[ª Ïö° í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙí£± (Në¯u-ô¢ªnõª ú£÷ªóŸªÙ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÷'ëǯ à¶þ§hô¢ª?)
÷«åõª î¦è[ª-꟪Ù-è[Ùè…. 9. How well they swim!
Praveen: How about practising the following (î¦üŒ‰x ÓÙêŸ ò°Þ¥ Ðë]ª-ê¦ôÁ!) ★ ★ ★ ô¦÷³: Î à¦ö° ò°Þ¥ Uú£ªhÙC. ÞœêŸ-î¦ô¢Ù ñ-
exercise? (How about Íû¶ ÷«å ÏC ÎøŒa-ô¦u-ô¢nÚÛÙ (exclamation )!. question Ú¥ë]ª. Pranav: Well, how was that exercise? ÷ªA ÚÛ«è¯ êµàŸªa-ÚÛªÙC. (get î¦è[Ùè….)
English
ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ°-EÚ¨ ö˺ 10. Do I look ill? exercise?
(Óö° ÑÙë¯ ) ô¢íÆ£³: UóŸªè[Ù ÓÚÛ\è[ û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÛªÙC?
exercise
êŸô¢àŸª î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. ÍÙç¶ Ð ìª (û¶ìª Íû¦-ôÁ-ÞœuÙÞ¥ ÚÛE-í‡-ú£ªh-û¦oû¦?) Praveen: Which exercise do you mean? ô¦÷³: þ»ÙêŸÙ-Þ¥û¶ û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÛªÙC.
practice à¶ë¯l÷«? ÍE Íô¢nÙ) 11. Where do they work? (Ô ÓÚÛq-ôÂ-šújâÉÀ ÞœªJÙ# ìª÷±y ÷«æ°x-è[ª- Answer:
Pranav: It suits me fine. ꟪-û¦o÷±?)
(î¦üŒ‰x ÓÚÛ\è[ í£E-à¶-þ§hô¢ª? / î¦üŒx ÑëÁuޜ٠Raghu: Who drew that picture?
ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ êŸô¢àŸª ÷ªì ú£÷ªt-AE êµL-óŸª- Pranav: The last exercise about rewriting
Ramu: Lata
ÓÚÛ\è[?)
12. Do you go to movies often? sentences after changing the sub-

÷«å ÖÚÛç¶
â¶-óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ î¦è[ê¦Ù.
Raghu: Does she draw so well?
Let's (= let us) see what it is.
(
ÔÙæ˺ àŸ«ë¯lÙ/àŸ«è[F) Ramu: She draws very well. She got even
Exercise -1: a prize last week.
Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-ö˺xE subject
ìª, He/she/It Þ¥ (even a prize = ñ-÷ªA ÚÛ«è¯)
sen- Raghu: Where did she learn it?

Íô¦nõª î¶ô¢ªî¶ô¢ª!
÷«Ja, ÍÙë]ªÚÛª êŸTì ÷«ô¢ªpõª NªÞœê¦
tenceö˺ à¶ú‡practice
à¶óŸªÙè…. Ramu: She learnt it on her own.
eg:
(on her own = þ»ÙêŸÙÞ¥, on my own = û¦
I know the subject well.
ÍÙêŸ-å- û¶û¶, on their own = î¦üŒxÙêŸå î¦ü™x,
(û¦ÚÛª Î ú£òµbÚÂd êµõªú£ª) on his own = ÍêŸ-ìÙ-êŸå ÍêŸû¶)
ÏÚÛ\è… subject 'I'. I Ú¨ ñë]ªõª, He/She (ÏÚÛ\è[ ÷ªSx draw Íû¶ ÷«åìª Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù.
it šíè…ê¶ ú£·ôjì Íô¢nÙ ô¦ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d ÷C-ö¶-óŸªÙè….)
ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ Ô ›í·ôjû¦ Shravan ÍûËÁ, Anjali ÍûËÁ DEÚ¨ ·ôÙè[ª Íô¦nõª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ ÚÛë¯.
3) draw = Ôëµjû¦ ÓÚÛ\-èµjû¦ regular Þ¥ supply
î¦è¯-÷ª-ìª-ÚÁÙè…. Íí£±pè[ª I know the subject well
Íû¶ î¦ÚÛuÙ He/She/Shravan/Anjali knows the ð»Ùë]è[Ù.
subject well. Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ª-꟪ÙC. (Oªô¢ª êŸô¢àŸª ú‡E-÷«-õ-·Ú-ü‹hô¦?) ject? û¶ìª Ð ñ«êÂ-ö˺û¶ ð§õª Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ìª.
13. What do they think of this plan? (ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]-JC. sentences ö˺ I draw milk from this booth.
eg2:
(î¦üŒ‰x Ð í£ëÇ]ÚÛÙ ÞœªJÙ# Ô÷ª-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª?) subject ÷«Ja ô¦óŸªè[Ù) People of this area draw milk from this
These books give a lot of information.
14. What do they do in the evenings? Praveen: It helps us to know when to use booth.
the 1st RDW- Regular Doing
(Ð í£±ú£h-Ú¥õª à¦ö° ú£÷«-à¦-ô¦Eo Ïþ§hô³.)
4) draw= bank ö˺Ù# þ»÷³t Bú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù.
Ð sentenceö˺ subject 'These books'. Words (come,
'These books' ÚÛª ñë]ªõª He/She/Ó÷J He drew Rs. 5000 from the bank.
go ö°Ùæ¨N),
›í·ôjû¦(Ramu/Sita) / this book/it, subject Þ¥ withdraw ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íì-÷àŸªa.
2nd RDW
5) draw=
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 12
î¦è…ê¶ (comes, goes
ð»Ùë]è[Ù
These books give a lot of information Íû¶ Freedom fighters drew inspiration from
do,
ö°Ùæ¨N),
Gandhi.
does.
î¦ÚÛuÙ
He/She/Ram/Sita/This book/ It gives a lot of þ§yêŸÙvêŸu ú£÷ª-ô¢-óµ«-ëÅ]ªõª Þ¥ÙDÅ ìªÙ# ú£«pÄJh
(î¦üŒ‰x þ§óŸªÙ-vê¦õª ÔÙ à¶þ§hô¢ª?) (ÏN 1st RDW, 2nd RDW,
information Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ª-꟪ÙC.
sentence sub-
15. Do you like tea? What do they prefer, cof- do, does ö°Ùæ¨N êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ- M. SURESAN ð»Ùë¯ô¢ª.
Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ Ï#aì Ú•Eo ö˺E fee or tea? è¯-EÚ¨ Ñí£-óµ«Þœè[ê¦ô³) pron: Inspiration ÏûËÂ-ú‡p-·ô-óÀª-ù£ûË = ú£«pÄJh
ject He/She/It/Any name
Ð Ú¨ÙC ÷«åõª vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè…. 6) ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù ð»Ùë]è[Ù = draw information
ìª (Ô ÷uÚ¨h ›íô¢-ô³û¦, (FÚÛª æ© Ïù£d÷«? î¦üŒxÚÛª ÔC ÓÚÛª\÷ Ïù£dÙ,
practice
Ô ÷ú£ªh÷± ›íô¢-ô³û¦) šíæ¨d à¶óŸªÙè…. The police were unable to draw informa-
ú£«àŸì: 'pron' –ÍÙç¶ pronunciation ÍE.
æ©û¦ Ú¥íƈû¦?)
Answers:
ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺x î¦è[ªêŸ« ÑÙè[Ùè…. tion from the accused.
1. I think I am right. turn on the tap/turn the tap on= í£Ùí£± ÷ë]-õè[Ù
1. He/She/any name thinks he/she is right. (ð¼M-ú£ªõª EÙC-êŸªè… ìªÙ# ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù ð»Ùë]-
turn off the tap/turn the tap off= í£Ùí£± ÚÛç¶d-
(û¶ìª ·ôjæËÀ Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª). 2. He/She/any name helps their/his/her ö¶ÚÛ/ ô¦ñ-åd-ö¶-ÚÛ-ð¼-óŸ«ô¢ª.)
2. They help their father quite often. father quite often.
óŸªè[Ù
Ram: Turn on the tap please, I need some accused (ÍÚÛ«uúÃd) = EÙC-꟪è[ª (àŸåd í£J-òÅ°ù£).
(î¦üŒ‰x î¦üŒx û¦ìoÚÛª êŸô¢àŸª ú£ï£„-óŸª-í£-è[-ê¦ô¢ª.) 3. My dog/It/He/She often troubles my/ his/
pron: often ÎíÆ£-ûËÂ/-Î-íÆ£dûË water.
her neighbours.
3. My dogs often trouble my neighbours. 4. He/ She/any name goes to temple on fri-
(Ú¥ú£h í£Ùí£± Aí£pÙè…. û¦ÚÛª FüŒ‰x Ú¥î¦L.)
Shyam: As soon as you draw enough water,
(û¦ ÚÛªÚÛ\õª ÷« ð»ô¢ªÞœª î¦üŒxìª êŸô¢àŸª days.
please turn it off. Don't waste water.
ÏñsÙC šíè[ª-꟪Ù-æ°ô³.) 5. He/ She/ A good child/ It/ any name obeys
ÏÚÛ\è[ subject 'My dogs' - DEo Oªô¢ª his/her/its/ any name's parent.
(OªÚÛª Ú¥î¦-Lq-ìEo FüŒ‰x Bú£ªÚÛªìo êŸô¢-î¦êŸ
His/Her/any name šíæ¨d àµí£pÙè…. 'My dog'êÁ 6. Does a snake/It lay eggs?
í£Ùí£± Λí-óŸªÙè…. FüŒ‰x ÷'ëǯ à¶óŸª-ÚÛÙè….)
ÚÛ«è¯ àµí£pÙè…. 7. This hotel/It does good business.
ÏÚÛ\è[ draw Íû¶ ÷«å àŸ«è[Ùè….
4. I go to temple on fridays. 8. Why does a student waste his/her/any
draw:
1) FüŒ‰x ö°Ùæ¨N êÁè[è[Ù, à¶ë]è[Ù
ví£øŒo: WûË 24 ‘ví£AòÅ¡’ þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùà Q&A QJ{-
5. Good children always obey their parents. name's time? ÚÛö˺ ÓÙ. -ûËÂ-ô¦÷±, ìt-Ú•Ùè[ ìªÙ#
9. How well he/she /any name/ It We draw water from the tap/ the well/ the
parents
(ñªClÄ-÷ªÙ-꟪-öµjì í‡õxõª î¦üŒx ÚÛª NëŶ- (áÙ꟪÷± ‘Óí£±p-èµjû¦ ›ú-î¦J Oªë¶ ÏÙÚ¥ òÅ°ô¢Ù
óŸªÙÞ¥ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª.) Íô³ê¶) swims? river etc., í£è[ª-꟪ÙC’ Íû¶ î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨ ú£÷«-ì-iì eng-
pron: obey ÖòµóÀª = Íé-ÚÛª-÷Þ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù, ÷«å 10. Does he/she/any name look ill? 2) draw ÚÛª ·ôÙèÁ Íô¢nÙ ÷ªìÙ-ë]-JÚ© êµõªú£ª. lish proverb ÑÙç¶ àµí£p-÷ªE Íè…-Þ¥ô¢ª.
Nìè[Ù, NëŶ-óŸªêŸ ÚÛLT 11. Where does he/she/any name work? ò˹÷ªtõª î¶óŸªè[Ù. ë¯EÚ¨ ú£·ôjì proverb ö¶ë]E àµð§pô¢ª. Ú¥F
12. Does he/she/any name go to movies Bapu draws beautiful pictures Íë¶ Íô¢nÙö˺ ÖÚÛ saying ÑÙC ÚÛë¯?
Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!
often? (ò°í£± ÍÙë]-iì ò˹÷ªtõª Uþ§hô¢ª) 'All lay loads on a willing horse'
13. What does he/she/any name think of this 1st RDW= draw, 2nd RDW = draws, Past
– âµ. òµEê¦ è¶NèÂ, ÚÛô¢«oõª
Doing Word = drew.
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª plan?

þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª,

þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82.
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net
14. What does he/she/any name do in the Ð Ú¨ÙC ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Englishö˺ vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè…. áî¦ñª: Í÷±ìª. Thank you very much òµEê¦
evenings? ô¢íÆ£³: Î ò˹÷ªt Uú‡Ù-ëµ-÷ô¢ª? è¶NèÂ. One is never too old to learn (ÓÙêŸ
15. Does he/she/any name like tea? What ô¦÷³: õêŸ
ô¢íÆ£³: Î ÍÙêŸ ò°Þ¥ Uú£ªhÙë¯?
÷óŸªú£ª ôjû¦ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦-Lq-ìN ÑÙæ°ô³)
does he/she prefer?
Íû¶C Óí£±pè[« ÚÛ·ôÚÂd.
I Ðû¦è[ª- ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 6 Vöµj 2005

Ajitha: Hi Naresh, how goes Life? î¦è[-÷àŸªa.

(à¦õ í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙí£± ÷«åö˺x ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ eg:
ÖÚÛæ¨. Practice à¶ú‡ î¦è[Ùè…. Dìô¢nÙ, 1)
Óö° Ñû¦o÷± ÍE) Laxman: Did you meet Ram yesterday?
Naresh: No regrets. Getting on. Bharat: Yes, I did.
(ò°ëÅ]-ö¶Oª ö¶÷±. ÔëÁ áJ-T-ð¼-êÁÙC.) ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ Íô³ê¶, Yes I met him ÍÙæ°Ù.
Ajitha: Did you go through the Eenadu this Conversational
Þ¥ Íô³ê¶ 'Yes I did' à¦õª.
morning? 2)
(Ð ôÁV ð»ë]ªlì ‘Ðû¦è[ª’ àŸC-î¦î¦?) Divya: Does she sing well?
Naresh: No, I didn't. What's new? Deepika: She does, very well.
(ö¶ë]ª. Ôiû¦ Nø™ù£Ù ÑÙë¯?) conversational
Þ¥ She does ÍÙç¶ à¦õª.
Ajitha: Don't you (Do not you/Do you not) ÷«÷´õªÞ¥ Íô³ê¶, Yes, she sings very well
read the newspaper? ÍÙæ°Ù.
(ì«uúÃ-›í-í£ô àŸë]-÷î¦?) 3) (šíj áî¦-ñªö˺x 2 ö˺ No, she is not a good Suman: ÍC Þ•í£pëÁ Ú¥ëÁ û¦ÚÛª êµMë]ª, Ú¥E one
Naresh: I do, of course. But this morning I Champa: Do you practice the game regu- singer ÍE Ú¥E, 3 ö˺ No, we are not students of the hottestÍE ÷«vêŸÙ êµõªú£ª.
was in a hurry. I just ran through the larly? ÍE Ú¥F í£²JhÞ¥ Íì-ÚÛ\-ô¢-ö¶ë]ª) 6)
headlines. My sister reads the Charan: Oh, yes, I do. Ú•ÙàµÙ ›ï°üŒ-ìÞ¥ áî¦-G-÷y-è¯-EÚ¨ ÚÛ«è¯ Ð clipped Madan: ìª÷±y à¦ö° ÷ªÙ#-î¦-è…ö° ÚÛE-í‡-ú£ªh-û¦o÷±.
paper in detail. I practice the game regularly ÍE îµ³êŸhÙ Íì- responses- ÚÛªCÙ-#ì ú£pÙë]-ìõª– î¦è[ª-꟪Ùæ°Ù. (seem; a good fellow î¦è[Ùè…)
(àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ìª. Ú¥F ð»ë]ªlì è¯-N-è…ö˺ ÚÛªÙè¯,'I do' ÍÙç¶ ú£ï£°-áÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC. Ð Ú¨ÙC ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é àŸ«è[Ùè…. Manoj: Í÷±û¦? ÍC F ÷ªÙ#-êŸìÙ ÷õx
šï°èÂ-öµjûËÂq ÷«vêŸÙ àŸCî¦. ÷« àµöµxõª 4) Govind: I play better than Sachin. 7)
›íí£ô êŸhÙ àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪ÙC.) Prameela: Does Kranthi meet you often? Mukund: î¦üŒ‰x òÅ°ô¢-B-óŸ³ö°?
(û¶ìª ú£#ûË ÚÛÙç¶ ò°Þ¥ Îè[-ê¦ìª.) Murari:
Ajitha: Does she? Prasanthi: No, she doesn't (= does not) Ú¥ô¢ª/ Í÷±ìª.
Govardhan: Oh, do you? People don't know
(Í÷±û¦?) 8)
ÏÚÛ\è[answer, 'no' she doesn't
Ú¥ñæ¨d ÍÙæ°Ù. that, unfortunately
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ 'do, does, did' Óö° î¦è¯ôÁ Nelson: Ð í£±ú£h-Ú¥õª Oªî¦?
No, she does not meet me often ÍE í£²JhÞ¥ (×É˺, Íö°Þ¥?ví£á-õ-ÚÛC êµLóŸªë]ª,
àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛë¯. ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª ÚÛ«è¯ Oæ¨E Neeraj: Í÷±ìª. Í÷Fo û¦î¶/-Ú¥÷±.

í£²JhÞ¥.... àµí£pÚÛ\¸ôxë]ª!
Íì-ÚÛ\-ô¢-ö¶ë]ª. ë]ªô¢ë]'ù£dÙ – ÏC ›ï°üŒì) 9)
N÷JÙà¦Ù. ÷ªSx ÷ªô¢#ð¼ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙè¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª Ð
Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸªÙè…. Taruni:Oªô¢ª æ©O úˆJ-óŸªöËÀq àŸ«þ§hô¦?
eg: Sania: Í÷±ìª àŸ«þ§h-ìª/-àŸ«-è[ìª.
1) Taruni:ÍN Îú£Ú¨hÞ¥ ÑÙæ°óŸ«.
Pavan: Eìo Oª Ú¥ô¢ª-¸Ú-÷ª-ô³ÙC? Sania: Í÷±-ìª/-Ú¥ë]ª ('are' î¦è[Ùè…)
(Í÷è[Ù– happen. what, who êŸô¦yêŸ Ú•Eo 10)
ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺x questionsö˺ 'do', 'does', 'did' Bhaskar: î¦Rx-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¶-î¦ü‹x? (were î¦è[Ùè…)
ô¦÷±. eg: Oª·Ú-÷-J-à¦aô¢ª Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ? Who Bhanu: Í÷±-ìª/-Ú¥ë]ª (were î¦è¯L)
gave you the book?) 11)
(What happened to your car yes- Teacher: Ð ví£øŒo ÚÛù£d÷«?
5) OªJ-í£±pè[ª do, does, did, am, is, are etc...
terday?) Pupil: Í÷±-ìª/-Ú¥ë]ª (is ô¦î¦L)
Sekhar: Did you talk to Kalyan yesterday? î¦è[ªêŸ« Ð Ú¨ÙC conversation English ö˺ Oª
Prakash: ÍC ë¯Jö˺ ÎT-ð¼-ô³ÙC. Chandra: No, I didn't (= did not) Answers:
friends êÁ practice à¶óŸªÙè…:
(It broke down yesterday.) No, I did not talk to him.
í£²JhÞ¥ Íû¦Lqì í£E-
- break
(Ú¥ô¢ª, óŸªÙvê¦õª í£E-à¶-óŸª-ÚÛ-ð¼-÷è[Ù Ú¨ÙC Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª àŸ«è[Ùè…. 1)
ö¶ë]ª. Krishna: OªÚÛª ÙD êµõªþ§? Pratima: Do you speak Tamil?
down) 6)
Pavan: (Do you know Hindi?) Pratibha: Yes, I do / No, I don't.
ÍC êŸô¢àŸ« ÎT-ð¼-꟪Ù-åªÙë¯? Mallik: Do you like cricket?
(Does it break down frequently?) Srinivas: êµMë]ª 2)
Prakash: êŸô¢àŸ« áô¢-Þœë]ª. Eìo ÷«vêŸÙ Ñìo- (No, I don't)/ Janaki: Does Venu like Tennis?
åªxÙè… ÎT-ð¼-ô³ÙC. êµõªú£ª (yes, I do). Jayanthi: Yes, he does / No, he doesn't.
(No, it doesn't (does not)). 1) 3)
Pratima:
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 13
No clear
êÁ ÚÛ«è¯ ÎT-ð¼-÷àŸªa. Ú•ÙàµÙ Þ¥ Íô³ê¶, Oªô¢ª êŸNªüŒÙ Shyam: I want to become the CM
No, it doesn't
ÍÙç¶ à¦õª. ÷«æ°x-è¯-ê¦ô¦? Sundar: Oh, do you? Is that enough?
Pratibha: ÷«æ°x-è[ª-ê¦-ìª/- 4)
No it doesn't breakdown frequently ÍE í£²JhÞ¥
àµð§pLqì í£E-ö¶ë]ª. Madhav: No, I don't (= do not)
÷«-æ°x-è[ìª. Prabhat: Kamal left for/went to Mumbai
2) yesterday
2) I don't like cricket M. SURESAN
ÍE í£²JhÞ¥ Íì-ÚÛ\-ô¢-ö¶ë]ª. Janaki: î¶éªÚÛª çµEúà Praveen: Did he? Why?
Pradeep: Sreenivas sings well.
Ð Ú¨ÙC conversation í£J-Q-LÙ-àŸÙè…. Do, does Ïù£d÷«?(like î¦è[Ùè…) 5)
(XE-î¦úà ò°Þ¥ ð§è[-ê¦è[ª). did ö°Þ¥û¶ am, is, are, was, were õêÁ ÚÛªxí£hÙÞ¥ Jayanthi:
Prasanth: Does he?
Ïù£d-/-Ú¥ë]ª Sukumar: Our city is the best in A.P.
responses Ï÷y-÷àŸªa. 3) Suman: Oh, is it? which city is it?
(Í÷±-û¦?/-ð§-è[-ê¦è¯?) 1) Shyam:
ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯ does he sing so well ÍE í£²JhÞ¥ û¶ìª ÷³Üu-÷ªÙvAE Ú¥î¦õ-ìª-Ú•Ù-åª- Sukumar: Vijayawada
Padma: Are you a teacher? û¦oìª. Suman: I don't know whether it is the
Íû¦Lqì í£E-ö¶ë]ª. Sundar:
3)
(Oªô¢ª æ©àŸô¦?) ×É˺ Íö°Þ¥? ÍC à¦ö°? best, but I know it is one of the
Prakash: Yes I am. 4)
Vinai: She scored the highest marks in last
(Í÷±ìª) hottest places.
Yes, I am a teacher Prabhat: (go /
6)
week's exam.
Íì-ÚÛ\-ô¢-ö¶ë]ª. Eìo ÚÛ÷ªöËÀ ÷³Ùò°óÀª îµü‹xè[ª
2) leave î¦è[Ùè…)
(ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù í£K-¤Ûö˺ ÎÚÛª ÍÙë]J ÚÛû¦o Madan: You seem/appear to be a good fel-
Sita: Is Uma a good singer? Praveen: Íö°Þ¥? ÓÙë]ªÚÛª?
ÓÚÛª\÷ ÷«ô¢ª\õª ÷à¦aô³.) low
Alivelu: No, she isn't (= is not) 5)
Varun: Did she? Manoj: Do I? That's because of your good-
(Î Ú¥ë]ª) Sukumar:÷« Òô¢ª ÎÙvëÅ]-ví£-ë¶øÉ êŸhÙö˺
(ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯ Did she score... ÍE ness.
í£²JhÞ¥ Íû¦Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.) 3) Þ•í£pC (best î¦è[Ùè…) 7)
Ramesh: Are you students? Suman: Íö°Þ¥? Ô Òô¢Ùè† ÍC?
Íö°¸Þ Í÷±ìª, Ú¥ë]ª í£ë¯õÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ do, does, did Jagan & Naresh: No, we aren't/yes, we are Sukumar: Ná-óŸª-î¦è[
Mukund: Are they Indians?
Murari: No, they aren't / yes, they are
8)
ví£øŒo: ÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª First, second, next áî¦ñª: îµ³ë]æ¨ î¦ÚÛuÙ ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. was
'Best' áî¦ñª: This stone was laid by somebody Nelson: Are these books your's?
Íû¶ í£ë¯õª Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ-àŸ-÷à¦a? êŸô¦yêŸ, ÍÙç¶ Ô 'be' form êŸô¦yêŸ ÚÛ«è¯, do, ÏÚÛ\è[ stone ÍÙç¶ í£±û¦-C-ô¦ô³. ÍÙç¶, Neeraj: Yes, they are all mine / No,they
– >.N.-X-ë¶N, Î÷ª-ë¯-õ-÷-õú£ go, come, walk ö°Ùæ¨ 1st RDW (1st Dams, GLfÙ-ÞÂq-ö°Ùæ¨ Eô¦t-é°õª vð§ô¢Ù-GÅÙ-à¶-å- aren't. (= are not)
Regular Doing Words) ô¦÷±. ÏÚÛ\è[ was í£±pè[ª VIPõª í£±û¦-C-ô¦ô³ î¶óŸªè[Ù / øŒÙÚÛª-þ§n-
áî¦ñª: 'First best' ÍE ÍìÙ. ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶, do Íû¶C English Ú¥ë]ª. ·ôÙèÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ 'What í£ì à¶óŸªè[Ù.
9)
Taruni: Do you watch TV serials?
'best' ö˺û¶ first Íû¶ òÅ°÷Ù ÑÙC. next best, did he do?' ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. ÏÚÛ\è[ verb: did do = did. The CM laid the foundation stone for the Sania: Yes, I do / No, I don't (=do not)
second best, third best... Íì-÷àŸªa. Answer: He played / sang; He did not do bridge. Taruni: Are they interesting?
ví£øŒo: Interrogative sentences ö˺ helping anything ö°Þ¥ ô¦÷àŸªa. (÷³Üu-÷ªÙvA ÷Ùêµ-ìÚÛª í£±û¦-C-ô¦ô³ î¶ø‹ô¢ª / Sania: Yes, they are / No, they aren't
verbsìª Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ-à¶-å-í£±pè[ª was ví£øŒo: This stone was laid by somebody øŒÙÚÛª-þ§n-í£ì à¶ø‹ô¢ª.) 10)
ö¶ë¯ did Ôó¶ª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x î¦è¯L? Íû¶ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ 'laid' ÞœªJÙ# N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ- lie (present tense) (Íñë]lÄÙ àµí£pè[Ù), lied (past Bhaskar: Were they here?
Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uö˺x ÔC ú£·ôj-ìëÁ êµõ-í£Ùè…. õô¢ª. Íö°¸Þ lying Íû¶, lie Íû¶ verbs tense), lied (past participle).
Bhanu: Yes, they were / No, they weren't
1) What was he do? ÚÛª, laid Íû¶ verb ÚÛª present, past, lie (present) (í£è[ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù, Nvø‹ÙA Bú£ª-ÚÁ- 11)
2) What did he do? past participle êµõ-í£Ùè…. lay (past), laim(past participle).
Teacher: Is this question difficult?
÷è[Ù...),
–ÓúÃ.-îµj.·Ú., õ·Úq-æ¨d-›íå – Xìª, òÅ¡vë¯-àŸõÙ lay (present)
(ÑÙàŸè[Ù, Þœªè[ªx-ší-ådè[Ù, øŒÙÚÛª-þ§n- Pupil: Yes, it is / No it isn't
í£ì à¶óŸªè[Ù), laid (past), laid (past participle).
I Ðû¦è[ª- øŒ‰vÚÛî¦ô¢Ù 8 Vöµj 2005

eg: Ram: ìª÷±y ò°Þ¥ wèµjîË à¶þ§hî¦? (Good at eg:

1) What gives light and heat to the
world?
(ví£í£Ù-à¦-EÚ¨ îµõª-Þœªìª, î¶è…E Ïà¶aC ÔC?)
2) What happened yesterday?
(Eìo ÔÙ áJ-TÙC?)
Ð ·ôÙè[ª î¦Ú¥uö˺x what êŸô¦yêŸ does
give ÍE Ú¥E, did happen ÍE Ú¥F
ÍìÙ. Íö°¸Þ, 'who' êŸô¦yêŸ ÚÛ«è¯.
eg:
1) Who knows the answer?
(ú£÷«-ëůìÙ Ó÷-JÚ¨ êµõªú£ª?
does know?' ÍìÙ.)
2) Who gave you the book last night?
(Eìo ô¦vA FÚÛª Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ Ó÷-J-
Let's go to a movie
driving/well ·ôÙè[« î¦è[Ùè…) 1) ú‡E-÷«·ÚüŒë¯Ù í£ë].
Rahim: ìª÷±y àŸ«þ§hî¦ Óö° à¶þ§hûËÁ? ô¦, Let's (= Let us) go to a movie
Ú¥ú£h ë]«ô¢Ù îµü‹lÙ. 2) Ú¥ú£h Ú¥íƈ ê¦Þœªë¯Ù
(Ú¥ô¢ª, ñúà ö°Ùæ¨ î¦æ¨ö˺x îµüŒxè[Ù – ride) Let's have Coffee
3) ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµüŒë¯Ù í£ë].
Let's go home
4) ÏÙTxùÃö˺ ÷«æ°x-è[ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 14
Let us (Let's) converse in English
5) ÏÙTxùà û¶ô¢ªa-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù
Let's (Let us) learn English.
Answer: II.
'Who
'Let' ÍÙç¶ ÏÙÚÁ Íô¢nÙ à¶óŸªE÷±y, AìE÷±y,
Ram: What happened yesterday?
Rahim: My car broke down.
àŸ«è[E÷±y-ö°Ùæ¨ òÅ°÷Ù (= ú£÷ªt-AÙ-àŸè[Ù)
1) î¦è…E ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ô¦FóŸªÙè….
Ram: Does it breakdown often?
Let him come here

ô¦F...ô¦F... ÷›úh ô¦F!!

à¦aô¢ª?– Who did give you? ÍìÙ.) Rahim: No. It doesn't usually. Only yester-
2) î¦üŒxìª îµüŒxFóŸªÙè….
Let them go
3) ììªo ÷«æ°x-è[FóŸªÙè….
Venkat: Someone wants to see you. Let me talk
(Ó÷ôÁ Nª÷ªtLo àŸ«è¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª.) 4) ÎN-è[ìª ð§è[FóŸªÙè….
Venu: Let him come in. (ö˺í£-LÚ¨ ô¢÷ªt-ìÙè….) Let her sing
Venkat: He wants to talk you sir. 5) ììªo NìFóŸªÙè….
(ÎóŸª-ì OªêÁ ÷«æ°x-è¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª.) Let me hear M. SURESAN
Venu: Ok, what does he want to talk to me? III.
(ú£¸ô, ÎóŸªì û¦êÁ ÔÙ ÷«æ°x-è¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ- Let ÍÙç¶ ÏÙÚÁ Íô¢nÙ ú£÷ªt-AÙ-àŸè[Ù (allow)
åª-û¦oô¢ª?) 1) ÷ªSx î¦è…E ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦F-óŸªìª
Venkat: I do not know.
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é practice à¶óŸªÙè…. day. I don't let him come here again.
(û¦ÚÛª êµL-óŸªë]ª.) Ram: Who repaired it? 2)
Venu: Ok, let him talk. First of all let him Ram: Eìo ÔÙ áJ-TÙC? î¦è…E çµjîª î¶úÃd à¶óŸªE÷yÚÛª
Rahim: û¦ Ú¥ô¢ª ð§èµjð¼ô³ ÎT-ð¼-ô³ÙC Rahim: A nearby mechanic. Don't let him waste time/ Let him not waste
come in.
(break down î¦è[Ùè….) Ram: Do you drive? time.
(ú£¸ô, ÍêŸ-è…E ÷«æ°x-è[-F-óŸªÙè…. ÷³Ùë]ª Rahim: Oh, Yes, I do.
ö˺í£-LÚ¨ ô¦F-óŸªÙè….) (break down ÍÙç¶ Ú¥ô¢ª, ö°K, ñúÃ, Ôëµjû¦ 3) DEo î¦è…Ú¨ êµLóŸª-E-÷yÚÛª
Ram: Have you/ Do you have a driver, or Don't let him know it / Let him not know it.
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ let î¦è[ªÚÛ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. DEo ÷ªì óŸªÙvêŸÙ àµè…-ð¼ô³ ÎT-ð¼÷è[Ù)
do you drive it yourself?
ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ ú£ô¢y-þ§-ëů-ô¢-éÙÞ¥ î¦è[ª-꟪Ùæ°Ù. Ram: êŸô¢àŸ« àµè…-ð¼ô³ ÎT-ð¼-꟪Ùë¯? 4) ÎN-è[êÁ î¦è…E ÷«æ°xè[E÷yÚÛª
Rahim: ö¶ë]ª, ö¶ë]ª. Eìo ÷«vêŸî¶ª áJ-TÙC. Rahim: I don't have a driver. I drive it
English ö˺ I RDW (Regular Doing Words- Don't let him talk to her.
Ram: myself.
go, come ö°Ùæ¨ verbs)ìª notêÁ questions ö˺
ë¯Eo Ó÷ô¢ª J›íô¢ª à¶ø‹ô¢ª? 5) î¦è…E ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè[E÷yÚÛª
Rahim: ë]Þœ_-ôÁxû¶ Ñìo ڥ-EÚÂ. Ram: Do you drive well? / Are you good
î¦è…ìí£±pè[ª 'do'; II RDW (goes, comes ö°Ùæ¨ Don't let him stay here/ Let him not stay
(nearby= ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªìo) at driving?
verbs) ÚÛª questionsö˺ 'not' êÁ î¦è…ìí£±pè[ª Rahim: (Do you) Want to see how I drive? here.
Ram: ìª÷±y wèµjîË à¶þ§hî¦?
'does'; Past Doing Words (PDW- went, came Come, let's have a ride. 6) ٠í‡õx-õìª ÷«æ°x-è[-E÷yÙ
Rahim: à¶þ§hìª.
ö°Ùæ¨ verbs) 'not'
ÚÛª questions
êÁ ö˺ We don't let children talk.
'did'
Ram: FÚÛª wèµj÷ô¢ªû¦oè¯? ìªî¶y wèµjîË ÏÚÛ\è[ 'let' Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ# àŸ«è[Ùè….
î¦è…ìí£±pè[ª ÷ú£ªhÙ-ë]E êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. Íô³ê¶ Ð î¦Ú¥u-õ-EoÙ-æ¨ö˺ let allow
ÍÙç¶ ÍE
what, who
Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x do, does,
êŸô¦yêŸ à¶þ§hî¦? Ïö°Ùæ¨ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x 'let' ÍÙç¶ Ôëµjû¦ í£E à¶ë¯lÙ
Rahim: wèµj÷ô ö¶è[ª. û¶û¶ wèµjîË à¶þ§h.
êµõªþ¼hÙC ÚÛë¯.
did Íû¶N ô¦÷E Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦L. ÍE ú£«#Ù-àŸè[Ù.

ví£øŒo: Being ìª þ§ëů-ô¢-éÙÞ¥ passive
ö˺ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ú¥F He is being
voice
î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ being ìª ÔN-ëÅ]ÙÞ¥
difficult
î¦è¯ôÁ êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸª-Þœ-õô¢ª.Actually
being êŸô¦yêŸ verb past participle ö˺
ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯! being ìª Ô ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺
î¦è[-ê¦ôÁ êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸª-Þœ-õô¢ª.
– óŸªÙ. ú£ô¢pÄ-ô¦âÉÀ ìî¦âÉÀ, ÚÛô¢«oõª
áî¦ñª: He is being difficult- ÍÙç¶ ÍêŸìª
Ïí£±pè[ª ú£÷ªú£uÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª ÍE Íô¢nÙ. ÏÚÛ\è[
'is being' ÍÙç¶ Ïí£±pè[ª ÑÙè[è[Ù (continu-
ous), is being êŸô¦yêŸ past participle ÑÙç¶
ÍC passive voice Í÷±-꟪ÙC.
The letter is being written (ô¦óŸªñè[ªêŸ«
ÑÙC I am/We are writing the letter ÚÛª pas-
sive). is being í£ÚÛ\ì difficult ö°Ùæ¨ Þœªé°-
õìª êµL›í ÷«å-õªÙç¶ ÍN ÑÙè¶ î¦üŒ‰xÞ¥
Ñû¦o-ô¢E Íô¢nÙ.
I am being good to you.
F í£åx û¶ìª ÷ªÙ#Þ¥ ÑÙåª-û¦oìª (Ïí£±pè[ª).
He is being harsh.
will be your plan? am having, is having, are having Íû¶N
ví£øŒo: î¦uÚÛ-ô¢é ú£«vê¦-õìª Íìª-ú£-JÙ#
ÍêŸè[ª à¦ö° ÚÛJÈ-ìÙÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª ÍE Íô¢nÙ. ÍÙæ°Ù.
ví£øŒo: having ìª Ôó¶ª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x î¦è[- Aìè[Ù, Bú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù Íû¶ Íô¦nE¸Ú î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª.
What will you be? ê¦ô¢ª? Ð í£ë]Ù ÷#a-ì-í£±pè[ª verb ÚÛLT ÑÙè[è[Ù Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ î¦è[ô¢ª.
Where will you be? ÚÛ«è¯ past participle ö˺û¶ î¦è¯ö°? I am having a car ÍÙç¶ û¶ìª Ú¥ô¢ªìª AÙåª-
What will your plan be? Ñë¯--ô¢-é-õêÁ N÷-JÙ-àŸÙè…. û¦o-ìû¶ Ní£-K-ê¦ô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC.
How will your plan be? – Ú¥·ô ô¢N-ÚÛª-÷«ôÂ, òÅËºÞ¥í£±ô¢Ù û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ô¢ªÙC– Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ I have a car.
ÍE ví£øŒo î¦Ú¥uõª ÑÙè¯L. ví£øŒoö˺ áî¦ñª: I, We, You, They Íô³ê¶ have û¦ ›úo-꟪-è…Ú¨ ÖÚÛ Ú•è[ªÚÛª, ÖÚÛ Ú۫꟪ô¢ª
ú£òµbÚÛªd ÷³Ùë]ª will be/ shall be/ can ÍÙæ°Ù. He, She, It Íô³ê¶ has ÍÙæ°Ù. Ñû¦oô¢ª.
My friend has a son and a daughter.
be/ may be ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª ÚÛë¯! Ú¥F Ïæ©- a) I/We/You/My friends (they) have the
My friend is having a son and a daughter.
÷õ Oªô¢ª þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùà ÎôÁ òÅ°ÞœÙö˺ book.
ô¦ú‡ì ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ What will be your b) My friend (He/She) has the book. ÍÙç¶ ÷à¶a Ní£-K-ê¦ô¢nÙ– ÎóŸªì î¦üŒxìª AÙåª-
plan? ÍE ô¦ø‹ô¢ª ÍC êŸí£±p ÚÛë¯! c) The fan (It) has three blades. û¦o-ô¢E ÚÛë¯!
Ú¥ñæ¨d Ïåª-÷Ùæ¨àÁåx am having / is having /
Öí£±p Íô³ê¶ vÞ¥÷ªô ú£«vêŸÙ êµL-óŸª-â¶- have/has ·ôÙè[ª Íô¦nõª:
are having î¦è[Ù.
1. Ôëµjû¦ ÖÚÛ-JÚ¨ ÑÙè[è[Ù (ÚÛLT ÑÙè[è[Ù).
óŸª-Þœ-õô¢ª.
I am having tea, because coffee is not
– ÍõxÙ-ô¦V ÚÛ'ù£d-U-ê¦-ô¢ªbì, Eè[-ë]-îËÁõª šíj î¦Ú¥uö˺x have Íô¢nÙ Ïë¶. available. am having correct.
áî¦ñª: What will be your plan? ÚÛ·ô¸Úd.
ÏÚÛ\è[
2. Aìè[Ù, ê¦Þœè[Ù (Îô¢Ù) (Ú¥íƈ ö¶ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d æ© ê¦Þœª-꟪-û¦oìª)
Íô³ê¶ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ÚÛ«è¯ ú£·ôj-ìë¶. what êÁ a) I have coffee in the mornings. She is having a beautiful necklace.
vð§ô¢Ù-GÅÙචví£øŒo-õÚÛª Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺x will be, (û¶ìª Ñë]óŸªÙ Ú¥íƈ Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ìª.) ÏC ·ôjæ˺ Ú¥ëÁ àŸ«è[Ùè…. Ú¥ë]ª-ÚÛë¯. Î ûµ·Úx-
shall be õª ÚÛL›ú ÷þ§hô³. ÏN 'what ques- b) My mother has breakfast at 8 AM. úÃìª Aìë]ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d she has a beautiful
tions' ÚÛª ÷«vêŸî¶ª. Íô³ê¶ What will your (Í÷ªt Ñë]óŸªÙ ÓE-Nª-CÙ-æ¨Ú¨ vò¶ÚÂ-ðƧúÃd necklace Íû¦L.having ÚÛª ú£ÙñÙCÅÙ# ÷ªJEo
plan be? Íìè[Ù ÚÛ«è¯ ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥ What à¶ú£ªhÙC.) Nù£óŸ«õª ô¦òËºó¶ª î¦uþ§ö˺x àŸJaë¯lÙ.
I Ðû¦è[ª- ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 10 Vöµj 2005

Murali: Hi Sravanthi, keeping well?
(vú£÷ÙB, ò°Þœª-û¦oî¦?)
ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙ›í. Oª conversation ö˺
î¦è[Ùè….
Sravanthi: I am, of course. How about you?
(û¶ìª-ÚÛª-ö°-þ§û¶. F ú£ÙÞœA?)
(How about you?= F ú£ÙÞœA)
Murali: I am OK. I saw you at the park
last evening.
(ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦oìª. Eìo þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ
û¶ìª Eìªo ð§ôÂ\ö˺ àŸ«ø‹ìª.)
Sravanthi: But I didn't (= did not) see you.
Why didn't you (= did you not)
talk to me.
(û¶ìª Eìªo àŸ«è[-ö¶ë]ª. ÷ª·ôÙ-ë]ªÚÛª
û¦êÁ ÷«æ°x-è[-ö¶ë]ª?)
Walk - not êÁ/ question ö˺ do walk
Walks - not êÁ/ question ö˺ does walk
(For Regular actions)
Íö°¸Þ Past Doing Words (came, walked,
talked, sang, stood ö°Ùæ¨ verbs) ÚÛª not êÁ,
question ö˺ 'did' ÷ú£ªhÙC. (÷ªSx Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁÙè….
çµjîª êµL-ú‡ì past action ÚÛª Past Doing Word
î¦è[ê¦Ù.)
He sang well yesterday.
(Eìo ò°Þ¥ ð§è¯è[ª)
Eìo ò°Þ¥ ð§è[-ö¶ë]ª (ÍÙç¶ not êÁ)
He did not sing well yesterday. b) They did not come here last week.
c) ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ Óí£±pè[ª ÷à¦aô¢ª?
'did' not c) When did they come here last week?
êÁ ô¦÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. d) ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÷à¦aô¢ª?
Eìo ò°Þ¥ ð§è¯è¯? (ÏC question) d) Why did they come here last week?
e) ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ô¦ö¶ë]ª?
Did he sing well yesterday? 6. a) û¶û¦-îµªìª îµ³ë]å û¦õª¸ÞüŒx vÚ¨êŸÙ (ago) e) Why didn't they come here last week?
ÏÚÛ\è[ question ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ 'did' ô¦÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ- ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦oìª. (didn't they = did they not / did not they)
àŸÙè…. b) û¶û¦-îµªìª îµ³ë]å û¦õª-¸ÞüŒx vÚ¨êŸÙ ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ- 6. a) I met her first (for the first time) four
Eìo Óö° ð§è¯è[ª? ö¶ë]ª. years ago (back Ú¥ë]ª).

áJTìO.. áô¢ÞœEO!
How did he sing? c) ìª÷±y Îîµªìª Óí£±pè[ª ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦o÷±? b) I did not meet her four years ago.
Óí£±pè[ª ð§è¯è[ª? d) Íí£±pè[ª Î FêÁ ÔÙ àµí‡pÙC? c) When did you meet her?
When did he sing? e) Íí£±pè[ª Î FêÁ Ô÷ªû¦o àµí‡pÙë¯? d) What did she tell you / say to you then?
e) Did she tell you / say anything to you?
7. a) We made all these ready yesterday.
b) We did not make all these ready yes-
terday.
c) Did you make all
these ready yes-
terday?
d) Why didn't you
(did you not / did
not you) make all
these ready yes-
Ú¥ñæ¨d Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦-Lqì Nù£óŸªÙ– 7. a) ٠Eìoæ¨¸Ú Ï÷Fo ú‡ë]lÄÙ à¶ø‹Ù. terday? M. SURESAN
Past Doing Word ìª (past simple form) not êÁ b) ٠Eìo-æ¨¸Ú Ï÷Fo ú‡ë]lÄÙ à¶óŸª-ö¶ë]ª. e) Why did you
Þ¥E, question ö˺ Þ¥F î¦è…ê¶ did + 1st Regular c) Oªô¢ª Eìo-æ¨¸Ú Ï÷Fo ú‡ë]lÄÙ à¶ø‹ô¦? make all these ready yesterday?
Doing Word Í÷±-꟪ÙC. d) Oªô¢ª Eìo-æ¨¸Ú Ï÷Fo ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ú‡ë]lÄÙ à¶óŸª- 8. a) I studied in Nellore last year.
He sang well yesterday. ö¶ë]ª? b) I did not study in Nellore last year.
How about you? a) He did not sing well yesterday. e) Oªô¢ª Eìo-æ¨¸Ú Ï÷Fo ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ú‡ë]lÄÙ c) Where did you study?
b) Did he sing well yesterday? à¶ø‹ô¢ª? d) Did you study in Nellore?
sang + not/? = did sing 8. a) û¶ìª ÞœêŸ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù ûµõ«x-ô¢ªö˺ àŸC-î¦ìª. 9. a) I went to a movie yesterday.
Murali: I had a call from home. My Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. b) I did not go to a movie yesterday.
b) û¶ìª ÞœêŸ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù ûµõ«x-ô¢ªö˺ àŸë]-÷-
mother wanted me immediate- eg: ÍêŸìª Eìo ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÷à¦aè[ª. c) Did you go to a movie yesterday?
ö¶ë]ª.
ly. So I rushed home. He came here yesterday. d) Did I go to a movie yesterday?
c) ìª÷±y ÓÚÛ\è[ àŸC-î¦÷±?
(û¦ÚÛª ÏÙæ¨ ìªÙ# ðƼûË ÷#aÙC. d) ìª÷±y ûµõ«x-ô¢ªö˺ àŸC-î¦î¦? e) Why did you go to a movie yesterday?
Í÷ªt ììªo îµÙåû¶ ô¢÷ªtÙC. 9. a) Eìo û¶ìª ú‡E÷«ÚÛª îµü‹xìª. f) Which movie did I go to, yesterday?
è¯-÷±-è…Þ¥ ÏÙæ¨-·Ú-ü‹xìª.) b) Eìo û¶ìª ú‡E-÷«ÚÛª îµüŒx-ö¶ë]ª. 10. a) Hemant bought a car last week.
Sravanthi: I stayed at with my friend
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 15 c) ìª÷±y Eìo ú‡E÷«ÚÛª îµü‹xî¦? b) Hemant did not buy a car last week.
Sudha till 7 PM. c) Did Hemant buy a car last week?
d) Eìo û¶ìª ú‡E÷« ·Úü‹xû¦?
(û¦ ›úo-꟪-ô¦õª ú£ªëÅ]êÁ ô¦vA 7 e) Eìo ìª÷±y ú‡E-÷«ÚÛª ÓÙë]ª-·Ú-ü‹x÷±? d) Which car did Hemant buy (last week)?
ÞœÙåõ ÷ô¢ÚÛª ð§ôÂ\-ö˺û¶ Ñû¦oìª.) ÍêŸìª Eìo ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦ö¶ë]ª. f) Eìo û¶ìª Ô ú‡E÷«ÚÛª îµü‹xìª? Ú¥ñæ¨d past actions, time stated (çµjîª êµLú‡,
Ð conversation ö˺ verbs- saw, had, want- He did not come here yesterday. 10. a) ›ï°÷ªÙêÂ ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¦oè[ª. ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì) î¦æ¨Ú¨ Past Doing Word (came,
ed, rushed and stayed. Íî¶ Questions ö˺ ÷#a- sang, wrote ö°Ùæ¨N) î¦è[ê¦Ù. áô¢-ÞœE î¦æ¨Ú¨
ÍêŸìª Eìo ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÷à¦aè¯? b) ›ï°÷ªÙêÂ ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•ì-ö¶ë]ª.
ì-í£±pè[ª did see, did talk Í÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Ð Did he come here yesterday? c) ›ï°÷ªÙêÂ ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¦oè¯? questions êÁ did + 1st Regular Doing Word
verbs ìª Past Doing Words ÍÙæ°Ù. ÏN 1. a) Î ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù Í-JÚ¥ îµRxÙC. d) ›ï°÷ªÙêÂ ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù Ô Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¦oè[ª? î¦è[ê¦Ù.
ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÷ªìÚÛª êµL-ú‡ì ú£÷ª-óŸªÙö˺ (Ô ôÁV, Ô b) Î ÞœêŸ-î¦ô¢Ù Í-JÚ¥ îµüŒx-ö¶ë]ª. Answers:
ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù, Ô ú£÷ªóŸªÙ, Ô ûµõ êŸC-êŸô¢ N÷-ô¦õª) c) Î ÍJÚ¥ îµRxÙë¯?
áJ-Tì ú£ÙíÆ£ª-åìõìª ÞœªJÙ# àµñª-ê¦ô³. î¦æ¨E 2. a) ÍêŸìª ÞœêŸ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù è…vU í£²Jh-à¶-ø‹è[ª. 1. a) She went to / left for the US last Week.
÷ªSx ÖÚÛþ§J Þœªô¢ªh-êµ-àŸªa-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù. b) ÍêŸìª ÞœêŸ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù è…vU í£²Jh à¶óŸª- b) She did not go to / leave for the US last
Past doing Words ÚÛª ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª ö¶ë]ª. Week.
àŸ«è[Ùè…. c) ÍêŸìª è…vU Óí£±pè[ª í£²Jh-à¶-ø‹è[ª? c) Did she go to / leave for the US?
Regular Doing Past Doing 2. a) He completed (his) degree last year.
ví£øŒo:
3. a) êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª Ñë]óŸªÙ í£CÙ-æ¨Ú¨
Words Words b) He did not complete (his) degree last Standard English ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù ÏêŸ-ô¢ªõ ðƼûËÂ
vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡÷ªóŸ«uô³.
Come, Comes Came b) êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª Ñë]óŸªÙ í£CÙ-æ¨Ú¨ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù year. ûµÙñô ÷ªì Ívè[-úÃÞ¥ Ï›úh Ô÷ªE í‡õ-
c) When did he complete (his) degree?
– XëÅ]ôÂ, Aô¢ª-í£A
Sing, Sings Sang
î¦L.
Ú¥ö¶ë]ª.
Like, Likes Liked c) êŸô¢-Þœ-꟪õª Ñë]óŸªÙ í£CÙ-æ¨Ú¨ vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡-÷ª- ÏÚÛ\è[ 'Complete' ñë]ªõª, 'take', 'pass' î¦è…
practice
Talk, Talks Talked
áî¦ñª:
à¶óŸªÙè….
pp number Íìè[Ù ú£J Ú¥ë]ª. ð§êŸ-ôÁ-
óŸ«uóŸ«?
Smell, Smells Smelt 4. a) Eìo ìª÷±y ÍêŸè…E ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦o÷±. 3. a) The classes began at 10 AM.
b) The classes did not begin at 10 AM.
Vö˺x ðƼìªx à¦ö° Íô¢ª-ë]ªÞ¥ ÑÙè…, STD ö¶ÚÛªÙè¯
b) Eìo ìª÷±y ÍêŸ-è…E ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª. Trunk booking Ñìo-í£±pè[ª ðƼûË ûµÙñô¢ª Ï#a
Regular Doing Words not questions c) Eìo ìª÷±y ÍêŸ-è…E ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛª- c) Did the classes begin at 10 AM.?
ÚÛª êÁ ö˺ íÆ£ö°û¦ ÷uÚ¨hÚ¨ (Particular Person -PP) call ÍE
do, does÷þ§hô³. û¦o÷±? 4. a) You met him yesterday. àµGê¶ Î ÷u¸Úh ÷#a ÷«æ°xè¶ ÷ô¢ÚÛª θÞî¦ô¢ª. ÏêŸ-
come - not êÁ/ question ö˺ do come 5. a) ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ÷à¦aô¢ª. b) You did not meet him yesterday. ô¢ªõ ðƼûËÂ-ûµÙ-ñô ÷ªìE í‡õ-÷-è¯-EÚ¨ î¦è…ê¶ ÍC
comes - not êÁ/ question ö˺ does come b) ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦ö¶ë]ª. c) Why did you meet him yesterday? CONTACT NUMBER- ÍÙç¶ Î ìÙñô Oªë]
5. a) They came here last week. ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛª-ê¦ìª ÍE Íô¢nÙ.
I Ðû¦è[ª- ÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 12 Vöµj 2005

b) To drive a car in such traffic is difficult. book?

(Ïö°Ùæ¨ trafficö˺car drive à¶óŸªè[Ù à¦ö° 13) Raghava does not want to study.
ÚÛù£dÙ.) Ð ÷«åõª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…
c) To smoke is bad for health. Scold, chide, reprimand = ÚÁí£p-è[è[Ù, ÷ªÙë]-LÙ-
(ð»Þœ íˆõaè[Ù ÎôÁ-Þ¥u-EÚ¨ E-ÚÛô¢Ù.) àŸè[Ù, ¸ÚÚÛ-ö¶-óŸªè[Ù
Ð ÷´èÁ Íô¢nÙ (ô¦óŸªè[Ù, Aìè[Ù ö°Þ¥) ÷#a- crush = ìõ-í£è[Ù, í‡Ùè[è[Ù, ìL-T-ð¼-÷è[Ù
ì-í£±pè[ª infinitive ñë]ªõª 'ing' from (eating, Squeeze = (ô¢ú£Ù ÚÁú£Ù) í‡Ùè[è[Ù
smoking, etc) î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Íô¢nÙ ÷«ô¢ë]ª. Squeeze tooth paste/shaving cream on the
a) To sit in the class for five hours is not a brush.
joke. paste
(vñùà Oªë] î¶óŸªè[Ù).
Sitting in the class for five hours is not a Squeeze dry =
Students go to college to study
ë]ªú£ªhõª ð»è…Þ¥ Íó¶ªuÙêŸ ÷ô¢ÚÛª
joke (to sit - sitting). í‡Ùè[è[Ù.
b) To drive a car is difficult. Ïë¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ ÏÙÚÁ ÷«å wring.
Driving a car is difficult twist = ÷ÙàŸè[Ù, L-ší-ådè[Ù
Prasanthi: Hi Preethi, where were you yes- ✒ (purpose)
c) To smoke is bad for health.
Ñë¶løŒÙ êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªè[Ù.
terday? twist the arm = à¶ô³ L-ší-ådè[Ù
a) Students go to college to study.
Smoking is bad for health. fold = ÷ªè[êŸ, ÷ªè[êŸ šíådè[Ù
(víˆA, Eìo ìª÷±y ÓÚÛ\è[ª-û¦o÷±?) (àŸë]-÷-è¯-EÚ¨) Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª English practice
ö˺ à¶óŸªÙè….
Preethi: I went to Ameerpet to see my b) Suseela came here to join a college.
Ð Ú¨ÙC ›íô¢ªx êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁÙè….
cousin Prema.
1) û¶ìª îµü‹xõ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª. lizard - ñLx
(college ö˺ à¶ô¢-è¯-EÚ¨)
cousin Prema
2) Î ð§è¯õE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺ÙC. (Dinosaurs ö°Ùæ¨ î¦æ¨E giant lizards ÍÙæ°ô¢ª)
(÷« ìª àŸ«è[è¯-EÚ¨ c) He went out an hour ago to buy vegeta-
Ameerpet
3) ví£A Në¯uJn best college ö˺û¶ à¶ô¦-õ-ìª- giant - òÅ°K øŒK-ô¢Ù-Þœ-õ-î¦è[ª
îµü‹xìª.) bles. (Ú•ì-è¯-EÚ¨)

÷´è[ª Íô¦nõêÁ infinitive

Prasanthi: I called you yesterday to ask you
ÚÛªÙ-æ°è[ª. (WWE ö˺ wrestlers ö°Þ¥). giant, gigantic
✒ Want, wish, hope, expect, desire ö°Ùæ¨ ÚÁJ-
for some books. Why is Prema in
Hyderabad now?
(Ú•Eo í£±ú£h-Ú¥õª Íè[Þœ-è¯-EÚ¨ Eìo FÚÛª
ðƼûË à¶ø‹ìª. v›í÷ª šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°-ëÂö˺
ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛªÙC?)
Preethi: To join a software institute here.
(ÏÚÛ\è[ software institute ö˺ à¶ô¢-è¯-
EÚ¨)
Prasanthi: Which institute does she want to
study in?
4) ÖÚÛ ôÁTE àŸ«è[-è¯-EÚ¨ Eìo Îú£ªí£vAÚ¨ size
ÚÛõª êµL›í verbs í£ÚÛ\ì infinitive ÷›úh ‘à¶óŸ«- (áóŸªÙæËÀ, âµjÞ¥Ù-æ¨ÚÂ) Íû¦o à¦õšíë]l ÍE.
(Ô ÏûËÂú‡d-å«u-æËÀö˺ àŸë]-î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ- îµü‹xìª. His is a gigantic figure.
õE’ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC. 5) î¶éª àŸë]-ô¢Ùޜ٠Îè[-è¯-EÚ¨ ôÁW ú£ªò°s- Giant wheel
a) She wants to sing.
æ˺ÙC?) (òÅ°K ÎÚ¥ô¢Ù); êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛë¯.
Preethi: I don't know. To learn software in
ô¦÷± ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµüŒê¦è[ª. ê¦ò¶õª – tortoise (æ°æ¨úÃ).
(ð§è¯-õE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺ÙC.)
some good place is all that she
6) Ð vÞœ«íà àŸë]-÷è[Ù chameleon
b) He wishes to go home.
Òú£-ô¢-îµLx – (ÚÛOª-L-óŸªûËÂ)
wants.
v›íîªڨ Ïù£dÙ ö¶ë]ª. ð§÷±ô¢Ù – dove/pigeon
(ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµü‹x-õE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª.)
(êµMë]ª. ÎÚÛª Ú¥î¦-LqÙ-ë]ö°x ÔëÁ 7) ÍÙêŸ-ë]«ô¢Ù ìè[- #õªÚÛ – parrot
ÖÚÛ ÷ªÙ# institute ö˺ software ÷è[Ù ú£ªõòÅ¡Ù Ú¥ë]ª. ÏüŒxö˺x šíÙàŸª-Ú•û¶ ÚÁüŒ‰x ö°Ùæ¨N – domestic fowl.
û¶ô¢ªaÚÁ÷è[Ù) 8) î¦è[ª Eìo ú£Jd-íƇ-
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ to see, to ask, to join, to learn ·Úåªx êµàŸªa-ÚÁ-è¯-EÚ¨
college Ú¨ îµüŒx-ö¶ë]ª.
Íìo ÷«åõª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè….
Ï÷Fo Ô ô¢«í£Ùö˺ Ñû¦oô³? ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 16 9) Î Î <ô¢-Ú•-û¦õE
To êŸô¦yêŸ 1st Regular Doing Words (see, ask,
Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺Ùë¯?
join, learn) ÷ú£ªh-û¦oô³ ÚÛë¯. Oæ¨E infinitives
10) FÚÛª àŸë]-÷è[Ù Ïù£dÙ M. SURESAN
c) They hope to pass.
ö¶ë¯? (like
ÍÙæ°Ù. (pass Íî¦yõ-E/-Í-÷±-ê¦-÷ªE ÎP-ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª.)
ví£øŒo: þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùà í£ë]-Ú•ÙèÁ òÅ°ÞœÙö˺ ô¢î¶ªøÉÂ,
Englishö˺ infinitive ÚÛª à¦ö° vð§÷³ÜuÙ ÑÙC.
î¦è[Ùè…)
d) Kamala expects to get a prize.
Infinitive ÚÛª ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª–
11) Î ÑëÁuޜ٠÷ú£ªhÙë]E ví£Oªõ
✦ to eat
(wšíjâÉÀ ð»Ùë]ª-ê¦-ìE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺ÙC.) ÎPþ¼hÙë¯?(hope, get) î¦è[Ùè…. ì¸ô-øÉÂõ ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Î ôÁV áJ-T-ìë¶.
✒ ô¦óŸªè[Ù, (to write), Aìè[Ù (to eat) etc Íû¶ Ñë]óŸªÙ í£²ô¢h-ô³ì í£ìª-õÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì
✦ to smoke
12) í£±ú£hÚÛÙ Ú•ì-è¯-EÚ¨ Eìo ÓÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµü‹x÷±?
í£ìªõìª infinitive êµL-óŸª-â¶-ú£ªhÙC. ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é present perfect tense ö˺
✦ to buy
13) ô¦íÆ£ª-÷Ú¨ àŸë]-î¦-õE ö¶ë]ª.
a) To sit in the class for five hours a day is ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯. Oªô¢ª past tense ö˺ Ïà¦a-
✦ to sell etc. not a joke . Answers:
¸ô-Nªæ¨? Eìo ö¶ë¯ ÞœêŸÙö˺ Óí£±p-èµjû¦ áJ-
Infinitiveìª ÷´è[ª Íô¦n-õêÁ î¦è[ê¦Ù. šíj ú£ÙòÅ°- 1) I want to go.
(Íô³ë]ª ÞœÙåõª Ú¥xúÃö˺ ÚÛ«ôÁa÷è[Ù Tì Nù£-óŸ«-õÚÛª past tense î¦è¯L ÚÛë¯.
ù£-éö˺ Oªô¢ª Þœ÷ª-EÙචÑÙæ°ô¢ª. êŸ÷«ÿ§ Ú¥ë]ª.) 2) She wishes to sing. ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ bought, didn't you õÚÛª ñë]ª-
3) Every student wants to join the best col- õªÞ¥ have bought, haven't you ö°Ùæ¨
Ð Ú¨ÙC Vocabulary items Oª ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺x she bought the same necklace as hers. lege. present perfect Ñí£-óµ«-TÙàŸ ÷àŸªa ÚÛë¯
(êŸì-ÚÛªìo ûµ·Úxúà ö°Ùæ¨ë¶ í£Ú¨\Ùæ°Nè[ Ú•ìoÙ-ë]ªÚÛª 4) I went to the hospital yesterday to see a
– ú‡šï°àÂ. ô¦÷ª-àŸÙ-vë]-÷´Jh, Ú¥Ú¨-û¦è[
î¦è[Ùè… N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª.
VOCABULARY

1) Ðô¢{u-í£-è[è[Ù– envy ÎÚÛª Íú£«óŸª) patient.

5) Venu goes to Subbarao's everyday to play
áî¦ñª: Past actions, time known ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-
she envies her sister. 3) gratitude - (vÞ¥æ¨-å«uèÂ) ÚÛ'êŸ-ácêŸ.
(þ¼ë]J Oªë] Î Ðô¢{u-í£-è[ª-êÁÙC) He has gratitude. chess.
2) jealousy- Íú£«óŸª He has no gratitude. 6) Prem does not like to study this group. TìN Ô çµjîªö˺ Ô ûµõö˺, Ô ôÁV ÍE ÚÛ#aêŸÙÞ¥
jealous - Íú£«-óŸªêÁ ÑÙè[è[Ù 4) grateful - (v·ÞóÀª-æËÀ-íÆ£±öËÀ) ÚÛ'êŸ-ácêŸ ÚÛLTì 7) To walk/walking such a distance is not àµí£p-Þœ-L-Tê¶ Íí£±pè[ª ÷ªìÙ past simple ÷«vêŸî¶ª
ÏêŸ-ô¢ª-õ-ÚÛª-ìoN ÷ªìÚÛª ö¶ì-í£±pè[ª ÷ªìÚÛª ÚÛL¸Þ I am grateful to you for your help. easy. î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£E Óí£±pè[ª, Ô ûµõ, Ô
ò°ëÅ]– Ðô¢{u (envy). (Oª ú£ï£„-óŸ«-EÚ¨ ÚÛ'êŸ-Vc-è…E) 8) He did not go to college yesterday to get ôÁV, Ô çµjîªö˺ ÍE àµí£pì-í£±pè[ª (ÍÙêŸÚÛª
÷ªì-ÚÛª-ìoC ÏêŸô¢ªõÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ ÑÙè… ÷ªì vð§÷³ÜuÙ 5) ë¶÷±è… í£åx ÚÛ'êŸ-ác-êŸ-Þœõ – thankful the certificates. ÷³Ùë]ª çµjîª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄ-ìª-þ§-ô¢ÙÞ¥ êµLú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª
êŸT_Ùë]ìª-ÚÛªÙç¶ ÍC Íú£«óŸª (jealousy). I am thankful that I have such parents. 9) Does she want/wish to buy the sari? êŸí£p) present perfect î¦è[ê¦Ù.
10) Don't you like (Do you not like) to study? a) He has brought a car.
A poor man may envy a rich man. (Íö°Ùæ¨ êŸLxë]Ùvè[ª-õª-ìoÙ-ë]ªÚÛª ë¶÷±-è…Ú¨ ÚÛ'êŸ-Vc-è…E)
(ëÅ]ì÷Ù-꟪-è…E àŸ«›úh ›íë] î¦è…Ú¨ Ðô¢{u ÚÛõ-Þœ-÷àŸªa) (grateful - ÷ªEù‡ í£åx ÚÛ'êŸ-ác-êŸ-Þœõ, 11) Does Pramila hope to get that job? (çµjîª êµL-óŸª-â¶óŸªè[Ù ö¶ë]ª)
12) Where did you go yesterday to buy the b) He bought the car this morning.
She is jealous of her neighbour because thankful - ë¶÷±è… í£åx ÚÛ'êŸ-ácêŸ Þœõ)
(çµjîª àµñªêŸªû¦oÙ)
I Ðû¦è[ª- Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 14 Vöµj 2005

Bhaskar: Hi, Bhanu. What are you doing? î¦èµ-ÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµüŒ‰êŸª-û¦oè[ª (Ïí£±pè[ª).
(òÅ°ìª ÔÙ à¶ú£ªh-û¦o÷±) f) Are you threatening me?
Bhanu: Don't you see? I am preparing for ììªo òµC-J-ú£ªh-û¦oî¦? (Ïí£±pè[ª).
an exam. g) She is not dancing well.
(àŸ«è[è[Ù ö¶ë¯? í£K-¤ÛÚÛª v퇛í-ô¢-÷±-꟪-û¦oìª) Î û¦åuÙ ò°Þ¥ à¶óŸªè[Ù ö¶ë]ª (Ïí£±pè[ª).
Bhaskar: Oh, are you? Where is your h) Am I troubling you?
brother? û¶ìª Nª÷ªtLo ÏñsÙC šíè[ªêŸª-û¦oû¦?
(Íö°Þ¥, Oª vñë]ô ÓÚÛ\è[?) (Ïí£±pè[ª).
Bhanu: He is getting ready to go to college i) Why aren't they (are they not) coming?
(ÚÛü‹ø‹õÚÛª îµüŒx-è¯-EÚ¨ ú‡ë]lÄ-÷ª-÷±-꟪-û¦oè[ª) î¦ü˜xÙ-ë]ªÚÛª ô¦÷è[Ùö¶ë]ª (Ïí£±pè[ª).
Bhaskar: And What about your parents? j) You are wasting time.
(÷ªJ Oª êŸLx-ë]Ù-vè[ªõ ú£ÙÞœê¶Ùæ¨?) ìª÷±y çµjîª ÷'ëǯ à¶ú£ªh-û¦o÷± (Ïí£±pè[ª).
Bhanu: They are watching the T.V. am + ing, is + ing, are + ing verbs ìª Ïí£±pè[ª
(î¦üŒ‰x æ©O àŸ«ú£ªhû¦oô¢ª.) Amala: I think she is going to make tea for b) ÷« ÍÚÛ\ ÷à¶a î¦ô¢Ù ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÷þ¼hÙC.
áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E us. I think my brother is watching an
'What about', 'How about' õìª ‘ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ùæ¨?’ English ö˺ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. My sister is coming here next week.
Íû¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª î¦è[ª-꟪Ùæ°Ù. practice à¶óŸªÙè…. English movie. c)
Aruna: óÀª Í÷ªõ! ÔÙ à¶ú£ªh-û¦o÷±? î¦üŒ‰x ·ôÙè[ª ÷´è[ª ôÁVö˺x Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•Ùæ°ô¢ª.
a) How about my money? Aruna: No. He is watching a Telugu serial. They are buying a car in two or three days.
Amala: Ð ví£øŒo-õÚÛª áî¦ñªõª ô¦ú£ªh-û¦oìª.
û¦ è[ñªs ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ùæ¨? Aruna: û¶ìª Eìªo disturb à¶ú£ªh-û¦oû¦? à¦ö° ÷³Üuiì Nù£óŸªÙ d) ú£ª÷ªÙê ÷à¶a-ûµõ Í-JÚ¥ îµüŒ‰êŸª-û¦oè[ª.
b) What about that book? Amala: Íë¶Ù ö¶ë]ª. TV ììªo disturb à¶þ¼hÙC. 1. am + ing, is + ing, are + ing - Ð verbs Sumanth is leaving for the US next month.
Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ùæ¨? Aruna: Ó÷ô¢ª àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª? Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª ÷«vêŸî¶ª î¦è[ê¦Ù. (future will, shall
ÚÛª î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Íô³ê¶ çµjîª
c) How about a movie this evening? Amala: Í÷ªt àŸ«þ¼hÙë]ìª-ÚÛªÙæ°. vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£pE, Óí£±pè[« áJ¸Þ í£ìª-õÚÛª, OªÚÛª ÚÛ#aêŸÙÞ¥ êµL-ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª, áJ-¸Þ-í£E ÚÛ#aêŸ-i-ì-í£±pè[ª,

Ïí£±pè[ª... Ð ¤ÛéÙ!!
Ð þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ú‡E-÷«·ÚüŒë¯÷«? am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing ÓÚÛª\÷ î¦è[ª-꟪Ù-
d) What about the dinner you promised me? æ°ô¢ª.)
û¦Ú¨-þ§h-ììo è…ìoô Nù£óŸªÙ ÔÙ à¶ø‹îËÂ? Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E English ö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè….
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£éö˺ are doing, am preparing, is a) ÍêŸè[ª ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\è[Ú¨ ÷ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª.
getting, are watching - Ð verbs Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. b) ÷³ Íô¢-ÞœÙ-åö˺ ñóŸª-ö¶l-ô¢ª-꟪û¦oÙ.
Oæ¨ ô¢«í£Ù: am + ... ing, is + ... ing, are + ...ing. c) ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù ð§Ú¨-þ§nûË áåªd ÏÚÛ\è[ ·ôÙè[ª ÷«uàÂõª
Ð formö˺ ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo verbs. Îè[ª-꟪ÙC.
am studying / is studying / are studying d) ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù Ó÷ô¢ª ÷ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª?
am walking / is walking / are walking Aruna: Oª brother ÚÛ«è¯ àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛë¯, Regular Doing Words (go, goes, e) è¯ÚÛdôÂE Óí£±pè[ª ÚÛìqöËÀd à¶ú£ªh-û¦o÷±?
am singing / is singing / are singing Amala: î¦è[« àŸ«ú£ªhû¦oè¯? come, comes, sing, sings ö°Ùæ¨ verbs) f) ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù û¶ì-ÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµüŒxè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. Κíj î¦ô¢Ù
am working / is working / are working Aruna: Í÷±ìª. Oª Í÷ªt Ïí£±pè[ª ÷Ùå-ÞœCÚ¨ îµüŒ‰- ÷«vêŸî¶ª î¦è[ê¦Ù. Every day, very often, fre- îµüŒê¦ìª. (Κíj î¦ô¢Ù = week after the next).
Ð am + ing, is + ing, are + ing verb forms êÁÙC. quent, rarely, never, once, twice, three g) ÷ªÙvA vGèÂbE ¸ôí£± vð§ô¢Ù-GÅ-þ§hô¢ª (inaugura-
(present continuous / present progressive Amala: ÷ªìÚÛª æ© šíåd-è¯-EÚ¨ îµüŒ‰êÁÙ-ë]-ìª-ÚÛªÙæ°. times etc., a day, a week, a month etc. tion).
tense ÍÙæ°ô¢ª) Ïí£±pè[ª Ð ¤ÛéÙö˺ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo (I think êÁ begin à¶óŸªÙè…) ÷« broth- (ÍÙç¶ regularity E ú£«#Ùච÷«å-õêÁ î¦è[è[Ù h) óŸ´E-÷-Jqæ© í£C ôÁVö˺x íÆ£Lê¦õìª Nè[ª-ë]õ
í£ìª-õìª êµLóŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. er english movie àŸ«ú£ªhû¦oè[ìª-ÚÛªÙæ°. Íìo÷«å.) à¶ú£ªhÙC (Nè[ª-ë]õ = release).
★ 'I' êÁ am + ing, Aruna: Ú¥ë]ª. english movie àŸ«è[è[Ù ö¶ë]ª. 2. am + ing, is + ing, are + ing, çµjîª êµL›úh i) î¦üŒ‰x î¦ô¢Ùö˺ AJT ÷þ§hô¢ª.
★ he, she (Ô ›í·ôjû¦ sin- êµõªÞœª serial àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. j) ¸ôí£± û¶ìª ú‡Ó-îÂªìª ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙæ°.
gular ö˺), it (Ô ÷ú£ªhîµjû¦, Answers:
Answers:
áÙ꟪-îµjû¦– singular ö˺) a) He is coming here tomorrow.
Íô³ê¶ is + ing, Aruna: Hi, Amala, what are you doing?
Amala: I am writing answers to these ques- b) We are starting/leaving in half an hour.
★ plural subjects ÍEo-
æ¨êÁ, you êÁ Íô³ê¶ are + tions. ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 17 c) The Pak team is playing two matches here
next week.
Aruna: Am I disturbing you?
ing ÷þ§hô³. M. SURESAN d) Who is coming next week?
a) I am watching the T.V. Amala: Not at all. ( expression practice
Ð à¶ú‡
Oª ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺x î¦è[Ùè…. ‘Íë¶Ù ö¶ë]ª, Ú¥û¶- ÍÙç¶ Ô çµjîª, Ô ôÁV, Ô ûµõ, Ô ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù, e) When are you consulting the doctor?
û¶ìª æ©O àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª (Ïí£±pè[ª). ÓEo ôÁVõª, ÓÙêŸ-›úí£± Íû¶ N÷-ô¦õª êµL›úh f) I am not going there next week. I am going
b) My mother is cooking. Ú¥ë]ª, ö¶û¶-ö¶ë]ª ÍE Íô¢nÙ) The TV is dis-
turbing me.
áô¢-Þœ-òËºó¶ª í£ìª-õÚÛ« î¦è[-÷àŸªa. there the week after next.
÷« Í÷ªt ÷Ùå à¶þ¼hÙC (Ïí£±pè[ª). a) û¶ìª ¸ôí£± šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë îµüŒ‰êŸª-û¦oìª g) The minister is inaugurating the bridge
c) Kumar is not studying. Aruna: Who is watching the TV?
Amala: I think my mother is watching the TV
(I am leaving for Hyderabad tomorrow. tomorrow.
ÚÛª÷«ô àŸë]-÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª (Ïí£±pè[ª).
Aruna: Your brother is also watching.
ÏÚÛ\è[ tomorrow ÍE àµí£pè[Ù ÷õx future h) The University is releasing the results in
d) What is your father doing? action ÚÛª î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ. tomorrow ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ ' I
Amala: Is he also watching? ten days.
Oª û¦ìoÞ¥¸ôÙ à¶ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª (Ïí£±pè[ª). am leaving for Hyderabad' ÍÙç¶ Ïí£±pè[ª i) They are returning within a week.
e) Where is he going? Aruna: Yes, but your mother is going into
the kitchen.
îµüŒ‰êŸªû¦o ÍE Íô¢nÙ.) j) I am meeting the CM tomorrow.

ví£øŒo: All India Radio News NÙåª-ìo-í£±pè[ª Ú•Eo ú£Ùë¶-õª ÚÛL-Þ¥ô³. immediate measures are being taken up to provide drink- ÍE ÷«J›úh (said 'are
ÚÛª ñë]ªõª), Íí£±pè[ª
ing water to the residents of Kurnool. being taken up' ÚÛ·ôÚÂd.
Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õšíj û¦ ú£Ùë¶--õìª Bô¢a-Þœ-õô¢ª. Direct speech inverted
1. The Nationalist Congress party headed by Mr. Sarad û¦ ú£Ùë¶---Nª-åÙç¶News reader àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪ìo ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù ÖÚÛ Nù£óŸªÙ– ö˺
Indirect Speech. commas îµõª-í£õ ÑÙè¶ verbs- say, tell,
Pawar complained that the congress is not consulting its ÍÙê¦ áJ-T-ð¼-ô³-ìë¶. Ú¥ñæ¨d ÏC
is not consulting was not consult- ask, question ö°Ùæ¨ î¦æ¨E Reporting
constituent parties on important issues. îµ³ë]æ¨ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ ñë]ªõª
ing will not support would not verbs ÍÙæ°Ù. Inverted commas ö˺í£õ
2. The BJP president Mr. Venkaiah Naidu has said that BJP ÍE, ·ôÙèÁ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ ñë]ªõª
support measures are being taken up ÑÙè¶ verbs ìª Reported verbs ÍÙæ°Ù.
will not support Congress at the centre. ÍE, ÎôÁ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺
measure were being taken up Reporting verbs present tense ö˺ ÑÙç¶
3. However, Miss Umabharati contradicted the rumour that ñë]ªõª ÍE ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯. Íö°
News reader Indirect Indirect speech Reported
ÚÛª ÷«Ja-ì-í£±pè[ª,
she is disobeying the party rules. ÓÙë]ªÚÛª àŸë]-÷-ö¶ë]ª? ÷ªì vÞ¥÷ªôÂ í£±ú£h-Ú¥ö˺x
Speech present continuous past verbs tense ÷«ô¢a-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª.
4. The PM Vajpayee said only NDA can provide stability to EóŸª-÷«õ ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù ìª
continuous will + present verb would + present verb a) "They play well," says Ram to Rahim.
the country. Þ¥, ìª Þ¥
5. The TDP supremo Chandrababu Naidu said that only ÷«ô¦aL ÚÛë¯! Ú¥F News ö˺ Íö° ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÷«Ja àŸë]-÷-ö¶ëÁ Íô¢nÙ ÏÚÛ\è[ Quotations ñóŸªå Ñìo reporting
secular parties will play a major role in the elections. Ú¥ö¶ë]ª. ë]óŸª-à¶ú‡ û¦ ú£Ùë¶--õìª Bô¢a-Þœ-õô¢ª. verb 'says' present tense.
Ú¥ñæ¨d
6. The Municipal Commissioner Mr. Raghu Rami reddy said – ìª-÷ªÙ꟪, ví‡óŸ«ÙÚÛ (Þ¥ô¢x-Cûµo) Quotations ö˺í£õ Ñìo reported verb
'play' tense ÷«ô¢a-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. DEÚ¨ Indirect
speech-
áî¦ñª: Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ì sentences ö˺ îµ³ë]-æ¨C ÚÛd-ô³ì Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC. Ð Ú¥ô¢éÙ ÷õx Oªô¢ª ÑÙç¶ 'is disobeying' correct.
Ram says to (tells) Rahim that they play
'...complained that... is not consulting' ô¦ú‡ì Sentence No (2) ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. ÏÚÛ\è[ Sentence 4: '... only NDA could' ÍE well.
reporting verb, 'has said' present perfect ÑÙè¯L. ÏÚÛ\è[ '... only NDA can' êŸí£±p.
ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. OªÚÛª ÷#aì ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ú£·ôj-ìë¶. Íö°-Ú¥-ÚÛªÙè¯ "They play well," said Ram to
ÏÚÛ\è[ 'is' ñë]ªõª, 'was' ÑÙè¯L. Íô³ê¶ tense will
Ú¥ñæ¨d, ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. Íë¶ '...Naidu said' Sentence 5: '... Naidu said that only sec-
Rahim Íìo sentence ö˺ Reporting verb
complain à¶ú‡-ì-í£±pè¶ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ Î êŸô¦yêŸ ÚÛ«è¯ ÍE vð§ô¢Ù-GÅ›úh Íí£±pè[ª'would' correct. ular parties will play' 'Would play'
êŸí£±p. 'said' past tense. Ïí£±pè[ª quotations ö˺
consult à¶óŸª-ÚÛ-ð¼-÷è[Ù áô¢ª-ÞœªêŸ« ÑÙç¶ Sentence No. 3: '... contradicted... dis- correct.
obeying'ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. 'was obeying' ÍE Sentence 6: '... Reddy said, ... are being
Ñìo play Íû¶ reported verb ìª past tense
Íí£±pè[ª Óö° Íû¶ ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ô¦÷àŸªa. ÷«ô¦_Ù- ö˺ڨ êŸí£p-E-ú£-JÞ¥ ÷«ô¦aL. DEÚ¨ Indirect
êŸô¢Ù 'complained' ñë]ªõª 'has com- ÑÙè¯L. ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ Uma Bharathi has con- taken up' ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª. 'were being taken up'
speech-
plained' ÍE ô¦›úh, 'is not consulting' êÁ ÚÛ·ô- tradicted
ÍE present perfect tense ö˺ correct. ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ«è¯ '...Reddy has said'
Ram told Rahim that they played well.
I Ðû¦è[ª- øŒEî¦ô¢Ù 16 Vöµj 2005

Mohan: Hi, Manoj, How are you getting Regular Doing words (1st RDWs- go, walk
along? ö°Ùæ¨ verbs), 2nd Regular Doing Words (2nd
( óÀª ÷ªûËÁâÉÀ, Óö° Ñû¦oîËÂ?) RDWs- goes, walks verbs)
ö°Ùæ¨ vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-
practice
ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙ›í. à¶ú‡ î¦è[Ùè… ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ î¦æ¨Ú¨ î¦è[ê¦Ù. am+ing/ is+ing/
Oª ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺x are+ing Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù.
Manoj: Fine. Thank you. How are you? a) I take coffee (take 1st RDW).
(ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦oìª. ìª÷±y Óö° Ñû¦o÷±?) Regular-
(û¶ìª Ú¥íƈ Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ìª– ví£A-ôÁV
Mohan: Ok too. I am going to a movie. Why ÍC Íõ-î¦åª)
don't you come along? b) I am taking coffee.
(û¶ìª ú‡E÷«·ÚüŒ‰êŸª-û¦oìª. ìª÷±y ÚÛ«è¯ (am + ing - Ïí£±pè[ª û¶ìª coffee Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-åª-
ô¦÷àŸªa ÚÛë¯!) û¦oìª.)
Manoj: Like to. But I am going for a walk now. c) She goes to college at 10 AM.
(goes- 2nd RDW-
÷³Üu ú£«àŸì
Î Ñë]óŸªÙ 10 ÞœÙå-õÚÛª
ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª îµüŒ‰êŸªÙC– ôÁW) magazine î¦è[Ùè…) àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦oô¢ª.
d) She is going to college. c) ìªîµyÙ-ë]ªÚÛª çµjîª waste à¶þ§h÷±? Ïí£±p-èµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª Ú•Eo verbs ìª am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing
(is going - is ing - + Ïí£±pè[ª Î ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª à¶ú£ªh-û¦o÷±? ô¢«í£Ùö˺ î¦è[Ù. am + ing/ are + ing/ is + ing -
îµüŒ‰-êÁÙC.) d) ví£A ôÁV Ð çµjîªڨ ìª÷±y ÓÚÛ\-è…-·Ú-üŒ-ê¦÷±? verb Ð ô¢«í£Ùö˺ Ñìoí£±pè[ª Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo
e) They come here on sundays. ÓÚÛ\è…Ú¨ îµüŒ‰-꟪-û¦o÷±? í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íô³ê¶ Ú•Eo verbs Nù£-óŸªÙö˺
(come - 1st RDW ÏC ví£A ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù – e) Ô ì«uúà ›íí£ô àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦÷±? Ïí£±pè[ª Ô ì«uúà Πverbs ൛íp-í£E Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪û¦o î¦æ¨E
Regular Þ¥ áJ-¸ÞC– ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª î¦üŒ‰x ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ›íí£ô àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦o÷±? am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing forms ö˺ î¦è[Ù.
÷þ§hô¢ª.) f) ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ô¦vA àŸð§B AÙæ°÷± ÚÛë¯? ÐôÁV ÍÙë]ªÚÛª ñë]ªõª Regular Doing Words (love,
f) They are coming. ÍìoÙ (rice) AÙåª-û¦oî¶Ù? loves, etc.) form ö˺û¶ àµñªê¦Ù.
(are + ing - î¦üŒ‰x Ïí£±pè[ª ÷ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª.) g) ÍêŸè[ª ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª všíÆÙèÂqE ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁè[ª. ÐôÁV am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing from ö˺ î¦è[E
Ð ê¶è¯ English ö˺ à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. Regular ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª.

Ïí£±pè¶ áô¢ªÞœªêŸªû¦o...
actions am + ing, is + ing, are + ing verbs
ÚÛª h) Î Óí£±pè[ª êµõªÞœª ð§åö¶ ð§è[ª-꟪ÙC. Ïí£±pè[ª verbs ÷ªì ÷ªì-ú£ªÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì Nù£-óŸ«-õìª
(present continuous tense) Óí£±pè[« ô¦÷±. ÷›úh ÷«vêŸÙ ÙD ð§å ð§è[ª-êÁÙC. êµL›í verbs-
ÍC êŸí£±p. i) ÍêŸìª Ú¥íƈ ê¦Þœè[ª. Ïí£±pè[ª ê¦Þœª-꟪-û¦oè[ª 1) like(Ïù£d-í£-è[è[Ù) -am liking, is liking, are lik-
ÖÚÛç¶ Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L. ('take' î¦è[Ùè…). ing î¦è[Ù. ÏN î¦è¯-Lq-ì-àÁå like, likes
Regular actions ÚÛª Regular Doing Words j) ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ÍêŸìª ÎêÁ ÷«æ°x-è[è[ª. Ïí£±pè[ª î¦è[ê¦Ù.
(come, comes, take, takes ö°Ùæ¨N) ÷þ§hô³. ÷«æ°x-è[ª-꟪-û¦oè[ª. Kumar likes that shirt very much ÍÙæ°Ù.
coffee
û¶E-í£±pè[ª æ© Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª ÏÚÛ\è[ Answers: ÍêŸìª Ïù£d-í£-è[è[Ù Ïí£±pèµjû¦ Kumar is liking that
ò°ÞœªÙ-è[ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d. a) He comes punctually (always/usually). He shirt ÍìÙ.
a) Mr. Sen teaches English. 2) dislike (Ïù£dÙ-ö¶-ÚÛ-ð¼-÷è[Ù)
is coming late only today.
English
(ÎóŸª-ûµ-í£±pè[« ò˺CÅ-þ§hè[ª. ÍÙç¶ They dislike his class.
b) They usually read India Today, but now
English lecturer/teacher
I am taking Coffee ÎóŸªì Íô³-
they are reading some
î¦üŒxÚÛª ÎóŸªì Ú¥xú£ª Ïí£±pè[ª Ïù£dÙ ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ô³û¦
ÑÙ-è¯-L/-Í-÷yàŸªa)
other magazine.
Ïö°¸Þ àµñªê¦Ù. are disliking, is disliking, am
disliking Íìo forms ô¦÷±. ÍN-êŸí£±p. î¦æ¨ ñë]ªõª
This is the time when I go for walk c) Why do you waste
dislike, dislikes ÍE ÍÙæ°Ù.
every day. time? Why are you Ïö°Ùæ¨N ÏÙÚ•Eo verbs, (am + ing, is + ing,
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 18
(ô¦î¦-õû¶ ÑÙC. Ú¥F Ïí£±pè[ª î¦Ú¨Ù-ÞÂÚ¨ wasting time? are + ing) ö˺ î¦è[EN.
îµüŒ‰-꟪û¦o. ôÁW Ð çµjîªڨ û¶ìª î¦Ú¨Ù- d) Where do you go at 3) love - love, loves, (am/ is/ are loving
ÞÂÚ¨ îµüŒê¦) this time every day? ñë]ªõª)
Mohan: Do you walk everyday along this b) Mr. Sen is teaching English Where are you going? 4) hate - hate, hates (am/ is/ are hating
road? English
M. SURESAN
(ÎóŸªì Ïí£±pè[ª àµñª-꟪-û¦oè[ª.) e) What news paper do ñë]ªõª)
(ôÁV Ð ôÁèÂ-ö˺û¶ î¦Ú¨ÙÞ à¶þ§hî¦?) Ð ê¶è¯ English ö˺ à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. you read? What news paper are you read- 5) hope - hope, hopes (am/ is/ are hoping
Manoj: No. Usually I walk along the college c) Dogs bark.
ing? ñë]ªõª)
road, but now I am walking along (ÚÛªÚÛ\õª Óí£±pè[« îµ³ô¢ª-Þœª-ê¦ô³– ÍC î¦æ¨ 6) want - want, wants (am/ is/ are wanting
f) You usually take chapathis at night. Why
this road because that road is under ûµjáÙ.) are you taking rice (now)? ñë]ªõª)
repair. d) Dogs are barking. 7) wish - wish, wishes (am/ is/ are wishing
g) He does not meet his friends on sundays,
(Ú¥ë]ª. þ§ëů-ô¢-éÙÞ¥ û¶ìª ÚÛü‹-ø‹õ (ÚÛªÚÛ\õª Ïí£±pè[ª îµ³ô¢ª-Þœª-꟪-û¦oô³– Ú•êŸh-î¦üÉÁx, ñë]ªõª)
but he is meeting them today.
ôÁèÂö˺ îµüŒ-ê¦ìª. Î ôÁèÂÚ¨ ÷ªô¢-÷ªt-꟪õª ë•ÙÞœö˺ ÷#a ÑÙè¯L) 8) desire - desire, desires (am/ is/ are desir-
Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª English ö˺ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ prac- h) She always sings Telugu songs, but she is
à¶ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª.) ing ñë]ªõª)
Mohan: So long (ÍÙç¶ bye ö°Þ¥ OèÁ\õª tice à¶óŸªÙè…. now singing a Hindi song.
9) envy - envy, envies(am/ is/ are envying
÷«å) see you. (÷ªSx ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù) a) ÎóŸªì Óí£±pè[« punctual Þ¥ ÷þ§hè[ª. Ð ôÁV i) He doesn't take (does not take) coffee. He ñë]ªõª)
Manoj: Bye (òµj) ÷«vêŸÙ Ú¥ú£h Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. is taking it now. 10) feel (Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x) feel, feels, (am/ is/
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ am going, go; walk, am b) ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ î¦üŒ‰x ÏÙè…-óŸ«-åªè¶ àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ô¢ª. j) He doesn't (does not) usually talk to her, are feelingñë]ªõª).
walking ê¶è¯õª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. ÷ªìÚÛª êµõªú£ª – 1st Ð ôÁV ÷«vêŸÙ ÏÙÚÁ ÷«uÞœ-@ûË (some other but he is talking to her.

ví£øŒo: ÍêŸìª Eìo ÷#a ÑÙè[-ö¶ë]ª– Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ He
was not come yesterday Íì-÷à¦a?
û¶ìª îµRx-ì-í£±pè[ª ÍêŸìª ÏÙæ¨ ÷ë]l ö¶ÚÛªÙ-
èµìª– Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ He was not at
home, when I went for him ÍE
ÍÙæ°Ù. Íö°¸Þ û¶ìª Íè…-T-ì-í£±pè[ª ÍêŸè[ª
í£EE í£²Jh à¶ú‡ ÑÙè[-ö¶ë]ª– ÍE àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨
He was not completed the work yet
áî¦ñª: He was not come yesterday ÚÛ·ô-ÚÂd
'be' forms (am, is ,
Ú¥ë]ª. ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Óí£±pè[«
are , was, were, etc.) come,
êŸô¦yêŸ
go,ö°Ùæ¨1st Regular Doing Words ô¦÷±.
Ú¥ñæ¨dHe was not come He did not
êŸí£±p.
when I ask him ÍE àµí£p-÷à¦a?Î AE Íì-÷àŸªa. Íô³ê¶ had áî¦ñª: 'since' ìª 'as' ñë]ªõª î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Ð
She had not come
ÑÙè[-ö¶ë]ª. Î ÷#a ÑÙè[-ö¶ë]ª (û¶ìª Íû¶ had + pp forms ·ôÙæ¨Ù-è…Ú© êÁè[ª because ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[-÷àŸªa.
eaten, had come
àŸ«ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª). î¦è¶åí£±pè[ª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo â°vÞœêŸhÞ¥ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦L. ÷´è…Ù-æ¨Ú¨ Ð ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺ ‘ÍÙë]ª÷-õx/ -ÓÙ-ë]ª-
ÍêŸìª Î í£E í£²Jh à¶ú‡ ÑÙè[-ö¶ë]ª (û¶ìª When I went for him, he was not at ÚÛÙ綒 ÍE Íô¢nÙ.
îµRx-ì-í£±pè[ª). home- ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. Íô³ê¶ He was not complet- ví£øŒo: How long- ÍÙç¶ ÓÙêŸ-›úí£±, How far-
Ïö°Ùæ¨ òÅ°î¦-õìª ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ Óö° ed the work Íìo sentence ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. ÍÙç¶ ÓÙêŸ ë]«ô¢Ù ö°Þ¥û¶ ÖÚÛ ÷uÚ¨h
àµð§pL. ë¯EÚ¨ Íô¢nÙ ö¶ë]ª. He had not completed ÓûËÁo î¦è[ª Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ ÷à¶a-ö°Þ¥ Óö°
– ÓúÃ. ë¯ì-Ú¨-øÉÁôÂ, ÚÛô¢«oõª
Íû¦L. Íö°¸Þ She had not completed ô¦óŸ«L?
Íû¦L. êŸô¦yêŸ î¦uþ§ö˺x DE ÞœªJÙ# ÷ªJÙêŸ Ñë¯: òÅ°ô¢-êŸ-ë¶øŒ ví£ëůì ÷ªÙv꟪ö˺x
come Íû¦L. N÷-ô¢é ÑÙåªÙC. ÷ªûËÁt--ûËÂ-ú‡ÙÞ ÓûËÁo-î¦è[ª?
Î AE ÑÙè[-ö¶ë]ª, Î ÷#a ÑÙè[ö¶ë]ª ví£øŒo: Leave letter ô¦›ú-å-í£±pè[ª As I am – è…. ÚÛª÷«-ô¢-þ§yNª, ìõx-Þ•Ùè[
suffering from fever î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ as Ú¨
áî¦ñª: Ð ví£øŒoÚÛª ú£·ôjì î¦ÚÛuÙ ÍÙ綖
(û¶ìª àŸ«ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª).
ÏÚÛ\è[ û¶ìª àŸ«ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª When I looked ñë]ªõª since î¦è[-÷à¦a? ÓûËÁo Íìo ví£øŒoÚÛª ú£·ôjì ÷«å English ö˺
for him/her Íìª-ÚÛªÙç¶ She had not eaten;
– ÚÛOÙ-ë]ôÂ, ÷ªè…-Ú•Ùè[, ÷ô¢Ù-ÞœöËÀ ö¶ë]ª.
I Ðû¦è[ª- þ¼÷ªî¦ô¢Ù 18 Vöµj 2005

Durga: Look at Leela's dress. Isn't it (= Is it
not) really wonderful?
(Mõ vèµúÃ àŸ«è[ª, à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙC ÚÛë¯!)
Valli: Ok I like it really. In fact, I wish now to
buy one such dress for myself.
(û¦ÚÛª à¦ö° ì#aÙC. Ïí£±pè¶ Íö°Ùæ¨
vèµúÃ Ú•û¶óŸ«õE ÑÙC.)
Durga: Renuka too likes it. I desire one like
that too. I feel like buying it, but I
haven't (= do not have) the money.
(¸ôéªÚÛ ÚÛ«è¯ Î vèµúà ÍÙç¶ Ïù£d-í£-è[ª-
êÁÙC. û¦ÚÛ« Ú•û¦-õE ÑÙC. Ïí£±pè¶ Ú•û¶-
óŸ«-õEí‡þ¼hÙC. Ú¥F è[ñªs ö¶ë]ª.) feel
like +...ing = Ôëµjû¦ à¶óŸ«-õ-E-í‡Ù-àŸè[Ù.
feel like going to bed = Evë] ð¼î¦õEí‡-
þ¼hÙC)
Valli: I really envy Leela for the dress.
(û¦ÚÛª Mõ vèµúà ÍÙç¶ Ðô¢{uÞ¥ ÑÙC.
Envy = Ðô¢{u/-Ðô¢{u í£è[è[Ù)
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ like, wish, desire, have,
envy, feel - Ð verbs ÍFo Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo
Nù£óŸ«õû¶ àµñªêŸª-û¦oô³. Ïí£±pè[ª áJ¸Þ Nù£-óŸ«-
õìª êµL›í verbs Óí£±pè[« am + ing, is + ing,
ô¦sÄö˺x feel, (feel ÍÙç¶ × Íìª-òÅ¡«-AE, ú£pô¢zìª
êµLóŸª-â¶-ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª) prefer -
Oæ¨ûµí£±pè[« ÷ªìÙ am + ing, is + ing, are + ing
ö˺ î¦è[Ù Íû¶ Nù£óŸªÙ ÚÛ#aêŸÙÞ¥ Þœªô¢ªh-ší-åªd-ÚÁ-î¦L.
a) Î ÍêŸè…E v›íNª-þ¼hÙC.
She loves him.
(She is loving him Ú¥ë]ª. v›íNªÙ-àŸè[Ù Ïí£±pè[ª
áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪û¦o ú£¸ô.)
b) î¦üŒ‰x ð§ú£-÷±-ê¦-÷ªE ÎP-ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª.
They hope to pass.
(They are hoping to pass Ú¥ë]ª. î¦üŒ‰x
ÎPÙàŸè[Ù Ïí£±pè¶ Íô³û¦)
šíj list ö˺ NªÞœê¦ verbs ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ Ïë¶ rule.
Actions of the mind (Îö˺-àŸ-ì-õÚÛª, ñªClÄÚ¨ ú£ÙñÙ- ÷àŸªa. Am/ is/ are + knowing î¦è[Ù. Íö°¸Þ sale = Í÷ªtÚÛÙ
CÅÙ-#ì àŸô¢uõìª) êµL›í verbs ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ am + am/ is/ are understanding Óí£±pè[« ô¦ë]ª. bargain = ò¶ô¢Ù, ò¶ô¢Ù à¶óŸªè[Ù
ing, is + ing, are + ing form ö¶ë]ª. ÍN– Ïö°¸Þ NªÞœ-ê¦-î¦æ¨ Nù£-óŸªÙö˺. (A good bargain, a bad bargain best bargain
1) know = êµL-óŸªè[Ù am + ing, is + ing, are + ing forms ö˺ î¦è[E etc.)
2) understand = Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo verbs Ñû¦oô³. ÍN êµõª-ú£ª-Ú•û¶ ÷³Ùë]ª, good/ bad at bargaining = ò°Þ¥ ò¶ô¢Ù
3) remember = â°cí£ÚÛÙ à¶ú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª English ö˺ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ practice à¶óŸªÞœõÞœè[Ù/ ò°Þ¥ ò¶ô¢Ù à¶óŸªö¶ÚÛ-ð¼-÷è[Ù
4) forget = ÷ªô¢-#-ð¼-÷è[Ù bargain- pronunciation – ò°ÞœûËÂ)
à¶óŸªÙè….
5) decide = Eô¢g-ô³Ù-àŸè[Ù 1. ÍêŸìª ð§ôȦEo àŸÚÛ\Þ¥ Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª.
6) doubt = ú£Ùë¶-Ù-àŸè[Ù 2. î¦è… ÞœªJÙ# î¦è[ª Ô÷ªìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª? (think
7) think = Îö˺-#Ù-àŸè[Ù î¦è[Ùè…)
3. ìª÷±y Ð ·ôþ§d-·ôÙæËÀö˺ Ú¥íƈ Ïù£dí£è[ªêŸª-û¦oî¦?

ÍEoàÁæ°x ô¦ë]ª!!
are + ing form (present continuous) ö˺ ÑÙè¯- 8) suppose = Íìª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù
õE êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© šíj ú£ÙòÅ°ù£é-ö˺E 9) believe = ì÷ªtè[Ù 4. ÍêŸè… ›íô¢ª û¦ÚÛª Þœªô¢ªh ô¦÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª. (remem-

ing
verbs- like, wish ö°Ùæ¨N ÷ªì-ú£ªÚÛª, òÅ°î¦õÚÛª 10) imagine = ÒÙ-àŸè[Ù
am/ is/ are
ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì verbs ö˺ Ú•Eo Ú¥ñæ¨d, Íö°Ùæ¨
ô¦ë]ª)
verbs ìª am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing ô¢«í£Ùö˺ ÍÙç¶ Ð verbs ö˺ ë¶Fo am + ing, is + ing, are
+ ing form
î¦è[Ù. Íö°Ùæ¨ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x Regular Doing
ö˺ î¦è[Ù.
Words (like, likes, wish, wishes, desire,
î¦üŒ‰x û¦ ÷«åõª Íô¢lÄÙ à¶ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª.
desires, envy, envies) Þ¥û¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ïö°Ùæ¨ They understand my words. (They are under-
standing my words
verbs
÷ªJ-Ú•Eo– Ú¥ë]ª)
dislike, love, hate, hope, want, appreciate am/ is/ are understanding
ô¦ë]ª.
admire
(J{Ù-àŸè[Ù), (îµªàŸªaÚÁ÷è[Ù) Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]- ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ ÏÙÚ¥ û¦ ›íô¢ª Þœªô¢ªhÙC.
He still remembers my name. (He is still
remembering my name
ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯)
Íö°¸Þ šíj list ö˺ Ñìo
NªÞœê¦ verbs ìª ÚÛ«è¯ am
+ ing, is + ing, are + ing
form
ö˺ î¦è[Ù.
ví£øŒo: Simple present tense ö˺
a) û¦ Qö°û¶o ú£Ùë¶--ú£ªh-
noun í£ÚÛ\ì
û¦oî¦?
verb ÚÛª s ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯. DEo English ö˺ Óö°
Ñë¯: Rama sells mangoes. M. SURESAN
àµñªê¦Ù? ÏÚÛ\è[
God bless you ÍÙæ°ô¢ª, God blesses 'doubt' î¦è¯L ÚÛë¯. am doubting/ is
you Íû¦L ÚÛë¯! doubting/ are doubting 'doubt'
– û¦÷« ú£ÙêÁ-ùÃ-ö°öËÀ,
ÍìÙ.
question do
Íè[y-¸ÚæËÀ, Ná-óŸª-î¦è[
ö˺ î¦è¯L. ÍÙç¶
sentence-
áî¦ñª: simple present ö˺ verb ÚÛª 's' à¶ô¦aL.
ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. Íô³ê¶ "God bless you" Íû¶ sentence
statement Ú¥ë]ª. ÍC 'May God bless you' Íû¶
Dîµì. Íö° DNÙ-à¶-å-í£±pè[ª 'May God bless you'
ö˺ 'May' ÷C-ö¶ú‡ 'God bless you' ÍÙåªÙæ°Ù. ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 19
ÍÙë]ª-÷õx ÏÚÛ\è[ 'blesses' ô¦ë]ª.
ví£øŒo: Not bad ÍÙç¶ very good ÍE àŸCî¦Ù. Do you doubt my character ?
(Are you doubting my character
Oªô¢ª not bad ÍÙç¶ í£ô¢-î¦-ö¶ë]ª ÍE
b) OªÚÛª ÙD êµõªþ§?
ô¦ø‹ô¢ª. Ð ·ôÙè…Ù-æ¨ö˺ ÔC ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. Do you know Hindi? (Are you knowing
– è….ÎôÂ., áT-ê¦uõ
áî¦ñª: 'Not bad' ÍÙç¶ í£ô¢î¦-ö¶ë]ª ÍE Íô¢nÙ
Ú¥ë]ª.)
c)
î¦è[ª ììoô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª.
Ú¥ë]ª. Very good Íû¶. He is not understanding me
ÍìÚÛ«-è[ë]ª.
ví£øŒo: The E Óö° ÑàŸa-JÙ-à¦L. à¦ö° ÷ªÙC ‘ë]’ am/ is/ are + understanding
ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶
ÍE í£õª-ÚÛª-ê¦ô¢ª. ‘C’ Íì-ÚÛ«-è[ë¯? English He does
Ú¥ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d. ÷ª¸ô-÷ªÙæ°Ù?
– ·Ú.N. ô¢÷ªé, áóŸª-í£±ô¢Ù, ÖJþ§q not understand (= understand + not) me.
d)
áî¦ñª: ÏÙêŸÚÛª÷³Ùë]ª DE ÞœªJÙ# WûË 16ì
ìªî¶y-÷ª-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±?
What do you think?
ví£àŸª-JÙ-#ì ÷´èÁ òÅ°ÞœÙö˺ N÷JÙà¦Ù. Í, Î, Ï, (What are you thinking
ÍìÙ.)
÷³Üu Nù£óŸªÙ
Ð, Ñ, Ò, Ó, Ô, Õ, Ö, ×, Ø– Ð êµõªÞœª
øŒò°lõêÁ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Íó¶ªu English ÷«åõ
÷³Ùë]ª 'the' E ‘C’ Þ¥ í£õª-ÚÛªê¦Ù. NªÞœê¦ ÷«åõ verbs
šíjì àµí‡pì Nù£-óŸªÙö˺
÷³Ùë]ª ‘ë]’ ÍÙæ°Ù. thinking, understanding etc.
The (C) apple, ant, egg, air, owl, umbrel-
ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d î¦è[-÷àŸªa.
la etc.
The (ë]) tree, book, shop, college etc. î¦è[-ÚÛ«-è[-EC: Ð 'ing' forms ÷³Ùë]ª, am, is,
(à¦ö°-÷ª-åªÚÛª
ber) î¦è[Ùè….
5. ÔÙæ¨ö° ÍEo Nù£óŸ«õª ÷ªJað¼êŸªû¦o÷±?
(why êÁ vð§ô¢Ù-GÅÙ-àŸÙè…)
6. ÍêŸ-è…E ìª÷±y ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Íìª-÷«-E-ú£ªh-û¦o÷±?
7. û¦ÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è[ àŸë]-î¦-õEí‡ÙàŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. (feel like
= ÍE-í‡Ù-àŸè[Ù)
8. î¦è[ª ììªo ú£JÞ¥ Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª.
9. Î Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ îµü‹xõE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺Ùë¯?
(think î¦è[Ùè…).
10. ÍêŸ-ìÙ-ë]-J-ÚÛÙç¶ Þ•í£pî¦è…E Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè¯?
(suppose Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ-àŸÙè….)
11. F ví£÷-ô¢hì ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ ìàŸaè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. (dislike
î¦è[Ùè….)
12. û¦ ÷«åõª ìª÷±y ì÷ªtè[Ù ö¶ë¯? (believe/
doubt) î¦è[Ùè…)
13. ìª÷±y æ© ÚÛû¦o Ú¥íƈû¶ ÓÙë]ªÚ¨ù£dí£-è[ª-꟪-û¦o÷±?
(prefer î¦è[Ùè…)
14. FÚÛª F í£Jú‡nA êµLóŸªè[Ù ö¶ë]ª (know Ñí£-óµ«-
TÙ-àŸÙè….)
15. Ïô¦-Ú©õª Í-J-ÚÛ-ìxìª ë¶yù‡-ú£ªh-û¦oô¦?
Answers:
1. He understands the lesson well.
ô¦î¦L. Ú¥ñæ¨d
2. What does he think of himself? ( is think-
ing ô¦ë]ª ÚÛë¯!)
3. Do you like (are you liking the coffee
ÍìÙ)
in this restaurant?
4. I don't (= do not) remember (am not +
remembering his name.
êŸí£±p) Look at Leela's dress.
5. Why do you forget (are you forgetting Ú¥ë]ª) Isn't it really wonderful?
things like this?
purchase = Ú•ìè[Ù
Ú¥ë]ª.) 6. Why do you doubt him?
7. I do not feel like studying here.
(Ð Íô¢nÙêÁ purchase Íìè[Ù ÚÛû¦o 'buy' Íìè[Ù
ú£ï£°-áÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC).
8. He does not understand me properly.
9. Does she think of going home now?
purchase = Ú•ìo ÷ú£ªh÷±
My important purchase this week is the TV.
10. Does he suppose that he is the greatest
TV)
(Ð î¦ô¢Ù û¶ìª Ú•ìo ÷³Üu-iì ÷ú£ªh÷±
of all?
11. He doesn't (= does not) like your behav-
return = Ú•ìo ÷ú£ªh÷± AJT Ï÷yè[Ù
exchange =
iour.
Ú•ìo ÷ú£ªh÷± ÿ§íÃö˺ ÷«ô¢ªa-ÚÁ÷è[Ù
replace =
12. Don't you (Do you not/ Do not you)
Ú•ìo ÷ú£ªh-÷±ö˺ ëÁù£Ù ÑÙç¶ ë¯EÚ¨
believe my words/ Do you doubt my
ñë]ªõª ÿ§í£± î¦üŒ‰x ÏÙÚ•-ÚÛæ¨ ÷ªìÚÛª
words?
Ï÷yè[Ù
refund = ÿ§í£± î¦üŒ‰x è[ñªs î¦í£úà Ï÷yè[Ù
13. Why do you prefer coffee to tea? (prefer
durable = (÷ú£ªh-÷±ÚÛª) ÷ªEoÚÛ Ñìo, ÷ªEo-ÚÛ-Þœõ
êŸô¦yêŸ 'to' ÷ú£ªhÙC).
allow a discount = êŸT_Ù# Í÷ªtè[Ù;
14. You do not know your position.
liking, loving, expensive = ÜKëµjì
15. Do Iraquis hate Americans?
'ing' forms cheap = à½ÚÛ Íô³ì
ìª VOCABULARY moderate (price) = ú£ô¢-ú£-iì (ëÅ]ô¢)
ÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì ÷«åõª:
cost = ÜKë]ª, ÜK-ë]-÷è[Ù
Shopping

are à¶ô¢aè[Ù. knowing - ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d î¦è[- buy, sell êµL-ú‡ì ÷«åö¶.
I Ðû¦è[ª-
Ravi: Hi Pavan, what do I see in that glass
there? It appears to be some juice.
(í£÷ûË ΠޥxúÃö˺ ÚÛEí‡-ú£ªh-ìo-ë¶-Nªæ¨? ÔëÁ
WuúÃö° ÑÙC.)
Pavan: Yea. The glass contains fresh lemon
juice.
(Í÷±ìª ÍÙë]ªö˺ ê¦â° E÷ªt-ô¢ú£Ù ÑÙC.)
contain = ÖÚÛ ë¯ûËÁx Ôëµjû¦ ÑÙè[è[Ù
the jug contains milk = Î áÞÂö˺ ð§õª Ñû¦oô³
Ravi: A new bike is parked outside. Whose
is it?
(ñóŸªå × Ú•êŸh òµjÚ ð§ôÂ\ à¶ú‡ ÑÙC.
Ó÷-J-ë]C?)
Pavan: It belongs to Mahesh. He bought it
the day before.
(ÍC ÷ª›ï°-ùÃC. Eìo-Ú•-û¦oè[ª.)
Belong = àµÙë]è[Ù
The house belongs to my uncle.
Î Ïõªx ÷« ÷«÷ª-óŸªuC (ÎóŸª-ìÚÛª àµÙCÙC).
Ravi: What's that fat book on the table?
(Î ç¶ñªöËÀ Oªë] Ñìo Î šíë]l í£±ú£hÚÛÙ
ÔNªæ¨?)
By the way, where does Ganesh live?
Pavan: It contains a lot of information about
the latest versions in computers. It
comprises ten chapters.
(ÚÛÙí£²u-å-ôÂqÚ¨ ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì ê¦â° îµô¢{ìx
Íê¦u-ëÅ]ª-EÚÛ ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù ÍÙë]ªö˺ ÑÙC.
ÍÙë]ªö˺ í£C Íëůu-óŸ«õª Ñû¦oô³.)
comprises = include = à¶J ÑÙè[è[Ù
Ravi: Coming to the bike, does Mahesh
really need a bike now? He does not
go about much.
( òµjÚ Nù£-óŸ«-E-Ú•ë¯lÙ. ÷ª›ï°-ùÃ-Ú¨-í£±pè[ª òµjÚÂ
EáÙÞ¥ Í÷-ú£-ô¢÷«? ÓÚÛª\÷ Aô¢-Þœ-è[ª-
ޜ�)
Pavan: Yes, he needs it very much now. He
has a new job. Marketing. He has to
move about a lot.
(Ïí£±pè[ª ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ òµjÚ à¦ö° Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù.
÷«·ô\-æ¨Ù-ÞÂö˺ Ú•êŸh ÑëÁuޜ٠÷#aÙC.
à¦ö° Aô¢-Þ¥Lq ÑÙåªÙC.)
Ravi: The bike seems very stylish, doesn't
it?
( òµjÚ à¦ö° ÎÚÛ-ô¢{-é©-óŸªÙÞ¥ ÑÙC ÚÛë¯!)
Pavan: It comes with a package. The pack-
age consists of a CD Player and a
set of CDs.
(Î òµjÚ ڕÙç¶ ÖÚÛ ð§u¸ÚâÉÀ ÷ú£ªhÙC.
ÍÙë]ªö˺ ÖÚÛ ú‡è… ›íxóŸªôÂ, Ú•Eo úˆè†õª
ÑÙæ°ô³.)
consists of = ÚÛL-T-ÑÙ-è[è[Ù
The fan consists of three blades and a motor.
(ðƧuûËÂÚÛª ÷´è[ª ò¶xèÂõª, ÖÚÛ îµ«æ°ô ÑÙæ°ô³.)
Ravi: By the way, where does Ganesh live?
(÷ªJ Þœé¶ùà ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°è[ª?)
(By the way - Ð ÷«åìª topic ÷«ô¢a-è¯-EÚ¨
ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ î¦è[ê¦Ù. êµõª-Þœªö˺ ÷ªJ, Í÷±ìª ÍE
ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ topic ÷«¸ôa÷³Ùë]ª î¦è¶ NëÅ]ÙÞ¥.)
Pavan: He lives quite nearby.
(ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ë]Þœ_-ôÁxû¶ ÑÙæ°è[ª.)
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ verbs- see, appears, contains,
ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 20 Vöµj 2005
belongs, comprises, needs, seems, consists
of, live - Oæ¨E- ÚÛ«è¯ ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª ÷ªìÙ
àŸ«ú‡ì verbs am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing
ö°Þ¥
form ö˺ î¦è[Ù (ÍN êµLóŸª-⶛ú í£ìªõª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪-
ìoC Ïí£±pèµjû¦). šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é ÷ªôÁ-þ§J vøŒë]lÄÞ¥
practice à¶óŸªÙè….
ÔÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ?
★ ÷ªì-ú£ªÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì Nù£-óŸ«-õìª êµLóŸª-⶛ú
verbs (verbs expressing feelings and
emotions).
★ ÷ªì ñªClÄÚ¨, Îö˺-àŸ-ì-õÚÛª ú£ñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì Nù£-óŸ«õª
êµL›í verbs (verbs expressing actions of
the mind) Óí£±pè[« am + ing, is + ing, are + ÏÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÷´è[ª-ô¢-Ú¥õ verbs, am + ing/ is + Answers:
ing forms ö˺ ô¦÷±. î¦æ¨E Íö° î¦è¯-Lq-ì- ing/ are + ing ö˺ î¦è[-EN àŸ«ø‹Ù. ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo 1) Every one likes that movie (is liking Ú¥ë]ª).
verbs ÚÛ«è¯ Ñû¦oô³. ÍN- êµ-õª-ú£ª-Ú•û¶ ÷³Ùë]ª Ð 2) He does not like these classes (is not lik-
í£±pè[ª, Regular Doing Words (like, likes,
Ú¨ÙC sentences ìª english ö˺ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ practice ing
think, thinks) form ö˺û¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù.
Ú¥ë]ª).
3) Does she love him?
★ ·ôÙè[ª ô¢Ú¥õ verbs êÁ ð§åª šíjì àµí‡pì verbs à¶óŸªÙè….
(appear, belong, comprise, consist of, 1) ví£A-î¦üŒŠx Î ú‡E-÷«ìª Ïù£d-í£-è[ª-꟪-û¦oô¢ª. I don't (do not) know that. But he loves
2) î¦è…Ú¨ Ð Ú¥xú£ªõÙç¶ Ïù£dÙ ÑÙè[-è[Ù-ö¶ë]ª (dis-
her.
contain, live, need, seem) am + ing/
ÚÛ«è¯
like î¦è[Ùè…). Does she know that?
is + ing/ are + ing form
3) ÍêŸè…E Î v›íNª-þ¼hÙë¯?
ö˺ ô¦÷±. Íö° Who knows?
î¦è¯Lq ÷#a-ì-í£±pè[ª Regular Doing Words
4) What do you say?/ What are you saying?
... Íö° ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯ !
Þ¥û¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ð Ú¨ÙC sentences ö˺ î¦æ¨ ÍC û¦ÚÛª êµLóŸªè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. ÍêŸè[ª ÷«vêŸÙ
Why don't you (do you not) understand
î¦è[Ú¥Eo Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. 'not' question
Ú¥F, Îîµªìª v›íNª-ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª.
me?
Ú¥F Íô³ê¶ do, does ÷þ§h-óŸªE êµõªú£ª ÚÛë¯? ÎÚÛª Î Nù£óŸªÙ êµõªþ§?
I understand you well. Do I appear (to be)
1) Ó÷-JÚ¨ êµõªú£ª?
4) ÔÙ àµñªêŸª-û¦oîË ìª÷±y?
î¦è[ª ÷ªÙ#î¦è…ö° ÚÛEí‡-ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. a fool to you?'
He appears (is appearing Ú¥ë]ª) to be a
You don't (do not) seem to understand my
good fellow. ìª÷±y ìûµoÙ-ë]ªÚÛª Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª?
point.
2) Ð GLfÙÞÂq î¦üŒx-N- Ú¥÷± (= î¦üŒxÚÛª àµÙC-ìN û¶ìª Eìªo ò°Þ¥û¶ Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o. û¶ìª Why do you think so?
Ú¥÷±). FÚÛª íÆ£²öËÀ-ö°Þ¥ ÚÛEí‡-ú£ªh- I feel so.
These buildings do not belong to them û¦oû¦? (appear
You misunderstand me. I am listening to
(are not belonging to them Ú¥ë]ª). î¦è[Ùè…). you carefully. Do you doubt my respect for
3) Î Þ¥xúÃö˺ Ô÷³ÙC? ìª÷±y û¦ ð§ô³ÙæËÀ Íô¢nÙ you?
What does the glass contain? (What is à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙ-åª-ìoåªx ÚÛEí‡Ù- 5) Where do they live?
the glass containing ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯?) àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª (seem They live near the townhall.
4) î¦è[Ùè…). Don't they (do they not) live near your
ò°öËÀ-ší-ûËÂö˺ Ô÷³Ù-åªÙC?
Íö°Þœ ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª- place?
û¦o÷±? (think...so M. SURESAN They moved long ago.
î¦è[Ùè…. so= Íö°Þœ) Do they own the house?/ Does the house
û¦ÚÛö° ÍEí‡-þ¼hÙC (feel î¦è[Ùè…)
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 20
belong to them?
ìª÷±y ììªo Íð§ô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±. F (am/ is/ are owning Ú¥ë]ª).
÷«åõª û¶ìª vøŒë]lÄÞ¥ NÙåª-û¦oìª (Íð§ô¢nÙ= 6) I want/ need some money.
misunderstand). F Oªë] û¦ Þ½ô¢-î¦Eo øŒÙÚ¨-
How much do you need?
What does a ball pen consist of? (What is ú£ªh-û¦oî¦? (doubt....my respect for you I need at at least a thousand rupees.
a ball pen consisting of î¦è[Ùè…).
5) î¦üŒ‰x ÓÚÛ\è[ªÙ-åª-û¦oô¢ª? (live î¦è[Ùè…). Why do you need such a big amount/ so
ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯).
5) Î ÚÛNª-æ©ö˺ ìõªÞœªô¢ª ú£òÅ¡ªu-õª-û¦oô¢ª. much/ such a big sum/ that kind of
The committee comprises four mem- î¦üŒ‰x æ®ûËÂöËÀ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª (live î¦è[Ùè…). money?
bers/Four members comprise the commit- î¦üŒ‰x Oª ÏÙæ¨ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÑÙè[-è[Ù-ö¶ë¯? Do you want to give or not?
tee. (The committee is comprising...; Four î¦ü˜x-í£±pèÁ ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÷«J-ð¼-óŸ«ô¢ª (Óí£±pèÁ= I don't want to give/ feel like giving such a
members are comprising... long ago, Ïõªx ÷«ô¢è[Ù= move).
ÍìÙ. êµõª-ú£ª- big amount.
ÚÛë¯?) Ïí£±p-è[ªìo Ïõªx î¦üŒx-ë¶û¦? (ÍÙç¶ þ»ÙêŸ÷«? 7) When did you buy the book?
6) ÍêŸìª ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°è[ª? (E÷-ú‡-þ§hè[ª Íû¶ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ–own/ belong î¦è[Ùè…). No, I didn't (did not) buy it. I borrowed it
6) û¦ÚÛª Ú•ÙêŸ è[ñªs-Ú¥-î¦L (need/want î¦è[Ùè…).
Íô¢nÙêÁ). from Mahesh yesterday.
Where does he live? (Where is he living ÓÙêŸ Ú¥î¦L? (How much êÁ vð§ô¢Ù-GÅÙ- Are you reading it (now)?
Ú¥ë]ª). àŸÙè…). Why are you asking that question?
7) î¦Rxí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙåª-û¦oô¢ª (E÷-ú‡-ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª). ÚÛFú£Ù îµô³u ô¢«ð§-óŸªõª Ú¥î¦L. (í£²Jh î¦ÚÛuÙ I want to read it.
They live here (They are living here Ú¥ë]ª). àµí£pÙè…). But I don't want to give/ lend it to you.
8) î¦Rx-í£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè[-è[Ù-ö¶ë]ª. ÍÙêµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª Ú¥î¦L FÚÛª? Why do you feel so/ think so?
They do not live here any more (They are FÚ¨-î¦y-õE ÑÙë¯, ö¶ë¯? (want î¦è[Ùè…). Because you don't give books to me.
not living ÍìÙ). ÍÙêŸ šíë]l-îµ³êŸhÙ û¦Ú¨-î¦y-õE ö¶ë]ª. (ÍÙêŸ šíë]l
9) û¦ÚÛª Ïí£±pè[ª F ú£ï£„óŸªÙ Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù. îµ³êŸhÙ– such a big amount/ sum/ that kind
I need your help now (am needing of money).
7) Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ Óí£±pè[ª Ú•û¦o÷±?
Ú¥ë]ª).
10) î¦üŒx-Ú¨í£±pè[ª ÏC Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.
They do not need it now (They are not Ú•ì-ö¶ë]ª. Eìo ÷ª›ï°ùà ë]Þœ_ô¢ ìªÙ# êµàŸªa-
needing Ú¥ë]ª). ÚÛªû¦oìª (í£±ú£hÚÛÙ, è[ñªs, ÏÙÚ•-ÚÛJ ë]Þœ_ô¢ êµàŸªa-
11) ÍC ÎÚÛª Ïí£±pè[ª ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù? ÚÁåÙ– borrow from).
Why does she need it now? (Why is she ìªNy-í£±pè[ª ë¯Eo àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦oî¦? ví£øŒo: ÖÚÛ ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ He wants to talk you,
needing it Ú¥ë]ª). ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Íè[ªÞœªêŸªû¦o÷± Î ví£øŒo? Sir. ÍE àŸC-î¦ìª. Ú¥F He wants to
12) î¦è[ª ë]ªô¦t-ô¢ª_-è…ö° ÚÛEí‡-ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. talk to you, Sir ÍE ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯!
û¶ìª àŸë]-î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª.
He seems (is seeming ô¦ë]ª) to be a bad
fellow.
Ú¥F û¶ìª FÚÛª Ïî¦yõìª-ÚÁ÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª (í£±ú£hÚ¥Eo – ¸ôÿ§t ô¦âÉÀ, Nø‹-Ü-í£åoÙ
13) ÍêŸè[ª ë¯Ùæ˺x Îú£-Ú¨hÞ¥ ö¶è[ª. Ï÷yè[Ù= lend). áî¦ñª: 'talk' êŸô¦yêŸ 'to' Ú¥F 'with' Ú¥F êŸí£pÚÛ
He does not seem to be interested in it (is
ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Íö° Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±? ÑÙè¯L. 'talk you, Sir' êŸí£±p. talk to you, Sir
not seeming ô¦ë]ª). ìª÷±y í£±ú£hÚ¥õª û¦Ú¨-÷y÷± Ú¥ñæ¨d. ÚÛ·ôÚÂd.
I Ðû¦è[ª- øŒ‰vÚÛî¦ô¢Ù 22 Vöµj 2005

ÑÙC. Î Íô¢nÙêÁ am seeing/ is seeing/ are 9) ÷ªì-¸ÚëÁ Ú•Eo NÙêŸ (strange) ë]'ø‹uõª ÚÛEí‡-
seeing î¦è[è[Ù ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. ú£ªh-û¦oô³. Ú•Eo NÙêŸ øŒò°lõª NEí‡-ú£ªh-û¦oô³.
ÚÛõª-ú£ªÚÁ÷è[Ù Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪-ìo-åx-ô³ê¶– 10) ÷ªì-¸ÚëÁ Ú•Eo NÙêŸ ë]'ø‹uõª ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù
She is seeing the CM today. ö¶ë]«, Ú•Eo NÙêŸ øŒò°lõª NEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]«?
Î ú‡Ó-îªE ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺ÙC. Answers:
I am not seeing the Governor today.
I really don't see how he is able to stand still for so long? (û¶ìª Ð ôÁV Þœ÷-ô¢o-ôÂìª ÚÛõª-ú£ªÚÁ÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª.) 1) Look at those two pictures. Do you see
any difference (between the two) (Are you
Am hearing/ is hearing/ are hearing ö¶ë]ª ÚÛë¯.
seeing ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯?).
Sudha: What are you looking at so Íô³ê¶ 'see' Ú¨ ñë]ªõª 'look' am + ing/ is + ing/ 2) Look there! Don't (= do not) you see a
àŸ«ø‹ô¦?
steadily? Do not see/ does not see; do not hear/ does are + ing form ö˺ î¦è…-ìç¶x,
deer?
(ÔNªæ©, êŸë¶-ÚÛÙÞ¥ Íåª àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦o÷±?) not hear, do not observe/ does not observe am hearing/ is hearing/
Madhuri: I see an interesting sight over are hearing ÚÛª ñë]ªõª,am
>ÙÚÛ ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙë¯?
Do you see a deer?
ÍÙåª-û¦oô¢ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d ÷ªìÙ Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ªÚÁ-î¦-LqÙC–
there. Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªìÙ àŸ«ú‡ì am/ is/ are + ing listening to/ is listening to/
are listening to
>ÙÚÛ ÚÛìí£-è[è[Ù ö¶ë¯?
(ÍÚÛ\èÁ Îú£-Ú¨h-ÚÛ-ô¢-iì ë]'øŒuÙ ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC.) forms ö˺ î¦è[E verbs êÁð§åª, see, hear, î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Don't (Do not) you see a deer?
Sudha: What is it you see there? I do not observe ö°Ùæ¨ verbs ìª ÚÛ«è¯ am/ is/ are + see Ú¨, look at Ú© ê¶è¯ Are you not seeing? Don't you
ñë]ªõª,
see any thing. Saritha, do you see ing forms ö˺ Ñí£-óµ«-TÙàŸÙ. Íö° î¦è¯-Lq-ì-í£±pè[ª Ñìoç¶x, hear ÚÛª listen to
ÚÛª see?
any thing? see, sees, hear, hears, observe, observes Íô¢nÙ ê¶è¯ ÑÙC. 3) What do you see there?
not question do/ does see, 'hear' ÍÙç¶ ÷ªìÚÛª Nì-í£-
(ÔÙ ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙ-ë]-ÚÛ\è[? û¦¸ÚÙ ÚÛEí‡Ù- ÍE, êÁ ö˺ Íô³ê¶ M. SURESAN (What are you seeing ô¦ë]ª)
àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. ú£Jê¦, F¸Ú-iû¦ ÚÛEí‡- do/ does hear, do/ does observe è¶C. You are looking so much at the tree.
ÍE î¦è[ê¦Ù.
þ¼hÙë¯?) a) I see a picture on the wall. 'listen to' ÍÙç¶ ÷ªìÙ (ví£óŸªêŸoÙ) à¶ú‡ Nìè[Ù.
4) Don't look now. I see someone coming for
Saritha: No. Nothing unusual. Listen carefully. You hear footsteps.
you.
Î ÞÁè[ OªC ò˹÷ªt û¦ÚÛª ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC.
(ö¶ë]ª. ÍÙê¦ ÷«÷´õªÞ¥û¶ ÑÙC.) b) She sees what he is doing. â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ Nìª. Íè[ª-Þœªõ àŸí£±pè[ª NEí‡-ú£ªhÙC 5) Whom do I see there?
unusual = ÷«÷´õª Ú¥EC, Ú•êŸh Nù£óŸªÙ (FÚÛª). (Whom am I seeing?
î¦è[ª à¶ú£ªh-ìoC ÎÚÛª ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC. ô¦ë]ª)
Sudha: Do you hear Madhuri? Saritha c) They are standing on the balcony. They ÷ªìÙ Ú¥xúÃö˺ ÔÙ à¶þ§hÙ? Isn't (is it not) Michael Jackson?
sees nothing unusual. Come on, see the Sunrise. Do we hear the teacher or Do we listen to the
(Michael Jackson It is Michael

ÚÛEí‡Ù-à¶N... ví£óŸªAoÙ# àŸ«›úN...

What attracts you there? teacher? OªÚÛª êµõªú£ª ÚÛë¯ ÷ªÙ# students
ÚÛë¯ =
Jackson)
î¦üŒ‰x ò°õ\-Fö˺ Eõñ-è¯fô¢ª. ú£«ôÁu-ë]óŸªÙ î¦üŒxÚÛª
(÷«ëÅ]ªK NEí‡Ù-#Ùë¯? ú£J-êŸÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ Óí£±pè[« listen to the teacher. (ÍÙç¶ æ©àŸô¢ª 6) We hear some sweet music from some
ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC.
Ú•êŸhë¶Oª ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. ÍÚÛ\è[ ÔÙ am seeing/ is seeing/ are seeing ÚÛª ñë]ªõª, ൛ípC î¦üŒ‰x vøŒë]lÄ šíæ¨dNÙæ°ô¢ª).
ÎÚÛ-J{Ù-#ÙC Eìªo.)
Madhuri: Don't you observe that man there?
All made up like Gandhi, and
standing still like a statue?
(ÍÚÛ\è[ Î ÷ªE-ù‡E Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë¯
ìª÷±y? Þ¥ÙDÅö° ÚÛíà î¶ú£ª-Ú•E, NvÞœ-
Ù-ö°Þ¥ Eõñè… Ñû¦oè[ª.)
Made up = û¦åÚ¥ö˺x ÚÛíà à¶ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù
where.
still = àŸõìÙ ö¶E am looking at/ is looking at/ are looking at Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª àŸ«è[Ùè… 7) He never listens to good advice. He does-
Sudha and Saritha: Yes, We see now see look at
î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Ú¥F Ú¨ ÚÛª Íô¢nÙö˺ ê¶è¯ a) As we walk along the road, we hear the n't (does not) like advice.
Saritha. I really don't see how he is able to ÑÙC. noise of the traffic. never= Óìo-æ¨Ú© Ú¥ë]ª/-ö¶ë]ª.
stand still for so long? see = ÷ªìÚÛª ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ôÁè[ªf Oªë] ìè[ª-ú£ªh-ìo-í£±pè[ª væ°íƇÚÂ îµ«êŸ NEí‡- Advice plural
ÚÛª singular.
ö¶ë]ª. Óí£±pè[«
(ÍÙêŸ-›úí£± ÚÛë]-LÚÛ ö¶ÚÛªÙè¯ Óö° Eõ-ñè… look at = ÷ªìÙ (ví£óŸªêŸoÙ à¶ú‡) àŸ«è[è[Ù ú£ªhÙC. Advice ÷³Ùë]ª a/an î¦è[Ù.
ÑÙè[ÞœõªÞœª-꟪û¦oèÁ Íô¢nÙ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙC.) I see the picture on the wall. b) We switch on the CD player/ the two-in- 8) Hello! I hear some noises over the phone.
See = understand. ÞÁè[ Oªë] ò˹÷ªt ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC. one to listen to music. Do you hear me What I say ? I don't (do
Íí£±p-è[-í£±pè[ª, Ó÷-ô¢û¦o Ôë]û¦o àµGê¶ "I see" I am looking at the picture on the wall. (÷ªìÙ ú£ÙUêŸÙ Nìè¯-EÚ¨ ú‡è… ›íxóŸªôÂ/ åªÏ-ûËÂ- not)/am not able to hear what you say.
ÍÙæ°Ù. ë¯ìô¢nÙ ‘Íô¢lÄ-÷ª-÷±-êÁÙC’ ÍE. ÞÁè[ Oªë] ò˹÷ªtìª àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª. ÷ûË ÎûË à¶þ§hÙ) 9) We see some strange sights and we hear
Sudha: But don't you hear some thing too? Look at the sky, you see the stars. c) û¶ìª ൛ípC FÚÛª NEí‡-þ¼hÙë¯? some strange sounds.
(OªÚÛª ÔOª NEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë¯?) Do you hear me? 10) Don't (do not) we see some strange
Madhuri & Saritha: What is it?
û¶ìª ඛípC ìª÷±y NÙåª-û¦oî¦? sights and hear some strange sounds?
(ÔNªæ¨ ÍC?) Are you listening?
Sudha: The gibber of the monkey there It's
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é
. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E English ö˺ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ practice
performing to the boy's commands. 21 à¶óŸªÙè….
(Î Íò°sô³ Îè…-ú£ªhìo Î ÚÁA Ú¨àŸ-Ú¨-àŸõª
NE-í‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë¯?) 1) Î ·ôÙè[ª ò˹÷ªtõª àŸ«è[Ùè…. Ôiû¦ ê¶è¯ ÚÛEí‡-
gibber - pronunciation : >ñ
þ¼hÙë¯?
performing = à¶óŸªè[Ù, ví£ë]-JzÙ-àŸè[Ù (see).
(look).
ÎÚ¥øŒÙ îµjí£± àŸ«è[Ùè… ì¤Û-vê¦õª ÚÛEí‡-þ§hô³ 2) ÍÚÛ\è[ àŸ«è[Ùè…. ÖÚÛ >ÙÚÛ ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]«?
(deer - >ÙÚÛ)
Madhuri and Saritha: What's new about it?
(ÔÙå÷«t ÍÙë]ªö˺ NÙêŸ?)
When you look up, you see the blue sky.
3) ÍÚÛ\è[ FÚÛª ÔÙ ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC? Î àµåªd îµj›í
ví£øŒo: Housewife ñë]ªõª
šíjÚ¨ àŸ«›úh Fö°-Ú¥øŒÙ ÚÛEí‡-ú£ªhÙC.
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ see, hear, observe î¦è[ÚÛÙ Þœ÷ª- àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦o÷±.
EÙ-àŸÙè…. ÏÚÛ\è[ see, hear, observe Ð verb ìª
ÍêŸè[ª Îîµªìª àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª.
He is looking at her.
4) Ïí£±pè¶ àŸ«è[ÚÛª. F ÚÁú£Ù Ó÷ôÁ ô¦÷è[Ù ÚÛEí‡- Homemaker ÍE
î¦è[-÷à¦a? My mother is housewife
þ¼hÙC û¦ÚÛª (û¶ìª àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª).
(He is seeing her
5) Ó÷ô¢-ÚÛ\è[ û¦ÚÛª ÚÛEí‡-þ¼hÙC? (whom...see Íìè[Ù ÚÛÙç¶ My mother is homemaker
Ïí£±pè[ª ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù, Ïí£±pè[ª NEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù, Ïí£±pè[ª ÍìÙ ÚÛë¯?)
Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸè[Ù Íû¶ Íô¦n-õêÁ î¦è…-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© am/ is/ æ©àŸô Eìªo Þœ÷ª-E-þ¼hÙC. ÍÙç¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC ÚÛë¯?
are seeing; am/ is/ are hearing, am/ is/ are
– ÎôÂ. ÚÛ'ÿ§g-ô¦÷±, Ú¨è…Nª, XÚ¥-ÚÛª-üŒÙ->ö°x
î¦è[Ùè…). i¸ÚöËÀâ°ÚÛqûË ڥë]ª ÚÛë¯?
observing am/ is/ are seeing,
The teacher is watching you.
(am/ is/ are observing
6) ÓÚÛ\è…ìªÙàÁ ÷ªëÅ]ª-ô¢-iì ú£ÙUêŸÙ NEí‡-þ¼hÙC
áî¦ñª: 'Housewife' Íû¶ ÷«å ð§êŸ-ñ-è…-ð¼-
Íìè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. ÍìÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d.)
am/ is/ are hearing, am/ is/ are observing (we êÁ vð§ô¢Ù-GÅÙ#, some where î¦è[Ùè…).
7) î¦èµ-í£±pè[« ÷ªÙ# ú£õ-õª Nìè[ª. î¦è…Ú¨ Ïù£dÙ
ÚÛª 'see'
Íô³ê¶, ‘àŸ«è[ª’ Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª. 'See if
ñë]ªõª see, hear, observe Íû¶ ÍÙåª-û¦oô¢ª ÚÛë¯ any one is there?' see
Ú¥ñæ¨d ÚÛª, look ÚÛª ê¶è¯ ô³ÙC. Homemaker Íû¶C ò°Þ¥ î¦è[ª-ÚÛ-ö˺ڨ
ö¶ë]ª.
8) ö˺, ðƼûËÁx ÔîËÁ øŒò°lõª NEí‡-ú£ªh-û¦oô³. û¶ìª
÷«ëÅ]ªJ, ú£ªëÅ], ú£JêŸ. Íö°¸Þ Ïí£±pè[ª ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ÑÙC. ÷þ¼hÙC. Ð ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨ÚÛÙç¶ Ïí£±p-è…-í£±pè¶ î¦è[ª-ÚÛ-ö˺ڨ
ö¶ë]ª/ Ïí£±pè[ª NEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª/ Ïí£±pè[ª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-
àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª Íû¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª am not/ is not/ are not ÏC ÷³ÜuÙ! ൛ípC FÚÛª NEí‡-þ¼hÙë¯? ìª÷±y ൛ípC û¦¸ÚÙ
÷ú£ªh-ìo-÷«å (÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Í-J-Ú¥ö˺)
Houseworker. ÍC ÷ªìÚÛª ÍÙêŸ ìàŸa-ÚÛ-ð¼-÷àŸªa
seeing/ hearing/ observing ÍE Íìè[Ù ö¶ë]ª see ÍÙç¶ ÚÛõª-ú£ªÚÁ÷è[Ù (meet) Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ ÚÛ«è¯ NEí‡Ù-àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. Þ¥F î¦üŒ‰x Ð í£ë¯û¶o ÓÚÛª\÷ Ñí£-óµ«-T-ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª.
I Ðû¦è[ª-
Lakshmi: Hi, Ajitha, how are you?
(óÀª Í>êŸ, Óö° Ñû¦oîËÂ?)
Ajitha: Fine, thank you. How are you?
(ò°Þœªû¦o, ìªîµyö° Ñû¦o÷±?)
Lakshmi: OK. thank you. Do I smell some-
thing sweet?
(ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦o, ÔëÁ ú£ªî¦-ú£ì ÷ú£ªh-
ìoåªxÙC ÚÛë]«?)
Ajitha: That's right. You smell the jasmine
spray I use.
(Eá! û¶ìª î¦è…ì â°ú‡tûË v›úp î¦ú£ì
ÍC.)
Lakshmi: Well, why have you brought me
here?
(ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ìûµoÙ-ë]ªÚÛª Bú£ª-Ú•-à¦a÷±?)
Ajitha: The coffee here tastes fine and
fresh.
Well, why have you brought me here?
(ÏÚÛ\è[ Ú¥íƈ à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC.)
Lakshmi: O, thank you (After a sip) I am
tasting real good coffee for the first
time in weeks. ((Ú•ÙàµÙ Ú¥íƈ ê¦T)
Ú•Eo î¦ô¦õ êŸô¦yêŸ îµ³ë]æ¨þ§JÞ¥
÷ªÙ# Ú¥íƈ ô¢ª# àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª.)
Ajitha: Wait a minute. I feel some thing
creeping up my arm. (ÑÙè[ª. ÔëÁ û¦
à¶A Oªë] ð§ÚÛª-꟪ìoåªd ÍEí‡-þ¼hÙC.)
ví£øŒo: Give ÍÙç¶ Ï÷yè[Ù. Given ÍÙç¶ Ï÷y-ñ-
è[è[Ù. I have given ÍÙç¶ ‘û¦ÚÛª Ïà¦aô¢ª’ ÍE
Íô¢nÙ ÚÛë¯ (û¶ìª Ï÷y-ñ-è¯fìª ÍE). Ú¥F à¦ö°-
àÁåx ÏêŸ-ô¢ªõ ÞœªJÙ# ൛íp-å-í£±pè[ª 'He has
given' ÍE ‘ÍêŸìª Ïà¦aè[ª’ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ
î¦è[ª-꟪-û¦oô¢ª. ÏC êŸí£±p ÚÛë¯? ‘ÍêŸìª Ï÷y-
ñ-è¯fè[ª’ ÍE ÚÛë¯ Íô¢nÙ?
–ô¦ëů-ÚÛ'ù£g, šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂ
áî¦ñª: English ÚÛª, êµõªÞœªÚÛª Ñìo ê¶è¯õ ÷õx,
`given' ö°Ùæ¨ past participles ÷ªìÚÛª Ú•ÙàµÙ con-
fusing Þ¥û¶ ÑÙæ°ô³. `Given' Íû¶C past partici-
ple. ÍÙç¶ ë¯ìô¢nÙ ‘Ï÷y-ñ-è…ì’ ÍE. (‘Ï÷y-ñ-è[è[Ù’
Ú¥ë]ª)
a) The book given to him.
ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ Ï÷y-ñ-è…ì í£±ú£hÚÛÙ.
b) The man seen near the school.
seen past participle
(ÏÚÛ\è[ school
Íô¢nÙ ë]Þœ_ô¢
Past participle
àŸ«è[-ñ-è…ì ÷uÚ¨h ÍE. ÚÛª Íô¢nÙ ‘...
ñè…ì’ ÍE Íú£Ù-í£²-JhÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC.)
c) The book torn by the child.
(Î Gè[f à¶êŸ #Ùí£-ñ-è…ì í£±ú£hÚÛÙ)
d) The movie released yesterday.
(Eìo Nè[ª-ë]õ à¶óŸª-ñ-è…ì ú‡E÷«)
Íô³ê¶ êµõª-Þœªö˺ Íö° ÍìÙ.
a) ÍêŸEÚ¨ Ï#aì í£±ú£hÚÛÙ.
b) school ë]Þœ_ô¢ àŸ«ú‡ì/ ÚÛEí‡Ù-#ì ÷uÚ¨h.
c) Gè[f #Ùí‡ì í£±ú£hÚÛÙ.
d) Eìo Nè[ª-ë]õ à¶ú‡ì ú‡E÷« ÍÙæ°Ù.
Lakshmi: Don't worry. It is only an ant.
(òÅ¡óŸª-í£-è[ÚÛª... ÍC <ö¶!)
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ smell, taste, feel- verbs î¦è[ÚÛÙ
Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. see, hear, smell, taste, feel -
Ï÷Fo ò°›ï°uÙ-vC-óŸ«-õÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ìN. Hear
and see- Ð ·ôÙè[ª verbs ìª am + ing/ is + ing/
are + ing forms ö˺ î¦è[Ù. Íö°¸Þ Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]-
ô¦sÄö˺x smell, taste, feel ÚÛ«è¯ am + ing/ are +
ing form ö˺ î¦è[Ù.
Ú•EoàÁåx Ú•Eo ׸Ú!
a) smell ÍÙç¶ ÖÚÛ ÷ú£ªh÷± Ïú£ªhìo î¦ú£ì Íû¶
Íô¢nÙêÁ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª am smelling/ is
smelling/ are smelling form ö˺ î¦è[Ù.
The rose smells sweet.
(Þœªö°G ú£ªî¦-ú£ììª Ïú£ªhÙC.)
The rose is smelling sweet ÍìÙ.
Íë¶ ÷ªìÙ ë¶ûµjoû¦ Ïí£±pè[ª î¦ú£ì àŸ«ú£ªhìo
Nù£óŸªÙ àµð§p-õÙç¶ am smelling/ is smelling/
are smelling î¦è[ê¦Ù.
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 22
She is smelling the flower in her hand.
(Î à¶A-ö˺E í£±÷±yìª î¦ú£ì àŸ«þ¼hÙC.)
ÏC ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. Ú¥ñæ¨d ÖÚÛ ÷ú£ªh÷± ÖÚÛ î¦ú£ì
Ïú£ªhÙC Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ Íô³ê¶ is smelling/ are
smelling ô¦ë]ª.
The spray smells fine.
spray
Î ÷ªÙ# î¦ú£ì Ïú£ªhÙC Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ
The spray is smelling fine
Íô³ê¶. Ú¥ë]ª.
They are smelling the spray.
î¦üŒ‰x Î v›úpìª î¦ú£ì àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª.
ÏC ÚÛ·ô¸Úd – ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶ ÷ªìÙ î¦ú£ì àŸ«è[è[Ù
Ú¥ñæ¨d.
Past participles ÷³Ùë]ª had given, have/
has/ had ÷›úh NNëÅ] ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x– Ïà¦aìª, Ïà¦a÷³,
Ïà¦aô¢ª, Ïà¦aè[ª, Ïà¦a÷± Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ
÷ú£ªhÙC.have/has+ participle- ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£E
Ô çµjîªö˺ áJ-TÙC êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸª-ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ ÷ú£ªhÙC.
I have given the book.
û¶ìª í£±ú£hÚÛÙ Ïà¦aìª.
(past- Óí£±pè[ª, Ô ôÁV, Ôçµjîªö˺ Ï#aÙC àµí£pè[Ù
ö¶ë]ª– Ï÷yè[Ù ÷«vêŸÙ áJ-TÙC.)
I, we you, they - have given.
he, she, it - has given.
He has given.
ÍêŸìª Ïà¦aè[ª (Ï÷yè[Ù Íô³-ð¼-ô³ÙC – past, çµjîª
êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªè[Ù ö¶ë]ª).
'given' ö°Ùæ¨ past participles ÷³Ùë]ª 'be' forms-
(am, is, are, was, were, shall be, will be, have
been, has been – #÷ô¢ be, been verbs
÷à¶a
b) 'taste' Nù£óŸªÙ ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙê¶. ÖÚÛ ÷ú£ªh÷± Ð
NëÅ]-iì ô¢ª#E Ïú£ªhÙC Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ Íô³ê¶
taste, tastes Íû¶ ÍÙæ°Ù. am tasting/ is
tasting/are tasting ÍE ÍìÙ.
Biriyani serves here
tastes fine.
(ÏÚÛ\è[ Gô¦uF ÷ªÙ# ô¢ª#-
E-þ¼hÙC – The biriyani is
tasting fine Ú¥ë]ª.)
Íë¶ ÷ªìÙ- ë¶-ûµjoû¦ ô¢ª#-
àŸ«-ú£ªh-ìo-í£±pè[ª– am tast-
ing, is tasting, are tast-
ing M. SURESAN
ÚÛ·ô¸Úd.
I am tasting the biriyani.
(û¶ìª Gô¦uFE ô¢ª# àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª.)
ÏÚÛ\è[ am tasting ÚÛ·ô¸Úd.
She is tasting the dish to see how good it is.
(Î ÷ÙåÚÛÙ ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙëÁ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-è¯-EÚ¨ ë¯Eo
Î ô¢ª# àŸ«þ¼hÙC).
c) 'feel' Nù£óŸªÙ ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙê¶. ÷ªìÚÛª Íìª-òÅ¡«A,
òÅ°÷Ù Ôëµjû¦ ÚÛL-T-ì-í£±pè[ª feel/ feels ÷«vêŸî¶ª.
am feeling/ is feeling/ are feeling ÍìÙ.
i) I feel the cold wind blowing on my face.
(û¦ OªtCÚ¨ Oú£ªhìo àŸõxE Þ¥LE Íìª-òÅ¡-N-
ú£ªh-û¦oìª.)
ii) She feels (is feeling Ú¥ë]ª) strange in this
new place.
ÍFo be- forms.) ÷›úh Íí£±pè[ª ÷«vêŸî¶ª à¶óŸª-ñ-è…ÙC,
Ï÷y-ñ-è¯fè[ª, etc. passive voice forms ÷þ§hô³.
êµõªÞœª ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ passive voice à¦ö° Íô¢ªë]ª.
He is seen here every day.
ví£A-ôÁV ÏÚÛ\è[ àŸ«è[-ñ-è[-ê¦è[ª.
He is given salary on the first of every month.
ÍêŸìª ví£A ûµö° îµ³ë]æ¨ ê¶D @êŸÙ Ï÷y-ñ-è[-ê¦è[ª.
He has given a lecture.
ÍêŸìª Ñí£-û¦uú£Ù Ïà¦aè[ª.
He is given Rs. 10000 every month. ÍêŸìª ví£A
ûµö° ô¢«. 10000 Ï÷y-ñ-è[-ê¦è[ª (ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ Ïþ§hô¢ª).
They are given. î¦üŒ‰x Ï÷y-ñ-è[-ê¦ô¢ª.
Children are given milk everyday. ôÁW í‡õxõª
ð§L-÷y-ñ-è[-ê¦ô¢ª.
ví£øŒo: I give more prefer coffee than tea Íû¦L.
Ú¥F I give more prefer coffee to tea ÍE
ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÍÙæ°ô¢ª?
I am suffering from fever ÍÙæ°ô¢ª
ÓÙë]ªÚÛª? I am suffering with fever Íì-
ÚÛ«-è[ë¯?
– ·Ú ûËÂ, ÚÛ'ù£g, Þœìo-÷ô¢Ù
áî¦ñª: I give more prefer coffee... Ð sen-
tence ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª.
I prefer coffee to tea Íû¦L ö¶ë¯ I give prefer-
ence to coffee over tea Íû¦L.
1) prefer êŸô¦yêŸ Óí£±pè[« 'to' ÷ú£ªhÙC. 'than' ô¦ë]ª.
2) 'more preference' Íû¶ î¦è[ªÚÛ ö¶ë]ª. ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 24 Vöµj 2005
(Ð Ú•êŸh ví£ë¶-øŒÙö˺ ÎÚÛª ÔëÁ NÙêŸÞ¥ ÍEí‡-
þ¼hÙC.)
iii) They feel quite at home in the new place.
(They are feeling Ú¥ë]ª)
(Ð Ú•êŸh ví£ë¶øŒÙ î¦üŒxÚÛª ÔOª Ú•êŸhÞ¥ ÍEí‡Ù-
àŸè[Ù ö¶ë]ª.)
Íô³ê¶ How are you feeling? Íû¶C î¦è[ª-ÚÛö˺
ÑÙC– Óö° Ñû¦o÷±? Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ.
ò°›ï°uÙvCóŸ«õ Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ Þœ÷ª-E-Ùà¦-Lqì
÷³Ý°uÙ-ø‹õª
i) am seeing/ is seeing/ are seeing î¦è[Ù (ÚÛE-
í‡Ù-àŸè[Ù Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ)
am hearing/ is hearing/ are hearing ö¶ë]ª.Ð
·ôÙè…Ùæ¨ Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ am/ is/ are looking/ lis-
tening î¦è[ê¦Ù.
ii) ÖÚÛ ÷ú£ªh÷± Ïú£ªhìo î¦ú£ì Íô³ê¶ is smelling/
are smeling ö¶ë]ª. smell/ smells ÷«vêŸî¶ª.
÷ªìÙ î¦ú£ì àŸ«ú£ªh-ìo-í£±p-èµjê¶ am smelling/ is
smelling/ are smelling correct.
iii) ÖÚÛ ÷ú£ªh÷± Ïà¶a ô¢ª# Íô³ê¶ taste/ tastes
ÍÙæ°Ù.is/ are tasting ÍìÙ.
iv) 'feel' Nù£-óŸªÙö˺– Íìª-òÅ¡÷Ù, Íìª-òÅ¡«A Íô¢nÙêÁ
feel/ feels
Íô³ê¶ am/ is/ are feeling
ÚÛ·ôÚÂd.
ö¶ë]ª.
êŸè…Nª àŸ«è[è[Ù– Íô¢nÙêÁ Íô³ê¶ am/ is/ are
feeling î¦è[-÷àŸªa.
preference 'more'
ö˺û¶ Íû¶ òÅ°÷Ù ÑÙC.
'Suffering from' correct êµõªÞœª, English
î¦è[ª-ÚÛõª ð¼õa-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. ô òÅ°ù£õª ÚÛë¯. êµõª-Þœªö˺
ÖÚÛJ Oªë] ÚÁí£Ù ÷ú£ªhÙC. Englishö˺ angry with
(a person) ÍÙæ°Ù. Ïåª-÷Ùæ¨ Nù£-óŸ«ö˺x î¦è[ª-ÚÛìª
ñæ¨d ð¼î¦L. ÍC ÓÙêŸ ÓÚÛª\÷ English àŸC-Nê¶
ÍÙêŸ ò°Þ¥ ÷ú£ªhÙC.
ví£øŒo: I am going to go Ú¨ I am going Ú¨ ê¶è¯
ÔNªæ¨?
– ÷ªûËÁ-ô¢Ù-áE, Ná-óŸª-î¦è[
áî¦ñª: 'I am going to go' ÍÙç¶ îµüŒx-ò˺-꟪-û¦oìª
ÍE, 'I am going' ÍÙç¶ îµüŒ‰êŸª-û¦oìª ÍE.
Ôëµjì í£E-à¶-óŸª-ò˺-꟪-ìo-í£±pè[ª going to do/ sing/
teach etc. î¦è[ê¦Ù.
ví£øŒo: 1. û¶ìª ðÆ»æ˺ Bô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L/ Bô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÛª-
û¦oìª
2. íÆ£ö°û¦ ÓÙvæ© û¦ ú£KyúÃ í£±ú£h-ÚÛÙö˺
ô¦ô³Ù-à¦L (ö¶ë¯ ÓÙåô à¶ô³Ù-à¦L/
ô¦ô³Ùà¦ìª).
Ð î¦Ú¥u-õìª ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ Óö° àµð§pL.
– ·Ú. ô¦¸ÚøÉÂàŸÙë]ª, áÙÞ¥-·ôè…fÞœ«èµÙ
áî¦ñª:
1. I should/ have to get/ have myself pho-
tographed./ I got/ had myself photographed.
2. I have to get the entry made/ recorded in my
service register (I got the entry made/
recorded in my service register).
I Ðû¦è[ª- ÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 26 Vöµj 2005

Raghu: Hi Pavan, you look dull. What's the
matter?
(óÀª í£÷ûËÂ, ÔÙæ¨ è[öËÀÞ¥ Ñû¦o÷±?)
Pavan: I have a headache. I don't have (do
not have) at home the tablets I usual-
ly take.
(êŸõ-ûË•-í‡pÞ¥ ÑÙC. ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ û¶ìª
î¶ú£ª-ÚÛªû¶ ÷«vêŸõª ÏÙæ˺x ö¶÷±.)
Raghu: Sorry to know that. Do you have that
novel with you? I mean the novel you
bought last week.
( I have (am having
þ§K, Ú¨Ùë]-æ¨-î¦ô¢Ù ìª÷±y Ú•ìo ì÷õ F
ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙë¯?)
Pavan: Sorry. I don't have it. Prakash took it
from me yesterday. He has it now.
( þ§K, ÍC û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ö¶ë]ª. ví£Ú¥ùà Eìo
Bú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦oè[ª. ÍC ÍêŸè… ë]Þœ_¸ô ÑÙC.)
Raghu: I have no work today. So I want to
spend time reading the book.
(û¦ÚÛª Ð ôÁâ¶Ù í£E-ö¶ë]ª. í£±ú£hÚÛÙ àŸë]ª-
÷±êŸ« Þœè…-›íë¯lÙ Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª.)
Pavan: Go ahead. My brother has another
book with him. Take it.
(Íô³ê¶ Ú¥EóÀª. ÷« vñë]ô ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÏÙÚÁ
I have (am having Ú¥ë]ª) a lot of work.
b) ÚÛª÷«-ôÂÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è[ Ñë]óŸªÙ 8 ìªÙ# þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ
6 ÷ô¢ÚÛª è[«uæ© ÑÙC.
Kumar has (is having Ú¥ë]ª) duty here from
8 AM - 6 PM.
4. òÅ°î¦õª, Íìª-òÅ¡«-꟪õª ൛íp-åí£±pè[ª am/ is/
are having ô¦ë]ª.
a)ÎÚÛª ÍêŸ-ìÙç¶ Þ¥èÅ[iì v›í÷ª.
She has (is having Ú¥ë]ª) deep love for
him.
b) šúöµÚÂd Í÷±-ê¦-ìû¶ ÎøŒ û¦ÚÛª ÑÙC.
Ú¥ë]ª) the hope I will ø‹ÙA: Ñû¦oô¢ª. ÓÙë]ªÚÛª?
b) My friend is having a son and a daughter.
be selected.
ÿ§LE: û¦ÚÛª ÓõªxÙè… òµÙÞœª-üŒŠ-ô¢ªö˺ ÏÙåô¢«yu
(ÍÙ綖 Î všíÆÙè êŸì Ú•è[ªÚÛªìª, Ú۫꟪JE
5.
÷ªìÚÛª Ñìo ô¢ªÞœtêŸö°xÙæ¨ î¦æ¨E êµLóŸª-â¶-›ú-å- AÙåª-û¦o-è[û¦? ÍC Ú¥ë]ª ÚÛë¯?– My friend ÑÙC. Já-¸ôy-ù£ûË ÚÛù£dÙÞ¥/ú£÷ª-ú£uÞ¥
í£±pè[ª am/ is/ are having ô¦ë]ª. have/ has has a son and a daughter.)
ÑÙC.
÷«vêŸî¶ª ÷ú£ªhÙC. c) Saritha is having a wonderful pair of ear Answers:
a) û¦ÚÛª êŸõ-ûË•-í‡pÞ¥ ÑÙC. rings. 1. I also have that book. Have you?/Do you
I have a headache (am having Ú¥ë]ª.) (ÍÙç¶ – ú£JêŸ à¦ö° ÍÙë]-iì àµN ÎòÅ¡-ô¢-é°õª have it.
b) ÎÚÛª ڥô¢ªx. AÙæ˺Ù-ë]û¦? Ú¥ë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d She has a won- 2. Have you/Do you have any class now.
She has jaundice (is having Ú¥ë]ª). derful pair of ear rings.) 3. Why are you having coffee now? You usu-
c) ÍêŸ-EÚ¨ ò°Þ¥ áõªñª à¶ú‡ÙC. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª practice à¶óŸªÙè…. (ÍEoÙ- ally have tea.
He has (is having Ú¥ë]ª) a bad cold. æ¨Ú¨ have- correct form î¦è[Ùè…). 4. (Over phone) Is it you? I am having lunch.
ÏÚÛð¼ê¶ am having/ is having/ are having 1) û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÚÛ«è¯ Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ÑÙC. F ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙë¯? Please wait.
î¦è[ë]-Tì ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄõª ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥– 2) FÚÛª Ïí£±pè¶îµªiû¦ Ú¥xúà ÑÙë¯?

‘û¶ìª ú£«\å-ôÂE AÙåª-û¦o쪒

I want Mahesh's phone no. Do you have it?
í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ÑÙC. ÍC Bú£ªÚÁ.) ★ Aìè[Ù, ê¦Þœè[Ù ö°Ùæ¨N–
I don't (do not) have it. Ramesh has it.
I don't (do not) have Ramesh's phone
number either.
(not Ñìo sentence
ö˺ 'also'
ô¦ë]ª. ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE
'either.')
5. Isn't that sari nice/beautiful?
Then have it.
Raghu: Where is he? 1) û¶E-í£±pè[ª Ú¥íƈ Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª (ê¦Þœª-꟪- 3) ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Ú¥íƈ Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±. ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥
I do not (don't) have/I
haven't (have not)
(ÍêŸìª ÓÚÛ\è[?) û¦oìª). ìª÷±y æ© ê¦Þœª-ê¦÷± ÚÛë¯? the money now.
I am having coffee. 4) (ðƼûËÁx) ‘× ìªî¦y? û¶ìª õÙà Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o!
Pavan: He is having breakfast. Wait for a few 2) î¦Rx-í£±pè[ª òÅ˺áìÙ à¶ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª. Ú¥ú£h îµô³-æËÀ-àµóÀª’
I have the money but
I don't (do not) like
minutes. They are having meals now.
3) ÍêŸìª ú‡T-·ôæËÀ ê¦Þœª-꟪-û¦oè[ª. that sari.
(î¦è[ª vò¶ÚÂ-ðƧúÃd à¶ú£ªhû¦oè[ª. Ú¥›úí£± ÎÞœª) ‘û¦ÚÛª ÷ª›ï°ùà ðƼûË ûµÙñô ڥî¦L. F ë]Þœ_ô¢
ÑÙë¯?’ 6. What do you have for
Raghu: Aren't (Are you not) having any? He is having a smoke. ‘û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ö¶ë]ª. ô¢î¶ªùà ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÑÙC.’ breakfast usually.
(ìª÷±y ÔOª Aìî¦?) (He is smoking ñë]ªõª) ‘û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ô¢î¶ªùà ðƼûË ûµÙñô ÚÛ«è¯ ö¶ë]ª.’ I have mostly idles.
Pavan: I don't feel like, with this head ache.
(Ð êŸõ-ûË•í‡p ÷õx Aû¦-õE ö¶ë]ª)
★ am having/ is having/ are having- `bath' ÚÛª 5) ‘Î <ô¢ à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙC ÚÛë¯?’ Why are you having M. SURESAN
î¦è[-÷àŸªa. ‘Íô³ê¶ Bþ¼\’ dosa now?
This restaurant doesn't (does not) have a
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ ÷ªìÙ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¶-ë¶-Nªæ¨? Ú•Eo- ‘û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ Ïí£±pè[ª è[ñªs-ö¶ë]ª.’
àÁåx Ïí£±pè[ª áJ¸Þ í£E-·Újû¦ have/ has î¦è[è[Ù, ‘û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ è[ñªs ÑÙC Ú¥F, û¦ÚÛª Î <ô¢ ìàŸa- good name for idles. It has a good name
Ú•Eo-àÁåx am having/ is having/ are having ö¶ë]ª. for dosas.
î¦è[è[Ù. 'am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing' form ö˺ 6) ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ð»ë]ªlì vò¶ÚÂ-ðƧúÃd ÔÙ I don't have (do not have)/ haven't (have
î¦è[E verbs ö˺ have ÚÛ«è¯ ÑÙC. Íô³ê¶ am Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°÷±?’ not) much knowledge of the restaurants
having/ is having/ are having form Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]-
here.
You are having a dosa now. How is it?
ô¦sÄö˺x Íô¦n-Eo-ñæ¨d î¦è[ê¦Ù.
1. have/ has ÚÛª Ñìo ÷³Üu-iì Íô¢nÙ– ÚÛLT
7. Ramu: How is that pup there?
Raghu: I have a pup at home. That's big-
ÑÙè[è[Ù.
I, we, you, they Íô³ê¶ have.
He, she, it Íô³ê¶ 'has'.
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 23 ger than this.
Ramu: Has it/Does it have a name?
I have a scooter.
Raghu: Yes. It has a beautiful name.
Ruby. Have you/Do you have any
û¦ÚÛª ú£«\åô ÑÙC. ‘ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥ Ïè†x Bú£ªÚÛªÙæ°’
She has a lot of jewellry. ‘÷ªJ Ïí£±p-èµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª ëÁøŒ AÙåª-û¦o÷±?’ pets at home?
Ramu: No.
ÎÚÛª à¦ö° ìÞœõª Ñû¦oô³. ‘Ð ·ôþ§d-·ôÙæËÀö˺ Ïè†xõª ò°ÞœªÙ-è[÷±. ëÁøŒõª
My friends (they) have bikes. ò°ÞœªÙ-æ°ô³.’ 8. Suneel: Hasn't (has not) this building/
Doesn't (does not) this building
÷« všíÆÙèÂqÚÛª òµjÚÂq Ñû¦oô³. ‘û¦ÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è… ·ôþ§d-·ôÙæËÀq ÞœªJÙ# ÍÙêŸÞ¥ êµL-
ÚÛLT ÑÙè[è[Ù Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ am having/ is hav- óŸªë]ª.’ have a beautiful/ grand appear-
ing/ are having ô¦÷±. ‘Ïí£±pè[ª ìª÷±y ÚÛ«è¯ ëÁøŒ AÙåª-û¦o÷± ÚÛë¯. ance.
a) î¦üŒxÚÛª ÍÙë]iì ÏõªxÙC. Óö° ÑÙC?’ Sukumar: I don't have/I haven't any doubt
They have a beautiful house. 7) ô¦÷³: ÍÚÛ\è[ªìo ÚÛªÚÛ\-í‡õx Óö° ÑÙC? about it.
(They are having a beautiful house (ÚÛªÚÛ\-í‡õx= Pup) Suneel: It has a beautiful portico, a bal-
Ú¥ë]ª)
b) This coffee has a fine taste. ô¢íÆ£³: û¦ÚÛª ÏÙæ˺x ÚÛªÚÛ\-í‡õx ÑÙC. ÍC DE- cony, big windows and a
(is having
large/spacious hall.
Ð Ú¥íƈڨ ÷ªÙ# ô¢ª# ÑÙC. Ú¥ë]ª) ÚÛû¦o šíë]lC.
c)Ð ìÞœ-ô¢Ùö˺ îµè[-õp-ô³ì ôÁè[ªx-û¦oô³. She has a lot of jewellry ô¦÷³: ë¯EÚ¨ ›íô¢ªÙë¯? Sukumar: If I have the money, I wish to buy
This city has wide roads. ô¢íÆ£³: ë¯EÚ¨ ÍÙë]-iì ›íô¢ªÙC. ô¢«H. ìª÷±y this house.
(This city is having... a) ÷« û¦ìoÞ¥ô¢ª þ§oìÙ à¶ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª. Ú¥ú£h 9) Shalini: Where is Suneeta?
Ú¥ë]ª) ÏÙæ˺x Ô áÙ꟪÷±ûµjû¦ šíÙàŸª-꟪-û¦oî¦?
2. ÷ªìª-ù£ªõÚÛª, áÙ꟪-÷±õÚÛª Ñìo Þœªé°õª ൛íp-å- ÎÞœÙè…. ô¦÷³: ö¶ë]ª. Santhi: She is having a bath.
í£±pè[ª am/ is/ are having Have/ has
ô¦ë]ª. My father is having a bath. Please wait. 8) ú£ªFöËÀ: Ð òÅ¡÷-û¦-EÚ¨ à¦ö° ÍÙë]-iì Shalini: Has Suneeta/ Does Suneeta
b) Î ù£÷ô ò°ê à¶þ¼hÙC. appearance ÑÙC ÚÛë¯? have any friends in railway book-
÷«vêŸî¶ª ÷ú£ªhÙC.
a) She has patience. She is having a shower. ú£ªÚÛª-÷«ôÂ: Î Nù£óŸªÙö˺ û¦¸ÚÙ ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ing?
( is having Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…–am/ is/ are having from ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Santhi: She has, but why?
ÎÚÛª ×ô¢ªp ÑÙC.) Ú¥ë]ª. ö¶ë]ª.
b) The wife and husband have (are hav- Aìè[Ù, ê¦Þœè[Ù Íû¶ Íô¦n-õ¸Ú í£J-NªêŸÙ. ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE ú£ªFöËÀ: ë¯EÚ¨ ÖÚÛ ÍÙë]-iì ð¼JdÚÁ, ò°õ\F, Shalini: I have an interview in Bangalore
ing a good understanding for am having/ is having/ are having NªÞœê¦ ú£Ùë]-
the day after tomorrow. I am hav-
Ú¥ë]ª) šíë]l Ú¨æ¨-Ú©õª, ÖÚÛ šíë]l õª Ñû¦oô³.
each other. ô¦sÄö˺x î¦è…ê¶ Ní£-K-ê¦ô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC. eg: ú£ªÚÛª-÷«ôÂ: û¦ ë]Þœ_ô¢ è[ñªs ÑÙç¶, Ð Ïõªx Ú•û¦-õE ing a problem/difficulty about
a) I am having a scooter. ÑÙC. (have, wish î¦è[Ùè…). reservation.
(Î òÅ°ô¦u-òÅ¡-ô¢hõ ÷ªëÅ]u ÷ªÙ# Í÷-Þ¥-ì
ÑÙC.) (Ð sentence ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù ÷à¶a Íô¢nÙ, ‘û¶ìª 9) ÿ§LE: ú£ªFêŸ ÓÚÛ\è[? problem, difficulty am
ø‹ÙA: þ§oìÙ à¶þ¼hÙC
ö°Ùæ¨- î¦-æ¨êÁ
3. ÷ªì-ÚÛªìo í£E ÞœªJÙ# ൛ípÙ-ë]ªÚÛª am/ is/ are ú£«\å-ôÂE AÙåª-û¦o쪒 ÍE ÚÛë¯. ÍÙêŸ-øŒÚ¨h having/is having/ are having
having î¦è[Ù. ÷«ì-÷±-è…-Ú¨ÙÚ¥ ô¦ö¶ë]ª, Ú¥ñæ¨d ÏÚÛ\è[ àµð§p- ÿ§LE: ú£ªF-êŸÚÛª ·ôjö¶y ñªÚ¨Ù-ÞÂö˺ všíÆÙèÂq Ó÷- î¦è[÷àŸªa.
a) û¦ÚÛª à¦ö° í£ìªÙC. LqÙC– I have a scooter.) ·ôjû¦ Ñû¦oô¦?
I Ðû¦è[ª- Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 28 Vöµj 2005

Krishna: Hi Nikhila, How are you?
(óÀª E"õ, Óö° Ñû¦oîËÂ?)
Nikhila: Fine, thank you, How go your stud-
ies?
(ò°Þœª-û¦oìª. ìª÷±y Óö° àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦o÷±?)
Krishna: Studying well. My brother was
come yesterday.
Nikhila: Was come? Look here, Krishna, we
never use verb forms like was
come. That isn't English.
(was come vÚ¨óŸª ô¢«ð§Eo ÷ªìÙ Ñí£-
óµ«-TÙàŸÙ. ÍC ÏÙTxùà ڥë]ª.)
Krishna: ë¯ûËÁx ꟛíp-÷³ÙC?
Nikhila: Oª vñë]ô Eìo ÷à¦a-è[E ÚÛ믖 ìª÷yÙ-åª-
û¦o÷±. ÏÚÛ\è[ was come ÍE verb
î¦è¯÷±. ÍC êŸí£±p. English ö˺ verb ÚÛª
Ð be forms ÍEo-Ùæ¨Ú© #÷ô¢ 'be' ô¦÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-
àŸÙè….
have been, has been, had been, shall have
been, should have been, will have been,
would have been, may have been, might
have been, can have been, could have been,
must have been, need have been, ought have
been, dare have been
Ð be forms #÷-ô¢-õ-EoÙ-æ¨Ú© been ô¦÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-
àŸÙè….
šíj÷Fo 'be' forms. Oå-Eo-æ¨Ú© Íô¢nÙ ‘ÑÙè[è[Ù’ Íû¶ can sing- verb - can + sing (1st RDW)
ë¯EÚ¨ ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ# ÑÙåªÙC. Oæ¨ö˺x Ú•Eoæ¨ î¦è[ÚÛÙ (ÍêŸìª ÏÚÛ\è[ Eìo àŸ«è[ñè¯fè[ª).
÷ªìÙ àŸ«ø‹Ù. šíj î¦æ¨-ì-EoÙæ¨F ÷ªìÙ àµð§p-õ-ìª- Íö° Oæ¨ö˺x ë¶E í£ÚÛ\-ûµjû¦ 1st RDW î¦è…ê¶ verb b) All kinds of books are sold here.
Í÷±-꟪ÙC. (verb - passive
ÚÛªû¶ Íô¦nEo ñæ¨d independent Þ¥ î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Þœ÷ª-EÚÛ: 'shall, will, should, would, etc 'be'
ÏÚÛ\è[ ÍEo ô¢Ú¥õ í£±ú£hÚ¥õª Í÷ªt-
He is here.
ñ-è[-ê¦ô³).

Íú£õª ú£ÙÞœA Î ÎJÙæ¨ö˺û¶!

Îô¢ª ô¢«ð§õª Ñû¦oô³. Îô¢ª ô¢«ð§ö˺x
ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ ô¢«í£Ùö˺ verb ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶, ÍC
II form (verb ·ôÙèÁ
English Ú¥ë]ª.
(à¦ö° ÷ªÙC ð§ôÈ¢-ÚÛªõª, was come, has going,
forms Ú¥÷±. shall, should, will, would, etc.,
They could be here yesterday itself.
í£ÚÛ\ì 'be' Ñìo-í£±pè¶ ÍN 'be' forms Íìo
Nù£óŸªÙ Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L.
She might be dangerous, etc.
V form (verb Íô³ëÁ ô¢«í£Ù)
ô¢«í£Ù)
c) The film will be released next week.
(verb- passive ú‡E÷« ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù Nè[ª-ë]õ
à¶óŸª-ñ-è[ª-꟪ÙC).
ÖÚÛ\ VI form of the verb ÷«vêŸî¶ª passive.
NªÞœê¦ forms ÍFo active voice. êµõª-Þœªö˺
÷ªìÙ passive voice ë¯ë¯í£± î¦è[Ù ÚÛë¯! ÍÙç¶
÷ªìÙ ÏÙæ˺x ‘Í÷«t’ ÍìoÙ ÷Ùè[ñè…Ùë¯ ÍìÙ.
Ú•åªdÚÛª îµRx Ð í£±ú£hÚÛÙ ÏÚÛ\è[ Í÷ªt-ñ-è[ª-꟪Ùë¯
ÍìÙ. spoken telugu ö˺ passive voice î¦è[Ù.
English ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ ÓÙêŸ êŸÚÛª\÷Þ¥ î¦è…ê¶ ÷ªì
òÅ°ù£ ÍÙêŸ simple Þ¥ ú£ï£°-áÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC.
conversational ease ÑÙåªÙC.

}
have, has, had, shall have,
ö°Ùæ¨ verbs ÚÛ·ôÚ¥d, Ú¥ë¯ ÍE ÍE Íè[ª-Þœª-꟪ìo ví£øŒo- 'be' form+ ...ing form verb, 'be' should have, will have,
àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛë¯ English verb Óí£±pè[« šíj singu-
õ-Eo-æ¨Ú© Ð lesson Ñí£-óµ«-Þœ-í£-è[ª-꟪ÙC. â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ lar forms ö˺ ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ ô¢«í£Ùö˺ ÑÙè¯L. ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶
ÍÙç¶ Ôëµjû¦
form '...ing' form (going, coming, would have, can have, + past
àŸë]-÷Ùè…, Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁÙè…, practice à¶óŸªÙè…, Oª Oªô¢ª ÷«æ°x-è¶C sentence Ú¥ë]ª. Íö° ÷«æ°x-è…ê¶
êŸô¦yêŸ Ôëµjû¦
singing, dancing etc., could have, may have, participle
ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ î¦è[Ùè….)
ö°Ùæ¨-N)êÁ ÷ú£ªhÙC. êŸí£±p. Ïí£±pè[ª àŸ«è[Ùè…–
Kumar is writing. might have, must have, He was come.
÷ªìÚÛª Spoken English ÚÛù£d÷ª-E-í‡Ù-à¶C, êŸí£±põª verb: is (be form) + writing (ing form)] ought have, dare have ÏÚÛ\è[ verb Ô÷ª-î¦yL?
ඛúD verb Nù£-óŸªÙ-ö˺û¶. She has been singing for the past one hour. need have was come - (was (be form) + come (1st
verb ÍÙç¶ êµõªú£ª ÚÛë¯? subject ÑÙè¶ ú‡nAE verb- has been singing
ÏÚÛ\è[ ÏN ÚÛ«è¯ be formsÚ¥÷±. Oæ¨ö˺x ë¶E í£ÚÛ\-ûµjû¦ RDW)
has been ('be' form) + singing (ing)form 'been'Ñìo-í£±pè¶ ÍC 'be' form
Í÷±-꟪ÙC. be form + 1st RDW-
verb sentences
šíj ö˺, 'be' form + ing form shall have been - ÏC 'be' form. six forms of verb form
ö˺, Ð ö¶ë]ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d
ô¢«í£Ùö˺ ÑÙC ÚÛë¯. Íö°¸Þ– shall have -
ÏC 'be' form
Ú¥ë]ª. He was come- sentence Ú¥ë]ª.
They could be going there. Past Participle (PP)ÍÙç¶ êµõªú£ª ÚÛë¯? was come = was (be
could be (be form) + going (ing form). (PP) form) + come (past par-
go went gone ticiple)
see saw seen be form + past participle
do did done ÏC passive voice verb

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 24 like liked

talk talked
liked
talked
Í÷àŸªa ÚÛë¯ Íû¶ ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù
OªÚÛª ô¦÷àŸªa. ÏÚÛ\è[
verb, V form have, has, had,
ö˺ šíjì àŸ«í‡Ù-#ì ÷³Üu-iì Nù£óŸªÙ come,
III form (verb ÷´èÁ ô¢«í£Ù) shall have, should have, etc., ö°Ùæ¨ î¦æ¨ go, walk, sit ö°Ùæ¨ verbs M. SURESAN
í£ÚÛ\ì past participle à¶J›úh Îcombination- ÚÛª passive voice ÑÙè[ë]ª.
Doing Words Oæ¨E ÷ªìÙ êµõª-ú£ª-Ú•E Ñû¦oÙ verb ÚÛª Ó÷-JE, ë¶EE ÍE ví£øŒo-î¶-óŸªÙè… Answer
verb Í÷±-꟪ÙC.
ÚÛë¯. eg: He has seen me. ÷›úh passive ÑÙåªÙC. Answer ô¦ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ pas-
1st Regular 2nd Regular Past verb: has seen - has + past participle (PP) sive ÑÙè[ë]ª.
Doing word Doing word Doing Word She will have gone by then. They came yesterday.
come comes came verb: will have gone- will have + gone (PP) verb came.
ÏÚÛ\è[ DE Íô¢nÙ– ‘÷à¦aô¢ª’ ÍE. Ó÷-
sing sings sang They should have done it. JE ÷à¦aô¢ª? ë¶EE ÷à¦aô¢ª? Íû¶ ví£øŒo-õÚÛª
do does did should have done - should have + done (PP) 'Answer' ô¦ë]ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d Oæ¨Ú¨ passive ÑÙè[ë]ª.
talk talks talked Ïö° NªÞœê¦ î¦æ¨êÁ ÚÛ«è¯. Íë¶ He writes books ö˺ 'writes' verb. ÍÙç¶
like
smell
likes
smells
liked
smelt
VI form (verb ÎôÁ ô¢«í£Ù) Íô¢nÙ ‘ô¦þ§hè[ª’ ÍE. ë¶EE ô¦þ§hè[ª? ÍÙç¶ ‘í£±ú£h-
Ú¥õª’ Íû¶ answer ÷ú£ªhÙC. DEÚ¨ passive êŸí£pÚÛ
Fine, thank you, How go your studies? Þœªô¢ªh à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙë¯Ù! 'be' form + past participle
ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ 'be' form past participle
í£ÚÛ\ì Ôëµjû¦
ÑÙåªÙC. Books are written by him ÍE pas-
sive àµí£p-÷àŸªa.
(state of being ÍÙç¶ ÑÙè[è[Ù) Ú¥F, subject ඛú Regular actions- vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ í£ìª- (PP)÷›úh ÍC verbÍ÷±-꟪ÙC.
í£EE (action) Ú¥F êµLóŸª-â¶-ú£ªhÙC. õÚÛªI, we, you, they 1st Regular Doing
Íô³ê¶ a) He was seen there yesterday.
Eg: He is here. word (1st RDW); He, She, It 2nd RDW
Íô³ê¶ verb: was seen- was (be form) + seen
ÍêŸ-E-ÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oè[ª. î¦è[ê¦Ù. Oæ¨êÁnot Questions
Ú¥F, ö˺ Þ¥F (PP).
ÏÚÛ\è[ verb 'is' ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµõªí£±-꟪ÙC. Íô³ê¶ 1st RDW 'do', 2nd RDW
êÁ 'does'
êÁ b) The snake has been killed.
Sunitha works hard. î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÏN ÷ªìÚÛª êµõªú£ª ÚÛë¯. Íö°¸Þ Past verb: has been killed, has been (be form) +
Doing Word ìª ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ô çµjîªö˺ áJ-TÙëÁ êµL- killed (PP).
ví£øŒo: Were you there then yesterday?
ú£ªFêŸ ÚÛù£dí£è… í£E-à¶-ú£ªhÙC.
ÏÚÛ\è[ verb 'works' í£EE (action) êµõªí£±-êÁÙC ú‡- ÑÙç¶ Íåª-÷Ùæ¨actions Past
ÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. c) It can be done.
ÚÛë¯! Doing Word not
E êÁ Ú¥F, Questions êÁ Ú¥F verb: can be done- can be (be form) + done
Eìo Oªô¢ª Íí£±pè[ª ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oô¦?
English ö˺ verb ÚÛª Îô¢ª ÚÛ#aêŸ-iì ô¢«ð§õª î¦è…ê¶ did ÷ú£ªhÙC. ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ OªÚÛª êµõªú£ª. (PP)
Ïö° ô¦óŸª-÷à¦a?
û¦õªÞÁ ô¢«í£Ù) – N. û¦ô¦-óŸª-é-·ôè…f, Të]l-õ«ô¢ª
Ñû¦oô³. Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸª-ÚÁÙè…. Oªô¢ª Oª sentence ö˺ d) He had been killed before he was thrown
IV form (verb on the railway track.
î¦è¶ verb ÷ªìÙ àŸ«è[-òËºó¶ª Îô¢ª ô¢«ð§ö˺x (six
shall, will, should, would, verbs: had been killed - had been (be form) áî¦ñª: ô¦óŸª-÷àŸªa.
}
forms) ö˺ ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ ô¢«í£Ùö˺ ÑÙè[-ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ Oª sen-
tence correct Ú¥ë]ª. ÏÚÛ àŸ«è[Ùè…. can, could, may, might, + 1st RDW + killed (PP); ví£øŒo: ÖÚÛ î¦ô¦h-í£-vA-ÚÛö˺ ÷ªï‡°-ü‹-¸ÞóŸª ô¢àŸô³êŸE
was thrown- was (be form) + thrown (PP).
I form of the verb (verb îµ³ë]æ¨ ô¢«í£Ù)
must, need, ought, dare poet ÍE ú£Ùò˺-CÅÙ-à¦ô¢ª. poetess Íû¦L
Ð VI form of verb ÚÛª ÖÚÛ ví£ê¶u-ÚÛêŸ ÑÙC. Ð
I shall go there tomorrow.
– ·Ú. û¦Þœ-àµj-êŸìu, ð§óŸª-ÚÛ-ô¦÷±›íå
ÚÛë¯.
'be' forms verb form- 'be form + past participle'. Ð
verb- shall go. verb PASSIVE VOICE
áî¦ñª: English ö˺ ô¦ì« ô¦ì« gender dif-
ÏÚÛ\è[ DE ô¢«í£Ù–
am, is, are, was, were, shall be, should be, shall + go (1st Regular Doing Word)
ô¢«í£Ùö˺ Ñìo Óí£±pè[«
will be, would be, can be, could be, may be, ö˺ ÑÙåªÙC. verb- English passive voice
ö˺
Srinu will help me. ference (LÙÞœ-òŶë]Ù) ð§æ¨Ù-àŸè[Ù êŸT_-ð¼-êÁÙC.
might be, must be, ought be, dare be, need verb: will help- will + help (1st RDW)
ö˺ Ñìoí£±pè[ª êµõª-Þœªö˺ ‘ñè[ª’ ÍE Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC. poet ÚÛ÷ô³v꟪õÚÛ« î¦è[è[Ù þ§ëů-ô¢-é-÷ª-÷±-êÁÙC.
be a) He was seen here yesterday.
They can sing. êŸí£±p ö¶ë]ª ÍÙåª-û¦oô¢ª.
I Ðû¦è[ª-
Sasank: Where is your brother, Radha?
(ô¦ëů, Oª vñë]ô ÓÚÛ\è[?)
Radha: He coming slowly. I seen him a few
minutes ago.
(ÍêŸìª Eë¯-ìÙÞ¥ ÷ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. Ú•Cl ENª-
ÿ§õ Ú¨Ùë]å ÍêŸè…E àŸ«ø‹)
Sasank: Look here, Radha. Your words, 'He
coming slowly', and 'I seen him a
few minutes ago' are not sentences
because there are no verbs in them,
they don't have complete meaning.
(F ÷«åö˺x 'he coming slowly', 'I
seen him a few minutes ago'
verbs
î¦Ú¥uõª Ú¥÷±. î¦æ¨ö˺x ö¶÷±.
î¦æ¨Ú¨ Íô¢nÙ í£²Jh Ú¥ö¶ë]ª ÚÛë¯)
Radha: But 'coming' and 'seen' are verbs.
Why to doubt that?
(coming, seen verbs ÚÛë¯?, Íìª-
÷«ìÙ ë¶EÚ¨?)
Sasank: 'coming' is only an 'ing' form, and
'seen' is just a past participle. In our
Íô¢nÙ ÍÙê¦ ÍÙë]ªö˺û¶!
last article, we have seen the six
forms of verbs.
a) 'be' form + ing form is a verb
b) 'be' form/ have/ has/ will have/
shall have etc + past participle is
a verb.
(coming Íû¶C ¸Ú÷õÙ 'ing' form, +
seen Íû¶C past participle- ing
form ÷³Ùë]ª 'be' form ÑÙç¶ verb
Í÷±-
꟪ÙC. + past participle÷³Ùë]ª 'be'
form Ú¥F have/ has/ had/ shall have
÷Ùæ¨N ÑÙç¶ verbÍ÷±-꟪ÙC. Ï÷Fo
÷ªìÙ Ú¨Ùë]æ¨ î¦uú£Ùö˺ àŸ«ø‹Ù.)
Radha: So, you say a sentence in English
must have a verb- one of the six
forms we saw in last article.
(ÍÙç¶English sentence correct Þ¥
ÑÙè¯-õÙç¶ ÞœêŸ î¦uú£Ùö˺ N÷-JÙ-#ìåªxÞ¥
verb Îô¢ªô¢«ð§ö˺x ÖÚÛæ¨Þ¥ ÑÙè¯L.)
Sasank: That's right
(Í÷±ìª)
Ú¨ÙCî¦æ¨ö˺x correct verbs ìª ÞœªJhÙ-àŸÙè….
verb correct Íô³ê¶ brackets ö˺ (c) ô¦óŸªÙè….
êŸí£p-ô³ê¶ (w) šíådÙè…. verb form correct Ú¥ÚÛ-
ð¼ê¶, correct verb formô¦óŸªÙè…. verb correct
Íô³ê¶ ÍC Ô form verb Í÷±-꟪ÙëÁ ô¦óŸªÙè….
eg:
1) He was do it (W)
He was doing it (C)
He did it.
2) She looking at it (W)
She is/was/any be form looking at it. (C)
3) They have seen me (C)
(have + past participle)
Exercise:
1. They know me.
2. She seen him.
3. They are take coffee.
4. She will help him.
5. The snake been killed.
6. The book stolen.
7. The class going on.
8. We known him.
9. They saw him yesterday.
10. The snake has been killed.
Answers:
1. (C) I Regular Doing Word.
2. (W) Correct form: She has/ will have/
would have + seen him
3. (W) Correct form: They are taking cof-
fee.
øŒEî¦ô¢Ù 30 Vöµj 2005
4. (C)
5. (W) Correct form: The snake has
been/had been/will have been (any
such 'be' form) + killed.
6. (W) Correct form: The book is/ was/
has/ been (any be form) + stolen
7. (W) Correct form: The class is/ was/ will
be going on.
8. (W) Correct form: We have/ had/ will
have etc. + known him
9. (C) - Past Doing Word
10. (C) - has been + killed (PP) - Passive vÚÛ÷ªÙ-êŸ-í£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo Ú¥F àµñªê¦ô³. õìª êµL›í verbs - like, love etc.)
voice am- I êÁ; he, she, it- is êÁ; you, we, II) verbs expressing actions of the mind.
verbs ÚÛ·ô-ÚÂdÞ¥ form à¶ú‡-ì-í£±pè¶ ÷ªì sen- they- are êÁ ÷þ§hô³. (÷ªì ñªClÄÚ¨, Îö˺-àŸ-ìõÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì
tences II) was, were ÞœêŸÙö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo àµñªê¦ô³. verbs - know, understand etc.)
ÚÛ·ô-ÚÛd-÷±-ê¦ô³ ÚÛë¯. ÏÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛ« ÷ªìÙ
III) shall be, will be òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ ÑÙè[è¯Eo
û¶ô¢ªaÚÛªìo-ë¶Ùæ¨? III) certain other verbs like appear, belong
a) subject - sentence ë¶EE ÞœªJÙ# àµñª-êÁÙëÁ
àµñªê¦ô³. etc.
IV) have been (I, We, You, TheyêÁ), has
ÍC. been (he, she, itêÁ) ÞœêŸÙö˺ Óí£pæ¨
b) Verb - sentence ö˺ subject êŸô¦yêŸ Ô
÷«-å/-÷«-åõª ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ sentence ÑÙè[ëÁ ìªÙàÁ, Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛªÞ¥E, ÏÙÚ¥-Þ¥F ÑÙè[-
ÍC/-ÍN verb. è¯Eo àµñªê¦ô³.
šíj÷Fo ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ൛íp 'be' forms.
c) English verb six forms ö˺ ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ form f) subject action
ඛú í£ìª-õìª êµLóŸª-⶛ú î¦æ¨E
ö˺ ÑÙè¯L. words ÍÙæ°Ù. Oæ¨ö˺x1st Regular Doing
d) English ö˺ statement ÚÛª (ÔëÁ ÖÚÛ Words (come, go, take, sit verbs - I,
ö°Ùæ¨
Nù£óŸªÙ ൛íp sentence) , question ÚÛª we, you, they 2nd Regular
êÁ î¦è[ê¦Ù),
order of words ö˺ à¦ö° ê¶è¯ ÑÙåªÙC. Doing Words (comes, goes, takes, sits
i) Statement structure: subject + verb ö°Ùæ¨ verbs - He,
Oæ¨E
ii) Question structure: She, It êÁ î¦è[ê¦Ù)
1) verb + subject vÚÛ÷ªÙ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ
Regular Actions ÚÛª Ñí£-
óµ«-Tþ§hÙ. There are no verbs in your sentences
i) 1st Regular Doing
Word Question
ìª ö˺ IV) verbs of sense perception.
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 25
not
Þ¥E, êÁÞ¥F î¦è…ê¶ (ò°›ï°uÙvCóŸ«õ í£ìª-õÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ# am/
do ÷ú£ªhÙC. M. SURESAN is/ are ing ÑÙè[÷±. am/ is/ are looking,
ii) 2nd Regular Doing listening î¦è[-÷àŸªa.)
2) 1st word of the verb + subject + Word Question
ìª not ö˺ޥE, êÁÞ¥F V) have ÚÛª Aìè[Ù/ ê¦Þœè[Ù Íô¢nÙ Íô³ê¶ am
other words of the verb. (verb ö˺ î¦è…ê¶does ÷ú£ªhÙC. having/ is having/ are having î¦è[÷àŸªa.
g) Past Doing Words (came, went, took, sat
·ôÙè[ª ÷´è[ª ÷«å-õªÙç¶...) NªÞœê¦ Íô¦n-õêÁ am/ is/ are having î¦è[Ù.
Questions ·ôÙè[ª ô¢Ú¥õª:
ö°Ùæ¨ verbs) ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ôçµj-îªö˺ áJ-TÙD êµL›úh Bath ÚÛª am/ is/ are having î¦è[ê¦Ù.
Íåª-÷Ùæ¨ í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù.
1) 'Wh' questions- what, when, etc., Past Doing Word ìª not êÁÞ¥E, Question i) English verbs six forms ö˺ ÑÙæ°ô³. Î
êÁ
vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡÷ªó¶ªuN. êÁÞ¥F î¦è…ê¶ did ÷ú£ªhÙC. six forms ö˺ ö¶E î¦æ¨E verbs ÍìÙ.
2) Non 'wh' questions- what, when etc šíjì àµí‡pìî¶ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ Ú•Eo vocabulary items
h) am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing form (be form
ö¶EN. Ô ô¢ÚÛ-iû¦subject ÷³Ùë]ª + ing form) verbs Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. ÷ªìÙ ëµjìÙ-Cì @N-êŸÙö˺
verb verb
Ú¥E, îµ³ë]-æ¨-÷«å Ú¥F ÑÙè… î¦è¶ ÷ú£ªh-÷±õÚÛª, ÷ªì ÏÙæ¨Ú¨, Cì-àŸ-ô¢uõÚÛª, ÷ªìÚÛª
subject, verb
î¦è[ê¦Ù.
êŸô¦yêŸ Î êŸô¦yêŸ NªÞœê¦ Íô³ê¶ Ïí£±pè[ª áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õìª àµí£p- ÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ ÷à¶a áñªs-õÚÛª, ÏêŸô¢ ò°ëÅ]-õÚÛª, ÷ªì-
÷«åõª ÷þ§hô³. è¯E·Újû¦, Ú•Eo ô¢Ú¥õ verbs ìª am + ing/ is + ÚÛ-ë]-L-ÚÛõÚÛª English ÷«åõª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ.
e) verbs ö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo ൛íp verbs ìª 'be'
ing/ are + ing form ö˺ î¦è[Ù. ÍN– DE-êÁ-ò°åª Ú•Eo principles of pronunciation
forms ÍÙæ°Ù.
I) verbs expressing feelings and emotions. (English Ñà¦a-ô¢é ú£«vê¦õª) ÚÛ«è¯ êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ.
I) am, is, are - ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo Ú¥E,
(òÅ°î¦-õìª, ÷ªì-ú£ªÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ-#ì Nù£-óŸ«-
ví£øŒo: 1) The match is to start. î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ ÷´èÁ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ ÚÛÙç¶ vð§ô¢Ù- a) ví£ú£ªhêŸÙö˺ ÷«vêŸî¶ª ÑÙå« òÅ¡N-ù£u-êÂö˺
2) The match is going to start. òÅ¡÷ªó¶ªu ÷u÷CÅ êŸÚÛª\÷. ö¶E ú£Ùë¶-Eo ÷uÚÛhí£J-à¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª 'might'
3) The match is about to start. ví£øŒo: One word substitutions ÍÙç¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù.
Oæ¨ ÷ªëÅ]u ê¶è¯ ÔNªæ¨? Oæ¨E êµõª- eg: Hari might help you.
ÔNªæ¨? Oæ¨E Óö° Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hôÁ
Þœªö˺ Óö° àµð§pL. êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸª-Þœ-õô¢ª. might E ÓEo (J FÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶óŸª-÷àŸªa/ à¶þ§h-
– Ú•í£±põ ô¢N-ÚÛª-÷«ôÂ, ÷ô¢Ù-ÞœöËÀ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª? è¶îµ«– ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù)
áî¦ñª: – è…. ô¢OÙ-ë]ô ·ôè…f, áìÞ¥Ù They might leave tomorrow.
1) The match is to start- áî¦ñª: Ú•Eo ÷«åõ ÚÛ«ô¢ªp Ïà¶a Íô¦nEo
DE Íô¢nÙ (î¦üŒ‰x ¸ôí£± îµü‹h-¸ô/ îµüŒx-÷àŸªa –
match vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡ÙÚ¥î¦L/ Í÷±-꟪ÙC êµLóŸªâ¶›ú ÖÚÛ ÷«åìª one word substi-
ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù).
Past ö˺ ú£Ùë¶-Eo ÷uÚÛh-í£-ô¢-àŸ-è¯-EÚ¨, 'might'
Ú¥›úqí£æ˺x ÍE. ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª Í÷-ö¶ë]ª ÍE. tute (one word substitution Ú¥ë]ª)
2) The match is about to start- Ú•Cl î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨E ð¼õaÙè…–
ÍÙæ°Ù. a) I think he may help me.
¤Ûé°ö˺x match vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡-÷ª-÷±êÁÙC ÍE. eg: one who does not believe that god
3) The match is going to start- match exists.
(î¦è[ª û¦ÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶þ§h-è¶--ìE/
(ë¶÷±-è[ª-û¦o-è[E ì÷ªtE î¦è[ª – û¦ú‡h-
vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥ìªÙC. àµóŸªu-÷-àŸaE û¶ì-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o.)
ÚÛªè[ª) Ð ÷«åõ îµ³êŸhÙ Íô¦nEo êµL›í Ö¸Ú
·ôÙèÁî¦ÚÛuÙ about to start ö˺ ÷u÷CÅ à¦ö° b) I thought he might help me.
÷«å – atheist (ÓóÀª-CÇ-ô³úÃd). Ú¥ñæ¨d (î¦è[ª û¦ÚÛª ú£ï£„-óŸªÙ- à¶-þ§h-è¶--ìE/
êŸÚÛª\÷. ÏÚÛ\è[ 'atheist' Íû¶C one word substi-
÷´èÁî¦ÚÛuÙö˺ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥ò˺-êÁÙC. ·ôÙèÁ tute.
àµóŸªu-÷-àŸaE Íìª-ÚÛªû¦o past).
I Ðû¦è[ª- ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 3 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005

Hari: Hi Hema, What's new?
(óÀª ›ï°÷ª, ÔÙæ¨ Nø™-ÿ§õª?)
Hema: Every thing OK. Thank you. How is
the world with you?
(ÍÙê¦ ò°Þ¥û¶ ÑÙC. ìªîµyö° Ñû¦oîËÂ?)
Hari: Good so far, Thanks.
(Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª ò°Þ¥û¶ ÑÙC.)
Hema: I've (I have) been waiting here for the
bus for the past twenty minutes. It
hasn't turned up. By the way, Where
are you coming from?
(ñúà ÚÁú£Ù 20 ENª-ÿ§-õªÞ¥ Óë]ªô¢ª àŸ«ú£ªh-
û¦oìª. ÍC Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª ô¦ö¶ë]ª. ú£¸ô-Ú¥F,
ìªîµy-ÚÛ\è… ìªÙ# ÷ú£ªh-û¦o÷±?)
turn up = ô¦÷è[Ù, áô¢÷è[Ù
by the way- topic ÷«ô¢a-è¯-EÚ¨ î¦è¶ ÷«å
Hari: From college. I have been going
round the college for my certificates
has played (has + past participle) = Ïí£pæ¨
÷ô¢ÚÛª Îè¯è[ª.
has been playing (has been + ing) =
ÏÙÚ¥ Îè[ª-
꟪-û¦oè[ª.
Íö°¸Þ 2(a) She has been working here since
the opening of the office.
ÏÚÛ\è[verb- has been working = (has been +
ing) ÏÚÛ\è[ Îíƈúà vð§ô¢Ù-GÅÙ-#-ì-í£pæ¨ ìªÙ< ÏÚÛ\è[
í£Eà¶þ¼hÙC.
(Íí£pæ¨ ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢¸Ú Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ ÏÙÚ¥ ÚÛ«è¯).
Íë¶ 2 (b) Íô³ê¶ verb has + pp - ÏÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª í£E-
à¶-ú‡ÙC ÍE. Prakash: I've (I have) been trying to talk to/
(ðƼûË à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨= to call; ðƼûË BóŸªè[Ù= lift)
for ÚÛª, since ÚÛª ê¶è¯ ô¢÷ªé: ñø‹ î¦üŒxÙ-ë]ô¢« ÓÚÛ\-è…-·Újû¦ îµü‹x- discuss with him something. I
haven't (have not) found the time.
a)ÏEo ÞœÙå-õªÞ¥, ÏEo ôÁV-õªÞ¥, Ïû¶o-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ¸ô?
Íô³ê¶ for the past (so many) hours/ days/ (ñø‹= perhaps) Prasad: This work has been keeping him
years ÍÙæ°Ù. 5) ví£þ§ëÂ: íÆ£é¨ Íô¢-ÞœÙ-åÞ¥ Î í£E à¶ú£ªh-û¦oè[ª. busy since saturday. He hasn't
b) íÆ£ö°û¦ çµjÙ ìªÙ#, íÆ£ö°û¦ ôÁV ìªÙ#, íÆ£ö°û¦ ÏÙÚ¥ í£²Jh à¶óŸª-ö¶ë]ª. found the time even to see the doc-
tor.

Ïí£±pè[ª ÚÛ«è¯...!
for the past three days. They haven't ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¢Ù ìªÙ# Íô³ê¶ since ÍÙæ°Ù. ví£Ú¥ùÃ: ·ôÙvèÁ-V-õªÞ¥ ÍêŸ-è…êÁ × Nù£óŸªÙ
(since = ÞœêŸÙö˺ × ú£÷ªóŸªÙ ìªÙ#) ÷«æ°x-è¯f-EÚ¨ ví£óŸª-Ao-ú£ªh-û¦oìª. ÏÙêŸ-÷- Prakash: What's (What is) his problem?
(have not) made them ready yet. The
He has worked/ has been working here for ô¢ÚÛª çµjÙ ë•ô¢-ÚÛ-ö¶ë]ª. Prasad: For the past (one) week he has
clerk hasn't (has not) been attending
the past 2 years/ since 2003 (2005- ví£þ§ëÂ: Ð í£û¶ ÍêŸè…E øŒE-î¦ô¢Ù ìªÙ# G@Þ¥ been having a bad cold and
college since the college reopened
headache.
last week.
(÷´è[ª ôÁV-õªÞ¥ ú£Jd-íƇ-·Úåx ÚÁú£Ù ÚÛü‹-ø‹õ 6) Jayanth: Have you read (gone through)
àŸªå«d Aô¢ª-Þœª-꟪û¦o. î¦RxÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª î¦æ¨E today's paper?
·ôè† à¶óŸª-ö¶ë]ª. Ú¨Ùë]æ¨ î¦ô¢Ù ÚÛü‹-ø‹õ êµJ- Jayakar: We haven't received/ got the
#-ì-í£pæ¨ ìªÙ# Î ÚÛxôÂ\ ô¦÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª) paper yet/ so far. Of late we
Hema: I understand your trouble. have been getting the paper
late.
have been waiting, have
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ (of late = lately = Ð ÷ªëÅ]u)
been going, has been attending verbs
Íû¶ Jayanth: Haven't you
form- have been + ing/
Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛë¯. Oæ¨ (have you not)
has been + ing. OªÚÛª êµL-ú‡Ùë¶ ÚÛë¯? 2=2003) ÑÙàŸª-êÁÙC. è¯ÚÛdôÂìª ÚÛõ-÷-è¯-EÚ¨ ÚÛ«è¯ complained to
I, We, You and They have been+ ing;
Íô³ê¶ for the past 50 years - since 1955 (2005- ÍêŸ-EÚ¨ çµjÙ ë•ô¢-ÚÛ-ö¶ë]ª. the agent?
He, She, It has been + ing
Íô³ê¶ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Ð (çµjÙ ë•ô¢-ÚÛÚÛð¼÷è[Ù = not find the time;
50=1955) Jayakar: I have been
form ö˺verb present perfect continuous
ìª ÚÛ«è¯= even)
Ð Ú¨ÙC ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. complaining
tense ÍÙæ°Ù. Shyam: What have you been doing since ví£Ú¥ùÃ: ÔNªæ¨ ÍêŸè… ú£÷ªú£u? since sunday.
(Ú¨Ùë]æ¨ lesson verb form-
ö˺ ÷ªìÙ àŸ«ú‡ì this morning? ví£þ§ëÂ: ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ î¦ô¢ÙÞ¥ áõª-ñªÞ¥, êŸõ-ûË•-í‡pÞ¥ He hasn't
have + PP/has + PP - Present Perfect tense)
have been + ing/has been + ing êÁ ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo (ð»ë]ªlæ¨ìªÙ# ÔÙ à¶ú£ªh-û¦o÷±?– Ïí£±pè[ª ÚÛ«è¯) ÑÙC. cared. Since M. SURESAN
Ramu: I have been studying for exam sunday we've
sentences í£J-Q-LÙ-àŸÙè…. î¦æ¨-êÁ-ð§åª Ï#aì tomorrow. (have) been getting the paper at
have + PP, has + PP êÁ Ñìo î¦Ú¥u-õìª ú£J-ð¼- (¸ôí£æ¨ í£K¤Û ÚÁú£Ù àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦oìª – Ïí£±pè[ª ÚÛ«è¯) 7:30 AM. What's the news in the

õaÙè…. Shyam: How many chapters have you cov-
ered?
(Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª ÓEo à¦í£dô¢ªx í£²Jh-à¶-ø‹÷±?)
Ramu: I have finished nine chapters so far.
(ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ê•NªtC à¦í£dô¢ªx í£²Jh-à¶-ø‹ìª)
Shyam: How long have you been using your
scooter?
(ìª÷±y ÓÙêŸ-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ F ú£«\å-ôÂìª Ñí£-
óµ«-T-ú£ªh-û¦o÷±?)
Ramu: It has been serving me well for the
last two years. It hasn't given me any
trouble.
(·ôÙè¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ÍC û¦ÚÛª Ñí£-óµ«-Þœ-í£-è[ª-êÁÙC.
ÏÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÔÙ våñªöËÀ Ï÷y-ö¶ë]ª.)
... Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛë¯!
1) have + pp/ has + pp - Ú•ÙêŸÚ¥õÙ vÚ¨êŸÙ ìªÙ#
Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª áJ-Tì í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù.
2) have been + ing/ has been + ing - Ú•ÙêŸ
Ú¥õÙ vÚ¨êŸÙ ìªÙ# ÏÙÚ¥ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª
î¦è[ê¦Ù.
3) þ§÷«-ìuÙÞ¥ so far, for the past, for the last,
Tendulkar has been playing cricket ...
since õìª have + pp/has + pp; have been
1. a) Tendulkar has been playing cricket for + ing/ has been + ing- verb õêÁ î¦è[ª-
the past fifteen years. (since 1989/1990) ꟪Ùæ°Ù. Oæ¨êÁð§åª have + pp/has + pp êÁ
b) Tendulkar has played cricket for the already (Ïí£p-樸Ú), yet (ÏÙÚ¥... ö¶ë]ª) Íû¶
past fifteen years (since 1989/1990). ÷«åõª ÚÛ«è¯ ÷ú£ªhÙ-æ°ô³.
2. a) She has been working here since the Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª English ö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè….
opening of the office.
b) She has worked here since the opening
1) ÓÙêŸÚ¥õÙÞ¥ Oªô¢ª ÏÚÛ\è[ í£E à¶ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª?
2) Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª Oªô¢ª Ð ûµõö˺ ÓEo ú‡E-÷«õª
of the office.
1 (b), 2 (b)
àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª?
Íô¢nÙ OªÚÛª êµõªú£ª– 3) û¶ìª í£ë¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ Ð ›íí£ô àŸë]ª-÷±-꟪-û¦oìª/ Ð
1(b) (for) / 1989-
çµÙè[«-õ\ôÂ ÞœêŸ í£C-›ï°-û¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥
90 (since)
›íí£ô ð§ôÈ¢-ÚÛª-è…Þ¥ Ñû¦oìª (reader î¦è[Ùè…).
ìªÙ# vÚ¨·ÚæËÀ Îè¯è[ª (Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª). 4) ô¢÷ªé: ÍøÉÁÚ ÷à¦aè¯?
Ð sentenceö˺ verb- has+ PP.
1(a)
ô¢N: ÏÙÚ¥ ô¦ö¶ë]ª. ÍêŸE ÚÁú£Ù Íô¢-ÞœÙ-åÞ¥
DEE êÁ ð¼õaÙè…. àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª (wait î¦è[Ùè…).
1(a) Tendulkar has been playing cricket for
the past fifteen years/ since 1989-90
ô¢÷ªé: ìª÷±y ÍêŸè…Ú¨ ðƼûË à¶ø‹î¦?
1(a) verb- has been + playing (has been +
ô¢N: ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ ðƼûË à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ Íô¢-ÞœÙ-åÞ¥ ví£óŸª-
ö˺ Ao-ú£ªh-û¦oìª. î¦RxÙæ˺x Ó÷ô¢« ðƼûË BóŸª-
ing).
DE Íô¢nÙ çµÙè[«-õ\ôÂ ÞœêŸ í£C-›ï°-û¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ö¶ë]ª.
cricket
(1989–90 ìªÙ#) Îè[ª-꟪-û¦oè[ª (ÏÙÚ¥).
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 27
6) áóŸªÙêÂ: Ð ôÁV ›íí£ô àŸC-î¦î¦?
áóŸª-ÚÛôÂ: ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÷«ÚÛª ›íí£ô ô¦ö¶ë]ª. Ð
÷ªëÅ]u ÷«ÚÛª ›íí£ô à¦ö° Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥
÷þ¼hÙC (get î¦è[Ùè…).
áóŸªÙêÂ: ÔâµÙ-æËÀÚÛª complain à¶óŸª-ö¶ë¯?
áóŸª-ÚÛôÂ: ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù ìªÙ# complain à¶ú£ªhû¦o.
Ú¥F ÍêŸè[ª í£æ¨dÙ-àŸªÚÁ÷è[Ù ö¶ë]ª. Î
ôÁV ìªÙ# ÷«ÚÛª ›íí£ô Ôè[ª-ìo-ô¢ÚÛª
÷þ¼hÙC. ÔNªæ¨ ›íí£ôÁx Nø™ù£Ù?
(í£æ¨dÙ-àŸª-ÚÁ-ÚÛ-ð¼-÷è[Ù = not care).
áóŸªÙêÂ: Ú¥QtôÁx ÖÚÛ çµvô¢-Jú£ªd ë¯è… ÞœªJÙ#
›íí£ô Jð¼ôÂd à¶ú‡ÙC.
áóŸª-ÚÛôÂ: ÓÙêŸ-÷ªÙC àŸE-ð¼-óŸ«-¸ô-Nªæ¨?
áóŸªÙêÂ: ÓE-Nª-C-÷ªÙC. ví£òÅ¡ª-ê¦y-ú£ª-í£vAE çµvô¢-J-
ú£ªdõª êŸÞœ-õ-òµ-æ°dô¢ª.
(êŸÞœ-õ-òµ-ådè[Ù = set fire)
Answers:
1) How long have you been working here?
2) How many movies have you seen so far
this month?
3) I have been reading/ I have been a reader
of this paper for the past ten years.
4) Ramana: Has Ashok come?
Ravi: No. I've (have) been waiting for
him for the past half an hour.
Ramana: Have you phoned him?/ Have
you called him?
Ravi: I have been trying to phone him/
ring him up/ call him for the past
half an hour. No one in his place
has lifted the phone.
Ramana: Perhaps they have all gone
somewhere.
5) Prasad: Phani has been doing that work
for the past half an hour. He has-
n't (has not) yet completed it.
paper?
Jayanth: The paper has reported a terrorist
attack in Kashmir
Jayakar: How many have died?
Jayanth: Eight. The terrorists have set fire
the Government Hospital.
ví£øŒo: How do you do? ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ ÔNªæ¨?
DEÚ¨ ú£÷«-ëůìÙ Óö° àµð§pL?
– þ§ëÅ]ªõ ví£òÅ°-ÚÛôÂ, ÚÛKÙ-ì-ÞœôÂ
áî¦ñª: How do you do? ÍÙç¶ ÚÛªøŒ-
õ÷«?/ò°Þœª-û¦oô¦?/Óö°-Ñ-û¦oô¢ª? Íô³ê¶ Ð
expressionìª ÷ªìÚÛª Ó÷-ô¢o-ô³û¦ îµ³åd-îµ³-ë]-æ¨-
þ§J í£J-àŸóŸªÙ à¶ú‡-ì-í£±pè[ª ÍÙæ°Ù. î¦üŒxìª ÷ªìÚÛª
í£J-àŸóŸªÙ à¶óŸª-Þ¥û¶ 'How do you do?' ÍE í£õ-
ÚÛ-Jþ§hÙ. ÍÙë]ªÚÛª Í÷-êŸL î¦üŒx ú£pÙë]ì ÚÛ«è¯ How
do you do?û¶. êŸô¦yA ìªÙ# How are you ÏêŸô¢
÷«åõª î¦è[ê¦Ù.
ví£øŒo: I have finished my work.
Have I finished my work.
I haven't finished my work.
DEÚ¨ interrogative- have In't finished
my work? ÏC ú£·ôj-ìë¯ Ú¥ë¯?
– Ó. ô¢íÆ£³-í£A, û¦óŸ³-è[ª-›íå
áî¦ñª:
'Haven't I finished my work? Íû¶C
‘û¶ìªû¦ í£E í£²Jh à¶óŸª-ö¶ë¯?’ (ÍÙ綖 û¶ìª í£E-
í£²Jh à¶ø‹ìª Þœë¯?) Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ Íô³ê¶ ÚÛ·ô¸Úd.
Íö°¸Þ I haven't finished my work Íû¶C, Have
you finished your work? Íû¶ question ÚÛª
answerÞ¥ ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. šíj î¦uú£Ùö˺ present perfect
continuous tenseìª ÞœªJÙ# N÷-ô¢é ÑÙC.
àŸ«è[Ùè….
I Ðû¦è[ª-
Sukumar: My bike has been giving trouble
since monday. I haven't been able
to find a good mechanic.
(þ¼÷ª-î¦ô¢Ù ìªÙ# û¦ òµjÚ våñªöËÀ
Ïþ¼hÙC. ÷ªÙ# ڥ-EÚ Ó÷ô¢« ë•ô¢-ÚÛ-
ç¶xë]ª)
Sudheer: Why don't you try my mechanic?
He has been attending to my bike
for a long time now, and he has
done a good job of it so far.
(û¦ ڥ-E-ÚÂÚÛª ÓÙë]ªÚÛª àŸ«í‡ÙàŸ-ÚÛ«-
è[ë]ª? û¦ òµjÚ ÍêŸû¶ àŸ«ú£ªhÙ-æ°è[ª.
Ïí£p-æ¨-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ò°Þ¥û¶ àŸ«ø‹è[ª).
Sukumar: I haven't thought of it. Thank you.
Let's take my bike to him.
(û¶û¦ Nù£óŸªÙ ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª Îö˺-#Ù-àŸ-
ö¶ë]ª. û¦ òµjÚ ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ Bú£ª·Ú-üŒë¯Ù.)
Sudheer: He hasn't opened shop yet. 10 o'
îµü°xô¦... îµRx ÷à¦aô¦?
clock will be OK.
(ÍêŸ-EÙÚ¥ ÿ§íà êµô¢-÷-ö¶ë]ª. 10 ÞœÙå-
õÚÛª îµRê¶ ú£J-ð¼-꟪ÙC).
Sukumar: OK then. I haven't (have not) had
my bath and breakfast yet. I will
be at your place by 9.30.
(û¶ìª ÏÙÚ¥ þ§oìÙ à¶óŸª-ö¶ë]ª. vò¶ÚÂ-ðƧúÃd
ÏÙÚ¥ Í÷-ö¶ë]ª. Oª ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ û¶ìª 9.30
ÚÛö°x ÷þ§h).
Sudheer: OK (ú£¸ô)
have + pp/ has + pp, have been + ing/ has
been + ing Ñí£-óµ«Þ¥õìª ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªìÙ
àŸ«ø‹Ù.
}
I He has+pp
}
we have+pp She has been+
you It ing
they have been+ing
ví£øŒo: 1) Will she have played?
Will she has played?
2) He never uses pencil.
He never use pencil.
3) Which is your native place?
What is your native place?
4) At what time does Bangalore
express reach Bangalore?
At what time Bangalore express
reaches Bangalore?
Ð î¦Ú¥uö˺x ÔN ú£·ôj-ìN?
5) 'God' third person
ÚÛë¯! ÷ªJ 'God
Íû¦L Ú¥F 'God bless
blesses you'
you'
ÍE ÍÙæ°ô¢ª ÓÙë]ªÚÛª?
6)
‘FÚÛª êµõªþ§?’ Íû¶ î¦Ú¥uEo ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺
'Do you know?'
ÍE ô¦þ§hÙ. ‘ FÚÛª
êµL-óŸªë¯?’ Íû¶ î¦Ú¥uEo ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺
Óö° ô¦óŸ«L?
– ÎôÂ. P÷, ·ôjö¶y-ÚÁ-è[«ô¢ª
áî¦ñª: Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ì î¦Ú¥uö˺x Ð Ú¨ÙCN
Correct.
1) Will she have played?
2) He never uses pencil
3) What is your native place?
4) At what time does the Bangalore
express reach Bangalore?
5) 'God bless you' 'May God
í£²Jh-ô¢«í£Ù
bless you' 'May'
Íû¶ ÎQú£ªq. ÷C-ö¶ú‡
'God bless you' ÍÙåªÙæ°Ù.
6) Don't you (Do you not) konw? (FÚÛª
êµMë¯?)
øŒ‰vÚÛî¦ô¢Ù 5 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005
have + pp/ has + pp Ñí£-óµ«-TÙචú£Ùë]ô¦sÄõª
1) (÷«÷´-õªÞ¥) çµjÙ êµLóŸªE past actions.
2) Íí£p-æ¨-ìªÙ# Ïí£p-æ¨-÷-ô¢ÚÛª (Íí£±p-è[-í£±pè[ª) ÏÙÚ¥
áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª (actions from then till
now/ (sometimes) even now;
3) just ö°Ùæ¨N î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª Ïí£±pè¶ Íô³-ð¼-ô³ì
í£ìª-õÚÛª (actions just completed).
Have been + ing/ has been + ing: ÞœêŸÙö˺ Óí£p-
æ¨-ìªÙ-àµjû¦ vð§ô¢Ùòši, ÏÙÚ¥ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ìo í£ìª-õÚÛª.
Ram: How long have you been waiting here?
(ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ Óí£pæ¨ìªÙ# îµô³æËÀ û¶ìª ÷³Ùò°ô³ îµRx- ÷-à¦aìª. (at all =
Óí£±p-èµ-ü‹x÷±?) Íú£õª)
I have been to Mumbai Suneel: I went there last saturday.
à¶ú£ªhû¦o÷±?)
Raghu: I have been waiting for you for ten (I have gone to Mumbai Ú¥ë]ª). (ð¼ô³ì øŒE-î¦ô¢Ù îµü‹xìª – I/we êÁ went î¦è[-
minutes now. ٠àµûµjo îµü‹xÙ (ÍE AJT ÷#aì êŸô¦yêŸ àµGê¶). ÷àŸªa.)
(í£C ENª-ÿ§-õªÞ¥ F ÚÁú£Ù îµô³æËÀ We have been to Chennai.
(We have gone to Chennai Ú¥ë]ª) Ð sentences English ö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè….
à¶ú£ªhû¦o).
I, We 'have gone' î¦è[Ù. NªÞœê¦ subjects êÁ 1) ÚÛKÙ: ô¢O, Eìo þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ìªNyÙæ˺x ö¶÷±.
ÏÚÛ\è… situation Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. êÁ ÓÚÛ\-è…-·Ú-ü‹x÷±?
'I have been waiting for you for the past ten
î¦è[-÷àŸªa. ô¢N: Eìo ÷« ÍÚÛ\óŸªu í£±æ¨dì ôÁV. î¦RxÙ-æ¨Ú¨
îµü‹xìª.
minutes (for ten minutes now) ÍE ô¢íÆ£³ Ó÷-
JêÁ ÍÙåª-û¦oè[ª? ô¦îªêÁ. Óí£±pè[ª? ô¦îª ÷#aì Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª àŸ«è[Ùè…
êŸô¦yêŸ... ÍÙç¶ ô¦îª ÷#a Ñû¦oè[ª Ú¥ñæ¨d wait- a) î¦üŒ‰x Í-JÚ¥ îµü‹xô¢ª.
ing í£²ô¢hô³ìç¶x ÚÛë¯. Íô³û¦ have been waiting They have gone to the US/ They have left
ÍE ô¢íÆ£³ ÍÙåª-û¦oè[ª. for the US.
I have waited for you for ten minutes now Íì- b) ÷« ÍìoóŸªu èÅ…Mx îµü‹xè[ª.
ö¶ë]ª. My brother has left for/ My brother has
ÏÚÛ\è[ have been waiting/ have waited gone to Delhi.
·ôÙè[« ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. ÍÙç¶ Ð ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨Ú© ÷«÷´õª î¦è[ª- c) ٠šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë îµRx ÷à¦aÙ.
ÚÛö˺ šíë]l ê¶è¯ ö¶ë]ª. Íô³ê¶ We have been to Hyderabad.
ÏÙÚ¥ continue Í÷±-êÁÙC d) û¶ìª òµÙÞœª-üŒŠô¢ª îµRx-÷-à¦aìª.
ÍE continuity Ú¨ I have been to Bangalore.
vð§÷³ÜuÙ Ïî¦yLq ÷›úh
have been + ing/ has
been + ing better.
a) î¦üŒ‰x ñóŸª-æ¨Ú¨ îµü‹xô¢ª. Sudha, where have you been?
M. SURESAN b)
They have gone out.
÷« êŸLx-ë]Ù-vè[ªõª šïj°ë]-ô¦- ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 28 ÚÛKÙ: ìª÷±y Ð ÷ªëÅ]u áóŸª-ÚÛª-÷«ôÂìª Ôiû¦
ò°ë îµü‹xô¢ª. ÚÛõªú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦oî¦?
My parents have gone to Hyderabad. û¶ìª/ ٠iú£«ô îµRx-÷-à¦aìª/îµRx-÷à¦aÙ. ô¢N: ö¶ë]ª. î¦è…-í£±pè[ª ÷³Ùò°ô³ö˺ Ñû¦oè[ª.
ÏÚÛ\è[ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. I/ We have been to Mysore. ÚÛKÙ: ìªîµy-í£±p-è[-ô³û¦ ÷³Ùò°ô³ îµü‹xî¦?
a) They have gone ÍÙç¶ î¦üŒ‰x îµü‹x-ô¢E ÚÛë¯. ô¢N: à¦ö°-þ§ô¢ªx îµü‹xìª. ÷ªJ ìª÷±y?
ÍÙç¶ î¦üŒ‰x ÏÙÚ¥ AJT ô¦ö¶ë]ª. îµü™x ë¯Jö˺ Íô³û¦ ÍÙç¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ Íô¢nÙ, û¶ìª Î ÷²JÚ¨ îµü‹xìû¶ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ ÚÛKÙ: ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª îµüŒx-ö¶ë]ª. Íú£õª û¶ìª šïj°ë]-
ÑÙè•àŸªa, ö¶ë¯ îµü‹x-õ-ìª-ÚÛªìo àÁåªö˺ Íô³û¦ Î ÒJ ÞœªJÙ# û¦ÚÛª êµõªú£ª ÍE ÚÛ«è¯. ô¦ò°ë¶ îµüŒx-ö¶ë]ª.
ÑÙè•àŸªa ÍE. Íö°¸Þ– a) Smitha: Do you know Mumbai well? 2) ú£ª÷ªÙêÂ: Oª û¦ìo-Þ¥-·ô-ÚÛ\è[?
b) My parents have gone to Hyderabad ÍÙç¶ (FÚÛª ÷³Ùò°ô³ ò°Þ¥ êµõªþ§?) ú£ªFöËÀ: ñóŸª-æ¨-·Ú-ü‹xô¢ª.
î¦üŒ‰x šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë îµü™x-ë¯-Jö˺ Íô³û¦ ÑÙè¯L, ö¶ÚÛ- b) Sridhar: Oh, Yes. I have been there a ú£ª÷ªÙêÂ: ÓÚÛ\-è…-·Ú-ü‹xô¢ª?
ð¼ê¶ šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë à¶J Íô³û¦ ÑÙè¯L ÍE. Ïí£±pè[ª number of times. ú£ªFöËÀ: î¦üŒx všíÆÙè ÏÙæ¨Ú¨.
ÏC àŸ«è[Ùè…– (Î Òô¢ª û¦ÚÛª ò°Þ¥ êµõªú£ª. û¶ì-ÚÛ\- ú£ª÷ªÙêÂ: ÓÙêŸ-›ú-í£-ô³ÙC ñóŸª-æ¨-·ÚRx? (has
I have gone to Hyderabad. è…Ú¨ à¦ö°-þ§ô¢ªx îµü‹xìª.) been ÷«vêŸî¶ª î¦è[Ùè…)
ú£ªFöËÀ: Íô¢-ÞœÙå
Dìô¢nÙ– û¶ìª šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë îµü‹xìª ÍE ÍìªÚÛªÙç¶ Ð ‘êµõªú£ª’ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ NªÞœê¦ subjects ÚÛ«è¯
û¶ìª šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë îµü™x ë¯Jö˺ޥF (on the way to î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Answers:
Hyderabad) , šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë à¶JÞ¥F ÑÙè¯L ÍE Mithun: How familiar is he with Chennai? 1) Karim: Ravi, you were not at home yes-
ÚÛë¯. famil-
(ÎóŸªìÚÛª àµûµjo ÓÙêŸ ò°Þ¥ êµõªú£ª? terday. Where did you go?
Íö° ÍE û¶ìª Ó÷-JêÁ àµí£p-Þœ-õìª? iar= êµLú‡ ÑÙè[è[Ù/ í£J-àŸóŸªÙ ÑÙè[è[Ù) Ravi: Yesterday was my sister's birthday.
êÁæ¨ ví£óŸ«-é¨-ÚÛªè… (fellow passenger) êÁ Íì-ö¶ìª I went to her place.
Mittal: He has been there a number of times.
ÚÛë¯. šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë à¶Jì êŸô¦yêŸ I have gone to Karim: Have you met Jayakumar, of late?
(ÎóŸªì ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ à¦ö°-þ§ô¢ªx îµü‹xè[ª– ÍÙç¶
Hyderabad ÍE Íì-ö¶ìª. ÏÚÛ\è[ Ö¸Ú í£J-ú‡nA. û¶ìª ÎóŸª-ìÚÛª Î Òô¢ª ÞœªJÙ# ò°Þ¥ êµõªú£ª Ravi: No. He is in Mumbai
šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë ìªÙ# AJT ÷#aì êŸô¦yêŸ šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë Karim: Have you ever been to Mumbai?
ÍE)
îµRx-÷-à¦a-ìE àµí£pÞœõÞœè[Ù. Ú¥ñæ¨d English ö˺ ÏC Mithun: Have you ever been to Chennai? (ever = Óí£±p-èµjû¦)
àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ I have gone to Hyderabad ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª (ìªîµy-í£±p-èµjû¦ àµûµjo îµü‹xî¦?– ÏÚÛ\è[ Ravi: I have been there a number of
ÚÛë¯. We (Ù)êÁ ÚÛ«è¯ Ïë¶ ú£÷ªú£u. ÚÛ«è¯ Have you gone ÚÛÙç¶ Have you times. What about you?
÷³Üu-iì ÍÙøŒÙ Karim: I haven't (have not) been there so
been î¦è[è[Ù ÷ªÙ#C.)
Mittal: I haven't (have not) been there so far. I haven't been even to
I/ We êÁ 'have gone' verb ô¦ë]ª. ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙç¶
far . Hyderabad. (even = ÚÛ«è¯)
û¶ìª Ú¥F ٠ڥF ÓÚÛ\-è…-·Újû¦ îµRx ÷#aì êŸô¦yê¶ 2) Sumanth: Where's (where is) your father?
ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµü‹xÙ Íì-ÞœõÙ. ë¯EÚ¨ English- 'have (û¶ìª ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª îµüŒx-ö¶ë]ª.)
Sunil: He has gone out.
gone' Ú¥ë]ª. 'have gone'/ 'has gone'- îµRx-ð¼-óŸ«ô¢ª Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ
Sumanth: Where did he go?
Saritha: Sudha, where have you been? ÷«vêŸî¶ª ÷ú£ªhÙC. îµRx AJ-T-÷-#aì í£J-ú‡nA ÞœªJÙ# Sunil: He went to his friend's.
(ú£ªëů, ÓÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦o÷± ÏÙêŸ-›úí£²?) àµí£pë]ª. (friend's= všíÆÙè ÏÙæ¨Ú¨.friend's house
Sudha: I have been to college. Suneel: I returned from Delhi the day before. friend's home friend's
ÍìÙ. íÆ£ô¦y-ö¶ë]ª.
(û¶ìª ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª îµRx ÷à¦aìª). ( )
û¶ìª èÅ…Mx ìªÙ# îµ³ìo AJT ÷à¦aìª. best)
ÍÙç¶
ÏÚÛ\è[ I have gone to college ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ ÔÙ Sumanth: Why did you go there at all? Sumanth: How long has he been out?
÷ú£ªhÙC? û¶ìª ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª îµü‹xìª (ÍÚÛ\è¶ Ñû¦oìª) When did you go there? Sunil: He has been out for half an
ÍE. ÍÚÛ\è¶ ÑÙç¶ ú£J-êŸêÁ ÷«æ°xè¶ Í÷-Ú¥øŒÙ ö¶ë]ª. (Íú£õª ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª îµü‹x÷±? hour now.
I Ðû¦è[ª-
Gowtham: Hi Jagadeesh, it's you! How long
have you been here?
(áÞœ-DùÃ, ìªî¦y? ÓÙêŸ-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ ÏÚÛ\è[
Ñû¦o÷±? – ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ í£õ-ÚÛ-JÙ›í.
÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Íìª-ÚÁ-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷ªìÚÛª
÷ªìî¦ü˜x÷·ôjû¦ ÚÛEí‡Ù-#-ì-í£±pè[ª Ñí£-
óµ«-TÙ-àŸ-÷àŸªa.)
Jagadeesh: I've (have) been here since the
day before. I joined an I-CET
coaching centre here yesterday.
(îµ³ìoæ¨ ìªÙ# ÏÚÛ\è¶ Ñû¦o. ÏÚÛ\è[
û¶ìª Õ–šúæËÀ ÚÁ#ÙÞ šúÙå-ôÂö˺
à¶ô¦ìª.)
Gowtham: How long will your course last?
(Oª ÚÁôÂq ÓÙêŸ-Ú¥õÙ ÑÙåªÙC?
last = ÑÙè[è[Ù)
Jagadeesh: It's a forty day course, so it will
continue for another forty days.
(ÍC ìõòŵj ôÁVõ ÚÁô¢ªq. ÏÙÚÁ 40
ôÁVõª ÚÛÙæ¨ì«u Í÷±-꟪ÙC.)
Gowtham: Shall we meet this evening?
(Ð ôÁV þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÚÛõª-ë¯l÷«?)
Jagadeesh: Certainly. Where shall we meet?
(êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯. ÓÚÛ\è[ ÚÛõªë¯lÙ?)
Gowtham: I will return home at 5 PM. We will
meet then at my home.
(û¶ìª Íô³ë]ª ÞœÙå-õÚÛª ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ÷þ§h.
Íí£±pè[ª ÷« ÏÙæ˺x ÚÛõªë¯lÙ.)
When will you be free?
Jagadeesh: I will make it then. Bye.
(û¶ìª êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷þ§h. òµj)
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-é-ö˺E verbs ìª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè….
have been - Ú•ÙêŸ-Ú¥-õÙÞ¥ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo êµLóŸª-â¶-
þ¼hÙC. (since = íÆ£ö°-û¦çµjÙ ìªÙ#– ÞœêŸÙö˺)
joined (yesterday) - Past Doing Word - past
action time knownÚÛª î¦è¯Ù.
Ï÷Fo ÷ªìÚÛª êµL-ú‡ìî¶. Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ Ú•êŸh
verbs:
1) will last (will + last - 1st Regular Doing
Word)
2) will continue (will + continue - 1st Regular
Doing Word)
3) shall meet (shall + meet - 1st Regular
Doing Word)
4) will return (will + return - 1st Regular Doing
Word)
5) will make (will + make - 1st Regular Doing
Word)
6) will meet (will + meet - 1st Regular Doing
Word)
ÍÙç¶ Ï÷Fo shall/ will + 1st Regular Doing
Word (I RDW) form six
ö˺, ÍÙç¶ ÷ªìÙ àŸ«ú‡ì
forms of verb ö˺ ÏN V form ÚÛë¯.
(shall be/ will be- 'be' forms. ÍÙç¶ ÏN ·ôÙè[«
future (òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪h)ö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo àµñªê¦ô³ ÚÛë¯)
Sumant: Where will you be at 7 this evening?
(þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ Ôè[ª ÞœÙåõÚÛª ÓÚÛ\è[
ÑÙæ°÷±?)
Sumeet: I will be at home. (ÏÙæ˺x ÑÙæ°)
Sumant: I shall be a little late. Please wait for
me.
(û¶ìª Ú¥ú£h Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§h. û¦ ÚÁú£Ù îµô³-æËÀ-
àµô³u.)
Sumeet: I'll (I will) be there till 7.30. Don't
worry.
(û¶ìª 7.30 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÑÙæ°. ÷vK Í÷ÚÛª.)
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ 'shall be', 'will be'- be forms
Ú¥ñæ¨d ÑÙè[-è¯Eo àµñªê¦ô³.
ꑦ shall + 1st RDW/will + 1st RDW - shall
come, will go, shall see, will meet - Ïö°Ùæ¨
verbs òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ áô¢-Þœ-òËºó¶ª í£ìªõìª àµñªê¦ô³.
a) I shall be there tomorrow.
û¶ìª ¸ôí£± ÍÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ìª.
b) I shall go (shall + 1st RDW) there tomor-
row.
(shall go = action)
û¶ìª ¸ôí£± ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµüŒê¦ìª.
Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª í£J-Q-LÙ-àŸÙè….
a) î¦üŒ‰x ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª.
They will be here tomorrow.
ÓÚÛ\è[ will, Óí£±pè[ª shall?
b) (action).
î¦üŒ‰x ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ÷þ§hô¢ª
They will come here tomorrow (will + come
- action)
c)
٠÷ªSx ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°Ù.
We shall be here again tomorrow.
d) ٠¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ AJ-T-÷þ§hÙ.
We shall return here tomorrow.
shall be, will be- òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ ÑÙè[è[Ù
shall + 1st RDW/ will + 1st Regular Doing
Word (RDW) = (action)
òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ í£E-Í-÷è[Ù
Íô³ê¶ shall Óí£±pè[ª, will Óí£±pè[ª? ÍN î¦è¶
ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄ-ö¶N? â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè….
Pradeep: I shall buy a car soon.
(û¶ìª êŸyô¢ö˺ Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•Ùæ°ìª)
Pratap: When will you buy it?
(Óí£±pè[ª Ú•Ùæ°÷±?)
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 29
Pradeep: Depends. I expect some money
next week. Once I get it, I will buy
it.
(÷à¶aî¦ô¢Ù Ú•ÙêŸ è[ñªs ô¦î¦L. ÍC
ÍÙCê¶ Ú•Ùæ°.)
Depends = ÷ªìÙ Ôëµjû¦ ÷ªì ÚÛÙvæ˺-öËÀö˺ ö¶E
ÏêŸô¢ Nù£-óŸ«õ Oªë] Îëů-ô¢-í£-è…ì ÍÙø‹-õìª ÞœªJÙ#
൛íp-å-í£±pè[ª It all depends/ depends ÍÙæ°Ù.
ÏC conversational bit. Practice à¶ú‡ Oª ú£ÙòÅ°-
ù£-éö˺ î¦è[Ùè….
÷ªôÁ Ñë¯--ô¢é:
Prameela: Will you help me with a little
money?
(û¦ÚÛª Ú•ClÞ¥ è[ñªs þ§óŸªÙ à¶þ§hî¦?)
Pramoda: It all depends, I expect some
money tomor-
row. If I get it,
I will give it.
(It all depends/ depends
= Ïí£±pè¶Ù àµí£p-ö¶ìª. û¦ÚÛª
¸ôí£± è[ñªs ÷›úh FÚ¨-þ§hìª.
û¶E-÷yè[Ù, û¦ÚÛª ô¦î¦-Lqì
è[ñªsšíj Îëů-ô¢-í£è… ÑÙC)
ví£Díà ë]å, 'I shall buy' M. SURESAN
ÍE, êŸô¦yêŸ 'I will buy' ÍÙåª-û¦oè[ª. ví£ê¦íà '...will
you buy it?' ÍE Íè[ª-Þœª-꟪-û¦oè[ª ÚÛë¯? Ð Ú¨ÙC
ê¶è¯õª Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè….
I and we + shall (I, We êÁ shall); you, he, she,
it, they + will (you, he, she, it, they êÁ will)
î¦è…ê¶ ÍÙêŸÞ¥ ÚÛ#aêŸÙÚ¥E òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hìª êµL-óŸª-â¶-
þ§hô³. Future ö˺ ÚÛ#aêŸ÷«, Ú¥ë¯ Íû¶ ë¯Eo ñæ¨d
shall, will î¦è[ê¦Ù.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 7 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005
I, We êÁ shall î¦è…ê¶ future ö˺ ÑÙè[è[ÙÞ¥E, í£E 3) ¸ôí£± û¶ìª ÷³Ùò°ô³ îµüŒ-ê¦ìª. ÍÚÛ\è[ í£C
áô¢-Þœè[ÙÞ¥F ÍÙêŸ ÚÛ#aêŸÙ Ú¥ë]ª (indefinite). ôÁVõª ÑÙæ°ìª. ûµö°-Ü-ô¢ªÚÛª AJT ÷þ§hìª.
1. I/We shall be there tomorrow. 4) áóŸªÙêÂ: Oª·ô-í£±p-è•-þ§hô¢ª?
(û¶ìª/٠¸ôí£± ÍÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ìª/ÑÙæ°Ù. áú£yÙêÂ: ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù ÷þ§hìª. (í£²Jh î¦ÚÛuÙ
ÑÙè[è[Ù (indefinite) ÍÙêŸ ÚÛ#aêŸÙÚ¥ë]ª) practice à¶óŸªÙè…)
2. I/We shall meet you there.
áóŸªÙêÂ: Î ú£Jd-íƇ-·ÚæËÀq ÍFo êµþ§hô¦?
(û¶ìª/٠Eìªo ÍÚÛ\è[ ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙæ°/ ÚÛõª-ú£ª- áú£yÙêÂ: ÍFo Bú£ª-ÚÛª-ô¦ìª. ÷³Üu-i-ìî¶ êµþ§h.
ÚÛªÙæ°Ù– ÚÛ#aêŸÙÚ¥ë]ª áJ-Tê¶ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ÙC áóŸªÙêÂ: Oª è…vU ú£Jd-íƇ-·ÚæËÀ êµþ§hô¦?
ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ ö¶ë]ª.) áú£yÙêÂ: ÍC Í÷-ú£-ô¢÷«? (necessary
î¦è[Ùè…)
áóŸªÙêÂ: ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù Óí£±pè[ª ÷þ§hô¢ª?
áú£yÙêÂ: ÷à¶a Þœªô¢ª-î¦ô¢Ù ÷þ§hìª.
Answers:
1) We shall meet again tomorrow.
2) When will you start for college tomorrow?
3) I shall go to Mumbai tomorrow. I shall be
there for 10 days. I shall return by the
Ú¥ñæ¨d I/ We êÁ shall ÷›úh future ö˺ ÍÙêŸ
ÚÛ#aêŸÙ-Ú¥E state of being (ÑÙè[-è[Ù)-Þ¥E, í£E month end.
(action) Þ¥E Í÷±-꟪ÙC.
4) Jayanth: When will you come?
Íö°¸Þ you, he, she, it and they êÁ will î¦è…ê¶, Jaswanth: I shall come next week.
ÍC-ÚÛ«è¯ ÚÛ#aêŸÙ-Ú¥E (indefinite) òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hìª êµL- Jayanth: Will you bring all the certifi-
óŸª-â¶-ú£ªhÙC. ÑÙè[è[Ù Íô³û¦ ú£¸ô, í£E Íô³û¦ cates?
ú£¸ô. Jaswanth: I shall not bring all of them. I
3. My friends (they) will be here next week. shall bring only the important
÷« všíÆÙèÂq ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª. ones.
(ÑÙè[è[Ù ÚÛ#aêŸÙ-Ú¥ë]ª) Jayanth: Will you bring the degree certifi-
4. She will help you. cate?
Î FÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶ú£ªhÙC (indefinite = Jaswanth: Is it necessary/ Will it be nec-
ÚÛ#aêŸÙ-Ú¥ë]ª)
essary?
5. You will know it soon. Jayanth: When will you come next week?
(FÚÛC êŸyô¢-ö˺û¶ êµõª-ú£ªhÙC– indefinite) Jaswanth: I shall come next Thursday.
6. It will happen.
(ÍC áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ÙC– Indefinite)
7. Kiran (He) will return soon.
Indefinite)
(Ú¨ô¢éÉ êŸyô¢-ö˺û¶ AJ-T-÷-þ§hè[ª–
8. Kamala (She) will shop for saris tomorrow.
(ÚÛ÷ªõ ¸ôí£± <ô¢õª Ú•ÙåªÙC– Indefinite)
Questions I
ví£øŒo: They cut forests- ö˺cut ìª V1 Þ¥ òÅ°NÙ-
Íô³ê¶ þ§÷«-ìuÙÞ¥ Íè…-¸Þ-å-í£±pè[ª
and we will
êÁ Þ¥E, you, he, she, it and they
êÁ shall Þ¥E ô¦÷±. Questions ö˺ ë¯ë¯í£± à¦ö°? V2 Þ¥ òÅ°NÙ-à¦ö°?
Ó-í£±pè[«I and we shall; you, he, she, it and
êÁ Ð î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨ passive form-
they êÁwill ÷«vêŸî¶ª î¦è[ê¦Ù. Forests are cut by them/ Forests
Preethi: I want to see you about those were cut by them Ð ·ôÙè…Ù-æ¨ö˺ ÔC
books. When shall I see you? ÚÛ·ôÚÂd?
(Î í£±ú£h-Ú¥õ Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ Eìªo ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ- – ô¦üŒx-ñÙè… ú£ÙÞœÙû¦óŸ³è[ª, ûµLx-÷ªô¢x
áî¦ñª: They cut forests- ÏÚÛ\è[ 'cut' V1
î¦-õìªÚÛªÙåªû¦o. Óí£±pè[ª ÚÛõ-÷ìª?)
Prema: When will you be free?
(F·Ú-í£±pè[ª BJÚÛ?) (ÍÙç¶ past simple). V2 Óí£±pè[« verb Ú¥ë]ª.
Preethi: When will you be free? Shall I see
Óí£±p-èµjû¦ V2 (Past Participle) ÷³Ùë]ª 'be'
form Ú¥F, have, has, had etc Ú¥F ÷#a-ì-í£±pè¶
you tomorrow?
verb. ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d forests are cut, forests
(FÚÛª BJ-·Ú-í£±pè[ª? Eìªo ¸ôí£± ÚÛõª- were cut ·ôÙè[« ÚÛ·ô¸Úd.
ví£øŒo: ÖÚÛ í£ë¯-EÚ¨ ing form à¶ô¢aè[Ù ÷õx ÍC
ú£ªÚÁû¦?)
Prema: That's OK. (ú£¸ô)
noun Í÷±-꟪Ùë¯? verb Í÷±-꟪Ùë¯? êµõª-
Preethi: Will the books (they) be with you
ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù Óö°? walking, eating, giving
tomorrow?
÷Ùæ¨ í£ë¯õª verb forms Í÷±-ê¦óŸ«?
(¸ôí£± Î í£±ú£h-Ú¥õª F ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙ-æ°óŸ«?)
Prema: Will your father (he) get new books noun forms Í÷±-ê¦óŸ«?
this evening? – Þœªvô¢Ù øŒÙÚÛôÂ, ¸ÚøŒ-÷-í£åoÙ
áî¦ñª: 'ing' form à¶J›úh noun Í÷±-꟪ÙC. 'ing'
(Oª û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª Ú•êŸh í£±ú£h-Ú¥õª Ð
þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ êµþ§hô¦?) form ÷³Ùë]ª 'be' form ÑÙç¶û¶ verb Í÷±êŸªÙë]E
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ questions ÍEoÙ-æ¨ö˺ I/we Íô³ê¶ ÏÙêŸÚÛª÷³Ùë]ª ÖÚÛ-þ§J êµL-óŸª-â¶ø‹Ù.
ví£øŒo: He is Ravi Íû¶ î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ subject ÔC?
shall; you, he, she, it, they Íô³ê¶ will ô¦÷è[Ù
àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛë¯.
He Íû¦o, Ravi Íû¦o ÖÚÛç¶ ÚÛë¯!
Ïí£±pè[ª Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª English ö˺ practice
– ÞœÙÞ¥-ëÅ]ôÂ, Þœá-í£-A-ì-Þœô¢Ù
áî¦ñª: He is Ravi î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ subject he.
à¶óŸªÙè….
1) ÷ªSx ÷ªìÙ ¸ôí£± ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù.
2) ¸ôí£± ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª Óí£±pè[ª ñóŸª-õª-ë¶-ô¢-ê¦÷±? (start Sentence- 'He'E ÞœªJÙ# àµñªêÁÙC Ú¥ñæ¨d Íë¶
subject.
for î¦è[Ùè…)
I Ðû¦è[ª-
Pranav: Mom, I will go to the first show today.
(Í÷«t, û¶ìª ÐôÁV íÆ£úÃd-ÿ¼ÚÛª îµüŒ-ê¦ìª.)
Narmada: You shall finish your home work
first.
(ìª÷±y îµ³ë]å É˺Ù÷ôÂ\ í£²Jhà¶óŸ«L.)
Pranav: Tapan, my friend, will be here in a
few minutes. We will finish our
homework together.
(û¦ všíÆÙè êŸí£ûË ڕCl ENª-ÿ§ö˺x ÏÚÛ\-è…-Ú•-
þ§hè[ª. ٠Ïë]lô¢Ù ÚÛLú‡ É˺Ù÷ôÂ\ à¶ú£ª-
ÚÛªÙæ°Ù)
Narmada: Look here, Pranav, You shall see
the next movie only a month later.
I will not allow you to waste your
time.
(÷ªSx ûµõ ÷ô¢ÚÛª ìª÷±y ú‡E÷«
Nù£óŸªÙ ÓêŸh-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. û¶ìª Eìªo îµüŒx-
E-÷yìª.)
Pranav: But if my friends invite?
(÷« všíÆÙèÂq í‡L›úh?)
Narmada: I will tell them they shall not invite.
You shall study well, and get good
marks. Dad and I will allow you to
watch movies only then.
(Eìªo í‡õîË•ë]lE û¶ìª î¦üŒxêÁ àµñªê¦.
ìª÷±y ò°Þ¥ àŸCN ÷ªÙ# ÷«ô¢ª\õª
êµàŸªa-ÚÁ-î¦L. Íí£±pè¶ ìª÷±y ú‡E-÷«õª
àŸ«è[è¯-EÚ¨ û¶ìª, û¦ìo Íìª-÷ª-Aþ§hÙ.)
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ verbs Óö° Ñû¦oóµ« Þœ÷ª-EÙ-
àŸÙè…. Ú¨Ùë]æ¨ lessonö˺ ÷ªìÙ àŸ«ú‡ìî¦æ¨Ú¨
GÅìoÙÞ¥ I, and We êÁ will; you, he, she, it and
they êÁ shall ÷à¦aô³ ÚÛë¯.
ÖÚÛ-þ§J Þœªô¢ªh-êµ-àŸªa-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù.
I/WeêÁ shall; you, he, she, it and they êÁ will
ÚÛ#a-êŸÙ-Ú¥E òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hìª êµL-óŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. shall be,
will be Íô³ê¶ òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ ÑÙè[-è¯Eo, shall + 1st
Regular Doing Word (1st RDW), will + 1st
RDW Íô³ê¶ òÅ¡N-ù£u-꟪hö˺ í£ìª-õìª êµLóŸªâ¶þ§hô³.
Ïí£±pè[ª I/WeêÁ will; you, he, she, it and theyêÁ
shall ë¶EE êµLóŸª-â¶þ§hóµ« àŸ«ë¯lÙ.
1) I/We êÁ will ÷«æ°x-è[ª-꟪-ìo-î¦üŒx Eô¢g-óŸ«Eo
êµLóŸª-â¶-ú£ªhÙC.
I will buy a car soon.
û¶ìª ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ êŸyô¢ö˺ Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•Ùæ°ìª– ÏC
Eô¢góŸªÙ. Íë¶
I shall buy a car soon.
ÍÙç¶ ÷ªìÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ– û¶ìª Ú¥ô¢ªÚ•ìè[Ù–
ÍÙêŸ ÚÛ#aêŸÙ Ú¥ë]ª.
a) Teacher: You will get a prize only if you
score more than 90% marks.
(90 ø‹êŸÙ ÚÛû¦o ÓÚÛª\÷ ÷«ô¢ª\õª
êµàŸªa-Ú•Ùç¶û¶ FÚÛª wšíjâÉÀ ÷ú£ªhÙC).
Ramana: OK Teacher, I will work hard.
I will do my best to get the
more than 90%
(û¶ìª ÚÛù£d-í£è… àŸë]ª-÷±-ê¦ìª. 90%
ÚÛû¦o ÓÚÛª\÷ êµàŸªaÚÁè¯-EÚ¨ ví£óŸª-
Ao-þ§h쪖 I will - Eô¢góŸªÙ)
Teacher: Will you and Mohan come to
me tomorrow? I will clear your
doubts.
(¸ôí£± ìª÷±y, ûË û¦ ë]Þœ_-JÚ¨
÷þ§hô¦? ú£Ùë¶-ö¶îµªiû¦ ÑÙç¶
Bô¢ª-þ§h쪖 I will - Eô¢góŸªÙ)
b) Rahim: Will you buy that car?
(Î Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•Ùæ°î¦?)
Rasheed: I will buy it whatever the price.
I will -
(ÓÙêŸ ÜK-ëµjû¦ Ú•Ùæ°ìª.
Eô¢góŸªÙ)
c) Teacher: Will you all come for the picnic
on sunday?
(Oªô¢Ùê¦ ÎC-î¦ô¢Ù í‡Ú¨oÚÂÚÛª ÷þ§hô¦?)
Pupils: We will come, teacher.
we will -
(÷þ§hÙ æ©àŸô– Eô¢góŸªÙ)
d) Kumar: Won't you see that movie?
(Î ú‡E÷« àŸ«è[î¦? Won't you=
will you not)
Peter and John: We will see it, of course.
(ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ àŸ«þ§hÙ.
ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ö¶ë]ª)
Ú¥ñæ¨d I/We + will Eô¢g-óŸ«Eo êµLóŸª-â¶-ú£ªhÙC.
2) I/We êÁ will ÷«æ°x-è¶-î¦J Ñë¶l-ø‹Eo (intention)
êµLóŸª-â¶-ú£ªhÙC.
a) SriRam: What do you want to Shravan?
Shravan: I will be (will become) a doctor.
(û¶ìª è¯ÚÛd-ô¢ªÞ¥ ÑÙæ°/ è¯ÚÛd-ô¢ª-ì-÷±ê¦
(Ñë¶løŒÙ) – will be/ become
Ñë¶løŒÙ (intention)).
b) Praneetha: My friend Pratibha will be
here in a few minutes.
Prasanna: We will take her home, then.
(Íô³ê¶ Îîµªìª ÷ªìÙ ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ Bú£ª·Ú-
üŒë¯Ù – Ñë¶løŒÙ (intention))
Praneetha: Later, I will take you and her to
a movie. We will have some
time together.
(êŸô¦yêŸ Eìªo, Îîµªìª ú‡E-÷«ÚÛª
Bú£ª·Ú-üŒ-ê¦ìª. ÷ªìÙ Ú•ÙêŸ çµjÙ ÚÛL-
ú£ªÙë¯Ù – we will have (inten-
tion))
3) I/we will
÷«å Ïî¦yõÙç¶...!
êÁ î¦è…ê¶ ÷ªìÙ ÷«å Ï#a-ìåªx
(Promise).
a) Surekha: Teacher, I have some doubts in
English.
(æ©àŸôÂ, ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ û¦ÚÛª Ú•Eo ú£Ùë¶-
õª Ñû¦oô³.)
Teacher: I will clear all your doubts. Don't
worry.
(F ú£Ùë¶--õFo û¶ìª Bô¢ª-þ§h쪖 ÏC
teacher's promise)
b) Prasanth: Dad, the course costs Rs.
20,000/- a year.
Dad: Don't you worry son. I will give you
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 30
all the money you want. Just study
well and come out with success.
I will
(FÚÛª Ú¥î¦Lq-ìÙêŸ è[ñªs û¶Eþ§h –
give; I will - promise -
êÁ ÷«å
Ï÷yè[Ù)
c) Vijay: I want to contest in the coming
municipal elections.
(÷à¶a ÷³Eq-í£öËÀ ÓEo-ÚÛö˺x ð¼æ©-à¶-óŸ«-õ-
ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o.)
Vinai and Vikram: Go ahead. We will sup-
port you.
(Íö°¸Þ. ٠Eìªo ú£ð¼ôÂd à¶þ§hÙ
– We will support - promise)
Vijay: I will file my nomination then.
(Íô³ê¶ û¦Nª-û¶-ù£ûË î¶þ§h – Eô¢góŸªÙ)
Vinai and Vikram: We will help you with
money also.
Promise)
(è[ñªs þ§óŸªÙ ÚÛ«è¯ à¶þ§hÙ –
Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõìª English ö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè….
1) û¶ìª ¸ôí£± ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ àµûµjo îµüŒê¦ìª.
2) î¦üŒxìª ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦E÷yÙ.
3) û¶ìª FÚÛª Ô í£±ú£hÚÛÙ Ú¥î¦-Lqû¦ Ïþ§hìª.
4) ٠¸ôí£± êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ú‡Ó-îÂªìª ÚÛõªþ§hÙ.
5) Ïö°Ùæ¨N ٠áô¢-Þœ-E÷yÙ (such things,
allow î¦è[Ùè…).
6) òÅ¡ô¢êÂ: û¶E-í£±pè[ª îµüŒxû¦?
òÅ°ô¢_îËÂ: ÓÚÛ\è…Ú¨ îµüŒ-ê¦÷±?
òÅ¡ô¢êÂ: ÚÛü‹-ø‹-õÚÛª îµüŒ-ê¦ìª.
òÅ°ô¢_îËÂ: Oª všíÆÙèÂq Óí£±p-è•-þ§hô¢ª?
òÅ¡ô¢êÂ: ¸ôí£± ٠îµü™x í‡Ú¨o-ÚÂÚÛª ìª÷±y ô¦î¦?
÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 9 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005
tomorrow?
7) Nù£ªg: û¶ìª ÷³Ùò°ô³ à¦ö°-þ§ô¢ªx îµü‹xìª.
ÐøŒyôÂ: û¶ìª ÖÚÛ-þ§J ÷«vêŸî¶ª îµü‹xìª. Prasanthi: I am/ shall be at home all the
day tomorrow.
Nù£ªg: vñtÙ ÚÛ«è¯ ÷³Ùò°ô³ îµü‹xè¯?
Santhisri: But I shall go to Guntur tomor-
ÐøŒyôÂ: ÍêŸìª ÚÛ«è¯ ÔëÁ ÖÚÛæ¨ ·ôÙè[ª-þ§ô¢ªx
row.
îµü‹xè[ª. Prasanthi: When will be back?/ When will
8) ví£ø‹ÙA: ìª÷±y ÷« ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ô¦î¦? (won't you return?
you î¦è[Ùè….) Santhisri: I shall go to Chennai in a week
ø‹ÙAX: ìª÷±y ¸ôí£± ÏÙæ˺x Óí£±pè[ª ÑÙæ°÷±? and from there return.
Prasanthi: I shall buy a cell phone tomor-
ví£ø‹ÙA: ¸ôí£Ùê¦ ÏÙæ˺xû¶ ÑÙæ°.
row.
ø‹ÙAX: ÷ªJ-¸ôí£± û¶ìª ÞœªÙå«ô¢ª îµüŒê¦.
Santhisri: Will you be in touch with me
from tomorrow ?
ví£ø‹ÙA: ÷ªSx Óí£±p-è•-þ§h÷±? 9) Tarun: Hi Varun, How are you?
ø‹ÙAX: î¦ô¢Ù êŸô¦yêŸ àµûµjo îµRx ÍÚÛ\è… ìªÙ# Varun: Fine. Thank you. How are you?
AJT ÷þ§h. Tarun: Fine. Have you joined MBA?
ví£ø‹ÙA: û¶ìª ¸ôí£± šúöËÀ-ðƼûË ڕÙæ°ìª. Varun: I haven't (have not) decided yet.
ø‹ÙAX: Íô³ê¶ ¸ôí£æ¨ ìªÙ# û¦êÁ åàÂö˺ Tarun: I have joined MCA. I joined the
ÑÙæ°î¦? institute yesterday.
9) êŸô¢ªéÉÂ: óÀª ÷ô¢ªéÉÂ, ÚÛªö°-þ§û¦? Varun: My father has been out of town for
the past four days. I am waiting for
÷ô¢ªéÉÂ: Î, ÚÛªö°-þ§û¶...
him. Decision is possible only after
ìªîµyö° Ñû¦o÷±?
he comes back.
êŸô¢ªéÉÂ: ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦oìª.
ÓÙG-Óö˺
à¶ô¦î¦?
÷ô¢ªéÉÂ: ÏÙÚ¥ ÔÙ Eô¢g-
ô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÁ-ö¶ë]ª.
êŸô¢ªéÉÂ: û¶ìª ÓÙú‡Óö˺
à¶ô¦ìª. Eìoû¶ M. SURESAN
ÏûËÂ-ú‡d-å«u-æËÀö˺ à¶ô¦ìª. ví£øŒo: a) The meeting will be held on tomor-
row evening Íû¶ sentence Ô tense
÷ô¢ªéÉÂ: ÷« û¦ìoÞ¥ô¢ª û¦õªÞœª ôÁV-õªÞ¥ ÒüÉÁx
ö¶ô¢ª. û¶ìª ÎóŸªì ÚÁú£Ù àŸ«ú£ªh-û¦oìª. Ú¨ àµÙë]ª-꟪ÙC? Ð tense voice
ÎóŸªì ÷#aì êŸô¦yêŸ Eô¢góŸªÙ Bú£ª- ÔNªæ¨?
ÚÛªÙæ°Ù. b) Definite article 'the'E ÓÚÛ\è[ Ñí£-óµ«-
Answers: TÙ-à¦L. The French, The whip ÍE
ô¦óŸª-÷à¦a?
1) I will go to Chennai tomorrow.
– æ¨.ÓöËÀ. ví‡óŸ«ÙÚÛ, Nø‹-Ü-í£åoÙ
áî¦ñª:
2) We will not let them come here.
a) 'will be held tomorrow evening'
3) I will give you whatever book you want.
(on tomorrow evening verb-
ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª). ÏÚÛ\è[
4) We will meet the CM tomorrow.
will be held.
5) We will not allow such things. Tense: future simple/ indefinite.
6) Bharat: Shall I go now? Voice: passive.
Bhargav: Where will you go? b) The French French
ÍÙç¶ vðƧûËÂq ë¶øŒ-ú£ªnõª.
Bharat: To college ÍÙç¶ french òÅ°ù£.
Bhargav: When will your friends come? 'The'
î¦è[ÚÛÙ îµ³êŸhÙ N÷-ô¢é êŸyô¢ö˺ ÷ú£ªhÙC.
ví£øŒo: šíô¢ªÞœª Íû¶ í£ë¯Eo curd Íû¦ö°? curds
Bharat: Won't you (will you not) join us
for the picnic tomorrow? Íû¦ö°?
7) Vishnu: I have been to Mumbai quite a
– ·Ú. íÆ£ª-÷«õ, Íø‹y-í£±ô¢Ù
number of times. áî¦ñª: 'Curd', 'curds' ·ôÙè[« ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. Íô³ê¶
Eshwar: I have been there too; just once. curd êŸô¦yêŸ singular verb, curds êŸô¦yêŸ plu-
ral verb ô¦î¦L. The curd is tasty.
Vishnu: Has Brahmam too been to
Mumbai? The curds are tasty.
ví£øŒo: 'Obey the parents' Íû¶ î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨
Eshwar: He has been to Mumbai just pas-
once or twice. sive ÔNªæ¨?
8 )Prasanthi : Won't you come home to – ÓÙ. øŒÙÚÛôÂ, Íø‹y-í£±ô¢Ù
me?/ Won't you come to our áî¦ñª: Let the parents be obeyed.
place? Ïö°Ùæ¨ sentences passive
Ú¨ à¦ö° ÚÛ'êŸ-ÚÛÙÞ¥
Santhisri: When will you be at home ÑÙåªÙC.
I Ðû¦è[ª- Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 11 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005

Sumathi: Hi, Vimala, well met. When shall ★ You, he, she, it and they will -êÁ
we sit to plan our holiday? Indefinite future.
(ÚÛ#a-êŸÙ-Ú¥E)
(óÀª N÷ªõ! ÷ªìÙ ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù you, he, she, it and
Ïí£±pè[ª šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺
÷ªÙ#-ëµjÙC. Mè¶ ð§xûË à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ they shall
êÁ î¦è¶ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄõª–
Óí£±pè[ª ÚÛ«ô¢ªaÙë¯Ù?) îµ³ë]å Ï#aì ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺
Holiday = ÷«÷´õª Íô¢nÙ šúõ÷±. ÏÙÚÁ 1) ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ future ö˺ áô¢ª-Þœª-ê¦-óŸª-ìª-ÚÛªìo Nù£-
Íô¢nÙ ÷ªìÙ ÓÚÛ\è…·Újû¦ ú£ô¢-ë¯Þ¥ îµRx ޜ腛í óŸ«õª.
ôÁVõª ÍE. a) It shall be this evening.
Vimala: Why not this evening? I shall be Ð þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÍC ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙ-C/-Í-÷±-
away from tomorrow onwards. ꟪ÙC, ÑÙè¯-L/-Í-î¦yL.
(Ð þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÚÛ«ôÁaÚÛ«-è[ë]ª? b) She shall come.
û¶ìª ¸ôí£æ¨ ìªÙ# G@Þ¥ ÑÙæ°.) Î êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷ú£ªhÙ-C/-ô¦-î¦L. steno shall stay longer than all of ìª÷±y ÑÙè¯L (Îác–command)
why not = ÓÙë]ªÚÛª ÚÛ«è[ë]ª? c) He shall join. you. I have a lot of letters to dictate, e) They shall stay too.
Sumathi: It shall be this evening then. You êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷ªìêÁ ÷þ§h-è[ª/-ô¦-î¦L. and she shall take out their print command)
î¦üŒŠx ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯L. (Îác–
shall be here at 7 PM. d) They shall not. outs before tomorrow morning. For f) My steno shall stay.
(Íô³ê¶ ÐôÁV þ§óŸªÙvêŸî¶ª î¦üŒ‰x ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª/ô¦ô¢ª two more days the office shall work command)
û¦ šúdûËÁ ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯L (Îác–
ÚÛ«ô¢ªaÙë¯Ù. Ôè…Ù-æ¨Ú¨ ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ e) You shall be here. till 7PM. g) She shall take print outs.
ÑÙè¯L.) ìªNy-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯L. (î¦üŒŠx êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª. þ¼÷ª-î¦ô¢Ù
Vimala: How about Sourabha? Won't she Manoj: How long am I to be here, Sir?
Î ví‡Ùå-÷±åªx êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ BóŸ«L (Îác–

à¶óŸ«L... êŸí£pë]ª!
÷ô¢ÚÛª î¦üŒ‰x ÚÛ«è¯ MîË Íè[ÞœÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. û¦ command)
(will not she) join us? (û¶ûµÙ-êŸ-›úí£± ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯õÙè†?)
(þ¿ô¢òÅ¡ ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ùæ¨? Î ÷ªìêÁ ô¦ë¯?)
Sumathi: She shall come, ofcourse. She has
promised me.
(Î êŸí£pÚÛ ÷ú£ªhÙC. ÷þ§h-ìE ÷«å
Ï#aÙC.)
Vimala: What about Sudhakar, Your cousin?
(Oª ÚÛ>ûË ú£ªëů-ÚÛô ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ùæ¨?)
Sumathi: He shall join us too.
(ÍêŸì« êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÷þ§hè[ª.) Officer: You shall be here till 7 in the šúdûËÁ Oª ÍÙë]-J-ÚÛÙç¶ ÓÚÛª\-÷-›úí£± h) The office (it) shall work.
Vimala: Won't Neeraj and Kalyan come? evening. ÑÙåªÙC. û¶ìª à¦ö° öµåô¢ªx è…¸ÚdæËÀ Îíƈúà í£E-à¶-óŸ«L (Îác– command)
(Fô¢âÉÀ, ÚÛü‹uéÉ ô¦÷è[Ù ö¶ë¯?) (ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ Ôè…Ù-æ¨-÷ô¢ÚÛª à¶óŸ«L. ¸ôí£± Ñë]-óŸ«-E-ÚÛö°x Î êŸí£p-E- – êµõª-þ¼hÙC ÚÛë¯ you, he, she, it and they êÁ
Sumathi: Why they? They shall not. I don't ÑÙè¯L– Îác) shallî¦è… Îácõª (Commands/ orders) Ï÷yàŸªa.
like them. Manoj: Why so long, Sir?
(î¦ü˜xÙ-ë]ªÚÛª? î¦üŒ‰x ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. û¦Ú¨ù£dÙ ö¶ë]ª) (ÍÙêŸ-›úí£± ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛÙè†?) ÏÙÚ¥ àŸ«è[Ùè….
i) You shall not smoke here.
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ you, he, she, it and theyêÁ Officer: You shall finish all this work and then
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 31
shall ô¦÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. only go.
ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\è[ þ¼tÚ à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª.
j) Oª public, university exams answer books
It shall be; (ìª÷±y Ð í£E í£²Jh à¶ú‡ îµü‹xL.)
She shall come; Manoj: I want leave on Friday Sir.
ö˺ instructions ÍFo shall î¦è[ÚÛÙêÁ
He shall join; (øŒ‰vÚÛ-î¦ô¢Ù û¦ÚÛª šúõ÷± Ú¥î¦L.) ÑÙæ°ô³.
ú£-JÞ¥ î¦æ¨ ví‡Ùå-÷±åªx Bú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L. ÏÙÚÁ i) No candidate (he/she) shall bring any slips
They shall (not); Officer: You shall not ·ôÙè[ª ö¶ë¯ ÓÚÛª\÷ ôÁVõª þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ of paper into the exam hall.
You shall be go on leave till Ôè…Ùæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª Îíƈúà í£E-à¶óŸ«L.) (í£K¤Û öËÀ-ö˺ڨ Ó÷ô¢« Ú¥TêŸÙ ú‡xí£±põª Bú£ª-ÚÛª-
ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªìÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙC ÖÚÛþ§J Þœªô¢ªh-à¶-ú£ª- Monday. You
ÚÛªÙë¯Ù. shall stay here
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ Officer, you, he, she it and ô¦-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. - order)
they êÁ shall î¦è[è[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…. Íö° î¦è[è[Ù ii) Absolute silence shall be observed.
1) I/We êÁ shall; you, he, she, it and they êÁ as long as I
ÎóŸªì Îácõª (commands) Ï÷y-è¯-EÚ¨. ÍÙç¶ (í£²Jh EøŒzñlÙ ð§æ¨Ù-à¦L– order)
will ÚÛ#a-êŸÙ-Ú¥E òÅ¡N-ù£u꟪h (Indefinite future) want you to.
you, he, she, it and they êÁ shall Îác-õìª ví£òÅ¡ªêŸy í£vê¦õª, EñÙ-ëÅ]ìõª ÍEoæ˺x you, he,
ìª êµLóŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. (þ¼÷ª-î¦ô¢Ù (commands) êµLóŸªâ¶ú£ªhÙC. she, it, they êÁ shall Îác-õÚÛª î¦è[è[Ù Oªô¢ª
2) I/We êÁ will ÷ªì Eô¢g-óŸ«-õìª (decisions), ÷ô¢ÚÛª šúõ÷± šíåd- a) You shall be here. Þœ÷ªEÙàŸ÷àŸªa. Court orders ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙê¶.
Ñë¶l-ø‹õìª (intentions) êµLóŸª-â¶-þ§hô³. ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. û¶ìª M. SURESAN command) orders â°K à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨you, he, she, it and they
3) I/We êÁ will ÷ªìÙ promise à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ ÓÙêŸ-›úí£± Ú¥î¦- ìªNy-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯L (Îác–
b) You shall finish. êÁ ÍCÅ-Ú¥-J-ÚÛÙÞ¥ (official) Íô³û¦, Íì-CÅ-Ú¥-JÚÛÙÞ¥
î¦è[ê¦Ù. õÙç¶ ÍÙêŸ-›úí£± ìªNy-ÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯-LqÙë¶.) command)
ìª÷±y í£²Jh à¶óŸ«L (Îác– (unofficial) Íô³û¦ 'shall' î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª.
÷ªìÙ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-#ì Nù£-óŸ«õª ú£ÙvÞœ-ÙÞ¥– Manoj: What about the others Sir?
c) You shall not go on leave. English practice
★ I/WeêÁ shall - Indefinite future (NªÞœê¦ ú‡ñsÙC ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ù-åÙè†?) Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥uõª ö˺ à¶óŸªÙè…. ú£Ùë]-
command) shall, will
★ I/WeêÁ will - Officer: They shall stay too. They shall not
ìª÷±y šúõ÷± šíåd-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª (Îác– ô¦sÄEo ñæ¨d ·ôÙè[« î¦è[Ùè….
determination (Eô¢góŸªÙ) d) You shall stay. 1) Íåª-÷Ù-æ¨-ë¶Oª ìª÷±y à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª (such= Íåª-
apply for leave either, till Monday. My
÷Ùæ¨).
ví£øŒo: a) Infinitives ÍÙç¶ ÔNªæ¨? (Î ÞœêŸÙö˺– ð§è… ÑÙè¯-õE DEo 'I had been there when the func- 2) ìª÷±y ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ Ôè…Ù-æ¨Ú¨ ô¦ (order).
b) 'to + have +V3' ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ ÍìªÚÛªÙæ˺ÙC) tion began exactly at 6', ÍE ÷«J›úh 3) ¸ôí£± þ§óŸªÙ-vê¦-E-ÚÛö°x í£E í£²Jh-à¶-óŸ«L.
ÔNªæ¨? c) To í£ÚÛ\ì be Þ¥F being î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª êŸí£±p- sentence ÚÛª ú£·ôjì Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC. Íô³ê¶ 4) Ram: ÷ªSx û¶ìª Óí£±pè[ªô¦ìª ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨?
sentence (a) Raghu: ìª÷±y ÷ªSx ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª.
c) to
í£ÚÛ\ì being ö¶ë¯ be î¦è…ê¶ ö¶ë]ª. DEÚ¨ šíjì Ú¨ Íô¢nÙö˺ ê¶è¯
i) I like to be here for sometime. ÷ú£ªhÙC. (b) function
î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨ Íô¢nÙ ÚÛ·ô- Ram: ìª÷yö° ÷«æ°x-è[-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª.
ë¯E Íô¢nÙ ÔNªæ¨? Raghu: ìª÷±y í£E í£²Jh-à¶-óŸ«L. Î êŸô¦yê¶
– í‡. ÐøŒy-ô¢-ô¦÷±, ÞœªÙå«ô¢ª (û¶ìª ÏÚÛ\è[ Ú¥›úí£± ÑÙè¯õE ÚÂdÞ¥ ÎJÙ-æ¨Ú¨ vð§ô¢ÙòšiÙC. ÍÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª
áî¦ñª: a) Infinitives ìª ÞœªJÙ# ÏÙêŸ-ÚÛª-
ÍìªÚÛªÙåª-û¦oìª.) ìªÙචû¶ìª ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñû¦oìª ÍE. ììªo ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦L.
ii) I object to being treated as a ví£øŒo: a) Would E Ôó¶ª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x Ñí£- Ram: û¶ìª Ð þ§óŸªÙ-vêŸî¶ª ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ í£E
÷³Ùë]ª ÷#aì ð§ôȦö˺x N÷-JÙà¦Ù ÍC stranger. óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª? í£²Jh-à¶þ§hìª.
àŸ«è[Ùè…. Raghu: Íô³ê¶ þ§óŸªÙ-vê¦-EÚ¨ ìª÷±y í£E í£²Jh-
(ììªo Ú•êŸhî¦è…Þ¥ àŸ«è[è¯EÚ¨ û¶ìª b) Let you write ÍÙç¶ êŸð§p?
b) to have + V3 - V3 ÍÙç¶ past partici- ÍòÅ¡uÙ-êŸô¢Ù àµñª-꟪-û¦oìª.) à¶-óŸ«L.
ví£øŒo: Oªô¢ª ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é ÷´èÁ-òÅ°-ÞœÙö˺
ple. To have + V3 Ú¨ Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª:
Öð§p? ÓÙë]ªÚÛª? Answers:
to have gone, to have killed, to have
– ñÙè… P÷-ví£-þ§ëÂ, ÚÛå«\ô 1) You shall do no such thing/ You shall not
done etc.
Ï#aì I was there exactly at 6
when the function began Íû¶ áî¦ñª: do any such thing.
i) He seems to have done it. 2) You shall be/ shall come here at 7 tomor-
î¦Ú¥uEo 'I had been there exact- a) 'would'Ñí£óµ«Þ¥Eo êŸyô¢-ö˺û¶ N÷Jþ§hÙ.
(Î í£E ÍêŸè[ª à¶ú‡-ìç¶d ÑÙC (past ö˺ row.
ly at 6 when the function began' b) Let you write - ÏC êŸí£±p. Let Ñí£-
Ôëµjû¦ áJ-T-ìåªx ÍE-í‡Ù-#ÙC). 3) You/He/She/They shall finish/ complete
ii) They appear to have killed the tiger.
ÍE ô¦óŸª-÷à¦a? óµ«ÞœÙ ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª î¦uþ§ö˺x N÷- the work by tomorrow.

áî¦ñª:
(Tiger -past
àŸE-ð¼-ô³ÙC-- - ö˺ î¦ü‹x í£E – #ìªo, ûµõ«xô¢ª JÙà¦Ù. þ§÷«-ìuÙÞ¥ Letìª 'you'êÁ 4) Ram: When shall I come here again?
a) I was there exactly at 6
à¶ú‡ìç¶x Ïí£±pè[ª ÚÛEí‡-ú£ªh-û¦oô¢ª.) î¦è[è[Ù ÑÙè[ë]ª. ÖÚÁ\-þ§J î¦è[-÷àŸªa. Raghu: You shall not (shan't) come here
when the function began. DE Íô¢nÙ
iii) I like to have gone with them. You let yourself into the room, when he again.
function begin Íô³-ì-í£±pè[ª û¶ì-ÚÛ\è[ ÚÛ·ô-
(î¦üŒxêÁ îµRx ÑÙè[-è¯-EÚ¨ Ïù£dí£è[ªêŸª- opens the door. Ram: You shall not (shan't) talk like that.
ÚÂdÞ¥ ÎJÙ-æ¨Ú¨ Ñû¦oìª ÍE. Function
û¦o쪖 ÍÙç¶ î¦üŒ‰x îµRx-ð¼-óŸ«ô¢ª. û¶ìª (ÍêŸìª êŸõªí£± êµô¢-÷-Þ¥û¶, ìª÷y ví£î¶-PÙàŸª– Raghu: You shall finish the work. Then
begin Í÷è[Ù ÎJÙ-樸Ú, û¶ì-ÚÛ\è[ ÑìoC
Ïí£±pè[ª ÷«æ°x-è[ªêŸªû¦oìª.) ÍE Íô¢nÙ. Íô³ê¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ yourself Íû¶ only you shall see/ meet me.
She likes to sing.
ÚÛ«è¯ ÎJÙ-æ¨¸Ú ÍE. Ram: I'll (I will) finish the work by this
b) I had been there exactly at 6 when reflexive î¦è[ÚÛÙ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…)
(Î ð§è¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ˺ÙC) Let you write Íô¢nÙ– ìª÷±y ô¦ô³. Íô³ê¶ evening.
the function began- ÏC ÍÙêŸ ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª.
She likes to have sung 'write' ÍÙç¶ ú£Jð¼êŸªÙC ÚÛë¯. Raghu: You shall (finish), then.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Bhaskar: Good morning, sir. Will you give
me the books I've asked you for,
sir?
(í∫’-ú˛-´÷-Joçí˚ Ææ®˝. ؈-úÕ-T† °æ¤Ææh-é¬-
©’ -É≤ƒh®√?)
Teacher: Yes, Bhaskar, they shall be with
you this afternoon. Don't worry.
(ÅN Ñ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’ç-ö«®·,
ÆæÍ®Ø√?)
Bhaskar: Moreover, I need your notes too,
sir, for the next week's exam.
exam
(ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, ´îËa-¢√®Ωç èπ◊
O’ ØÓö¸q èπÿú≈ 鬢√L.
Moreover=Éçé¬; notes- plural;
note- singular)
Teacher: You shall have them, what more?
(notes FéÀ-≤ƒh†’. ÉçÍéç 鬢√L?)
Bhaskar: My sister wants you to help her out
with some of the lessons.
sister lessons
(´÷ èπ◊ éÌEo
N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ O’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç 鬢√L.)
Teacher: She shall have my help. Let her not
worry, but she shall see me only in
forenoon. I am busy the next of the
day.
(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Öçô’çC. é¬F
††’o §Òü¿’lØËo éπ©-¢√L. N’í∫û√
Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ؈’ busy)
Bhaskar: She shall see you in the forenoon
only, sir, I assure you.
(´÷sister N’´’tLo §Òü¿’l-†-°æ‹õ‰
sir)
éπ©’-Ææ’hçC,
Teacher: One of the books is rare. It shall
not be lost or damaged.
(¢√öÀ™x äéπ °æ¤Ææhéπç î√© Å®Ω’-üÁjçC,
ÅC §Úèπ◊çú≈,-*-J-T-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ îª÷ú≈L.
Bhaskar: It shall not be, Sir.
'shall'
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ¢√úøéπç °æJ-Q-Lç-îªçúÕ.
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o will, shall
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-èπ◊çü∆ç.
i) I/WeûÓ shall- you, he, she, it and theyûÓ
will- indefinite future (ÅE-Paûª ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h)†’
ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·.
ii) I/ WeûÓ will ûÁL-Ê°C:
a) Determination (E®Ωgߪ’ç)
b) Intention (ÖüËl¨¡ç)
c) Promise (´÷ô É´yôç)
iii) You, he, she, it and theyûÓ shall ûÁL-Ê°C.
a) commands/orders (Çïc©’)
b) Definite future (¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h™  éπ*aûªçí¬
ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ßË’N)
É°æ¤púø’ Bhaskar, teacher ´’üµ¿u conversation
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:
Shall ¢√úÕ† ¢√é¬u©’:
You, he, she, it and theyûÓ shall ¢√úøéπç Éçé¬:
1) They shall be with you this afternoon =
ÅN Ñ ´’üµ∆u-£æ…o-EéÀ F ü¿í∫_®Ω Öçö«®·.
-ØË-†’ ¢√öÀE ´’üµ∆u-£æ…o-EéÀ Fèπ◊ É≤ƒh-†’/-
°æç-°æ¤-û√†’) – ÉC £æ…O’ (Assurance)
2) She shall have my help=
Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ûª°æpéπ Öçô’çC. ÉC
èπÿú≈ £æ…O’ (Assurance)
3) She shall see me only in the forenoons =
§Òü¿’l-†-°æ‹ô ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ç¢Á’ ††’o éπ©’-Ææ’-
éÓ-¢√L. (Çïc)
4) She shall see you only in the forenoons =
Ç¢Á’ §Òü¿’l†°æ‹ô N’´’tLo éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC.
(Assurance)
5) It shall not be lost or damaged.
(ÅC §Úèπÿ-úøü¿’, *†-í∫-èπÿ-úøü¿’– Warning -
£«îªa-Jéπ)
6) It shall not be, sir =
Å-™« Å´-ü¿çúÕ. (Assurance)
°j six sentences
™ shall †’ you, he, she, it,
they ûÓ £æ…O’-L-´y-ú≈-EéÀ, £«îªa-Jéπ É´y-ú≈-EéÀ
èπÿú≈ ¢√ú≈ç.
-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 13 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005
Father: You have wasted a lot of money,
already. you shall not waste any
more money, understand.
É°æp-öÀÍé î√™« úø•’s ´%ü∑∆-îË-¨»´¤. Éçéπ
îËߪ’èπ◊. Å®Ωn-´’-®·çü∆?
ÉC £«îªa-Jéπ (Warning)
Son: I do, dad. It shall not happen again.
(Å®Ωn-´’-®·çC. ÅC ´’Sx ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’ Ø√†o-
í¬®Ω÷ – ÉC £æ…O’ Assurance)
Father: You shall keep an account of every
paise you spend. Father: You shall have the money. How
3) Samuel: É™«çöÀ ´’ç* novels áéπ\úø
(†’´¤y ê®Ω’a-°õ‰d v°æA °j≤ƒ ™„éπ\-®√-ߪ÷L) much do you want?
üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·? (Available
Son: I will, dad. (Ç úø•’s Fèπ◊ ´Ææ’hçC. (؈’ Fèπ◊ Ç
(IûÓ will-E®Ωgߪ’ç –Ééπ\úø Assurance) úø•’s É≤ƒh†’= I will give you the ¢√úøçúÕ)
Samson: Read well book stores ™.
鬕öÀd you, he, she, it and theyûÓ shall money. You shall have - ÉC promise)
=at).
(™ Åéπ\úø O’èπ◊ à •’é˙
1) Orders/ commands 2) Warnings
áçûª 鬢√L?) 鬢√-LqØ√ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çC (get,
Parvathi: About Rs 10000/-
3) Assurances †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. whatever book ¢√úøçúÕ)
Prem: I am going to contest in the next elec-
(ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °æC-¢Ë©’) Samuel: á°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç Åéπ\-úÕéÀ?
Father: You shall have more than that. Don't Samson: Saturday ≤ƒßª’çvûªç †’´¤y ûª°æp-
tions
worry.
shall, will éπ-ü∑¿ -áç-ûÓ -Öç-C!
(؈’ ´îËa áEo-éπ™x §Úöà îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®√. ؈’ E†’o
Worry
Åçûª-éπØ√o áèπ◊\¢Ë É≤ƒh. Å´ü¿’l. ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡û√.
☛ You, he, she and Answers:
Ram and Swaroop: Go ahead. You shall
theyûÓ shall éÀçC-¢√-öÀéÀ 1) We will attend the function.
have our total support.
¢√úøû√ç. 2) Gopi: Shall I take/ have/ borrow your
support
(Å™«-Íí-é¬F, ´÷ Fèπ◊ °æ‹Jhí¬
1)Orders/commands
Öçô’çC) bike for an hour?
2)Warnings
You shall have even our financial support. Govind: You shall not.
3)Assurances
´÷( financial support
èπÿú≈ Fèπ◊ ûª°æpéπ
4)Promise Gopi: It shall be back with you in just
Öçô’çC) M. SURESAN
Ééπ\úø you shall have our support ÅØËC éÀçC ¢√uêu-©†’ an hour.
´÷´‚©’ £æ…O’-éπØ√o Éçé¬ í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æp-úøç – English ™ practice Govind: I will not give it (I won't give it).
Åçõ‰ Promise éπ*aûª-¢Á’i† ´÷ô É´yúøç) îËߪ’çúÕ. (Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd will, shall È®çúø÷
You shall not trouble me any
¢√úøçúÕ. N’í∫û√ verb forms É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç more.
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†oN èπÿú≈ ¢√ú≈Lq ®√´îª’a). 3) Samuel: Where are such good novels
1) ¢Ë’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ functionèπ◊ ´≤ƒhç. (attend available?/ Where do we get
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 32 ¢√úøçúÕ) such good novels?
2) Gopi: ã í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ F bike BÆæ’-éÓØ√? Samson: At Readwell Book Stores. You
Govind: BÆæ’-éÓ-´ü¿’l. (°æ‹Jh sentence shall get there whatever book
O’èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hçCéπü∆.I/WeûÓ will ¢√úÕ ´÷ô ®√ߪ’çúÕ.) you want.
É≤ƒhç. (Promise) Gopi:
Å™«Íí you, he, she it and theyûÓ shall ¢√úÕ ÅC ´’Sx F ü¿í∫_®Ω í∫çô™ ûª°æp- (you get ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a)
promise îËߪ’-´îª’a.
èπ◊çú≈ Öçô’çC. Samuel: When shall we go there?
Parvathi: Dad, I want to take coaching of (ItûÓ begin îËߪ’çúÕ, back èπÿú≈ ¢√úøçúÕ) Samson: You come home to me/ come to
CAT. I need some money. Govind: ØËE-´y†’. ††’o vô•’™¸ my place on Saturday evening.
CAT exam
(-Ø√-Ø√o, ؈’ coaching
èπ◊ îÁßÁ·uü¿’l. (will/shall ´÷vûª¢Ë’ I will take you to the shop.
BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. úø•’s 鬢√L) ¢√úøçúÕ)
v°æ¨¡o: 1)O’®Ω’ The Egg (C áí˚) ÅØ√-©E îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. an egg Ø√-ÆæÍ® ÆæÍ® ´®Ω{ç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. The umbrella in that
ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’? corner is mine Ééπ\úø °∂晫-† íÌúø’í∫’ (Ç ´‚© Ö†o íÌúø’í∫’)
2) The E á°æ¤púø’ ¢√ú≈™, á°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøüÓ N°æ¤-©çí¬ Åçô’Ø√oç 鬕öÀd 'The umbrella' Åçö«ç. (à íÌúø’í∫’? à
ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. °æ¤Ææhéπç? ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊E Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ´ÊÆh, The ¢√úøû√ç)
3) I had been watching the TVéÀ, I have been watching 2) 'The' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫’Jç* ûªy®Ω™  N°æ¤-©çí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çö«ç.
the TVéÀ ûËú≈ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 3) Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lesson™ have been†’ í∫’Jç* N´-Jçî√ç
– Ææ®Ω-ÆæyA, °∂‘™¸-ë«Ø√ îª÷úøçúÕ. I have been watching the TV Åçõ‰ éÌçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-öÀ-†’ç*
ï¢√•’: 1) 'an egg' ¢√ú≈™«, 'the egg' ¢√ú≈™« ÅØËC Ææçü¿-®√s¥-
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ/ Éçé¬ öÃO îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’, ÅE. éÌçûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤í¬ TV
Eo-•öÀd Öçô’çC. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ äéπ egg, àüÓ äéπ egg ÅØË îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ ÅE.
Å®Ωnç™ Å®·ûË 'an egg' Åçö«ç. eg: There is an egg on the I had been watching the TV Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç (past)™ È®çúø’ °æ†’-
plate. (Plate™ (ã) í∫’úø’f ÖçC. Ééπ\úø àüÓ äéπ í∫’úø’f ÅØË ©™ äéπ °æE ´·çü¿Í® v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å®· È®çúÓ-°æ-E-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T-
Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç 鬕öÀd an egg. Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤úø’had been + ing¢√úøû√ç.
°∂晫-† í∫’úø’f ÅE îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ the egg Åçö«ç. He ate the egg I had been watching the TV when he came in =Åûª†’
on the plate. Ééπ\úø plate™E egg †’ (à egg? ÅØË ques- ´îËa°æpöÀéÀ ؈’TV îª÷Ææ÷h ÖØ√o†’. Åçõ‰ Åûª†’ ´îËa ´·çü¿’
tionèπ◊ - the egg on the plate ÅØË answer ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd) the ؈’ -öÃ-O îª÷úøôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç* Åûª†’ ´îËa-´-®Ωèπ◊ îª÷Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√o
egg Åçö«ç. The egg on the plate is for Ramesh. (Plate™E ÅE. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ È®çúÓ °æEE í∫’Jç* îÁ°æp-†-°æ¤púø’ had been
egg ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇèπ◊). eg: An umbrella is useful in rain (íÌúø’í∫’ – àüÁj- watching (had been + ing) verb from†’ ¢√úøç.
I Ðû¦è[ª- þ¼÷ªî¦ô¢Ù 15 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005

PRONUNCIATION GUIDE Tara: Îõú£uÙ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙè[-è¯-EÚ¨ ví£óŸª-

★ Countable singulars ÷³Ùë]ª êŸí£pÚÛ article
Ao-þ§hìª.
Chandra: ìªîµy-í£±pè[«
'a'
î¦è¯L. Îõ-ú£u. ¸ôí£±
a book, a pen, etc.
Íô³û¦ ú£÷ª-óŸ«-EÚ¨ ô¦.
Tara: û¶ìª ¸ôí£± Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ô¦û¶-ô¦ìª.
ÏÚÛ\è[ 'a' pronunciation- ‘Ó’ Ú¥ë]ª. Ó ñªÚÂ, Ó ÷ªìÙ ÏÚÛ\è[ ìªÙ# Óí£±pè[ª ñóŸª-
šíûË – ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª. ÏÚÛ\è[ article 'a'ìª pro-
e õª-ë¶-ô¢ê¦Ù?
nounce à¶óŸ«-Lqì NëÅ]Ù êµLóŸªâ¶›ú Þœªô¢ªh ' '. ÏC Chandra: Ñë]óŸªÙ í£CÙæ¨Ú¨ (êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯)
ë¯ë¯í£± êµõªÞœª ‘Í’ êÁ ú£÷«-ì-÷ª-÷±-꟪ÙC. Ú¥ñæ¨d 'a ñóŸª-õª-ë¶-ô¢ê¦Ù.
book' = Í ñªÚÂ
2) Basheer: ÿ§ô¢«Ú ÏÚÛ\è[ Óí£±p-è[ªÙæ°è[ª?
'a pen' = Í šíûËÂ etc.
Roshan:
Íö°¸Þ about, above - ë¯ë¯í£± ab- combinations Ñë]óŸªÙ í£D-í£-CÚ¨ êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯
Basheer: I shall be a little late. But you
e
êÁ ÷à¶a ÷«å-õ-Eo-æ¨ö˺ 'a' E ' ' (êµõªÞœª– Í) ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙæ°è[ª. áìE: ìª÷±y êŸí£pÚÛ ô¦î¦L. ÍD Îõú£uÙ
Basheer: ù£«æ¨ÙÞ Ñë]óŸªÙ í£ë]-Ú•Ù-è…Ù-æ¨- Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯. (ÍD = That too) shall make every thing ready by
øŒñlÙêÁ í£õª-ÚÛª-ê¦ô¢ª. 10.30 AM
about = Íò®æËÀ (ò®– ûË•Ú¨\ í£õ-Ú¥L) Óò˺æËÀ– Ú¥ë]ª.
ÚÛö°x vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥î¦L. ví‡óŸª: ìª÷±y êŸí£p-ë]Ùç¶ û¶ìª ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥
Roshan: indefinite
(ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù – I shall be)
– Ú¥ñæ¨d
above = Íò®îË (ò®– ûË•Ú¨\ í£õ-Ú¥L) Óò˺– Ú¥ë]ª.
êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡÷ª÷±-꟪ÙC. ÷þ§hìª. Oªæ¨ÙÞ çµjîªڨ vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡-÷ª-
Basheer: û¶ìª ¸ôí£± Ú¥ú£h Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷þ§h- ÷±-꟪Ùë¯? Roshan: What about refreshments for
û¶îµ«. ìª÷±y ÷«vêŸÙ Ñë]óŸªÙ (ìª÷±y êŸí£p-ë]Ùç¶ = if you insist, insist = them?

ÏÙUxùà ڥë]ª... ÏÙTxùÃ!

10.30 Ú¨ ÍÙê¦ ú‡ë]lÄÙ à¶óŸ«L. ÖÚÛ Nù£óŸªÙ Oªë] í£åªd-ë]-õÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù. Ïí£±pè¶ Basheer: Ameer shall take care of them.
3) Karim: You shall attend Namaz on Friday.

Roshan: Íô³ê¶ ÷à¶aî¦üŒxÚÛª JvšíÆ-ùÃ-ÙæËÀq
(æ¨íƇûËÂ) ú£ÙÞœ-ê¶Ùæ¨?
Basheer: î¦æ¨ Nù£óŸªÙ ÎOªôÂ àŸ«ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-
æ°è[ª. (take care î¦è[Ùè…)
3) Karim: ìª÷±y øŒ‰vÚÛ-î¦ô¢Ù ì÷«-âÉÀÚÛª ô¦î¦L.
Kowser: û¶F ÒJÚ¨ Ú•êŸh. Ô ÷ªúˆëÂÚ¨
îµüŒê¦Ù? (÷ªúˆëÂ=Masjid or
Mosque)
îµü‹x-õE í£åªd-ñ-è[ª-꟪-û¦oè[ª –
going now)
áìE: þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ 4.15Ú¨ vð§ô¢ÙòÅ¡Ù Ú¥î¦L.
ví‡óŸª: ú£¸ô.
He insists on Kowser: I am new to this place/I am a
stranger here. Which Masjid
(Mosque) shall we go to?
Karim: There is one nearby. We shall go
to it. You shall come here at
12.30 PM. You shall not be late.
Kowser: I won't (will not) be late. Shall I
bring along my friend?

ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 33
Karim: ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ë]Þœ_-ô¢-ö˺û¶ ÖÚÛ ÷ªúˆë ÑÙC. Karim: Don't you know that much?
What shall we discuss at the meeting? ë¯E·ÚüŒê¦Ù. ÷ªëůuoÙ 12.30Ú¨ According to the Koran you shall
bring to prayer as many as pos-
★
ìªNy-ÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦î¦L. Îõú£uÙ à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«-
ÖÚÛ-÷«-åö˺ ÑÙè¶ øŒò°l-õìª syllables ÍÙæ°ô¢ª. sible.
Answers:
è[ë]ª.
sentence Íû¶ í£ë]Ùö˺'sen' ÖÚÛ syllable, tence Kowser: û¶ìª Îõú£uÙ à¶óŸªìª. û¦ všíÆÙèÂìª 4) Priya: What shall we discuss at the
÷ªôÁ syllable Í÷±-꟪ÙC. ÍÙç¶ sentence Íû¶C ÚÛ«è¯ Bú£ª-ÚÛª- 1) Chandra: I will be (I'll be) here tomorrow. meeting?
two syllables ÚÛõ-ô³ÚÛ Íìo÷«å. ô¦û¦? My brother shall also be here. Janani: We shall/ We will/ Let us discuss
English (ÏÙTxùÖ ÏÙUxùà ڥë]ª) òÅ°ù£ö˺ êµõª-Þœª- Karim: Î ÷«vêŸÙ Tara: When shall I see you (meet the arrangements for the college
ö˺ö°Þ¥ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ ÖÚÛ ÷«å í£L¸Úå-í£±pè[ª Î ÷«å- êµMë¯? you) tomorrow, then? day next week.
ö˺E ÖÚÛ syllableìª NªÞœê¦ syllables ÚÛÙç¶ Üªô¦ûË Chandra: You shall come as early as Priya: Do you want me to come?/
ÓÚÛª\÷Þ¥ ûË•Ú¨\-í£-õª-ÚÛª-ê¦ô¢ª. Ð í£õÚÛè¯Eo stress ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù ÓÙêŸ- possible. Your brother shall Shall I come?
ÍÙæ°ô¢ª. DEo dictionaryö˺ ' Þœªô¢ªh ë¯yô¦ àŸ«í‡- ÷ªÙCE Oõ- come too. You shall not be late. Janani: You shall come. That too, on
þ§hô¢ª. Tara: I'll (I will) try my best not to be time/ without being late.
' ô³ê¶ ÍÙêŸ-
eg. English- English – ÍÙç¶ ‘Ï’ øŒò°lEo ûË•Ú¨\ ÷ªÙ-CE Bú£ª-ÚÛª- M. SURESAN late. Priya: If you insist, I will come. Will the
í£õ-Ú¥-õ-ìo-÷«å. Chandra: You are always late. Come meeting being on time.
a'bove - ÏÚÛ\è[ b êÁ ÑÙè¶ syllable ìª
ô¦-î¦L.
(ܪô¦ûË ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù = According to early tomorrow at least. Janani: It shall at 4.15 PM.
ÓÚÛª\÷ stress à¶ú‡ ë¯Eo ûË•Ú¨\ í£õ-Ú¥L. the Koran) Tara: I will not be (won't be) late, I Priya: OK.
Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè…. assure you. When shall we

4)
1) Chandra: û¶ìª ¸ôí£± ÏÚÛ\è[ (êŸí£pÚÛ) ÑÙæ°ìª.
÷« vñë]ôÂÚÛ«è¯ (êŸí£pÚÛ) ÑÙæ°è[ª.
Tara: Íô³ê¶ ¸ôí£± Eûµo-í£±pè[ª ÚÛõ-÷-Þœ-õìª?
Chandra: F·ÚÙêŸ êŸyô¢Þ¥ Oõ-ô³ê¶ ÍÙêŸ
êŸyô¢Þ¥ ô¦î¦L. Oª Íìo ÚÛ«è¯
ô¦î¦L. ìª÷±y Îõú£uÙ à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«-
è[ë]ª.
ví‡óŸª: ÷ªìÙ Oªæ¨Ù-ÞÂö˺ ÔÙ àŸJaë¯lÙ?
(àŸJaÙ-àŸè[Ù = discuss, meeting ö˺
= at the meeting)
áìE: ÷à¶a î¦ô¢Ù college day Ôô¦påªx
àŸJaë¯lÙ.
(college day Ôô¦påªx = arrange-
ment for the college day)
ví‡óŸª: ììªo ô¢÷ªtÙ-æ°î¦?
Oªô¢« ô¦óŸªÙè…!
start from here?
Chandra: We will start at 10 AM.
2) Basheer: When will Sharook be here? þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃö˺ Oª ú£Ùë¶ï£„õìª
Roshan: He shall be here at 10.10AM.
þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ, ví£AòÅ¡èµúÃ\, Ðû¦è[ª,
Basheer: The shooting shall begin at 11
þ¼÷«>Þœ«è[, šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë–82
AM.
#ô¢ªû¦÷«ÚÛª í£Ùí‡ÙàŸ÷àŸªa.
Roshan: It shall (begin).
email: pratibha@ eenadu.net

ví£øŒo: êµõªÞœª–ÏÙTxùà è…ÚÛ{vFõª î¦è¯-Lqì Í÷- Nù£óŸªÙ English ö˺ you, singular (ìª÷±y), êŸí£p-ÚÛªÙè¯ áJ¸Þ í£ìª-õìª) ÞœªJÙ# àµñª-꟪ìo
ú£ô¢Ù ÔNªæ¨?
– ÷ªÙVõ, ÎëÁE
áî¦ñª: English-Telugu dictionary ÓÙêŸ
Ñí£-óµ«-Þœ-ÚÛô¢îµ« Telugu-English dictionary
ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙê¶ Ñí£-óµ«-Þœ-ÚÛô¢Ù. Îî¦õª, NªJ-
óŸ«õª ö°Ùæ¨ ÷«å-õÚÛª English Ú¥î¦-õÙç¶
ê¶LÞ¥_ ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛ-ê¦ô³. English ÷«æ°x-è¶-å-í£±pè[ª
ú£ï£„-óŸª-í£-è[ª-꟪ÙC.
ví£øŒo: You, He, She Íû¶N singular forms.
Singulars ìª êµL-óŸª-⶛ú ÷³Ùë]ª
verb singularö˺ ÑÙè¯L. Ú¥F ÷ªìÙ
ôÁW ÷«æ°xè¶ òÅ°ù£ö˺ How are you,
Are you fine? ÍÙæ°Ù. Oæ¨ö˺ are
ÓÙë]ªÚÛª î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª?
– ô¢N, Ná-óŸª-ì-Þœô¢Ù
áî¦ñª: Englishö˺ singular form of the
verb î¦è¯-LqÙC ÍEo singular subjects ÚÛª
Ú¥ë]ª. III person- singular subjectsÚÛª
÷«vêŸî¶ª singular verbs î¦è[ê¦Ù. ·ôÙèÁ
ví£øŒo: I wish I had joined the Army.
plural (Oªô¢ª). Íô³ê¶ verb Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ you sentences Past actions
ÏN. ÚÛª çµjîª àµGê¶ I wish I joined Army.
êŸô¦yêŸ Óí£±pè[« plural verb ÷«vêŸî¶ª î¦è¯L. Íí£±pè[ªPast Doing Word ÷ú£ªhÙC. šíj šíj ·ôÙè[ª î¦Ú¥uö˺x ÔC Ô ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺
'How are you?' ÍÙç¶ (you ÚÛª Óí£±pè[« plu-
ral verb) áî¦ñª– 'I am fine' Íìè[Ù î¦è[ª¸Ú.
î¦Ú¥uõª
forms
Regular actions
ÚÛ·ô¸Úd.
Ú¥ñæ¨d verb î¦è¯L? ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨ ÷ªëÅ]u ê¶è¯ ÔNªæ¨?
ví£øŒo: See, Watch õ ÷ªëÅ]u ê¶è¯ ÔNªæ¨?
– Þœí£²ôÂ, õ·Úq-æ¨d-›íå
Íô³ê¶ Oªô¢ª ÚÛªøŒ-õ÷« Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ 'Are you
fine?' ÍìÙ. 'How are you?', 'Are you
áî¦ñª: 'I wish I joined the army' ÍÙç¶
I see movie. Ïí£±pè[ª û¶ìª Armyö˺ à¶Jê¶ ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ-
OK?' ÷Ùæ¨ ÷«åõª î¦è[ê¦Ù. I watch movie
ví£øŒo: Present Perfect Tense ô¦›ú-å-í£±pè[ª
åªÙC– ÍE.
– ÍÙæ°Ù. ÔC ÚÛ·ôÚÂd?Eg. ÍÙç¶ Íô¢nÙ 'I wish I had joined the army! ÍÙç¶
EJl-ù£dÙÞ¥ time/ period àµí£pô¢ª ÚÛë¯!
Oªô¢ª
ÔNªæ¨? Eg., Ex. õö˺ ÔC ÚÛ·ôÚÂd.
– ÖÚÛ ð§ôÈ¢-ÚÛªè[ª, ÷«àŸô¢x
ÞœêŸÙö˺ û¶ìª Army ö˺ à¶J ÑÙç¶ ÓÙêŸ
áî¦ñª:
ò°ÞœªÙ-è¶C– ÍE.
I have coffee in the morning.
My mother has breakfast at 8 AM.
I see movies, I watch movies ví£øŒo: Have been, has been, had been
·ôÙè[« ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. Íô³ê¶ am seeing/ is seeing/ Íû¶ í£ë¯-õìª î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ Óö°Ùæ¨ ú£Ùë]-
ÍE ô¦ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛ·ô-¸Údû¦? are seeing î¦è[Ù Ú¥ñæ¨d, ë¯E ñë]ªõª am ô¦sÄö˺x Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª? Have, has,
– >. ø™yêŸ, ÎC-ö°-ò°ë watching/ is watching/ are watching had õìª Ô tenseö˺x î¦è[-ê¦ô¢ª?
áî¦ñª: I have coffee in the morning.
î¦è¯L. – ÓÙ. ÎÙá-û¶-óŸ³õª, ·Ú. û¦¸Þ-øŒy-ô¢-ô¦÷±,
My mother has breakfast at 8 AM. e.g.- ÏC for example (Ñë¯--ô¢-éÚÛª) îµ³õ-Þœ-÷Lx
Ð sentences ö˺ ÷ªìÙ past actions
(ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì í£ìª-õìª) ÞœªJÙ# Ú¥ë]ª-ÚÛë¯
Íû¶ë¯EÚ¨ abbreviation.
e.g.- Íû¶C ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. ex ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. ÍC exer-
áî¦ñª: þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTxùÃ ÞœêŸ Lessons ö˺
÷«æ°xè[ªêÁÙC. Regular actions (vÚÛ÷ªÙ cise Ú¨ abbreviation.
have been, has been, have, has Ñí£-óµ«-
Þ¥õª N÷JÙà¦Ù. àŸ«è[Ùè….
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Prasad: Pranav, When shall I see you
again?
(-v°æ-ù-¢˛, ´’Sx EØÁo-°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ†’?)
Pranav: Will you meet me tomorrow at 4?
(Í®°æ¤ Ø√©’-Tç-öÀéÀ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?)
Prasad: Where shall I meet you ?
(áéπ\úø éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ†’?)
Pranav: Will you come to LB Park? I will
meet you there.
(LB Park èπ◊ ´≤ƒh¢√ ? Åéπ\úø E†’o
؈’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.)
Prasad: Will Pratap come with you too
(v°æû√°ˇ èπÿú≈ FûÓ ´≤ƒhú≈?)
Pranav : Of course, will you bring along your
friends too?
(-´≤ƒh-úø’, O’ friends †’ èπÿú≈
BÆæ’éÌ≤ƒh¢√)
(bring along = BÆæ’èπ◊-®√´-úøç)
We shall be disappointed
I shall be happy to meet them.
(¢√∞¡x†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-úøç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ).
Will they come? Will your sister
come too?
(¢√∞¡Ÿx -´≤ƒh®√? O’ sister èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®√)
Prasad: Of course. I'll (I will) bring them
along.
(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈, ¢√∞¡x†’ ؈’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-´≤ƒh).
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆ Questions™
shall and will -¢√-úøéπç. Questions™ á°æ¤p-úø÷
I/WeûÓ shall; you, he, she, it and they ûÓ
will ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´≤ƒh®·. (Åçõ‰ I/ We ûÓ will í¬-F,
you, he, she, it and they ûÓ shall í¬-F ®√´¤).
eg: a) When shall I see you?
b) Will you meet me?
c) Where shall I meet you?
d) Will you come?
e) Will Pratap (he) come?
f) Will they come?
g) Will your sister (she) come?
☛ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ ¶µ«¢√©’, ´’-ØÓÆœn-AE -ûÁ-LÊ°
I / We ûÓ shall; you, he, she, it
ô-°æ¤púø’
and they ûÓ will ¢√-úøû√ç.
Dad: Sumanth, this time I expect you
to score better than last time.
(Ñ≤ƒJ -Éç-ûªèπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´
´÷®Ω’\©’ -≤Ú\®˝ -îË≤ƒh-´-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)
Sumanth: Sure, dad. I will do my best to get
100%
(-ûª°æpèπ◊ç-ú≈. -´ç-ü¿-¨»-ûªç -´÷®Ω’\--©’ -
´-îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ -Ø√ -¨»-ߪ’-¨¡èπ◊h-™« éπ%-≠œ-îË≤ƒh.)
Dad: I shall be happy to see you get it.
(†’´y™« ûÁa-èπ◊çõ‰ Ææç-ûÓ-≠æ-¢Ë’)
Sumanth: Why you alone dad? Mother
(she) will be happy too.
(O’®Ì-éπ\Í®é¬ü¿’ Ø√†o-í¬®Ω÷, Å´’t
èπÿú≈ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC)
Dad: We (your mother and I) shall be
v°æ¨¡o:
3) Taking a stick, he beat the dog.
4) §˘®Ó-£œ«-ûªuç ÅØË -´%AhE Éç-Tx-≠ˇ™  à´’ç-ö«®Ω’?
5) He has been appointed by DEO
ï¢√•’:
disappointed if you don't get a
seat in medicine.
(Fèπ◊ medicine ™ seat ®√éπ-§ÚûË
¢Ë’ç E®√-¨¡-°æ-úø-û√ç)
Sumanth: My teachers (they) will be sad too
if I don't make it to medicine .
(؈’ medicine™ îË®Ω-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË ´÷
teachers èπÿú≈ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’)
Dad: You will be happy to know that I
am going to buy a bike for you.
(FéÌéπ bike éÌçô’Ø√o†E ûÁLÊÆh †’´¤y
ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-û√´¤)
Sumanth: Really, dad? I shall be grateful to
you for this.
(Eïç-í¬Ø√? ؈’ î√™« éπ%ûª-Vc-úÕE)
°j† îª÷úøçúÕ: Happy, sad, disappointed,
grateful - É™«çöÀ feelings ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-î √-©çõ‰,
I/WeûÓ shall; you, he, she, it, and, they ûÓ
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 34
will -¢√-úø¿-û√ç. (Åçõ‰ I/We ûÓ Will í¬-F, you, he,
she, it and they ûÓ shall í¬-F, ¶µ«¢√©’, ņ’-¶µº÷-
ûª’©’, ´’-ØÓ-Æœn-ûª’©’ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøç)
éÀçC °æöÀdéπ îª÷úøçúÕ:
(will and shall Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ Éçé¬ éÌEo ÖØ√o®·.
´·êuçí¬ formal, informal spoken English ™
´·êu-¢Á’i-†N. ÅN -ûª®√y-ûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.)
Subjects Shall
1. Indefinite future
I, We (ÅE-Paûª ¶µºN-≠æuûª’h)
2. Feelings & emotions
(¶µ«¢√©÷, ņ’-¶µº÷-ûª’©’, ´’ØÓ-Æœn-ûª’©’)
- 3. Questions (v°æ¨¡o©’)
1. Definite happens
You, he, she,
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷©’)
it and they
2. Orders & Commands (Çïc©’)
3. Warnings (£«îªa-J-éπ©’)
Speaker
4. Assurances (£æ…O’©’)
(´÷ö«x-úË-¢√®Ω’ ÉîËa) 5. Promises (´÷ô É´y-úøç)
É°æ¤púø’ éÀçC¢√öÀE English ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
O-™„j-†çûª´®Ωèπ◊ shall/ will ¢√úøçúÕ.
1) Anjali: ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ -¢Á-∞¡-ü∆-´÷--?
Ankita: Å®·ûË Ø√ assignment á°æ¤púø’ com-
plete îËߪ’†’ ؈’?
Anjali: †’´¤y ´≤ƒh¢√? ®√¢√?
Ankita: Å®·ûË Ø√ assignment complete
îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ †’´¤y ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø-û√¢√?
1) All the glitters is not gold Åç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. - éπü∆? Everyone, subject Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ ÅC
E-ñ«-EéÀ All the glitters are not gold -Å-Ø√L éπü∆?
2) Sweet are the uses of adversity. DE™
Sweet is the uses of adversity ÅE Öçú≈L
éπü∆. 2) Sweet are the uses of the adversity- Ñ sentence
Having taken a stick he beat the dog.
°j È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ?
He is appointed by DEO
Ñ È®ç-úø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’ö îÁ°æp-í∫-©-®Ω’.
3) Taking a stick, he beat the dog - éπv®Ω BÆæ’éÌE èπ◊éπ\†’
– °œ.-áÆˇ.®√-´¤, °œ®∏√°æ¤®Ωç
1) ´’†ç sentence-™ ¢√úË verb subject †’ •öÀd
éπü∆ Öçô’çC? Sentence No.1 ™ 'all' Åçõ‰
everything, every one of - v°æAD ÅØË Å®Ωnç
Anjali: ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. Fèπ◊ -Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç Öçô’çC.
(you ûÓ begin îËߪ’çúÕ)
†ØËoç îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«¢Ó îÁ°æ¤p.
Ankita: †’-´¤yÑ ¶Ô´’t©’ -Uߪ÷L. U≤ƒh¢√?
(you ¢√úøçúÕ. ¶Ô´’t Uߪ’-úøç = draw)
Anjali: á°æ¤púø’ Uߪ’†’?
Ankita: ´’†ç 12 í∫ç-ô-
©èπ◊ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-
ü∆l´÷?
Anjali: Å®·ûË lunch
á°æ¤púø’ îËü∆lç?
Ankita: ´÷´‚-©’í¬ F
lunch á°æ¤púø’?
´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 2 M. SURESAN
Å®·ûË ´’K
late Å´¤-ûª ’ç--
ü∆?(´’K late = too late )
2) Sukumar: ÉçéÓ È®çúø’ ®ÓV-©’ç-úø¢√ Ééπ\úø?
Sunil: àç îË≤ƒh-E-éπ\úø È®çúø’ ®ÓV©’?
Will
1. Determination
(E®Ωgߪ’ç)
2. Intention (ÖüËl¨¡ç)
3. Promise
(´÷ô É´y-úøç)
1. Indefinite future
(ÅE-Paûª ¶µºN-≠æuûª’h)
2. Feelings & emotions
(¶µ«¢√©÷, ņ’-¶µº÷-ûª’©’ ´’ØÓ-Æœn-ûª’©’)
3. Questions (v°æ¨¡o©’)
Sukumar: -Ééπ\úÕ Nçûª©’ îª÷≤ƒhç.
(ã v°æüË-¨¡ç™ Nçûª©’, ü¿%¨»u©÷
îª÷úøôç = sight seeing, go sight-
seeing ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’.)
Sunil: Ø√éπ-Fo -É°æp-öÀÍé -îª÷°œç-î √-´¤ éπ-ü∆!
Sukumar: †’´¤y îª÷ú≈-Lq-†Nçé¬ -È®çúø’ ´‚úø’
v°æüË-¨»-©’-Ø√o®·. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ -¢Á-∞¡-ü∆ç.
Sunil: äéπ®ÓV î√©ü∆?
singular éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE verb èπÿú≈ singular í¬
Öçú≈L. Åçü¿’-´©x All that glitters is not gold
™ is éπÈ®é˙d.
éπÈ®é˙d. Word order™ 'The uses of adversity are
sweet' Å´¤-ûª’çC. (Sweet are these fruits ÅE poet-
ic í¬ éπN-ûªyç™ Åçö«ç. ´÷´‚©’ prose order/ con-
versation ™ Å®·ûË, These fruits are sweet Åçö«ç
éπü∆). Å™«Íí The uses of adversities are sweet ņo-
°æ¤púø’ subject àC? The uses éπü∆? ÅC plural, Åçü¿’-
éπE verb are.
éÌö«d-úø’ -ÅE. Having taken a stick, he beat the dog
Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç– éπv®Ω-°æ¤-a-èπ◊†o ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈, èπ◊éπ\†’ éÌö«dúø’–
Åçõ‰ Ñ sentence Åçûª éπÈ®é˙d é¬ü¿’. ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’
(§Ú©açúÕ: Having gone to Hyderabad, he could
-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 17 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005
Sukumar: Å®·ûË ÉçéÓ®Ó-ï-Ø√o Öçö«¢√?
3) Bhanu: ؈’ Í®°œ-éπ\úø á°æ¤p-úø’ç-úø†’?
Bhaskar: †’´¤y Í®°œ-éπ\úø °æCç-öÀ-éπ-™«x Öçú≈L.
late Å´-èπÿ-úøü¿’.
Bhanu: 10 ´’K ´·çü¿®Ω é¬ü∆?
Bhaskar: Meeting °æü¿-éÌç-úÕç-öÀéπ-™«x begin
鬢√L. ü∆EéÀ arrangements
Åçû√ ¶«©’, ¶«•’ îËߪ÷L. †’´¤y
¢√∞¡x†’ supervise îËߪ÷L.
Answers:
1) Anjali: Shall we go to a movie this
evening?
Ankita: When shall I complete my assign-
ment?
Anjali: Will you come, or won't you?
Ankita: Then will you help me to com-
plete my assignment?
Anjali: Certainly, you shall have my help.
What do you want me to do? /
What shall I do for you?
Ankita: You shall draw these pictures.
Will you?
Anjali: When shall I draw them?
Ankita: Shall we begin at 12 noon?
Anjali: When shall we have lunch, then?
Ankita: When is your lunch, usually? will
2 O' clock be too late for you?
2) Sukumar: Won't you (will you not) stay
here for another two days?
Sunil: What shall I do here for two more
days?
Sukumar: We shall/ will go sightseeing
here.
Sunil: You have already shown me all the
sights here.
Sukumar: There are still two or three
more places to be seen. We
shall go there.
Sunil: Won't one day (will not one day) be
enough?
Sukumar: Will you then stay here for
atleast oneday?
3) Bhanu: When shall I be here tomorrow?
Bhaskar: You shall be here at 10. You
shall not be late.
Bhanu: Won't 10 be (will not 10 be) too
early?
Bhaskar: The meeting shall begin at 11
AM Sharp. (Sharp= éπÈ®-é˙dí¬)
Balu and Babu shall make all
arrangements. You shall super-
vise them.
not meet the CM. £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ¢ÁRx èπÿú≈ CM†’ îª÷úø-
™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’).
4) '§˘®Ó-£œ«ûªuç— ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ priesthood ņ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË
§˘®Ó-£œ«ûªuç, priesthood °æ‹Jhí¬ äÍé -Å®√n-Eo -É-´y-´¤. -
§˘®Ó£œ«-ûªuç -¶«-üµ¿u-ûª-©÷, priesthood -¶«-üµ¿u-ûª-©÷ -äéπ-öÀ
é¬-´¤ é¬-•-öÀd.
5)a) He has been appointed by the DEO- DEO îËûª
Åûª†’ -E-ߪ’-N’ç-îª-•-ú≈f-úø’– Åçõ‰ DEO ÅûªúÕ-E appoint
îË-ߪ’-úøç Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. Ééπ\úø has been appointed
ïJ-T-§Ú-®·† °æEE ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰Ææ’hç-C.
b) He is appointed by the DEO- Ééπ\úø verb, 'is
appointed' – -É-C regular action, passive voice -™ 
– -ÅûªúÕ-E (Åçõ‰ Ç Job ™ °æE-îËÊÆ ÅûªúÕ-E) DEO
appoint îË≤ƒhúø’. ´÷´‚©’í¬ -Å-E /-á-°æ¤p-úø’ -Å-E.
(§Ú©açúÕ: A lecturer is appointed by the commit-
tee Åçõ‰ lecturer †’ committee ¢√∞¡Ÿx appoint
îË≤ƒh®Ω’– ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ÅE/-á-°æ¤púø÷ ÅE.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Namitha: Hi Namrata, What brings you
here?
(£æ…-ß˝’ -†-v´’-û√, àçöÀ É™« ´î√a¢˛)
ÉC °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤– O’ conversation™ ¢√úøçúÕ
Namratha: I want a book from you, and
advice from your father
(Ø√èπ◊ F ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* ã °æ¤Ææhéπç 鬢√L.
O’ Ø√†o-í¬J Ææ©£æ… é¬¢√L)
Namitha: What book?
Namratha: The book, 'How to face
Interviews'. I am attending an
interview the day after.
(How to face Interviews ÅØË
°æ¤Ææhéπç 鬢√L Ø√èπ◊. á©’xçúÕ ØËØÓ
Interview attend Å¢√yL)
Namitha: And what do you want my dad's
advice?
(´÷ Ø√†o-í¬J Ææ©£æ… áçü¿’èπ◊?)
Namratha: I have got interview calls for
admission in MBA in two col-
leges- Potti Sreeramulu
College, and Prakasam School
of Management. I want to know
from your dad which is the bet-
ter
(MBA ™ îË®Ω-ú≈-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ È®çúø’ col-
leges †’ç* interview letters
´î√a®·. àC ´’ç*üÓ O’ Ø√†o
-í¬-J-E -Å-úÕT ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆-´’E).
Namitha: Congrats. All the best. But my
dad is out on business. He's
(=He has) gone out to call on a
friend.
(´÷ Ø√†o-í¬®Ω’ °æE-O’ü¿ •ßª’-öèπ◊
¢Á∞«}®Ω’, Çߪ’† friend †’ éπ©-´
-ú≈-EéÀ).
(call on= äéπ ´uéÀhE éπ©-´ôç– The PM
called on the President yesterday).
Namratha: When will he be back?
(á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’?)
Namitha: In an hour perhaps.
(•£æ›¨¡ ã í∫çôèπ◊)
Namratha: I have work at home. Will he be
at home this evening?
(Ø√éÀçöx °æ†’çC. ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Çߪ’†
Éçöx Öçö«®√?)
Namitha: He has a meeting to attend.
(Çߪ’-†èπ◊ meeting ÖçC).
Namratha: Then I will see him tomorrow
morning
(Å®·ûË ØËØ√-ߪ’Eo Í®°æ¤ -Ö-ü¿-ߪ’ç éπ©’≤ƒh).
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ underlined words îª÷¨»®Ω’
éπü∆? ¢√öÀ™x éÌEoç-öÀ-´·çü¿’ 'a' or 'an'
ÖØ√o®·. -´’-JéÌEo-çöÀ´·çü¿’ ™‰´¤-éπü∆.
v°æ¨¡o: Weak verbs, Strong verbs Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ?
OöÀE ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç ûª°æp-E-Ææ®√? Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-©†’
Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-©ûÓ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.
ï¢√•’: '-ed', '-d', '-t' îË®Ωaúøç
– 鬴u, ņ÷≠æo, £æ«†t-éÌçúø
´©x past tense, past participle
à®ΩpúË verbs†’ weak verbs
Åçö«ç. OöÀØË Regular verbs
ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç.
eg: Present - Past - Past
Participle
1. talk - talked - talked
2. love - loved - loved
3. smell - smelt - smelt
ûÁL-ÆœçC éπü∆ °j verbs™«çöÀ verbs ÅEoç-öÀE
Åçõ‰ '-ed', '-d' or '-t' îË®Ωaúøç ü∆y®√ past tense,
past participle form Å®·ûË ÅN weak/ regular
verbs.
Strong verbs†’ irregular verbs ÅE èπÿú≈
Åçö«®Ω’. ÉN past tense, past participle, weak
verbs ™«í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈, verb form™ØË ´÷®Ω’pûÓ à®Ωp-
úø-û√®·.
eg: Present - Past - Past Participle
1. Sing - sang - sung
2. Know - knew - known
3. do - did - done
É™«çöÀ verbs strong verbs.
a/an Ö†oN a/an ™‰EN
a book advice
an interview business
a friend work
an hour
a meeting
Ééπ\úø a/an ¢√úÕ† ´÷ô©’– book, interview,
friends, hour, meeting- OöÀE countables
Åçö«ç. Åçõ‰ ´’†ç äéπöÀ, È®çúø’, ´‚úø’, 10, 20
ÅE ™„éπ\-°-ôd-í∫-L-T-†N.
book - one book, three books etc.
friend - one friend, two friends etc.
hour - one hour, three hours etc.
meeting - one meeting, two meetings,
etc. °j´Fo countables.
Ééπ uncountables. Åçõ‰ ™„éπ\-°-ôd-™‰-EN.
eg: Water - one water, two waters - ņç
A, An ®√-¢√-Lqç-üË!
éπü∆. Å™«Íí, sugar, rice, milk, etc. É´Fo
´’†ç numbers ™ îÁ°æpç. 鬕öÀd ÉN
uncountables.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 35
éÀç-C-¢√-öÀ-E î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ follow Å´çúÕ.
1) English™ countables èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’
rals Öçö«®·.
(äéπöÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Å®·ûË – singular,
äéπöÀ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Å®·ûË plural)
Singular Plural
book books
pen pens
man men
child children
sheep (íÌvÈ®) sheep (íÌvÈ®©’)
2) uncountables –™„éπ\-°-ôd-™‰-EN. OöÀéÀ plural
Öçúøü¿’.
(milks, golds, silvers ņç éπü∆. Åçõ‰ milk,
gold, silver ÉN uncountables 鬕öÀd OöÀéÀ
plural Öçúøü¿’.
3) Very very important: English™ counta-
ble singular áéπ\úø ¢√úÕØ√ ü∆E-´·çü¿’ éπ*a-
ûªçí¬ 'a' é¬F 'an' é¬F ®√¢√L.
a) A cow (cow - countable singular) gives
milk (Ç´¤ §ƒ©’ ÉÆæ’hçC)
b) An umbrella (umbrella- countable sin-
gular) is in that corner ( Ç ´‚© ã
íÌúø’í∫’ ÖçC)
c) A watch (watch - countable singular)
shows the time
(Watch Time †’ îª÷°œ-Ææ’hçC)
îª÷¨»®√, áéπ\úø Countable singular
´*aØ√ ü∆E-´·çü¿’ ûª°æpéπ 'a' 'an' ®√´-©-
ÆœçüË. ®√éπ-§ÚûË ûª°æ¤p.
d) A doctor treats patients
(ú≈éπd®˝ ®Óí∫’-©èπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç îË≤ƒhúø’ Treat -
¢Ájü¿uç îËߪ’úøç Treatment - ¢Ájü¿uç)
A / an Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 'äéπ— ÅE éπü∆ Å®Ωnç.
Å®·ûË English ™ A / an ¢√úÕ† îÓô™«x ûÁ©’-í∫’™
¢√úøç éπü∆. English ™ A cow gives milk Åçõ‰ØË
éπÈ®é˙d.
ü∆ØËo ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†ç, 'Ç´¤-§ƒ-L-Ææ’hçC— Åçö«ç
é¬F, 'äéπ Ç´¤ §ƒL-Ææ’hçC— ņç éπü∆. Å™« Åçõ‰
N’í∫û√ Ç´¤-L-´y-´Ø√?
'íÌúø’í∫’ ´®Ω{ç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC— Åçö«ç
é¬F, äéπ íÌúø’í∫’ ´®Ω{ç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC ņç
éπü∆. ´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ Countable
Singulars èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ a / an omit îËÆæ’hçö«ç. ÉC
ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.
´’S} í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. English ™ Countable
Singulars èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ a / an ¢√úøû√ç. ¢√ú≈L.
¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûË ûª°æ¤p
4) 'A' á°æ¤púø’? 'An' á°æ¤púø’?
Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Lesson ™ N´-Jç-*-†-ô’xí¬ Å, Ç
É, Ñ, Ö, Ü, á, à, â, ä, ã, å ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç
ÅßË’u English ´÷ô-©-´·çü¿’ 'An' ¢√úøû√ç.
N’í∫û√ ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’u ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’
'a' ¢√úøû√ç. Éçé¬ Ant (Ééπ\úø 'a' Ææ÷*çîË ¨¡•lç
´·çü¿’ èπÿú≈ 'an')
a) An Ant, An abode (Å);
an arm, an egg(á);
An Indian (Éç);
An ox, an idea (â) etc.
an honour (Ç);
an hour (Å) etc
b) a Tree, a Book etc
University - (ߪ‚) –
plu-
鬕öÀd a University M. SURESAN
European - (ߪ‚)
鬕öÀd a European
ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç: A ¢√ú≈™«, An ¢√ú≈™« ÅØËC
Countable Singular ´·çü¿’ ´îËa ´÷ô†’ •öÀd
èπÿú≈ Öçô’çC.
eg: a question - an important question
a story - an uninteresting story
an idea - a useless idea
a boy - an honest boy
5) Uncountables ´·çü¿’ A/an á°æ¤púø÷ ¢√úøç.
a Water, a milk ņç éπü∆!
´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÌE English ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’
í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’:
a) countables èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ singular, plural
Öçö«®·
b) countable singular ´·çü¿’ A/ an ®√¢√-
LqçüË
c) Uncountables èπ◊ Plural Öçúøü¿’
d) Uncountable èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ A/ an ®√ü¿’.
Åçõ‰ ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† important
points:
äéπ ´÷ô Uncountable Å®·ûË, ü∆EéÀ plural
Öçúøü¿’, ü∆E-´·çü¿’ A/ an ®√ü¿’.
(Dictionary ™ ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’†o ´÷ô °æéπ\† (C) é¬F,
(U) é¬F Öçô’çC. (C) Åçõ‰ countable, (U)
Åçõ‰ uncountable. ü∆Eo•öÀd ´’†ç E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-
¢√L. Ç ´÷ô´·çü¿’ 'A/ an' ´Ææ’hçü∆, ®√ü∆ ÅE)
éÀçC ¢√é¬u-©†’ English™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
eg:
Ram: Fan àç îËÆæ’hçC?
(What does a fan do?)
Ramana: í¬L-E-Ææ’hçC.
(It gives air)
Ram: Å®·ûË Ééπ\-úÌéπ fan °ôdçúÕ.
(Please fix a fan here).
1. Suman: ØËØÓ ´’ç* doctor †’ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-
éÌç-ô’-Ø√o†’.
Suresh: Ééπ\-úÌéπ ´’ç* doctor Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’.
Suman: ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\´ fees BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«ú≈?
(fees ™«çöÀN BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç = charge)
Suresh: Å´¤†’ áèπ◊\¢Ë BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.
Suman: áçûª BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’?
Suresh: ´çü¿-®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’©’ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ.
Suman: î√©’. ؈’ ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√o. Ø√èπ◊
doctor Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.
-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 19 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005
2. Anil: O’ Éçöx TV Öçü∆?
Amar: ÅüËç v°æ¨¡o? Ñ ®ÓV™x TV ™‰E
É©xçô÷ Öçü∆?
(Ñ ®ÓV™x – nowadays)
Anil: v°æï-©ç-ü¿-Jéà TV Öçô’ç-ü¿ç-ö«¢√?
(... you mean ¢√úøçúÕ)
Amar: Ø√ ÖüËl¨¡ç ÅC-é¬ü¿’. ´’üµ¿u-ûª-®Ω-í∫A
¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-JéÀ TV Öçô’çC.
3. Kumar: Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω™  àüÁjØ√ school
Öçü∆?
Karim: Ééπ\úø È®çúø’ schools ÖØ√o®·.
Kumar: ´÷ Ŷ«s®· éÓÆæç ã ´’ç* school
鬢√L.
Karim: È®çúø’ schools èπÿú≈ ´’ç*¢Ë.
Kumar: O’®Ω’ -à school suggest
(Ææ÷*ç-îªúøç) îË≤ƒh®Ω’?
Answers:
1. Suman: I want to see a good doctor.
Suresh: I know a good doctor (around)
here.
(here ÅE ņúøç éπÈ®Íéd. Around here Åçõ‰ Ééπ\-
úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω™ – ÉC conversational. Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™x
¢√úøçúÕ.)
Suman: Does he charge high?/ Does he
charge a high fee?/ Does he
charge high fees?/ Are his fees
high?/ Is his fee high?/ Is he
expensive?
Suresh: Yes. He does.
(He charges high)
Suman: How much does he charge?
Suresh: A hundred rupees the first time.
(hundred, thousand, lakh, crore, million,
etc - É´Fo èπÿú≈ countable singulars. 鬕öÀd
OöÀ-´·çü¿’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ 'a' ®√¢√L.
132 = A hundred and thirty two.
1500= A thousand and five hundred. Å®·ûË
bank notes ™ ´÷vûªç 'A' •ü¿’©’ one ®√≤ƒhç)
Suman: OK. That's enough. I am all right. I
don't need a doctor now/ any
more.
2) Anil: Have you a TV at home?
Amar: What a question! Is there a home
without a TV nowadays?
Anil: Do you mean that all people have
TVs?
(Do you mean, - ÉC ¢√úøôç practice
îËߪ’çúÕ. Å®Ωnç– F ÖüËl-¨¡´÷?/ Å®Ωn´÷? ÅE.
What do you mean? - F Å®Ωnç, F ÖüËl¨¡ç
àN’öÀ?)
Amar: I do not mean that. All middle
class people have TVs.
3) Kumar: Is there a school near/ around
here?
Karim: There are two schools.
Kumar: I want a good school for my
son?
Karim: Both the schools are equally
good.
Kumar: Which school do you suggest?
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 21 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005

(Éçûª-´-®Ω π◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’- π◊çC: Countable Krishna: Å´¤†’. FÍé-´’Ø√o 鬢√™«?

Singulars èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ A/ an ¢√úøû√ç. Kesav: Ê°°æ®˝ 鬢√L. äéπ ü¿≤ƒh (Quire)
Uncountablesèπ◊ plural Öçúøü¿’. ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ Krishna: ûÁ≤ƒh™‰.
A/an ®√ü¿’). 3) Brahmam: Ç ´·Ææ-™«--Núø î√™« ≤ƒ-´’--vT
Gowtham: Hi Gowri, What news? BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûÓçC. ÇN-úøèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç
Gowri: Certainly I have news for you îËü∆lç °æü¿.
(FéÓ ¢√®Ωh îÁ§ƒpL) Vishnu: OK ûªy®Ωí¬ §Úü∆ç °æü¿. Å´-ûª©
Gowtham: Out with it please Ø√èπ◊ urgent °æ†’©’ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’
(Å®·ûË îÁ°æ¤p) ÖØ√o®·.
Out with it. ÅüËüÓ îÁÊ°pß˝’. ÉC O’ ANSWERS:
conversations ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ
1) Purnima: I want/ need advice a) Advice. a piece of advice ņ-´îª’a. A few Tatas èπ◊ î√™« ¢√u§ƒ-®√-©’-Ø√o®·.
Gowri: I have information. Tomorrow's
(an adviceé¬ü¿’). pieces of advice ÅEèπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. The Tatas have a number of lines of
exam has been put off until next
Preethi: What about? Eg: 1) Let me give you advice/ Let me business.
Thursday)
(üËE í∫’Jç*, üËE N≠æߪ’ç?) give you a piece of advice.
(Í®°æöÀ exam ´îËa í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç ´®Ωèπ◊ ¢√®·-ü∆- 'What about' èπÿú≈ spoken English™
O’üËç ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç?
2) I want a piece of advice from you.
°æ-úÕ-†ô’x Ø√èπ◊ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÅçCçC) Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË expression. Å©-¢√ô’ îËÆæ’- = What's your business? what is your
3) He had two or three pieces of
Put off = ¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ëߪ’úøç. line?
éÓçúÕ. advice for students in his speech.
Gowtham: That's good news. Thank you Å®·ûË business èπ◊ shop/ company ÅØË Å®Ωnç
Purnima: I want to do business b) bread. ÉC á°æ¤púø÷ Uncountable. Åçõ‰
(ÅC ´’ç* ¢√®Ωh). (a business é¬ü¿’). 'breads'ÅE plural ™‰ü¿’. ´’†ç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. Å°æ¤p-úøC countable.
a) Åûª-úÕéÀ stationary shop ÖçC.

a lot of.. some

He has a stationary business.
b) ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ •ôd© éπç°F ÖçC.
They have a cloth business.
(very important: °j† îÁ°œp†´Fo spoken
Gowri: That's from the horse's mouth, English™ ´·êu-¢Á’i† Åçûª-®√s¥-í¬©’. °j ´÷ô-©†’
bakery ™
you know ¢√úË B®Ω’-†’-•öÀd ´’†èπ◊ English´î√a, ®√ü∆ ÅØËC
éÌØËC. loaf
[ÅC (Ñ ¢√®Ωh) ÅÆæ-© ’-¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_-®Ω-† ’ç*
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 36
ûË©a-´îª’a).
of bread.
´*açC.Horse's mouth = Ææ´÷-î√-®Ωç-™«ç-öÀC °j† îÁ°œp† uncountable ÅEoçöÀéÃ, ¶«í¬
(A loaf of
îÁ°æp-í∫-L-T† ¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁÊ°h. Municipal polls date áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ a lot of, éÌçûª ņú≈-EéÀ
bread or
´·êu-´’çvA v°æéπ-öÀÊÆh ÅC, from the horse's Preethi: What business? some ņ-´îª’a.
three
mouth; collegeéÀ ÂÆ©´¤ Principal v°æéπ-öÀÊÆh 2) Krishna: I want to have a bath/ I feel like
loaves of M. SURESAN A lot of/ some advice, bread, business,
ÅC from horse's mouth]. having a bath. I want soap.
bread. information, news etc.
Gowtham: OK. I have work. I am off. (a soap é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?)
milk ™«í¬ – a litre/ 2 or 3 litres of Now practice the following conversation
(ÆæÍ®
Ø√èπ◊ °æ†’çC. ØË´≤ƒh.) Kesav: Are you going out?
milk) bread †’ slices ™ Açö«ç in English:
I'm (I am) off= ØË¢Á-∞¡ŸhØ√o. Krishna: Yes, Do you want anything?
Govind: What did you have for break- a) Sandhya:
Conversation™ ¢√úøçúÕ. Kesav: I want paper. A Quire F Vô’d áçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçüÓ!
fast?
Ééπ\úø îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. news, information, (Papers ņç éπü∆?) Ø√èπ◊ î√™« Ñ®Ω{uí¬ ÖçC.
work ´·çü¿’ A/ An ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç, Åçõ‰ news, Krishna: I'll (= I will) get it. (Break Fast àç AØ√o´¤) (Ñ®Ω{u-°æ-úøúøç=envy)
information, work™«çöÀN English™ uncount- 3) Brahmam: That old woman is carrying a Gopal: I had two slices of bread and
Swathi: ؈’ soap ¢√úø†’. 'Darksilk'
ables. Åçõ‰ OöÀéÀ plurals Öçúø´¤. OöÀ-´·çü¿’ A/ lot of luggage. Let us help omlet
shampoo ¢√úø-û√†’. ÅC Ø√èπ◊
An ®√ü¿’. her. c) Business - È®çúø’Å®√n©’– 1) °æE 2) ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç, ´’ç* Vô’d °®Ω-í∫-ú≈-EéÀ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø’-
é¬Ææh Ç™-*ç-îªçúÕ: ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†ç °j ¢√öÀE (a Luggage/ many luggages ™‰´¤). È®çúø’ Å®√n-™ x†÷ Business
Vishnu: OK. Let's hurry up. I have two or uncountable. (Åçõ‰ A busi-
ûª’çC.
countablesí¬ ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆– news (¢√®Ωh/
three urgent jobs attend to. Sandhya: ؈’ ÅEo Ææ•’s©÷ ¢√úÕ îª÷¨»†’.
¢√®Ωh©’) information (Ææ´÷-î√-®√©’ Åçô’çö«ç); ness/ businesses ™‰ü¿’)
work (°æE/ °æ†’©’). í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. News, (a work/ works ¢√úøç éπü∆?) Seenu: Hi, long since we met. what are
°∂æLûªç ™‰ü¿’.
information, work- uncountables. ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. °j¢√-öÀéÀ ¢ËöÀéà Plural you and where are you? Swathi: Ææ•’s©’ ü¿çúøí∫
A/ An ¢√úø-éπçúÕ. ¢√öÀéÀ plurals ¢√úø-éπçúÕ. É™«Íí ®√™‰ü¿’. A/ An ¢√úø-™‰ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ English (£æ…ß˝’ Q†’, îª÷Æœ î√™«-鬩´’®·çC. b) Pramod: Hi Prasanth, ¢√®Ωh-™‰-´ ’-®·Ø√
ÉçéÌEo uncountables... advice, bread, busi- usage™ Å´Fo èπÿú≈ uncountables. ÖØ√oߪ÷?
àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤ (ÖüÓuí∫ç)? áéπ\úø
ness, furniture, luggage, paper, soap. Uncountables ™ ÉçéÓöÀ-– hair (Vô’d). Prasanth: ؈’ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-¶-ûª’-
ÖØ√o´¤?)
hairs ÅØË °æü¿ç (¢Áçvô’-éπ©’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)
News, information, workûÓ§ƒô’ É´Fo èπÿú≈ Srikanth: I am doing business Ø√o†’.
English ™ ™‰ü¿’
uncountables- Åçõ‰ ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ A/ An ®√ü¿’. (¢√u§ƒ®Ωç îËÆæ’hØ√o) Pramod: àç ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç? (Line ¢√úøçúÕ)
OöÀéÀ plurals™‰´¤. ´’J conversations™ OöÀE Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ´’ç* Vô’d ÖçC.
Seenu: What Business? Prasanth: Éçé¬ à ¢√u§ƒ-®Ω¢Á÷ E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-
She has fine dark / luxuriant hair.
uncountablesí¬ ¢√úøúøç Å©-¢√ô’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L. (àç ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç?)
Ç¢Á’ Vô’d †©xí¬ §Òúø’í¬_ †’†’-°æ¤í¬ Öçô’çC. ™‰ü¿’.
a) FéÓ ¨¡Ÿ¶µº-¢√®Ωh = good news for you/ Srikanth: I have two or three lines
She has black smooth hair. C) Vikram: Breakfast àç BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤?
I have good news for you (È®çúø’
(A Hair/ Hairs ņç) ´‚úø’ ¢√u§ƒ-®√©’ Åçõ‰ Vikranth: v¶„ú˛, í∫’úø’x
(A good news/ I have a Business
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ éÌEo Uncountables îª÷¨»ç-éπü∆. †’ Ææçêuí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, Vikram: v¶„ú˛ áçûª BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤?
good news for you é¬ü¿’) lines of business Åçö«ç. ÅçûË-é¬F
¢√öÀ™ éÌEoç-öÀéÀ éÌçûª Specific í¬ (ÉEo ÅE) Vikranth: È®çúø’ slices, ñ«ç.
b) Ç letter™ î√© ´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÖçC. îÁÊ°p Å´-é¬-¨»-©’-Ø√o®·. Businesses ņç)
= The letters has important information.
(... has an important information é¬-ü¿’)
Advice, advise .. àC éπÈ®é˙d? v°æ¨¡o: Princess ÅØË °æü∆-EéÀ
c) Ø√èπ◊ ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE ÖçC = Apostrophe 's' E îË®√a-©çõ‰ à
Advice, advise ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d ÅØË v°æ¨¡o î√™«-´’çC Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Nüµ¿çí¬ ®√ߪ÷L? Princess's ring
I have urgent work.
Advice Åçõ‰ Ææ©£æ…. He gives advice - Çߪ’† ´’ç* Ææ©£æ… É≤ƒh®Ω’. ÅE ®√ߪ’-´î√a? ví¬´’®˝ ®Ω÷™¸qE
(I have an urgent work é¬ü¿’). Her advice is always good - Ç¢Á’ Ææ©£æ… á°æ¤púø÷ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.
éÀçC¢√öÀE English™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Advise= Åçõ‰ Ææ©£æ… É´yúøç – ÉC verb – áç.Å-E-®Ω’üµ˛, Ũ»y-°æ¤®Ωç, ê´’tç >™«x.
1) Purnima : Ø√èπ◊ Ææ©£æ… é¬¢√L.
Preethi : üËE í∫’Jç*?
Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E ؈’ Fèπ◊ Ææ©£æ… ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o†’= I advise you to take rest.
ú≈éπd®Ω’x Ç¢Á’†’ Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-Lqç-Cí¬ Ææ©£æ… ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ = ï¢√•’:
Purnima: ØËØÓ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç îËߪ ÷-©-† ’-èπ◊ç- Doctors advise her to take rest. PrincesséÀ Apostrophe s =
DEéÀ English îÁ°æpçúÕ: ؈’ á´-Jéà Ææ©£æ… É´y†’ Princess's. Princess's ring éπÈ®Íéd. Éçûª-
ô’Ø√o. èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lesson™ ûÁL§ƒç. 'ßÁ·éπ\— ÅØË
Ans: a) I don't give advice to anybody b) I don't advise anybody
Preethi: àç ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç?
°j È®ç-úÕç-öÀ-E -§Ú©açúÕ -¢Á·-ü¿-öÀ -¢√éπuç a) ™ advice= Ææ©£æ… Å®ΩnçûÓ Apostrophe s v§ƒùç Ö†o ¢√öÀéÀ,
2) Krishna: Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒo†ç îËߪ÷-©E -Öç-C.
È®ç-úÓ -¢√éπuç b) ™ advise = Ææ©£æ… É´yúøç. ¶µ«¢√-©èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. v§ƒùç-™‰E ÅîË-
Ææ•’s 鬢√L. Advise: present tense - advise; past tense and past participle = advised. ûª-†-¢Á’i† ¢√öÀéÀ ¢√úøç. ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ of
Kesav: †’´¤y -•-ߪ’-ôèπ◊ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o¢√? He, She it subjects ûÓ advises. °úøû√ç. Eg: The Pages of the book.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 23 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005
Vinod: When did you get the letter? What's Vittal: Why are you in such a hurry?
the news? (àçôçûª £æ«ú≈-´¤úÕ?)
(™„ô®˝ á°æ¤-úÌ-*açC? àçöÀ Ææçí∫-ûª’©’?) Vikram: I have two or three urgent jobs to
Vijai: Important news. My uncle is moving do before 3 in the afternoon.
into his new home by the month end. (؈’ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç ´‚úø’™í¬ È®çúø’
He has given me an important job to ´‚úø’ °æ†’©’ îËߪ÷Lq ÖçC.)
do. Vittal: I have a job to do too. Mom wants
(´·êu-¢Á’i† ¢√Í®h. ´÷ ¶«¶«®· Ñ ØÁ™«- me to take her shopping.
ê-JéÀ éÌûªh ÉçöÀéÀ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Ø√éÓ (Ø√èπ◊ äéπ °æE ÖçC. ´÷ Å´’t
´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE Å°æp-ñ„-§ƒpúø’.) ≥ƒ°œçí˚éÀ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x´’çöçC.)
Vinod: What is it? (àçôC?) Soap èπÿú≈ uncountable. Å®·ûË ü∆Eo-
Vijai: I have to buy furniture here and send èπÿú≈ Ææçêu™ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´÷®√_-©’-Ø√o®·.
it to him. Kiran: How much soap do you use a Practice the following aloud in English:
(Ééπ\úø °∂æJo-˝ éÌE Çߪ’-†èπ◊ °æç°œç-î√L.) month? ؈’ -Fèπ◊ ´çü¿-®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’-L-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’,
1) Madan: Ø√èπ◊ Ææ•’s 鬢√-©´÷t?
Vinod: How much? (ØÁ©èπ◊ O’®Ω’ áçûª Ææ•’s ¢√úø-û√®Ω’?) ÅC î√™«?
I am giving you a hundred rupees. Will (Mom ¢√úøçúÕ)
(áçûª? - furniture uncountable) Kashyap: Depends. In summer at least 5 to
that do? Mother: È®çvúÓ-V© éÀçüË éÌûªh Ææ•’s BÆæ’èπ◊-
Vijai: It's a tall order. At least 8 to 9 items. 6 cakes of soap. In winter, two
(î√™« áèπ◊\¢Ë. éπFÆæç áE-N’C, ûÌN’tC or three. ÅC î√©ü¿’. Ø√èπ◊ Åçûª-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ë 鬢√L. Ø√o´¤. ÅC ¢√úË-¨»¢√?
´Ææ’h-´¤©’) (¢ËÆæ-N™ Å®·-ü∆®Ω’ Ææ•’s G∞¡x©’, That will not (won't) do. I need more Madan: Åü¿-®·-§Ú-®·çC. É°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ•’s
(tall order= áèπ◊\´. á´-È®jØ√ ´’†èπ◊ °æ¤®Ω-´÷-®·ç- Qû√-鬩ç È®çúø’´‚úø’.) than that. 鬢√L.
*† °æE áèπ◊\¢Ë ņ-ú≈-EéÀ a tall order Åçö«ç. O’
conversation ™ DEo practice îËߪ’çúÕ.)
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù†’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. furniture
uncountable ÅE Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çüË ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oç
í∫ü∆? Å®·ûË furniture †’ specificí¬ Ææçêu™
îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ an item/ items of; a piece/ pieces
of furniture ņ-´îª’a. An item/ items of fur-
niture ÅØËC shops ™, official language ™
a piece of/ pieces.. Hemanth: You waste a
¢√úøû√ç. ´÷´‚©’ ´’† ¢√úø’é𠶵«≠æ™ con- Mother:
lot of paper.
versational í¬ Å®·ûË a piece of/ pieces of
Ææ•’s ´’K áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 37
furniture Åçö«ç. (†’´¤y Ê°°æ®˝ ¶«í¬ Ωtç §ÒúÕí¬ Å´¤-ûª’çC ñ«ví∫ûªh!
Madan: ؈’ î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ Ææ•’s ¢√úø-û√†’.
Customer: I want some furniture. ´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒh´¤.) Mother: ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC. Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV™x äéπ
Shop keeper: What are the items, Sir, and Hari: Let me have just
how many? Åçõ‰ ´’†ç shop ™ éÌØËC. one sheet. I am in
Ææ•’s Å´-íÌ-õ‰d-¨»´¤.
2) Prasanth: †’´¤y ´÷´‚-©’í¬ áEoç-öÀéÀ °æúø’-
Customer: Just a few items a cake/ cakes of soap a hurry
business language item
èπ◊ç-ö«´¤?(when ... go to bed
Ééπ\úø 鬕öÀd let me
Éçöx Ø√èπ◊ ≤Ú°ˇ 鬢√L ņ-ú≈-EéÀ– (Ç ≠‘ö¸ É´¤y. ؈’ M. SURESAN ¢√úøçúÕ).
(= ´Ææ’h´¤) ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. have soap/ a piece of soap/ some soap ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ÖØ√o.) Pramod: ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ®√vA 10éÀ. é¬F
Ramana: Look at that sofa there and the Åçö«ç. (pronunciation- cake = Èéß˝’é˙) ®√ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ, printing èπ◊ Ñ ®ÓV Ç©Ææuç
dining table. Ééπ news, information N≠æߪ’ç. ¢√úË paper á°æ¤púø÷ uncountable. Åçõ‰ Ñ Å´¤ûª’çü¿†’èπ◊çô’Ø√o. Ø√èπ◊ È®çúø’
(Ç ≤Ú§∂ƒ, úÁjEçí˚ õ‰•’™¸ îª÷úø’) a piece of good/ bad news; Å®Ωnç™ papers ÅE-í¬F, a paper ÅE-í¬F ņç. ´‚úø’ ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æ†’-©’-Ø√o®·.
Raghav: Yes, what about them? a piece of information/ some pieces of Ææçë«u-¢√-îªéπçûÓ ÅØ√-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰– a sheet of/ ÅN îËÆœ† ûª®√yûË °æúø’-èπ◊çö«.
(îª÷¨»†’, àN’öÀ?) information ¢√úø’-éπ™ ÖçC. sheets of paper; Prasanth: Å®·ûË ØË¢Á-∞¡xØ√? Ø√èπÿ Éçöx
Ramana: Those two pieces of furniture a) He has leaked out an important piece of a slip of/ slips of paper; ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE ÖçC? ؈’ éÌçûª
have been with us for the past information. a piece of paper/ pieces of paper Åçö«ç. Ê°°æ®˝ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o. áÂÆj-Ø˛-¢Á’çö¸
twenty years. É´Fo Spoken English ™ ñ«ví∫-ûªh-°æ-ú≈-Lq† äéπöÀ ®√ߪ÷L. äéπ Ø√©’í∫’ é¬T-
(´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç •ßª’-ô-°-ö«dúø’.) *†o-*†o Å稻©’.
(Ç È®çúø÷ ´÷ ü¿í∫_®Ω 20 à∞¡Ÿxí¬ ÖØ√o®·.) b) A piece of news is missing in this letter. û√©’ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o.
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù business/ official é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úø’ É°æp-öÀÍé Ø√©’í∫’ é¬T-û√©’ ´%ü∑∆ î˨»úø’. Pramod: ÅN î√™«?
informal 鬕öÀd Åçü¿’™ a piece of /
(Ñ ™„ô-®˝™ äéπ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.) He has already wasted four sheets of
Hari: I want paper. Have you any? Answers:
pieces of furniture Åçö«ç. paper.
1) Madan: I want soap/ some soap, mom.
¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Vijai à´’Ø√oúø’? (Ø√èπ◊ Ê°°æ®˝ 鬢√L. F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’çü∆?) ¢√úø’ ûª† ÅvúøÆˇ äéπ é¬Tûªç ´·éπ\ O’ü¿
Mother: You took a new cake of soap
He has given me an important job to do Hemanth: I have only two sheets. ®√Æœ-î√aúø’.
He has written his address on a slip of just two days ago. Have you
ÅE éπü∆. 'work' uncountable. Åçü¿’-éπE ûÁ©’- (Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω È®çúø’ ≠‘ô’x ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÖØ√o®·.)
paper and given it to me. done with it?
í∫’™ ™«í¬ °æE/ °æ†’©’ ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ job/ jobs Hari: One sheet will do for me.
ØË© î√™« ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ ÖçC. äéπ\ é¬Tûªç ´·éπ\ (have done with = äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤†’ ¢√úËߪ’úøç
¢√úø-´îª’a. (Job Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ÖüÓuí∫ç. (Ø√èπ◊ äéπ ≠‘ö¸ î√©’.) èπÿú≈ ™‰ü¿’. – ÉC conversational. 'Have you used it
job Åçõ‰ °æE = work ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. will do = î√©’. ÉC èπÿú≈ conversational.
The floor is clean, not a piece of paper up?' bookish.
ņ-´îª’a. é¬F ÅC éÌçîÁç ¢√u´-
'work' uncountable; 'job' countable.) O’ spoken English ™ 'î√©’— ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøçúÕ. anywhere. 'Have you used it up?'
£æ…-J-éπçí¬ ÅØË ü∆EéÀ
spoken form- Have you done with it?/ Are
v°æ¨¡o: 1) Suneetha is like her sister ņúøç ûª°æ¤p éπü∆? ÅE O’Í® (Past Participle) use
î˨»®Ω’. Å™« îËߪ’- you done with it.
Suneetha looks like her sister Madan: Yes, mom. I am done with it. I
ï¢√•’: She has gone out just a minute ago. Ééπ\úø just
ÅØ√L éπü∆! ´î√a? -– áç. Xé¬çû˝, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛
2) Ramu and his brother alike in appearance Ñ want soap now.
Ramu and his brother are
¢√éπuç èπÿú≈ ûªÊ°p éπü∆! a minute ago Åçõ‰ É°æ¤púË ÅØË Å®Ωnç BÆæ’éÓ-¢√-™‰-í¬F, Mother: You are using too much of soap,
alike in appearance ÅE ®√ߪ÷L éπü∆? õ„jç îÁ°œp-†ô’x é¬ü¿’. just ¢√úøúøç ´©x Ç Å®Ωnç boy. It dries up your skin, be
´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË American usage ™ É°æ¤p-úÕ-°æ¤púË careful.
ï¢√•’: 1) Suneetha is like her sister,
– áØ˛. ¶µ«Ææ\-®Ω-®√´¤, Çîªçô
complete Å®·† °æ†’-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Past Doing Word Madan: I use very little soap.
Suneetha looks like her sister - (past simple) ¢√úøû√®Ω’. Mother: I know. That's why you have
¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ Å®√n-©ûÓ Ñ È®çúø÷correct. He has gone out just a minute ago. used up a whole cake in just four
Suneetha is like her sister. Ééπ\úøjust has gone out-
èπ◊ v§ƒ´·êuç 鬕öÀd days.
Ææ’Fûª Ç¢Á’ ÆœÆd®æ ˝™«Íí ÖçC– Åçõ‰ §ÚL-éπ™, better, British usage v°æ鬮Ωç. 2) Prasanth: When do you go to bed usual-
time
äéπöÀ´÷vûªç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. past
îÁ°œp† ly?
í∫’ù«™x, †úø-´-úÕ™ ÅE.
action Past Doing Word correct. (go to bed = sleep =
v°æ¨¡o: ÉçTx≠ˇ™
Suneetha looks like her sister.
èπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷ ¢√úø-úø¢Ë’ Evü¿èπ◊ Ö°ævéπ-N’-çîªúøç,
'could' 'mould'
E 'èπ◊ú˛— ÅE, E '´’¯™¸f— ÅE EvCç-îªúøç – È®çúø÷ äéπöÀ é¬ü¿’ éπü∆!)
D†®Ωnç äéπ\ §ÚL-éπ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ (îª÷úø-ú≈-EéÀ). áçü¿’èπ◊ °æ©’-èπ◊-û√®Ω’? ÉC ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ™°æ´÷? Pramod: Usually at 10. I shall be late
2) Ramu and his brother are alike in their
today. I have two or three jobs
ï¢√•’: English pronunciation system ™ Ö†o üÓ≠æç ´©x
appearance are
ÅØËC éπÈ®é˙d. verb
™‰éπ-§ÚûË – öÀ. ÆæB-≠ˇ-È®úÕf, Né¬-®√-¶«ü˛
to do. I will go to bed only after

v°æ¨¡o:
™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd éπÈ®é˙d é¬ü¿’. É™«çöÀ ÆæçüË-£æ…©’ ´≤ƒh®·. English ™ äéπ ´÷ô finishing them.
He went out an hour ago.
pronunciation ü∆E origin †’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. Åçõ‰ Prasanth: Shall I go then? I have impor-
went
Ééπ\úø Æ洒ߪ’ç ûÁL-ߪ’ñ‰¨»®Ω’ 鬕öÀd O’®Ω’ E ü∆E ´‚™«-Eo-•öÀd. ÅC Åîªaç English ´÷ö«, tant work at home too. Shall I
use Went (Past doing
îËߪ÷©E í∫ûªç™ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢ËÍ® ¶µ«≠憒ç* ´*a† ´÷ö« ÅØË ü∆Eo •öÀd take some paper? I have an
word) 鬕öÀd. ´’J– Öçô’çC. 鬕öÀd Dictionery E ¢√úÕ pronunciation assignment to do. I am taking
She has gone out just a minute ago. ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç äéπõ‰ ´÷®Ω_ç. áçü¿’-éÀ™«? ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ four sheets.
has gone
Ñ ¢√éπuç™†÷ Æ洒ߪ’ç ûÁLߪ’ñ‰-¨»®Ω’. é¬F Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç üÌ®Ω-éπü¿’. Pramod: Will that (they) do?
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 25 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005

Jagadeesh: I came for you yesterday. You
were out.
(E†o ؈’ FéÓÆæç ´î√a†’.
†’Nyçöx ™‰´¤)
You were out = †’´¤y Éçöx ™‰´¤.
Were you in? = †’Nyçöx -ÖØ√o¢√?
îª÷úøçúÕ. Ñ in, out, be forms ™«çöÀ *†o-
´÷ô©ûÓØË áçûÓ conversation †úø-°æ-´îª’a. *†o-
*†o Ææ®Ω-∞¡-¢Á’i† ´÷ô-©ûÓ spoken english ´÷ö«x-úÕ-
ûËØË ÅC Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÅE°œ-Ææ’hçC. *†o ´÷ô-©-èπ◊çúË
ÅEo ¶µ«¢√-©†’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç conversation èπ◊
î√™« ´·êuç.
Jayanth: I was at Sekhar's. I was playing
chess with him.
(؈’ ¨Ïê®˝ ¢√Rxçöx ÖØ√o†’. ¨Ïê-®˝ûÓ
îÁÆˇ Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’)
Åçõ‰ verbsèπ◊ verb form: was + ing / Were
+ ing.
Singular subjects (I, he, she, it, they)©èπ◊
was + ing ¢√úøû√ç. Plural subjects (we, you,
they) Å®·ûË were + ing Å´¤-ûª’çC.
(English ™ you = †’´¤y / O’®Ω’; à Å®Ωnç™
Å®·Ø√ ÅC plural verb ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç)
Was + ing / were + ing form™ verb, past
continuous tense ™ Öçô’çC.
éÀçC sentences îª÷úøçúÕ.
a) Åûª†’ ™°æ-LéÀ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ °æ¤Ææhéπç îªü¿’-´¤- While the teacher was teaching the
Pradeep: Ç¢Á’ TV îª÷≤ÚhçC.
ûª’Ø√o = I was reading a book when he pupils were talking
Pratap: Åûª†’ ´Ææ’hØ√oúøE O’Èé-´-Jéà ûÁL-
came in. Ñ ¢√éπuç™ teacher teach îËߪ’úøç, °œ©x©’
b) ¢Ë’´·
ߪ’ü∆?
•ßª’-ôèπ◊ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ áçúø-í¬ØË ÖçC = ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ Öçúøúøç– È®çúø’ Continuous past Pradeep: Åûª†’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o-úøE ûÁ©’Ææ’. é¬F
The sun was shining when we went out. actions éπü∆! Åçü¿’-éπE was + ing / were + ing.
ÅûªEûÓ§ƒô’ úø•’s BÆæ’-éÌ-Ææ’h-†oô’x
´÷èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.

You were out

ANSWERS:

a) I saw her when she was going out.

Sekhar's
Åçõ‰ î√©’; Sekhar's
Sekhar's place ÅØ√Lq† °æE-™‰ü¿’
Jagadeesh: On my way home I saw your
father and his friend. They
were taking a walk.
(؈’ ÉçöÀ-Èé∞Ïx ü∆J™ O’ Ø√†o-í¬®Ω’, Çߪ’†
ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úŒo îª÷¨»†’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx †úø’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’)
Jayanth: Why did you come for me?
(Ø√éÓÆæç áçü¿’-éÌ-î√a´¤?)
Jagadeesh: I was just going this way. I
thought of seeing you. Nothing
special.
(Ñ ü∆JØË ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’. E†’o îª÷ü∆l-´’-†’-
èπ◊Ø√o. à v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ é¬ü¿’)
Jayanth: Weren't (were not) my brother
and sister at home when you
called?
(†’´¤y ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ´÷ brother, sister
Éçöx ™‰®√?)
call = °œ©-´úøç, call at = äéπ-îÓ-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xúøç.
؈’ E†o O’ ÉçöÀ-éÌî√a = I called at your place
yesterday.
ÉC èπÿú≈ spoken english expression.
practiceîËߪ’çúÕ.
He often calls at his uncle's =Åûª†’
¢√∞¡x uncle ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡-û√úø’
Jagadeesh: They were, of course. They
were watching the T.V.
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ verbs í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Verbs Forms
1. Was playing - was +...ing
2. Were taking - were+... ing
3. Was going - was+... ing
4. Were watching - were+...ing
b) He was studying while she was cooking.
c) Venkat: What were you doing when all
this happen?
Vinai: I was reading the newspaper.
home,
Éô’-´ç-öÀ-îÓôx á°æ¤púø÷ Venkat: Didn't you (Did you not)
'while' ¢√úøû√ç. observe the watch on the
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 38 while
She was singing
her students
table?
Vinai: I've (I have) told you/ I told you,
were dancing I was reading the newspaper.
c) Warden ™°æL-éÌ*a†°æ¤púø’ °œ©x©’ (pupils) (Ç¢Á’ §ƒúø’-ûª’-†o- Venkat: He stole the watch while you
îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’ = The pupils were study- M. SURESAN
°æ¤púø’ Ç¢Á’ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ were reading the newspaper.
ing when the Warden came in. dance îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’)
d) Pradeep: I was studying while they were
d) E†oçû√ ´®Ω{ç èπ◊®Ω’Ææ÷hØË ÖçC = It was rain- What were you doing when he knocked playing
ing the whole of yesterday. at the door?
Pratap: What was your mother doing?
e) °ü¿l ¨¡•lç NE-°œç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ ¶µçîË-Ææ’hØ√o =
(¢√úø’ ûª©’°æ¤ ûªöÀd-†-°æ¤púø’ †’¢Ëyç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤?) Pradeep: She was watching the TV
I was having my meal when I heard that Ééπ\úø îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤ ņúøç continuous past
Pratap: Didn't (Did not) any of you
noise. action éπü∆ – 鬕öÀd 'were you doing?'
know that he was coming?
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ– °j ¢√é¬u™x í∫ûªç™ ï®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ The boy jumped from the bus while it Pradeep: We knew that he was coming,
Ö†o °æ†’-©†’ (Continuous actions in the past- was moving
but we didn't know he was
actions over a duration in the past) was + ing
(•Ææ’q ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’ ü¿÷Íé-¨»úø’) bringing money.
/ were + ing form™ îÁ§ƒhç. Now, Practice the following in English
Important: ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Ñ éÀçC verbs†’
°j ¢√öÀ™x– (Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ÅEo verb forms ¢√úøçúÕ) was + ing/ were + ing form™ ¢√úøúøç Å®Ω’ü¿’.
a) Åûª†’ ™°æ-LéÀ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ °æ¤Ææhéπç îª-ü¿’´¤- a) Ç¢Á ’ •ßª ’ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª ’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ØËØ√-¢Á ’†’ Åçõ‰ Ñ éÀçC verbs ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ¢√úøç. Was see-
ûª÷ç-úøúøç continuing past action 鬕öÀd
îª÷¨»†’. ing/ were seeing; was noticing/ were notic-
was reading (was + ing)
b) ¢√úø’ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ç-ô’çõ‰ Ç¢Á’ ´çô îË≤ÚhçC. ing; (´Ææ’h-´¤© ¢√Ææ† í∫’Jç*)was smelling/ were
b) ¢Ë’´· •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ áçúøí¬ Öçúøúøç
c) Venkat: Éü¿çû√ ïJ-T-†-°æpúø’ †’¢Ëyç îËÆæ’h- smelling; was believing/ were believing; was
continuing action in the past, 鬕öÀd was
shining (was + ing)
Ø√o´¤? knowing/ were knowing; was understanding/
Vinai: ؈’ news paper îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’. were understanding; was wanting/ were
c) warden ™°æ-L-éÌ-*a-†-°æ¤púø’ °œ©x©’ (pupils)
Venkat: Table O’ü¿’†o watch E í∫´’-Eç-îª- wanting; was loving/ were loving; was hating/
ûª®Ωîª÷ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª÷ç-úøúøç - a continuous past action
- 鬕öÀd were studying (were + ing)
™‰ü∆? were hating; was containing/ were contain-
Vinai: îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆ ؈’ news paper îªü¿’- ing; was consisting/ were consisting; was
d) ´®Ω{ç èπ◊®Ω´úøç E†oçû√ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª÷ØË ÖçC –
a continuing past action 鬕öÀd – was rain- ´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’ possessing/ were possessing etc. Oô-EoçöÀ
ing (was +ing) Venkat: †’´¤y news paper îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-†o- •ü¿’©’ ¢√öÀ-¢√öÀ past doing words¢√úøû√ç.
e) ØË-†’ ¶µçîË-Ææ’hç-úø-úøç a continuing past action °æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’ watch üÌçT-Lç-î√úø’. eg: He loved her.
鬕öÀd was having (was + ing) (üÌçT-Lç-îªúøç = steal) (He was loving her é¬ü¿’)
ÉC-èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ. d) Pradeep: ؈ ’ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ç-ô ’-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√-∞¡Ÿx She understood his point.
Teacher §ƒ®∏Ωç îÁ°æ¤ h-†-°æ¤púø’ °œ©x©’ ´÷ö«x-úø’- Çúø’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. (She was understanding his point
èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’ Pratap: O’ Å´’t-í¬Í®ç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’? é¬ü¿’) N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀéÀ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË.

v°æ¨¡o: 1) I am having lunch v°æ¨¡o: Present perfect tense, present perfect (ûËú≈ Ææ÷éπ~ tçí¬ Present perfect - É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊, Present
2) They are having juice continuous tense © ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? perfect continuous - á°æp-ô’oçîÓ Éçé¬). Å®·ûË OöÀ
3) She is having a bath They have been living here for 10 years, È®çöÀéÀ î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ ûËú≈-™‰-ü¿ØË îÁ°æp-´îª’a. Éçûª-èπ◊-
4) He is having a lesson They have lived here for 10 years. ûËú≈ N´- ´·çü¿’ lessons™ OöÀ í∫’Jç* îªJaç--èπ◊Ø√oç.
OöÀ™ àN éπÈ®é˙d, àN é¬ü¿’. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. b) They have been living here for 10 years -
– öÀ.N.-®Ω-´’-ù- π◊-´÷®˝, ï´’t-©-´’-úø’í∫’, – ®√∞¡x-•çúÕ Ææçí∫ç-Ø√-ߪ·úø’, ï®Ω-ñ«-°æ¤-Ê°ô, 10 à∞¡Ÿxí¬ Ééπ\úø Öçô’-Ø√o®Ω’ – É°æp-öÀéà Éçé¬

ï¢√•’: O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´‚úø’ ¢√é¬u-©™ am ï¢√•’: a) Present Perfect tense †’ éÌçûª-鬩ç éÀçü¿
éπúø°æ >™«x Nï-ߪ’-†-í∫®Ωç >™«x Ééπ\úË ÖØ√o®Ω’
They have lived here for 10 years -
having lunch, are having juice, is having v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’i-†-°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† °æ†’-©èπ◊ 10 à∞¡Ÿxí¬ ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o®Ω’. É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ ÖØ√o®Ω’.
a bath éπÈ®é˙d. 'He is having a lesson' ™ is ¢√úøû√ç. Present Perfect Continuous É°æ¤p-úø’-Ø√o®√, ™‰ü∆ ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç Ñ
having a lesson éπÈ®é˙d é¬ü¿’. 'He has a les- Tense †’ éÌçûª-鬩ç éÀçü¿ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i Éçé¬ Sentence -îÁ°æpü¿’.
son' ņúøç better. ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o °æ†’-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 28 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005

Bharat: You were reading a book yester- 11. ours ´÷C

day. Whose book was that?
(E†o †’¢Óy °æ¤Ææhéπç îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤.
ÅC á´J °æ¤Ææhéπç?)
Bhargav: My book of course. I lent you a
book last week. I want it back this
evening. If your assignment is
complete, let me have it. It is not
mine.
(Ø√ °æ¤Ææh-éπ¢Ë’. ¢√®Ωç-éÀçü¿ FéÓ °æ¤Ææhéπç
Éî√a†’. Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ø√éπC 鬢√L.
ü∆EûÓ F °æE Å®·-§ÚûË ÉîÁaß˝’. ÅC
Ø√C é¬ü¿’)
(Lent - Lend èπ◊ Past doing word. Lend-
Å®Ω’-N-´yúøç)
Bharat: Not yours? Whose is it then?
(FC é¬ü∆? âûË ´’È®-´-JC?)
Bhargav: I got it from Ramu. It is his book.
This note book is his too.
(؈C ®√´· ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* BÆæ’-èπ◊-
Ø√o†’. ÅC ÅûªE °æ¤Ææh-éπ¢Ë’. Ñ note
12. their ¢√J, ¢√∞¡x
13. theirs ¢√JC, ¢√∞¡xC, ¢√JN, ¢√∞¡xN
°j ´÷ô-©Fo èπÿú≈ äéπ-JéÀ îÁçC-†-¢√-öÀE
(Possessions) ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. ´’† English
´·êuçí¬ spoken english simple í¬, Ææ£æ«ïçí¬
Öçúø-ú≈-EéÀ OöÀ ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç î√™« ´·êuç.
Prakash: Whose idea is this?
(ÉC á´J idea?)
Prasad: My idea. Why? Is it not so good
as your idea?
(Ø√ idea. àç? F idea Åçûª ¶«í¬ ™‰ü∆?)
Prakash: It is certainly better than my idea. a) ÉC á´J °æ¤Ææhéπç? = whose book is this? Kasim: Åûªúø’ F bike BÆæ’-Èé-∞«xú≈?
Only, I thought it was your dad's ÉüË ÉçéÓ-N-üµ¿çí¬, Krishna: ÅC Ø√C é¬ü¿’. ÅC ÅûªúÕ bike.
(his) idea. Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç á´-JC? = Whose is this book? Ø√D, ¢√úÕD äÍ陫 Öçö«®·.
b) I) ÅC Ø√ °æ¤Ææhéπç= That is my book
(™‰ü¿’. Ø√ idea éπØ√o ÅüË ¶«í∫’çC. Å®·ûË Ø√C éÌçûª §ƒûªC.
Å®·ûË ØˆC O’ Ø√†o-í¬J idea ņ’- ii) Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç Ø√C = That book is mine
c) i) ÉC F Ææ©£æ… = This is your advice
3) Avinash: áçü¿’èπ◊ É©’x ë«S îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? ÉC
èπ◊Ø√o)
Prakash: No. My mom thinks better than ii) Ñ Ææ©£æ… Fü∆? = Is this advice yours? O’C é¬ü∆?
Alankar: ´÷C é¬ü¿’.

Whose is it?
book èπÿú≈ Åûª-EüË)
Bharat: I attended your sister's dance
programme the other day. It was
really good. Who is her dance
teacher?
(Ç®ÓV O’ sister Ø√ôu v°æü¿-®Ωz†
îª÷¨»†’. î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. Ç¢Á’ dance
d) i) ÉC Ç¢Á’ (ßÁ·éπ\) Avinash:
teacher á´®Ω’?) Å®·ûË á´-JC?
Bhargav: Our family friend Mrs. Nrityasri.
<®Ω? = Is this her Alankar: ´÷ Uncle C
The Choreography was com-
pletely hers. The Singer is also a
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 39 sari?
ii) Ñ <®Ω Ç¢Á’C é¬ü¿’ =
Avinash: áçûªé¬-©çí¬ ÉC ¢√∞¡xC?
Alankar: ¢√∞¡x Grand father's time †’ç*
friend of ours. This sari is not hers
my dad. It is her idea. e) i) Ç¢Á’ ´÷ teacher =
¢√∞¡xüË.
(ÇNúø ´÷ family friend. Ç †%ûªu 4) Prameela: E†o á´J necklace §Ú®·çC?
ü¿®Ωz-éπûªyç (Choreography)
(é¬ü¿’. ´÷ Ø√†oéπçõ‰ ´÷ Å´’t ¶«í¬ She is our teacher
(Pronunciation éÌJ-ßÁ÷-ví∫°∂‘) èπÿú≈
Ç™-*-Ææ’hçC. ÉC Ç¢Á’ idea) ii) Ñ ûª°æ¤p ´÷C ᙫ M. SURESAN
O’ ö«d©’ ´î√a-®Ω’-éπü∆?
ÇN-úøüË. §ƒúÕ-Ø√-Núø èπÿú≈ ´÷ friend) Prasad: Any way, it is for our good. Their Å´¤-ûª’çC? = How ¢√∞¡xü∆? (ö«d©’: relatives)
Bharat: Does Mrs. Nrityasri run a school? interest is our success. is this fault ours? Laxmi: ÅC ¢√∞¡x-C-é¬ü¿’. ¢√∞¡x †í∫-©Fo ¶µºvü¿çí¬
f) i) ÉC ÅûªúÕ watch = This is his watch
(Ç¢Á’ Ææ÷\©’ †úø’-°æ¤-ûÓçü∆?) (àüË-´’-®·Ø√, ÅC ´’† ´’ç* éÓÆæ¢Ë’. ÖØ√o®·.
run †úø-°æúøç/E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îªúøç ¢√∞¡x-é¬\-´-©-ÆœçC ´’† Nï-ߪ’¢Ë’) ii) Ñ watch Åûª-úÕC é¬ü∆? = Isn't (Is not) ANSWERS:
Bhargav: Yes, She and her husband. Their Prakash: OK, then. When shall we begin?
this watch his?
1) Is this your car? / Is this car yours? where
school is famous. Some of great (Å®·ûË, á°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµü∆lç?) g) i) ÉC ¢√∞¡x ÇÆœh = This is their property
movie dancers were students of Prasad: Depends on money. Its availabili- are its keys?
ii) ÉC ¢√∞¡x ÇÆœh ᙫ Å´¤-ûª’çC? = How is
theirs. ty is everything. 2) Kasim: Who came yesterday? / Who
this property theirs?
(Åçû√ úø•’s O’üË Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ ÖçC. was it that came yesterday?
(Å´¤†’. Ç¢Á’, Ç¢Á’ ¶µº®Ωh †úø’-°æ¤ h) i) Ç É©’x.. Ç °æJ-Ææ-®√©’ Ø√éÀ≠dç
æ = I like the
-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Ê°®Ω’†o school. ÆœE-´÷-™xE ü∆E availability (©¶µºuç)ßË’ Åçû√) Krishna: My friend / A friend of mine
house and its surroundings
íÌ°æp dancers ™ éÌçûª-´’çC ¢√∞¡x °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E possessives †’ éÀçC- (Ñ È®çúÓ expression conversation™
¢√-öÀ-™ îª÷°œ† possessives ûÓ §Ú©açúÕ. ii) Ñ îªv鬩’ ü∆EN =The wheels are its.
Nü∆u-®Ω’n™‰) Very important: ü∆E, ü∆EE ņ-ú≈Eo its áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’)
famous – °∂-ß˝’´’Æˇ =Ê°®Ω’†o, v°æÆ œ-Cl¥-í∫© 1. Whose? (á´J?) –
Åçö«ç. Ééπ\úø S ´·çü¿’ apostrophe (') Kasim: Did he take your bike?
dancers - ú≈†qñ¸ Whose? (á´-JC? / á´-JN?)
2. my (Ø√) – ¢√úøç. Apostrophe ûÓ It's Åçõ‰ It is ÅE. Krishna: That was not mine. That was
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ underline îËÆœ† ´÷ô-©†’ his bike. Mine and his look the
mine (Ø√C / Ø√N) Apostrophe (') äéπ ´÷ô™ äéπ ¨¡•lç ™°œç-îª-
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
´÷ô Å®Ωnç 3. your (F / O’) – ú≈Eo îª÷°œ-Ææ’hçC) same / look alike only, mine is
1. Whose (book)? á´J (°æ¤Ææhéπç)? / á´-JC? yours (FC, O’C / FN, O’N) Eg: 1) This car and its wheels= 鬮Ω÷, ü∆E slightly older than his.
2. My (book) Ø√ (°æ¤Ææhéπç) 4. his (ÅûªúÕ) – îªv鬩’. Ééπ\úø 'only'
¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ– ÉC the
3. Mine Ø√C his (Åûª-úÕC / Åûª-úÕN) 2) It's my car = It is my car. (ÅC Ø√ only things ÅØË ü∆EéÀ short farm- DE
4. Your (book) O’ / F (°æ¤Ææhéπç) 5. her Ç¢Á’ (ßÁ·éπ\) – hers (Ç¢Á’C / Ç¢Á’N) 鬮Ω’) Å®Ωnç– 'äéπ\ N≠æߪ’ç àN’-ôçõ‰ / äéπ-õ‰-N’-
5. Yours O’C / FC 6. our (´÷ / ´’†) -– Now practice the following aloud in ôçõ‰—– simpleí¬ 'Å®·ûË— ÅE. slightly=
6. his (book) ÅûªúÕ (°æ¤Ææhéπç) ours (´’†C / ´’†N, English: (ÆæÈ®j† possessive †’ ¢√úøçúÕ)
éÌClí¬.
7. his Åûª-úÕC ´÷C / ´÷N) 1) Ñ é¬®Ω’ FüËØ√? ü∆E û√∞«-™‰N?
7. their (¢√∞¡x, ¢√öÀ) theirs (¢√∞¡xN, ¢√öÀC / 2) Kasim: E†o ´*aç-üÁ-´®Ω’? Ñ È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ conversational bits.
8. her Ç¢Á’ (ßÁ·éπ\ dance teacher) 3) Avinash: Why are you vacating the
9. hers Ç¢Á’C ¢√∞¡xN, ¢√öÀN) Krishna: Ø√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ (my, mine È®çúø÷
10. our ´÷ (family friend) 8. its (ü∆E) – its (ü∆EC / ü∆EN) house? Is it not yours? / Don't
¢√úøçúÕ)
you own it?
v°æ¨¡o: -ØË-†’ -Ñ-´’-üµ¿u -spoken english -ØË®Ω’aèπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-†’. 7. ††’o Éûª-®Ω’-©ûÓ §Ú™Ôaü¿’l (Vacate pronunciation: ´Èé-ß˝’ö¸ /
-Éç-ü¿’-™ tenses -´·-êu-´÷? spoken english -¶«í¬ 8.Sir, Madam ÅE E®Ω-éπ~-®√-Ææ’u-©†’ èπÿú≈ °œ©-¢Ìî√a? ¢Áß˝’-Èé-ß˝’ö¸ – Èé ØÌéÀ\ °æ©-é¬L– Å®Ωnç– ë«S-
®√-¢√-©ç-õ‰ -àç -îË-ߪ÷-L? 9. S.C., S.T. ©†’ ≥ƒ®˝d-§∂ƒ-¢˛’™ ᙫ ®√ߪ÷L? îË-ߪ’úøç (É©’x ™«çöÀN)
ï¢√•’: Tenses ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´úøç î√™« ´·êuç. ¢√öÀ-ûÓ-¶«ô’ ï¢√•’: 1. Is your tap off? / Have you turned off your tap? Alankar: No, it's (it is) not ours.
– Èé.Æœ.-Ö-¢Ë’-¨¸-îªçvü¿, éπ®Ω÷o©’ – >. N¨»™¸, ¢Á’ö¸-°æLx
Avinash: Whose is it, then?
vocabulary (´÷ô©÷, ¢√öÀ Å®√n©’, ÅN ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ / Has your tap been turned off?
èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç Å´-Ææ®Ωç). ®ÓW English 2. I have admitted him in college Alankar: Our uncle's
Newspaper Å®Ωnç Å®·Ø√, é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ îªü¿-´çúÕ. Å™« 3. The teachers are making the students sweep Avinash: How long has it been theirs?
v§ƒéÃdÆæ’ îËߪ’-úøç-´©x °∂æLûªç Öçô’çC. Ñ ´’üµ¿u les- the class rooms / The teachers are getting the Alankar: (It has been theirs) since their
sons™ simple present, N’í∫û√ tense†’ N¨¡-ü¿çí¬ students to sweep the rooms / The teachers grandfather's time.
have the students sweep the rooms.
v°æ¨¡o: éÀç-C ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ ÅØ√™ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.
N´-Jçî√ç. îªü¿-´çúÕ. 4) Prameela: Whose necklace was lost /
4. I will take you to the movie
1. O’ †™«x •çü˛ Å®·çü∆? 5. I taught him cycling was missing yesterday?
2. Åûª-úÕE 鬙‰-@™ îËJpç-î√†’ 6. I put him to bed You had relatives yesterday,
3. Ö§ƒ-üµ∆u-ߪ·©’ °œ©x-©ûÓ í∫ü¿’©’ ÜúÕ-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ 7. Don't compare me with others / Don't compare was it theirs?
4. ؈’ E†’o ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ BÆæ’-èπ◊-§Ú-û√†’ me to others- Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd Laxmi: No, not theirs; their ornaments /
5. Åûª-úÕéÀ ÂÆjéÀ™¸ ûÌéπ\úøç ØËJpç-î√†’ 8. á´-J-ØÁjØ√ Sir / Madam ÅE °œ©-¢Ìa.
jewels are all safe.
6. Åûª-úÕE °æúø’-éÓ-¶„-ö«d†’ 9. S.C.s and S.T.s
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Srilekha: Did you meet them yesterday?
(E†o †’´¤y ¢√∞¡x†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?)
Surekha: Whom do you mean?
(†’´y-ØËC á´J í∫’Jç*?)
Srilekha: Savithri and her husband
(≤ƒNvA, Ç¢Á’ ¶µº®Ωh í∫’Jç*)
Surekha: I met her, but not him
(Ç¢Á’†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, é¬E Åûª-úÕE
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’)
Srilekha: Did you show her the letter?
(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ letter îª÷°œç-î√¢√?)
Surekha: Yes, I Showed it to her. She will
show it to him today.
(ØËØ√-¢Á’èπ◊ îª÷°œç-î√†’. Ç¢Á’ É¢√∞¡
Åûª-úÕéÀ îª÷°œ-Ææ’hçC)
Srilekha: Did she enquire about me?
-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 30 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2005
Supriya: †’´¤y èπÿú≈ Åûª-úÕéÀ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’ç-
ö«¢√? Åûª-úÕE †’´¤y É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√¢√?
Suchithra: O’èπÿ v•ü¿®˝ ÖØ√o-úø’-éπü∆! Åûª-úÕE É≠æd-
°æ-úø-¢√?
(Åûª-úøçõ‰ FéÀ-≠d´æ ÷ Åçö«ç éπü∆ ´÷´‚-©’í¬)
Supriya: Brother, sister äéπ-J-ØÌ-éπ®Ω’ É≠æd-°æ-
úøúøç™ NçûËç ™‰ü¿’
Suchithra: âûË ´÷ v•ü¿-®˝èπ◊ îªü¿’-´¤-O’ü¿ v¨¡ü¿l¥
™‰ü¿’. ÅüË ††’o worry îË≤ÚhçC.
(to whom were you talking?)
(neglect ¢√úøçúÕ) 鬕öÀd 'a fever', her=Ç¢Á’†’)
writing™, formal writ-
Supriya: ´÷ v•ü¿®˝ Ø√èπ◊ Åô’-´çöÀ trouble My father likes my brother very
Å®·ûË ÅC ÅD
ing™ØË Å™« ®√≤ƒhç.
É´yúø’. ´÷ Å´’tèπÿ Ø√†oèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø’- much. He gives him (¢√úÕéÀ)
Spoken form ™ ´÷vûªç, 'to' - sentence
ûª’ç-ö«úø’. ¢√∞¡x-†’ î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ whatever he wants. only, he asks
-îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. ´÷èπ◊ àC 鬢√-©Ø√o him to study well (him=¢√úÕE)
*´®Ω ´Ææ’hçC. sentence †’ 'whom'ûÓ •ü¿’©’,
who ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. 'who' ûÓ (whom ¢√ú≈-Lq†
BÆæ’-éÌ-≤ƒhúø’. ñé˙qûÓ ´’´’tLo ¶«í¬ Supriya: By the by, our teacher gave us an
îÓô™«x) questions v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-úø¢Ë’ spoken
assignment yesterday.
English ™ éπÈ®é˙d.

Å
- ®√n©
- ’û
- L
-Á Æ
Ê .h ..
á´Jo îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?
Who (whom é¬ü¿’) do you want to see?
á´-JéÀ Öûªh-®√©’ ®√Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?
Who are you writing (letters) to ?
c) á´-JE í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?
Who are you talking about? (whom é¬ü¿’)
d) á´-JûÓ ¢√úø’ §Úö«x-úÕçC?
(Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆– conver- Who did he quarrel with?
(Ç¢Á’ Ø√ í∫’Jç* ÅúÕTçü∆?) sation ™ topic ´÷Í®a-ô- e) á´-JE îª÷¨»´¤ E†o?
Surekha: She wishes to see you. She
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
°æ¤púø’ 'by the by'- ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Who (Whom é¬ü¿’) did you see yesterday.
asked me to give you her best 40 'ÅC-ÆæÍ®— Åçô’çö«ç. us = f) Ç¢Á’ á´Jo °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊çüÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’
wishes. She wants us to visit her
´’†èπ◊). When did he ask I do not know who she married
soon. She likes to give us a din-
†Ny-≤ƒhúø’. us (´’†Lo) to complete (É™«çöÀ sentences ™ èπÿú≈ whom ¢√úøúøç
ner.
Suchithra: ´÷ brother èπÿú≈ ´÷èπ◊ ¶«í¬ it.? ™‰ü¿’. Who ¢√úøúøç î√™« common, spoken
(Ç¢Á’ E†’o îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC. E†o-úÕ- ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø-û√úø’. E†o ´÷ Å´’tèπ◊ Suchithra: The coming English™)
T-†ô’x îÁ°æp-´’çC. ´’†Lo ¢√Rxç-öÀ-éÓ-≤ƒJ ïy®Ωçí¬ Öçõ‰ Ç¢Á’†’ doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ Saturday, I M. SURESAN
É°æ¤púø’ Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù îª÷úøçúÕ
®Ω´’tçC. ´’†èπ◊ dinner É¢√y-©-†’-èπ◊ç- BÆæ’-Èé-∞«}úø’. ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ ´÷ v•ü¿®˝ think. But Hari: (over phone) Hello, who is it please?
öçC.) Åçõ‰ î√™« É≠ædç. ¢√úÕ-ÍéC 鬢√-©Ø√o isn't it (= is it not) a holiday for (á´®Ω÷?)
Srilekha: That's fine. Let's go to them Hemanth: It's (it is) me, Hemanth
us? (us =
É≤ƒh®Ω’.-¶«í¬ îªü¿-¢√-©E ´÷vûªç ´’†èπ◊) (ØËØË,
tomorrow in my car. I will show Ê£«´’ç-û˝†’)
Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. Supriya: Who told you so?/ Who told you
them my new car. Hari: That's nice, hearing your voice... after
Supriya: ÅC-ÆæÍ®, E†o öÃ˝ ´’†éÓ assign- that? Whom did you ask?
(¶«í∫’çC. ´’†ç Í®°æ¤ Ø√ 鬮Ω’™ ¢√∞¡x a long time.
ment Éî√a®Ω’ éπü∆. á°æ¤úø’ °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’-´’-
ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç. Ø√ éÌûªh 鬮Ω’†’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ [[[[[ (î√™« ÆæçûÓ≠æç, î√™« 鬩ç ûª®√yûª F
Ø√o®Ω’ ´’†Lo?
îª÷°œ-≤ƒh†’.) Suchithra: ´îËa ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç ņ’-èπ◊çö«. Å®·ûË a) †’´¤y E†o á´-JE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤? = Whom íÌçûª’ N†úøç)
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ them, whom, her, him, did you meet yesterday? ÅØË ÅØ√L. áçü¿’- Hemanth: Was that your brother who
´’†-é¬-®ÓV ÂÆ©´¤ éπü∆? appeared in the TV serial yester-
you, us, me ´÷ô©’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. éπçõ‰ á´Jo = whom. Å®·ûË ®√†’-®√†’ spo-
Supriya: á´®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’ Å™« ÅE? á´-®Ωo-úÕ-í¬´¤
´’† English conversation natural í¬, ken English ™ whom •ü¿’©’ who ¢√úË-Ææ’h- day?
†’´¤y? (E†o TV serial ™ éπE-°œç-*çC O’
simple í¬ ≤ƒí¬-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ OöÀ Å®Ωnç, OöÀE áEo Ø√o®Ω’. ÅC ¢√úøôç éπÈ®é˙d spoken English.
Answers:
brother éπü∆?)
Who did you meet yesterday?
®Ωé¬-©’í¬ à Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úËC ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç áçûÓ Suchithra: My brother helps me a lot (Ø√èπ◊) Hari: Yes, it's (= it is) him (Å´¤†’, ¢√úË) and
´·êuç. *†o-*†o ´÷ô-©èπ◊ Ö†o ¢√úø’-éπ-™E Å®√n- He likes me very much ÉC §ƒçúÕûªuç– formal written English the little girl he was walking with... do
©Fo áçûªí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Åçûª simple í¬ con- Supriya: Do you help him too? Do you like (®√ûª™ Åçûª ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’). you know who she is? (¢√úÕûÓ †úø’-Ææ’h†o
versation áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-®·Ø√ †úø-°æ-´îª’a. Ñ lesson
him too? Who did you meet yesterday? *†o-§ƒ°æ á´®Ó Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
™ ´’†ç ¢√úË ´÷ô© í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. (Åûª-úÕéÀ; Åûª-úÕE: Do you also help him? ÉC spoken form, conversational. Hemanth: Wasn't it (was it not) your
I = ؈’
éπØ√o Do you help him too- áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’ b) †’´¤y E†o á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢˛? youngest sister?
me = ††’o; Ø√èπ◊
Spoken English™) (Spoken) Who (Whom é¬ü¿’) Hari: Yes, it's her.
we = ¢Ë’´·
Suchithra: You have a brother too. Were you talking to yesterday? °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: It's me, it's him,
us = ´’´·t-©†’, ´÷èπ◊/ ´’†-©†’, ´’†èπ◊
(Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îÁ°œp-†ô’x also éπØ√o too better.) (®Ωîª-†™, î√™« formal
í¬ Å®·ûË, To whom It's her. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË, It is I, It is he, It is
you = †’´¤y / O’®Ω’
Don't you (=Do you not) like him? (ÅûªúÕo) were you talking yesterday? ÅE ®√ߪ’çúÕ.) she ÅØ√-©E ņ’-èπ◊çö«ç. é¬F spoken
you = E†’o, N’´·t-©-†’ / Fèπ◊, O’èπ◊ English™ It's me, It's her, It's him ņ-úø¢Ë’
Supriya: Nothing surprising a brother and a Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: Preposition
he = Åûªúø’
sister liking each other. 'to'- sentence èπ◊ ´·çü¿®Ω ®√´úøç. ´’†ç sen- éπÈ®é˙d.
him = Åûª-úÕE, Åûª-úÕéÀ
Suchithra: But my brother neglects stud- tence †’ 'to' ûÓ begin îËÊÆh whom ¢√ú≈L.
she = Ç¢Á’
ies. That worries me.
-v°æ-¨¡o:
(††’o)
her = Ç¢Á’†’, Ç¢Á’èπ◊ (Ç¢Á’ ßÁ·éπ\) 1. Shop closed -Ñ ¢√éπuç Negative.
Supriya: My brother doesn't (does not) give
it = ÅC 2. Shop n't closed
me that kind of trouble/ such trou- ÆæJ-Å-®·-†ü∆?
it = ü∆EE, ü∆EéÀ 3. Not shop closed Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç?
ble. (such=that kind=Å™«çöÀ)
they = ¢√∞¡Ÿx, ÅN 4. School going children. DEE Negativeí¬ à Nüµ∆-†ç™ îËߪ÷L?
He helps my parents too a lot. He
them = ¢√∞¡x†’, ¢√öÀE/ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊, ¢√öÀéÀ 5. World's largest selling Newspaper. DEE Negative -ᙫ îËߪ÷-™
takes good care of them.
who = á´®Ω’
(Them=¢√∞¡x†’) ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
whom = á´-JE/ á´-JéÀ.
He gets us what we want
-ï-¢√-•’: 1, 2, 3
(´÷èπ◊). – °œ. ¶«©’, £j«-ü¿®√¶«ü˛
Ñ Å®√n-©†’ ´’†-Ææ’™ °ô’d-èπ◊E ¢Á·ü¿ô É*a† He makes us laugh with his jokes Shop closed - DEéÀ shop not closed. Shopn't closed - n't
Surekha, Srilekha dialogue Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ form Éô’-´çöÀ îÓôx ¢√úøç. an, is, are... ¢√öÀéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úø’û√ç. Not
(´’´’tLo)
îªü¿-´çúÕ. Suchithra: My brother helps us too. My shop closed ÆæÈ®j† English é¬ü¿’. Ééπ\úø shop not closed ÅØË •ü¿’©’
Practice the following aloud in English. 'shop open' Åçõ‰ better éπü∆. 4. Non school going children ÅØËC
mother had a fever yesterday
Suchithra: ´÷ brother Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ≤ƒßª’ç school going childrenèπ◊ negative. 5. The world's largest selling
and he took her to doctor.
îË≤ƒhúø’. ††’o î√™« É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√úø’. (English™ fever, countable, News paper èπ◊ negative - not the world's largest selling newspaper
(like ¢√úøçúÕ) ņ-´îª’a.
I Ðû¦è[ª- þ¼÷ªî¦ô¢Ù 1 ÎÞœú£ªd 2005

Radha: Hi Roja, how are you? long since we
met.
( óÀª ôÁâ° Óö° Ñû¦oîËÂ? ÷ªìÙ ÚÛLú‡
à¦ö° ôÁV-öµjÙC.)
Roja: Fine thank you. How are you?
(û¶ìª ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦oìª. ìªîµyö° Ñû¦o÷±?)
Radha: Fine to. Thanks. How about going to
the movie Black?
(ò°Þœªû¦o! ò°xÚ ú‡E÷«Ú¨ îµüŒ-ë¯÷«?)
Roja: I've (I have) seen it. Think of some
other movie.
(û¶ìC àŸ«ø‹ìª. ÏÙÚÁ ú‡E÷« Ôëµjû¦ àµí£±p)
Radha: I haven't (I have not) seen it so far.
so far=
(Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª û¶ìC àŸ«è[-ö¶ë]ª.
Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª)
Roja: That's surprising. It has run for three
weeks now, and you haven't seen it!
(ÎøŒaô¢uÙÞ¥ ÑÙë¶! ÍC ÷´è[ª î¦ô¦-õªÞ¥
Îè[ª-êÁÙC. ìª÷±y àŸ«è[-ö¶ë¯?)
Radha: How about some coffee before going
to a movie?
(ú‡E-÷«·Úü™x ÷³Ùë]ª Ú¥ú£h Ú¥íƈ ê¦Þœª-ë¯÷«?)
past participle (pp) î¦è[ê¦Ù.
a) ÍêŸè…E û¶ìª ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦oìª.
I have met (have + pp) him.
ÏÚÛ\è[ ÞœêŸÙö˺, Ô çµjÙö˺ (Ô ôÁV, ûµõ, î¦ô¢Ù,
etc.) ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ìoD êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸª-ÚÛ-ð¼-÷è[Ù ÷õx
have met- have + pp î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ.
b) I met him yesterday.
ÏÚÛ\è[ yesterday ÍE çµjÙ êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªè[Ù
÷õx Past Doing Word î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ)
c) He has gone out.
time êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªè[Ù ö¶ë]ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d has gone
- has + pp (for the past / for the last ten years = ÞœêŸ III) have + pp/ has + pp, just, just now Ïí£±p-è…-
d) He went out an hour ago. í£ë¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ÍÙç¶ í£ë¶üŒx vÚ¨êŸÙ ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª) í£±pè¶ í£²ô¢h-ô³ì í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù.
(
ÞœÙå vÚ¨êŸÙ ÍE çµjÙ êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªè[Ù ÷õx 2) ÎóŸªì û¦õª-¸Þ-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ÏÙTxùà ò˺CÅÙà¦ô¢ª. a) Ú¥xúà Ïí£±pè¶ vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡-iÙC.
went- Past Doing Word) (Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª) The class has just begun.
e) She has bought a car. He has taught English for the past/ for the b) î¦Rx-í£±pè¶ ÷à¦aô¢ª.
(Î Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•ìoC.) last four years
. They have just arrived.
f) She bought it last week.
3) Î Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª 100 #vê¦ö˺x ìæ¨Ù-#ÙC.
She has acted in 100 movies so far.
(Î ë¯EE Ú¨Ùë]æ¨ î¦ô¢Ù Ú•ìoC)
Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦ô¢ª ÚÛ믖 4) ÍêŸìª ÏÙÚ¥ ô¦ö¶ë]ª.
÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ çµjÙ êµLóŸªâ¶óŸªE Past Actions He has not come yet/ so far.

çµjÙ êµõªþ§ êµLóŸªë¯..?

Roja: I have just had coffee. I don't feel like
drink any more. (ÞœêŸÙö˺ í£ìª-õª)ìª have/ has + pp ö˺ àµñªê¦Ù. (Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª ÍêŸìª ô¦ö¶ë]ª– ô¦ÚÛ-ð¼÷è[Ù
(Ïí£±pè¶ ê¦Þ¥ìª. ÷ªSx ê¦Þ¥-õE ö¶ë]ª.) ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJT çµjÙ êµL›í Past Actions ÚÛª Past Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª áJ-TÙC).
Ð ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-à¦-Lqì Nù£óŸªÙ– Doing Words î¦è[ê¦Ù. (yet = ÏÙÚ¥; so far = Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª)

have + past participle (have + pp) / has + pp Ú¥ñæ¨d have + pp/ has + pp îµ³åd-îµ³-ë]æ¨ Ñí£- ÏÚÛ\è[ ÖÚÛæ¨ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè….
I, We, You and They
Ñí£-óµ«ÞœÙ. have +
Íô³ê¶ óµ«ÞœÙ – Past actions, time not stated (çµjÙ have been/ has been- ÏN forms. ÏÙêŸÚÛª
pp î¦è[ê¦Ù. He, She, It Íô³ê¶has + pp êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªE, ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJ-Tì) í£ìª-õÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÷³Ùë]ª êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ.
î¦è[ê¦Ù. DEo present perfect tense ÍÙæ°Ù. Ð eg: 1) ìªî¦y ú‡E-÷«- àŸ«-ø‹î¦?
Íí£pæ¨ ìªÙ# Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª
form verb Have you seen the movie?
ÚÛª ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª– ÑÙè[-è¯Eo 'have been/
has been'ö˺ êµL-óŸª-â¶þ§hÙ.
a) My father (he) has gone out.
2) î¦è[ª ÷à¦aè¯?
Has he come?
(÷« û¦ìoÞ¥ô¢ª ñóŸªåÚÛª îµü‹xô¢ª) 3) FÚÛª í‡õªí£± ÷#aÙë¯? Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª How about going to the movie Black?
b) My mother has bought a saree for my sis- í£J-Q-LÙ-àŸÙè….
ter.
a) He has been a c) Î ENªù£Ù vÚ¨êŸî¶ª ñóŸªåÚÛª îµRxÙC.
(÷« Í÷ªt ÷« ú‡ú£d-ôÂÚÛª <ô¢ Ú•ìoC.) teacher of English for
c) My friends (they) have left for Hyderabad. She has gone out just a minute ago.
M. SURESAN
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 26
the past two years.
(÷« všíÆÙèÂq šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë îµü‹xô¢ª.) Ðsentences just
ö˺ ö¶ë]-ìª-ÚÁÙè…. Íí£±pè[ª
d) Tendulkar has scored thirty five centuries
(ÎóŸªì ·ôÙè¶üŒ‰xÞ¥ ÏÙTxùà past action time not stated Í÷±-꟪ÙC.
so far.
æ©àŸôÂÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª.) They have just gone.
Have you received the invitation?
(çµÙè[«-õ\ô ÏÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª 35 šúÙàŸ-Kõª Ú•æ°dè[ª.) b) He has taught English for the past two î¦Rx-í£±pè¶ îµü‹xô¢ª.
years.
e) The class has just begun.
4) Î ÓÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ îµRxÙC?
They have gone.
Where has she gone?
(Ú¥xúà Ïí£±pè¶ vð§ô¢ÙòšiÙC) (ÎóŸªì ·ôÙè¶-üŒ‰xÞ¥ ÏÙTxùà ò˺CÅÙ-à¦ô¢ª– Ïí£pæ¨ î¦üŒ‰x îµü‹xô¢ª.
f) We haven't (have not) read the report yet.
5) ÍêŸìª Ïí£pæ¨¸Ú ·ôÙè[ª Ú¥ô¢ªx ÷«ô¦aè[ª.
He has already (Ïí£p-樸Ú) changed two
÷ô¢ÚÛª.) Ú¨ÙC î¦Ú¥u-õìª English ö˺ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ practice
(٠Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª Jð¼ôÂd àŸë]-÷-ö¶ë]ª) c) He has been an English teacher. à¶óŸªÙè….
cars.
ÏC æ©àŸ-ôÂÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù. 1) çµÙè[«-õ\ôÂ ÞœêŸ 15 ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦-õªÞ¥ vÚ¨·ÚæËÀ
Ïí£±pè[ª â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ Þœ÷ªEÙ-àŸÙè…– II) have + pp/ has + pp
d) He has taught (ÏC action) English for the
·ôÙèÁ Ñí£óµ«ÞœÙ–
I) ÏÙêŸÚÛª÷³Ùë]ª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ past actions,
Îè¯è[ª.
past two years.
ÞœêŸÙö˺ vð§ô¢Ùòši Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª áJ-Tì/ ÏÙÚ¥
time stated (ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJT, çµjÙ êµL›í í£ìª-õÚÛª) áô¢ª-ÞœªêŸªìo í£ìªõÚÛª (Íí£±p-è[-í£±pè[«) have + 2) î¦Rx-ÚÛ\è[ ÓÙêŸ Ú¥õÙÞ¥ í£E-à¶-ø‹ô¢ª? ( How
šíj·ôÙè[ª sentences Ö¸Ú òÅ°î¦Eo ·ôÙè[ª Nëů- long î¦è[Ùè…)
Past Doing Words (came, sang, liked, knew pp/ has + pp î¦è[ê¦Ù.
ö°Ùæ¨ verbs) î¦è[ê¦Ù. õªÞ¥– 3) Î Ïí£pæ¨÷ô¢ÚÛª æ© ê¦Þœ-ö¶ë]ª.
state of being
1) û¶ìª ÏÚÛ\è[ í£ë¶üŒ‰xÞ¥ Ñû¦oìª. (ÑÙè[è[Ù)Þ¥, 4) î¦üŒ‰x û¦õªÞœª ûµõ-õªÞ¥ û¦ÚÛª ÑêŸhô¢Ù ô¦óŸª-ö¶ë]ª.
1) ÞœêŸÙö˺ áJT çµjÙ êµL-óŸªE, êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªE í£ìª- I have lived here for the past/ for the last
action (í£E)Þ¥ êµL-óŸª-â¶-ú£ªh-û¦oô³. 5) ú‡E÷« Ïí£±pè¶ vð§ô¢ÙòšiÙC.
õÚÛª have + past participle (pp)/ has + ten years.
6) î¦üŒ‰x Î í£±ú£hÚÛÙ àŸC-î¦ô¦?
ví£øŒo: ÞœêŸ î¦uþ§ö˺x ‘ÍêŸè[ª 2001 ìªÙ# Ú¥E. Íô³ê¶
7) ìªîµy-í£±p-è[û¦o û¦ÚÛª ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶ø‹î¦?
English ö˺ ÷«vêŸÙ Ïí£±pè[ª Am I- not êÁ Íô³ê¶ Aren't I î¦è¯L. 8) ٠÷« ú£«\õª ôÁVõ ìªÙ# ÚÛLú‡ àŸë]ª-÷±-
2003 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è[ æ©àŸ-ôÂÞ¥ Ñû¦oè[ª’ ÑÙè[è[Ù, Óí£±pè[« ÑÙè[è¯Eo àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨ ví£øŒo: þ¼p·ÚûË ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ active voice Ú¨ ÚÛªû¦oÙ. (since our school days î¦è[Ùè…).
Íû¶ î¦Ú¥uEo ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ 'He was a am, is, are; ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ñìoåªx àµí£p-è¯-EÚ¨– passive voice Ú¨ ê¶è¯ ÔNªæ¨? 9) ÓÙêŸÚ¥õÙ ÏÚÛ\è[ í£E à¶ø‹÷±?
teacher here from 2001 to 2003' was, were Ñí£-óµ«-Tþ§hÙ. 10) î¦RxÙêŸ÷ô¢ÚÛª ô¦ö¶ë]ª.
2001 ìªÙ# 2003 ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÞœêŸÙ (past)
– Ó. šíÙàŸ-õóŸªu, ô¦áÙ-›íå
Answers:
ÍE ô¦ø‹ô¢ª. êµõª-Þœªö˺ verb- pres-
ent tense, English ö˺ past tense Ú¥ñæ¨d, He was a teacher here from áî¦ñª: verb 'be' form + past participte 1) Tendulkar has played cricket for the past
2001 to 2003 ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. (PP) Íô³ê¶ ÍC passive voice. NªÞœê¦
ÏC ÚÛ·ô-¸Údû¦ N÷-JÙ-àŸÙè…. fifteen years.
forms ö˺ ÍC active. Passive voice ö˺ 2) How long have they worked here?
ÖÚÛ ÷uÚ¨h ñAÚ¨ ÑÙè[Þ¥ ÍêŸè… ÷'Ah ÏÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ ÖÚÛ ÷uÚ¨h ñAÚ¨ Ñìo-í£±pè[ª ÍêŸè…
verb ÑÙç¶ ‘ñè[ª’ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ êµõª-Þœªö˺ 3) She has not taken/ has not had tea so far.
ÞœªJÙ# ൛íp-å-í£±pè[ª Ô Ú¥õÙö˺ ÷'Ah past Íô³ê¶ was, present Íô³ê¶ is,
Íô³û¦ be form verb Óö° Ñí£-óµ«- future ö˺ Íô³ê¶ will be/ shall be Ñí£-
÷ú£ªhÙC. 4) They haven't (have not) written a letter to
TÙ-à¦L? Question tag ö˺ Am I/ óµ«-TÙ-à¦L. Shops are closed on sundays. me for the past four months.
(verb- are closed- are (beform) + closed 5) The movie has just begun.
Are I, Amn't I/ Aren't I õö˺ ÔC Manmohan Singh was a Finance
(PP), verb- passive) - 6) Have they read the book?
Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ-à¦L? Minister (ÞœêŸÙö˺)
ÎC-î¦-ô¦õª shops ÷´óŸª-ñ-è[-ê¦ô³. 7) Have you ever helped me?
Manmohan Singh is Prime Minister
– X÷ªA ô¢êŸo-ví£-þ§-ë]-ô¦÷±, ÚÛõ-øŒ-ð§è[ª 8) We have studied together since our school
áî¦ñª: êµõª-Þœªö˺ Óí£±pè[ª Ñû¦o– Ñû¦oè[ª,
êµõª-Þœªö˺ passive ë¯ë¯í£± î¦è[Ù. English
days (since =
(ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ) ìªÙ#).
Manmohan Singh will be the PM for ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ ÓÙêŸ êŸÚÛª\÷ î¦è…ê¶ ÷ªì òÅ°ù£ 9) How long have you worked here?
ÑÙC ÍÙæ°Ù. ÍC past Ú¥E, present ÍÙêŸ simple Þ¥ ú£ï£°-áÙÞ¥ ÑÙåªÙC.
some time to come (future) 10) They have not come so far.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Sukanya: Hi Sumithra? I saw you at Sell All
Super Market yesterday. Busy
buying things?
(E†’o ؈’ E†o Sell All Super Market ü¿í∫_®Ω
îª÷¨»†’. àç î√™« éÌØË-¨»¢√?)
Sumithra: Mom was inside. She was buying
provisions. I was waiting outside.
By the by, you know we have
moved. We now live in Gandhi
Nagar.
(Å´’t™°æ©’çC éÀ®√ù« Ææ®Ω-èπ◊©’ éÌçô÷.
؈’ •ßª’ô wait îËÆæ’hØ√o. Ç... ņoô’d,
¢Ë’ç É©’x ´÷®√ç. É°æ¤púø’ í¬çDµ-†-í∫-®˝™
Öçô’Ø√oç.)
´÷´‚-©’í¬ É©’x, Ü®Ω’ ´÷®Ω-ú≈Eo shift
Åçô’çö«ç. move ņ-úøç éπÈ®é˙d.
¢Ë’ç Í®°æ¤ É©’x ´÷®Ω’-ûª’Ø√oç
We are moving to a new house tomorrow
Shift
Sukanya: My uncle is in Gandhi Nagar too.
Where exactly is your home
there?
(´÷ uncle ¢√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ í¬çDµ-†-í∫-®˝-™ ØË
Öçö«®Ω’. O’ É©’x correct í¬ áéπ\úø?)
Sumithra: At 12-14-16 on Nehru Street. It is
to the right of make Money Bank
Ltd., if you stand in front of it. We
live on the ground floor.
(Nehru Street ™ Door No. 12-14-16 ™.
Make Money Bank ´·ç-ü¿’ E-©’çõ‰ ü∆E
èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤).
Sukanya: Hei, your place is just under my
uncle's. He lives on the first floor.
(O’®Ω’ç-úËC ´÷ uncle ¢√∞¡x ÉçöÀ éÀçüË. O’C
ground floor, ¢√∞¡xC I floor).
Sumithra: Happy to know that they are on
the 1st floor just above us. Just
across the road is an ice cream
shop. I think it was your uncle's
son sitting at the back of the shop
and enjoying an ice cream.
(¢√∞¡x-éπ\úø ´÷ °j -§Ú®Ω{-Ø˛-™ Öçúø-úøç ÆæçûÓ-
≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ®Óú˛ Å´ûª©üËüÓ ice cream
shop ÖçC. O’ uncle í¬J Ŷ«sßË’ ņ’-
èπ◊çö«, ice cream shop ¢Á†’éπ èπÿ®ÌaE ice
cream Açô’-Ø√oúø’)
Ééπ\úø prepositions †’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:
éÌEo≤ƒ®Ω’x ã preposition ™ È®çúø’, ´‚úø’
´÷ô©’ èπÿú≈ Öçö«®·. Eg: at the back of.
Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ conversation ™ prepositions:
at, inside, outside, in, to the right of, on,
under, above, across, at the back of.
-O-öÀ-E position (-Åç-õ‰ ã ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´’E≠œ
ÖçúË îÓô’) -ûÁ-©°æ-ú≈EéÀ ¢√-úø-û√-´’-E -É-C-´®Ω-™ -ûÁ-
©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. -É°æ¤p-úø’ ´’J-éÌEo N´-®√©’:
at: éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ äéπ îÓô. in = äéπ îÓöÀ™ 
1. I saw you at the Super Market
Super Market ü¿í∫_®Ω–
Åçõ‰ éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ Super Market ü¿í∫_-®Ω (™).
In the Super Market = Super Market ™
I was at the Super Market from 5 p.m. to
6 p.m.
The goods in the Super Market are
expensive.
°j ¢√é¬u™x at èπ◊, in èπ◊ ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
؈’ 5 †’ç* 6 ´®Ωèπ◊ Super Market ™
ÖØ√o, ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ éÌçô÷.
Goods in the Super Market
Super Market ™E ´Ææ’h-´¤©’.
°œ©x©’ School ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’
The children are at school.
°œ©x©’ ¢√∞¡x Class ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’
The children are in class.
There are four hundred pupils in the school
Ç school -™ -Ø√--©’í∫’´çü¿© ´’çC °œ©x-©’-Ø√o®Ω’.
2. inside ÅØ√o in ÅØ√o ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË
inside Åçõ‰ äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç-™ -°æ© ÅØË Å®Ωnç
´Ææ’hçC. in Åçõ‰ ™ ÅE Å®Ωnç.
Pranav: Where are your friends?
Prabhat: They are in the car. Look inside
and you will see them. They were
outside the car till ten minutes ago.
(Car ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’. ™°æ© îª÷úø’, ¢√∞¡Ÿx
éπ-E°œ≤ƒh®Ω’.°æC EN’-≥ƒ© éÀç-ü¿-öÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ¢√∞¡Ÿx 鬮Ω’
•ßª’ô -ÖØ√o®Ω’)
3. above = °j†.
The government has the duty to see that
every person has a roof above their
head.
v°æA-¢√J°jØ√ äéπ éπ°æ¤p ÖçúËô’x îª÷úøôç
v°æ¶µº’ûªyç NCµ
é¬-ü¿’.. move
(v°æA-¢√-JéÀ E¢√Ææç éπLpç-îª-úøç)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 42
The fan is just above you
Fan correct í¬ - -F °jØË ÖçC.
'above' Åçõ‰ ã ´Ææ’h-´¤èπ◊/ ´’E-≠œ °j†. fan
above your head Åç-õ‰ ûª©èπ◊, fan èπ◊ éÌçûª ë«S
Öçü¿E. äéπ-ü∆-E°j éÌç-ûª ë«S Öçõ‰ ÅC 'above'.
Å™«é¬èπ◊çú≈ äéπ-ü∆-E-°j äéπöÀ dž’-èπ◊E Öçõ‰, ÅC
'on'.
Pen, table O’ü¿ ÖçC
the pen is on the table.
Table O’ü¿ lamp ÖçC
There is a lamp above the table.
(Åçõ‰ table O’ü¿ light °æúË-ô’xí¬ lamp table
°j† ÖçC).
'On' í∫’Jç* ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. ´’†ç ûÁ©’-
í∫’™ Ææ÷n©çí¬ Â°j†, O’ü¿ -Å-ØË ¢√-ôEoç-öÀéÀ 'on'
¢√-úø-û√ç. ™, ™°æ© ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'in' ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç.
Å®·ûË English ¢√úø’-éπ™– ™, ™°æ© Å--E
ûÁ©’í∫’™ ÅØË Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x 'on' ´Ææ’hçC.
eg:
a) ؈’ ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô ÅûªEo train ™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’
I first met him on a train. (In a train é¬ü¿’)
b) ñ«G-û√™ Åûª-úÕÊ°®Ω’ ™‰ü¿’
His name is not on the list.
c) ¢√úø’ team ™ ÖØ√oú≈? Is he on the team?
d) Ç É©’x ´’çô™x ÖçC The house is on fire.
e) Plane ™ 50 ´’çC v°æߪ÷-ùÀèπ◊-©’-Ø√o®Ω’
There are fifty passengers on the plane.
f) ÅûªúÕ Ê°®Ω’ £æ…ï®Ω’ °æöÃd™  ™‰ü¿’ =
His name is not on the row.
ÉN spoken English ™ ñ«ví∫ûªh °æú≈-Lq†N.
-v°æ-¨¡o: Have
éÀ ing form ÖçC éπü∆. Has éÀ ing
form
áçü¿’èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’?
-ï-¢√--•’: Has ÅØËC He, She, It ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç
– ú≈éπd®˝ °æ®Ω’-îª÷J íÓ§ƒ-©-éπ%≠æg, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛
(éπL-T-Öç-úøúøç, A†úøç, û√í∫úøç ÅØË
Å®ΩnçûÓ). Have ÅØËC Verb form.
ü∆EéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ing ´Ææ’hçC. Has éÀ
®√ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ He, She, It ûÓ
Speak ÅØË verb – speaks Å´¤-
ûª’çC. Å°æ¤púø’ ing form speak éÀ
´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. Speaks éÀ ¢√úÕ
speaking ņç éπü∆. Å™«Íí Have éÀ
•ü¿’©’ He, She, It ûÓ has ¢√úøû√ç.
Speaks éÀ ing îË®Ωa-†ô’d has èπ◊ èπÿú≈
ing îË®Ωaç. Å™«Íí talk. Talk- He,
She, It ûÓ talks Å´¤-ûª’çC. ing form
talk éÀ îË®Ω’≤ƒhçí¬F talks éÀ îË®Ωaç éπü∆.
-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 4 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
The plane flew at great speed across the
≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Â°j† éπ°æ¤p†o ¢√£æ«-Ø√™x ņ-ú≈-EéÀ, 'by'
sky
¢√-úøû√ç.
a) O’®Ω’ 鬮Óx ´î√a®√? plane Çé¬-¨¡ç™ î√™« ¢Ëí∫çí¬ äéπ-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç*
Did you come by car? ÉçéÓ-¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á-R}çC.
b) ¢√úø’ bus ™ -´-î √a-úø’. He came by bus 6. at the back of = ¢Á†-éπ-¢Áj°æ¤
Å™«Íí by train, by plane, by ship (back side é¬-ü¿’, backside èπ◊ Å®Ωnç °œ®Ω’-ü¿’©’,
c) Ææ®Ω-èπ◊©’ ™«K™ ´î√a®· ÅE)
class ™ ¢Á†éπ¢Áj°æ¤ èπÿ®Ω’aç-ö«úø’
Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤p-úø÷
He always sits at the back of the class.
Bus ¢Á†é𶵫í∫ç™ èπÿ®Ω’a†o v°æߪ ÷- ùÀèπ◊©’
Íé~´’çí¬ -Ö-Ø√o®Ω’.
The passenger at the back of the bus were
safe.
at the back of the room = í∫C™ ¢Á-†éπ
behind the room = í∫CéÀ ¢Á†éπ
some one at the back of the hall was
The goods came shouting
by lorry. Hall ™ ¢Á-†éπ á´®Ó Å®Ω’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
Top (éπ°æ¤p)
There is a tap behind the hall
™‰E
¢√£æ«-Ø√© ´·ç-ü¿’ Hall ¢Á-†éπ ã °æç°æ¤ ÖçC. (Åçõ‰ Hall •ßª’ô)
'on' ´Ææ’hçC. Practice the following aloud in English.
on cycle, on
a) Stella: O’®Ω’ E†o Í®≠æØ˛ Card B-Ææ’éÓ™‰ü∆?
scooter, on bike,
Nikhila: E†o ؈’ Ü-∞ } ™‰†’. £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ 
on camel, on ele- M. SURESAN
phant on horse-
ÖØ√o†’.
Stella: O’È®-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«®Ω’?
back.
Nikhila: í∫´-®Ωo-®˝-Ê°-ô™, ÇM-¶‰í˚ O-Cµ™ .
4. under, below:
Stella: O’ ÉçöÀéÀ áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ road èπ◊ Å´-ûª-L-¢Áj°æ¤
Ñ È®ç-úÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç™ éÌçûª ûËú≈ ÖçC.
¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁô’d éÀçü¿ èπÿ®Ω’a-Ø√o®Ω’ -School ÖçC-éπü∆?
Nikhila: Å´¤†’. ü∆E áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ØË ´÷ É©’x.
They sat under a tree.
Stella: Å®·ûË O’®Ω’ Ñ application O’ü¿
(Åçõ‰ îÁô’d éÌ´’t©’ ¢√∞¡x-°jéÀ ÖØ√o®·)
From the helicopter, the minister saw Ææçûªéπç °ôdçúÕ. Yours faithfully ÅØË
below him the areas under water ü∆E-éÀçü¿. Application èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤.
Helicopter †’ç* ´’çvA- éÀçü¿èπ◊ îª÷ÊÆh F∞¡x-éÀçC ANSWERS:
v°æüË-¨»©’ éπ-E°œç-î√®·. Stella: Didn't you (Did you not) take your
Correct í¬ äéπ ü∆E-éÀçü¿ ÉçéÌ-éπöÀ Öçõ‰ under.
ration card yesterday?
äéπ-ü∆E éÀçü¿ ÉçÈé-éπ\-úø-®·Ø√ Öçõ‰ below. Nikhila: I was out of town yesterday
From the window of the II Floor, he saw
(Out of station é¬ü¿’).
below a man or the road.
I was in Hyderabad.
Road ™ E-©’†o Çߪ’† Correct í¬ éÀöÀéÃ
Stella: Where do you live?
éÀçü¿ Öçúø-úø’ éπü∆. éÀ-öÀéÃéÀ ûªèπ◊\´ level ™ é¬Ææh Nikhila: In Governorpeta; in / on Alibaig
ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ Öçö«úø’.
Street
ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ:
(Road ´·çü¿’, Street ´·çü¿’ in, on àüÁjØ√)
The ground floor is under the first floor.
Stella: Isn't there a School across the
(ground floor ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ÅçûªÆæ’h éÀç-ü¿ Öçô’çC)
5. Across = Å´-ûª-L-¢Ë°æ¤. road from your place?
My home is across the road from the bank Nikhila: Yes. My home is just opposite
Bank †’ç* road èπ◊ Å´-ûª-L-¢Ë°æ¤ ´÷ -É©’x. the school.
†C-éÀ -Å´-ûªL -¢Áj°æ¤ = across the river. Stella: Please sign on this application,
Çé¬-¨¡ç™ äéπ-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* ÉçéÓ-¢Áj°æ¤ = below the 'yours faithfully' line. on
across the sky. the right side.
-v°æ-¨¡o: 'Over', 'above'
© ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ àC ¢√ú≈L?
-ï-¢√--•’:
– -áÆˇ.-öÀ.£«-î˝ -v°æ≤ƒ-ü˛, Æœ-ü∆l¥ç-ûªç, °æ-Pa-´’íÓ-ü∆-´-J ->-™«x
Prepositions í¬ Over, above - Ñ È®çöÀF °j† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
1) Our class room is above / over your class room.
b) My father wants to have two roomed portion above / over the first floor.
Éô’-´çöÀîÓôx above, over ™ àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
ii) He is over 35 years of age but looks younger.
(Çߪ’† ´ßª’Ææ’q 35 à∞¡}-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-®·Ø√, *†oí¬ éπ-E°œ≤ƒhúø’.)
Ééπ\úø over ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. Above é¬ü¿’.
iii) éπü¿-Léπ™  °jéÀ ņo-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ Over Åçö«ç.
He jumped over the wall. (íÓúø O’CéÀ Èíçû√úø’. Ééπ\úø above ®√ü¿’)
iv) Ææçêu©’, úø•’s, time èπÿú≈ éÌçûª-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ over ¢√úøû√ç.
The book costs over Rs. 300 = Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç êKü¿’ ®Ω÷. 300éπØ√o áèπ◊\´.
He waited over three hours = ´‚úø’í∫çô-©-éπØ√o áèπ◊\¢Ë wait î˨»úø’.
There are over 30 students = 30 students éπØ√o áèπ◊\¢Ë ÖØ√o®Ω’.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 6 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
Rama Rao: What are your College hours?
College
(O’ °æE-¢Ë-∞¡©’ àçöÀ?) Åçõ‰ v°æüË-¨»-©†’ ´’E≠œ/ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ Ö†o-îÓôx†’ ûÁL-
Prakash: Our College works from 9 to 3.30.
Ê°N Åçö«ç.
We go for lunch between 12.30
´’J-éÌEo prepositions of time îª÷ü∆lç.
Naresh: what is the last date for the sub-
and 1.30
mission of application?
College 9
(´÷ †’ç* 3.30 ´®Ωèπ◊ (Application submit îËߪ÷-Lq† *´-J-
°æE-îË-Ææ’hçC. ¢Ë’´· 12.30, 1.30 ´’üµ¿u ûËC àC?)
¶µçîË≤ƒhç) Narayana: On or before the 15th of next
Rama Rao: When do you usually start for
month. we issue applications
college?
upto the 28th of this month.
college
(O’®Ω’ ÉçöÀ †’ç* èπ◊ Applications will be available
á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-û√®Ω’?) even after that date till the 30th Pranav: My friend will join me there in July.
Prakash: Because our Classes begin at (Eïç-í¬ØË. last week exam ™ first

AM, PM -á°æ¤p-úø’?..
of this month, but we charge a Together we will return in August.
9.00 in the morning, I usually start mark ´*açC. Ñ -à-ú≈-C ÉØÁo-èπ◊\´
late fee of Rs 5 per day. We friend
(´÷ July
Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ™ ´≤ƒhúø’.
about 8.30, as it takes around half August ´÷®Ω’\©’ ®√´úøç ÉüË ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ)
have been selling applications Éü¿l®Ωç éπ©Æœ ™ AJ-T-´≤ƒhç)
an hour for me to reach college. I
am at college by 8.55. But why
are you asking me all the these
questions?
(Classes 9 èπ◊ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å´¤-û√®·
鬕öÀd, ؈’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ 8.30
v§ƒçûªç™ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-û√†’. College
îË®Ω-ú≈-EéÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿í∫_®Ω Å®Ω-í∫çô °æúø’-
ûª’çC. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ؈’ 8.55 éπ™«xcol-
lege ™ Öçö«†’. âØ√ Ñ v°æ¨¡o-©Fo
since the 5th. Our Office is open äéπ ´u´Cµ °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’u-´-®Ωèπ◊ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ IN
áçü¿’èπ◊ Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’?) from 10 AM to 5 PM, and appli-
Rama Rao: I am from the RTC. We are ¢√úøû√ç.
cations are issued during that Kumar: (Over to phone) Where are you
gathering information to plan
our bus services to suit stu-
time.
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E Prepositions of time – -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 43 Krishna? I am waiting for you
Krishna: Sorry, I'll be with you in five min-
dents needs. When does the
before (the 15th), upto (the 28th of this
college usually reopen after utes.
month), till (the 30th), Since (the 5th), during There are 30/ 31
summer vacation? (sorry, âü¿’ EN’≥ƒ©èπ◊, Åçõ‰ âü¿’
(that time). days in a month.
RTC
(؈’ †’ç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Prepositions of time
É°æ¤púø’ Ñ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç (ØÁ©™ 30/ 31 EN’-≥ƒ©’ ü∆öÀ† ûª®√yûª F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’çö«)
Nü∆u-®Ω’n© Å´-Ææ-®√-©èπ◊ ņ’-í∫’-ùçí¬ îª÷ü∆l´÷? He came back in ten minutes.
Bus services †úø-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ Ñ ®ÓV©’çö«®·)
1. at: Our classes begin at 9 There are only 28/ 29 ¢√úø’ 10 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ (°æC EN’-≥ƒ-©™
Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÊÆéπ-J-Ææ’hØ√oç. ¢ËÆæN classes
(9èπ◊ ´÷ v§ƒ®Ω綵º´’´¤-û√®·) days in February. é¬ü¿’) AJT ´î√aúø’.
ÂÆ©´¤© ûª®√yûªCollege 鬙‰ñ ¸ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ °∂晫† õ„jç ÅE îÁ•’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ (February
™ 28/ 29 It'll be ready in a week's time.
á°æ¤púø’ ûÁ®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’? Ç time ´·çü¿’ at ´Ææ’hçC. ®ÓV©’ Öçö«®·.) M. SURESAN ÅC ¢√®√-EéÀ (¢√®Ωç ®ÓV©’ °æúø’-
Prabhakar: Usually in June, on the 3rd
Our College closes for the day at 4 ûª’çC) ûªßª÷È®j Öçô’çC.
Monday
(Ø√©’-Tç-öÀéÀ college Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC.) My sister was born in 1999. (1999 Important: every, next, last, that, this
June
(´÷´‚-©’í¬ ™, ´‚úÓ ™)
Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. §Òü¿’l†, ≤ƒßª’çvûªç The Government came to power in 2004. ´·çü¿’ in on
é¬F, é¬F ¢√úøç.
≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç)
Rama Rao: For howmany days does the
°∂晫† time ÅE Ææ÷*ç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ spoken English, (2004 ™) Shops are closed every Sunday
college work in a year?
´÷´‚©’ Conversation ™ AM, PM ¢√úøç. There are 12 months in a year
(on every Sunday é¬ü¿’)
College
(ã Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™, áEo ´÷´‚©’ conversation ™ in the morn- (Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™ 12 ØÁ©-©’ç-ö«®·) He comes here next Monday
ing, in the evening etc., Åçö«ç. Purely offi- (on next Monday é¬ü¿’)
®ÓV©’ °æE-îË-Ææ’hçC?)
cial spoken/ written form ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ AM, ´u´Cµ(Period of time) Ææ÷*ç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ 'in'
He was here last Saturday
Paul: For about 180 days, without counting
exam days PM¢√úøû√ç. ¢√úøû√ç. (on last Saturday é¬ü¿’)
At 4 PM, at 9.30, at half past ten (10.30), etc. The police were able to catch the killer in a
(exams ®ÓV©’ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Å®·ûË ü∆ü∆°æ¤ I'll begin it this Monday
2. on: On days day
(On this Monday
180 ®ÓV©’) á°æ¤púø÷, (¢√®√© Ê°®Ω’x, °∂晫† é¬ü¿’)
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E Prepositions í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ®ÓV) ´·çü¿’, dates (ûËD©) ´·çü¿÷ (ØË®Ω-Ææ’h-úÕE §ÚM-Ææ’©’ äéπ\-®Ó-V™ °æô’d-éÓ-í∫-L-í¬®Ω’.) He didn't see her that day (on that day é¬ü¿’)
from, to, between, about, around, by, at ¢√úøû√ç. The teacher finished the whole chapter in in
Å™«Íí èπÿú≈ ®√ü¿’.
after, in, on, for. Suseela: When are you leaving for just a week The tournaments will begin next June
Prepositions Hyderabad? (Teacher ¢Á·ûªhç chapter †’ ¢√®Ωç™
O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’ °j (in next June é¬ü¿’ )
ÅFo èπÿú≈ Time (Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ) Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Suguna: On Sunday, that is, on the 4th.
°æ‹Jhî˨»®Ω’) She met him last December
Prepositions Time
ÅE. °j´Fo èπÿú≈ – Æ洒ߪ’ç, Suseela: When is the interview?
Suguna: On Monday. I will be back here
´u´-CµØË ´’®Ó Nüµ¿çí¬, Åçõ‰ éÌçûª-é¬©ç ™°æ© (in last December é¬ü¿’)
®ÓV, ØÁ©, Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç, ´u´Cµ – ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô© ïJÍí Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†í¬ Ê°®Ì\ØË Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x– They go to Kashmir every May
´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆! on the 6th, that is, on Tuesday
3. in: Months years Manoj: Why are you so happy, Mohan? (in every May
at (9.00 in the morning), about (8.30), (ØÁ©©’), (Ææç´-ûªq-®√©’), é¬ü¿’)
around (half an hour), after (summer vaca- ´u´Cµ(duration) IN
´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC. (àçöÀ, Åçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o´¤ Ñ éÀçC Vocabulary îª÷úøçúÕ.
tion), in (June), on (the 3rd Monday), in (a Pranav: I will be in Kashmir in June. ¢Á÷£æ«Ø˛?) É´Fo í∫’ù«-©†’ ûÁL-Ê°N. (Pronunciation)
year), for (howmany days) - brackets
Ééπ\úø (June Kashmir
™ ™ Öçö«) Mohan: Why not? I got the first mark in last 1) Charming = î√N’çí˚ = Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i†
™ Ö†oN time expressions éπü∆! Åçü¿’-éπE Oô- Paul: For how long? week's exam. The first time I ÉC Çé¬-®Ωç™ 鬴a; v°æ´-®Ωh†™ 鬴a;
Eoç-öÀE prepositions of place and position - (áçûª-鬩ç, áEo-®Ó-V©’?) scored so high in a year. ´’E-≠œéÀ, ´Ææ’h-´¤èπ◊ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
a) She is very Charming in that dress.

v°æ¨¡o: what does he think of himself? ÅE Éî√a®Ω’. what does he think iv) Join a college/ a group/ a course - join
Éô’-´çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ûª®√yûª (Ç¢Á’ Ç dress ™ î√© Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ÖçC)
b) He was Charming towards us
about himself ņ-èπÿ-úøü∆? preposition í∫’Jç* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’ àpreposition ®√ü¿’.
v) attend = attend college/ class/ marriage etc.
£æ…ï-®Ω-´úøç – (Åûªúø’ ´÷ûÓ î√™« Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’)
ï¢√•’:
– N.°æ-´-Ø˛- π◊-´÷®˝ ®√V, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ 2) Chase
attend to = àüÁjØ√ ¶«üµ¿u-ûªí¬ îËߪ’úøç. (îÁß˝’ñ¸) = ¢Áçô-•úÕ ûª®Ω-´’úøç.
My Father is attending to the repairs of our house. a) The tiger chased the deer.
i) î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x of, about äéπ-ü∆E •ü¿’©’ äéπöÀ (°æ¤L >çéπ ¢Áçô-•-úÕçC)
(Çߪ’† Ç °æE îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’)
¢√úø-´îª’a. Think of, think about È®çúø÷ correct. attend on = ®Óí∫’-©èπ◊, ÅA-ü∑¿’-©èπ◊ Ææ°æ-®Ωu©’ îËߪ’úøç b) The police were chasing the thief.
ii) Prepositions í∫’Jç* N´-JÆæ’h-Ø√oç. a) Please attend on the guests (-§Ú-MÆæ’-©’ üÌçí∫-¢Áç-•úÕ °æú≈f®Ω’)
iii) agree with = ´uéÀhûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îªúøç. (Gusets †’ îª÷Ææ’-éÓçúÕ) 3) Drag (vú≈í˚ – Ééπ\úø 'vú≈—,
agree to = üËE-ÈéjØ√ ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´úøç b) When I was ill my sister attend on me. Bank™ ba ™«í¬ °æ©-é¬L)= ™«í∫úøç
He agreed to stay for another day sister i) He dragged the boy into the room
v°æ¨¡o:
(Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬-™‰-†-°æ¤púø’ ´÷ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çC)
ÉçéÓ ®ÓVç-úø-ú≈-EéÀ ä°æ¤p-éÌ-Ø√oúø’. Letter writing
™ *´®Ω "Thanking you" Åçö«®Ω’. ÅC È®jõ‰Ø√, ™‰éπ (í∫C-™éÀ ™«í¬úø’)
She agreed to the proposal Thank you ÅØ√™«– N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ii) She dragged him into the quarrel

ï¢√•’: ÆæÈ®j† correspondence ™, letter *´®Ω thanking you/ Thank you
Ç v°æA-§ƒ-ü¿†é¬¢Á’ ä°æ¤p-éÌçC. – N.éπ%-≠æg-´‚Jh, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø Ç¢Á’ Åûª-úÕE §Òö«xô™éÀ ™«TçC.
I agree with you that he is the best player iii) The movie dragged on
ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç. é¬E î√™«´’çC É™« ®√Ææ’hç-úø-úøçûÓ ÅC ¢√úø’-éπí¬
Åûªúø’ best player ÅE ÅçU-éπ-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’/ FûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-N-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. ´÷J§Ú®·çC. British correspondence™ Thanking you Å®Ω’ü¿’.
Ç ÆœE´÷ ≤ƒí∫-D-¨»®Ω’
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 8 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
Ravi: Hi Rahul, going somewhere? a) We have classes in the morning everyday
( £æ…-ß˝’ ®√£æ›-™ ¸, -áéπ\-úÕÈéj-Ø√ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ- except on the morning of Sunday.
ûª’-Ø√o-¢√?) b) The accident took place in the evening, it
Rahul: I am on my way to class. was on the evening of last Saturday, the
(Class èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o†’) 29th.
Ravi: So early? Kumar: How do I go to Learnwell College
( Éçûª §Òü¿’l-ØËoØ√?) from here?
Rahul: Yes. Our Classes are in the morning Learnwell College
(Ééπ\-úÕ-†’ç* éÀ
from 7. ᙫ ¢Á∞«}L?
(´÷Classes Öü¿ßª’ç àúÕç-öÀéÀ) Kamala: You have been here for the past 15
Ravi: But I saw you at the temple on the days. Strange that you don't know c) During this period he has changed a lot Kushal: When did the meeting begin?
morning of the 15th. the way yet. (Ñ Ø√©’Íí-∞¡x-™ Åûªúø’ î√™« ´÷J-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’) (Meeting á°æ¤púø’ begin Å®·çC?)
(15 ´ û√Kê’ §Òü¿’l† E†’o í∫’úÕ™ 15
(†’´¤y ®ÓV-©’í¬ Ééπ\úø’-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆? Officer: When did you take your degree? Koushik: (At) about 6.30 in the evening

®Ó-V-© -´·ç-ü¿’ in.. on

îª÷¨»†’ ´’J) ü∆J ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´úøç N*-vûª¢Ë’) (O’®Ω’ úÕvU á°æ¤púø’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’?) (≤ƒßª’çvûªç 6.30, Ç v§ƒçûªç™)
Kushal: When did it end?
(á°æ¤púø’ ´·T-ÆœçC?)
Koushik: Around 8. (8, Ç v§ƒçûªç™)
About, Around, ÅØË Ñ prepositions of
time, ü∆ü∆°æ¤, ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ time †’ ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô-©-
´·çü¿’ ¢√úøû√ç.
a) ؈’ Åéπ\úø ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Å®Ω-í∫çô ÖØ√o†’
Rahul: Yes. The 15th was a Saturday. We I was there for about half an hour.
Candidate: In April 2000 (April 2000 ™)
did not have classes on the morning b) Ç¢Á’ 2002 ´®Ωèπ◊ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ È®çúË∞¡Ÿx teacher í¬
Officer: What have you been doing
of Saturday. °æE-îË-ÆœçC.
since then?
(15
classes
´ ûËD ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç. -Ç®Ó-V §Òü¿’l† ´÷èπ◊ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 44 (Å°æpöÀ †’ç*– Since then - She worked as a teacher for about/
™‰´¤)
O’Í®ç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?) around two years till 2002.
Ravi: You were planning to go home,
Candidate: I was a teacher for two years c) We reached home (at) about 1.30
when are you leaving? Kumar: No, not 15
upto 2002. ¢Ë’´· ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 1.30 éÀ ÉçöÀéÀ îË®√ç.
(ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«}-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆, á°æ¤púø’ days. I have
¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) been here only
Since then I have been a õ„jç expression- 6 O' Clock, 5.30, 2.00
Software Programmer. (AM/ PM)- OöÀ-´·çü¿’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Ç time èπ◊ ÅE
Rahul: Yes, on the evening of the 25th since last
(Å´¤†’, 25 ≤ƒßª’çvûªç) Sunday. Only (2002 ´®Ωèπ◊ È®çúË-∞¡x-§ƒô’ teacher îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ at about Åçö«®Ω’. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ at ´C-™‰Æœ
Ravi: How do you spend your evenings? 5 days. í¬ ÖØ√o†’. Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç* Software Íé´©ç about èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç.
(F´¤ ≤ƒßª’ç-vû√©’ àç îËÆæ’hçö«´¤?) (ÅüËçé¬ü¿’. ؈’ Programmer í¬ ÖØ√o†’ (É°æp-öÀ ã period of time ´·çü¿’ 'over' ´ÊÆh °jí¬
Rahul: Usually I go for a long walk in the Ééπ\úø §Ú®·† M. SURESAN -´-®Ωèπ◊/ Éçé¬) ÅE Å®Ωnç.
evening ÇC-¢√®Ωç †’çîË Officer: During your period as Software Bhaskar: How long were you there yester-
(≤ƒßª’çvûªç ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ ¢√éÀç-í˚èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ- éπü∆ Ö†oC. Åçõ‰ 5 ®ÓV™‰) Programmer what computer day?
ûª’ç-ö«†’) Kamala: And what have you been doing skills have you used? (E†o †’´¤y Åéπ\úø áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√o´¤?)
Ééπ\úÕ Prepositions í∫´’-EçîªçúÕ. in (the during the 5 days? (Software Programmer í¬ Ö†o 鬩ç™, à Bhavan: For over an hour (= for more than
morning), on (the morning of saturday), in (´’J Ñ âü¿’-®Ó-V™x †’´¤y îËÆœçüËN’öÀ?) computer skills O’®Ω’ ¢√ú≈®Ω’?) an hour = í∫çô-èπ◊-°jí¬).
(the evening), on the (the evening of the Kumar: During these five days I have been É™« for, since, during ÅØË prepositions of Bhaskar: When did he come?
25th) etc. busy buying books, clothes etc. time †’ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ´·êuçí¬ since ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’
prepositions of time: for,
(Åûªúø’ á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√aúø’?)
éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ ´’†ç îª÷ÆœçC Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ á°æ¤púø÷ èπÿú≈ verb, have been/ has Bhavan: It was over five when he came.
Prepositions of time. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊- since, during. been; have + past participle/ has + Past par-
for the past 15 days - 15 (Åûªúø’ ´îËa-Ææ-JéÀ 5 ü∆öÀçC.)
†oC.. 1) at, time
éπ*aûªçí¬ °∂晫Ø√ ÅE ûÁLÊ° ®ÓV-©’í¬ ticiple form
™ØË Öçö«®·. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ °∂晫Ø√
Since last Sunday - last sunday
†’ç* Corrections:
´÷ô© ´·çü¿’; 2) on, days and dates ´·çü¿’, õ„jç †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ω-èπ◊-í¬F, Éçé¬ ÅEí¬F Å®Ωnç
During these 5 days -
Ñ âü¿’ ®ÓV™x Spoken English 43 :
3) in, months and years ´·çü¿’ ÅE. 4) in, 鬕öÀd. (6.9.2005 Ææç-*éπ)™
'for'
äéπ period of time
´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC. for an
Column line
´u´Cµ (a period of time) †’ ûÁLÊ° hour, for a day, for 10 days .
a) Delhi has been the capital of India since
¢Á·ü¿öÀ *´®Ω, *´J ™ ''Oô-Eoç-
(°æC ®ÓV-©’í¬) prepositions of place and position-
öÀF
´÷ô©´·çü¿’ ¢√úøû√ç. the time of the Pandavas
ÅüË since
Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* ÅE. Åçõ‰ v°æüË-¨»-©†’ ´’E≠œ/ ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ Ö†o îÓôx†’
'In' °æ‹ô© (Parts of the day) ´·çü¿’ èπÿú≈
since 1999 (1999 †’ç*) (§ƒçúø-´¤© é¬©ç †’ç* ¶µ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ úµÕMx ®√ï-üµ∆-Eí¬ ûÁL-Ê°N Åçö«ç—— ÅE ´*açC. Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’
¢√úøû√ç. since he last saw me ÖçC– Åçõ‰ Éçé¬ ÅE èπÿú≈.) ''Oô-Eoç-öÀE Prepositions of time—— ÅE
In the morning, in the evening, in the b) India was under the British rule during the îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-¢√L.
(¢√úø’ ††’o îª÷Æœ-†-°æpöÀ†’ç*).
after noon, in the night or at night. a) India has been independent for the past 18th, 19th and part of the 20th Centuries
Last Column 5´ ™„jØ˛™ – Kumar: (Over to
Krishna: When do you get up? 58 years. (18, 19 ¨¡û√-¶«l©’, 20´ ¨¡û√•lç™ éÌçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Phone) •ü¿’©’ (Over Phone) ÅE Öçú≈L.

Ñ éÀçC Vocabulary îª÷úøçúÕ Å†o Line éÀçü¿
(F´¤ á°æ¤púø’ Evü¿ ™‰≤ƒh´¤?) b) India has been independent since 1947 ¶µ«®Ωû˝ British §ƒ©-†™ ÖçC.
Kesav: At 5 in the morning a) b) ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË– Ééπ-§ÚûË about, around, prepositions of ''É´Fo í∫’ù«-©†’ ûÁL-Ê°N—— ÅØË •ü¿’©’ ''OöÀ™
a) No. 1) í∫’ù«Eo, No. 2) and 3) °æ†’-©†’ ûÁL-
(Öü¿ßª’ç âCç-öÀéÀ) ¶µ«®Ωû˝ áØËo-∞¡Ÿxí¬ Ææyûªçvûª-üË-¨¡çí¬ Ö†oüÓ time í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™  ÖØ√o®·.
Krishna: When do you usually have lunch? îÁ•’-ûÓçC. Ê°N—— ÅE îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-¢√L.
(Lunch á°æ¤púø’ îË≤ƒh´¤?)
Kesav: In the afternoon between 1.00 and
b) ¶µ«®Ωû˝ á°æp-öÀ-†’ç* Ææyûªç-vûªçí¬ Ö†oüÓ
v°æ¨¡o: Ø√èπ◊ Active Voice, Passive éÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç* äéπ doubt ÖçC. I shall do my
îÁ•’-ûÓçC éπü∆. home work passive
èπ◊ ®Ω÷°æç Öçô’çC. é¬E I shall go to market.. ™«çöÀ
1.30 Period of time èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ 'for', Passive voice
¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Öçúøü¿’. 鬮Ωùç àN’öÀ? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.
(´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 1, 1.30èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u) point of time (°∂晫Ø√ í∫çô †’ç*/ ®ÓV †’ç*/ – N.íı-ûªN’, û√öÀ-°æLx, éπKç-†-í∫®˝ >™«x
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. °æ‹ô© (Parts of the day)
´·çü¿’ in ¢√úø-úø¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, morning, evening
Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç †’ç*) ņo-°æ¤púø’ ‘since’ ¢√ú≈L.
Since the vedic times (¢Ëü∆© é¬©ç †’ç*)
ï¢√•’: I shall go to market- É™«çöÀ verbs (go - Ééπ\úø shall go) èπ◊ passive
Öçúøü¿’. verb èπ◊ á´-JE, üËEE ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ´îËa
etc., ´·çü¿’ 'the' ûª°æpéπ ´Ææ’hçC. (In the morn- for the past last five thousand years Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ passive Öçô’çC.
ing, in the evening etc.) (5000 à∞¡Ÿxí¬) Shall go- Ééπ\úø go Åçõ‰ ¢Á∞¡}úøç– á´-JE ¢Á∞¡}úøç, üËEE ¢Á∞¡}úøç ÅE v°æ¨¡o
Ñ lesson conversation
™ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. I met him last in 2000 Jan ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ®√ü¿’. 鬕öÀd passive Öçúøü¿’.
a) In the morning; On the morning of (؈’ Åûª-úÕE 2000
*´-®Ωí¬ -ï-†-´-J-™  'do' Åçõ‰ üËEE îËߪ’úøç Åçõ‰ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ÖçC – 鬕öÀd ü∆EéÀ passive
Saturday
v°æ¨¡o: ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ õ„j¢˛’ îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ O' clock ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ Åçö«®Ω’. ´öÀd Clock ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ņ-´-a-éπü∆!
éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.) Öçô’çC.
b) In the evening; on the evening of the 25th. a) I have not met him for the past/ the last
Åçõ‰, morning, evening
ÅØË parts of the four years and ten months – Ƒ£«î˝.´’™‰x¨¡ç, ÆœCl-Ê°ô
day in
´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË °∂晫Ø√ ®ÓV -Ø√-©’Íí∞¡x °æCØÁ©-©’í¬ Øˆ’ Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. ï¢√•’: O' Clock Åçõ‰ of the clock. Of the clock E èπ◊Cç* îÁ°æpúøç, ®√ߪ’-úø¢Ë’ O' clock. Ééπ\úÕ
morning,
°∂晫Ø√ ûËD evening
ņo°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀ- b) I have not met him since January 2000 apostrophe (') ´C-™‰ÊÆ ¨¡¶«lEo Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC. ´öÀd clock Åçõ‰ Ç Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. °æ‹®Ωh-®·† í∫çô-©èπ◊
on
´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC. January 2000 †’ç* ؈-ûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. ´·çü¿’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ O' clock ¢√úøû√ç. 7.25 O' clock ņç.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Subhash: Hi pranav, How are you getting
along?
Pranav: O fine. How is it with you?
Subhash: Fine too, thanks. Where in the
work have you been? Ages since
we met.
(Éçûª-鬩ç áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤. ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-
éÌE ߪ·í¬-©-®·-†-ô’xçC).
-É´Fo èπÿú≈ èπ◊¨¡© v°æ¨¡o©’.
Pranav: I was in Bangalore for a month
from Aug. 1st to/ till Aug 31st, and
then in Chennai from Sept. 1st to/
till Sept 6 th, and since then here.
(Bangalore ™ äéπ-ØÁ©, Chennai ™
Sept. 6 th ´®Ωèπ◊. Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç* Ééπ\úø)
Subhash: Happy you are back, and in a
good shape too. You remember
my cousin Harsha? He is here
now. He has been here since the
-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 11 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
Pratibha: When is he here everyday?
Prabha: He is here from morning 9 till
evening 5.
Pratibha: Is he here upto 5?
(5 ´®Ωèπ◊ Öçö«ú≈?)
Prabha: He is here until 5 everyday.
(v°æA-®ÓW 5 ´®Ωèπ◊ Öçö«-úÕ-éπ\úø)
'´®Ωèπ◊— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ to, upto, till, until ÅFo
äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË spoken English ™ to, till ¢√úøéπç
áèπ◊\´.
Sriram: Raghu, for how long has your sister
ANSWERS:
been here? ´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ prepositions of place,
Raghu: for the past five days, since the 4th of position and time ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. a) Our office is on the 2nd floor. It is just
this month. Now practice the following sentences/ above the fancy shop on the first floor.
from èπ◊, since èπÿ ûËú≈: 'from' ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ conversation aloud in English. b) Sunil: Where is the book?
°∂™æ «† Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* °∂™æ «† Æ洒ߪ’ç ´®Ωèπ◊, ÅØË a) ´÷ Office È®çúÓ Åçûª-Ææ’h™  ÖçC. ÅC ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Anil: In the shelf.
expressions ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË since Åçûª-Ææ’h-™E fancy shop °j† ÖçC. Sunil: I thought it was in the box. I

last Saturday. He will be here
upto the end of this month.
(†’´¤y Ç®Óí∫uçûÓ AJT ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊
ÆæçûÓ≠æç. -´÷ éπ->-Ø˛ £æ«®Ω{ í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√o-ú≈?
-Å-ûª-E°æ¤p-úø’ -Ééπ\-úË -Ö-Ø√o-úø’ -§Ú®·-† -¨¡-E-
¢√®Ωç -†’ç-*. -Ñ -ØÁ-™«-ê®Ω’ -´®Ωèπ◊
-Öç-ö«-úø’)
Pranav: What does he do here until then?
(Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ééπ\úøûªØËç îË≤ƒhúø’?)
Subhash: He is attending coaching classes
for ICET.
(Ééπ\úø Åûªúø’ ICET Coaching BÆæ’-
èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’)
Ñ Conversation ™E prepositions: of,
from, to, since, till, until, upto.
´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’– from Åçõ‰ '†’ç*—– °∂晫†
Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* ÅF, to Åçõ‰ °∂晫† Æ洒ߪ’ç
´®Ωèπÿ ÅE.
'from-to' ïûªí¬ ´Ææ’hç-ö«-®·-éπü∆– Ñ ïûªèπ◊
Å®Ωnç: °∂晫† Æ洒ߪ’ç/ ®ÓV/ ¢√®Ωç/ ØÁ©/ Ææç´-
ûªq®Ωç †’ç* (from) °∂晫† Æ洒ߪ’ç/ ®ÓV/ ¢√®Ωç/
ØÁ©/ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ´®Ωèπ◊ (to) ÅE.
Sukanya: What are your college hours?
(O’ College ¢Ë∞¡-™‰-N’-öÀ?)
Ramakanth: Our College works from 9 am
to 4 pm.
(´÷ College 9 †’ç*
°æE-îË-Ææ’hçC)
Sukanya: Do you have classes upto?
(-O’èπ◊ Ø√©’í∫’´®Ωèπ◊
Öçö«ßª÷?)
Ramakanth: Except on Saturdays when the
College works until 2 pm.
(äéπ\ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωçûª°æp – Ç®ÓV 2´®ΩÍé)
îª÷¨»-®Ω’-éπü∆: from Åçõ‰ °∂晫† time/ day/
week/ years etc., -†’ç-* -Å-E. To Åçõ‰ °∂晫†
time/ day/ week/ years etc., -´®Ωèπ◊ ÅE.
Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ to èπ◊ •ü¿’©’, till èπÿú≈
¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç, ´®Ωèπ◊ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.
till.. until..
searched inside the box.
b) Sunil: Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\- (search for = ¢Áü¿-éπôç)
úø’çC? I looked for it inside the box.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 45 Anil: Ç shelf ™
Sunil: ؈’ Ç Â°õ„d™ 
Anil: It is on the notebook in the shelf.
Sunil: I have searched for it since yester-
Öçü¿-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. day.
Å™«-é¬ü¿’. í∫ûçª ™ °∂™æ «† Æ洒ߪ’ç/ û√Kê’/ ¢√®Ωç/ ™°æ-©çû√ c) Prabhat: Where did the match take
ØÁ©/ Ææç´-ûqª ®Ωç †’ç* É°æpö- ´-À ®- Ωèπ◊, Éçé¬ ÅØË Å®Ωçn - ¢Á-Aé¬. M. SURESAN place?
ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç. í∫ûçª ™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* í∫ûçª ™- ØË Anil: Ç shelf ™ F (take place = ï®Ω-í∫-úøç)
ÉçéÓ Æ洒ߪ’ç ´®Ωèπ◊ Å®·Ø√, í∫ûçª ™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç note book O’ü¿ ÖçC. Prakash: On our college playgrounds.
†’ç* present (v°Ææ æ’hû- çª )™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç ´®Ωé- π®- ·Ø√, Sunil: ؈’ E†o-öÀ-†’ç* ü∆E-éÓÆæç ¢Á-Aé¬. Prabhat: When?
í∫ûçª ™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* future ™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç c) Prabhat: Ç match áéπ\úø ïJ-TçC? Prakash: It began at 7 in the morning
´®ΩÈ- éØj √, future ™ ã Æ洒ߪ’ç †’ç* ÉçéÓ Æ洒ߪ’ç Prakash: ´÷ college play grounds ™ yesterday and was over by 9
´®ΩÈ- éØj √ from ´÷vû¢ª ’Ë ¢√úøû√ç to ûÓ. Prabhat: á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçC? Prabhat: Was there a match on Sunday
a) Çߪ’† 2003†’ç* 2004´®Ωèπ◊ Ééπ\úø teacher í¬ Prakash: E†o §Òü¿’l† àúÕç-öÀéÀ ¢Á·ü¿™„j ûÌN’t-
morning too?
ÖØ√o®Ω’. Cç-öÀéÀ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. Prakash: All matches were in the morn-
He was teacher here from 2003 to 2004
Prabhat: Sunday morning èπÿú≈ Match ing. But the match on Sunday
(È®çúø÷ past)
ÖçúÕçü∆? morning was very interesting.
b) Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçú≈-Lq† period 2004 †’ç* 2006
Prakash: Matches ÅFo mornings ïJ-í¬®·. d) Suseela: I have been here since 2003
´®Ωèπ◊. Sunday morning ïJ-T† match
Her period/ tenure here is from 2004 to but I have been up the
4 ´®Ωèπÿ 2006.
î√© interesting í¬ ÖçC. Charminar only once. While
d) Suseela: ØËE-éπ\úø 2003 †’ç* ÖØ√o. äéπ\-
coming down I almost fell.
(from the past to the future)
≤ƒJ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Charminar °jéÀ
c) Cricket matches 2005 December †’ç* (almost = ü∆ü∆°æ¤)
Classes ¢Á∞«x†’. éÀçü¿èπ◊ CT ´îËa-ô°æ¤púø’
2006 January ´®Ωèπ◊. Sucharita: Was there none before you
The Cricket matches are from Dec 2005 to
ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °æúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. and behind you to stop you?
Sucharita: F ¢Á†’é¬, F ´·çü¿÷ á´®Ω÷ ™‰®√
January 2006. (Both future) Suseela: Supriya was far above me,
Since: Past™ ã time †’ç* (from some time EØ√o-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ? and sulekha far below me. I
in the past) É°æpö Suseela: Ææ ’v°œßª ’ áéπ\úÓ Â°j† ÖçC.
- ´-À ®- Ωèπ◊ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√ú≈- controlled myself somehow.
LqçC Since ´÷vû¢ª ’Ë . from ¢√-úçø . Sulekha Ø√éπçõ‰ î√© éÀçü¿ ÖçC.
(far = (Ééπ\úø) î√©)
My sister has been here since 2004 February. ØËØË á™«íÓ control îËÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o. Sucharita: When did this happen?
(2004 February †’ç* ´÷ sister Ééπ\úË ÖçC) Sucharita: ÉüÁ-°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçC?
Suseela: On a January evening, on a
´÷´‚-©’í¬ She has been here from 2004 Suseela: ã January ≤ƒßª ’çvûªç. ã
Sunday.
ņç. ÇC-¢√®Ωç.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. O’®Ω’ A, An í∫’Jç* É*a† N´-®Ωù °æ‹Jhí¬ ™‰ü¿’. -ï-¢√-•’: 1. A, An í∫’Jç* -N-´-Jç-*-† Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç-™ áéπ\ú≈ an' é¬éπ-§ÚûË,The rose (all flowers of the rose species)
áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ éÌ-Eo Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x capital letters ´*a-†-°æp- Capital letters ´·çü¿’ a/ an ¢√úø-èπÿ-úø-ü¿Eí¬-F, is beautiful ÅØÁjØ√ ÅØ√L.'Rose' is beautiful éπÈ®é˙d é¬ü¿’
öÀéà a ¢√úø-û√ç. Öü∆: A Union, A European, A ¢√úøç ÅEí¬F ™‰ü¿’éπü∆. Rose Å-ØË-C -Å´÷t®· Ê°È®jûË ûª°æp. (îª÷úøçúÕ. Oxford/
One-way traffic etc., 2. countable, singular áéπ\úø ÖØ√o ü∆E´·çü¿’ a/ ané¬F, longman's/ Collins Dictionary/ any standard gram-
2. ‘Mother loves her child’ wrong ÅØ√o®Ω’. é¬E Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd 'The' é¬F ¢√úø-´-©-ÆœçüË. Mother loves her mar book.
widest sense article
™ ®√ü¿’. Öü∆: Rose is Child ûªÊ°péπü∆. 'mother' countable singular éπ†’éπ. 3. Waters ÅØË plural form èπ◊ Å®Ωnç äéπ †C-/ Ææ´·-vü¿ç-™E
beautiful All Roses
ņo-°æ¤púø’ ÅE Å®Ωnç. A rose A/ anèπ◊ 'äéπ— ÅØË Å®Ωn¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, 'any' ÅE, 'all' ÅF èπÿú≈ F∞¡Ÿx ÅE. (Eg: The waters of the Krishna (river).
Åçõ‰ äÍé rose Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆! -Å°æ¤p-úø’ ÅEo Roses Å®√n©’Ø√o®· éπü∆. Generalise îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ A mother Water
´÷´‚©’ F∞¡} í∫’-Jç-* ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ÅØË Åçö«ç.
Åçü¿-¢Á’i-†N ÅE Å®Ωnç-®√ü¿’. DE í∫’Jç* °æ‹Jh N´-®Ωù loves her child Åçö«ç. ü∆E Å®Ωnç every mother ÅE, - Water dissolves salt. Waters
É™«ç-ô°æ¤p-úø’ ņç éπü∆.
-É-´yí∫-©®Ω’. ™‰-ü∆ 'any mother' ÅE. ÅçûË-é¬F äéπ mother ÅE é¬ü¿’. ÅC Å°æ¤púø’ uncountable.
3. Water uncountable éπ†’éπ plural - ‘s’ ®√ü¿’ 'A dog is a faithful animal' ņo-°æ¤púø’ A dog = all ani- 4. I get up at 6 AM every day
ņo-°æ¤púø’ ņ-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. éπÈ®é˙d.
ÅØ√o®Ω’. é¬E ´Ææ’hçC. Deep waters, Troubled mals of the species (Ç ñ«AéÀ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC). O’®Ω-†oô’x, é¬F ņ-úøç ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’.
waters ÅE Åçö«ç éπü∆! N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. Countable singular, Widest sence ™ A/ an ®√EC äéπ\ 'How often do you go there?' ņo v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ v°æA-®ÓW
4. I get up at 6 a.m. ņo-°æ¤púø’ Everyday ÅE ®√ߪ’- 'Man' N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ ØË. eg: Man is mortal: Man proposes, ¢Á∞«h†’ ÅE Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç.
éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ÅC habitual éπ†’éπ everyday ÅE ®√ߪ’- God disposes. N’í∫û√îÓôx éπ*aûªçí¬ àüÓ äéπ article I go there every day. Ééπ\úø everyday ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’.
èπÿ-úøü¿’. N´--Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. ®√¢√-LqçüË éπü∆. 'Rose' is beautiful ņ-úøç ûªÊ°p. A rose I go to bed at 10 every night. Ééπ\úø every night
– -N.-N.-Ç®˝.Èé.®√-´¤, -N-¨»-ê°æ-ôoç (any rose/ every rose) is beautiful ņ-úøç correct. 'A/ ņ-´-Ææ-®Ω¢Ë’é¬E, ûª°æ¤pé¬ü¿’.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Janaki: Jamuna, Who are you looking at?
(ï´·Ø√, á´-JE/ á´-J-¢Áj°æ¤ îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?)
Jamuna: The man walking across the road
and turning towards the bank
building. He is going into the bank
now.
(Road ü∆ô’ûª÷ bank building ¢Áj°æ¤
†úø’-Ææ’h†o Åûª-úÕE. Åûª-E-°æ¤púø’ bank
™éÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’)
Janaki: He is turning to the left in the bank
now. Is that the man? Why are you
interested in him?
(É°æ¤p-úø-ûªúø’ ¶«uçèπ◊™ áúø-´’-¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-
Ø√oúø’. Åûª-úËØ√? ÅûªúÕ í∫’Jç* áçü¿’-éπçûª
ÇÆæéÀh?)
Jamuna: Don't you remember? The other
day he jumped into the river to
save my drowning cousin, that five
year old Ramesh
-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√-®Ωç 13 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
†C-™éÀ ü¿÷éπúøç =Jumping into the river
Walk into my place at midnight and I shall be
happy to invite you with a cup of coffee or tea
†’´¤y Å®Ωl¥-®√-vûª-®·Ø√ ´÷ ÉçöÀ-éÀ®√. ã éπ°æ¤p 鬰∂‘-ûÓ-
í¬F öÃûÓ-í¬F Fèπ◊ ≤ƒyí∫ûªç °æ©’-èπ◊û√!
á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ´’†ç £æ«%ü¿-ߪ’-°æ‹-®Ωy-éπçí¬ ''F´¤ ´÷
ÉçöÀÈé-°æ¤-úø-®·Ø√ EÆæqç-éÓ-îªçí¬ ®√´îª’a—— ņú≈-EéÀ
É™« Åçö«ç.
Into - àüÁjØ√ ®Ωçí∫ç™ °æE-îË-ߪ’-ú≈Eo èπÿú≈ Ææ÷*-
Ææ’hçC. ÉC Ñ´’üµ¿u ¶«í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ ´≤ÚhçC.
He is into business
ÅûªØËüÓ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’ b) As the train went through the tunnel, it
Ç¢Á’ software (computers)™ °æE-îË-≤ÚhçC Ééπ\úø past, off ÅØË prepositions ¢√ú≈ç-éπü∆. became suddenly dark
She is into software. past Åçõ‰ äéπ ´uéÀh-E-í¬E, äéπ v°æüË-¨»Eoí¬E ü∆öÀ
Train ≤Ò®Ωçí∫ç í∫’çú≈/™ç* ¢Á∞Ïx-°æ¤púø’, Åçû√
éÀçü¿öÀ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Åûªúø’ §ƒ© ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç- ¢Á∞¡}úøç, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ °æéπ\†’ç*/ Åô’-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* äéπ\-≤ƒ-Jí¬ <éπ-õ„j-§Ú-®·çC.
¢Á∞¡}úøç.
î√úø’. É°æ¤púËç îËÆæ’hØ√oúÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ c) Chandan: Did you get your favourite
He was into dairy last year. No idea what he Åûªúø’ post office ü∆öÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’ hero's autograph yesterday?
is now. He is now past the post office.
(--E-†o O’ ÅGµ-´÷† †ô’úÕ auto-
4. Out of: ÉC into èπ◊ opposite. Åûªúø’ É°æ¤púË Ø√ °æéπ\-†’ç*/ ††’o ü∆öÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’ graph BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?)
He has just walked past me.
üËE™†’ç·Ø√ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ®√´úøç. Chandra: No, It was impossible to push
my way through the crowd to
get to him

take off your... (ï†ç™ç* ûÓÆæ’-èπ◊E Çߪ’† ü¿í∫_-

®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-úøç ≤ƒüµ¿uç 鬙‰ü¿’)
d) Please pass the thread through the eye
of the needle.
(Ç Ææ÷C-™éÀ ü∆®Ωç áéÀ\ç-îªçúÕ.
Eye of the needle= Ææ÷C- éπçûª)
e) Bhagavan: When am I getting the
(í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü∆? Ç®ÓV Ø√ cousin, âüË∞¡x ('Ø√ ´·çü¿’-†’ç*— ÅØË Å®Ωnç money?
èπ◊v®√úø’ ®Ω¢Ë’¨¸ ´·E-T-§Ú-ûª’çõ‰ †C-™éÀ èπÿú≈ ÖçC) (Ø√èπ◊ úø¶„s-°æ¤p-úø’ -´-Ææ’hçC?)
By the time he joined us,
ü¿÷éÀ ®ΩéÀ~ç-î√úø’) Brahman: Tomorrow. I will send it
Janaki: Yes, I remember. Really brave
(Ç í∫’®Ìh-*açC. Eïçí¬ üµÁj®Ωu-Ææ’húË)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 46 we were past our school
¢√úø’ ´÷ûÓ éπL-ÊÆ-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ
through Vishnu.
(Í®°æ¤ N≠æflg ü∆y®√ °æç°œ-≤ƒh†’)
Jamuna: I wish to go to him and thank him ´÷ school ü∆öÀ ¢ÁR}- Bhagwan: Why through Vishnu? You
(ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-ÈéR} thanks îÁ§ƒp-©-†’çC) Ramesh: Have you seen Manyam? §Úߪ÷ç. yourself give if to me.
Janaki: He is out of the bank now and walk- (´’ùuç à´’Ø√o éπE-°œç-î√ú≈ Fèπ◊?) 6. Off: Ñ preposition M. SURESAN (N≠æflg ü∆y®√/ -ûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊?†’¢Ëy
ing away very fast. Naresh: I saw him coming out of the home Å®Ωnç äéπ-îÓöÀ †’ç* É´¤y)
(Åûªúø’ bank •ßª’-ô-éÌ*a, î√™« ûªy®Ωí¬ and getting into an auto. Perhaps éπCL ¢ÁR}-§Ú-´úøç. Now practice the following in English:
¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’) he has gone to the doctor. (Åûªúø’ Sankar: (On the bus = bus™) Hi Sanjeev, Prabhakar: áéπ\-úÕoç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?
Janaki: He is already past the 'tiffin centre'. ÉçöÀ †’ç* •ßª’ôèπ◊ ´*a Auto ™ where are you going? Pramod: É°æ¤púË train Cí¬†’. Chennai †’ç*
We shall not be able to reach him. It ¢Á∞¡xúøç îª÷¨»†’. •£æ›¨¡ doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ Sanjeev: To Nampalli station, where are you ´Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.
is too late. And walking through this ¢Á∞«x-úË¢Á÷? going? Prabhakar: v°æߪ÷ùç ᙫ ÖçC?
crowd will delay us. Ramesh: Why doctor? Sankar: I am getting off the bus at Abids. I Pramod: ®√vûªçû√ ¢√†-™ ØË v°æߪ÷ùç. v°æߪ÷-
(É°æp-öÀÍé öÀ°∂œØ˛ centre ü∆öÀ ¢ÁRx-§Ú- (Doctor ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ áçü¿’èπ◊?) am going my aunt's, half a kilome- ùç™ Åçû√ Evü¿-§Ú-ߪ÷-†-†’éÓ. Evü¿ ™‰îË-
ߪ÷úø’. Åûª-úÕE ´’†ç îË®Ω’-éÓ-´úøç éπ≠dçæ . Naresh: Don't you know? He isn't (is not) yet tre off Tilak Road. Ææ-JéÀ train ûÁØ√L ü∆öÀçC.
É°æp-öÀÍé Ç©Ææuç Å®·çC. Ñ ï†ç-™ç* out of his fever. Add to that his boss (؈’ ÇG-ú˛q™ CT-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o. Åéπ\-úÕ- Answers:
†úø-´úøç Éçé¬ Ç©Ææuç Å´¤-ûª’çC) is troubling him a lot. †’ç* Tilak Road èπ◊ Å®ΩéÀ™-O’-ô®˝ Prabhakar: Where are you coming from?
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E prepositions: at, across, (O’èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆? Åûª-úÕçé¬ ïy®Ωç †’ç* ü¿÷®Ωç™ Ö†o ´÷ Aunt ÉçöÀéÀ Pramod: I have got off the train just now;
towards, into, to, outof, past, through •ßª’-ô-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’. ü∆EéÀûÓúø’ (Add to ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o.) from Chennai.
Ñ prepositions ÅEoç-öÀF prepositions of that) ¢√∞¡x boss Åûª-úÕE î√™« É•sçC (off Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø away from ÅE). Prabhakar: How was the journey?
direction Åçö«ç. Åçõ‰ OöÀE directions °úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’) Sanjeev: Your top shirt button has come off Pramod: The Journey the whole night was
(Cèπ◊\©’) îª÷°œç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Ramesh: Why doesn't he get out of the job? your shirt. through rain. I slept through the
1. across: (Ç job †’ç* •ßª’-ô-°æ-úø-èπÿ-úøü¿÷/ ´C- (F shirt button, shirt †’ç* ÜúÕ journey. The train was past Tenali
Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lessons ™ across the road L-°-ôd-èπÿ-úøü¿÷?) ´îËa-ÆœçC) When I got up.
™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x 'across' Åçõ‰ Å´-ûª©, Å´-ûª-L- ÉN 'out of' Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-´‚†’. Off uses Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ.
¢Áj°æ¤ ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Ééπ\úø across Åçõ‰ 5. Past - ü∆öÀ ¢Á∞¡}úøç. a) Take off your feet from on the table
(walking across ņo-°æ¤púø’) Åúøfçí¬ ÅE. Anwar: I saw you hurrying past our shop Table O’ü¿-†’ç* F §ƒü∆©’ (é¬∞¡Ÿx) BÊÆ®·.
®Óúø’f†’ ü∆ô’ûª÷ Öçõ‰, Åûª-úÕE ™«K úµŒéÌçC this morning. Where were you b) Police ÅûªúÕ driving license BÊÆ-Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oúø’
While he was walking across the road, a going? The police have taken off his driving
license.
-v°æ-¨¡o: Says
lorry knocked him down (-†’-´¤y §Òü¿’l† £æ«ú≈-N-úÕí¬ ´÷ ≥ƒ°ˇ
(while crossing the road ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a) ´·çü¿’ †’ç* /shop ü∆öÀ ¢Á∞¡}úøç c) õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ É°æ¤púø’ team ™ ™‰úø’ Rakhi, designer, "since I was
Sailing across the sea in a rudderless boat is îª÷¨»†’. áéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤?) Tendulkar is off the team. walking on footpath the offender could
Aswin: My uncle was coming by the 7 AM d) ÆœE-´÷™x Åûªúø’ villain §ƒvûª©’ ¢ËÆ œØ√, •ßª’ô not get too close to me. So he caught
foolish
(é¬\E ™‰E Ø√´™ Ææ´·-vü∆Eo ü∆ôúøç ÅN-¢Ëéπç) train- I was rushing to the station to î√™« ´’ç*-¢√úø’ hold of my duppatta and almost choked
receive him. Though he acts the roles of villain on the me. The incident left an ugly scar on my
(rudder = é¬\E)
(´÷ uncle 7 AM train ™ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. screen, he is a fine gentleman off the neck.
2. Towards/ to:
Çߪ’†’o receive îËÆæ’-éÓ-ú≈-EéÀ station èπ◊ screen eve teasers English daily
Ç police Ø√¢ÁjÊ° ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’, Ø√ÍéüÓ ¶µºßª’çí¬ Ñ ¢√®Ωh í∫’Jç* ™
£æ«ú≈-N-úÕí¬ ¢Á∞«}†’) e) •ßª’ô Ç-¢Á’ à´’çûª Åçü¿çí¬ Öçúøü¿’ ´*a-çC. Éçü¿’™ since ¢√úøéπç Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç
ÖçC
Anwar: Is he here now? Off the screen she is not so glamourous, I îÁ°æpçúÕ. Å™«Íí äéπ example sentence É´yçúÕ.
The policeman is coming towards to me. I'm
mean off her make up (Make up ™‰èπ◊çú≈)
-ï-¢√-•’:
(I am) afraid (Çߪ’† É°æ¤púÕéπ\úø’-Ø√o®√?) – -áÆˇ.®√-ñ‰-¨¸, -¶µº’-´-†-T-J, -†-™Ô_ç-úø ->-™«x
Ééπ\úø to = towards = äéπJ/ äéπ v°æü˨¡ç ¢Áj°æ¤ Aswin: No, he got off the train, and drove to Éô’-´çöÀ îÓôxçû√ off = away from (äéπ îÓô-
i) Ééπ\úø since Åçõ‰ because (Åçü¿’-´©x). since
Walk across the sands towards the shore, the college. He is delivering a lecture †’ç* ü¿÷®Ωçí¬) ÅE.
7. Through: ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç 'í∫’çú≈— I was walking on the foot path - ؈’ foot
you will find the blue water of the sea there.
a) Bhaskar: Where is the manager's path O’ü¿ †úø’-Ææ’h†oç-ü¿’-´©x ÅE. (Since it is
ÉÆæéπ ü∆öÀ B®Ωç-¢Áj°æ¤ ¢ÁRûË Fèπ◊ Ææ´·-vü¿ç™E FL-F∞¡Ÿx (Çߪ’† train CT Ééπ\úÕ college éÀ ¢ÁR}-
room, please? raining, I want an umbrella- ´®Ω{ç- ´-Ææ’h-†oç-ü¿’-
éπE-°œ-≤ƒh®·. §Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. -Åéπ\-ú≈-ߪ’† àüÓ lecture ÉÆæ’h-
The arrow points to the north Ø√oúø’) Receptionist: Please pass through ´©x Ø√èπ◊ íÌúø’í∫’ 鬢√L.)
the door on the left and ii) Road èπ◊ É®Ω’-¢Áj-°æ¤© ÖçúËN foot path, platform
Ç ¶«ùç í∫’®Ω’h Öûªh®Ωç Cèπ◊\èπ◊ îª÷°œ-≤ÚhçC. Anwar: You are still on your bike. Get off it
3. Into: Into - Åçõ‰ ™EéÀ. and have some tea with me. then turn left
é¬ü¿’. ÅC ÆæÈ®j† English é¬ü¿’. Road èπ◊ É®Ω’
Åûªúø’ Bank ™éÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’ (-†’-´¤y Éçé¬ bike O’ü¿ØË ÖØ√o´¤. CT (áúø-´’-¢Ë°æ¤ ü∆y®Ωç í∫’çú≈
-¢Áj-°æ¤™« ÖçúËN Pavements. American
English ™ sidewalk.
He is walking into the bank. Ø√ûÓ é¬Ææh tea û√í∫’) ¢ÁRx ´’Sx left A®Ω-í∫çúÕ) iii) Eve teasers ÅØË-´÷ô èπÿú≈ English ™ ™‰ü¿’.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Murali: Hi! Manoj, what brings you to this
office again?
(£æ…-ß˝’ -´’-ØÓ-ñ ¸, àçöÀ ´’Sx office
-´-î√a´¤?)
Manoj: I've (I have) come for my service cer-
tificate.
(Ø√ service certificate éÓÆæç ´î√a.)
Murali: How long did you work here?
(†’¢Áyçûªé¬©ç °æE-îË-¨»-N-éπ\úø?)
Manoj: I joined here at the age of 20 and
left at the age of 23. That means 3
years. To be exact it is a little over
three years.
(ØËE-éπ\úø 20´ àô îË®√†’. 23´ àô ¢Á-R}-
§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Åçõ‰ ´‚úË∞¡Ÿx. correct í¬
Å®·ûË ´‚úË∞¡xèπ◊ éÌClí¬ Â°jØË)
Murali: Murthy has also left us. isn't he (is he
not) the same age as you?
í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 15 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
Doesn't he (does he not) appear to be
above 40?
èπ◊ c) 35 à∞¡x éπçõ‰ °ü¿l-¢√∞¡Ÿx Government jobs èπ◊
Å®Ω’|-©’-鬮Ω’
Those above 35 years of age are not
qualified for govt. jobs
Éô’-´çöÀîÓôx above •ü¿’©’ over èπÿú≈
¢√úø-´îª’a.
Those above 35 = Those over 35
3. äéπ ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´ Å®·ûË = below
(Sorry, Ñ §Úöà âü¿’, ûÌN’t-üË∞¡x ´ßª’- b) Jagdeesh: FéÃ
i) È®çúË∞¡xéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ -´-ߪ ’Ææ ’-†o °œ©x-©èπ◊ §ÚöÙ §ƒ™Ô_ØË Å®Ω|ûª Öçü∆?
Ææ’qçúÕ, I Class †’ç* V Class îªC¢Ë (Å®Ω|ûª Öçúøôç = eligible,
´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ñ ´’çü¿’ É≤ƒhç
§ƒ™Ô_-†ôç = participate/ take part,
We give this medicine only to children ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’)
below the age two. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆! Prepositions of age: §Úöà = competition/ contest)
a) at the age of/ at a young age/ at an old Suma: 20, 30 à∞¡x ´’üµ¿u ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÅC.
ii) Åûª-úÕ ´ßª’Ææ’q 20 à∞¡x-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\¢Ë
Jagadeesh: Å®·ûË Fèπ◊ Å®Ω|ûª ÖçC éπü∆?
He is below 20 age/ at the proper age

He left school at..

(´‚Jh èπÿú≈ Ñ office ´CL
¢ÁRx§Úߪ÷úø’. Åûª†’ èπÿú≈ F ´ßª’ÊÆ
éπü∆?)
Manoj: No, I am 23 now, and he is above 24.
He is atleast a year older than I.
What about you?
(é¬ü¿’. Ø√èπ◊ É®Ω-¢Áj-´‚úË∞¡Ÿx. Åûª-úÕéÀ É®Ω-¢Áj Suma:
iii) Åûª-úÕ-´-ߪ’Ææ’q business -v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ 30 à∞¡Ÿx ü∆öÀç-ü¿E îÁ°œpç-î√-©E
-Ø√-©’-Íí∞¡x éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ë. F Ææçí∫ûË-N’-öÀ?) ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®√?
Murali: I am under twenty one. I am slight-
20 à∞¡x-™Ê°
Jagadeesh: Sorry, F´¤ 30 à∞¡x-™ Ê° ņ’-
ly, that is, just a few months over 20.
He was below twenty (years of age)
when he started his business.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 47 èπ◊Ø√o.
(É®Ω-¢Áj-ä-Íé\-∞¡x-éπçõ‰ éÌçîÁç ûªèπ◊\´. 20 à∞¡x c) Naresh: Hi, Ajitha, Åçü¿®Ω÷ èπ◊™«-≤ƒØ√?
iv) 15 à∞¡x™°æ¤ °œ©x-©èπ◊ é¬D ÆœE´÷
éπçõ‰ éÌEo ØÁ©©’ áèπ◊\´) °∂晫† ´ßª’-Ææ’q-™/ èπ◊, Ajitha: ¢√®Ωç éÀçü¿ ´÷ û√ûª-í¬®Ω’ §Úߪ÷®Ω’.
Ééπ\úÕ prepositions îª÷úøçúÕ: at (the age of), This movie is not for those below 15
*†o/ -°-ü¿l/ -Ææ-È®j† Naresh: ÅßÁ÷u! Çߪ’† ´ßª’-ÂÆqçûª?
above (24), under (20), over (20) -í∫-´’-Eç-î √®Ω’ Ééπ\úø below •ü¿’©’ under ¢√úø-´îª’a. Ajitha: °ü¿l-´-ߪ’-Ææ’-™ ØË îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Å®·ûË
´ßª’-Ææ’™.
éπü∆. Ñ prepositions ÅFo-èπÿú≈ ´ßª’-Ææ’qèπ◊ (below = under Ééπ\úø) b) above/ over a certain Çߪ’† ™‰E ™ô’ ™õ‰. Çߪ’-†èπ◊ 78
v) 14 à∞¡xéπç-õ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ -´-ߪ’Ææ’ °œ©x-©†’ °æ†’-™ x- à∞¡Ÿx. ؈’ °æ¤öÀd-†-°æp-öÀÍé Çߪ’-†èπ◊ 55
Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√ú≈ç. 鬕öÀd OöÀE age
prepositions of Age Åçü∆ç. °-ô’d-éÓ-èπÿ-úøü¿’. °∂晫--† ´-ߪ’-Ææ’qèπ◊ °j•úÕ à∞¡x°jØË. ´÷ Å´’t-´’tèπ◊ 50 ™°æ¤.
1. at (the age of) Nobody shall appoint for any work Naresh: Åçûª ´ßª’-Ææ’-™ †÷ Çߪ’† î√™«
(Éô’-´çöÀîÓôx more M. SURESAN
boys or girls under 14 èπ◊™«-≤ƒ-í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’ éπü∆!
°∂晫-† ´ßª’-Ææ’q-èπ◊/ -°∂æ-™«-† ´ßª’-Ææ-°æ¤púø’/ ÉØÓo-à-ô/- than so many years
É-ØËo-∞¡x-°æ¤púø’ – OöÀ-™ àC îÁ§ƒp-©Ø√o ¢√öÀ 4. È®çúø’ ´ßª’-Ææ’© ´’üµ¿u = between ANSWERS
ņ-´îª’a).
´·ç-ü¿’ at ¢√úøû√ç. Parent: Will you let my daughter partici- a) Pavan: Who were you talking to?
c) below/ under äéπ ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ ™•úÕ.
a) ¢√úø’ 16 à∞¡xèπ◊ school ´C-L-°-ö«dúø’. pate in the competition Ravikanth: To my uncle.
(Less than/ lower than é¬ü¿’)
He left school at 16/ at the age of 16/ (§ÚöÙ ´÷ Å´÷t®·E §ƒ-™Ô_†E-≤ƒh®√?) d) between = È®çúø’ ´ßª’-Ææ’q-© ´’üµ¿u. Pavan: Your uncle? He appears to be
at 16 years of age. Teacher: How old is she? which class is below 25 years. Is he older than
NOW PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING:
b) Ç¢Á’èπ◊ 22´ àô °-∞¡}-®·çC. she in? you by two or three years only?
a) Pavan: †’´¤y á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤ Ravikanth: Don't be silly. I am 20 years
she got married at 22/ at the age of 22 (´-ߪ’ÂÆçûª? à class ™ ÖçC?)
c) *†o/ °ü¿l/- Ææ-È®j† ´ßª’Ææ’™ Parent: She is ten plus. she is in VI
(Éçü∆éπ) Old. He is above 35.
Ravikanth: ´÷ ´÷´’-ߪ’uûÓ Pavan: He doesn't (does not) look his
at a young age/ at an old age/ at the class.
Pavan: O’ ´÷´’ߪ÷u? 25 à∞¡x-™ °æ¤ -¢√-úÕ-™« age
proper age (°æüË-∞¡x-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´. -Ç®Ó -ûª®Ωí∫-A éπ-E°œÆæ’h-Ø√o-úø’. Féπçõ‰ È®çúø’ ´‚úË∞ÏxØ√ Ravikanth: He went abroad at a very
2. äéπ ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ °j•úÕ Öçõ‰ = above îª-ü¿’-´¤-ûÓç-C) °ü¿l? young age. He returned only
a) 60 à∞¡x °j•-úÕ-†- -¢√--∞¡Ÿx senior citizens (above ten/ over ten/ ten plus) Ravikanth: °œ*a-°œ-*aí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊. Ø√Íé¢Á÷ last week.
people above 60 years of age are Teacher: I'm sorry. This competition is É®Ω¢Áj. Çߪ’†èπ◊ 35 -éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ë. b) Jagadeesh: Are you eligible to partici-
senior citizens. for children between five and Pavan: Åçûª-´-ߪ’-Ææ’-†oô’x éπ†-°æ-úøúË. pate in the competition?
b) Åûª-úø’ 40 à∞¡x-éπçõ‰ °ü¿l-¢√-úø’í¬ éπ-E°œç-îª-úøç nine years of age, that is, for Ravikanth: *†o-´-ߪ’-Ææ’-™ ØË Çߪ’† foreign Suma: It is only for those between 20 and
-™‰-ü¿÷? pupils of I class to V class. ¢Á∞«xúø’. Last week AJ-íÌ-î√aúø’. 30 (years of age)
Jagadeesh: Then you are eligible
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) I' asked him not to Åçõ‰ àN’öÀ?Sentence *´®Ω not to -v°æ-¨¡o: I Know her (A.V.) Suma: Do you want to make me say that
à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ¢√úøû√®Ω’? She is Known by me (P.V.) or I am above 30
2) What the postman must do is provide the address- She is known to me (P.V.) Jagadeesh: Sorry, I thought you were
Åç-õ‰ Å®Ωn-¢Ë’N’-öÀ? A.V. P.V.
°j ¢√éπu-ç-™ E ™éÀ -´÷-JÊÆh à ¢√éπuç Correct? under thirty.
do ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª is à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ´Ææ’hçC? áçü¿’-èπ◊?-N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. c) Naresh: Hi Ajitha, how is every body?
Ajitha: My grandfather died a week ago
-ï-¢√-•’: 1) 'I asked him not to' Åçõ‰ á´-È®jØ√ àüÁjØ√ îË≤ƒh-´’E
– -G.®√-ñ‰ç-ü¿®˝, -N’®√u-©í∫÷-úø, -†-™Ô_ç-úø ->-™«x ÅüË Nüµ¿çí¬ –
The Water fills the tank (A.V.) (Week back é¬ü¿’)
Åçõ‰, ´ü¿’l ÅE Å®Ωnç. The tank is filled by the water (P.V.) Naresh: Sorry to hear that. What was his
A: He said he would complain to the police. (or) age? / How old was he?
B: I asked him/ told him not to. The tank is filled with the water (P.V.) Ajitha: He died at an old age. We do
(Åçõ‰ Police complaint É´y-´-ü¿lE îÁ§ƒp†’, ÅE) P.V. ™ à ¢√éπuçCorrect? miss him, of course. He was 78.
2) What the postman must do is Åçõ‰ Postman àç îËߪ÷-©çõ‰ -– ü¿-´·t -¢Áçéπ-ô -Å-§ƒp®√-´¤, When I was born he was above/
ÅE Å®Ωnç. What the Postman must do is provide the over 55. Grand mother was
-ï-¢√-•’: Passive ™, know -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™-†÷, fill -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™-†÷
-´·-†í∫-§ƒéπ, -N-¨»-ê°æ-ôoç ->-™«x
address = Postman îËߪ÷-Lqç-üËç-ôçõ‰ address É´y-úøç. ÉD below/ under 50.
D†®Ωnç. Ñ éÀçC Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ do is ´Ææ’hçC. by ®√-ü¿’. is known to, is filled with ÅE ´Ææ’hçC. Naresh: Even at such an age he was
What you must do (now) is, study well and get good marks 'fill' N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ á´®Ω’ fill î˨»®Ω’ ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ by ´Ææ’hçC. healthy.
†’Ny-°æ¤p-úø’ îËߪ÷-Lqç-ü¿™«x ¶«í¬ îªCN marks ûÁa-éÓ-´-úøç. The tank is filled with water by Ram.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Kranthi: Hi Karuna, How are you?
Karuna: Fine. Thank you. How are you?
Kranthi: Fine too. How is your new job?
(F éÌûªh job ᙫ ÖçC?)
Karuna: Absolutely no complaints. None
above me. I am the boss.
(¶«üµ¿™‰ç ™‰´¤. °æ‹Jhí¬ ¶«í∫’çC. Ø√°j†
á´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’. boss †’ ØËØË.)
absolute = °æ‹Jhí¬
Kranthi: How many are there in all?
(O’ office ™ ¢Á·ûªhç áçûª´’çC?)
(in all = ¢Á·ûªhç)
Karuna: There are five under me. My posi-
tion is below that of the Area
Manager.
(Ø√ éÀçü¿ âü¿’-í∫’-®Ω’- °æ-E-îËÆæ’hØ√o®Ω’. ؈’
Area Manager -ûª®√y-ûª ≤ƒn®·-™ 
ÖØ√o†’)
Kranthi: How many branches has your
Company?
The pen is mine
Karuna: Between 12 and 14.
(12, 14 ´’üµ¿u. branches – Ææçêu)
Kranthi: Is the work heavy?
(î√-™« °æ†’ç-ô’çü∆)
heavy– áèπ◊\-´í¬ (Ééπ\úø)
Karuna: No. Not above 15 files a day. On
Saturday it is even below 7 or 8.
(®ÓVèπ◊ 15 files éπçõ‰
Öçúø´¤.
Saturday Å®·ûË 7, 8 éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\¢Ë)
Kranthi: How Hours at office?
(®ÓVèπ◊ áEo í∫çô©’?)
Karuna: Not so rigid. We are there between
10 AM and 6 PM for above six to
six and a half hours.
(Åçõ‰ éπ*a-ûª-¢Á’i† Ææ´’-ߪ÷©’ ™‰´¤. °æCç-
öÀéÀ ÇJç-öÀéÀ ´’üµ¿u 6, 6 1/2 í∫çô©
§ƒô’ Öçö«ç)
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E prepositions í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆:
above, below, under, between.
1. 'Above' èπ◊ -Ö†o éÌEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ Éçûª-èπ◊-
´·çü¿’ lesson™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Ééπ\úø
'above' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç -îª÷ü∆lç.
Karuna: None above me. I am the boss.
Åçõ‰ ´÷ office™ Ø√°j† á´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’.
ØËØË ÅCµ-é¬-JE.
ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç™, £æ«Ùü∆™ äéπ-J-°j† ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ Öçúø-ö«Eo
'above' Åçö«ç. Å™«Íí 'there are five under
me' – Ééπ\úø under Åçõ‰ ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç™, £æ«Ùü∆™
éÀçü¿ Öçúøôç.
Home Minister £æ«Ùü∆ Chief Minister £æ«Ùü∆
éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\´
The rank of the Home Minister is below that
of the Chief minister. The Home Minister
under the Chief Minister in power and rank.
(Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† Å稡ç. äéπ £æ«Ùü∆ éπØ√o
ûªèπ◊\-´/ -ä-éπJ éÀçü¿= below.
äéπJ éÀçü¿= under Åçö«ç. Å®·ûË 'Officers
below/ under the rank of the district collector
– É™«çöÀ sentences ™ below, under È®çúø÷
¢√úø-´îª’a)
a) VEO £æ«Ùü∆ °j† Ö†o officers èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’
jeep -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îË Å®Ω|ûª Öçô’çC. Those /
officers above the rank of the VEO are eli-
gible for jeeps. (eligible= Å®Ω|ûª éπL-T†)
b) Collector £æ«Ùü∆èπ◊ ûªèπ◊\´ ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’-©èπ◊ Ñ
ÅCµ-鬮Ωç ™‰ü¿’
Those below/ under the rank/ position of
the Collector do not have this power.
c) v°æA °æC´’çC-°j† ã Supervisor Öçö«úø’ Ñ
Office™
There is a supervisor over/ above every
ten workers.
Éô’-´çöÀîÓôx rank èπ◊ •ü¿’©’, position, level,
designation -Å-Eèπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. '£æ«Ùü∆—- Å®Ωnç™.
-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 18 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
2. Between: È®çúø’ £æ«Ùü∆© ´’üµ¿u
a) MROèπ◊ Collectorèπ◊ ´’üµ¿u™ Sub-collector
Öçö«®Ω’.
The Sub collector is between the MRO
and the collector in rank and power.
Ñ prepositions í∫’-Jç-* Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬:
a) above/ over= °j†/ áèπ◊\-´-®·†/ N’ç*† –
£æ«Ùü∆™/ Ææçêu™
b) below/ under = éÀçü¿/ ûªèπ◊\-´-®·† / ûªT_† –
£æ«Ùü∆™/ Ææçêu™
c) between = ´’üµ¿u (£æ«Ùü∆™/ Ææçêu™)
Dharani: Some Officers were also there, I Dharmendra: It is on the riverside. Far off
NOW PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING:
think. from the town. A lonely spot.
1) Bharani: Hi Dharani, ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤?
Bharani: They are all my dad's col- It is an ideal spot for a picnic.
Dharani: èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË, Éçûªéà ¢Á·†o F birthday
leagues. Two or three of them (†C äúø’f† ÜJéÀ ü¿÷®Ωçí¬. î√™«
party éÀ -áç-ûª´’çC ´î√a®Ω’?
are above the rank of marketing Åçü¿-¢Á’i† îÓô’. Picnic èπ◊ ņ’-
Bharani: ؈’ éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ ™„éπ\-°-ôd-™‰ü¿’. 35, 40
Managers. ¢Áj† îÓô’).
´’üµ¿u -´-*a-†-ô’d-Ø√o®Ω’. Dharani: Are they above your dad? -Éç-ü¿’-™ a, an, the Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç °æJ-Q-Lü∆lç. -É-C-
Dharani: éÌçûª ´’çC Officers èπÿú≈ ´*a-†- Bharani: Most of them are below/ under ´®Ω-™ a/ an Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆.
ô’d-Ø√o®Ω’? 1) Countable singulars (™„éπ\-°õ‰d ¢√-öÀ-™  äéπ-
ü∆Eo ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤p-úø’) ´·çü¿’ A/ An
´Ææ’hçC. (ûÁ©’í∫’ ¨¡¶«l©’, Å, Ç, É, Ñ, á, à,
â, ä, ã, å ©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’u English
´÷ô©´·çü¿’ An, N’í∫û√ ¢√öÀ´·çü¿’ A ÅE
îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.)
2) Uncountables (™„éπ\-°-ôdE ¢√öÀ´·çü¿’ A/ An
®√ü¿’. É°æ¤púø’ 'The' ¢√úøéπç îª÷ü∆lç.
A) ¢Á·ü¿ô 'The' pronunciation: ûÁ©’í∫’
Bharani: ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´÷Ø√†o
Colleagues ¨¡¶«l©’ 'Å, Ç, É, Ñ, á, à, â., ä, ã, å—
(Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓu- ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’u English ´÷ô©
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 48
í∫’©’). ¢√- ´·çü¿’, 'C— -¢√-úø-û√-ç.
The order (C Çúø), The egg (C áí˚),
∞¡x™  Éü¿l®Ω’
The industry (C ÉçúøÆ )‘Z , The Owl (C
´·í∫’_®Ω’
Marketing my dad. one or two of them are 噸), The honour (C dž) etc. a †’
Manager above my dad. bank, ant ™ ™«í¬ °æL-éÀ-†-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ 'C—
°j M. SURESAN
2) Chandra: Hi, Surya, come in. Where Åçö«ç. The ant (C ant), the (C) hour,
éπçõ‰
were you yesterday. etc. N’í∫û√ ¨¡¶«l-©èπ◊ ´·çü¿’, 'ü¿— °æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç.
¢√∞¡Ÿx.
Dharani: O’ Ø√†oí¬J éπçõ‰ °j¢√∞«x? Surya : My classmates and I went for a The (ü¿) book, the (ü¿) tree, the (ü¿)
Bharani: î√™«-´’çC ´÷Ø√†oí¬J-éπçõ‰ éÀçC- picnic. We were about ten. University etc.
Chandra: Did you enjoy yourselves?/ Did B) Countables, uncountables, singulars,
¢√∞Ïx. äéπ-J-ü¿l®Ω’ ´÷Ø√†oéπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´
you enjoy the day (Picnic)? / plurals- OöÀE í∫ ’- Jç-* °∂æ-™«-Ø√ ÅE
£æ«Ùü∆™ Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx.
2) Chandra: Hi Surya, come in. E†o áéπ\-úø’- Had a good time? v°æûËu-éπçí¬ îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ 'The' ¢√úøû√ç.
Ø√o´¤? Surya: Yesterday was very pleasant. A book is there. (Åéπ\úÓ °æ¤Ææhéπç ÖçC).
Surya: ؈÷, Ø√ Classmates Picnic èπ◊ The temperature was below 20 The book is my borther's
¢Á∞«xç. -ü∆-ü∆°æ¤ °æC´’çC-N’. degrees. cool and pleasant. We (ÅC ´÷ brotherC).
Chandra: ¶«í¬ í∫úÕ§ƒ®√? were there for over six hours. Ééπ\úø A, the ¢√úøéπç §Ú©açúÕ. ¢Á·ü¿ô àüÓ/ ã
Surya: Ç, E†o î√™« Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. one of us brought a Cake. It was ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'A' ¢√ú≈ç. È®çúÓ sentence ™ Ç
Ö≥Úg-ví∫ûª 25 úÕvU© éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\¢Ë. above 2 Kgs. (Åçõ‰ °∂晫Ø√) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'The' ¢√ú≈ç. 鬕öÀd
xí¬ £æ…®·í¬ ÖçC. ¢Ë’-´’éπ\úø - Chandra: How much did each spend? °∂晫Ø√ ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ countables (singular &
Ç®Ω’í∫çô© °jØË í∫úÕ-§ƒ´·. ´÷™ Surya: Between Rs 250 and 300 each. plural), uncountables (singular and plural)
äéπ®Ω’ äéπ Cake ûÁî√a®Ω’. È®ç-úø’




´·çü¿’ the ¢√úøû√ç, ¢√ú≈L.
éÀ™© éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ •®Ω’´¤ç-C. (´·êu-¢Á’†i Å稡ç: éÌEoîÓôx ûª°æp Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo,
Chandra: äéÌ\-éπ\-JéÀ áçûª -ê®Ωa-®·çC? Dharmendra: We are all going on a Picnic. Å®√nFo•öÀd English™ A é¬F, An é¬F, the é¬F
Surya: Won’t you join us? nouns ™ éÌEo ûÁí∫© ´·çü¿’ ¢√ú≈-LqçüË)
250, 300 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© ´’üµ¿u.
ANSWERS (¢Ë’´’çû√ Picnic ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oç. ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ: äéπöÀ/ àüÓ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Å®·ûË
A/ An ¢√úøû√ç. °∂晫-Ø√ Å®·ûË 'The' ¢√úøû√ç.
1) Bharani: Hi Dharani, how are you? †’´¤y ®√èπÿ-úøü¿÷?)
Dharani: Fine, By the by, how many Damodar: When is the Picnic? a) A pen is for writing (pen ®√ߪ’-ú≈EéÀ)
attended your birthday party the (Picnic á°æ¤púø÷?) (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ A/ Anèπ◊ ûªí∫_ô’d ¢√úøéπç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.)
day before (yesterday)? Dharmendra: On Sunday. It is a nice spot. b) The pen in your pocket is mine.
Bharani: I didn't count exactly. There (Sunday ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oç. Ç °œéÀoé˙ ¢Á∞Ïx (F ñ‰•’™ Ö†o pen -Ø√-C).
were between 35 and 40 v°æü˨¡ç èπÿú≈ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.) Ééπ\úø The ¢√úø-ö«-EéÀ äéπ rule. à-C? ÅE v°æ¨¡o
(The people present were Damodar: Where is the spot? ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ®√éπ-§ÚûË, A/ An ¢√úøû√ç.
between 35 and 40) (Ç îÓô’ áéπ\úø?) Ææ-´÷--üµ∆†ç ´ÊÆh 'The' ¢√úøû√ç.
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Where did you go? -ï-¢√-•’: 1) Where did you go? Åçõ‰ – †’¢Áy-éπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«x´¤? ÅE.
Where have you went? Where did you went? Correct é¬ü¿’.
2) It is time we left Did ûª®√yûª go ´Ææ’hçC; went ®√ü¿’.
2) It is time we left. It is high time we left-
It is high time we left.
OöÀ È®çöÀéà ŮΩnç äéπõ‰ – ´’†ç á°æ¤púÓ ¢Á-∞¡Ÿ}ç-ú≈-LqçC, ÅE.
O-öÀ-´’-üµ¿u -ûË-ú≈ -N-´-J-ç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.
Åçõ‰ ´’†ç ¢Á∞«}-Lq† Time ü∆öÀ-§Ú-®·ç-ü¿E.
3) No, ifs and buts, young man, you
3) -Ñ -¢√é¬u-EéÀ -Å®Ωnç – Å®·-ûË, T®·-ûË ÅE Ü£œ«ç--éÓ--´-úøç -´ü¿’l, F ´’†-Ææ’™
must speak out your mind.
à´·çüÓ îÁ°æ¤p – ÅE. ´’†ç @N-ûªç™ î√-™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ÅüË ïJT Öçõ‰/-ï-JT Öçúø-
Ñ ¢√é¬u-EéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ?
4) I want to ask him for help éπ-§ÚûË à´’-ßË’uüÓ ÅE Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ç-ô’çö«ç. Å™«Íí Å™« ïJ-T-ûË/- ï-®Ω-éπ\-§ÚûË
à´’-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ç-ô’çö«ç. Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’ 'ifs and buts'
؈’ Åûª-úÕE Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Åúø-í¬-©E
ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Åçö«ç. If Åçõ‰– Å®·ûË; but Åçõ‰– Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÀ.
If Gandhi had been alive... í¬ç-Dµ •AéÀ Öçõ‰...
؈’ Åûª-úÕE Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Åúø-í¬-©E
ņ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√úÕo (í∫ûªç™). but he is not... Å®·ûË, Çߪ’† ™‰úø’í¬...
no ifs and buts Åç-õ‰ É™«çöÀN Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-´-úøç E®Ω-®Ωnéπç ÅE.
-D-E-E English ™ -á-™« -Å-Ø√-L?
4) I used to think of asking him for help
– -ñ„.®Ω-¢Ë’-¨¸, -ñ„-.-Å-E-™¸, -´-úøx-´‚®Ω’, Åûª-úÕ-E ؈’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Åúø-í¬-©E ņ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√úÕo.
-ûª÷®Ω’píÓ-ü∆-´-J ->-™«x. (I used to feel like asking him for help)
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Gowtham: Hi Gambhir, I saw a bike in front
of the bank by your home.
(O’ ÉçöÀ °æéπ\ bank ´·çü¿’ ã
bike†’ -îª÷-¨»-†’)
Gambhir: Wasn't it (was it not) yesterday? I
saw the bike too. Really stunning.
(E†o éπü∆? ؈÷ îª÷-¨»†’ bike †’.
î√™« ¶«í∫’çC.
Stunning = Ǩ¡a®Ωuç íÌLÊ° (Åçü¿ç)
Gowtham: (Do you) know the owner?
(ÅüÁ-´-JüÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
conversations ™ Åçõ‰ spoken form ™
(Do you) ™«çöÀN ´C-™‰Æ œ know him? ™«çöÀ
questions ¢ËÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
Gambhir: Yes. It is the bank manager's
(ûÁ©’Ææ’. ÅC Ç bank manager C)
Gowtham: Perhaps you have an account
with the bank. A big account,
(Ç bank ™ Fèπ◊ account Öçü¿-†’-
èπ◊çö«. °ü¿l ¢Á·ûªh-¢Ë’-Ø√?)
rate.. at, price.. for
1) ´’†ç last lesson™ 'The' E
í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
èπ◊-†o-C: äéπ ´÷ô´·çü¿’ 'The'
¢√ú≈™«, -´-ü∆l -
Å-E -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊– Ç ´÷ôèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ 'à-?—/
which? ņo question -¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-E -ü∆-EéÀ Ææ´÷-
üµ∆†ç ´ÊÆh The ¢√ú≈--L.
a) He bought a book yesterday.
E†oÅûª-úø’ °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌ-Ø√o-úø’. à °æ¤Ææhéπç– which
book? (éÌØ√oúø’) ÅØË question èπ◊, no
answer. So 'a book' in the sentence.
b) The book there is mine.
Åéπ\-úø’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç -Ø√-C. 'à °æ¤Ææhéπç/ which
book?' ÅØË question èπ◊, The book there –
Åéπ\-úø’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç ÅE answer ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd.
2) Éü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†o-°æ¤úø’ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-JéÃ
ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æߪ’ç ´·çü¿’ The ´Ææ’hçC. °j Ææ綵«-
≠æ-ù™ îª÷úøçúÕ. The bank by your home,
the bike, the owner, the bank manager.
Ééπ\úø Oô-EoçöÀ´·çü¿’ 'The' ´≤ÚhçC.
áç-ü¿’éπF?É-´-Fo èπÿú≈
´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o
Gowtham, Gambhir Éü¿l-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’
鬕öÀd.
Bank, bike, owner, bank manager v°æ≤ƒh-´-
†çû√ èπÿú≈ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æ-ߪ÷™‰– Åçü¿’-éπE.
Pavan: Where are the books?
(Ç °æ¤-Ææh-é¬-™„-éπ\úø?)
Ravi: Can't you see? They are on the
table.
(éπ-E°œç-îª-úøç ™‰ü¿÷? Ç table O’ü¿’-Ø√o®·.)
Pavan: And where's (where is) the pen?
Ravi: There too. On the table.
(Åéπ\úË. Ç table O’üË)
Pavan: Where is the paper for me to write
(®√ߪ’-ú≈EéÀ paper àC?)
Ravi: You find a lot of paper in the shelf
there.
(Ç shelf ™ 鬴-©-Æœ-†ç-ûª paper ÖçC)
Ééπ\úø The books, The table, The pen,
The shelf Åçô’Ø√oç. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ravi, Pavan
v°æ≤ƒh-N-Ææ’h†o books, table, pen, shelf ¢√Rx-ü¿l-JéÃ
ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢Ë. Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\-úøçû√ 'The' -¢√-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oç.
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) O’®Ω’ Q&A QJ{-éπ™ -ã v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-†-N’Ææ÷h...
''regular
present passive
®Ω-ùí¬ ''A lecturer is appointed by the commit-
tee"
Å-ØË ¢√é¬uEo -îª÷°œç-î√®Ω’. é¬F äéπ
regular
present passive
™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√®Ω’. Öü∆:
enterprise, the accounts will be classified on
the basis of one key factor. That key factor is
debit and credit.
Debit, Credit
á°æ¤púø÷ ïJÍí °æØË éπü∆. accounts are classified
ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’? ÆæçüË£æ«ç B®Ωa-í∫-©®Ω’.
3) Robert: Where is Vijayawada?
(Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø áéπ\-úø’çC)
Guide: About 300 kms to the South East
of Hyderabad. On the banks of
the Krishna.
(Hyderabad èπ◊ ØÁj®Ω’A -C-¨¡-™ ,
ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 300 kms ü¿÷®Ωç™ éπ%≠æg
äúø’f† -Öç-C)
Robert: I have heard of Rajahmundry.
Where is it?
(®√ï-´’çvúÕ í∫’-Jç-* NØ√o†’.
ÅüÁ-éπ\úø -Öç-ô’ç-C?)
Guide: A little distance from
Vijayawada. It is on the
Godavari. Where are you com-
ing from?
(Nï-ߪ’-¢√úøèπ◊ éÌçûª-ü¿÷-®Ωç™. íÓü∆-´J
äúø’f†. O’È®-éπ\-úÕ-†’ç-* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?)
Robert: From Goa. The beaches of the
Arabian sea are really grand. How
far is
Vijayawada
from the Bay
of Bengal?
(íÓ¢√ †’ç*.
Åéπ\úÕ ÅÍ®-Gߪ÷
Ææ´·-vü¿ -B®√-©’
-áç-ûÓ -Åç-ü¿çí¬ M. SURESAN
-Ö-Ø√o®·. Nï-ߪ’-
¢√úø Bay of Bengal †’ç*
áçûªü¿÷®Ωç?)
Guide: About 40 kms
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ 'The' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ îª÷úøçúÕ:
To the Southeast, The Krishna, The
Godavari, The Arabia Sea, The Bay of
Bengal. Åçõ‰ †ü¿’© Ê°®Ωx´·çü¿’, Ææ-´·-vü∆-© Ê°®Ωx-
´·ç-ü¿’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ the ¢√ú≈-LqçüË. Å™«Íí Cèπ◊\©-†’
Ææ÷*ç-îª-ú≈EéÀ èπÿú≈ (to the southeast) ¢√úøû√ç.
NOW PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING:
1) Ram: Ééπ\úø library áéπ\úø?
Raghu: éÌClí¬ Öûªh®Ωç -¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á-R}, áúø-´’--¢Áj°æ¤
A®Ω-í∫çúÕ. library éπ-E°œÆæ’hçC.
Ram: -Ç library °ü¿l-üËØ√? (Is ûÓ begin
îËߪ÷L)
Raghu: GLfçí˚ *†oüË. °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ´÷vûªç ¶™„-
úø’-Ø√o®·.
2) Pranav: Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø áéπ\úø?
Prakash: Ææ´·vü¿B®√-EéÀ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 40 km
ü¿÷®√† ÖçC.
Pranav: éπ%-≠æg °-ü¿l -†-üË-Ø√?
Prakash: î√-™« °ü¿l †C. ¶µ«®Ω-û˝-™ E 12 °ü¿l
†ü¿’™x ÅC äéπöÀ.
ANSWERS:
1) Ram: Where is the library here?
Raghu: Walk a little to the north and turn
(to the) left. You see the library.
Ram: Is the library big/ a big one?
Raghu: The building is small, but the
books are many.
í¬ ™‰ü∆ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ïJÍí actions †’
™ îÁ§ƒh-®Ω-Ø√o®Ω’. Åçü¿’èπ◊ Öü∆-£æ«-
text book
™
í¬ ™‰ü∆ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ ïJÍí actions †’
simple future passive
™ í¬éπ
"In every business
îª÷¨»-®Ω’í¬ ¢√é¬uEo. ' ë«û√-©†’
Å稻© Çüµ∆-®Ωç-í¬ØË ´K_-éπ-J-≤ƒh®Ω’— . ÉC
2) Pranav: Where is Vijayawada?
Prakash: About 40 kms off the sea coast.
(Ééπ\úø about = ü∆ü∆°æ¤, off =
ü¿÷®√† ÅØË prepositions ¢√úøéπç
í∫÷ú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ)
Pranav: Is the Krishna a big river?
Prakash: Yes. It is a very big river. One of
the twelve major rivers in India.






-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 49
Khalid: The mangoes are good. How much
did you buy them for?
(Ñ ´÷N’úÕ°æ-ç-úø’x ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. ᙫ éÌØ√o¢˛?)
Kesav: At Rs. 80 a dozen. I bought all these
for Rs. 160/-. There was a better
variety, but the price I felt was too
high. I was not prepared to buy them
at that price.
(Dozen 80 ®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’-© -îÌ°æ¤p-† éÌ-Ø√o.-
O-öÀéÀ 160 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©-®·çC. Éçûª-éπØ√o
´’ç*-®Ωéπç ÖçC. é¬F Ø√èπ◊ üµ¿®Ω ´’K
áèπ◊\´ -ÅE-°œç-*çC. Åçûª üµ¿®Ωèπ◊ éÌØËç-
ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ™‰†’)
Ééπ\úø 'at' 'for' prepositions Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç
îª÷ü∆lç. Rate ´·çü¿’ ã dozen üµ¿®Ó, ã éÀ™ üµ¿®Ó,
ã O’ô®Ω’ üµ¿®Ó Å®·ûË at ¢√úøû√ç.
1) Ñ Gߪ’uç éÀ™  20 ®Ω÷. -îÌ°æ¤p-† éÌØ√o
I bought this rice at Rs 20 a Kg.
2) She bought her dress material at Rs. 300
a metre.
(-Ç-¢Á’ -vúÁÆˇ -¢Á’-öÃ-J-ߪ’-™¸ O’ô®˝ 300 ®Ω÷. îÌ°æ¤p†
éÌ-†oC)
When we say we bought mangoes at Rs.80
a dozen, (´’†ç dozen 80®Ω÷. v°æ鬮Ωç éÌØ√oç)
Åçõ‰, ÅC Rate. 鬕öÀd ü∆E-´·çü¿’ at. Ñ
N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á·ûªhç áEo °æ∞¡Ÿx éÌØ√oç,
¢Á·ûªhç üµ¿®Ω áçûª Å®·çD -ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
He bought these mangoes for Rs.200
Ñ °æç-úø’x ¢Á·ûªhç ®Ω÷.200 °öÀd-éÌ-Ø√o†’.
(ÉC price; rate é¬ü¿’, 鬕öÀd for)
Ñ •≤ƒh Gߪ’uç 1600 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©-®·çC
I bought this bag of rice for Rs. 1600/-
2) éÀçC situation ™ ¢√é¬u-Eo present passive ™
Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç--î√-™«, perfect passive ™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç--î√-™«?
-à-C éπÈ®é˙d?
Input:- "A computer accepts data which is provided
by means of a input device like mouse, or key board"
(Input device -™„j-† éö®Ω’f, ´’¯Æˇ-©ûÓ éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ ü¿û√hç-¨»-Eo
"input"
Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îª-ú≈Eo Åçö«®Ω’). ûÁ©’í∫’ v°æ鬮Ωç ¢√éπuç-™E
'data'
Å®Ωnç îª÷ÊÆh ' éπç°æ‹u-ô®˝ O’èπ◊ †’ ÅçCç-*† ûª®√y-ûË
"A computer accepts
éπü∆ ÅC Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îËC. 鬕öÀd ¢√öÀ-™-
data which has been provided by means of input
device like a mouse or key board" ÅE îÁ°æp-´î√a?
-ï-¢√-•’:
– Ç®˝.-á-Æˇ.-´’-Ê£«≠ˇ, ņç-ûª-°æ¤®Ωç
1) Ééπ\úø The accounts are classified
ņ--úø¢Ë’ correct, will be classified ÅØËC
-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 20 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
(ÉC èπÿú≈ price, rate é¬ü¿’. Rate á°æ¤púø÷ äéπ
unit ߪ‚Eö¸ üµ¿®Ω ´÷vûª¢Ë’.)
PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING:
Vinai: Ñ É©’x O’ ≤Òçûª-¢Ë’Ø√?
(Do ûÓ begin îËߪ’çúÕ)
Vijai: Å´¤†’. ´÷ Ø√†o-í¬®Ω’ È®çúË∞¡x éÀçü¿-ô 11
©éπ~-©èπ◊ éÌØ√o®Ω’.
Vinai: Éçöx curtains ÅFo ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. Ç cur-
tain í∫’úøf áçûªèπ◊ éÌØ√o®Ω’? ÅFo äéπ í∫’úøf-
´·éπ\™‰Ø√?
Vijai: Å´¤†’. O’ô®Ω’ ®Ω÷.320 v°æ鬮Ωç éÌØ√oç.
¢Á·ûªhç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 4500 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©’ Å®·çC.
Vinai: Ñ chairs ?
Vijai: Ñ chairs, Ç sofa, Ç table ÅFo-éπ-L°œ
12000 ®Ω÷§ƒßª’©’ Å®·çC.
ANSWER:
Vinai: Do you own this house ?
Vijai: Yes. My father bought it for Rs.11 lakh
two years ago.
Vinai: The curtains are really nice. How
much did you buy the curtain cloth
for? Are all of them the pieces of the
same cloth?
Vijai: Yes. We bought it at Rs.320 a metre.
We bought the whole cloth for about
Rs.4500 (The whole thing cost us
about Rs.4500)
Vinai: What about these chairs?
Vijai: These (the) chairs, that (the) sofa,
that (the) table - we bought all of them
together for Rs.12000/- (All these cost
us Rs.12000/-)
É°æ¤púø’ Ñ Vocabulary items îª÷úøçúÕ.
1) ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞¡}-úøç = go to a movie/ film/ picture.
2) ¶µï-†ç-™«çöÀN ´úÕfç-îª-úøç
serve a meal/ food/ lunch/ dinner
3) öé’, 鬰∂‘-©-™«çöÀN ÉçöÀéÀ ´*a† ¢√∞¡x-éÀ-´y-úøç
offer tea/ coffee/ a drink/ a seat
(èπÿîÓ-´’E -îÁ°æp-úøç)
4) Åûª†’ coffee Éî√aúø’ é¬E ؈’ BÆæ’éÓ-™‰ü¿’
He offered me coffee but I didn't take it.
5) ØË-†ûª-EéÀ coffee É*aØ√ Ø√ O’ü¿ éÓ°æç ´©x
BÆæ’éÓ-™‰ü¿’
I offered him coffee, but because he was
angry with me, he refused it/ to take it.
refuse= A®Ω-Ææ \-Jç-îª-úøç, ä°æ¤p-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´-úøç
6) Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îª-úøç = accept
ØËE-*a† 鬆’éπ Åûª†’ BÆæ’éÓ™‰ü¿’
He did not accept my gift
´÷´‚-©’í¬ Åûª†’ 鬆’-éπ©’ Æ‘yéπ-Jçîªúø’
(BÆæ’éÓúø’)
He doesn't (does not) accept gifts.
not accept = reject
He rejected my gift =
He did not accept my gift.
future ™ ïJÍí °æEE Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC.
2) Which is provided ÅØËC correct. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ á°æ¤púø÷
ïJ-Íí-üËçöÀ..? Mouse, keyboard ™«çöÀ input
devices data †’ ÅçC-≤ƒh®·. ü∆EE computer
BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’çC. O’J-*a† sentence †’ È®çúø’í¬
Núø-íÌ-ôdçúÕ. Å°æ¤úË´’´¤-ûª’çC?
1) An input device like a mouse or keyboard pro-
vides the data.
2) The computer accepts it. É°æ¤púø’ sentence no.1
passive í¬ ´÷Ja È®çúÕç-öÀ-E éπL°œûË is provides
éπÈ®é˙d ÅE ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆. äéπ ´÷ô. data,
´÷´‚-©’í¬ plural. Computer °æJ-¶µ«-≠æ™ ´÷vûªç
singular í¬ØË ¢√úøû√®Ω’.
I Ðû¦è[ª-
Ganesh: Hi Harish, pleasure seeing you
here. Welcome. Do come in.
(óÀª, KùÃ! Eìªo ÏÚÛ\è[ àŸ«è[è[Ù/
ìª÷±y ÏÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ ô¦÷è[Ù à¦ö° ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥
ÑÙC. ö˺í£-LÚ¨ ô¦!) Do come in = ö˺í£-
LÚ¨ ô¦ ÍE Þœæ¨dÞ¥ àµí£pè[Ù.
Oª conversation ö˺ practise à¶óŸªÙè….
Harish: Pleasure is equally mine/ Pleasure
is mine too. So this is your new
home. Really splendid. The furniture
is elegant too.
(û¦ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ ú£ÙêÁù£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙC. Ïë]-ìo-
÷«å Oª Ú•êŸh Ïõªx. à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙC. Oª
íÆ£Jo-àŸô ÚÛ«è¯ à¦ö° û¦W-ÚÛªÞ¥ ÑÙC.)
Ð 'pleasure' -expressions ÍFo conversa-
tional bits. Oª conversationö˺ î¦è[ªêŸ«
ÑÙè[Ùè….
Splendid = excellent
Elegant = û¦W-·Újì
Your drink is good. How did you make it?
Ganesh: Thank you. The furniture is all
made of teak. Dad got the wood
specially from Bhadrachalam
forests. How about having this
sweet? It's vilakand. Mom's (Mom
has) made it.
(íÆ£Jo-àŸô ÍÙê¦ ç¶ÚÛªêÁ à¶ú‡Ùë¶. ÷«
û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª òÅ¡vë¯-àŸõÙ Íè[÷±õ ìªÙ#
êµí‡pÙ-à¦ô¢ª. Ð úˆyæËÀ Bú£ªÚÁ. ÍC Nö°-
ÚÛÙèÂ. Í÷ªt à¶ú‡ÙC.)
Harish: (After taking a bite) It's delicious!
What's the stuff it is made of?
((Ú•ÙêŸ AE) à¦ö° ô¢ª#Þ¥ ÑÙC. ë¶EêÁ
à¶þ§hô¢ª DEo?)
stuff = í£ë¯ô¢nÙ
Ganesh: It's a new variety. It is made from a
mix of rice and wheat flour, milk,
ghee etc.
(GóŸªu-í‡pÙè…, ÞÁëÅ]ª-÷ª-í‡Ùè…, ð§õª, ûµô³u
ÚÛLí‡ à¶þ§hô¢ª.)
ûËÁæËÀ: Nö°-ÚÛÙè úˆyæËÀ ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é ÚÁú£Ù ÚÛLpÙ#ìC
÷«vêŸî¶ª. êŸóŸ«-ô¢ªà¶›úÙë]ªÚÛª ví£óŸª-AoÙ-àŸ-ÚÛÙè….
(flour = í‡Ùè…, pronunciation- íÆ£xÍ, flour, flower
- ·ôÙè…Ùæ¨Ú© Ö¸Ú pronunciation)
Harish: That flower vase stand over there,
that particularly attracts me. Is it very
expensive?
(ÍÚÛ\è… íÆ£xÍ î¦âÉÀ þ§dÙè à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙC.
ÍC à¦ö° ÜKë¯?)
flower vase= í£²õªÙචޥV/ åöËÀð§vêŸ
vase- pronunciation- British - î¦âÉÀ,
American - îµóÀª-úÃ/-îµ-óÀªâÉÀ)
Ganesh: No. Our carpenter made it out of
the wooden pieces left over.
(ö¶ë]ª. NªT-L-ð¼-ô³ì àµÚÛ\÷³-ÚÛ\-õêÁ
÷« ÷vè[ÙT ë¯Eo à¶ø‹è[ª.)
left over = NªT-L-ð¼-ô³-ÙC.
eg. She gave the left overs to the beggar.
(Î NªT-L-ð¼-ô³ì î¦æ¨E GàŸa-Þ¥-è…Ú¨ Ï#aÙC.)
Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 22 šúšídÙñô¢ª 2005
šíj ú£Ù-òÅ°-ù£-éö˺ made (make) êÁ ÷#aì prepo-
sitions Þœ÷ª-EÙàŸÙè…– made of, made from,
made out of.
1) All the furniture is made of teak.
íÆ£Jo-àŸô ÍÙê¦ ç¶ÚÛªêÁ à¶ø‹ô¢ª.
ÖÚÛ ÷ú£ªh÷± ë¶EêÁ Íô³û¦ à¶óŸª-è¯Eo made of
ÍÙæ°Ù. `of' ÏÚÛ\è[ êŸí£p-E-ú£J.
We make tables of wood.
(÷ªìÙ tables (çµóÀª-ñªöËÀq)ìª àµÚÛ\êÁ à¶þ§hÙ.)
a) Ð ôÁVö˺x ÷ªìÙ Eô¦t-é°-÷-ú£-ô¦-õÚÛª Ïìª÷³,
ÑÚÛª\êÁ à¶ú‡ì šíjí£±-õÚÛª ñë]ªõª Þœæ¨d ð§xú‡d-ÚÂêÁ
à¶ú‡ì šíjí£±-õû¶ î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ.
Nowadays we are using pipes made of
pieces.
(pipes of) hard plastic instead of pipes ò°ÞœªÙë¯?
curtain
(Î <ô¢õ ÷³ÚÛ\-õêÁ Î à¶ú‡ÙC.) Suguna:
made of iron and steel for construction pur- ÏÙêŸ ÓÙè[ö˺ í£åªd vèµúà Óö° î¶ú£ªÚÛªÙ-
b) She made a beautiful figure out of the
poses. æ°÷±? àµ÷ªå í£åd-è[Ù-ö¶ë¯?
pieces of coloured paper. sweat- àµ÷ªå – šúyæËÀ
êŸóŸ«-·ôjì ÷ú£ªh÷± (finished product) ë¶EêÁ
êŸóŸ«·ôjìëÁ ÚÛEí‡ú£«h ÑÙç¶ Íí£±pè[ª made of
(Î ô¢ÙÞœª Ú¥T-ê¦õ ÷³ÚÛ\-õêÁ ò˹÷ªt êŸóŸ«ô¢ª Suseela: ö¶ë]ª. û¶ìª ÓÚÛª\-÷-›úí£± ÷« Óú‡ Îíƈ-
ÍÙæ°Ù. à¶ú‡ÙC). úÃö˺û¶ ÑÙæ°Þ¥?
This Table is made of wood- Íìo-í£±pè[ª àµÚÛ\
ÏD made of, made from, made out of ÷ªëÅ]u- Answers:
ê¶è¯. 1. Raghu: What do you want, sir?
of... from... out of
made of.
ÚÛEí‡-ú£«hû¶ ÑÙåªÙC. Ú¥ñæ¨d Ram: I am looking for good tables and
Now practise the following aloud in English.
2) The sweet is made from flour and milk. chairs.
1) Raghu: ÔÙ Ú¥î¦-õÙè† OªÚÛª?
(Î úˆyæËÀ í‡Ùè…, ð§õêÁ à¶þ§hô¢ª (à¶óŸª-ñ-è[ª-꟪ÙC)). Raghu: How about these tables and
Ram: ñõxõª, ÚÛªKaõª ÷ªÙ#-î¶-÷ªû¦o Ñû¦o-
ÏÚÛ\è[ made êŸô¦yêŸ from ÷þ¼hÙC ÚÛë¯! í‡Ùè…, chairs, sir?
ð§õêÁ(from flour and milk) Íìo-í£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ó¶ªîµ« àŸ«ú£ªhû¦o. Ram: They are made of plastic. I want
Raghu: Ð ñõxõª, ÚÛªKaõª àŸ«è[Ùè….
êŸóŸ«-·ôjì ÷ú£ªh÷± (finished product) Ô í£ë¯-ô¦n- tables and chairs made of good
Ram: ÍN ð§xú‡d-ÚÂêÁ teak.
à¶ú‡ìN ÚÛë¯. Raghu: There they are sir. Of good teak
û¦ÚÛª ÷ªÙ# and in a variety of designs.
ç¶ÚÛªêÁ Ram: They're (they are) OK. I need
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 50
à¶ú‡ìN some mattresses and pillows too.
Ú¥î¦L. mattress = í£ô¢ªí£±
Raghu: ÍN ÍÚÛ\-è[ª-
bed = í£ô¢ª-í£±êÁ Ñìo ÷ªÙàŸÙ
õêÁ (raw material - ÷³è…-ú£-ô¢ªÚÛª/ ú£ô¢ª-ÚÛªõª) û¦oô³. ÷ªÙ#
Raghu: Here are they sir. Made from
êŸóŸ«·ôjÙëÁ ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸë]ª. Ú¥ñæ¨d made from. ç¶ÚÛªêÁ, NNëÅ] M. SURESAN
Sponge, rubberized coir- no prob-
Made of ÚÛª, made from ÚÛª ê¶è¯ Þœ÷ª-EÙàŸÙè….
ô¢Ú¥õè…âµj-ìxö˺.
Ram: lem in summer as they are not
ÏN ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦oô³. û¦ÚÛª Ú•Eo
ÍÙê¶-Ú¥-ÚÛªÙè¯ ·ôÙè[ª, ÷´è[ª ÷ú£ªh-÷±õ ÚÛõ-ô³-ÚÛêÁ made only of sponge.
êŸóŸ«-·ôj-ì-í£±pè[ª ÚÛ«è¯ from Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ-à¦L. í£ô¢ª-í£±õª, CÙè[ªx Ú¥î¦L.
Raghu: ÏÚÛ\-è[ª-û¦oô³ àŸ«è[Ùè…. î¶ú£-Nö˺ Ram: That's OK. How much are they?
a) Ú¥T-ê¦Eo àµêŸhêÁ (ìªÙ#) êŸóŸ«ô¢ª à¶þ§hô¢ª. 2) Suguna: Your drink is good. How did you
Paper is made from waste material.
ÏñsÙC ö¶ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙæ°ô³. ÑêŸh
þ§pÙâÉÀêÁ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ sponge, rubber- make it?
Paper `from'.
ö˺ àµêŸh ÚÛEí‡Ù-àŸë]ª Ú¥ñæ¨d Suseela: From a mix of grape juice,
ized íˆàŸªêÁ êŸóŸ«-·ôj-ìN.
b) è¯ÚÛdô Р÷ªÙë]ª Ú•Eo ÷´L-ÚÛ-õêÁ à¶ø‹ô¢ª. orange juice, ginger extract,
The doctor made this medicine from some
(íˆàŸª= coir)
Ram: ÍC ú£¸ô. ëÅ]ô¢õª Óæ°x Ñû¦oô³? sugar, and a little pepper pow-
herbs. der.
2) Suguna: ìªNy-#aì vè…ÙÚ à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙC.
herbs)
(÷´L-ÚÛõª= (ginger = ÍõxÙ, extract = Bú‡ì ô¢ú£Ù)
3) Our carpenter made it out of the wooden
Óö° à¶ø‹÷±?
Suseela: v믤Ûô¢ú£Ù, ÚÛ÷ª-ö°-ô¢ú£Ù, Ú•ClÞ¥ ÍõxÙ- Suguna: Really fine. How about this
pieces. dress of yours?
ô¢ú£Ù, ë¯ÙêÁ-ð§åª í£ÙàŸ-ë¯ô¢, NªJ-óŸ«-
(÷« ÷vè[ÙT DEo NªT-L-ð¼-ô³ì àµÚÛ\-÷³-ÚÛ\-õêÁ Suseela: It is made of pure silk. Is it good?
õ-ð»è… ÚÛL-í‡ì NªvøŒ-÷ªÙêÁ.
Suguna: How are you able to wear it in
êŸóŸ«-ô¢ª-à¶-ø‹è[ª.)
ÏÚÛ\è[ out of î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ. Ú•Eo ÷ú£ªh-÷±-õ쪖 ÓÚÛª\- (Þœ÷ª-EÚÛ: ÏC Ð î¦uú£Ù ÚÁú£Ù ô¦ú‡Ùë¶. ví£óŸªêŸoÙ
such hot sun? Don't you sweat?
÷Þ¥ Ö¸Ú ô¢Ú¥EN Íô³ìí£±pè[ª `make out of' à¶óŸª-ÚÛÙè….)
Suguna: à¦ö° ò°ÞœªÙC. Ïë¶Ùæ¨ Ð vèµúÃ? Suseela: No. I am most of the time in our
ÍÙæ°Ù. Suseela: îµ³êŸhÙ í£åªdêÁ êŸóŸ«ô¢ª à¶ú‡ÙC air conditioned office.
a) She made the curtain out of the sari
ví£øŒo: An awareness programme will be held at kurnool on saturday. Ð î¦ÚÛuÙ Íí£±pè[ª Oª sentence DEÚ¨ continuation
future tense ö˺ ÑÙë]E êµõªú£ª. Íô³ê¶ Ð î¦ÚÛuÙ àŸ«è[Ùè…. Íô³ê¶ ÚÛ·ô¸Úd. Íö° Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ an amount of
a) An amount of Rs. 104 crores would be paid in Rajampet constituen- Rs. 104 Crore would be paid... Íû¶C
cy of Cuddapah district on Saturday. independent sentence Íô³ê¶ ÏÚÛ\è[
·ôÙèÁ î¦ÚÛuÙ Indirect Speech past tense
ö˺ ÑÙë¯? ö¶ë¯ ¸Ú÷õÙ refer ìª would be paid ÚÛ·ôÚÂd Ú¥ë]ª. ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙè¯-
à¶ú£ªhÙë¯? û¶ìª ›íí£ôÁx ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù àŸ«›ú-û¦-æ¨Ú¨ è[ñªs í£Ùí‡é© áJ-Tìæ°x ö¶ë¯ áô¢- Lqì verb will be paid. Íë¶ ÚÛ·ôÚÂd. Oªô¢ª
Þœìæ°x? ›íí£ô àŸC-î¶-û¦-æ¨Ú¨ í£Ùí‡é© áô¢-Þœ-ìç¶x. Future
b) 'Dr YSR is sure that availability of funds would not be a hindrance'- Ð ö˺ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ÙC ÍE Íô¢nÙ.
î¦ÚÛuÙ Indirect Speech Íìª-ÚÛªÙç¶ YSR was sure ÍE ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯! Ú¥F b) Dr YSR is sure that the availability
ÓÙë]ªÚÛª News paper ö˺ is sure ÍE î¦è¯ô¢ª? ÖÚÛ-î¶üŒ is sure ÍE î¦è¯Lq of funds would not be a hindrance-
÷›úh will be hindrance ÍE ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯! N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª. ÷ªìÙ Óí£±pè[ª main clause verb
ìª ñæ¨d
sub-ordinate clause verb
ìª ú£÷-JÙ-à¦L.
– ÓúÃN FL÷ª, ò˹õx-÷ô¢Ù
ÏÚÛ\è[ Dr YSR is sure
ÍE report
à¶ú£ªh-
will not be
áî¦ñª: a) An amount of Rs. 104 ñæ¨d ÷«vêŸî¶ª àµí£p-ÞœõÙ. ÍÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª
ì-í£±pè[ª Íû¶ ô¦î¦L. Íë¶ Ð
sentence
ÚÛª correct form.
ÖÚÛ î¶üŒ Dr
crores would be paid in Rajampet con- î¦ÚÛuÙ Ïö° ÑÙë]-ìª-ÚÁÙè…– The Minister YSR was sure
ÍE report
ඛúh (ÓÙë]ª-
stituency of Cuddapah district on said that money would be disbursed to
ÚÛÙç¶ YSR
ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ñìo ú‡nAE Ïí£±pè[ª
Saturday- Ð î¦ÚÛuÙ Indirect Speech ö˺ the deserving (Íô¢ª|-öµjì î¦JÚ¨ è[ñªs Ï÷y- report
à¶ú£ªhû¦oÙ Ú¥ñæ¨d was) would not
ÑÙë¯ ö¶ë¯ Íû¶C, ÍÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª î¦Ú¥uEo ñ-è[ª-꟪ÙC.) Ð sentence ÑÙë]ìªÚÛªÙç¶ be- correct.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Radhika: Hi Rama, (are you) in a hurry?
ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ÖØ√o¢√?
Rama: You bet I am. I am on my way to
class. I'm afraid I shall be late. It's
already 7.50 and the class is at 8
(O' clock)
you bet I am -
éπ-*a-ûªçí¬. ( ؈’
ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ÖØ√o-†E †’´¤y bet é¬ßª’-
´îª’a. Åçõ‰ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅE éπü∆.)
class èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o. Late Å´¤-û√-ØË¢Á÷.
É°æp-öÀÍé 7.50 Å®·çC. é¬xÆæ’ 8 éÀ)
Radhika: Shall I see you in the evening
then?
Å®·ûË E†’o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓØ√?
Rama: I'm afraid it's a bit early. Make it
quarter past five. Past that will be
too late again.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 51
ÅC éÌçîÁç ûÌçü¿®Ω Å´¤ûª’çüË¢Á÷.
(Ééπ\úø I'm afraid = I am afraid
Åçõ‰ ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ûÁ-©°æ-úøç; üËØÁj oØ√
´’®√u-ü¿í¬ ™‰ü¿-†-úøç.
India.. The US..
eg: I'm afraid it is not possible for
me to give it = ÅC É´y--™‰-ØË-¢Á÷ –
É´y†’ ÅE ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ îÁ°æp-úøç.) 5-15
èπ◊ ®√. (Make it ¢√úø’éπ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
5.15èπ◊ ´îËaô’d îª÷ú≈-©E) Å-C ü∆-öÀ-ûË
´’Sx Ç©-Ææu-´’-´¤-ûª’çC.
Radhika: That suits me fine.
ok
(Åçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ ØË ÅE)
ÉC èπÿú≈ conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ
lessons
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ñ dia-
™ ¢√úÕ†
logues ÅFo èπÿú≈ NNüµ¿ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úË
Spoken English forms. OöÀE Éü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_®Ω’
practise
éπLÆœ áçûª îËÊÆh Åçûª ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-
conversation
©®Ω’. O’ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ Çéπ-ô’d-èπ◊ç-ô’çC
time expressions
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E †’ í∫´’-
Eç-îªçúÕ. 7.50, 8 (O' clock), half past five,
quarter past 5, past that.
É-C-´®Ω-™ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç éπü∆: °∂晫-Ø√ õ„jçèπ◊
ÅE éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ°æp-í∫-L-T-†-°æ¤púø’ at ¢√úøû√ç.
Æ洒ߪ’ç ´·çü¿’ At 3 pm, at 4.15 etc.
English ™ ´÷´‚©’ conversation ™
AM, PM (AM = Ante Meridian, PM = Post
Meridian) formal
ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ¢√úøç. ®√ÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’í¬F,
con-
í¬ v°æéπ-ô† ÉîËa-ô-°æ¤púø’í¬F ¢√úøû√ç. ´’†ç
versation îËÆæ’h†o°æ¤púø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd §Òü¿’lØ√,
´’üµ∆u-£æ«o´÷ ÅØËC ûÁ-©’-Ææ÷hØË Öçô’çC éπü∆.
Åçûªí¬ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ -ûÁ-©-§ƒLq ´ÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ in
the morning, in the evening etc Åçö«ç.
°æ‹®Ωh-®·† í∫çô-©èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ O' clock
Åçö«ç. O' clock = of the clock. Éçü¿’™ f the
omit îË≤ƒhç 鬕öÀd O °æéπ\† apostrophe (')
°úøû√ç. N’í∫û√ Ææ´’-ߪ÷Eo ûÁLÊ° Nüµ¿ç:
10.00 AM/ PM - 10 O' clock - Ten O' Clock
10.40 AM/ PM - Ten forty
04.20 - four twenty
äéπ í∫ç-ô™ 15´ EN’≠æç, 30´ EN’≠æç, 45´
EN’≠æç È®çúø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√ç.
02.15 - Two fifteen/ Quarter past two
(Quarter = 1/4 hour)
02.30 - Two thirty/ Half past two
02.45 - Two forty five/ Quarter to three
-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 25 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
British English ™ Quarter past, half past
etc., áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. N’í∫û√ Ææ´’-ߪ÷©’
èπÿ-ú≈ É™« îÁ°æp-´îª’a.
02.10- Ten minutes past two
(´÷´‚-©’í¬ Two ten),
02.50- Ten (minutes) to three
(´÷´‚-©’í¬ Two fifty)
°j expressions ™ past Å®Ωnç: 'ü∆öÀ— ÅE.
(Past - pronunciation = §ƒÆˇd)
Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç, Ææn™«Eo
ü∆öÀ ¢Á-∞¡}-úøçèπÿú≈ past. He is past the building. 6) Before 'of' phrases, if 'of' comes after a Prakash: Yes. From the old testament in the
äéπ ´ßª’Ææ’ ü∆ô-úøç = Past the age. plural (plural form of phrases
ûª®√yûª ´ÊÆh Ç Bible.
Kapil Dev is past the age of playing cricket. plural form The
´·çü¿’ ¢√-úø-û√ç). Bible old testament
™E ™-EC
cricket ÇúË ´ßª’Ææ’ ü∆öÀ-§Ú-®·çC. 7) Before the names of famous buildings, of Prabhat: Just as Maya Bazar is an episode
♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ historical buildings, of big hotels, of mon- from the Mahabharatam
Saikiran: Hi Lakshman, where are you uments, etc. ´’£æ…-¶µ«-®Ω-ûªç-™--E -ã -¶µ«-í¬-Eo ´÷ߪ÷ -
coming from? Pavithra: Hi, Puneetha, did you see the •-ñ«®˝ ÆœE´÷ -BÆœ-†-ô’x
Lakshman: (I am) returning from a party. professor?
Prakash: But I Doubt if Maya Bazar is from
Saikiran: Where? v§Ò°∂-Ææ-®˝†’ îª÷¨»¢√? the Original Mahabharatam
Puneetha: No, she left for the US yesterday.
Lakshman: At the wine n' dine Hotel.
Saikiran: Where is it?
No idea when she will be back.
Å®·ûË ´’£æ…-¶µ«-®Ωûªç ´‚©ç™ -´÷-ߪ÷-
•-ñ«®˝ -Öç-ü∆ -Å-E -Ø√ -Å-†’-´÷-†ç.
On her way back she is going to
Lakshman: Don't you know? It's near the îª÷¨»-®Ω’-éπü∆, íÌ°æp íÌ°æp ví∫çü∑∆©, °æNvûª
spend a week in the UK. She will
the Krishna Studio. return home by the UAE. ví∫çü∑∆© Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ 'the' ûª°æpéπ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.
Saikiran: A nice place, isn't it? What about Pavithra: I think she is the first in her This is the Telugu translation of the koran.
the Shelton Hotel near the department to be invited to so ÉC èπ◊®√Ø˛ ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç.
Charminar? many countries. Å™«Íí the Grandhsahib etc. Å®·ûË ®Ωîª-®·-
ûª© Ê°®Ωx ûª®√yûª ví∫çü∑∆© Ê°®Ω’x îÁ°œûË 'the' ®√ü¿’.
Valmiki's Ramayanam, Vyasa's Maha
bharatam etc.
Practise the following aloud in English.
Karuna: Hi Kranthi, É¢√-Rd ÑØ√úø’ îª÷¨»¢√?
E®Ω’-üÓu-í∫’-©èπ◊ ´·êu-´’ç-vA éÌûªh °æü∑¿-é¬Eo
v°æéπ-öÀç-î√®Ω’.
Kranthi: àçö« °æü∑¿éπç?
î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC éπü∆? The Professor, The US,
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™: Karuna: 22†’ç* 32´’üµ¿u ´ßª ’-Ææ ’\-©ç-ü¿-JéÀ
Charminarü¿í∫_®Ω Shelton Hotel The UK, The UAE. Åçõ‰ -v°æ-üË-¨»-©’, £æ«Ùü∆-©’ E®Ω’-üÓuí∫ -¶µº%A É≤ƒh®Ω’
ᙫ Öçô’çC? (designations), 'The'
°æü¿-´¤© ´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC. (éπLpûªç – ÉC Íé-´-©ç -Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ùÍé)
Laxman: Don't know much about it. By the The District Collector, The Prime Minister of Kranthi: Å™«í¬? Å¢Á’-Jé¬ (US) ™, Britain
by I am leaving for Delhi tonight. I India, etc. (UK) ™ Ñ °æü∑¿éπç î√-™«-é¬-©çí¬
am going to stop for two days at (a) The Prime Å´’™x ÖçC éπü∆?
Agra to see my uncle Minister of India, Karuna: Å´¤†’. ´’†-¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™«-´’çC Ééπ\úø
-ü∆-E í∫’-Jç-* -Ø√èπ◊ Åçûªí¬ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. Mr Manmohan ÖüÓu-í¬-´-é¬-¨»©’ ™‰éπ UAE, US, UK ©èπ◊
ÅC ÆæÍ® é¬F, -Ñ-¢√-∞¡ ®√vA úµÕMx ¢Á∞¡Ÿ- Singh ¢ÁRx §Úûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ¶µ«®Ωûª ®√-≠Z°æ æ-A -Å-•’l-™¸
ûª’Ø√o. ü∆J™ È®çvúÓ-V©’ Çví¬™ ´÷ (b) Mr Manmohan éπ-™«ç Ñ ¢Ë’üµ∆-N-´-©Ææ (brain drain)
uncle Éçöx Öçö« Singh, Prime í∫’-Jç-* ¢Á·†o ã Ö°æ-¢√u-Ææç™ -î√-™«
Saikiran: You will sure see the Taj, Won't Minister of India.
ÇçüÓ-∞¡† ´uéπh-°æ-J-î√®Ω’ éπü∆.
you? Kranthi: ´÷ ņoߪ’u èπÿú≈ Maldives ™
Ê°®Ω’ ´·çü¿’ £æ«Ùü∆, M. SURESAN
Lecturer Post èπ◊ Apply î˨»úø’. ´ÊÆh
û√ñ¸-´’-£æ«™¸ ûª°æpéπ îª÷≤ƒh´¤ í∫ü∆? °æü¿N ´ÊÆh -Ç £æ«Ùü∆/
Laxman: And also the Rashtrapathi -°æ-ü¿N ´·çü¿’ 'The' ¢ÁRx-§Ú-û√úø’. Ç Job ´ÊÆh £œ«´÷-©-ߪ÷©’
Bhavan in New Delhi. ´Ææ’hçC (a) ™- ´-™„. ´·ç-ü¿’ ´uéÀh Ê°®Ω÷, ûª®√yûª áéÀ\-†çûª ÆæçûÓ≠æç Åçô’-Ø√oúø’.
Answer:
úµÕMx™ ®√≠æ-Z°æA ¶µº´Ø˛ èπÿú≈ îª÷≤ƒh. £æ«Ùü∆/ -°æ-ü¿N´ÊÆh ü∆E´·çü¿’ 'The' ®√ü¿’ (b) ™
Karuna: Did you see/ go through the
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ 'The' ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: -´-™„. ÉC î√™« ´·êuç. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ £æ«Ùü∆, °æü¿N
Eenadu Today ? The Chief Minister
The Wine n' Dine Hotel, The Krishna Studio, (designation, office - office Åçõ‰ Ééπ\-úø
The Charminar, The Taj, The Rashtrapathi
has announced a new scheme for
鬮√u-©ßª’ç é¬ü¿’, °æü¿N -Å-E Å®Ωnç) ´·çü¿’ The
the benefit of the unemployed peo-
Bhavan. éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h-©’í¬ îÁÊ°p v°æÆœü¿l¥ ¶µº´-Ø√© ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.
ple.
´·çü¿’, íÌ°æp íÌ°æphotels ´·çü¿’, î√J-vûªéπ éπôd- éÌEo ®√≥ƒZ© éπ©-®·éπûÓ à®Ωpúøf ü˨»© ´·çü¿’
Kranthi: What's (What is) the scheme?
ú≈©÷ ñ«c°æéπ *£æ…o-©(monuments/ memorials) èπÿú≈ 'the' ¢√úøû√ç. îª÷¨»-®Ω’-éπü∆: The US (The
Karuna: All the unemployed persons
The
´·çü¿’ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË Hotel ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç United states of America - ÉC éÌEo ®√≥ƒZ©
between the age of 22 and 32 will
ÅßË’u Hotels The
Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ At the
®√ü¿’– éπ©®·éπ), the UK (The United Kingdom -
get unemployment allowance
Centurian, at the Krishna Oberoi Åçö«ç. é¬F England, Scotland, Wales and Northern
Kranthi: Is it so? This has been in force in
at the Hotel Sheraton At the Sheraton
ņç. Ireland The UAE (The
éπLÆœ à®Ωpúøf Ææ´÷êu),
the US and the UK
Hotel éπÈ®é˙d. United Arab Emirates - ´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬
in force -
( Å´’™x)
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. Gulf countries Dubai
ÅF, Abudabhi,
ÅF,
Karuna: Yes. A good number of our people
The ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’. Sharja ÅE Åçô’çö«ç). ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨¡ç™ èπÿú≈
are leaving for the UAE, the US
1) °∂晫-Ø√ ÅE ûÁL-Æ œ† ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ ( à?/ which The India
®√≥ƒZ™‰ éπü∆, ´’J ņç. ´’†ç äÍé
and the UK. All because of there
Å-ØË questions èπ◊ answer ´îËa îÓôx) ü˨¡çí¬ Ö†o ü∆Eo ®√≥ƒZ-©’í¬ N¶µº->çî√ç. ÅüË are no employment opportunities.
2) ´÷ö«x-úø’èπ◊ç-ô’†o ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-JéÀ ûÁL-Æ œ† N≠æ-ߪ÷© The US, The UK N≠æ-ߪ÷™x, Çߪ÷ ®√≥ƒZ©÷,
The President of India, Mr Abdul
´·çü¿’ v°æüË-¨»©÷ äÍé ü˨¡çí¬ à®Ωp-ú≈f®·. India N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Kalam expressed concern over this
3) †ü¿’©’, Ææ®Ω-Ææ’q©’, Ææ´·-vü∆©’, ´’£æ… Ææ´·-vü∆© èπÿú≈, Indian Union ÅE ´u´-£æ«-Jç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ The brain drain in his speech the day
Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ Indian Union Åçö«ç.
before yesterday.
4) °æ®Ωyûª °æçèπ◊h© (mountain ranges) Ê°®Ωx Prabhat: What movie did you go to,
Kranthi: My brother too has applied for a
´·çü¿’, (äÍé °æ®Ωyûªç ´·çü¿’ The ®√ü¿’) Yesterday?
lecturer’s job in the maldives. If he
5) Before the names of groups of islands Prakash: The Ten Commandments. An Old
gets it he will go. He says getting a
(D´¤© Ææ´‚-£æ…© Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’) but not one
job will make him as happy as if he
before the name of a single island (äÍé Prabhat: Isn’t it an episode from the Bible?
had climbed up the Himalayas.
The
Dy°æç Ê°®Ω’ ´·çü¿’ ®√ü¿’) ÅCBible Episode
™E éπü∆
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 27 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
Deepak: Hi Dheeraj, do come in. Pavan: Who was the boy with you yester-
Dheeraj: You had a book with you yester- day?
day. What was it? Ravi: The boy with a bundle of books?
(E†o F ü¿í∫_®Ω ã °æ¤Ææhéπç ÖçC éπü∆. (°æ¤Ææh-鬩 éπôdûÓ Ö†oûªØËØ√?)
àç °æ¤Ææhéπç ÅC?) Pavan: Yes, he had also with him a cell
Deepak: You mean the book with the green phone. (Åûª-EûÓ (ü¿í∫_®Ω) ã Cell phone
cover? èπÿú≈ ÖçC)
(Green cover ûÓ Ö†o book †’ Ravi: That's my cousin Raghu. He has
í∫’-Jç-î√ F´-úÕ-ÍíC?) come down with his mother to spend
Dheeraj: Yes, Isn't it a novel? a few days with us.
(ÅC novel éπü∆?) (éÌCl-®Ó-V©’ ´÷ûÓ í∫úø-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ -Å-ûª-úø’
Ravali: I am busy with the exams.
Deepak: Yes, it is. (Do) you want it? ¢√∞¡x-´’tûÓ ´î√aúø’) a) ¶µ«®Ωû˝ v°æ°æç-îªç™E v°æñ«-≤ƒy-´÷u-©Eoç-öÀ-™†÷
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ with †’ 'ûÓ— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓØË ¢√ú≈ç. Ramya: Are you studying alone, or with
(Å´¤†’. Fèπ◊ 鬢√™«?) ÅA °ü¿lC
some one else?
Dheeraj: Yes, I am leaving this afternoon for India is the largest democracy in the
Ravali: Alone.
Mumbai. I want to take it with me, world. (largest - superlative)
Ramya: Your dress is nice. Where did
to read it during the journey. b) AP
ü¿éÀ~-ù«C ®√≥ƒZ™x ÅA °ü¿lC
you buy it?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
Andhra Pradesh is the biggest state in the
(-Å-´¤-†’. -Ñ -´’-üµ∆u£æ«oç -ØË-†’ Ravali: At Wear n' See. A hot pack is free
52 South India.
-´·ç-¶«®·éÀ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o-†’. Ø√ûÓ BÆæ’Èé- with it.
c) v°æ°æç-îªç™ Åûª’u-†oûª °æ®Ωy-ûªPê®Ωç Mt
-∞«}-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-†’. v°æߪ÷-ùç™ îªü¿’- b) Krishna: How were the police able to
Bhaskar: Here is a mango. Very tempting. Everest. Mt Everest (Mt= mount = °æ®Ωyûªç)
´¤-éÓ-¢√-©E) catch the thieves so quickly?
(Ééπ\úø ´÷N’úÕ°æçúø’ ÖçC. ØÓ®Ω÷-J- is the highest peak (Pê®Ωç) in the world.
Deepak: First let's have some hot idlis Karim: With the help of their sniffer
≤ÚhçC) Superlatives ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤p-úø÷ 'the'
¢√úøôç Å´-
(¢Á·ü¿ô ÉúŒx Açü∆ç ®√.) Here are dogs (sniffer dogs- °æÆœ-í∫-ôd-í∫©
Bhanu: Let's eat it. Cut it with this knife. Ææ®Ωç. Å™«Íí first, second, third, fourth, etc. -
they and here's the spoon to eat sniff-
èπ◊éπ\©’. °æÆœ-í∫-ôd-úøç).
(Ñ î√èπ◊ûÓ éÌ®·u) OöÀE ordinals 'the'
Åçö«®Ω’, OöÀ-´·çü¿’ ¢√úøû√ç.
them with Krishna: Were they able to find the stolen
Bhaskar: Let's have some forks also to eat 1) Class first mark
(ÉNíÓ ÉúŒx©’. ¢√öÀE AØËç- ™ Åûª-EüË
spoon). Have some ghee money with the thieves?
ü¿’èπ◊ it with. His is the first mark in the class.
also. Ghees goes well with idlis,
doesn't it? (é¬Ææh ØÁ®·u ¢Ë≤Ú\, ÉúŒx-©ûÓ

I am with you..
ØÁ®·u ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC éπü∆.) (go well
with = suit Å´-úøç)
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Preposition- 'with' ¢√úøéπç
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. with èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’-™ 'ûÓ— ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC.
The book with you = FûÓ Ö†o °æ¤Ææhéπç – F ü¿í∫_-
®Ω’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç; the book with the green cover =
green cover ûÓ Ö†o- °æ¤-Ææhéπç. with me = Ø√ûÓ; (éÌEoforks- ´·∞¡x-îÁç-î√©’ –èπÿú≈ °ævö«) Karim: No. One of them escaped with 2) He is the fourth Prime Minister of India
a spoon to eat with = AØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ spoon. goes Bhanu: I bought these mangoes with the the hot stuff. Çߪ’† ¶µ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ -Ø√-©’íÓ v°æüµ∆E
well with = äéπü∆EûÓ ÉçéÓöÀ éπLÆœ ¶«í∫’çõ‰. money my uncle had given me. (hot stuff = )
üÌçí∫-≤Òûª’h (O’ Ø√†o-í¬-JéÀ †’´¤y á†o´ èπ◊´÷-®Ω’-úÕN?, Dr
鬕öÀd with Åçõ‰ '-ûÓ— ÅE. uncle






(´÷ É*a† úø•’s™h éÌØ√o) ´’ØÓt-£æ«-Ø˛-Æœçí˚ ¶µ«®Ωûªü˨»-EéÀ á†o´ v°æüµ∆E,
Åçõ‰ 'with'
†’ instruments, tools, weapons
´·çü¿’ ¢√úøû√ç. with a knife, with a pen, with Manoj: Hi Mallesh, how goes life?
™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u--™x 'á†o´— ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ English ™
a gun, etc.
ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’. éÌçûª-´’çC What is the
Mallesh: Getting on, Thanks; What's new?
ordinal of Dr Manmohan Singh as PM? ÅØË
1) Åûªúø’ §ƒ-´·†’ éπv®ΩûÓ éÌö«dúø’ Manoj: (Do you) know this, Chandra's
He beat the snake with a stick expression ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’ç-ü¿ç-ö«®Ω’. Ç ´÷ô Åçü¿-
selection as
2) Ø√ ÅvúøÆˇ ÅûªE Pen ûÓ ®√Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oúø’ the best
Jéà ŮΩn-´’¢√yL éπü∆?)
He wrote/ noted down my address with cadet of the
ûª®√yûª ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ.
-v°æ-¨¡o: a) If I have money, I wish to buy this car. his pen. country?
Pranav: Who is that friend of yours that
was with you yesterday.
b) If I had money. I would have spent It. 3) The killer killed the girl with a gun
best
(îªçv-ü¿
had, have gun ûÓ îªç§ƒúø’ Prakash: He was my school mate. He was
-Ééπ\-úø äÍé Å®Ωnç ´îËa™« cadet
4) Post office †’ Naxals bomb ûÓ Ê°™‰a-¨»®Ω’ one of my best friends at school.
ÖØ√o®·.- O-öÀ -´’-üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’-ö N´-®Ωçí¬ (NCC) í¬
ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. They blasted the post office with a bomb. We used to compete with each
– °œ.-á.≤ƒy-N’, -N-ï-ߪ’-†í∫®Ωç With Åçõ‰ ÇÆæ®√: áç°œéπ´-úøç M. SURESAN other in the exams, and we have
-ï-¢√-•’: have Åçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ àüÁj-Ø√ troubles
ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
F ™ Fèπ◊ -ÇÆæ®√í¬ ÖØ√o-†’ always on top at school.
Mallesh: That's the happiest news I've had
Öçúø-úøç. I am with you in your troubles. Pranav: Of you two, who was not better
She is competing with her sister in a month.
I have a Car Ééπ\úø better -Å-ØËC comparative degree.
(É°æ¤púø’) Ø√èπ◊ Car ÖçC. sister (Ñ ØÁ©™ ؈’ N†o happiest news ÅC.)
Ç¢Á’ ûÓ §Úöà °æúø’-ûÓçC. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ +er, 'r'*´®Ω ´îËa adjectives é¬F,
had Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ ´’†-Íé-üÁjØ√ Öç-úø-úøç Practise the following: Manoj: Some thing more for you. Ours is the
more ´·çü¿-®Ω-´îËa adjectivesé¬F comparative
I had a car. äéπ-°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ Car ÖçúËC. a) Ramya: Hi Ravali, àçôÆæ©’ éπ-E°œç-îª-úø-¢Ë’ first college in the state to win this
degree ™ Öçö«®·. Eg: Taller (tall+er),
If I had money. I would have spent it - Ñ ™‰ü¿’? kind of award.
(ÉçéÓöÀ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? ®√≠æZç braver (brave+r), more beautiful (more +
sentence correct é¬ü¿’. Ravali: Exams ûÓ busy í¬ ÖØ√o. ¢Á·ûªhç™ Éô’-´çöÀ °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\®Ωç ûÁa-èπ◊†o
a) If I had money, I would spend it -Å-Ø√-L, beautiful).
Ramya: †’¢Ìy-éπ\-ü∆-E¢Ë îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o¢√? ÉçÈé- ¢Á·ü¿öÀ College ´’†C)
-™‰-ü∆ (b) If I had had money, I would have ´÷´‚-©’í¬ comparative than
ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC.
´-J-ûÓ-†-®·Ø√ éπLÆœ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o¢√? Ééπ\úø 'The' ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. The (best), He is taller than his brother.
spent it ÅØ√L. Å®·ûË È®ç-úÕç-öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç™ ûËú≈ Ravali: ؈’ äéπ\-ü∆ØËo îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. the (happiest), the (first) etc. Åçõ‰ superla-
ÖçC. Ramya: F dress î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. áéπ\-úø- ÅûªE brother éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ §Òúø´¤.
tive degree of the adjective ´·çü¿-®Ωçû√ 'the'
a) éÀ Å®Ωnç, Ø√ ü¿-í∫_®Ω É°æ¤púø’ -úø-•’s™‰ü¿’, Öçõ‰ éÌ-Ø√o´¤? Comparative ™ than ´ÊÆh, comparative
¢√úøû√ç; Å™«Íí, first, second, third, etc., ™«çöÀ the comparative
ê®Ω’a °úø-û√†’. ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd ê®Ω’a °ôd†’. (ÉC Ravali: Wear n' See shop ™. DçûÓ-§ƒô’ ´·çü¿’ ®√-ü¿’. Å®·ûË ûª®√yûª
present situation) ÉC ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’. ordinals ´·çü¿-®Ωçû√ ®√¢√L.
ã hot pack free. than ®√éπ-§ÚûË,comparative ´·çü¿’ 'the' ûª°æpéπ
b) éÀ Å®Ωnç í∫ûªç™ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s ÖçúÕ Öçõ‰, Superlative degree Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆: Öü∆:
b) Krishna: àçöÀ? üÌçí∫-©-†’ -§Ú-MÆæ’-©’ Åçûª ´Ææ’hçC.
Largest, greatest, richest, tallest, most beau-
a) Suman is taller than Suseel
ê®Ω’a-°öÀd ÖçúË-¢√-úÕØË. Å°æ¤púø’ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø-•÷s Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®√?
™‰ü¿’, ê®Ω’a °ôd-†÷ -™‰ü¿’. tiful etc. adjective + est
-™‰-ü∆ + st
Karim: ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢√∞¡x èπ◊éπ\© ≤ƒßª ’çûÓ Suman
Åçõ‰ *´®Ω (Ææ’Q™¸ éπØ√o §Ò-úø’í∫’)
c) If he studied well, he would pass. É-°æp-öÀ í¬F, adjective ´·çü¿’ most ÅEí¬F ´ÊÆh ÅC
°æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ b) Of Suman and Suseel, Suman is the
Ææçí∫A ÉC. ¢√úø’ îªü¿-´-úø’; îªü¿-´-úø-´’çô÷ Krishna: üÌçí∫-©-ûÓ-§ƒô’, ¢√∞¡Ÿx üÌçT-Lç-*† superlative degree. (Adjective - äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤/ taller.
ïJ-TûË §ƒÆæ-´¤-û√úø’. ´’-E≠œ í∫’ù«-©†’ ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’; tall boy -
(Ñ È®çúø÷ present ™ ï®Ω-í∫-EN.) úø•’s èπÿú≈ °æô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®√? a) Comparative, taller
™ îª÷úøçúÕ – ûª®√yûª
d) If he had studied well, he would have
Karim: ™‰ü¿’. ¢√∞¡x™  äéπúø’ Ç úø•’sûÓ á™«çöÀ boy ©ØË question èπ◊ tall ÅØË answer than Comparative
ÖçC. 鬕öÀd 'the'
´·çü¿’
passed ûª°œpç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd, tall Ééπ\úø adjective). ûÁ©’-í∫’™ b)
™‰ü¿’. ™, Comparative taller
ûª®√yûª Åçõ‰
¢√úø’ ¶«í¬ îªCN -Öçõ‰ (í∫ûªç™), ¢√úø’ ANSWERS: Å®Ωnç 'Åûªuçûª— ÅE. than
ûª®√yûª Comparative taller
™‰ü¿’, 鬕öÀd,
pass Å®· ÖçúË¢√úø’ (îªü¿-´-™‰ü¿’, fail a) Ramya: Hi, Ravali, not to be seen at all Superlative degree of the adjective ´·çü¿’ ´·çü¿’ 'the'´≤ÚhçC.
Åߪ÷uúø’). (these days)? 'the' ¢√úøû√ç.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 29 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
Ram: Raghu, how tall are you? Salesperson: The price has gone up by Rs.
(®Ω°∂æ·, †’¢Áyçûª §Òúø’í∫’?) 3000/-
Raghu: I am 5'9". (؈’ 5'9") (üµ¿®Ω ´‚úø’¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’
Ram: Does it mean you are taller than me °J-TçC. à ¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊ – by Rs.
by an inch? 3000/-)
(Does it mean)
(Åçõ‰ = †’´¤y Ø√éπØ√o Practise the following in English:
inch
äéπ §Òúø¢√?) 1.
Raghu: of course, and I weigh less than you Priya: Ø√éπçõ‰ †’´¤y °ü¿l-¢√-úÕ¢√?
by 5 Kgs - Sekhar: Å´¤†’. éπFÆæç È®çúË∞¡Ÿx (by ¢√úøçúÕ).
5 Kg
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ´’Sx FéπØ√o ؈’ © Priya: Åçü¿’-éπØ√ E†’o ´·çü¿’ °œL-î√®Ω’
•®Ω’´¤ ûªèπ◊\´) Interview éÀ.
Ram: But the length of my shirt is more Sekhar: áçûª-´·çüËN’öÀ? 10 EN’-≥ƒ-™‰í¬. The Indian is not so hardworking as the
Priya: Sreekanth á°æ¤p-úÌ-î √a-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ? Sasikanth: í∫´÷uEo ü¿%≠œd™ Öç-éÌ-E éπ≠d-°æ æ-úË
than yours by atleast 4 Cms. Japanese.
Sekhar: Ø√ éπçõ‰ Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’. (the Indians) (the
-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ Nïߪ’ç ûªü∑¿uç
(Å®·ûË Ø√ shirt shirt
-F 4 Cmséπçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·©’ ï§ƒØ˛ ¢√∞¡xçûª 2.
Priya: Å®·ûË ÅûªEo Féπçõ‰ §ƒ´¤-í∫çô late í¬ Japanese) éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ’®Ω’.
§Òúø-¢Á-èπ◊\´) Pramod: >çéπ î√™« ¢Ëí∫çí¬ °æJ-Èí-úø’-ûª’çC éπü∆?
°œL-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. The cheetah ( all cheetahs - is the *®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤L)
2. Prasad: *®Ω’ûª°æ¤L (Cheetah) >çéπ éπçõ‰ ¢Ëí∫ç.
fastest of all animals.
Santosh: ¢√öÀ üµ¿®Ω™ x ûËú≈ éπFÆæç 50 Pramod: -v°æéπ%-A-™ ≤ƒüµ¿’ v§ƒù’-©Íé -áèπ◊\-´ £æ…E
(*®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤-©’©’ ÅEo ïçûª’-´¤-©-éπØ√o ¢Ëí∫ç éπ©N) ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ô’çC (≤ƒüµ¿’ v§ƒ-ù’©’ =
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’. The lotus is a lovely flower
Sunil: Meek creatures). üË´¤-úø’ ≤ƒüµ¿’ v§ƒù’-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 53
¢√öÀ È®çúÕöx àC áèπ◊\´ •®Ω’´¤? û√´’®Ω °æ¤´¤y Åçü¿çí¬ Öçô’çC (ÅEo û√´’®Ω
áEo éÀ™©’? °æ‹´¤©’ ÅE). ©†’ ®ΩéÀ~ç-îª-úËç-ö?
Santosh: Ç Â°ü¿lC, *†o-ü∆-E-éπØ√o 4 Kg©’ •®Ω’- ANSWERS
äçõ„ áú≈-J™ ãúø ™«çöÀC
Raghu: That's because you are fatter than ¢Á-èπ◊\´. The camel is the ship of the desert. Sasikanth: Have you finished the assign-
me by 3 Cms Sunil: ÉC ü∆E-éπçõ‰ 50 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ ûªèπ◊\´. Kuntala: Your friend Kamala has failed ment?
3 Cms
(†’´¤y Ø√éπØ√o ™«´¤-é¬-•öÀd) ANSWERS again friend
(O’ fail
éπ´’© ´’S} Srikanth: No. I will begin it in the evening.
'by' Sasikanth: The lazy always postpone
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. 1. Å®·çC)
Karuna: She is lazy. The lazy never suc- Srikanth: Do the industrious always suc-
by
È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ ´’üµ¿u à ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ûËú≈ ÖçC ÅØËC Priya: Are you older than I/ me?
ceed ceed?
ü∆y®√ ûÁ©’°æ¤û√ç. Sekhar: Yes, atleast by 2 years. (Ç¢Á’ ≤Ú´’J. ≤Ú´’®Ω’x Nïߪ’ç
Sasikanth: The industrious with a clear idea
of their goals always succeed.
2.

By nine points..
a) you are taller than (I)/ me by an inch
äéπ Åçí∫’∞¡ç ûËú≈
b) I weigh less than you by 5 kgs
FéπØ√o ؈’ 5 Kg ûªèπ◊\´ •®Ω’´¤
c) by atleast 4 cms
éπFÆæç 4 Cms ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ áèπ◊\´
d) fatter than I/ me by 3 cms = 3 Cms
Prakash: Congrats, Lakshman. That was
a marvellous game you played
yesterday (Lakshman, congrats
E†o î√-™« ¶«í¬ Çú≈´¤). How
many points did you win the
match by? (áEo §ƒ®·çôx ûËú≈ûÓ
I know you were win-
Èí-L-î√´¤?).
ning and left before the end of
the match (†’´¤y Èí©’-≤ƒh-´E ûÁLÆœ
´·çüË ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷†’).
Lakshman: By nine points (9 points ûËú≈/
ÇCµ-éπu-ûªûÓ)
Prakash: At the half time itself you were
leading by 4 points. (Half time
Å°æ¤p-úË †’´¤y 4 points ÇCµ-éπu-ûª-ûÓ/
-ûË-ú≈ûÓ ´·çü¿’-Ø√o´¤) That's a
good lead. (´’ç* ÇCµ-éπuûË)
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ à ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ûËú≈/-Ç-Cµ-éπuûª ÅØËC
'by'ûÓ îª÷°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oç éπü∆.
a) Ç¢Á’ Ç¢Á’ îÁLx-éπçõ‰ È®çúË∞¡Ÿx °ü¿lC
She is her sister's elder/ older than her sis-
ter by two years.
b) necklace necklace
Ñ éπçõ‰ Ç
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™„-èπ◊\´.
This necklace is costlier than that by Rs.
2000/-
Salesperson: What do you want, please?
Customer: How much is this wrist
watch? watch(Ñ êK-üÁçûª?)
Salesperson: It's Rs. 2000/- (È®çúø’ ¢Ë©
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’)
Customer: But it was Rs 1700/- last
week. (í∫ûª-¢√®Ωç 1700 ÅØË
ÅØ√o®Ω’)
Pramod: Doesn't (Does not) the deer run
very fast?
Prasad: The cheetah is faster than the
deer.
Pramod: The meek always are harmed/
always suffer in nature. Wonder
why God doesn't protect the
Priya: Is that why they called you earlier §Òçü¿®Ω’). She is rich of course, so meek (Wonder = I wonder - Å®Ωnç
for the interview? she does 鬴--úøç-™‰-ü¿E/ ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ûÁ-©°æ-úøç)
Sekhar: How much earlier? Just by 10 min- not care. from the ferocious.
utes. (¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ¶«í¬ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
Priya: When did Sreekanth come here? úø•’sçC, í∫´’-Eéπ: Comparative degree ™ adjective
Sekhar: Half an hour earlier than I/ me Åçü¿’-éπE Öçõ‰ than ûª®√yûª me or I? him or he? her or
© ûËú≈. (Earlier than I by half an hour) °ü¿lí¬ °æöÀdç- she? them or they? - -à-C -¢√-ú≈-©-ØË ÆæçüË£æ«ç
Priya: But they called him later than you -éÓü¿’) ´Ææ’hçô’çC éπü∆.
by just 15 minutes. Kuntala: But not all Suman is taller than me/ taller than I.
2. the rich are Ñ È®ç-úÕç-öx àC correct? Grammatical í¬
like that.
M. SURESAN taller than I correct. modern
Santosh: They differ in their prices by Rs ÅØËüË Å®·ûË
50/- (Åçü¿®Ω’ üµ¿†- usage v°æ鬮Ωç taller/ stronger/ cleverer than
Sunil: Which of the two is the heavier, ´ç-ûª’©÷ Å™« Öçúø®Ω’ éπü∆) me/ him/ her/ them/ us ¶«í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™éÀ ´îËa-
and by how many kgs? Karuna: That's right. Among the hardwork- ÆœçC. ÉüË ¢√úø-úøç better. taller than I ™«çöÀC
ing, there are many who are rich.
Santosh: The bigger one is heavier than the é¬Ææh ví¬çC∑éπç. É°æ¤púø’ Åçûªí¬ ¢√úø’éπ™ ™‰ü¿’.
smaller by 4 kgs. (ÅC Eï¢Ë’. éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îËÊÆ ¢√∞¡x™, Å®·ûË Ñ éÀçC ¢√é¬u©’ îª÷úøçúÕ.
a) My friend likes the mango better than I
Sunil: It costs less than that by Rs 50/- î√™«-´’çC üµ¿E-èπ◊©’ ÖØ√o®Ω’)
Ééπ\úø îª÷úøçúÕ: The rich, the lazy, the hard- b) My friend likes the mango better than me.
♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
working. rich (úø•’s†o, üµ¿E-èπ◊-™„j†), lazy (≤Ú´’J Ééπ\úø È®çúø÷ Correct, ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ Å®√n-©ûÓ.
Anjan: Hi Arun, which is your most favourite
Å®·-†), hardworking (industrious) = éπ≠d-°æ æúË – a) èπ◊ Å®Ωnç. Ø√èπ◊mango É≠ædç. Ç¢Á’èπÿ É≠ædç.
wild animal? mango
Oô-Eoç-öÀF adjectives Åçö«ç – Åçõ‰ í∫’ù«-©†’ Ø√éπçõ‰ Åçõ‰ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ É≠ædç.
(ÅúøN ´’%í¬-©™ FÈé-èπ◊\´ É≠æd-¢Á’i-†-üËC?) ûÁLÊ° °æü∆-©†o ´÷ô. ¢√öÀ´·çü¿’ the ¢√úÕûË Ç b) èπ◊ Å®Ωnç. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ؈çõ‰ É≠ædç. Å®·ûË Ç¢Á’èπ◊
Arun: The tiger, of course (°æ¤L) mango
í∫’ùç í∫©-¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË ÅC °æôx Ö†oçûª É≠ædç Ø√°æôx ™‰ü¿’– ÅE.
Anjan: Doesn't the lion look more majestic plural. Tall = §Òúø-¢Áj†, the tall = §Òúø-í∫®Ω’x (plu- clear (a) My friend likes
ÉC í¬ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ™
than the tiger? (°æ¤L-éπØ√o Æœç£æ«ç™ ral); Fat = ™«¢Áj†, the fat = ™«´¤í¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx; the mango better than I do do
ÅE °æ-ü∆--Eo
áèπ◊\´ ®√ïÆæç éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-ô’çC éπü∆?) poor = Hü¿, the poor = Hü¿-¢√∞¡Ÿx. extra í¬ îË®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’.
Amar: The elephant is my favourite (Ø√ 1) §Òúø-í∫®Ω’x §ÒöÀd-¢√∞¡x éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ Çúø-û√®Ω’
favourite à†’í∫’). It looks grand and The tall play better than the short.
is not at all ferocious like the tiger or 2) üµ¿E-èπ◊©’ Hü¿-¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ÷L.
the lion. (î√-™« grand í¬ éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C. The rich should help the poor.
3)
-v°æ- ¨¡o:
°æ¤L, Æœç£æ«ç-™«í¬ vèπÿ®Ω-¢Á’içC é¬ü¿’) üµ¿E-èπ◊©’ áèπ◊\´ üµ¿E-èπ◊-©-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Hü¿-¢√∞¡Ÿx
Did not he play cricket?
È®çúø’¢Ë© Ééπ\úø, 'the' ¢√úøéπç îª÷úøçúÕ. The E Ééπ\úø Éçé¬ Hü¿-¢√-∞¡x-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ -Ñ -¢√éπuç-™
countable singulars... lion, tiger, elephant The rich are getting richer, the poor are Interrogative negative ‘not’ he
- ™ èπ◊ -´·ç-ü¿’
´·çü¿’ ¢√ú≈ç. The tiger, the lion, the ele- getting poorer. -´-*aç-C. é¬-E éÌ-Eo Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x °æ-vAéπ-™x, -•’é˙q-™
phant. 4) ≤Ú´’®Ω’x °jéÀ-®√®Ω’ ‘not’ he èπ◊ -ûª®√y-ûª -´Ææ’hç-C. -ûË-ú≈ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’.
The tiger is my favourite The lazy never prosper -Ö-ü∆: Did he not speak the truth?
the tiger Practise the following in English:
-ï-¢√--•’: (a) Did not he play cricket? ÅØ√o,
Ééπ\úø Åçõ‰ Ç ñ«AéÀ îÁçC† ïçûª’-´¤- – -áç.Ææ’Í®ç-vü¿-Ø√-ü∑˛, -üµ¿-´-∞Ï-¨¡y®Ωç
©Fo ÅE. Å™«Íí the lion, the elephant = 1.
Æœç£æ…©’, à†’-í∫’©÷ ÅE. Sasikanth: Assignment °æ‹Jh-îË-¨»-¢√? (b) Did he not play Cricket? ÅØ√o äéπõ‰.
The dog is a faithful animal Sreekanth: ™‰ü¿’. ®√vA v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒh. (b) áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ™  ÖçC. Å®·ûË, con-
èπ◊éπ\ (ÅEo èπ◊éπ\©÷) N¨»y-Ææç-éπ© ïçûª’´¤(©’) Sasikanth: ≤Ú´’È®x°æ¤púø÷ ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’. tracted form ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, (a) ´Ææ’hçC.
äéπ ñ«AE ¢Á·ûªhç í∫’-Jç-* îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ count- Sreekanth: éπ≠d-°æ æ-úË-¢√-∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ Nïߪ’ç §Òçü¿’- Didn't (Did not he) he play cricket? ÉC
able singular ´·çü¿’ the ¢√úÕûË ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. ûª’ç-ö«®√? spoken english ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√®Ω’.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Bhaskar: What are you looking at, Bhanu?
(üËEo îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o¢˛ ¶µ«†’?)
Bhanu: At the little boy there; He is sitting
on the arms of the chair. He may
fall down any moment.
(Ç *†o-°œ-™«xúÕo. ¢√úø’ èπ◊Ka îËûª’-©-O’ü¿
èπÿ®Ω’aE ÖØ√oúø’. à éπ~ù«-ØÁj oØ√ éÀçü¿-°æ-úø-
´îª’a)
Bhaskar: He is in real trouble. let's go to
him and put him down.
(¢√úø’ Eïçí¬ É•sç-C™ ÖØ√oúø’.
¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ ¢ÁRx éÀçü¿èπ◊ Cçü∆ç
°æü¿)
Bhanu: That will save him from trouble.
(¢√úÕE É•sçC †’ç* 鬧ƒ-úø’-ûª’çC.)
Bhaskar: Surprising, no body to take care
of the child
(Ç Gúøf†’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ØË ¢√Rx-
éπ\úø ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç Ǩ¡a®Ωuçí¬ØË ÖçC)
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ´÷ô-©†’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ÅN...
at, on, of, in, to, from. ´’†™ î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ
ûÁ©’Ææ’ É™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©†’ prepositions Åçö«ç.
English ™ prepositions èπ◊ Ö†o v§ƒüµ∆†uç
î√™« áèπ◊\´. Ñ prepositions Ææçí∫A, ´·êuçí¬
¢√öÀ ¢√úøéπç î√™« Nçûªí¬ Öçô’çC. preposition
èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ææ´÷-†¢Á’i†N N¶µºéÀh v°æûªu-ߪ÷©’.
Prepositions ¢√úø-éπç™ Ææ´’-Ææu©èπ◊ 鬮Ωùç,
ü∆EéÀ ã Ê£«ûª’-•ü¿l¥¢Á’i† N´-®Ωù ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç. à ´÷ô
´·çü¿’ à preposition, ûª®√yûª à preposition
áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√¢√L ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ™‰ü¿’.
Åçü¿’Íé ¢√öÀ-¢√-úøéπç English ´÷ûª%-¶µ«≠æ é¬E-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊
ûª©-ØÌ°œp. English ¶«í¬ îªC-N-ûËØË é¬F ÅN Å©-
¢√ô’鬴¤. ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç ü∆y®√ éÌçûª Å´-í¬-
£æ«† à®Ωp-®Ω--éÓ-´îª’a.
English ™ prepositions †’ ´’†ç N¶µºéÀh
v°æûªu-ߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´÷ô ûª®√yûª ´îËa
v°æûªu-ߪ÷-©-Fo English ™ ´÷ôèπ◊ ´·çü¿’-´-≤ƒh®·.
Sundar: He has come from Vijayawada.
(Çߪ’† Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø †’ç* ´î√aúø’)
îª÷¨»®√, ´’†ç Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø †’ç* Åçö«ç.
English ™ from Vijayawada -Å-E
Öçô’çC.
He will be here till 5'o clock.
(till 5'o clock = 5 ´®Ωèπ◊)
Sukumar: When will he go back to
Vijayawada?
(Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøèπ◊ = to Vijayawada)
Sundar: He hasn't (has not) yet told me of
it.
(of it = ü∆E í∫’Jç* Ø√éÀçé¬ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’)
v°æ¨¡o:
1. Discuss ûª®√yûª About
®√ü∆?
Explain îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’
2. Çߪ’† Fèπ◊ à´’-´¤-û√úø’?
(Eg: ´÷´’, Å©’xúø’)
DEE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’
3. '؈’ O’èπ◊ äé𠧃ô NE-°œ-
≤ƒh†’— – DEE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ
ÅØ√L?
4. 'Just' ÅØË °æü¿ç usage ™ ü∆E ´÷®Ω’p©’
ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
5. 'Åûªúø’ Ñ ´’üµ¿u ††’o úø•’s©’ Åúø-í∫-ú≈-EéÀ ÆæçéÓ-
*-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’— – DEE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?
– >.¢Áç-éπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω’x, éπ†÷o®˝, éπKç-†-í∫®˝ >™«x
ï¢√•’:
1. Discuss, describe, mention, explain,
state, remark- OöÀ ûª®√yûª about ®√ü¿’.
2. What is he to you?/ How is he related to
you?
3. I will give you a song/ Let me sing a song
to you.
4. Just= É°æ¤púË, just= only, ´÷vûª¢Ë’
5. Of late he has been hesitating to ask me
for money.
í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 1 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2005
鬕öÀd prepositions Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’í∫’,
English ©™ èπ◊-úÕ, áúø´’í¬ Öçö«®·. èπ◊úÕ áúø-
¢Á’iûË Ééπ\úø §Ò®Ω-§ƒõ‰.
prepositions -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-úøç í∫’Jç* éÌEo
general principles -ûÁ-©’Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç î√™«-´·êuç.
Spoken English Correct í¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰ ÅN
áç-ûÓ -Å-´Ææ®Ωç.
1) Pavan: I wrote a letter to my sister yes-
terday
(´÷ sister èπ◊ E†o letter ®√¨»)
Ravikanth: Did you tell her about the Suneetha: Is your home the one behind the side of it (beside it/ by it/ near
book exhibition here? post office? to it) there is a book shop.
(O’ É©’x Post office ¢Á†-éπØ√?) What books do you want to
èπ◊-úÕ -á-úø-¢Á’i-ûË -§Ò®Ω-§ƒ--õ‰!
(Ééπ\úÕ °æ¤Ææhéπ v°æü¿-®Ωz† í∫’Jç*
Ç¢Á’èπ◊ îÁ§ƒp¢√?) Supriya: No, it is by the Post office. buy at the shop?
Pavan: Yes, I did. I wrote to her to start Karim: I want some Computer books.
by the 9 AM train which arrives They are not available in our
here at 5 PM. town.
(îÁ§ƒp†’. ûÌN’tC í∫çô© train ™ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 41 Kamesh: Then you get the books you
•ßª’-™‰l-®√-Lqç-Cí¬ ®√¨»†’. Ééπ\-úÕ-éπC 5 want at the book stall behind
í∫çô-©èπ◊ îË®Ω’-ûª’çC) the theatre. Near that there is
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ to my sister, about the (é¬ü¿’. °æéπ\†) another book stall too. You get
book exhibition, by the 9 AM train, arrives there the books you want.
It is between the
here at 5 PM - Ñ expressions ™ to, about, (b) Pranav: Where were you yesterday?
Post office and the
by, here ÅØË prepositions ÅFo-èπÿú≈ sentence Pratap: At my friend Tarun's
Income Tax office
™ Ö†o ´÷ô© Ææç•ç-üµ∆Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®· éπü∆. Pranav: Where is his home?
(Post office,
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´÷ sister èπ◊ (to my sister), °æ¤Ææhéπ Pratap: Very near mine. Only three
Income Tax office
v°æü¿-®Ωz† í∫’Jç* (about the book exhibition), 9 M. SURESAN buildings are there between
í∫çô© train ™ (by the 9 AM train), 5 í∫çô-©èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u) mine and his. There is a big
(at 5 PM) ÅFo ´’† N¶µºéÀh v°æûªu-ߪ÷©’ îËÊÆ °æØË Â°j† îÁ°œp† prepositions ÅEo-èπÿú≈, v°æüË-¨»- tree in front of it.
îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆. ÉC prepositions èπ◊ Ö†o ´·êu- ©†’ Ææ÷*çîËNí¬ØÓ, positions ûÁL-Ê°-N-í¬ØÓ Pranav: Isn't there a bank beside his
¢Á’i† §ƒvûª. Sentence ™ ´÷ôèπÿ ´÷ôèπ◊ ´’üµ¿u ÖØ√o®· éπü∆? home?
Ææç•çüµ¿ç îª÷°æúøç. Practice the following aloud in English: Pratap: Yes.
á´-JéÀ? to my sister; (c) Sravanthi: My book was on the table
a) Karim: Ñ ü¿í∫_-®Ω™  áéπ\-úø-®·Ø√ Book shop
üËE í∫’Jç*?: about the book exhibition; Öçü∆? yesterday. Why / How is it in
à train ™?: by 9 AM train; Kamesh: Ñ OCµ *´®Ω ã ´’çü¿’© ≥ƒ°æ¤ your bag today?
áEoç-öÀéÀ : at 5 PM. Swarna: Yes, I took it. I wanted some
ÖçC. ü∆EE dž’-èπ◊ØË ã book
É´Fo ´’†ç English NÆæh %-ûªçí¬ îªü¿-´úøç, information in it.
shop ÖçC. Ç book shop ™
N†úøç ´©x Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-û√®·. àç °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØ√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? Sravanthi: Why did you keep your bag
Prepositions ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ áéπ\úø Öçö«®·? Karim: Ø√èπ◊ éÌEo computer books 鬢√L. under the table?
2) Ramana: These flowers are nice. Are ÅN ´÷ Ü∞x üÌ®Ω-éπ-úøç-™‰ü¿’. Swarna: Because there was no room
they from your garden? Kamesh: Å®·ûË, Fèπ◊ 鬢√-Lq† •’é˙q Ç cin- on the table.
(Ñ °æ‹©’ î√™« ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. O’ ema hall ¢Á†éπ Ö†o book stall ™ (English ™ îÓô’ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ Éô’-´çöÀ Ææçü¿-
ûÓ-ô-™¢√?) üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·. ü∆E ü¿í∫_Í® ÉçéÓ ®Ωs¥ç™ place/ space ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô-é¬ü¿’. Room
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ – from- garden èπ◊ ´·çü¿’. ÅüË book stall ÖçC. Åéπ\úø èπÿú≈ ¢√ú≈L.
ûÁ©’-í∫’-™-ØÁjûË 'ûÓô™— Åçö«ç. '™—– ûÓô ûª®√yûª üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·. Bus™ ´·Â°jp¥ ´’çCéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îÓô’çC.
´îËaC. b) Pranav: E†o †’¢Áyéπ\úø’Ø√o´¤? There is room in the bus only for 30 passen-
Rahul: No. They were in the basket on Pratap: ´÷ friend ûª®Ω’ù˝ Éçöx gers)
the table. I took them from the Pranav: ÅûªúÕ É™„x-éπ\úø? É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ position †’ ûÁLÊ° preposition
basket. Pratap: ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ î√™« ü¿í∫_®Ω. ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ´÷ éÌEoç-öÀE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. áéπ\úø? ÅE v°æ¨¡o-¢ËÊÆh
(é¬ü¿’, Table O’ü¿’†o •’ôd™  ÉçöÀéÀ ´’üµ¿u ´‚úø’ buildings É¢√y-Lq† Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√-EéÀ Ñ prepositions ¢√úøû√ç.
ÖØ√o®·. ؈’ ü∆ØÓxç* BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÖØ√o®·. ¢√RxçöÀ ´·çüÓ positions †’ ûÁLÊ° ´’JéÌEo prepositions:
Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆? from, in, on Ñ Â°ü¿l îÁô’d èπÿú≈ ÖçC. Sukumar: Why has the train stopped?
prepositions ¢√öÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’ Pranav: ÅûªúÕçöÀ °æéπ\† ã bank ÖçC éπü∆? (Train áçü¿’èπ◊ ÇTçC)
®√´úøç. Pratap: Å´¤†’. Suman: There is flood water over the
3) Prathibha: Where are the flowers? c) Sravanthi: Ø√ °æ¤Ææhéπç E†o Ç table O’ü¿ bridge
ÖçC. É¢√∞¡ F bag ™ (Bridge O’ü¿ ´®Ωü¿ F®Ω’ ÖçC)
(Ç °æ‹©’ áéπ\úø ÖØ√o®·?)
Prabha: They are in the basket. The ÖçüËçöÀ? The whole area on either side
basket is on the table. I bought Swarna: Å´¤†’. ؈’ BÆæ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Åçü¿’™ of the track is under water.
the flowers at the flower stall, éÌçûª Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç Ø√èπ◊ 鬢√Lq (Bridge èπ◊ È®çúø’-¢Áj-°æ¤© Ö†o v°æüË-¨¡-
beside my uncle's place near ´*açC. ´’çû√ ´·E-T-§Ú-®·çC= under
the Post office. Sravanthi: F bag †’ table éÀçü¿ °ö«d-¢Áç- water =F∞¡x éÀçü¿)
(in the basket= •’ôd™ , on the table= ü¿’èπ◊? Sukumar: Thank God, All the passen-
table O’ü¿; at the flower stall= °æ‹©-éÌ-ô’d™ ; Swarna: Table O’ü¿ îÓô’-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd gers in the train are safe
beside my uncle's place= ´÷ ´÷´’-¢√-RxçöÀ (§ÚF™‰ train ™E v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-èπ◊-
ANSWERS:
°æéπ\†; near the Post office= Post office ü¿í∫_®Ω) ©çû√ Íé~´’çí¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’)
(a) Karim: Is there a book shop anywhere Above, below, inside, outside, beyond -
É´-Fo-èπÿú≈– in, on, at, beside, near- v°æüË-
¨»Eo ûÁLÊ° prepositions. °∂晫Ø√-îÓô ÅE îÁ°æp-ú≈- near here? ÉN èπÿú≈ positions ûÁLÊ° prepositions. OöÀE
EéÀ OöÀE ¢√ú≈ç éπü∆? positions ûÁLÊ° ÉçéÌEo Kamesh: At the end of the street there O’ ¢√é¬u™x ¢√úÕ îª÷úøçúÕ.
prepositions îª÷ü∆lç. is a medical shop. Just by the
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 2 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
Ram: Hi Shyam and Prem, well met
at: 'at' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬--©’ -Éç-ûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ î√™« ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
You are talking
(éπ©’Ææ’-éÓ-´-úøç ¨¡Ÿ¶µºç).
about the college day perhaps.
èπ◊-Ø√oç-í∫ü∆. É°æ¤p-úÕC îª÷ü∆lç.
Sekhar: How good are you at Telugu?
College Day
(O’®Ω’ †’ í∫’-Jç-* ´÷ö«x-
- well met
úø’-ûª’-†o-ô’d-Ø√o®Ω’? = éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ- (O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’í∫’ áçûª -¶«í¬ ´îª’a?)
Sanjeev: Just give me some time. I will be
conversation
´-úøç ´’ç*-ü¿-®·çC. ™ as good at it as you are. (Ø√é¬\Ææh
practise îËߪ’çúÕ) time É´¤y. ؈’ èπÿú≈ F Åçûª ¶«í¬
Shyam: Yea, about the item we want to
present.
´÷ö«x-úø-û√†’)
Sekhar: I am poor at Hindi (Ø√èπ◊ £œ«çC ®√ü¿’)
(Å´¤†’. Ç®ÓV ¢Ë’ç v°æü¿-Jzç-îª-¶ßË’ Sanjeev: I am quick at picking up languages
Å稡ç í∫’Jç*) (¶µ«≠æ-©’ Ø√èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬ ´≤ƒh®·)
Ram: And what's that going to be? (àç
´’†ç ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ îª÷¨»ç-éπü∆.
v°æü¿-Jzç-îª-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’?) the temple supervising some repairs.
a) He is good at giving such talks. Sushma: Doesn't matter. conversa-
(ÉD O’
Prem: We are yet to take a decision about (¢√úø’ í∫’úÕ-éÀ -¢Á-∞«}-úø’. Ñ ®ÓV ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç
b) Our Principal is good at picking such tions I am at
™ ¢√úø’-ûª÷ç-úøçúÕ-)
it. (ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* Éçé¬ E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’éÓ- éπü∆. v°æA ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç ¢Á∞«húø’. ¢√∞¡x
experts. leisure. (at leisure – pronun-
ë«-S;
¢√Lq ÖçC) Engineer friend èπÿú≈ Åéπ\úË ÖØ√oúø’.)
good at – àüÁjØ√ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ¶«í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-úøç. ciation: measure
-™„ï. ï – ™ ™«í¬,
Ram: OK. O, that reminds me. There will Dad: Your mother needs some medicines.
Poor at Maths – Maths ®√ü¿’. pleasure What do you
™ ™«í¬).
be a talk on 'Decision Making' by Perhaps the shop is open now.
Quick at understanding want?
Prof. Nischai tomorrow at 6 at col- Shop
(Å´’tèπ◊ ´’çü¿’©’ 鬢√L. ûÁJîË
ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©í∫-úøç. É™«çöÀ îÓôxçû√ Ç Sumana: You are good at English, Please
lege. Are you coming? (Ç, Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ìh- Öçô’ç-üË¢Á÷?)
*açC. – reminds me = í∫’®Ìh*a ´÷ö«x- í∫’ù«©’, Ωu© ûª®√yûª 'at' ¢√úøû√ç. explain this lesson.
Amar: That shop is my friend’s. He opens
a) Åûª-úø’ °æ†’-©’-îËÊÆ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ñ«°æuç îË≤ƒhúø’ Sushma: I am good at English, but I am not
úË-ô°æ¤p-úø’ -Åç-ô’ç-ö«ç-éπü∆ – 'ņoô’d í∫’®Ìh- shop quite early. I think it is open
He is slow at doing things. so good at explaining.
*açC—, ÅE – ü∆E-éÀC English. O’ con-
versation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ. Í®°æ¤ ÇJç-öÀéÀ 'E®Ωg-

talking about..
ߪ’-véπ´’ç— Å稡ç í∫’-Jç-* Prof. E¨¡a-ß˝’-
´÷ö«x-úø-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ college ™. -O’®Ω’-
´Ææ’h-Ø√o®√?)
Shyam and
Prem: Oh, sure. No missing it. Prof.
Nischai is very good at giving
Sumana: I am a little
such talks. We will certainly now. (Ç shop ´÷ friend C. ¢√úø’
slow at under-
make it. miss
(ÅüÁ™« Å´¤û√ç. ûªy®Ωí¬-ØË B≤ƒhúø’. É°æ¤púø’ ûÁJîË Öçô’ç-
standing

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 54
Åô’-´çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ’ç-O’ü¿ î√™« ¶«í¬ things. Our
ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«)
´÷ö«x-úøû√úø’) teacher is fast.
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-*çC– äÍé ´÷ô
Ram: Just as our Principal is good at pick- ´·çü¿’, äéπ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ 'the' ¢√úø-úøç, ÉçéÓ
Many of my
ing such experts. (Å™«çöÀ E°æ¤-ù’-©†’ classmates
Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ 'the' ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-´-úøç. Ñ °æJ-ÆœnA
Principal
áç°œéπ îËߪ’-úøç™ ´’† -™«í∫) b) Maths
Åûª-úø’ èπ◊ ÅÆæ©’ °æE-éÀ-®√úø’ ´·êuçí¬ v°æüË-¨»© ´·çü¿’ ´Ææ’hçC.
He is hopeless at Maths. are quick at
Shyam: That's true. M. SURESAN éÌEo v°æüË-¨»©’ v°æûËu-éπçí¬ éÌEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-©Íé
c) grammar learning.
Prem: You are right. Åûª-úÕéÀ ®√ü¿’
Sushma: OK I'll try. Let us see how good I
°æJ-N’-ûªçí¬ Öçö«®·. School, college, institu-
prepositions– about, on, at He is bad at grammar. tion ™«çöÀN Nü∆u-¶µ«u-≤ƒ-EéÀ, Nü∆u ¶üµ¿-†èπ◊
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ am at it.
d) Ç¢Á’ §ƒô™ ´÷ Åç-ü¿-J™ Côd (learning and teaching) °æJ-N’ûªç, v°æûËuéπç.
í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. ´’†™ î√-™«´’ç-CéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’, b) Pavan: What do you know about the
about Åçõ‰ í∫’Jç* ÅE. About the book = Ç She is the best of all of us at singing. Å™«Íí hospital, clinic, nursing home ™«çöÀN
movie?
Now practise the following aloud in ¢Ájü¿uç §Òçü¿-ú≈EéÀ, ¢Ájü¿uç îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ v°æûËuéπç. Ééπ
°æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo í∫’Jç*. Prakash: What movie are you talking
a) ¢Ë’ç E†o Åûª-úÕ í∫’-Jç-* paper ™ îªC¢√ç English: temples, churches, mosques (masjids)
about?
Sushma: Hi, Sumana, ™«çöÀN °æ‹ï-©èπÿ, Ç®√-üµ¿-†èπ◊, v§ƒ®Ωn-†-©èπ◊ v°æûËuéπ
We read about him in the paper.
àçöÀ™« ´î√a´¤? Pavan: The one showing at Navrang.
Sumana: busy v°æüË-¨»©’. Ñ v°æüË-¨»©/ Ææn™«© v°æûËuéπ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’
b) school days
¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢√-∞¡x í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’ †’¢Áyçûª í¬ ÖØ√o-N-°æ¤púø’? (Showing – The movie is
Çúø-úøç.
-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ Sushma: °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’. -ë«S-í¬ØË ÖØ√o, àç 鬢√L now showing at the theatre. äéπ v°æ≤ƒh-N-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ 'the' ®√ü¿’.
îÁ°æ¤p? I A B
They talked about their school days. ÆœE´÷ Çúø-úøç 'run' ÅE èπÿú≈
Sumana: Fèπ◊ English ¶«í¬-´îª’a éπü∆. Ñ les- Students/ go to school, college,
c) ü∆E í∫’-J-ç-* Ø√Íéç í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü¿’ Åçö«ç. The movie ran for a hun-
son é¬Ææh explain -îË®·. lecturers/ are at university etc.
I do not remember any thing about it. dred days)
Sushma: Ø√èπ◊ English ¶«í¬ØË -´-a. é¬-E professors...
on: Prakash: I think it’s (it is) a movie about
A éÀçü¿ îÁ°œp† ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ B éÀçü¿ îÁ°œp† îÓôxèπ◊
éÌçîÁç °ü¿l, ´·êu N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ í∫’-J-ç-* Explain îËߪ’-úøç-™  ؈çûª íÌ°æp-é¬ü¿’.
on
ÅØË-ô°æ¤p-úø’ ¢√úøû√ç. corruption in politics.
Sumana: Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ--´-úøç-™  ؈’ é¬Ææh slow. Pavan: Yes, that reminds me. I read an
¢√öÀ v°æûËuéπ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç éÓÆæç ¢Á∞«h®Ω’ 鬕öÀd,
He is going to talk on decision making school, college, etc ´·çü¿’ 'the' ®√ü¿’. N’í∫-û√-
´÷ teacher î√-™« fast í¬ îÁ°æ¤hçC. article in the paper on the same
E®Ωgߪ’ v°ævéÀߪ’ í∫’-J-ç-*. ´÷ classmates î√-™«-´’çC ûªy®Ωí¬ topic yesterday. maga-
¢√∞¡Ÿx, Åçõ‰ schools, colleges, etc Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫çûÓ
a) ´’† v°æñ«-≤ƒy--´÷u-Eo í∫’-J-ç-* ®√Æœ† ¢√uÆæç ÅC (°ævA-éπ-©™, Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç-™‰E¢√∞¡Ÿx, go to/ are at the school/
It is essay on our democracy.
ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-í∫-©®Ω’. zines ™ ¢√u≤ƒ-©†’ articles
college etc.
Sushma: OK. ؈’ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh. îª÷ü∆lç ØËØÁçûª Åçö«®Ω’) There were some lines
b) È®jûª’© Çûªt-£æ«-ûªu-© í∫’-J-ç-* E¢Ë-Céπ ÅC A student goes to college/ their parents go
¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©ØÓ. in it about this movie.
It is a report on farmers suicides. to the college.
b) Pavan: Ç ´‚O í∫’-Jç-* FÍéç ûÁ©’Ææ’? Prakash: I read it too. The writer is very
(to meet the principal, pay the fees, etc)
Prakash: à movie í∫’-Jç-* †’´yúø-í∫-úøç? clever at this kind of analysis.
II (devotees),
¶µºèπ◊h©’ °æ‹ñ«-®Ω’©’ -v§ƒ®Ωn-† Ææ-n™«-©èπ◊
Pavan: †´-®Ωç-í˚™  É°æ¤p-úø’ -Ç-úø’-ûª’†o movie Pavan: Talking about articles, (N≠æ-ߪ÷-E- They go to temple/ to church/ to
-¢Á-∞¡-û√®Ω’.
éÌÊÆh –talking about/ coming to) all
í∫’Jç* mosque, etc.
Prakash: ÅC ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷-©™ ÅN-F-AE í∫’Jç* the centre page articles in the
the engineer is at the
Éçü∆-éπöÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™,
paper are good. The trouble is, all
ņ’-èπ◊çö«. temple to supervise some repairs .-Å-Ø√oç
of them are on politics.
Pavan: Ç É°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ìh-*açC. E†o paper ™






(-Åéπ\úø Çߪ’† °æ‹ïéÓÆæç ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆)
-v°æ-¨¡o: Direct †’ç-* Indirect speech ™éÀ ´÷Í®a- Ñ Å稻Eo í∫’-J-ç-* ØËØÓ Â°ü¿l ¢√uÆæç
îªC¢√. Åçü¿’™ éÌEo lines Ñ Amar: Dad, I am starting for college. When
III Doctors, nurses, patients go to hospital.
O∞¡xç-ü¿-JéÀhospital hospital
ûÓ °æE 鬕öÀd,
ô°æ¤púø’ Interoggative sentence if
-©-™ will you be there? ´·çü¿’ 'the' Amar's
®√ü¿’. Éçü∆-éπöÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™
*vû√Eo í∫’-J-ç-* èπÿú≈ -Ö-Ø√o®·.
™‰ü∆ whether if
´Ææ’hçC. é¬E á°æ¤púø’ college father, after returning from the hospital
Prakash: ؈÷ îªC¢√ Ç ¢√uÆæç. ü∆E ®Ωîª-®·ûª (؈’ éÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o. O’È®-°æ¤p-úø’ç-ö«®Ω’
¢√ú≈L? whether á°æ¤púø’ ¢√ú≈-™ ûÁL-ߪ’ Åéπ\úø?) ÅØ√oúø’ éπü∆. Åçõ‰ Çߪ’† Åéπ\-úÕéÀ patient í¬ØÓ,
Éô’-´çöÀ N¨Ïx-≠æ-ù™ î√-™« ûÁL-N-í∫-©- doctor
Synthesis of sentences (so- Dad: You mean, at the college? (†’´y-†-úøç, í¬ØÓ ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç-™‰-ü¿’ ÅE éπü∆.
-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. ¢√úø’. (N¨Ïx-≠æù – analysis) college You know, mother is A patient is at hospital. Their friends and rel-
that/ neither nor, not only but also) Ö°æ- Pavan: ¢√u≤ƒ© N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh, Ç °ævAéπ cen-
™Ø√?)
going to hospital. I am taking her atives go to the hospital to see.
ßÁ÷-Tç-îË °æ-ü¿l¥-ûª’-©’ -N-´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. tre page articles ÅFo ¶«í¬ØË business persons open
there; after coming back from the -É™«Íí -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™
– ᙸ.-ü¿’-®√_-v°æ-≤ƒü˛, Öçö«®·. Å®·ûË ÅFo ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷-©-†’- hospital I will see you at the college. shop, close shop, are at shop. go to
Éûª-®Ω’-™„j-ûË
Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø í∫’-Jç-îË Öçö«®·. (Å´’t hospital èπ◊ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûÓç-C éπü∆. the shop, are at the shop.

-ï-¢√-•’: Direct †’ç* Indirect speech ™éÀ Answers

Sushma: Hi Sumana, What brings you ´*a-† ûª®√yûª
Hospital
؈’ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o†’.
college
†’ç*
èπ◊-´≤ƒh†’.)
Karun: What's your brother, Kesav?
brother
(O’ àç îËÆæ’hç-ö«úø’ Íé-¨¡-¢˛?)
´÷Ja-†-°æ¤púø’, (Interrogative sentences here? conversational expres-
(ÉC Where is Arun? (Å®Ω’ù˝ áéπ\úø?) Keshav: He goes to college.
™) if Å®·Ø√, whether Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰. sion. conversation
ÉC O’ ™ Amar: He has gone to temple. You know college student
(Åçõ‰– Åûª-úø’ ņo-
Synthesis of sentences í∫ ’-Jç-* 'He goes to college'
¢√úøçúÕ) today is friday. Every friday he goes ´÷ô. D-E-ØË
N´-J≤ƒhç. Sumana: How busy are you now? to temple. His engineer friend is at -Å-E ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ îÁ°æp-úøç).
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Aravind: When are you starting for college?
(College èπ◊ -á°æ¤p-úø’ •ßª’-™‰l®Ω’-
ûª’-Ø√o´¤?)
Bhanu: Why, as usual at 9.
(àç? ´÷´‚-©’í¬ØË ûÌN’t-Cç-öÀéÀ)
Aravind: But yesterday you left even at 8.
(é¬E E†o †’´¤y áE-N’-CçöÀÍé •ßª’-™‰l-
®√´¤ éπü∆. Even at 8= at 8 itself =
áE-N’-Cç-öÀÍé)
Bhanu: No, I started at 8, but it was not for
college. I went to Suman's and
from there, we two set out for col-
lege at 8.45.
(áE-N’-Cç-öÀéÀ •ßª’-™‰l-JçC, college éÀ
é¬ü¿’. Ææ’´’Ø˛ ÉçöÀéÀ. Åéπ\-úÕoç* éπLÆœ
college éÀ •ßª’-™‰l®√ç)
set out= •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-úøç– conversation
™ ¢√úøçúÕ.
Aravind: Have you sent for Bharat yet?
(¶µº®Ωû˝ éÓÆæç/ ¶µº®Ωû˝èπ◊ éπ•’®Ω’
°ö«d¢√?)
What for?..
Bhanu : What for? (áçü¿’èπ◊?– ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬
for what ÅE ņ®Ω’)
Aravind : Have you forgotten? We have got
to practise for the match next
week.
(´’-®Ω-*-§Ú-ߪ÷-¢√? ´îËa-¢√®Ωç
Match practise
éÀ îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√L éπü∆?)
Bhanu : He is in Chennai for his cousin's
wedding. I'll (I will) call him today
and tell him that we should pre-
pare for the match.
(¢√∞¡x cousin °R}éÀ îÁØÁj o -¢Á-∞«}úø’.
Ñ¢√∞¡ phone îËÆœ match éÀ ready
Å¢√Lq Öçü¿E îÁ§ƒh)
Aravind: Tell him to start early. He is known
for his game but notorious for his
lack of time sense.
(ûªy®Ωí¬ ®Ω´’t†’. Game ¶«í¬ Ç-úø-
û√úøE Ê°®Ω’çC. -Å-™«Íí Time sense =
punctuality = Ææ´ ’-ߪ ’-§ƒ-©† ™‰ü¿F
Ê°®Ω’çC.)
Notorious=ØÌ-öÔJ-ߪ’Æˇ– öÔ ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©-é¬L
= îÁ-úø’ °æ†xèπ◊, îÁúø’ í∫’ù«-©èπ◊ Ê°®Ω’
§Òçü¿-úøç. a notorious murderer= Ê°®Ω’
§ÒçC† £æ«çûª-èπ◊úø’. Famous actor =
v°æÆœ-ü¿l¥ †ô’úø’)
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ for ¢√úøéπç îª÷úøçúÕ.
1) Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ îª÷¨»ç– äéπ ´u´Cµ (period of
time) ´·çü¿’ for ´Ææ’hçC– for 10 minutes
(10 E-N’-≥ƒ©’í¬), for an hour (í∫çôí¬), for 3
years (´‚úË-∞¡Ÿxí¬) etc.
2) 'for' ´·êuçí¬ ¢√-úø-úøç– éÓÆæç, ÖüËl-Pç-*† ÅØË
Å®√n-©ûÓ.
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™
a) Send for Bharat = ¶µº®Ω-û˝-èπ◊ /-¶µº-®Ωû˝ éÓÆæç
b) what for? = áçü¿’-èπ◊ /- áç-ü¿’éÓÆæç
c) for the match = match éÓÆæç/match éÀ
(ÖüËl¨¡ç)
d) for his cousin's marriage = cousin
°Rx-éÓ-Ææç/- °-RxéÀ
e) ´÷ Ø√†o Ñ vúÁÆˇ Ø√èπ◊ Delhi ™ éÌØ√o®Ω’ =
Dad bought this dress for me in Delhi. (Ø√
éÓÆæç/ -Ø√èπ◊ ÖüËl-Pç-*†)
f) Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇèπ◊ = This book is for
Ramesh.
g) Praphul: some one has come for you.
(-F -éÓÆæç á´®Ó ´î√a®Ω’.)
Prasanth: for me? at this hour?
(Ø√éÓ-Ææ´÷? Ñ -õ„iç™Ø√?)
Praphul: Too many visitors for you
(FéÓÆæç ´îËa-¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’K -áèπ◊\-´)
3) For •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-úøç, ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç, ûªßª÷-®Ω-´-úøç (pre-
pare), ûªßª÷-®Ω’í¬ Öçúø-úøç (ready) ™«çöÀ
¢√öÀE ûÁ-LÊ° verbs °æéπ\† ´Ææ’hçC. °j Ææ綵«-
≠æ-ù™–
a) start for, leave for, set out for (ÅEo-öÀéÃ
Å®Ωnç •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-úøç Å-ØË)
Delhi éÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-úøç / -¢Á-∞¡xúøç
leave for Delhi (setout for Delhi)
b) prepare for the match; be ready for the
match; practise for the match
4) Famous, well known, known, (Ê°®Ω’-§Òç-C†/
v°æÆœ-Cl¥-îÁç-C†, etc) ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ 'for' -´Ææ’hç-C.
Notorious for.
Practise the following:
Subha: (over phone) Hi Sobha, î√-™« thanks
Sobha: áçü¿’èπ◊ (for ¢√úøçúÕ)
Subha: †’´¤y ´÷N’úÕ °æç-úø’x °æç°œ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊.
áéπ\-úÕ-†’ç* ÅN?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 55
Sobha:
Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø †’ç*. Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø v°æÆœ-Cl¥-éπü∆
®Ω≤ƒ©÷, •çT-†-°æLx ®Ωé¬-©èπ◊ (®Ω鬩’ –
varieties)
Subha:
Å®·ûË Â£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛èπ◊ -á-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-
®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? (Start ¢√úøçúÕ.)
Sobha: £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛? áçü¿’èπ◊?
Subha: Ø√ûÓ È®çvúÓ-V-©’ç-úø-ú≈EéÀ.
Sobha: ´÷Ø√†o Ñ ®√vA ´·ç•®· ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o®Ω’.
Çߪ’† AJ-íÌ-*aç-ûª-®√yûË Â£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛
Ææçí∫A Ç™-*-≤ƒh†’. (Leave ¢√úøçúÕ).
Å´’t äçô-Jí¬ Öçô’çC éπü∆.
Subha: †’´¤y í∫†éπ ´ÊÆh éπFÆæç ¢√®Ωç ®ÓV-©’ -
Öç-ú≈-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ.
Sobha: OK.
Answer:
Shubha: (over phone) Hi Sobha, Thanks a
lot.
Sobha: What for?
Shubha: For sending me mangoes. Where
are they from?
Sobha: From Vijayawada. You
Vijayawada is famous for the two
varieties. Rasaalu
Banginapalli.
Shubha: Then when are you starting for
Hyderabad?
Sobha: Hyderabad, what for?
Subha: To spend a few days with me/
for spending a few days with me.
Sobha: Dad is leaving for Mumbai tonight.
Only after he returns, do I think of
Hyderabad.
Subha: If you come I want you to be here
for a week.
Sobha: Ok.
z z z z z z
-É°æp-öÀ-´®Ωèπ◊ éÌEo lessons ™ 'the' ¢√úøéπç
í∫’-Jç-* ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬:
We use ‘the’ before
a) The names of great and holy books (The
Ramayanam, etc.)
b) The names of things unique of their kind
(Unique =
àÈéj-éπ – äéπ ñ«AéÀ îÁçC† ´Ææ’h´¤
äéπõ‰ äéπ-ô-®·ûË)
c) The names of rivers, seas, oceans,
ranges of mountains, groups of islands,
countries formed by groups of states.
[Imp: No 'the' before the name of a single
mountain/ single island]
d) Designations and offices (No 'the' before
designations and
offices if you mention
thereafter the name
of the person)
e) before a countable
singular, to talk of the
whole class
f) the superlative degree
M. SURESAN
of the adjective,
g) the comparative degree, when it is not fol-
lowed by 'then'.
É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøç-úÕ:
Manohar: Good morning Mahesh, why are
you up so early? (àçôçûª ûªy®Ωí¬
Evü¿ ™‰î√´¤? Up Ééπ\úø Evü¿-™‰-´-úøç.
îª÷úøçúÕ áçûª simpleí¬ ÖçüÓ.
Conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ).
Mahesh: I get up (am up) by this time
every day. I go for a morning walk
(ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø’ Ñ timeÍé ™‰* †úø’-≤ƒh†’).
Manohar: Walking is good. The longer you
walk the stronger you are.
(áçûª
ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕÊÆh Åçûª •©ç)
Mahesh: That's true. But my classmate
Sudheer walks 6 kms every morn-
ing. And really he is the Amitab of
know
´÷ classmate
our College. (
Sudheer ®ÓW 6 Kms †úø’-≤ƒhúø’.
and
Åûªúø’ ´÷ College ÅN’-û√¶¸)
Manohar: Why so? (áçü¿’-éπE?)
Mahesh: He is as tall as Amitab (ÅN’-û√¶¸
Åçûª §Òúø’í∫’)
Manohar: And who is the Sharook Khan of
your class?
(O’ class Sharook Khan á´®Ω’?)
Mahesh: I haven't (have not) thought of it
(ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* -ØËØ√-™-*ç-îª-™‰ü¿’)
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù™ éÌ-Eo-îÓôx 'The' ¢√ú≈ç éπü∆!
The longer you walk, The stronger you are.
The Amitab of the College; The Sharook
Khan.
No. 1: áçûª îËÊÆh Åçûª ´’ç*C. É™«çöÀ ûÁ©’í∫’
¢√é¬u-©†’ English ™ îÁÊ°p-°æ¤púø’ Comparatives
¢√úøû√ç. -¢√-öÀ -´·ç-ü¿’ 'the' ûª°æpéπ ®√¢√L.
a) Ç ÆœE´÷ -Fèπ◊ îª÷Æœ† éÌDl îª÷ú≈-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC.
The more you see it, the more you wish to
see it.
-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 4 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
b) A†o-éÌDl ™«¢Á-èπ◊\û√ç = The more we eat,
the fatter we become.
c) †úÕ-*-†-éÌDl ®Ω’í¬_ Öçö«´¤ = The more you
walk, the more active you are.
d) áûª’h áéÀ\-†-éÌDl îªL áèπ◊\´ = The higher
you climb, the colder it.
No.2: ´uèπ◊h© Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’, °∂晫-Ø√ ´Ææ’h´¤, °∂晫Ø√
îÓô, Ê°®Ωx (proper nouns) ´·çü¿’, the ®√ü¿’.
Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø The Amitab, The Sharook Khan
áçü¿’-éπØ√oç – ¢√∞¡x-™E ´·êu-¢Á’i† í∫’ù«©’ ÉçéÌ-éπ-
J™ Öçõ‰, ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Ç Ê°Jx*a, ü∆E ´·çü¿’ 'the'
°úøû√ç.
1) Ñߪ’† 21´ ¨¡û√-•l°æ¤ í¬çDµ –
He is the Gandhi of the 20th C.
(Åçõ‰ í¬çDµ-í¬J í∫’ù«™x Ñߪ’-†èπ◊ î√™«
ÖØ√o®·. í¬çDµE ûª©-°œç-°æ-ñ‰-≤ƒh-úø’ ÅE)
2) He is the Bhima of class - ¢√úø’ -Ç class
Hµ´·úø’.
Now Practise the Following:
a) Krishna: Hi Kumar É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊áéπ\úø’Ø√o´¤?
Kumar: ¶µ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊ Hollywood ™«çöÀ-îÓô.
Krishna: Åçõ‰ Mumbai ™Ø√?
Kumar: Å´¤†’. Åéπ\úø Ö-†oéÌ--Dl Éçé¬ Öçú≈-©-
E-°œç-*çC. áçûª ¶«í∫’çüÓ Mumbai.
Krishna: v°æéπ%A ≤˘çü¿®Ωuç (Beauty of Nature)
鬢√-©çõ‰ é¬QtÍ®. ÅC ¶µ«®Ω-û˝èπ◊
Switzerland ™«çöÀC. Åéπ\úø Dal Ææ®Ω-
Ææ’q™ Boat trip î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.
Åéπ\úø èπÿú≈ áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤Ø√o Éçé¬ -Öç-ú≈-
©-E°œ-Ææ’hçC.
b) Prabhat: Hi Prakash, àçöÀ Å™« Cí∫’-©’í¬
ÖØ√o´¤?
Prakash: ´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u ´î√aúø’. ´÷ fami-
ly™ Çߪ’† ¨¡èπ◊E ™«çöÀ-¢√úø’.
Prabhat: àç Åçûª ü¿’®√t-®Ω’_ú≈?
Prakash: Å™«çöÀ ¢√∞¡x†’ í∫’-Jç-* áçûª -ûªèπ◊\´
´÷ö«x-úÕûË Åçûª ´’ç*C.
ANSWERS:
a) krishna: Hi Kumar, Where have you
been?
Kumar: I was in the Hollywood of india
Krishna: You mean Mumbai?
Kumar: Yes, the more I stayed there, the
more/ the longer I wanted to stay.
How beautiful Mumbai is.
Krishna: If you talk of the beauty of nature,
nothing to beat Kashmir (Kashmir
†’ éÌöÀdçC ™‰ü¿’. Nothing to beat
Kashmir). That is the Switzerland
of India. The boat trip in the Dal
lake is very pleasant. There too
the more you stay, the more you
want to stay.
b) Prabhat: Hi Prakash, you look sad
Prakash: My Uncle has come he is the
Sakuni of our Family
Prabhat: Is he so bad?
Prakash: The less we talk about such
people, the better for us.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 9 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
Charan: Hi Chandra, how are you?
a) F´¤ ´’ç* ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-èπ◊†oçü¿’èπ◊ ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-
Chandra: Fine Thanks, how are you? †©’ = congratulations/ congrats on your
Charan: Same here. Thanks. Congrats. good marks.
(Congrats = Congratulations éπç-ví¬- Congratulations = á´-È®jØ√ -à-üÁj-Ø√ ≤ƒ-Cµç-*-†°æ¤p-úø’
ô’u-™„-ß˝’-≠æ-Ø˛q – -™„-ß˝’ -ØÌéÀ\ °æ-©éπç-úÕ = -îÁÊ°p-C. -ü∆-EéÀ -•-ü¿’-©’í¬ thanks îÁ§ƒhç.
-Å-Gµ-†ç-ü¿-†-©’) b) †’´¤y áEo-Èéj-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Congrats
Chandra: What on? (áçü¿’èπ◊?) Congrats on your election.
Charan: On your fine performance in the c) congrats
î√™« ¶«í¬ †öÀç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊
play yesterday. Congrats on your excellent action/ per-
formance.
(†’´¤y E†o Ø√ô-éπç™ î√™« ¶«í¬ îËÆœ- d) Congress con-
î√™« ¶«í¬ ÈíL*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊
†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ – †öÀç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊) grats. Congrats to congress on its excel-
Performance - °æ-§∂ƒ-´’-Ø˛q – -§∂ƒ ØÌéÀ\- lent performance in the elections.
a) ¢√úø’ v°æA-ü∆-Eéà ¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-û√úø’ Mohan: ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Çúø-¢√∞¡Ÿx •ôd© O’ü¿ áèπ◊\´
°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç = à °æØÁjØ√, ´·êuçí¬ (Performance ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ) úø•’s, Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ time ´%ü∑∆ îËÆæ’hç-
He depends on his sister for every thing.
éÌçîÁç ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo îËߪ’-úøç 2) Comment on: Comment Åçõ‰ ¢√uêu©’ ö«®Ω’. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ time Å©ç-éπ-®Ω-
b) °æçô©’ ´®√{Eo •öÀd Öçö«®·
Performance in a play/ movie/ Comment
îËߪ’-úøç/-Å-Gµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ ¢ÁL-•’-îªa-úøç.
'on'. Crops depend on rains. ù™.
game/ as a leader = Ø√ô-éπç™/ ÆœE- ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ Girija and
a) c) ÅFo úø•’s†’-•-õ‰d éπü∆?
perform-
´÷™/ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úÕí¬ äéπJ á°æ¤púø÷ Éûª-®Ω’-©-†’ í∫’-Jç-* àüÓ äéπöÀ Åçô’ç- Sailaja: †’´¤y ´÷ O’ü¿ comments îËÆæ’h-†oô’d.
He always on comments on others. Everything depends on money.
ance play=
¢√J E®Ωy-£æ«ù/ °æE-B®Ω’. ö«úø’= b) Lakshman: á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’ü∆ç?
make comments/ pass comments d) Nïߪ’ç v¨¡´’†’ •öÀd -Öç-ô’ç-C
°xß˝’ = Çúø-úøç ´÷-´‚-©’í¬; Ø√ôéπç ÅE Madhu: Åçû√ F O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ -ÖçC.
èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç ¢√uêu©’ îËߪ’-úøç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. Success depends on hard work. †’¢Áy-°æ¤púø’ ready Å®·ûË Å°æ¤púË.
ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿ-ú≈ ÖçC.
Chandra: Thank you.

on the campus..
Charan: Every one was commenting on
your action only. They were all
praise for you
Chandra: Oh, that's (that was nothing).
Thanks any way. How's your
practice of cricket going? Hope
you will be on the college team for
5) Spend on: Lakshman: éÌçûª late Å®·Ø√ °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ´’†
the finals. ( -Åç-ûËç-™‰-ü¿’-™‰. é¬E ÉC î√™«
thanks. cricket practice
´·êuç. Ê°®Ω’x ñ«G-û√™ *´®Ω éπü∆ ÖØ√o®·.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 56
F ᙫ
ÖçC? College finals team ™ Spend = ê®Ω’a-°-ôd-úøç. ´’† Ê°®Ω’x °œL-îË-ô°æp-öÀéÀ ´’†ç îË®Ω’-
†’´¤yç--ö«-´E ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o) í∫úø-°æ-úøç (®ÓV©÷, èπ◊çö«ç.
Madhu: ´’†ç é¬éπ Éçé¬ öÃç™ îË®Ω-ú≈-EéÀ
Charan: Not so bad. Every thing depends b) -Å-ûª-ØÁ-°æ¤p-úø÷ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ í∫’-Jç-* ¢√uë«u-Eç-îª-úø’
Æ洒ߪ’ç Å®·ûË)
on my game in the first two a) ¢√ú≈ ÉçöÀ-O’ü¿ î√™« á´-®Ì-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?
He never comments/ makes comments/ Lakshman: F áç°œéπ -éπ*aûªç. ü∆EéÀ congrats.
matches. passes comments on others.
ê®Ω’a °ö«dúø’ M. SURESAN
Chandra: And what are you going to do dur- c) performance
Éûª-®Ω’© í∫’-Jç-* ¢√uêu©’ îËߪ’- He has spent a lot ´’J -Ø√ Ææçí∫Açé¬ ûÁMü¿’.
(of money) on the house. Lakshmi: Ñ selections áéπ\úø ï®Ω-í∫-† ’-
ing the vacation? úøç Ææ’©-¶µº¢Ë’. é¬-E ÅüË ´’†ç -Ç °æ-E áçûª-
b)
´-®Ωèπ◊ îË≤ƒhç ÅØË-C v°æ¨¡o. ؈’ ®ÓW È®çúø’í∫çô©’ ¢√uߪ÷´’ç îË≤ƒh†’ Ø√o®·?
(ÂÆ©-´¤™x àç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) Lakshman: ´÷ College campus ™ØË.
Charan: (I am going to) spend some time It's (It is) easy to comment/ pass com- I spend two hours (every day) on exercise.
ments/ make comments on others' per- Answers:
on bowling practice. (I) need to c) §Ú®·†¢√®Ωç Åçû√ practice ™ØË í∫úÕ-§ƒúø’
formance but how well we do a thing is the a) Girija: How much did you spend on the
improve my bowling. bowl- He spent the whole of last week on prac-
(éÌçûª question. dress?
ing practice bowling tice.
îËߪ÷L. Ø√ 3) On the team. team ™. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’- Sailaja: I spent Rs. 2500/- on it. Isn't (is not)
d) ÅE™¸ á°æ¤púø÷ •ôd-©èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ ê®Ω’a °úø-û√úø’
¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’-°æ-®Ω-éÓ-¢√Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC) (in
Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ '™— Å®ΩnçûÓ) ¢√úË it worth so much?
Chandra: Ok, then. Good luck, bye. Anil spends a lot (of money) on clothes.
î√™«-îÓ-ôxEnglish on
™ ´Ææ’hçC. ñ«G-û√™ (worth = N©’´; is worth = N©’´ Öçúø-úøç
(ÆæÍ®, F Åü¿%≠ædç ¶«í∫’ç-ú≈-©E éÓJéπ, = on the list; on the rolls,
£æ…ï®˝ °æöÃd™ = Spend ûª®√yûª on ™«í¬ØË, waste ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçûª N©’´ îËߪ’-úøç / -îË-ߪ’-éπ-
on the premises; on.
´≤ƒh-´’J) Ç´-®Ω-ù™= Nü∆u-©ßª’ Ç´- §Ú-´úøç = Worth/ not worth. The movie
Charan: Bye ®Ω-ù™ = on the campus, etc. e) TV îª÷Ææ÷h time ´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒhúø’ is not worth half the price of the ticket =
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ preposition– 'on' ¢√úøéπç a) E†’o team ™ îË®Ω’aéÓç He wastes time on the TV/watching the TV. Ç ÆœE´÷ ticket èπ◊ °öÀd† úø•’s-™ Ææí∫-´’çûª
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. We do not take you on the team. f) î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ friends ûÓ time ´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒhúø’ èπÿú≈ îËߪ’ü¿’. Waste.
1) Ωù˝ Congratulations îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’, b) ñ«G-û√™ -Å-ûªúÕ Ê°®Ω’ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC He wastes time/ a lot of time on friends. Girija: I think you wasted at least Rs. 400.
îªçvü¿: What on? His name is first on the list. Now practise the following in English: I won't (will not) spend more than
c) Ø√ Ç´-®Ω-ù™ ØËE-™«ç-öÀN Ææ´’t-Aç-’ a) Girija: dress áçûª °öÀd éÌØ√o¢˛?
Ωù˝: On your fine performance. I do not allow such things on my premises.
†’´¤y Ç Rs. 2000/- on it.
2) commenting on (Spend¢√úøçúÕ) Sailaja: I spent at least two hours on that
d) ÅC College Ç´-®Ωù™ ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’
3) on the college team Sailaja: 2500 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’. Åü¿çûª îËÆæ’hçC éπü∆? selection.
It did not happen on the campus.
4) depends on Girija: éπFÆæç 400 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ ü∆E O’ü¿ ´%ü∑∆ Mohan: Generally women waste a lot (of
4) Depend on = ÉC î√™« common. î√™«-
5) spend time on ´’çCéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ depend = Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-úøç. ûÁ©’- ņ’-èπ◊çö«. ؈-®·ûË 2000 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©- money), a lot more of time, on
ÉO preposition 'on' ¢√úË éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’. í∫’™ èπÿú≈ äéπü∆E/ äéπJO’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-úøç éπçõ‰ °ôd†’. dresses, and still more on make up
1) Congratulations (Congrats ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç éπü∆. English ™†÷ ÅçûË. Depend Sailaja: éπFÆæç È®çúø’ í∫çô©’ °æöÀdçC selec- (still =Éçé¬).
On.
Åçö«®Ω’) ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ 'on'. tion èπ◊. (spend, I ûÓ ¢√úøçúÕ) Girija and
Sailaja: Just as you are commenting on us.
-v°æ-¨¡o: Home, House, Residence - Ñ ´‚úø’ Home, house - -à-N’-öÀ ûË-ú≈? She has two houses in Hyderabad, and one b) Lakshman: When shall we start?
°æü∆© Å®√n™x ¶µ‰ü∆-™‰-N’öÀ? OöÀE á°æ¤p-úÁ- in Vijayawada = Ç¢Á’èπ◊ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ È®çúÕ∞¡⁄x, Nï- Madhu: (Everything) depends on you,
°æ¤púø’ ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. ߪ’-¢√-úø™ äéπ É©÷x -ÖØ√o®·. But She lives in whenever you are ready.
– -¢√C Ææ’v•-£æ«tùuç, á´J ÉçöÀE í∫’-Jç-* ´÷ö«xúø’ûª’-Ø√o¢Á÷ ¢√∞¡x É©’x, Guntur. Her home there is very close to the sta- Lakshman: Doesn't matter if we are late.
home. tion = Guntur Doesn't (does not) matter =
-ï-¢√--•’: I. Home- ´’†ç,
´’*-M-°æôoç Ç¢Á’ ÖçúËC ´÷vûªç ™. Ç¢Á’ É©’x °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’.
Home Åçõ‰ ÆæyÆæn©ç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿ-ú≈ ÖçC. House
(E¢√Ææç) í∫’çô÷®Óx. business house,
†’, Conversation ™ practise îËߪ’çúÕ.
´’† èπ◊ô’ç•Æ涵º’u-©ûÓ E´- My home is Nellore. ´÷ ÆæyÆæn©ç ØÁ©÷x®Ω’. The House of Tatas- ™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√u§ƒ®Ω Our names are the last on the
ÆœçîË É©’x home. á´-È®jØ√ He left his books at home
E©ßª’ç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. list. We shall be able to reach by
¢√J ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©ûÓ, ņo-ü¿-´·t- ¢√úø’ ¢√úÕ books †’ (¢√úÕ) -Éçöx ´C-™‰-¨»úø’. III. Residence: ÉC éÌç-îÁç formal. Phone the time our turn comes.
©ûÓ, Åéπ\-îÁ-™„x-∞¡xûÓ ÖçúËC– 3) Home = His home is England.
ü˨¡ç.
numbers, address ©’ ´’† ÉçöÀN îÁÊ°p--ô°æ¤púø’ Madhu: Who else is coming to
(ÉçÈé-´®Ω’)
home. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ home 4) Home = Minister for home affairs.
üËQߪ’.
¢√úøû√ç. Residence phone no; Residential be on the team?
´·çü¿’ î√-™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x my, (üËQߪ’– Åçûª-®Ω_ûª ´u´-£æ…®√© ´’çvA)
your, his, her, etc. ¢√úø-†-éπ\-®Ω- 5) at home and abroad = ÆæyüË-¨¡ç™, NüË-¨»™x. address (office phone no; office address èπ◊ Lakshman: Your selection is definite
™‰ü¿’. 6) Old age Home, Home for the blind- É™«çöÀ Gµ†oçí¬). Ééπ\úøèπÿ-ú≈ home phone no.,/ address (éπ*aûªç). Congrats on that. I
I am going home îÓôx 'Çv¨¡ßª’ç—. ņ-´îª’a. don't know about my position
(to my home
ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’. ņç) II. House = à Éç-öÀØÁjØ√ house Åçö«ç. éÌçîÁç £æ«Ùü∆-í∫© ´uèπ◊h© E¢√-≤ƒ-©ØË Residence (position = °æJ-Æœn-A/ -Ææç-í∫A)
He went home an hour ago He bought a house last year ņúøç Ææ••’– The Prime Minister's residence, Lakshmi: Where are the selections?
(His home
í∫çô véÀûªç ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞«xúø’. Å-†éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’) í∫ûª Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç É©’x éÌØ√oúø’. The governor's residence, etc. Lakshman: On our college campus.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Sheriff: Peter, Who are you waiting for?
á´J éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?
Peter: For sagar. I've (I have) asked him
for some information and a few
books.
≤ƒí∫®˝ éÓÆæç. ¢√úÕo ؈’ àüÓ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç,
éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ÅúÕ-í¬†’.
Sheriff: You have waited for an hour now.
He hasn't even phoned you.
†’´¤y ÅûªE éÓÆæç í∫çôí¬ îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤
éπü∆. Fèπ◊ Phone èπÿú≈ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’ ´’J.
Peter: I am sure he will come. Any way,
let's hope for the best. I need the
books badly.
¢√úø’ ´≤ƒh-úøØË Ø√ †´’téπç. àüË-¢Á’iØ√
´’çîË ÇPü∆lç. Ø√é¬ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ î√™«
Å´-Ææ®Ωç.
(need badly = î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç)
Sheriff: How long more are you going to
wait? It's already time for dinner.
ÉçÈéç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ îª÷≤ƒh´¤? É°æp-öÀÍé ¶µï†
Æ洒ߪ’ç Å®·çC éπü∆?
-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 11 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
His parents are waiting for their daugh-
ter's marriage. Once that is over, they will
marry him off.
d) Ø√èπ◊ Çéπ-™‰-≤ÚhçC. ÉçÈéçûªÊÆ§Ú ¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ wait
îËߪ’-™‰†’.
I'm (I am) very hungry. I am not able to
wait for the meal any more.
Wait for = await. Å®·ûË await éÌçîÁç
ví¬çC∑éπç. conversation ™ wait for ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’.
2) Ask for: á´-J-ØÁjØ√ àüÁjØ√ Åúø-í∫úøç
a) I am looking for a good book on Spoken
Samrat: ®Ωîª-®·ûª á´®Ω’?
a) ¢√úÕo Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ÅúÕ-í¬†’. ¢√úø’ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.
English
I asked (him) for his help. But he did not
(®Ωîª-®·ûª = author/ writer)
Spoken English O’ü¿ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææhéπç éÓÆæç Sarat: Åûª-úø’ èπÿú≈ ã ÂÆjE-èπ◊úË. Åûª-úÕ Ê°®Ω’
help me.
îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. ¢Áü¿’-èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√o†’. John stall.
b) ÅûªúÕo Ç¢Á’ éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ÅúÕ-TçC
b) What are you looking for? Samrat: Eïçí¬ Åçûª íÌ°æp °æ¤Ææhéπ´÷?
She asked him for some books. Sarat: FéπC îªC-N-†-éÌDl îªü¿-¢√-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC.
üËE-éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o¢˛/ ¢Áü¿’-èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√o¢˛?
c) Åûª-úÕ-éÓÆæç Ééπ\úø îª÷úøúøç E®Ω’°æßÁ÷í∫ç. ÉC ü∆Eo îªü¿-´-úøç -ã Å®Ω’-üÁj† ņ’-¶µº´ç
(Å®Ω’-üÁj† = rare)
Åûªúø’ College èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ï} time
b) Chakri: F ü¿í∫_®Ω pen Öçü∆?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 57 No use looking for him here. It's the time
for his college.
Charan: ÖçC. Fèπ◊ 鬢√™«?
Chakri: Ø√ pen refill Å®·-§Ú-®·çC.
Assignment complete îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’ ؈’.

Have you a pen? Charan: Assignment?

Peter: I told him to be here for dinner. So Å®·ûË v°æ¨¡o©’ Åúø-í∫úøç
I'm sure he will come in a few min-
ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ, äéπ °æE îËߪ’-
utes. Ah, look, here he comes. Hi, ´’ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ask ûª®√yûª
Sagar, why the delay? for ®√ü¿’.
¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o†’ ¢√úÕE. 鬕öÀd é¬ÊÆq- -Ö-ü∆: I asked him a few
°æ-öÀ™ ´îËa-≤ƒh-úøØË †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊çC. questions
ÅCíÓ ´÷ô-™xØË ´îËa-¨»úø’. àçöÀ ≤ƒí∫®˝, éÌEo v°æ¨¡o©’ ÅúÕ-í¬†’. M. SURESAN
áçü¿’-é¬-©Ææuç? She asked her friend to
Sagar: Looking for an auto took all my time. wait
é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Öçúø-´’E ÅúÕ-TçC.
Çö éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-†oç-ü¿’-´©x Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC.
They asked me why I was there
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ preposition 'for' ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-
Eç-îªçúÕ.1) Waiting for 2) asked for 3) hope for ؈-éπ\úø áçü¿’-èπ◊-Ø√o-†E ¢√∞¡Ÿx ††o-úÕ-í¬®Ω’.
4) time for 5) look for. -É-C-´®Ω-™  for èπ◊ -Ö†o °j Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ask ûª®√yûª for ®√ü¿’.
Å®√n©÷, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©÷ éÌEo îª÷¨»ç. 3) hope for: üËE-ØÁj-Ø√ ÇPç-îª-úøç. hope ûª®√yûª
for Å´-Ææ®Ωç.
English áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøéπç Ö†o prepositions ™
a) ´’ç* ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿ØË ÇPü∆lç. let's (let us)
for äéπöÀ. Åçü¿’-éπE ü∆E Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ÆæJí¬ ûÁ©’-
hope for the best.
Ææ’-èπ◊E conversation ™ ¢√úÕûË ´’† conversa-
b) They hope for an early appointment.
tion effective í¬ Öçô’çC.
1. Wait for: äéπJ éÓÆæç, äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤, Ææç°∂æ’-ô†
ûªy®Ω™ ã ÖüÓuí∫ç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
éÓÆæç ¢Ë* îª÷úøúøç. Å®·ûË hope ûª®√yûª 'that' ûÓ begin ÅßË’u
Wait for me, please
´÷ô©’ ´ÊÆh for ®√ü¿’.
c) He hopes that he will get the job
é¬Ææh Ø√éÓÆæç îª÷úø¢√?
4) time for: üËE-ÈéjØ√ time´îËa-ÆœçC/Å®·çC
a) Train éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç
ņ--ú≈-EéÀ time for Åçö«ç. ÉC î√™«
We are waiting for the train Common.
b) Exams a) It's time for dinner (Dinner time
Å®·§ÚßË’ ´®Ωèπ◊ îª÷ü∆lç
Let's wait for the exams to be over b) Time has come for us to leave
(Let's wait till the exams are over) ´’†ç •ßª’-™‰l-®√-Lq† time Å®·çC
c) ¢√úÕ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ¢√∞¡x-´÷t®· °Rx éÓÆæç é¬îª’- Å™«Íí time for breakfast, for dinner, etc.
éÌE ÖØ√o®Ω’. Å®·-§ÚûË ¢√úÕéà îËÊÆ-≤ƒh®Ω’. 5) Look for: ¢Áü¿-éπ-úøç
Chakri:
Charan:
Å´¤†’. Physics ™ ã chapter O’ü¿.
Ø√èπÿ\ú≈ pen Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Ééπ\úø à shop
™ ØÁjØ√ refill ûÁa-éÓ-´-a/ -üÌ-®Ω’-èπ◊-
ûª’çC.
Practise the following:
Chakri: Ç Ææ©-£æ…èπ◊ thanks.
Suman: á´-J-éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?
Answers:
Suresh: College bus éÓÆæç.
a) Sarat: Have you read the book on the
Suman: ؈’ N≠æflg éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Åûªúø’
††’oéÌçûª úø•’s ÅúÕ-í¬úø’. table?
Suresh: ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø Öçú≈-Lq† time Å®·çC. Samrat: What's the book on?
´≤ƒh-úË¢Á÷ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊. Sarat: It's (It is) on an important event/
Suman: ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV™x °æçÊ° episode in World War II. This is one
úø•’s éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. (Wait of the best books on the subject.
¢√úøçúÕ) Samrat: Who is the Writer?
Suresh: ¢√úËüÓ job èπ◊ apply îËÆ œ-†-ô’d-Ø√oúø’. Sarat: He was also a soldier. Name, John
Next week orders ´≤ƒh-ߪ’E ÇP-Ææ’h-
stall.
Ø√oúø’.
Samrat: Is it such a great book?
Answer:
Sarat: The more you read it, the more you
Suman: Who are you waiting for?
feel like reading it. Reading it is a
Suresh: For the college bus.
rare experience.
Suman: I am waiting for Vishnu. He has
asked me for some money. b) Chakri: Have you a pen?
Suresh: (It is) time for him to be here. Charan: I have. Do you want it?
Perhaps he will be here in a few Chakri: My refill is/ has gone dry (has run
minutes. out of ink - is dry/ has gone dry -
Suman: He is waiting for the money his dad ü∆ØÓx ink Å®·-§Ú-®·çC = run out of
will send him in two or three days. ink). I have not (haven't) completed
Suresh: He has applied for a job. He hopes
my assignment.
for the orders next week.
Charan: Assignment?
2) Ñ éÀçCN a/ an, the éÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N.
Chakri: Yes. It's on a chapter in Physics.
Practise îËߪ’çúÕ.
Charan: I need the pen too. You get a refill
Å®·çC) a) Sarat: Ç table O’ü¿ Ö†o °æ¤Ææhéπç îªC-¢√¢√?
in any of the shops here. (Refills
Samrat: üËEéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÅC?
are available in any of the shops
Sarat: È®çúÓ v°æ°æçîª ßª·ü¿l¥ç-™ E ã ´·êu-¢Á’i†
here.)
Ææç°∂æ’-ô† í∫’Jç*. Ç Å稡ç O’ü¿ °æ¤Ææh-
é¬-©™ ÉC best. Chakri: Thank you for the advice.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Below, beneath © ÆæJ-ßÁi’† Å®√n-©†’ ûÁL°œ,

¢√öÀE ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’; -Å-™«Íí Famous,
Popular © ÆæJ-ßÁi’† Å®√n-©†’ ûÁL°œ, ¢√öÀE ¢√úË
Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.
-ï-¢√-•’: Below, beneath © ûËú≈ -ûªy®Ω-™ N´-J≤ƒhç.
– Èé.´ç-Q-éπ%≠æg, °æ®Ω-鬩, ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ ->-™«x
Famous Åçõ‰ v°æÆ œ-Cl¥-Èé-éÀ\†, v°æë«uA îÁçC†. Åçõ‰
v°æñ«-F-éπç™ î√-™«´’çCéÀ ûÁL-Æœ†, î√-™«-´’çC NE Ö†o
ÅE.
Abdul Kalam is a famous scientist = Çߪ’† v°æÆ œCl¥
îÁçC† ¨»ÆæY-¢Ëûªh – î√-™«´’ç-CéÀ, ¨»ÆæYçûÓ Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç-™‰E
¢√∞¡xèπ◊ èπÿ-ú≈ -Ç-ߪ’-†- í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’Ææ’– Çߪ’† í∫’-Jç-* NE
ÖØ√o®Ω’ ÅE.
Famous.. Popular.. -Åç-õ‰?
popular Åçõ‰ v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷†ç éπ© ÅE. famous ņo-
°æ¤púø’ ûÁLÆœ, NE Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ v§ƒüµ∆†uç ûªèπ◊\´. 'popu-
lar' ™ äéπ ®Ωçí∫ç™ ®√ùÀç-*-†-¢√-JE Ç ´®√_-EéÀ Ææç•ç-
Cµç-*† v°æï©’ ÅGµ-´÷-Eç-îª-úøç, É≠æd-°æ-úø-úøç. v°æÆœ-Cl-Èé-éÀ\-†-
¢√∞¡x/ ¢√öÀ °æôx ´’†èπ◊ É≥ƒd-E-éπçõ‰, ¢Á’°æ¤p, íı®Ω´ç
áèπ◊\´. Popular Å®·† ´uèπ◊h-©†’ ´’†ç É≠æd-°æ-úøû√ç,
¢√∞¡x-†’ í∫’-Jç-* Éûª®Ω ®Ωçí¬© ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a–
A famous movie star - v°æÆ œ-Cl¥-Èé-éÀ\† ÆœE-´÷-û√®Ω– ÆœE-
´÷-©-†’ í∫’-Jç-* Åçûªí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’E/ interest ™‰E ¢√∞¡xèπ◊
Åûª-úÕ/- Ç-¢Á’ í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’Ææ’.
A popular movie star- v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷†ç §ÒçC† û√®Ω–
ÆœE-´÷-©†’ í∫’-Jç-* ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√∞¡⁄x, ÆœE-´÷©’ ¶«í¬ îª÷ÊÆ-
¢√∞¡Ÿx É≠æd-°æúË û√®Ω©’.
ã cinema star, famous, popular È®çúø÷ 鬴a.
°æ®Ω-¶µ«≥ƒ *vû√© íÌ°æp actor ©†’ í∫’-Jç-* ´’†èπ◊ ûÁLÊÆh
¢√∞¡Ÿx famous. ´’† ¶µ«≥ƒ *vû√© íÌ°æp-û√-®Ω©’, ´’†ç
ÅGµ-´÷-Eç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx popular stars.
A famous song - Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á’a-éÌØË §ƒô.
A popular song- Åçü¿®Ω÷ ÅGµ-´÷-EçîË, Åçõ‰ éÌClí¬
'mass' song ÅE.
Tendulkar is a famous cricketer- Ééπ\úø popular
ņç éπü∆.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 16 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
Anil: Hi, Trishal, where were you last
Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ:
evening?
b) By the time I reached the station, the train
(E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤?) had left. station
؈’ train
îËÍ®-Ææ-JéÀ, ¢ÁR}§Ú-
Trishal: Most of the time at home.
®·çC. Train sta-
¢Á-R}-§Ú-´-úøç ´·çü¿÷, ؈’
(E†o áèπ◊\´ÊÆ°æ¤ ÉçöxØË ÖØ√o) tion the train had left.
îË®Ω-úøç ûª®√yûª, 鬕öÀd
Why, what's the matter?
c) My uncle too had waited for me for ten
(àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?) minutes - Ø√ éÓÆæç 10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ îª÷Æœ, ûª®√yûª
Anil: But Sunil told me he had seen you
ÉçöÀéÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®√úø’, had waited - had + pp
going somewhere
d) Seeing that I had not come– ؈’ ®√™‰-ü¿E
(Å®·ûË †’-¢Áy-éπ\-úÕéÓ ¢Á∞¡Ÿhç-úø-úøç- îª÷Æœ, he started for home. ؈’ ®√éπ-§Ú-´-úøç,
îª÷¨»†E Sunil îÁ§ƒpúø’) earlier past action, 鬕öÀd had come - had
Trishal: He seen me on my way to the sta- Lakshmi:
+ past participle. Ñ éÀçC È®çúø÷ §Ú©açúÕ: Éçé¬ éÌEo ÖØ√o®·. ´’†ç ¢Á-R}
tion to receive my uncle. But by the a) The Moghuls had ruled India before the
e) I had kept it for two days... when I îª÷ü∆lç °æü¿.
time I reached the station the train British ruled it (British b) Pratap: Hi Pramod, †’´¤y bike éÌØ√o-´E
returned it to the library. had
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ¢√-Jéπç-õ„ -´·ç-ü¿’
had left. My uncle too had waited for had ruled,
-¢Á·í∫-©’-©’ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝†’ §ƒLç-î√®Ω’. Prasanth îÁ§ƒpúø’ Ø√ûÓ, ¢Á·†o-†’-
kept – had + past participle (pp) ´·çü¿®Ω
me for 10 minutes. Seeing that I ruled).
ïJ-T†past action †’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-≤Úhç-C éπü∆.- èπ◊çö«.
had not come, he started for home b) India had been under Moghul rule before Pramod: Éçé¬ é̆-™‰ü¿’. éÌØ√-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
Ééπ\-úø ´’†ç ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊†o ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç: it was under British rule (British
on his own. §ƒ©-†™ Pratap: O’ cousin bike éÌçô’-Ø√o¢√?
had + past participle always expresses the Moghul
(؈’ ´÷ uncle éÓÆæç station èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh- ÖçúË ´·çü¿’, §ƒ©-†™ ÖçúËC). Pramod: ™‰ü¿’. E†oØË ûÁL-Æ œçC, ¢√úøC
earlier of two past actions. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ, Ñ lesson ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊†o
†o-°æ¤púø’ îª÷¨»úø’. Å®·ûË Øˆ’ station Ţ˒t-¨»-úøE.
èπ◊ -¢Á-∞Ï}Ææ-JÍé train -´-*a -¢Á-R}-§Ú®·ç-C.

He had been an actor

´÷ uncle èπÿú≈ Ø√ éÓÆæç 10 EN’-≥ƒ©’
îª÷Æœ ÉçöÀéÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®√úø’)
But why did you want to see me?
(Å®·ûË †’´¤y †ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊-
Ø√o´¤?)
Anil: I wanted that book on computers verbs: had been (be Pratap: á´-JéÀ?
from you. form - í∫ûªç™ Ö†o Pramod: ¢√úÕ §ƒûª bike †’ éÌûªh bike ûÓ
(F ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* Ç computer book
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 58
È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©™ exchange îËÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’.
BÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√o) ´·çü¿®Ω Ö†o N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo Answers:
Trishal: I am sorry, I don't have it. I had kept îÁ°æ¤ hçC), had + pp
it for only two days till the day (action - í∫ûªç™ ïJ- a) Lakshmi: Hi Ajitha, when did you return?
before when I returned it to the a) ¢√úø’ pass Åߪ÷u-úøE Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’. When I phoned yesterday your
T† È®çúø’ °æ†’™x
library. He told me that he had passed. (pass ¢Á·ü¿öÀ °æEE ûÁ-LÊ°ç- M. SURESAN mother told me you had not
(Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰C-°æ¤púø’, È®çvúÓ-V©’ Öç- Å´-úøç ´·çü¿÷, îÁ°æp-úøç ûª®√yûª éπü∆. 鬕öÀd ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç) returned yet.
èπ◊E ¢Á·†oØË library ™ -ÉîËa¨».) ´·çü¿J past action, had + passed (had + a) ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îË-´·çü¿’ Çߪ’† teacher í¬ Ajitha: That's right. I arrived half an hour
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E verbs: had seen, had left, pp) ÖçúË-¢√úø’ = He had been a teacher before after you had phone. What's the
had waited, had come, had kept É´Fo èπÿú≈ b) Ç¢Á’ °R}éÀ ´·çü¿’ teacher í¬ °æE-îË-ÆœçC. he started business. matter?
She had worked as teacher before she b) Lawyer í¬ practice rail-
v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îË -´·çü¿’ Lakshmi: Leela told me yesterday she had
had + past participle form ™ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆.
ways ™ °æEî˨»®Ω’ = He had worked/ He brought some sarees from
Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ñ form of verb †’ ´’†ç Ñ les- got married.
had been (ÖØ√o®Ω’) in the railways before Mumbai. How about seeing
sons ™ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. Ñ verb form: had + past had + pp éÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† 'be' form had been. he started practising as a lawyer. them?
participle. DØËo past perfect tense Åçö«®Ω’. ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆, 'be' form á°æ¤púø÷ Öçúø-ú≈-Eo c) sisters unmarried
¢√∞¡x °R} ÅßË’uç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ajitha: She told me the day before she
DE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç- îª÷ü∆lç: ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC. í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’ = He had been unmarried
had given away most of them.
a) Sunil told me he had seen you. Ééπ\úø two Ñ éÀçC È®ç-úø÷ §Ú©açúÕ: until his sisters got married.
Lakshmi: Still some more are there. Let's go
past actions (í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ†’--©’– a) NTR had acted in movies before he Now practise the following in English. and see.
äéπöÀ Sunil E†’o îª÷úø-úøç, Ç N≠æߪ’ç Ø√ûÓ entered politics (politics -™  v°æ¢Ë-PçîË a) Lakshmi: Hi Ajitha á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-î√a´¤? O’ b) Pratap: Prasanth told me that you had
îÁ°æp-úøç) ÖØ√o®·. Ççü¿’™ äéπöÀ ´·çü¿’, ´·çü¿’, ÆœE-´÷™x †öÀç-î√úø’. †öÀç-îª-úøç – -ÉC ÉçöÀéÀ ؈’ E†o phone îËÊÆh O’ bought a bike. I think, the day
ÉçéÓöÀ ûª®√yûªéπü∆. Sunil, Trishal †’ îª÷-úø-úøç action (Ωu). ´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† past action Å´’t †’Nyçé¬ ®√™‰-ü¿E îÁ°œpçC. before (yesterday).
´·çü¿’, Ç N≠æߪ’ç Anil ûÓ îÁ°æpúøç ûª®√yûª 鬕öÀd, had acted - had + past participle) Ajitha: Å´¤†’. †’´¤y phone îËÆœ† Å®Ω-í∫çô Pramod: Not yet. I think of buying one.
éπü∆. Ééπ\úø ´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† °æE Sunil, b) NTR had been an actor before he was a ûª®√yûª ؈’ ÉçöÀéÀ îË®√†’. àçöÀ Pratap: (Are you) buying your cousin's
Trishal †’ îª÷úø-úøç, had seen – had + past CM (CM í¬ ÖçúË ´·çü¿’, actor í¬ ÖØ√oúø’). N≠æߪ’ç? bike?
participle form ™ Öçúø-úøç í∫´’-Eç-î √L Ééπ\-úø verbs – had been, was. Ñ È®çúø÷ Lakshmi: M© ´·ç¶„j †’ç* éÌEo <®Ω©’ ûÁî √a- Pramod: No. Only yesterday I came to know
´’†ç. Åçõ‰ È®çúø’ past actions ™ äéπöÀ èπÿú≈ 'be' forms ü∆. Åçü¿’-éπØË, he was a CM - †E îÁ°œpçC E†o. ´’†ç ¢ÁRx he had sold it off.
´·çü¿’, ÉçéÓöÀ ûª®√yûª ïJ-TûË, ´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† (äéπ-°æ¤púø’) CM í¬ ÖçúË¢√®Ω’ (É°æ¤púø’ -™‰®Ω’). îª÷ü∆l´÷? Pratap: Who to?
past action á°æ¤púø÷ had + past participle Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ actor - 鬕öÀd had been an Ajitha: É°æp-öÀÍé î√-™« ÉîËa-¨»-†E ¢Á·†oØË Pramod: He told me he had exchanged his
form ™ Öçô’çC. actor. îÁ°œpçC Ø√ûÓ. old bike for a new one.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Would you come please? -v°æ-¨¡o: English Newspapers ™ Headlines Å-Fo simple present
Could you come please? tense ™ ®√≤ƒhÈ®çü¿’-éπE?Å-´-Fo ïJ-T-§Ú-®·† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ éπü∆!
Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? would - past tense of will 2) Could éÀ would éÀ difference -à-N’-öÀ? -¢√-öÀ-E -à-ßË’
éπ-ü∆. Ééπ\úø would, could áçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√®Ω’? Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x use îËߪ’-´îª’a?
2) Sell this vehicle off (Active Voice),
-ï-¢√-•’:
– °œ.í∫-ù‰-¨¸, é¬éÀ-Ø√-úø.
What does she want (Active Voice). -O-öÀE Passive Voice ™ please ? ÅØËC more formal (áèπ◊\´ ™«ç-†-v§ƒßª’ç,
à N-üµ¿çí¬ ®√ߪ÷™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. 1) î√-™« -´’ç-* question. English èπ◊ -Ö†o v°æûËuéπ ©éπ~ùç, historic
could éπçõ‰). Åçõ‰ ´’†-éπç-ûªí¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç ™‰E, ´’†ç íı®Ω-NçîË
3) The function went off well Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰Ææ÷h, went off present. Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T-†-¢√-öÀéÀ èπÿú≈ present tense (sim-
´uèπ◊h-©†’ îËÊÆ request. ple) ¢√úø-úøç. ÉC newspaper headlines ™ áèπ◊\´.
™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ Å®√n©’ áéπ\úø, ᙫçöÀ °æ¤Ææh-é¬--™-x -Öç-ö«-ßÁ÷ ûÁL-ߪ’- 2) sell this vehicle off. DEéÀ passive voice – Let this vehicle
Prime Minister Inaugurates the conference.
ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. be sold off.
– ÅçûªöÀ °çîª-©ßª’u, What does she want èπ◊ passive – what is wanted by her. Ééπ\úø Inaugurates Åçõ‰ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-®ΩF é¬ü¿÷, îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-®ΩF
éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥-™x-ØË ûª°æp Éô’-´çöÀ sentences active ™ Öçõ‰ØË é¬ü¿’. îËÊÆ-¨»-®ΩE. ÉC English ™ ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’.
-ï-¢√-•’:
®√ïç-Ê°ô.
natural í¬ Öçô’çC. Here was I already late to the station. Just then my brother

1) would, should, could í∫’-Jç-* ûªy®Ω™ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. could 3) went off well - Åçõ‰ ¶«í¬ ïJ-TçC ÅE. Éô’-´çöÀ phrases èπ◊ comes with the news that I have forgotten my ticket. Ééπ\úø
you come please? ÅØËC, 'would you come please' éπØ√o Å®Ωnç oxford/ longman's ™«çöÀ ´’ç* dictionaries ™, 'go' éÀçü¿ comes ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. effect éÓÆæç ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.
áèπ◊\´ ´’®√uü¿ Ææ÷*çîË request. Å®·ûË would you come, îª÷úøçúÕ. 2) could, would í∫’-Jç-* ÆæN-´-®Ωçí¬ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Sivaram: Hi Unni, what's new?
(°æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô -É-C. Practice it in
your conversation)
Unni: Have you seen Kiran of late?
éÀ®Ω-ù˝†’ Ñ ´’üµ¿u à´’Ø√o îª÷¨»¢√?
(of late = lately = Ñ ´’üµ¿u)
Sivaram: No, yesterday I did go to Kiran's.
But by the time I reached there, he
had gone out. I missed him by
minutes.
™‰ü¿’. E†o ¢√R}ç-öÀÍé ¢Á∞«}†’. é¬F
؈’ ¢Á∞Ï}-ô°æp-öÀéÀ Åûª-úø’ •ßª’-öÀéÀ
¢ÁR}§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Åûª-úÕ-E éÌ-Eo -E-N’-≥ƒ-© -
ûË-ú≈-ûÓ miss Åߪ÷u†’.
Unni: Why did you want to see him?
áçü¿’-Èé-∞«}´¤ ¢√-R}ç-öÀéÀ?
Sivaram: He had promised to lend me the
CDs of some latest movies. So I
went to him to get them.
Ø√éÌ\Eo ÆœE-´÷© CDs É≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’.
ÅN ûÁa-èπ◊ç-ü∆-´’E ¢Á∞«x†’.
Unni: Let's go now and get them now.
É°æ¤p-úÁR} ûÁa-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷ ¢√öÀE?
They had gone for..
Sivaram: No chance. His mom told me yes-
terday that some one had stolen
the suit case with the CDs in it. It
was to the police that he had gone
when I went there. He wanted to
report it to the police.
CDs suit
Ç Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. Ç Ö†o
case á´®Ó üÌçT-Lç-î √-®ΩE E†o
¢√∞¡x´’t Ø√ûÓ îÁ°œpçC. ØËEo†o Åéπ\-
úÕéÀ ¢ÁR}-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’ ¢ÁR}çC police
report É´y--ú≈EÍé.
Unni: Does he hope to get them back?
ÅN üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√-ߪ’ØË Ç¨¡ Éçé¬ Öçü∆
Åûª-úÕéÀ?
Sivaram: I don't know. His mother was how-
ever sure that they had gone for
good.
à¢Á÷ ´’J. ¢√∞¡x´’t ´÷vûªç Éçéπ üÌ®Ω-
éπ-ü¿ØË †´’t-éπç™ ÖçC.
(For good = permanently = °æ‹Jhí¬/
¨»¨¡y-ûªçí¬. Practise it in your con-
versation)
Unni: Really unfortunate.
Eïçí¬ ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-éæ π®Ωç.
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-*† verbs sets
îª÷úøçúÕ: a) reached- had gone out; b) had
promised- went; c) told- had stolen; d) had
gone, went; d) was- had gone.
°j verbs v°æA ïçô™ éÀçü¿öÀ lesson™
´’†ç îª÷Æœ† had + participle form ™ Ö†o
verbs ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. a) had gone out, b) had
promised, c) had stolen, d) had gone.
´’†ç éÀçü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆– had + past
participle (PP) form ™ Ö†o verb á°æ¤púø÷, the
earlier of two past actions (í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T†
È®ç-úø’ °æ-†’-™x ´·çü¿’ ïJ-T† ü∆Eo) îÁ°æ¤hç-ü¿E.
É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ´’J-éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’:
a) By the time I reached his place he had
gone out.
؈’ Åéπ\-úÕéÀ îËÍ®-Ææ-JéÀ Åûª-úø’ -¢Á-R}-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.
b) He had promised the CDs and I went
there to get them.
CD©’ É≤ƒh-†-†-úøç ´·çü¿’, ؈’ ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç
ûª®√yûª– 鬕öÀd had promised.
-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 18 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
c) His mother told me that some one had
stolen them.
üÌçT-Lç-îª-úøç ´·çü¿’, îÁ°æp-úøç ûª®√yûª– 鬕öÀd
had stolen (had + pp)
d) She was sure that they had gone for
good.
ÅN §Ú´--úø-¢Ë’í¬-F -Éçéπ -üÌ®Ωéπ-úø-´’ç-ô÷ -Öç--úø-ü¿-E
Ç¢Á’ †´’t-éπçí¬ ÖçC. §Ú´-úøç ´·çü¿’, 鬕öÀd
had gone (had + pp)
Krishna: That means you applied for it last
had + pp N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† ´·ê-u¢Á’i† Gopal: á´y®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’. Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË
Saturday
N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ È®çúø’-Ø√o®·.
Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á-R}-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’.
b) Sarat: Who are the police searching for?
Krishna: Åéπ\úø watchman ™‰ú≈?
(Police ¢√∞¡Ÿx (Plural). äéπ Police = a
Gopal: Åûª-úË îÁ§ƒpúø’ Principal ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç
Police man. Plural í¬ Policemen/
classes ÅFo cancel î˨»-®ΩF, Åçü¿’-
Police persons èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌa.)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 59 éπØË Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢ÁR}§Ú-ߪ÷-®ΩE. Karim: For the chitfund company director
Krishna: †’´¤y TC (Transfer certificate) éÀ Sarat: What happened?
apply îËÆ œç-üÁ-°æ¤púø’? Karim: He had collected money from all and
a) had + pp ¢√úË Å´-鬨¡ç, Å´-Ææ®Ωç – í∫ûªç™
Gopal: Apply îËߪ ’-´ ’E †’´¤y îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ disappeared/ left town
È®çúø’ °æ†’©’ ïJT, ¢√öÀ™x äéπöÀ ´·çü¿’,
ÉçéÓöÀ ûª®√yûª ïJ-T-†-°æ¤púø’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. ´·çüË î˨»†’. Sarat: When did people know he had dis-
b) í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† äÍé °æEE v°æ≤ƒh-Nç-îË-ô-°æ¤púø’ Krishna: Åçõ‰ †’´¤y last saturday ØË apply appeared?
had + pp Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçúøü¿’. î˨»-´-†o-´÷ô. Karim: Just Yesterday. He had run the com-
pany for two years when he ran
away. He had collected by then
Rs. 2 crore.
Sarat: When do people learn? A number of
chitfund companies had closed
shops even before this (happened).
Practise the following also:
Anil: I saw the movie, 'Nenodda Neeku?' on b) Sarat:á´JéÓÆæç ¢Áü¿’èπ◊ûª’Ø√o®Ω’ police
Prasad:
the TV last night. (E†o ®√vA TV ™, ¢√∞¡Ÿx? É°æ¤pú≈ •çúÕ áéπ\-úø’çC?
'ØËØÌü∆l Fèπ◊?— ÆœE´÷ îª÷¨») Karim: Chit Company director éÓÆæç.
(•çúÕ= Vehicle)
Kumar: éÀ®Ωù˝ ü∆Eo ÉçöÀéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞«}úø’.
Krishna: I have seen it too. What a bore! Sarat: àç ïJ-TçC?
Prasad: Mechanic - ü∆-Eo- á°æ¤p-úø’ °æ‹Jhí¬
(؈÷ îª÷¨»ØËx. áçûª NÆæ’íÓ!) Karim: Åçü¿J ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s BÆæ’-éÌE §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’
I saw it last Saturday, I think. repair î˨»úø’?
(§ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’= disappeared/ left
Anil Ç Kumar: E†o repairs °æ‹Jh î˨»úø’. É°æ¤púø’
ÆœE´÷ town)
îª÷¨»úø’ E†o-®√vA – ÉC Sarat: Åûª-úø’ §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷-úøE á°æ¤púø’ ûÁLÆœçC? ´’ç* condition ™ØË ÖçC.
past action, time Prasad: á´®Ω’ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ ü∆Eo-°æ¤púø’?
Karim: E†oØË. §ƒJ-§Ú-ßË’-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ company
known - saw
Åçü¿’-éπE È®çúË∞¡Ÿx †úÕ-§ƒúø’. Å°æp-öÀÍé È®çúø’ éÓôx Kumar: éÀ®Ωù˝ ¢√∞¡x†o. Åûª-úÕéÀ ¢Á·†oØË sales-
(past doing word) man í¬ ÖüÓuí∫ç ´*açC.
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ collect î˨»úø’.
Krishna èπÿú≈ Ç (Collect= ´Ææ÷©’) Prasad: Çߪ’† Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ àç îËÊÆ-¢√úø’?
ÆœE´÷ îª÷¨»--†Ø√oúø’ – Sarat: á°æ¤púø’ í∫’ù-§ƒ®∏Ωç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’ ï†ç? Kumar: Student. Åûª-úÕéÀ job ´îËa time èπ◊
ÉC past action, time DEéÀ ´·çü¿’ î√™« Chit Fund îªü¿’´¤ °æ‹®Ωh-´-™‰ü¿’.
not known - Åçü¿’-éπE M. SURESAN Answer:
Companies ´‚ûª-°æ-ú≈f®· éπü∆.
Ééπ\úø have + pp. ´’S} Prasad: Where is the vehicle (now)?
last Saturday ÅE time îÁ°æ¤ h-Ø√oúø’ 鬕öÀd saw. ANSWERS:
Kumar: Kiran has taken it home.
îª÷úøçúÕ– Ñ independent, single past actions a) Krishna: Was there any one/ Was any
Prasad: When did the mechanic complete
èπ◊ ¢ËöÀE èπÿú≈, had+pp ™ îÁ°æp-úøç ™‰ü¿’. õ„jç one there when you went there?
the repairs?
ûÁL-Æœ† past actions - past doing word; time Gopal: None. People (Every one) had left
Kumar: Yesterday. It is now in good condi-
îÁ°æpE past action have+ pp/ has + pp. the place.
tion.
Å®·ûË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd È®çúø’ related past Krishna: Wasn't (was not) the watchman
Prasad: Who is using it now?
actions, È®çúø’ NúÕ sentences ™ îÁÊ°h Å°æ¤púø’ there?
Kumar: Kiran's elder brother. He got the job
had + pp ¢√úø-´îª’a. Gopal: He told me that the principal had
I went there at 4 PM. He had already gone. of a salesman just the day before
cancelled all afternoon classes.
؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ ≤ƒ-ߪ’ç-vûªç -Ø√-©’í∫’ í∫ç-ô-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞«}†’. (yesterday).
That was why all of them had gone
Å°æp-öÀÍé Åûª-úø’ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Prasad: What was he before that?
away.
Kumar: He was a student. But he had not
Practise the following aloud in English: Krishna: When did you apply for the TC?
completed his studies when he got
a) Krishna: E†o †’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á-∞Ï}-ô°æp-öÀÍé Gopal: I had applied for it before you told
the job.
á´È®jØ√ ÖØ√o®√? me to.
-v°æ-¨¡o: "General" - DE pronunciation -ï†-®Ω™¸ Dictionary™ É*a† Phonetic symbols †’ •öÀd, ®√ùÀç-îªôç – make a mark / distinguish
éπü∆! ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ "G" ûª®Ω’-¢√ûª "e" ÅØË Åéπ~®Ωç TV English News Caste †’ îª÷Æœ, NE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ- (oneself).
´ÊÆh ü∆EE ' ñ„— í¬-ØË °æ©-é¬-©çö«®Ω’. -´’-J ´-©-ÆœçüË. -v°æ-¨¡o: 1) She goes to her friend's on sundays
"Get" pronunciation -†’ -Å-™«í¬éπ ' Èíö¸—— -v°æ-¨¡o: 1) "Would" †’ Present ™, Past ™ 2) She goes her friends on sundays.
Åçö«®Ω’ áçü¿’èπ◊? Future ™†÷ ¢√úø-û√-®Ωô éπü∆. Ñ ´‚úø’
- Ñ È®ç-úÕç-öÀ-™ -à-C ÆæÈ®j-†-C?
– °œ. Ææ’üµ∆-éπ®˝, *†o-´’-™«x-È®úÕf, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 鬙«-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç* usage †’ °æ‹Jhí¬ -v°æ-¨¡o-© Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x -When, Why, What,
-ï-¢√-•’: ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. How ©-†’ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-úø-¢Á’-™«?
'g' ûª®√yûª 'e' ´ÊÆh 'ï—í¬ °æ©-é¬-©E 2) ǧƒu-ߪ’ûª, ņ’-®√í∫ç, ņ’-•çüµ¿ç– Ñ ´‚úø’ – -´’-ØÓ-ñ¸, ´÷Ωx
rule àO’ ™‰ü¿’. English °æü∆-©†’ Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -à-´’ç-ö«®Ω’? ' ®√ùÀç-îªôç—— ï-¢√-•’:
Pronunciation ™ á°æ¤púø÷ ÅØË °æü∆-EéÀ ÆæJ-ßÁi’† Éç-Tx-≠ˇ °æü¿ç àC? Ñ È®ç--úø’ -¢√é¬u-™x 1- ) Correct; 2) Wrong.
§ƒöÀç-îª-í∫© rules î√™« ûªèπ◊\´. – Èé.Ææ’v•-´’ùuç, ´·†-í¬©§ƒúø’ English™ È®çúø’®Ω鬩Questions: i) 'Wh' words
G ûª®√yûª e ´ÊÆh 'ï— í¬ °æ©-鬙«, ï-¢√-•’: (What, When, Where, etc.,)ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u
'í∫— í¬ °æ©-鬙« ÅØËC, Ç ´÷ô à 1) Would Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûªy®Ω-™ ØË -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. v°æ¨¡o©÷, ii) ÅN ™‰E v°æ¨¡o©’. 'Wh' ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u
¶µ«≠æ-†’ç* English™éÀ ´*aç-ü¿-ØË- 2) ǧƒu-ߪ’ûª – Warmth/ affection; v°æ¨¡o™x 'Wh' word ´·ç-ü¿’ ®√¢√L.
ü∆Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC. ņ’-®√í∫ç– affection; ņ’-•çüµ¿ç– attachment.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 20 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
Pavan: How long can we be here? Mohan: He says you will soon be a minister
´’†ç áçûª-ÊÆ-°œ-éπ\úø Öçúø-í∫©ç? Ravi: I, A minister!! It's sheer nonsense.
Ravi: Why? There's no hurry. We can be How can I be a Minister
here as long as we like. What's the ؈’ ´’çvAØ√!! Åçûª-éπçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ™‰E
matter? N≠æߪ’ç ÉçéÓöÀ Öçúøü¿’.
àç? ´’†ç áçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ é¬¢√-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ look at the expressions- can
Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ Öçúø-í∫©ç. àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç? be, can understand, can read, can't (Cannot)
Pavan: Then let's listen to this man. He is speak, cannot follow, can translate etc.
saying some thing in Tamil. Can you É´Fo èπÿú≈ can ûÓ èπÿúÕ† verbs éπü∆. ÉN two
understand what he says? forms(È®çúø’ ®Ω÷§ƒ-©)™ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆?
Å®·ûË Éûª†’ îÁ°æ¤h-†oC Nçü∆ç. ûªN’- 1) can be-ÉC be form - Öçúø-ú≈Eo ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC.
∞¡ç™ àüÓ îÁ°æ¤h-Ø√oúø’. Åûª†’ îÁÊ°pC 2) can understand, can read, can speak, etc.
†’´¤y Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©¢√? É´Focan + 1st Regular Doing Word (1st
Prabha: Come, Prasanthi, how can you
Ravi: I can, but only a little. He says he is a RDW) form. e) Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úÕéÀ°æ¤púø’ ®√™‰ü¿’
She can't (cannot) come here now. be so harsh/ unkind to me?
palmist. He can read our palms and ÉN °æ†’-©†’ (Actions) Ææ÷*-≤ƒh®·.
tell us of our future. 1. Can: (ability)
-É-C ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo verb.
ûÁLÊ° f) Éçûª *†o N≠æߪ’ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-™‰¢√? Prasanthi: How can you talk so much non-
àüÓ éÌçûª (Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-í∫-©†’). Åûª†’ v°æÆæ’hûªç(present) ™ é¬F, ¶µºN-≠æuû˝ Can't you (can you not) understand this sense?
Palmist - £æ«Ææh-≤ƒ-´·-vCéπç-– îË®· îª÷Æœ (Future) ™ é¬F Öçúø-í∫-©í∫úøç, îËߪ’-í∫- simple thing? Ñ éÀçC day to day situations ™ ¢√úË vocab-
©í∫úøç ÅE îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊can ¢√úøû√ç. Practise the following in English: ulary/ expressions practise îËߪ’çúÕ: (Prn:
a) He can be here in ten minutes. Prabha: ؈’ CM (become
†’ é¬í∫-L-T-ûË...- Pronunciation)
Åûª†’ 10 EN’-≥ƒ--™x Ééπ\úø Öçúø-í∫-©úø’. ¢√úøçúÕ)
1. get up -
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 60
(can be - be form éπü∆ – Öçúø-í∫-©-í∫úøç -ûÁ-©’°æ¤- Prasanthi: Çí¬í∫’. †’´¤y CM ᙫ Å´-í∫-©´¤? Evü¿-™‰-´-úøç
ûª’ç-C) Prabha: ؈’ Å´-™‰-†Ø√ F †´’téπç? (wakeup ÅØÌa – é¬F ÅC é¬Ææh §ƒçúÕûªuç)
2. have/ take a bath - ≤ƒo†ç îËߪ’úøç.
(bathe - ≤ƒo†ç îËߪ’úøç, Ææ´·vü¿ ≤ƒo†ç – Ñ

I can speak..
´÷ô Ö†o-°æp-öÀéà DØÁo-´®Ω÷ É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøúøç ™‰ü¿’.
§ƒûª-•-úÕ† ¢√úø’éπ – Ææ´·-vü¿-≤ƒo†ç – a swim in
the sea)
3. have/ take breakfast (Prn: -v¶„é˙-°∂æÆˇd) – §Òü¿’-löÀ
°∂æ-™«-£æ…®Ωç.
4. boil: (prn: ¶«ß˝’™¸) ´’J-Tç-îª-úøç/-´’-®Ω-í∫úøç
ñÆæuç îÁÊ°p-¢√úø’. ´’† £æ«Ææhͮ꩒ îª÷Æœ b) FÈéç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ é¬¢√-©çõ‰ Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ØËE-éπ\úø Öçúø- Prasanthi: †’´¤y CM
é¬í∫-©¢Ó, 5. fry: ¢Ë®·ç-îªúøç, ¢Ë°æ¤úø’ èπÿ®Ω
´’† ¶µºN-≠æuû˝ îÁ°æp-í∫-©-†çô’-Ø√o--úø’. í∫-©†’
(Read the palm – ͮ꩒ îª÷úøôç– I can be here as long as you like/ want. ™‰üÓ é¬F, 6. bake: (prn: ¶„ß˝’é˙) †÷ØÁ-™«ç-öÀN ™‰èπ◊çú≈
£æ«Ææh-Í®-ê©’) c) ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø í∫çô-éπçõ‰ Öçúø-™‰úø’ nonsense E°æ¤p© O’ü¿ 鬩aúøç. Bread Å™«Íí îË≤ƒh®Ω’
Pavan: But how can we understand him? He He cannot be (can't be) here for more than ´÷vûªç 鬕öÀd Bread îËÊÆ îÓô’: Bakery (¶„ß˝’-éπ-J)
can't (can not) speak Telugu and we an hour. î√™« ´÷ö«x- Snacks/ refreshments/ eats - ´’†ç
can't follow his Tamil. d) President
¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ §˘®Ω’úÁ´-®Ω-®·Ø√ í¬ Öçúø- úø-í∫-©´¤. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ -Å-ØË öÀ°∂œ-Ø˛èπ◊ correct English
Åûª-úÕ -´÷-ô-©’ ᙫ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’èπ◊-ØË-C? Åûª- í∫-©úø’ Prabha: †’´¤y Ø√ M. SURESAN ´÷ô©’. öÀ°∂œØ˛ English ´÷ô é¬ü¿’.
úËË¢Á÷ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰úø’. ´’†ç ÅûªE Any Indian citizen can be the president. N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ 7. pastime: 鬩-Íé ~-§ƒ-EéÀ NØÓü¿ç.
Tamil Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-™‰ç. ᙫí¬? (ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å®Ω’|úø’) Åçûª éπJ∏- 8. lunch: °æí∫-öÀ/ -´’-üµ∆u£æ«oç ¶µï†ç.
Ravi: Ah, here comes Mohan. He can e) F ï†t™ †’´¤y CMí¬ Öçúø-™‰´¤ †çí¬ á™« Öçúø-í∫-©¢Ë? (harsh/
unkind - éπJ∏-†-¢Á’i†) 9. Dinner: (´’†èπ◊) ®√vA ¶µï†ç. (prn: úÕ†– 'úÕ—
speak Tamil. You cannot (can't) be a CM for your life
Mohan Tamil
´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Åûª-úø’ ´÷ö«x-úø- É´Fo èπÿú≈ (can be) be forms- Öçúø-í∫-©í∫ú≈Eo - Prasanthi: Å®·ûË †’´yçûª nonsense ᙫ E ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç.) äéπ ®ÓV™ ´’†ç îËÊÆ
í∫-©úø’. ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰≤ƒh®·. ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©¢˛? ´·êu-¢Á’i† ¶µï†ç. ´’† ü˨¡ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™
Mohan: What's going on? (àç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçC?) 2. can + 1st RDW - action. Answer: Dinner ®√vA ¶µï-†¢Ë’ Å´¤-ûª’çC. îªL-üË-¨»™x
Prabha: If I can become the C.M..
Ravi: Here's a Tamil Palmist. Can you a) ؈’ £œ«çC ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©†’ ´’üµ∆u£æ«o ¶µï†ç 鬴a.
Prasanthi: Wait. How can you become the 10. Supper: (prn: Ææ°æ– Ææ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) –
translate his tamil for us? I can speak Hindi well.
CM?
Tamil palmist.
Éûª†’ Tamil
-Ñ-ߪ’-† ™ b) Åûª†’Tendulkar ™« Çúø-í∫-©ú≈? ®ÓV™ *´J ¶µï†ç – v°æA-®ÓW Öçú≈-©E
Prabha: Are you sure (that) I can't (can-
îÁÊ°pC ´÷èπ◊ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ îÁ°æp-í∫-©¢√? Can he play like Tendulkar? ™‰ü¿’. Åçûª ´·êuç é¬ü¿’.
not) be the CM?
Mohan: That's OK. Go on then. c) subjects
O’Í® ¶Cµç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’?
breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper - ´’†ç
Prasanthi: I don't (do not) know if you can
(The Palmist studies Ravi's palm What subjects can you teach?
become the CM or not; but you ®ÓW îËÊÆ¢ÁjûË OöÀ ´·çü¿’, A/ An, The ®√´¤.
and says some thing in Tamil - Åûª†’ d) English
O’È®çûª ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ω’? can certainly talk a lot of non-
Tamil ™ àüÓ îÁ§ƒhúø’) How well can you speak English?
sense.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Infinitive ûÓ, modal verbs ûÓ éÌEo ®Ω鬩 ¢√é¬u©’ Aéπ-´’éπ 3 a) Book, Madras èπ◊ °æç°œç-î√-Lqç-üË. -v°æ-¨¡o: Éç-Tx-≠ˇ™ commands, orders ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ (™‰ü∆) Conditions
°úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®·. -Ñ -¢√é¬u-™x -ûË-ú≈-©’ -N-´-Jç--îªí∫-©®Ω’. (é¬F °æç°œç-î√®Ó ™‰üÓ-ûÁLߪ’ü¿’) NCµç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ Should ™‰ü∆ must ©†’ ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆. é¬F ØËØÌéπ
1) a) They have to have gone there ÉC clear í¬ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’ Ñ sentence ™. text book ™ îª÷ÊÆh be forms Å®·† is, are ©†’ ¢√ú≈®Ω’.
b) They should have gone there b) -™  should been sent •ü¿’©’, should have been sent áçü¿’-éπ™«?
2) a) They have to have been there Å®·-ûËØË correct. Å°æ¤púø’ Å®Ωnç. °æ¤Ææhéπç °æç°æ-•-ú≈-LqçüË é¬F 1) äéπ Çü∆ߪ’ç ´u´-≤ƒßª’ Çü∆ߪ’ç. ÅC ¶µº÷N’ †’ç* -Öçú≈L – ÅØË
b) They should have been there °æç°æ-•-úø-™‰ü¿’.
3) a) The book was to have been sent to Madras 4 a) O’ car †’ green í¬ paint îË®·ç* Öçú≈-LqçC.
≠æ®Ω-ûª’-©†’ text book ™ To be an agricultural income... The
revenue is derived from land ÅE ≠æ®Ω-ûª’í¬ Ê°®Ì\-Ø√o®Ω’. Å™«-é¬éπ
b) The book should been sent to Madras (Å™« îË®·ç-î√®Ó ™‰üÓ, Ñ sentence clear í¬ ûÁ-©°æü¿’)
The revenue should be derived.. ÅE ¢√úÌa éπü∆.
4) a) You have to have your car painted green b) O’ car †’ green í¬ paint îËÆ œ Öçú≈-LqçC.
b) You should have painted your car green (Å™« îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’, O’®Ω’. ÉçéÓ colour ûÓ paint î˨»®Ω’) 2) Å™«Íí äéπ vôÆæ’d Çü∆ߪ’ç °æ†’o †’ç-* N’†-£æ…-®·ç°æ¤ §Òçü∆-©çõ‰
5) a) She was to have taken that bus ÅC ÉØ˛-éπç-ö«èπ◊q éπ-N’≠æ-†®˝îË †¢Á÷üÁj -Öçú≈L ÅØË ≠æ®Ω-ûª’†’; äéπ text
b) She must/ should have taken that bus . book ™ The trust should be registered with the commis-
sioner of I.T ÅE ¢√úøí¬, ´’®Ìéπ text ™ The trust is registered
-ï-¢√-•’:
– áÆˇ.-®√-ï-¨Ï-ê®˝, éπ®Ω÷o©’
with commissioner of I.T as per the provision of 12A ÅE -
1 a) They have to have gone there ÖçC. ´’J Ééπ\-úø is registered éÀ should be registered éÀ ´’üµ¿u
¢√∞¡xéπ\úÕéÀ ¢ÁR} Öçú≈-LqçC, ¢Á∞«}®Ó ™‰üÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. í∫© ûËú≈ àçöÀ? È®çúÕç-öÀ™ à ¢√éπuç áô’-´çöÀ Å®√nEo ÉÆæ’hçC?
b) They should have gone there
™‰ü∆ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u©’ äéπ-õ‰Ø√?
¢√∞¡x-éπ\-úÕéÀ -¢Á-∞«}-LqçC, é¬F ¢Á∞¡}-™‰ü¿’.
-ï-¢√-•’:
Sentence 1) a construction
Åçûª ´’ç* have to have
é¬ü¿’. –Ê≠é˙ Å°∂æb™¸ ë«Ø˛, ´·çîÁ´·†-í¬©§ƒúø’
gone ™«çöÀexpressions, usage ™ î√™« Å®Ω’ü¿’. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ 5 a) Ç¢Á’ Ç bus áéÀ\ Öçú≈-LqçC.
1) 'The revenue should be derived' Åçõ‰-ØË correct,
They had to go there simple
Åçõ‰ í¬ ÅüË Å®Ωnç-ûÓ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. (áéÀ\çüÓ ™‰üÓ, Ñ sentence ´©x clear í¬ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’)
2 a) 1a) sentence
DEéà Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-†-¢Ë’ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ Ñ b) She must have taken that bus. O’®Ωç-ô’-†oô’x.
They had to be there,
•ü¿’-©’ simpler direct
Åçõ‰ í¬ í¬ bus
Ç¢Á’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Ç ØË áéÀ\ Öçô’çC. 2) ÉC èπÿú≈, The trust should be registered Åçõ‰ØË correct.
Öçô’çC. Ñ sentence Å®Ωnç ¢√Rx-éπ\úø Öçú≈-LqçC (í∫ûªç™). (ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’, áéÀ\çC) O’®Ω’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-†o-ô’xí¬, is derived, is registered Åçõ‰
(é¬F ÖØ√o®Ó ™‰üÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’). DEo Ñ sentence clear í¬ She should have taken that bus. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ïJ-ÍíC ÉüË ÅE. Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ äéπ rule í¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰
îÁ°æpü¿’. Ç¢Á’ Çbus áé¬\Lq ÖçúÕçC, é¬F áéπ\-™‰ü¿’. should be derived, should be registered ÅØË¢Ë correct.
b) -D-†®Ωnç: ¢√Rx-éπ\úø Öçú≈-LqçC, é¬F ™‰®Ω’. bus
(ÉçÍé-üÓ áéÀ\çC).
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 23 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
Mahesh: Hi Ramesh, you can sing, can't you?
Kishore:
àçöÀ problem?
®Ω-¢Ë’-¨¸, †’´¤y §ƒúø-í∫-©´¤ éπü∆? Kumar:
´÷ cousins Ñ weekend Ééπ\úø
Ramesh: Of course I can. Why, what's the mat- Öçö«®Ω’.
ter? Kishore: ¢√∞¡x†’ èπÿú≈ ´’†ûÓ ®Ω´’t†’.
Å´¤†’. áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Kumar: ¢√∞¡Ÿx ®√™‰®Ω’. ¢√Rx-éπ\-úÕéÀ -ã interview -éÓÆæç
Mahesh: You can participate in the singing -´Ææ’hØ√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡x-é¬-¢Ë∞¡ interview ÖçC.
competition at college next week. Kishore: -†’-´¤y -™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ -ØË-Ø√ picnic enjoy -îË-ߪ’-
´îËa-¢√®Ωç §ƒô-© -§Ú-öÙ §ƒ™Ô_-†-´îª’a. ™‰-†’. -†’-¢Áy-™«Èíj-Ø√ ®√-´-ú≈-EéÀ -v°æ-ߪ’-Aoç-.
Ramesh: Oh, no. I can sing but not in a com- Kumar: ´÷ cousins Ééπ\-úø’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ᙫ ®√í∫-
petition. ©†’? îª÷ü∆lç. ¢√∞¡Ÿx Í®§Ú, á©’xçúÓ
Åçûª ™‰ü¿’. àüÓ §ƒúø-í∫-©†’ é¬F §ÚöÙx phone îË≤ƒh®Ω’. correctí¬ á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒh®Ó?
´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’. ü∆Eo-•öÀd Fèπ◊ îÁ§ƒh†’. Answers: b) Bhavan: Hi Bhaskar, Congrats.
Mahesh: O come Ramesh. Tell yourself you Kishore: †’´¤y ††’o E®√-¨¡-°æ-®Ω-îª-´ØË (disappoint) a) Kumar: Hi Kishore, What news? Bhaskar: What on?
can, and you will. ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. †’´¤y ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ûª°æpéπ Kishore: How about coming for a picnic / join-
®√í∫-©´¤. ´’†-Ææ’çõ‰ ´÷®Ω_ç Öçô’çC éπü∆. Bhavan: Sekhar told me yesterday (that) you
®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ, Ø√ ´÷ô N†’. †’´¤y §ƒúø-í∫-©-´E
Kumar: §ÚF picnic postpone îËÆæ’éÓ-™‰-¢√? ing a picnic this weekend? will you had got/ won a prize.
Fèπ◊ †’¢Ëy îÁ°æ¤péÓ, §ƒúË-ߪ’-í∫-©´¤.
Picnic miss Å´-úøç Ø√éπ-Ææ©’ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. come for/ will you join a picnic this Bhaskar: O, That's nothing. I got that prize for
Ramesh: I am not so sure. (Åçûª- †-´’téπç Ø√èπ◊ weekend? Ten of us are going. the best essay in the essay writing
™‰ü¿’) Kumar: This weekend? I'm (I am) afraid I can't competition.
Mahesh: You can try at least, Keep telling your- (cannot) come. Bhavan: I Know you can write very well/ I know
self you can, and you will be able to Kishore: What's (What is) the problem? you are very / quiet good at writing.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 61
do it. Kumar: My cousins will be here this weekend.
But I didn't know that you had got/
؈’ §ƒúø-í∫-©†’, §ƒúø-í∫-©†’, ÅE îÁ°æ¤p- Kishore: Ask them to join us too.
èπ◊çô÷ (ņ’-èπ◊çô÷) Öçúø’. †’´¤y §ƒúø- won the prize until sekhar told me. let
í∫-©’í∫’-û√´¤.

How can we..

(keep telling - îÁ°æ‹h-Öç--úø-úøç – continue
telling. keep doing something / contin-
ue to do some thing - äéπ °æE îËÆæ÷h
Öçúøôç)
Ramesh: Ok, I'll try. v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ƒh†’.
can
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ûÓ Ö†o verbs †’ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ me tell you. I can't (cannot) write so
Kumar: They can't (can
éπü∆. ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’èπ◊†o Å®ΩnçûÓØË Kishore: Å-Eo -à®√p-ô’x -îËÊÆ-¨»ç. -Éçéπ -á-™« post- well as you. congrats again.
pone -îË-ߪ’-´’ç-ö«--´¤? not). They are
Ééπ\úøcan †’ ¢√ú≈ç. Åçõ‰ 'í∫©— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ – Bhaskar: O, You're praising me too much/
Kumar: Ok. äéπ\-®ÓV Çí∫’. Í®°æ¤ îÁ§ƒh à N≠æߪ’ç. coming here
≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç(ability) can
ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ®Ω-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√ú≈ç. that's praising too much. How is your
Kishore: †’´¤y ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. for an inter-
Ñ response (reply) Ramesh: Of
îª÷úøçúÕ. cricket practice?/ How is your cricket
b) Bhavan: Hi, congrats Bhaskar. view. They
course, I can. conversation can you do
™ practice going on?
Bhaskar: have an inter-
something? Å-ØËquestion èπ◊ îËߪ’-í∫-©†’ ÅØË üËEéÀ? (That's praising too much- spoken
Bhavan: prize view that day.
I can do it, FÍéüÓ ´*aç-ü¿E ¨Ïê®˝ E†o Ø√ûÓ
English
Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç É´y--ú≈-EéÀ ÅE °æ‹Jhí¬ Å†-
èπ◊çú≈,I can I
Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË ÅØ√oúø’. Kishore: I can't (can not) M. SURESAN ™ áèπ◊\´)
Bhaskar: Åü∆. ÅüË-´’çûª °ü¿l N≠æߪ’ç é¬ü¿’. ´÷ enjoy the picnic Bhavan: We have been practising for the past
can't (cannot) Åçö«ç. °æ‹Jh sentence ņç.
college §ÚöÙ x Åûª ’u-ûªh´ ’ ¢√u≤ƒ-EéÀ without you. Do try to come/ try to one week. only four days are left
Bhaskar: I can play cricket very well. In fact I
prize ´*açC. come. (Do try - í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ Å-™« (N’TL ÖØ√o®·) for the tournament.
can play better than some of the
Bhavan: †’´yçûª ¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-í∫-©-´E Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ My Fielding needs some improve-
players in the Indian team.
Åçö«ç)
ûÁ©’Ææ’. Å®·ûË Fèπ◊ prize ´*a† N≠æߪ’ç Kumar: How can I come when my cousins are ment. I am sure our team will make it/
Bhavan: Oh, can you? (Å™«í¬?) -¨Ï-ê®˝ îÁÊ°p-´-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’™‰ü¿’. îÁ°æ¤hØ√o éπü∆. here? Let's (let us) see. They will reach the finals.
Bhaskar: You think I can't (cannot) ?
Bhavan: (Do) You mean the selectors don't
؈’ F Åçûª ¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-™‰†’. ´’®Ó≤ƒ-J phone/ call / ring me tomorrow or the (make it - (àüÁjØ√) îËߪ’-í∫-©í∫-úøç)
ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’. day after, when they will be/ will come Bhaskar: Isn't' (Is not) the tourney (tournament
know your greatness? Bhaskar: †’´¤y ††’o ´’K §ÒT-úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. Thank
selectors here exactly. Depending on that I'll (I èπ◊ ÉçéÓ-´÷ô) in Hyderabad?/ the
Åçõ‰ èπ◊ F íÌ°æp-ûª†ç ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿ç-ö«¢√? you. F cricket practice ᙫ ÖçC?
Bhaskar: They can't. Moreover, I can, but I will) let you know. tourney is in hyderabad, isn't it? when
Bhavan: í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç ®ÓV-©’í¬ practice îËÆæ’hØ√oç.
don't play. Ééπ tournaments èπ◊ Ø√-©’í∫’ -®Ó-V™‰í¬ Kishore: I'm (I am) sure you will not disappoint will you be there for the first match?
¢√∞¡x®Ωnç îË≤ÚéÓ-™‰ü¿’. ؈’ Çúø-í∫-©†’, é¬E ÖçC. Ø√ fielding éÌçûª ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫’-°æ-ú≈-Lq† me. If you want you can come. Where Bhavan: On the 22nd. Our first match is with
Çúø†’. Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC. ´÷ team finals ü∆é¬ ®√í∫- there is a will there is a way, you the khammam team/ the team from
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? Spoken English ™ can, can't ©-ü¿ØË †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊çC. know. (you know - éπü∆-) khammam.
(can not) -ûÓ äéπJ ability (≤ƒ´’-®Ωn uç) í∫’-Jç-* Bhaskar: £j«vü∆-¶«-ü˛™  éπü∆ Ñ tournaments. Kumar: Why don't you postpone your picnic? Bhaskar: Ok It's time for me to leave. All the
áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-®·Ø√ Ææ綵«-≠æù ï®Ω-°æ-´îª’a. O’È®-°æ¤púø’çö«®Ω’ Åéπ\úø 1st matchéÀ? Kishore: We have made all arrangements. best.
Now, Practise the following aloud in English. Bhavan: 22´ û√K-ê’†. ´÷ 1st match ê´’tç How can we postpone it? Bhavan: Thank you.
a) Kumar: Hi Kishore, team ûÓ. Kumar: Wait for a day I'll let you know tomor-
àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’? Vocabulary / Expressions:
Bhaskar: OK. ´’J Ø√èπ◊ time Å®·çC. -¢Á-∞«}-L. row.
Kishore: Ñ ¢√®√çûªçpicnic èπ◊ ´≤ƒh¢√? Ñ (Prn- Pronunciation)
All the best. Kishore: You are coming definitely.
weekend ã °æC-´’ç-CN’ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oç. 1. Attend (Prn:
Bhavan: Thank you. Åõ„çú˛– õ„ç ØÌ-éÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç) -– £æ…ï-
Kumar: Ñ ¢√®√ç-ûª´÷? ®√™‰-ØË¢Á÷. (Definitely) certainly - éπ*a-ûªçí¬). ®Ω-´-úøç– attend/ school/ college/ place of work

-v°æ-¨¡o:
1) Rajani has to work along with Ravi
Rajani is to work along with Ravi
2) They have to hold the programme
They are to hold the programme
3) The SP, Naveen Chand who was to
attend as a chief guest in this pro-
gramme was not / had not/ did not come
yesterday.
°j ¢√é¬u-™xE is/ has to, how to/ are to, was/ had
(´’†ç ´%Ah/ NCµ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË îÓôxèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡}-úøç/
We have to start now to meet him - Åûª-úÕ-E éπ-©’Ææ’éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ £æ…ï-®Ω-´-úø-ç)/ Marriage/ meeting/ dinner/ party/
•ßª’-©’-üË-®√L– ÉC ´’† Å´-Ææ-®√Eo/ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© -äAh-úÕE Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC. celebrations etc. Oô-Eo-öÀéÀ èπÿú≈ £æ…ï-®Ω-´-úøç,
She has to stay at office from 10 to 4. ®√´-úøç, ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç ÅØË Å®√n-©ûÓ come, go, be
Ç¢Á’ Office ™ 10 †’ç* 4 ´®Ωèπ◊ Öçú≈L– NCµ. present •ü¿’©’ attend áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç.
She has to take care of her child, so she is unable to come.
a) E†o-¢√úø’ School èπ◊ ®√-™‰ü¿’.
Ç¢Á’ °æJ-ÆœnA (Gúøf†’ îª÷Ææ’éÓ-´-úøç) Ç¢Á’†’ ®√E-´y-ü¿’.- He didn't (did not) attend school yesterday.
You have to be here at 10 – O’J-éπ\úø 10éÀ Öçú≈L– ÉC Çïc.
b) O’®Ω’ °-R}-Èéç-ü¿’èπ◊ ®√™‰ü¿’?
2) Rajani is to work along with Ravi – Rajani Ravi ûÓ éπ-LÆœ °æE-îË-ߪ÷-L/
-îË-ߪ’-¶-ûª’ç-C/ -îË-Ææ’hçC– Ééπ\úø ÉC ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ßË’-ü∆Eo í∫’-Jç-* -îÁ-•’-ûª’ç-C. ÉC Whyriage?
didn't you (did you not) attend the mar-

not ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ éπ*aûªç. Åçõ‰ Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îËÆæ’èπ◊†o à®√p-ô’-´©xé¬F,

Ç Rajani, Ravi ©èπ◊ ´*a† Çïc´©xé¬E ¢√∞¡Ÿx -éπ-LÆœ °æEîËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’/ îË≤ƒh®Ω’ c) Æ涵ºèπ◊ î√-™«-´’çC ´î√a®Ω’.
-Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ éπÈ®Íéd-Ø√?-N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.
– Å•’l™¸ ´·Ø√°∂ˇ, †çC-éÌ-ô÷\®Ω’ ÅE. have to/ has to Åçõ‰ îËߪ÷L– îË≤ƒh®Ó, ™‰üÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. am to/ is to/ A large number (of people) attended the
-ï-¢√-•’: are to/ was to/ were to N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Å®·ûË îËߪ÷L, îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç î√™«
meeting.
1) Rajani has to work along with Ravi Åçõ‰ – ®ΩïE ®ΩNûÓ °æE-îË-ߪ÷-L/-°æE áèπ◊\´, îËߪ’-úøç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. d) Í®°æ¤ dinner éÌÆæ’h-Ø√o®√?
îËߪ÷Lq Öçô’çC. Ééπ\úø Rajani has to – °æE îËߪ÷L. á´-JûÓ?– Ç¢Á’-éÀ- 3) ´·êu-Å-AC∑ †O-Ø˛-îªçü˛ ®√´-©-Æ œçC/ ®√-¢√-Lq-†-¢√úø’, é¬F Çߪ’† ®√™‰ü¿’, ÅE DE Will you/ are you going to, attend the dinner
*a† Çïc-´©x/ Ç¢Á’-èπ◊†o Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-´©x/ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© v§Úü¿s-©ç-´©x– Ñ é¬®Ω-ù«-©™ ¶µ«´ç. Ñ Å®Ωnç correct í¬ ´îËa-ôô’x îÁÊ°p sentence- The SP, Navin tomorrow? / Are you attending the dinner
üËE-´-©x-ØÁjØ√ Ç¢Á’ ®ΩNûÓ °æE-îË-ߪ÷-L/ -îË-ߪ÷Lq ´Ææ’hçC ÅE. has to †’ he, Chand who was to have attended as the chief guest did not come yes- tomorrow?
she, it ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. have to †’ I, We, You and they ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. terday. was not come- English
ÆæÈ®j† had not come
é¬ü¿’. Ééπ\úø ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Sridhar: Hi Neeraj, just how busy are you?
busy
-F®Ω-ñ ¸, †’´¤y busy
Ø√?/ áçûª
ÖØ√o´¤?
(Ééπ\úø just = ÅÆæ©’. conversation ™
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ '´’J— -™«í¬ just ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.)
Tarun: Not at all. What's the matter?
-Å-üËç -™‰-ü¿’. àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?
Sridhar: I am in a hurry to get home. Can you
drive me home on your bike?
bike
ÉçöÀéÀ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL. F O’ü¿ †-†’o -
Éç-öÀéÀ -BÆæ’Èé-∞¡-û√-¢√?
Tarun: Drive you home? O no. You can take
my bike if you want. I am tired of driv-
ing for the day.
EEoç-öÀéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡}-úø-´÷? Ø√´©x -é¬ü¿’. Å©-
Æœ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. 鬢√-©ç-õ‰ Ø√ bike BÆæ’éÓ-.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 62
You can talk now
Sridhar: How long can I have it?
áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤ç--éÓ†’?
Tarun: Will three hours do?
´‚úø’ í∫çô©ÊÆ°æ¤ î√™«?
(will do =î√©’. An income of Rs
10000/- a day will do for me. I don't
want more. ®ÓVèπ◊ °æC-¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©
Çü∆ߪ’ç î√©’ Ø√èπ◊. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´ü¿’l)
Sridhar: O that's fine. Thank you.
Tarun: You can keep the bike till 5 o'clock. Go
by the other road. The traffic along this
road at this hour can be heavy. Driving
in such traffic can be dangerous.
鬢√-©çõ‰ 5 í∫çô© ü∆é¬ -ÖçéÓ. Ç ®Ó-úø’f
í∫’ç-ú≈ ¢Á-∞¡Ÿ}. Ñ road ´ü¿’l. Ñ time ™
Ñ road ™ traffic ®ΩDl áèπ◊\-´í¬
ÖçúÌa. Driving Ñ Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ éÌçîÁç
v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ω¢Ë’ Ŵa.
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ can ûÓ Ö†o verbs îª÷úøçúÕ.
1) Can you drive me home?
ÉçöÀéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡}-í∫-©¢√?
2) You can take my bike – Ø√ bike BÆæ’Èé-∞¡Ÿ}.
3) How long can I have it?
áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ¤ç--éÓ-´’ç-ö«´¤?
4) You can keep the bike till 5'o clock.
5) The traffic at this hour can be heavy.
6) Driving in such traffic can be dangerous.
can can
í∫’Jç* ´’†ç Éçûª´®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oN:
ability (≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo) ûÁ-©’°æ¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E éπü∆. Åçõ‰–
'í∫©— – Öçúø-í∫-©í∫-úøç, îËߪ’-í∫-©í∫-úøç ™«çöÀ Å®√n-©ûÓ.
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ can èπ◊ -Ö†o ´’J-éÌEo Å®√n©’,
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ îª÷ü∆lç:
1. Can you drive me home? Ééπ\úø can drive,
ability é¬ü¿’ í∫ü∆! Ééπ\úø Tarun †’ request
îËߪ’ú≈-EéÀ Sudheer can ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ éπü∆
(ÉçöÀéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞Ï}-ü∆?ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ). Åçõ‰ can †’
request (Nïc°œh) îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úø-´îª’a, question
form ™.
1) é¬Ææh -F pen -É≤ƒh-¢√?
Can you give me your pen? / Can I have
your pen?
2) O’ûÓ È®çúø’ EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´÷ö«x-úø-´î√a?
Can I speak to you/ see you for a few min-
utes?
3) Can you lend me some money?
é¬Ææh Å°œp-≤ƒh®√?
-Ééπ\-úø can †’ question form ™ requests èπ◊ -
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-*-†-ô’x -ûÁ-©’-≤Úhç-C éπ-ü∆! Åçõ‰ can †’
question form ™ ´·êuçí¬ you ûÓ, I/ we ûÓ
requests èπ◊ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
2. How long can I have it?
bike
áçûªÊÆ°æ¤ -؈’ F Öç-éÓ-´îª’a?
í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 27 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
í¬ Ééπ\-úø can -†’ question form ™, permission
Åúø-í∫-ú≈-EéÀ (ņ’-´’-A- §Òç-ü¿-ú≈-EéÀ) ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç.
a) ´’-S} á°æ¤púø’ éπ©-´-´’ç-ö«®Ω’ N’´’tLo?
When can I see you again?
(asking for permission)
b) ØËEéπ ¢Á∞¡xØ√?
Can I go now? (asking for permission)
c) Can I use your pen?
pen
O’ (permission)
¢√úø’-éÓØ√?
3. Question form ™permission Åúø-í∫-ú≈-EéÀ
can
¢√úÕ-†õ‰x, †’ statement form permission
™
É´y-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.
a) You can keep the bike till 5'o clock. Answer:
b) Question form ™ I/ we ûÓ permission Åúø-í∫-
†’´¤y bike †’ Å®·-Cç-öÀ-ü∆é¬ Öç-éÓ-´îª’a. Kareem: Can I see you/ speak to you for a few
ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. minutes?
(giving permission) c) Statement form ™ request, permission É´y-
kasyap: What about?
b) You can take my bike. ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.
d) Statement form ™ possibility éÀ (≤ƒüµ¿u¢Ë’ Å´¤- Kareem: It's a bit important.
Ø√ bike BÆæ’éÓ´-a/ -BÆæ’éÓ.
kasyap: You can talk now. I am at leisure.
(giving permission) ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊†o -N-≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ) ¢√úøû√ç.
Kareem: There are a few vacancies for typists
c) †’Nyéπ ¢Á-∞Ô}a. - Practise the following aloud in English:
jobs in your friend's company. I've
You can go now. (giving permission) Kareem: ؈’ O’ûÓ é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ (a few minutes) ´÷ö«x-
d) †’´¤y ´çü¿-®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’-©-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ê®Ω’a °ôd-ú≈-
EéÀ -O-™‰x-ü¿’.
úø-´î√a? (see/ speak ¢√úøçúÕ)
Kasyap: üËE N≠æߪ’ç?
(have) applied for one of them. Can
you help me to get the job? My father
told me to talk to you.
Kasyap: Who is your father?
Kareem: Syed Mustafa.
kasyap: O, I know him well. Your father knows
my friend too. Your father can talk to
him.
Kareem: You can influence him better.
Kasyap: Can you come here tomorrow?
you cannot spend more than Rs. 100/-. Kareem:
é¬Ææh ´·êu-¢Á’i† Kareem: Certainly- when shall I come?
(you can spend = you have permission to N≠æߪ’ç. Kasyap: (At) this time tomorrow.
spend upto Rs. 100/-) Kasyap: É°æ¤púø’ ´÷ö«x- Vocabulary/ Expressions
4. Ææ’Dµ®˝: úøçúÕ. ؈’ BJ- (prn=pronunciation)
a) Driving in such traffic can be dangerous. í¬_ØË ÖØ√o†’. tnap = é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Evü¿/ Evü¿-§Ú-´-úøç; ´·êuçí¬ ´’üµ∆u£æ«o
É™«çöÀ traffic ™ drive îËߪ’-úøç v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ωç Kareem: O’ friend com- ¶µï†ç ûª®√yûª (After lunch, he usually
鬴a/ í¬ Öçô’çC. pany ™ typist has a nap)
Ééπ\úø can, possibility (≤ƒüµ¿u-¢Ë’¢Á÷ ņ’-èπ◊-ØË- jobs ë«Sí¬ M. SURESAN tCut it out = Ééπ Ç°æ¤. Åü¿çû√ éπöÀd-°ô’d
ü∆-E-E) ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC éπü∆. ÅC can èπ◊ ÉçéÓ ÖØ√o®·. ؈’ (á´-È®jØ√ ņ-´-Ææ®Ω N≠æ-ߪ÷-©-ûÓ NÆœ-TÊÆh
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. èπÿú≈ apply î˨»†’. ´÷ Ø√†o-í¬®Ω’ O’ûÓ cut it out, come to the point Åçö«ç)
b) <éπöx ¢Á∞ Ô}ü¿’l. §ƒ´·-©’ç-ö«®·. tClass áíÌ_-ôdúøç = bunk;
Don't go out in the dark. There can be
´÷ö«x -úø-´’-Ø√o®Ω’. Ø√é¬ job ´îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ O’®Ω’ tï•’s †öÀç*, class, °æE áíÌ_-ôdúøç = malinger
snakes. (possibility)
≤ƒßª ’ - ° æ-úø-û√®√? (prn: ´’Lçí∫; 'Lç— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç),
Kasyap: O’ Ø√†o-í¬-È®-´®Ω’?
c) Ç v°æߪ÷ùç î√™« Å©-Ææ-ô éπ-L-Tç-îª-´-a. •úÕ üÌçí∫ = malingerer.
Kareem: Syed Mustafa. tÇö/ Jé~¬/ ö«éÃq ™«çöÀN îËÆæ’éÓ-´úøç (-áéπ\-úøç,
(Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC)
The journey can be very tiresome/ tiring. Kasyap: Ø√é¬-ߪ’† ¶«í¬ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ø√ friend O’ Ø√†o- -¢Á-∞¡}-úøç) = take an auto/ rickshaw/ taxi, etc.
d) He can give you trouble. Be careful. í¬-JéÀ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Çߪ’ØË ´÷ö«x-úø-´îª’a You take bus no.7 to go to the station.
ñ«ví∫ûªh. ¢√úø’ Fèπ◊ trouble É≤ƒh-úË¢Á÷/ É´y-í∫-©úø’ éπü∆. (7 number bus
´ áéπ\çúÕ)
(possibility / ability). Kareem: O’®Ω-®·ûË áèπ◊\´ influence îËߪ’-í∫-©-®ΩE. t´·JéÀ •ôd©’ = soiled clothes
ÉO can èπ◊ -Ö†o Éûª®Ω uses. Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬ 'can' †’– Kasyap: Í®°æ¤ †’Ny-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√í∫-©¢√? His clothes are soiled.
ÅûªE •ôd©’ ´·J-éπ-ߪ÷u®·–
a) Question form ™ ´·êuçí¬, I/ we ûÓ Kareem: ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. ͮ°-°æ¤púø’ ®√†’? trags = The beggar is in rags
°‘L-éπ©’.
REQUESTS èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Kasyap: ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ñ õ„jçèπ◊ ®√. Ç ´·≠œd-¢√úø’ *J-T† í∫’úøf™x ÖØ√oúø’.
v°æ¨¡o: O’®Ω’ Spoken English QJ{-éπ™ ' ¢√é¬u-©†’ Practice -ï-¢√-•’: 1) What about you? ÅØËC ü∆ü∆°æ¤ How about you? ûÓ Ææ´÷-†¢Ë’.
îËߪ’çúÕ—— ÅE noun form ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. °ü¿l ûËú≈ ™‰ü¿’. àC ¢√ú≈L ÅØËC á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd O’Íé
Å™«é¬èπ◊çú≈ ' practise îËߪ’çúÕ— ÅE verb form - ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îªúøç ÆæÈ®j-†-C éπü∆! 2) I haven't money ÅE ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Å†ç. I haven't any money
ÅEí¬F, I haven't the money ÅE-í¬E Åçö«ç. I have no money
-ï-¢√-•’: Practice, Practise èπ◊ -ÖçúË ûËú≈ advice èπ◊,
– §Úûª’© XE-¢√Ææ’, ¢Ëí¬-ߪ’´’tÊ°ô, ûª÷.íÓ.->™«x
éÀ éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i-†C I haven't any money.
advise èπ◊ -ÖçúË ûËú≈ äéπõ‰. Practice Ŷµ«uÆæç; I haven't the money éÀ Å®Ωnç, ü∆EéÀ (àüÓ °∂晫--Ø√-ü∆-EéÀ) 鬴-©-Æ œ†
practise- Ŷµºu-Æ œç-îª-úøç. úø•’s Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’ ÅE.
a) I have the practice - Ø√èπ◊ Ŷµ«u-Ææç/- 'Are you buying a car?/ Why don't you buy a car?'
Å-©-¢√ô’ ÖçC. Practice makes us 'I'd like to, but I haven't the money/ but I don't have the
perfect - Ŷµ«uÆæç ´©x °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωgûª ´Ææ’hçC. money.' (the money = car
v°æ¨¡o: May èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ can ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. May I help you éÀ •ü¿’-©’í¬ can I
éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ úø•’s)
b) We practise the game everyday - ¢Ë’ç ®ÓW Çô†’
Ŷµºu-Æœ≤ƒhç (Çúøû√ç). Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø practise Ŷµ«uÆæç îËߪ’çúÕ help you ÅE ®√Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Can ÅØËC Natural ability éÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-ç-
ÅØË Å®Ωnç ®√¢√-©çõ‰ practice îËߪ’çúÕ ÅØ√L éπü∆. may •ü¿’©’ can áçü¿’èπ◊ use îËߪ÷L? can E Natural ability
v°æ¨¡o: 1) Seventh class English Reader (Mother tongue) page No 52
ü¿®·-ûË
™ é¬èπ◊çú≈ Éçé¬ áEo Nüµ∆-©’í¬ use îËߪ’-´îª’a.
'Trees' Poem When evening changes into night, and when
-ï-¢√-•’: Can, natural ability E ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hçC, correct í¬ 'í∫©— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.
™ – °œ.-í∫-ù‰-¨¸, é¬éÀ-Ø√-úø
a moon floats on the sky. They hum a drowsy lullaby. the Ééπ\úø
moon a moon
Öç-ú≈-L éπ-ü∆.áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√-ú≈®Ó ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’. He can do it, Åçõ‰ ¢√úø’ ÅC îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’. Å®·ûË can èπ◊ -Ö-†o
2) Are you studying in Seventh Class? DEéÀ ï¢√-¶„-™« -îÁ°æp-´-a? ´’J-éÌEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-©™ offer äéπöÀ. Åçõ‰ ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ Åúø-èπ◊\çú≈ ´’†ç
¢√∞¡xèπ◊ àüÁjØ√ É´y--úøç/-îË-ߪ’-úøç. ü∆EéÀ can question form ™
-ï-¢√-•’: 1) 'a moon' Ñ line ™ Åa ûª°æ¤p (printer's error). The moon
–í∫’-v®Ωç -¨¡çéπ®˝, Íé-¨¡-´°æ-ôoç
¢√úøû√ç, may ™«í¬.
ÅØË îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-¢√L. May I help you? = O’èπ◊ Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç 鬢√-™«?/- ØË-ØË-´’Ø√o O’èπ◊
2) Yes, I am. ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø-í∫-©-Ø√? – ÉC offer. Å®·ûË ÉC éÌçîÁç formal - Åçõ‰ Åçûª
v°æ¨¡o: How about you? What about you Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ Å®·ûË Ñ °æJ-îªßª’ç ™‰E ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´’† offer.
Can I help you? D†®Ωnç èπÿú≈ O’èπ◊/ -Fèπ◊ Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç 鬢√-™«?/
È®çúø÷ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-úøç™ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? ´’†ç Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’
Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´î√a? ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. I haven't -O’-èπ◊/ -Fèπ◊ ØËØË Nüµ¿çí¬ Å®·Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©Ø√? ÅE informal
money / I have no money Å®Ωnç äéπ-õ‰Ø√, é¬-†-ôx®·-ûË ¢√öÀE ᙫ í¬, Åçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç Ö†o ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ îËÊÆ offer. May I help
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. you? - formal offer. Can I help you? - less formal/ informal
– ´çQ, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ offer.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Pooja: Hi Raasi, what a surprise! you, here!
àçöÀ ®√Q, †’-Ny-éπ\úø! àçöÃ Nçûª?
Raasi: I am on my way to the spoken English
Institution near here. You know it. The
4th building from your place.
spoken English Institution
Ééπ\úø ü¿í∫_®Óx
¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’. Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬. O’ ÉçöÀ-†’ç*
Ø√-©’íÓ building.
(I am on my way to – ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o†’.
On the way – ü∆J™)
Pooja: Come, Raasi, you go there everyday,
and you can't find the time to drop in at
my place.
®ÓW Åéπ\úÕ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤, ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®√´--ú≈-EéÀ
´÷vûªç -B-Jéπ îËÆæ’éÓ-™‰éπ§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆!
Raasi: I joined there only a week ago. I had
been thinking of seeing you and we met.
Can you do me a favour?
-≤Ú-´’-¢√®Ωç 31 -ÅéÓd-•®Ω’ 2005
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’, canûÓ ´îËa
verbs Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç-îª÷-Æœ-†¢Ë éπü∆.
1. You can't (cannot) find the time
F´¤ BJ-éπ- -îËÆæ’éÓ-™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ -Ö-Ø√o-´¤. (ability)
èπ◊ 2. Can you do me a favour?
ã ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©¢√? (Can - request)
3. Can you let me spend...
O’ Éçöx ؈’ç-úøØ√? (Permission/ request)
4. I can neither go home...
ØËEç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x†÷ ™‰†’, Öçúø†÷ ™‰†’ (ability)
5. You can, by all means–
†’´¤yçúÌa, ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Bhavani: ûª°æp-èπ◊ç-ú≈®√. c) Manoj: üË-E í∫’-Jç-* îªJa-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ O’®Ω’?
(can – permission/ request)
b) Prakash: Sekhar †’ í∫’-Jç-* F ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç Rajeev: ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ ´’†èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’°æúø-í∫-©ú≈, ™‰-ú≈ ÅE.
6. I can't (cannot) give – É´y-™‰†’. (ability)
àN’öÀ? (Whether -ûÓ begin îËߪ’çúÕ)
Manoj: àçô-Ææ©’ N≠æߪ’ç?
Vinai: áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?
Prakash: Åûª†’ ´’ç* player Å®·ûË ´’† team Raghav: £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™  Cricket Match éÀ tickets

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 63
؈-éπ\úø îËJ ¢√®Ω-¢Ë’ -Å-®·çC. O’ ÉçöÀéÀ
®√¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’, ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ã ™éÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆-´’E. 鬢√L ´÷èπ◊. ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇèπ◊ cricket board ™
*†o ≤ƒ-ߪ’ç îËÆœ-°-ôd-í∫-©-¢√ Ø√èπ◊?
(Do a favour – ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-úøç)

I can't give..
Pooja: Doing you a favour! That will be a real
pleasure for me. What's it?
Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-úøç Ø√èπ◊ Eïçí¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’.
àçöÀ îÁ°æ¤p.
Raasi: Can you let me spend the lunch break in
your home? We have two sessions with
a break of an hour in between. Vinai: Åûª†’ î√™« ¶«í¬ Éü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçü¿’-éπE Åûª-ØË-
7. You can have– Öçô’çC. Possibility– Å´-鬨¡ç.
I can neither go home nor stay at the Çúø-í∫-©úø’. E©-éπ-úøí¬ ´’Ø√o ûÁ°œpç-îª-í∫-©-úË-¢Á÷-†E.
institution.
É´Foèπÿú≈ É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-†o 'can'
Concentration ûÓ - Manoj: ¢√úø’ îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’ é¬F îËߪ’úø’. Åûª-ØÁ°æ¤púø÷
؈’ lunch break O’ Éçöx í∫úø-§Òî√a. Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’.
classes break
Çúø-û√úø’. á´-JéÀ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’úø’. Ø√éÀç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ à
´÷èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u™ ã í∫çô Now Practise the following aloud in English.
Öçô’çC. ÉçöÀéà ¢Á∞¡x†÷ ™‰†’, Åçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-éπ\úø Prakash: Å®·ûË ´’†ç Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç èπÿú≈ îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿-ûª†’.
(Use all that you have learnt so far)
Öçúø-†÷ ™‰†’. ÅûªEo Rajeev: ÉC î√™« E®√--¨¡ éπ-L-Tç-îË -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç.
Pooja: You can, by all means. Only I can't be a) Bhavani: Í®°æ¤ Ø√ birthday. O’J-ü¿l®Ω÷ ûª°æpéπ BÆæ’éӴa éπü∆. M. SURESAN Raghav: àç worry Å´èπ◊. -ØË-†’ ûÁ°œpç-îª-í∫-©-†’-™‰
there at the time. I am sorry I can't give ´≤ƒh®Ω’ éπü∆? Vinai: Å®·ûË ØË-†’ Åûª-Eéà ᙫíÓ äéπ™«.
you company. I go for my dance classes Sucharitha: O’
at the time. Don't worry. You can have
Éçöx á°æ¤púø’çúø´’ç-ö«´¤ N≠æߪ’ç îÁ-°æpØ√? ´’† match á°æpúø’ éπÈ®- d) Nagaraj: †’Ny-°æp-öÀÍé Ø√ time î√™« waste
´’´’tLo? é˙dí¬?
my sister Pallavi's company. î˨»´¤ ††’o ¢Á∞¡}F.
Chandra: Cake á°æ¤púø’ éÓ≤ƒh´¤? Prakash: Fèπ◊ ûÁMü∆. ´îËa Sunday ØË éπü∆?
ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈, Å®·ûË, Çtime ™ Ø√éÀçöx Prahlad: ´’S} ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ†’. E†’o?
company Bhavani: Correct í¬ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 5.30éÀ. Å´-ûªL team ™ î√-™«´’ç* players
Öçúø-úøç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’. Fèπ◊ É´y-™‰†’. Nagaraj: Í®°æ¤ à time ™-ØÁj-Ø√.
time dance Sucharitha: àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’,. âCç-öÀÍé ؈-éπ\úø
ÅüË ™ ؈’ é¬xÆæ’-©-Èé-∞«h†’.°∂æ®Ω-¢√- ÖØ√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω’ ¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫-L-T† ¢√∞Ïx. Prahlad: Í®°æ¤ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰†’. Ø√èπ◊ examÖçC. Ç
™‰-ü¿’™‰. ´÷ îÁLx °æ©xN Fèπ◊ ûÓúø’ç-úø-í∫-©ü¿’. Öçö«. Vinai: Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ¢√∞¡xûÓ È®çúø’ N≠æߪ’ç Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆.
F鬢Á’ company Öçô’çC. Chandra: Ø√èπ◊ Í®°æ¤ 5 ´®Ωèπ◊ class ÖçC. 5.30éÀ matches Çú≈ç. äéπöÀ ´’†ç, ÉçéÓöÀ ¢√∞¡⁄x
(By all means – ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈, ÅEoNüµ∆™«) Nagaraj: á©’xçúÕ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®√í∫-©¢√?
ØË®√-™‰†’. äéπ Å®Ω-í∫çô late í¬ ´≤ƒh. Èí-L-î√®Ω’. Prahlad: ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈.
Raasi: Thank you.

-v°æ-¨¡o: ' Ç <®Ω î√™« ¶«í∫’çC éπü∆?—— ÅØË ¢√é¬uEo O’®Ω’ Éç-Tx-≠ˇ™ ''Isn't -v°æ-¨¡o: I saw a devil, I happend to see a devil – Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’
that sari nice/ beautiful"? ÅØ√o®Ω’. ûÁ©’í∫’¢√éπuç™ ØÁí∫-öÀ¢˛ÂÆØ˛q Å®Ωnç, ü¿ßª÷uEo îª÷¨»†’. é¬E verbs ™ Ç ´÷®Ω’p áçü¿’èπ◊ ´*açC.
™‰ü¿’ é¬E Éç-Tx-≠ˇ ´îËaÆæJéÀ ØÁí∫-öÀ-¢˛ÂÆØ˛q™ ÖçC. Ç ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬uEo Model auxiliary verbs °æéπ\† have been ´ÊÆh ûÁ©’í∫’ Å®Ωnç
''Is that sari nice/ beautiful?" ņ-èπÿ-úøü∆? à´’E ´Ææ’hçC?Å™«Íí could be E áEo ®Ω鬩 Å®√n-©’ ´îËa-ôô’x
-ï-¢√-•’: A very good question. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ negative sense ûÁ-LÊ°
– -Ê≠é˙ -†-@®Ω’-Fo≤ƒ, -Å-´’%-ûª-©÷®Ω’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´îª’a. ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
-ï-¢√-•’: I saw a devil- ؈’ devil †’ îª÷¨»†’/devil éπ†-•-úÕçC.
– XE-¢√-Ææ-®√´¤, ´÷®Ω÷d®Ω’
´÷ô ™‰èπ◊-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, 'éπü∆— ÅØË ´÷ô™ negative tone ´Ææ’hçC
éπü∆. Is that sari beautiful Åçõ‰ Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ? Ç <®Ω ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ x, y Will be
éÀ É´y-†’-Ø√o-®ΩE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. I happend to see a devil- ؈’ devil †’ îª÷úøôç ûªô-Æ œnç-
¶«í∫’çü∆? ÅE éπü∆. 'Ç <®Ω ¶«í∫’çü∆?— Å-†-ú≈-EéÀ, 'Ç <®Ω given Man of the match
ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË ¢√úø’-éπ™ *çC/ devil Ø√èπ◊ éπ†-°æ-úøôç ûªô-Æœnç-*çC. I happened to -
¶«í∫’çC éπü∆?— ņ-ú≈-EéÀ ûËú≈ English ™ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, 'Isn't award to be given áèπ◊\´. ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈/ áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøE Ææç°∂æ’-ô-††’ í∫’-Jç-* É™« îÁ§ƒhç.
that sari beautiful?' ÅE-é¬F, 'That sari is beautiful, isn't (wedding) to be solemnized by x ņ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ °æNvûª I bought it in that shop – ؈C Ç shop ™ éÌØ√o†’.
it?' ÅE-é¬F Åçõ‰ ûª°æp, ûÁ©’-í∫’-™ E ¶«í∫’çC éπü∆? ÅØË Å®Ωnç (by somebody),
鬮Ωuç E®Ωy-£œ«ç-°æ-•-úø-¶-ûª’-†oC Åçõ‰ -´÷´‚©’ I happened to buy it in that shop – ؈C Ç shop ™
somebody (x), to solemnize the wedding
-v°æ-¨¡o: Ñ -´‚-úø’ -¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ English Translation îÁ°æpí∫-©®Ω’.
®√ü¿’. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ (Ñ °æNvûª é̆ôç ïJ-TçC (Ç shop -™ éÌçö«-†E ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’ é¬F
To be solemnized correct
鬮√uEo E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-†’-Ø√o®Ω’ ÅE). í¬
-v°æ-¨¡o: àéπ-é¬-©ç™ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o È®çúø’ Ωu-©†’ É™« îÁ§Òpî√a? He is think-
Å®·ûË is to be solemnized is, omit
ÅE ÅØ√L. to be sol-
îËÆœ Åéπ\úË éÌØ√o†’).
1. ؈’ Í®°æ¤ áéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«h-†E O’®Ω’ ņ’-éÌç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?
2. Ç¢Á’ Ø√ í∫’Jç* à´’†’éÌçöç-ü¿E O’®Ω’ ņ’-éÌç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? emnized ÅØËC ¢√úø’éπ. Will be solemnized ÅE èπÿú≈ ing by walking (-†-úø’Ææ÷h -Ç-™-*Ææ’h-Ø√-o-úø’). Gita is singing by
3. Åûª†’ ††’o NÆæ’-èπ◊\ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. Å-†´îª’a ¢√éπu E®√t-ù«Eo •öÀd. working (§ƒúø’ûª÷ °æE-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊ç--öçC).
b) To be + past participle ´·êuçí¬ passive construction. He is
-ï-¢√-•’:
– -vQ-E-¢√Æˇ, -A®Ω’°æ-A
-ï-¢√-•’: O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† È®çúø÷ ÆæÈ®j-†-N é¬-´¤. Ist sentence: D-E-™ È®çúø÷
1. Where, do you think, I am going/ I will go tomorrow? to do it (active) - It is to be done by him.
– §Úûª’© XE-¢√Ææ’, ¢Ëí¬-ߪ’-´’t-Ê°ô, ûª÷.íÓ.->™«x.
2. What do you think she thinks of me? (îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆- to be done - to be + pp)
3. He feels vexed with me. I am to take them home (active) - They are to be taken (to àéπ-鬩 Ωu-©’– É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†o-´-†’éÓç-úÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ (is
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. véÀÈé-ö¸™Man of the match ''to be given''
ÉîËa-ô-°æ¤púø’ ÅE be + pp) home by me. thinking correct é¬ü¿’). He thinks as he is walking/ He
thinks and is walking at the same time, ņ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË
''to be solemnised by (some
Åçö«®Ω’. Å™«Íí °R} 鬮Ω’f-©™ 2) I could have found the way all right - ؈’ ü∆J ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-LÍí
- Past tense. Ñ È®çúø’ èπÿú≈ é¬Ææh ᶄs-ô’dí¬ éπEp-Ææ’hØ√o®· 鬕öÀd, He
-v°æ-¨¡o:
body)'' ÅE ®√≤ƒh®Ω’. Ø√ ÆæçüË£æ«ç– to be will be
•ü¿’©’ ÅE ¢√úÕØË (é¬E, ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’)
Parts of speech Preposition The thinks as he walks ņ-úøç better. äéÓ\-≤ƒ-J I/ II regular
¢√úÌa éπü∆!To be + PP á°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’? ™ †’ áéπ\úø ᙫ ¢√ú≈™,
2. ''I could have found the way all right''. Tenses,
†’ èπÿú≈ áéπ\úø ¢√ú≈™ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. OöÀûÓ§ƒô’ doing word †’ É°æp¤úø’ ïJÍí °æ†’-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç 鬕öÀd.
Ñ ¢√éπuç Å®Ωnç àN’öÀ? ÉC à õ„Ø˛q™ Öç-C? direct & indirect speech í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. He thinks as he walks ÅØË sentence èπ◊ ¢√-úÁ°æ¤p-úø÷ îËÊÆ

-ï-¢√-•’: Parts of speech ™ prepositions †’ í∫’-Jç-* lessons ™

-ï-¢√-•’: To be given, to be seen ™«çöÀN passive infinitives.
– -áÆˇ.-ñ-≠œ, -äçíÓ-©’
1) To be given Åçõ‰ É´y-•-úø-ôç/ -É-´y-•-úø-ö«-EéÀ/ É´y-•-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊–
´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®·ûË É´y-úøç, É´y--ú≈-EéÀ, ÉîËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åçö«ç
éπü∆. Man of the match award to be given to Åçõ‰ Man of the
match °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\®Ωç x îËûª y éÀ É´y-•-úø-¶-ûª’çC ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC;
– -öÀ.Ææç-ûÓ-≠ˇ π◊-´÷®˝, -ߪ÷®√-úø
N´-JÆæ’h-Ø√oç. Å™«Íí tenses í∫’Jç* -Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ N´-
Jçî√ç, Å®·ûË tenses Ê°®Ω’x îÁ°æp-èπ◊çú≈. English ¶«í¬
´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ tenses + Ê°®Ω’x ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’.
verb form ´·êuç– ÅC N´-Jçî√ç. §ƒûª papers îª÷úøçúÕ.
°æE ÅC (¢√-úÁ°æ¤p-úø÷ †úø’Ææ÷h Ç™-*-≤ƒhúø’/ Ç™-*ç-îË-ô°æ¤p-úø’
†úø’-≤ƒhúø’) ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC.
2nd sentence: Gita is singing and working at the same
time Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC éπü∆ (Ç¢Á’ Ç °æ†’©’ îËÆæ’h-†oC É°æ¤p-
úø-®·ûË). Ç¢Á’ °æE îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤p-úøçû√ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC ÅØ√-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰
Gita sings as/while she works ņ-´îª’a éπü∆.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Kalyan: Hi Sasikanth, good to see you
though after a long time. Where are
you and what are you?
î√©-®Ó-V© ûª®√yûª®·Ø√ îª÷úø-úøç î√©
ÆæçûÓ≠æç. áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤? àçîË-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?
Good to see you – °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô;
(practise îËߪ’çúÕ conversation™)
Sasikanth: Equally glad to see
I am here very much. I am with a
tyre company now. I have had a
better offer from one of the leading
telecom company. I am leaving this
company.
Ø√èπÿ ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-í¬ØË ÖçC. ØËE-éπ\úË
ÖØ√o†’. ã -õ„i®Ωx company ™ °æE-îË-Ææ’h-
Ø√o†’. Ê°®Ω’†o telecom company ™
Ø√éÀç-ûª-éπØ√o ´’ç* Å´-鬨¡ç ´*açC.
Ñ job ´C-™‰-Ææ’hØ√o.
Kalyan: When are you going to resign this
Job?
í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 3 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005
1) When are you going to resign?
2) The company is going to open its branch
here.
3) I am going to be the first branch manager.
4) Is your salary going to be any the better?
5) There's going to be a difference.
6) I am going to buy a flat.
am going
you.
´’†ç àüÁjØ√ °æ-E-E, îË-ߪ’-¶-ûª’†o °æEE
to, is going to, are going to expressions
™«çöÀ ™
ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çö«ç.
1) When are you going to resign?
á°æ¤púø’ ®√@-Ø√´÷ îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?
regular word (am going to/ is going to/ are going
2) The company is going to open its branch d) ؈’ éÌûªh ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ îË®Ω-¶-ûª’Ø√o.
to sing, talk, etc)
áèπ◊\´ éπ*a-ûªçí¬, ï®Ω-í∫-¶ßË’
here. I am going to take a new job.
Company
Ç ûª† ¨»ê†’ Ééπ\úø v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª- Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ will/ shall
éπü∆? ÅN °æ
future
† ’- © †’ ûÁ © ’°æ ¤ - û √®·.
¶-ûª’-†oC. ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü∆? ¢√úø-´îª’a. ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË, will/ shall ؈’ CM -†’ É¢√∞Ï éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†’/ -éπ-©’-Ææ’éÓ
éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ am/ is/ are going to ņo-°æ¤púø’, °æE ï®Ω- -¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’–
í∫-¶-´-úøç éπ*aûªç, ü∆EE í∫’-Jç-* E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-´úøç I am going to meet the CM today.
Å®·-§Ú-®·çD, Ééπ ï®Ω-í∫-úø¢Ë’ ûª®Ω’-¢√-®· -Å-ØË Å®Ωnç Ç¢Á’ party ™ §ƒúø-†’çC –
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 64 ûª´Ææy®Ω’íhç¬C.ïJÍam/ is/ are going to ņo-°æ¤púø’ ÅC é¬Ææh She is going to sing at the party.
í Ææ÷îª-†©’ áèπ◊\´. ¢√∞¡Ÿx debate ™ §ƒ™Ô_-†-†’-Ø√o®Ω’ –
They are going to participate in the debate.
Now practise the following aloud in English:

He is going to..
Sasikanth: àçöÀ Åçûª £æ«ú≈-N-úÕí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤?
(Hurry ¢√úøçúÕ)
Ravikanth: °æ´Ø˛ bike é̆-¶-ûª ’-Ø√oúø’. ††’o
Selection èπ◊ ®Ω´’t-Ø√oúø’.
Sasikanth: É¢√∞Ï é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√oú≈?
Sasikanth: In a week's time at the most. The 3) I am going to be the first branch manager. Ravikanth: Å´¤†’. ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç-* ¢√úÕéÀ
a) I will buy a car soon.
Telecom company is going to open first manager DD ®√¶-ûª’çC. ÅC BÆæ’èπ◊-E shop
Ç ¨»êèπ◊ ؈’ í¬ Öçúø-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’. ؈’ ûªy®Ω™  car
its branch here and I am going to be 4) Is your salary going to be any the better? ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ ´≤ƒhúø’. ؈-ûªEo shop ™
éÌçö«†’.
the first branch manager. F @ûªç ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ Öçúø-¶-ûÓçü∆? éπ-©’Ææ’éÓ-¶-ûª’Ø√o.
Kalyan: Glad to hear that. Congrats. Is your
(E¨¡a-®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√o†’)
5) There's going to be a difference. b) I am going to a buy a Sasikanth: †’¢Áy-°æ¤púø’ é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤ bike †’?
salary going to be any the better? Ravikanth: Bike Ø√ status èπ◊ ´’K ûªèπ◊\´.
àüÓ éÌçûª ûËú≈ Öçúø-¶-ûÓçC. car.
congrats.
ÆæçûÓ≠æç. @ûªç à´’Ø√o
6) I am going to buy a flat. ؈’ car é̆-¶-ûª’Ø√o Helicopter é̆-¶-ûª’Ø√o.
M. SURESAN
áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçô’çü∆? Answer:
Sasikanth: There's going to be a difference of ؈’
é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-†’. flat (O©-®·-†çûª ûªy®Ω™).
future ™ ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûª’†o °æ†’©’, ´’†ç ´·çü¿Í® Sasikanth: Why are you in a hurry?
atleast Rs. 2000/- (ÉC °j-ü∆-EéπØ√o áèπ◊\´
éπFÆæç 2000 ®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’© ûËú≈ Öçô’ç-C. ņ’èπ◊-E éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îËߪ’-¶ßË’ °æ†’-©èπ◊ am going to/ éπ*aûªç) Ravikanth: Pavan is going to buy a bike. He
Kalyan: Very glad then. Hope you will call is going to/ are going to + 1st regular doing word c) He will join duty soon. wanted me to help him in the selec-
me before you join. By the by, I am ¢√úøû√ç. duty
¢√úø’ ûªy®Ω-™ØË ™ îË®Ω-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. tion.
going to buy a flat soon, that too, in a) She is going to buy a new dress. d) He is going to join duty soon. Sasikanth: Is he going to buy it today?
a week. I will move in soon after. Ç¢Á’ éÌûªh dress é̆-¶-ûÓçC. (éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ E¨¡a- duty ¢√úø’ ûªy®Ω™ ™ îË®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ Ravikanth: Yes. He is going to get the DD from
Here's the new address. his dad today. He will take it and
®·ç- î ª ’ - è π ◊ çC. Ééπ é̆- - ú ø ¢ Ë ’ ûª ® Ω ’ - ¢ √®·) will join (ÉC éπ Ø √o áèπ◊\´ éπ*aûªç)
Phone
éÌûªh éπç°-F™ îËÍ®-´·çü¿’ Ø√èπ◊ come to the shop. I am going to
b) ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø ¢√®Ωç-§ƒ-ô’ classes attend Å´-¶-ûª’- ÅC ûªy®Ω™  ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûª’çC. †’¢Ëyç Cí∫’-©’-°æ-úøèπ◊.
îË≤ƒh-´-E -Ç-PÆæ’h-Ø√o. ņoô’x îÁ°æpôç
Ø√oúø’. It is going to happen. Don't you worry. meet him at the shop.
´’Jî√ (by the by) éÌûªh flat é̆-¶- Sasikanth: When are you going to buy a bike?
ûª’Ø√o, ã ¢√®Ωç-™ØË. ¢ÁçôØË îË®Ω’-ûª’Ø√o- He is going to attend classes here for a week. (î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x 'you don't worry' éÀ •ü¿’©’ 'Don't you
c) bank worry' Ravikanth: A bike is too low for my status. I am
†ç-ü¿’-™. ÉD éÌûªh address. Ñ ™ç* ¢Á · ûª h ç úø • ’s†’ BÊÆ- ß ª ’ - ¶ - û ª ’ - Ø √o®Ω ’ . ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’).
going to buy a helicopter.
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ am going to, is going to, are They are going to withdraw all the money É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o N≠æߪ’ç: will/ shall
going to ©ûÓ ¢√úÕ† expressions îª÷úøçúÕ: from this bank. éπØ√o am going to/ is going to/ are going to + 1st
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) House Åçõ‰ ÅüÁl-èπ◊-†o- É©’x, Home Åçõ‰ ≤Òçûªç É©’x-éπü∆! -v°æ-¨¡o: Present Continuous tense ™– -This land belongs -v°æ-¨¡o: Having †’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ÷h A.Voice, P.Voice ™ éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-
2) Åô’-´ç-ô-°æ¤úø’ House wife ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√ú≈L. ÅÆæ©’ Home wife ÅE to him (Correct). é¬E This land is belonging to L´y-ç-úÕ. Having †’ à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒhç? to have †’
him ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√-ߪ’èπÿ-úø-ü¿’? 鬮Ωùç ûÁ-©’°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
– éπçü¿í∫ôx ®√Íé≠ˇ π◊´÷®˝, áv®Ω-¶„-Lx-í∫÷úÁç -ï-¢√-•’: Having AV ™ØË ´Ææ’hçC. Passive ™ ®√ü¿’éπü∆. Passive
áçü¿’èπ◊ îÁ°æp®Ω’?ØË-†’ -Ñ Ææç-üË£æ…-Eo -ã -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -™„éπa®Ω®˝ -ü¿%-≠œdéÀ -B-Ææ’Èé-R-ûË ÅÆæ©’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ÷h éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-L-´yí∫-©®Ω’. – -á.--vQ-E-¢√Æˇ, -´÷®Ω÷d®Ω’
Homewife ņo-°æü¿ç ™‰ü¿’ ÅØ√o®Ω’. Homewife ÅE °œ©-´-éπ-§Ú-´-ú≈-EéÀ 鬮Ωùç
àN’öÀ? -ï-¢√-•’: éÌEo verbs, am+ing, is+ing, are+ing forms ™ ™ á°æ¤púø÷ past participle, ü∆E´·çü¿’ 'be' form ´≤ƒh®·.
House wife ÅØË áçü¿’èπ◊ °œ©’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ®√´¤. ¢√öÀ™x belong äéπöÀ. áçü¿’èπ◊ am Having ®√ü¿’. Active voice ™ having ûÓ áØÁj oØ√ sen-
ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©-®Ω’. belonging/ is belonging/ are belonging ®√ü¿’ tences ´≤ƒh®·. I am having coffee; My father is hav-
3) Communication skills °ç-éÓ-´-ú≈- Åçõ‰ Åçü¿’èπ◊ rule àç ™‰ü¿’. ÅC English ¶µ«≠æ ing a bath,etc. To have ûÓ– eg: I am happy to have a
EéÀ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫-éπ®Ω-¢Á’i-† ã ´’ç* ©éπ~ùç. É™«çöÀ verbs †’ í∫’-Jç-* î√™« N´-®Ωçí¬ car. To have a car like this makes me happy. É™«
°æ¤Ææh-éπç Ê°®Ω’ îÁ°æpçúÕ. Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿J lessons ™ îªJaçî√ç. îª÷úøçúÕ. áØÁj oØ√ ´≤ƒh®·.
– -áç.-á-™¸.-áÆˇ.®√-ߪ·-úø’, éπ®Ω÷o-©’ -v°æ-¨¡o: 1) I have to attend meeting 3) I ought to obey the order: Çïc §ƒöÀç-îª-úøç Ø√NCµ.
-ï-¢√-•’: House Åçõ‰ ÅüÁl É©’x é¬ü¿’. à ÉçöÀ-ØÁjØ√, Åçü¿’Ø√ ´’†’-≠æfl©’ E´-Æœç-îª-í∫© - 2) I must leave this place Ought to ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ äéπ °æE-îË-ߪ÷L ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.
3) I ought to obey the order
ü∆-E-E (any building for people to live in) house Åçö«ç, ≤Òçûª, ÅüÁl ÅØË Å®·ûË ´·êuçí¬ DEo FA v°æ鬮Ωç, ØÁjAé𠶫üµ¿u-ûª†’ í∫’-Jç-*
The underlined words give same meaning. So
v°æÆæéÀh ™‰èπ◊çú≈.Home Åçõ‰ ≤Òçûª É©’x 鬆-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ÅüÁl É©x-®·Ø√, ´’† kindly explain, is there any difference in mean-
ûÁ L - ß ª ’ - ñ ‰ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢√-úø-û√®Ω’.
èπ◊ô’ç-•-Ææ-¶µº’u-©ûÓ ´’†ç ÖçúË É©’x, home. O’èπ◊ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ ≤Òçûª É©’x You ought to respect elders – °ü¿l¢√∞¡x†’ íı®Ω-Nç-î √L.
ing? In what context those words are to used?- °ü¿ l ¢ √∞¡ x † ’ íı®Ω -Nç-îª-úøç ÅØËC ã E•ç-üµ¿ØÓ, îªôd¢Á÷, -Ç-ñ c
ÖçúÕ, éπ®Ω÷o™x ÅüÁl Éçöx O’J-°æ¤úø’ E¢√Ææç Öçô’çõ‰, éπ®Ω÷o™x O’®Ω’ç-ô’†o-C
É©’x, O’ home. Hyderabad ™ ≤Òçûª É©’x-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, O’®Ω-éπ\úø E¢√Ææç -ï-¢√-•’: 1) I have to attend the meeting ؈’ meeting èπ◊
– -úÕ.Ææ’-¶«s-®√-´¤, é¬V-©÷®Ω’, ûª÷.íÓ. >™«x é¬ü¿’í∫ü∆. ØÁjA-éπçí¬, FA v°æ鬮Ωç ´’†ç íı®Ω-Nç-î√L.
-Öç-úø-úø癉ü¿’ 鬕öÀd you have a house in Hyderabad. Your home éπ®Ω÷o™x, É™«çöÀîÓôx ought to Åçö«ç.
¢Á∞«}L – Ééπ\úø ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç-™ Ø√ Å-´-Ææ®Ωç áèπ◊\´. a) She ought not to speak so rudely.
O’®Ω’ç-ô’†o É©’x ≤Òçûª-üÁj-Ø√, ÅüÁl-üÁjØ√. Éûª-®Ω’© order ´©x 鬴a– é¬F Ø√ Å´-Ææ-®√-EéÀ
2) Homewife ÅØË ´÷ô ¢√úø’-éπ™  ™‰ü¿’. Housewife ÅØËüË correct. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ áèπ◊\´ v§ƒ´·êuç – ¢Á-∞¡}-éπ-§ÚûË Ø√èπ◊ †≠ædç. Åçûª ü¿’®Ω’-Ææ’í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫÷-úøü¿’.
Housewife ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ home maker éÌûªhí¬ ¢√úø’-éπ-™ éÀ ´Ææ’h†o´÷ô. DE-éπçõ‰ b) You ought not to waste money.
2) I must leave the place - Ééπ\úø Éûª-®Ω’© order ´©x ؈’
Éçé¬ éÌûªh ´÷ô ´·êuçí¬ American usage™, houseworker (=housewife/ ¢Á-R}-§Ú-¢√Lq ÖçC ÅØË ¶µ«´ç, Ø√ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ´©x ؈’ Åçûª úø•’s ´%ü∑∆ îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’.
home maker). ¢Á-R}-§Ú-¢√L ÅØË ¶µ«´ç éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Ææ’p¥J-Ææ’hçC. É´Fo †úø-´-úÕéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N, îªö«d-©ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰EN.
3) Communication skills °ç-éÓ--ú≈-EéÀ ´’ç* English newspaper v°æA-®ÓW ã I must do this. ØËEC îËߪ÷L, order ´©x 鬴a, -Ø√ You ought to have helped her
í∫çô-§ƒô’ îªü¿-´çúÕ. TV newscasts N†çúÕ. English story books *†o-*†o Å´-Ææ®Ωç 鬴a – îËߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË Ø√èπ◊ éπ≠dçæ 鬴a. must Ç¢Á ’ èπ ◊ Ææ £ æ … ߪ ’ç îËÆœ Öçú≈-LqçC.
¢√öÀ-ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç* °ü¿lN îªü¿-´çúÕ. ÅØËC have to/ has to éπØ√o é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ powerful. É™«çöÀ îÓôx should, must, have to/ has to ®√´¤.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 6 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005
Bhavan: I am going to apply for the job. What e) They are going to transfer him.
about you? transfer
¢√∞¡x-ûªEo îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. E®Ωgߪ’ç -BÆæ’èπ◊-
job
؈’ apply
èπ◊ îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’. F will transfer
Ø√o®Ω’. îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Ééπ\úø are going
èπ◊
´÷õ‰çöÀ? to transfer Åçûª éπ*aûªç™‰ü¿’.
Chalam: I have filled in the application. I will f) Once he gets this job, he will resign the pres-
post it as soon as I get my certificates. ent job. Ñjob job
®√í¬ØË, É°æpöÀ ´÷ØË-≤ƒhúø’.
Application certificates
°æ‹Jh î˨»†’. Ø√ Ééπ\úø 'will' resign
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ; Åûª-úø’
ready post
Å´-í¬ØË îË≤ƒh†’. job
îËߪ’-úø-´’-ØË-C ´’®Ó ®√´-úøç O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ
Bhavan: Haven't you got them yet? ÖçC. °æ‹Jhí¬ Åûª-úÕ- îËûª’™x ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø
-¢√-öÀ-Eçé¬ -ûÁ-aéÓ-™‰-ü∆? will.
Chalam: I am going to collect them from college g) If he doesn't get the transfer he will continue.
tomorrow. Nagaraj is going to apply transfer
Åûª-úø’ éÌ-†≤ƒí∫-úø-´÷ -™‰-ü∆ -Å-ØË-C Å´-úøç,
too. é¬éπ-§Ú-´-ú≈-Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC éπü∆– Åçü¿’-éπE will.
will/ shall am going to/ is going to/ are Sankar: We will, if we get a good price.
college
Í®°æ¤ ؈’ certificates
†’ç* ÉO èπÿ Venkat: Í®°æ¤ ´’ç*®ÓïE ´÷ Å´’t îÁ°œpçC. Í®°æ¤ -
going to + 1st RDW îË≤ƒh. -§ƒÆˇ-§Ú®Ω’dèπ◊ application, D.D. ÅFo Tarun: How long are you going to keep it
Nagaraj apply
-ûÁa-éÓ-¶-ûª’Ø√o. èπÿú≈ èπÿ Ö†o ûËú≈. Ñ ûËú≈
í∫´’-Eç* ´÷ö«x-úø-úøç spoken english ™ î√-™« Í®°æ¤ BÆæ’èπ◊çö«. é¬Ææh procedure à-N’ö vacant?
îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. If, unless, suppose, in case
Bhavan: Why? Isn't he happy with his present
´·êuç. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ îÁ°æp¢√? (´’ç*-®ÓV = Auspicious day) Sankar: We are not in a hurry. We are going to
Ö†o sentences ™ am going to/ is going to/ are Akhil: let it out. Whenever we get a good
job? ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. Å®·ûË ã Å®Ω-í∫ç-ô™ ´÷
going to (If = in case = suppose =
friend äéπúø’ ††’o éπ©-´-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. price we will sell it (off)/ dispose it of.
job
áçü¿’èπ◊? É°æ¤p-úø’†o Åûª-EéÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü∆? ®√ü¿’. Å®·ûË,
unless–
Ç °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x; Å®·ûË ûª°æp;) when = Å™«ç-
Chalam: They are going to transfer him to
am/ is/ are
ô-°æ¤púø’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈, Åûª-úÕ-E ؈’ doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡-û√-†’. Tarun: I will ask my father if he is interested.
Tamilnadu. His father is against it. So Åü¿-®·ç-ûª-®√yûª ´’†ç BJí¬_ èπÿ®Ω’a-E The other day he was talking of buying
going to ®√´¤.
once he gets this job he will resign the ´÷ö«x-úø’-éÓ-´îª’a. a house.
present job. But if he doesn't get the Venkat: Å®·ûË á°æ¤púø’ free í¬ Öçö«´¤? Sankar: No hurry at all. Find out from your
transfer he will continue in it. ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ø√©’-Tç-öÀéÀ ®√Ø√? father if he is interested. We will
future actions (Ñ È®çúø’ exercises ™ Shall/ Will èπÿ
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 65
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùçû√ †’ í∫’-Jç-îË reduce the price if it is for you.
future
≤ƒ-TçC éπü∆? éÌEoÆæç-ü¿-®√s¥™x will/
-ûÁ-©°æ-ú≈-EéÀ am/ is/ are going to èπ◊ ûËú≈©’
Tarun: I will let you know tomorrow.
shall ´’J-éÌEoîÓôx am going to/ is going to/ are í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.)
going to + 1st Regular doing word ¢√ú≈ç-éπü∆?
Shall/ Will, am going to/ is going to/ are going
to forms È®çúÕç-öÀFfuture ûÁ©°æ-ú≈-EÍé ¢√úøû√ç.
Å®·ûË ¢√öÀéÀ ûËú≈ ÖçC. Ç ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-úøç
î√-™« ´·êuç. éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ ´’†ç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.
shall, will ´’† control ™ ™‰E future ûÁ©’°æ¤û√®·.
Am going to/ is going to/ are going to forms
When will you be free?
Éçü¿’èπ◊ éÌç-îÁç ûËú≈í¬ ´’† E®Ωgߪ’ç O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ Now practise the following aloud in English: 2) Akhil: Hi Venkat,
´’†ç îËߪ’-¶ßË’ °æ†’-©†’ ûÁ©’°æ¤-û√®·. îª÷úøçúÕ 1) Sankar: ¢Ë’-´· Í®°æ¤ éÌûªh ÉçöxéÀ ´÷®Ω-¶-ûª’Ø√oç. Akhil: ã Å™«Íí. What brings
a) I am going to apply for the job; Tarun: É°æ¤púø’†o É©’x Ţ˒t-Ææ’h-Ø√o®√? 3) Manoj: Hi Fareed, áéπ\-úÕ-†’ç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤? you here?
job apply Sankar: Fareed: bike é¬Ææh trouble ÉÊÆh, mechanic Venkat: I am going to
èπ◊ îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’. îËߪ’-úøç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ´’ç*üµ¿®Ω ´ÊÆh Ţ˒t-≤ƒh-†ç--ô’Ø√oúø’ ´÷ Ø√
éπ*aûªç. E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’éÓ-´-úøç ïJ-TçC. Ø√†o. èπ◊ -É-*a ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞¡ŸhØ√o. apply for a
b) I will post it as soon as I get my certificates. Tarun: áçûª-鬩ç Ç ÉçöÀE ë«Sí¬ Öçîª-¶-ûª’- Manoj: F bike ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ trouble ÉÆæ’hç-üËçöÀ? passport. I
certificates®√í¬ØË Øˆ’ post îË≤ƒh†’. Ééπ\úø Ø√o®Ω’? (ë«S = vacant) Fareed: II hand bike é̆-úøç -ØË-† ’ îËÆ œ†
need your
application†’ post certificates
îËߪ’-úøç ûÁa-éÓ- Sankar: ´÷Íéç Åçûª ûÌçü¿®Ω ™‰ü¿’. É°æ¤púø’ ü∆Eo §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’. help. M. SURESAN
´-úøç O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æúÕ ÖçC. Certificates ®√´-úøç ÅüÁl-éÀ-´y-¶-ûª’Ø√oç. á°æ¤púø’ ´’ç* -üµ¿-®Ω ´ÊÆh Manoj: áçûª-é¬-©çí¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤ ü∆Eo?
apply condition Akhil: When are you
؈’ îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø Å°æ¤p-úø-¢Ë’t≤ƒhç. Fareed: È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬. Ñ È®çúË-∞¡x™ repairs Íé ü∆ü∆°æ¤
will postÅçô’Ø√oç. É™«çöÀîÓôx I am going to (ÅüÁléÀ´y-úøç– let out. ûÌçü¿®Ω – in a hurry) going to apply?
È®çúø’¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ °ö«d.
post Tarun: ´÷ Ø√†o-†’ Åúø’-í∫’-û√†’, Çߪ’†Íé´’Ø√o Venkat: Mom says/ has said that tomorrow is
ņç. Manoj: á´J ü¿í∫_®Ω éÌØ√o´¤ ü∆Eo?
c) I am going to collect them from college an auspicious day. I will take the pass
ÇÆæéÀh ÖçüË-¢Á÷-†E. ¢Á·-ØÁo-°æ¤púÓ É©’x éÌ-†-úøç Fareed: ´÷ ü¿÷®Ω°æ¤ ôdç †’ç*. Çߪ’†üËç
tomorrow. ؈’ Í®°æ¤ ¢√öÀEcollege †’ç* ûÁa- í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-ú≈®Ω’. ûª°æ¤p ™‰ü¿’. Ç bike é̆--´ü¿lF îÁ§ƒpúø’. port application, DD, etc., tomorrow.
èπ◊çö«-†’. -¢Á-R} -ûÁ-a-éÓ-´-úø-¢Ë’ ûª®Ω’-¢√®·. ÉC ï®Ω’-í∫’- Sankar: ûÌçü¿Í®ç™‰ü¿’. O’ Ø√†oí¬J-Íé-´’Ø√o Interest ØËØË foolish í¬ éÌØ√o, ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®ΩéÌÆæ’hçC won't you (will you not) let me know
ûª’çC. DEéÀ conditions à--O’™‰´¤ 鬕öÀd am ÖçüË¢Á÷ éπ†’éÓ\. O’Íé Å´·tû√ç. éÌçûª üµ¿®Ω éπü∆ -ÅE. the procedure?
going to collect. will collect ¢√úø-´îª’aí¬F Ñ Akhil: Sure. But in half an hour my friend/
Manoj:
èπÿú≈ ûªT_≤ƒhç. Ţ˒t--ßÁ·îª’a éπü∆?
Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. Tarun: Í®°æ¤ îÁ§ƒhØË N≠æߪ’ç. a friend of mine is going to meet me.
Answers:
d) Nagaraj is going to apply too. Ø√í∫-®√ñ¸ èπÿú≈ 2) Akhil: Hi Venkat, àçöÀ-™«-´-î √a´¤? I am going to take him to doctor. Once
Sankar: We are moving into the new home
apply îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. îË≤ƒhúø’. He will apply Venkat: Passport èπ◊ apply îËߪ’-¶-ûª’Ø√o. é¬Ææh F
tomorrow. that's over we can sit over your pass-
too èπ◊ Ñ force ™‰-ü¿’. will apply -Å-ØË-C is going Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç 鬢√L. Tarun: Are you selling away/ going to sell the port business at leisure.
to apply Åçûª éπ*aûªçé¬ü¿’. Akhil: á°æ¤púø’ apply îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? house you are in? Venkat: When will you be free then? Shall I
-v°æ-¨¡o: Contrary sense & positive sense Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-ö N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. 2) He might not have gone - ¢Á∞¡Ÿ}ç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a (¢Á∞¡Ÿ}ç-úø-´îª’a èπÿú≈) see you at 4 this evening?
Contrary sense Akhil: That's OK
™ -Ö†o Ñ -¢√é¬u-©’ -ûª°æ¤p -Å-E éÌEo ví¬´’®˝ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™x Ê°®Ì\- Ééπ\úø contrary sense™‰ü¿’ – ÆæçüË£æ«ç.
3) Manoj: Hi Fareed, where are you coming
Ø√o®Ω’. -É-N áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ éπÈ®éÓd ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. They might have seen you - E†’o ¢√∞¡Ÿx îª÷Ææ’ç-úÌa (îª÷úø-éπ-§Ú®‚
1. He should not have gone - -Ñ v°æßÁ÷-í∫ç ™‰ü¿’ ÅE ®√-¨»®Ω’. from?
Öç-úÌa) – No contrary sense - doubt. Fareed: My bike has had/ had some trouble. I
2. He might not have gone - -Ñ v°æßÁ÷-í∫ç ™‰ü¿’. 3) He must not have gone - Éü¿ç-ûªí¬ ¢√úø®Ω’. Ééπ\úø contrary sense
have left it at the mechanic's and am
3. He must not have gone - -Ñ v°æßÁ÷-í∫ç ™‰ü¿’.
®√´-úøç éÓÆæç, Ñ sentence ûª°æ¤p. (D†®Ωnç– ¢ÁR} Öçúøúø’– éπ*aûªç– ¢Á∞¡}-™‰ü¿’) on my way home/ am going home.
Mood and model verbs, subjunctive í∫’Jç* N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
Ééπ\úø Ñ È®çúø÷ §Ú©açúÕ. Manoj: Why does your bike give trouble so
subjunctive usage, perfect subjunctive verbs í∫’Jç* -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’.
a) He should not have gone - ¢Á∞«}úø’ (contrary sense) - correct often?
– Èé-.-†-Jqç£æ…È®-úÕf, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ b) He must not have gone - éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢ÁR} Fareed: Buying a used bike (modern word for
-ï-¢√-•’: Positive sense Åçõ‰ - '™‰ü¿’, é¬ü¿’— ÅE Öçúøúø’ – ¢Á∞¡}-™‰ü¿’ (ÉC contrary sense - ´uA- II hand) is the mistake I made/ I made
Å®Ωnç ®√èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø-úøç. Í®-鬮Ωnç ®√ü¿’) – positive sense ´Ææ’hçC. a mistake - buying a used bike.
Contrary sense - ´uA-Í®-鬮Ωnç ®√´-úøç -´’®Ó È®ç-úø’ -¢√é¬u-©-†’ -§Ú-La -îª÷-úøç-úÕ: Manoj: How long have you been using it?
1) He should not have gone. Fareed: For two years now/ For the past two
a) He should have gone - ¢Á∞¡Ÿ}ç-ú≈-LqçC – ¢Á∞¡}-
Åûª†’ ¢ÁR} Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’ years. I have spent Rs 2000/- on
™‰ü¿’ – contrary sense.
(¢Á-∞¡Ÿ}ç-ú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’) – é¬F ¢Á-∞«}úø’. repairs so far.
b) He must have gone - ¢Á∞Ï} Öçö«úø’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈
Ééπ\úø 'He should not have gone' ÅØË-ü∆- Manoj: Who did you buy it from?
EéÀ '¢Á∞«}úø’— ÅE ´uA-Í®-鬮Ωnç ´≤ÚhçC, – ¢Á∞«}úø’ Positive sense. Fareed: From a distant relative of ours. I can't
(cannot) blame him. He told me not
鬕öÀd ÉC contrary sense - ÉC ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’. O’®Ω’ ÉC à gram-
-´’®Ó -Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù:
mar book™ îª÷¨»®Ó ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. He must have passed the exam. Otherwise he would not have applied to buy it/ He advised me/ warned me
They should not have talked like that. for the job. against buying it. I bought it foolishly
Å™« ´÷ö«x-ú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’ (é¬F Å™« ´÷ö«x-ú≈®Ω’) - contrary sense. -Å-ûªúø’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ pass Å®· Öçö«úø’. (pass Åߪ÷uúø’– positive sense) because I got it cheap.
They should have done that. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ job èπ◊ apply îËÆœ Öçúøúø’ (î˨»úø’– contrary sense). Manoj: Why don't you sell it (off)?
¢√-∞¡x-C îËÆæ’ç-ú≈-LqçC (é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) - contrary sense. Subjunctive usage, etc., ûªy®Ω™  N´-J≤ƒhç-.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 8 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005
Kapil: Hi Subhash, Well met. Any idea of how
´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æߪ’ç – say éÀ, tell éà î√™«
many of us are going on the picnic next
Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ – îÁ°æp-úøç, ņ-úøç ÅE.
weekend?
Å®·ûË OöÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. °j
éπ-©’Ææ’éÓ-´-úøç ´’ç*-ü¿-®·çC(well met). ´îËa- Ææ綵«≠æù™ØË îª÷ü∆lç.
¢√®Ωç picnic èπ◊ áçûª´’çCN’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√oç? A (tell)
Suhas: About 15 of us. ã °æC-Ê£«-†’-´’ç-ü¿-´îª’a.
i) I told him of it
Kapil: Does Rahul know about it?
B (say)
®√£æ›™¸èπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? i) What did he say?
Suhas: He does. I told him of it yesterday.
ii) He said that he was not sure.
ûÁ©’Ææ’. ØË-†’ E†o Åûª-úÕ-éÀ -îÁ-§ƒp†’.
iii) All that he said was ...
Kapil: What did he say? Is he joining us?
tell Tell me why you have done it. (say to me why
π◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-*-† -´’-JéÌ-Eo... The teacher told the students to sit down
you have done it
à´’-Ø√oúø’. ´Ææ’h-Ø√oú≈?
ii) Didn't he tell you and to note down the points.
é¬ü¿’).
Suhas: He said that he was not sure. g) Tell Story
Why he was doubtful? É™«çöÀ îÓôx say ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. (The teacher said á´-JéÀîÁ°œpçDûÁ©’-°æ-èπ◊çú≈ †’ éÀ ¢√úøû√ç.
®√´-úøç éÌçûª ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’ ÅØ√oúø’. Please tell a story. old fashioned.
Å®·ûË ÉC
iii) ... tell him to come to the pupils to sit down
é¬ü¿’.)
Kapil: Didn't he (Did not he) tell you why he ÉO Tell, Say èπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-*-† N´-®√©’. É´Fo
d) say ûª®√yûª thanks, good bye, hello, sorry, a
was doubtful? Has he any other pro- èπÿú≈Practice -ûÓ, îªü¿´-úøç ´©x ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a.
few words, a little/ little (about something/
gramme that day? Practise the following aloud in English:
some one) ÅE ¢√úø-´îª’a. É™«çöÀîÓôx tell ®√ü¿’. a) Raghu:
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 66
®√´-úøç áçü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Á÷ FûÓ îÁ°æp-™‰-ü∆?- ®ΩN FûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√´--úøç-™‰üÓ îÁ§ƒpú≈?
e) Tell ¢Áç•úË to ¢√úøç. He told to me to go/
Ç®Ó-V -¢ËÍ® °æ-ØË-¢Á’i-Ø√ -Öç-ü∆? Ram: ™‰ü¿’
He told to her that he liked cricket ™«çöÀ
Raghu: ††’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-úøçí∫’-Jç-* à´’Ø√o îÁ§ƒpú≈?
Ram: -Å-D -îÁ°æp-™‰-ü¿’.

What did he say?

Raghu: -ØË-Eéπ\-úø’-Ø√o-†-E -îÁ-§ƒp-¢√-?
Ram: îÁ§ƒp†’. ¢√úÕo-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o†’ èπÿú≈. ÆæÍ®
ÅØ√oúø’. ¢√úÌîËa time -Ø√-ûÓ -îÁ°æp-™‰-ü¿’.
Raghu: avoid
-†-ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-úÓ -†’-¢Ëy-´’®·-Ø√ -
îÁ-°æp-í∫-©-¢√?
b) Pavan: Hi Ravi, EØÁo-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤ †’´¤y?
Suhas: I don't know. All that he said was he was iv) ... tell him not to disappoint us. sentences ¢√úøç. áçü¿’- Ravi: ØËØ√ N≠æߪ’ç É°æ¤púø’ îÁ°æp-™‰†’
doubtful about coming. I was in a hurry. v) tell stories éπçõ‰ Ééπ\úø tell °æéπ\ØË to Pavan: àçôçûª ®Ω£æ«Ææuç?
I had no time to ask him. A tell sentences B say
éÀçü¿ ûÓ †’, éÀçü¿ ûÓ Ö†o ®√ü¿’ 鬕öÀd. Ravi: ûª®√yûª îÁ§ƒh àçöÀ Åçûª ®Ω£æ«Ææuç ÅE
Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. ûª†’ îÁ°œpçü¿-™«x ûª†’ sentences †’ §Ú©açúÕ. -É-°æp-öÀÍé í∫´’-Eç* Öçö«®Ω’. f) ÉN îª÷úøçúÕ: a) He told Pavan: O’Ø√-†o-í¬-Í®-´’Ø√o îÁ§ƒp®√ FûÓ?
®√´-úøç ÆæçüË-£æ«-´’E. ؈’ éÌçîÁç ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ 1) tell ûª®√yûª á´-JûÓ îÁ°œpçD ÅØËC éπ*aûªçí¬ me why he was happy. Ravi: üËEo-í∫÷Ja?
ÖØ√o. Åçü¿’-éπE Åûª-Eoç-ÍéO’ Åúø-í∫-™‰ü¿’. ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆ ( Sentence V ™ ûª°æp) – ÅüË 'say' Pavan: ؈C îÁ°æp†’ Fèπ◊. †’´¤y ´·çü¿’ F ®Ω£æ«Ææuç
b) He said to me why
Kapil: OK. I'll call him and tell him to come °æéπ\† á´JûÓ îÁ°œpçD ®√´--úøç-™‰ü¿’. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ûËú≈, he was happy. Ééπ\úø M. SURESAN îÁ°æ¤p. ûª®√yûª ØËç îÁ§ƒh
without fail. Without him the picnic can't tell èπÿ, say èπÿ. tell ûª®√yûª á´-JûÓ îÁ°œpçD Answers:
be fun. sentence (a) ´÷vûª¢Ë’
éπ*aûªçí¬ ®√¢√-LqçüË. say ûª®√yûª Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. say Raghu: Has Ravi told you why he is not coming?
ÆæÍ®™‰! ؈’ Phone îËÆœ ûª°æpéπ ®Ω´’tç-ö«†’. correct. (b) ™ ™«í∫ said á°æ¤púø÷ ¢√úøç. Åçõ‰
ûª®√yûª á´-JûÓ îÁ°œpçD ûÁ©-§ƒ-©çõ‰ to ¢√úøû√ç. Ram: No.
Åûª†’ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË picnic èπ◊ ¢ÁR}-†õ‰d Öçúøü¿’. a) He told her that he was busy, 'wh' words ûÓ begin ÅßË’u clause (verbûÓ Ö†o
Raghu: Did he say anything about meeting me?
Suhas: That's true. Tell him not to disappoint b) He said to her that he was busy. ´÷ô© Ææ´‚£æ«ç)- Tell ûª®√yûª ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. Ram: Not that either.
us. He makes jokes and tell stories too. Å®·ûË -Ñ È®ç-úÕç-öÀ-™ (b) éπØ√o (a) áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÅC èπÿú≈ á´-JûÓ îÁ°œpçD ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-J-ÊÆhØË. (a) ´’Sx Raghu: Have you told him (that) I am here?
He is good at these. You had better call ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Åçõ‰ ´’†ç îÁ°œpçC á´-JûÓ ÅE îª÷úøçúÕ: Ram: I did. I told him to come here too. He
him now itself. îÁ°æ¤h-†o-°æ¤p-úø™«x 'tell' better. He told me why he was... (me ´·çü¿’, Ç said yes. He did not tell me the time of
Correct. ´’†Lo E®√-¨¡-°æ-®Ωa-´-ü¿lE îÁ°æ¤p. ¢√úø’ 2) äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp† ´÷ô-©†’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx îÁ°œp-†-ô’xí¬, repeat ûª®√yûª why ûÓ -v§ƒ®Ω綵º-´’ßË’u clause ´Ææ’hçC). his coming here
Jokes ¢Ëߪ’-í∫-©úø’, éπü∑¿©’ îÁ°æp-í∫-©úø’. †’´¤y îËÆœ-†-°æ¤p-úø÷, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√∞¡x ´÷ô-©†’ report îËÆœ-†- Pranav: Did he attend class yesterday? Raghu: Can you say why he is avoiding me?
¢√úÕ-éÀ-°æ¤púË §∂ÚØ˛ îËߪ’úøç ´’ç*C. °æ¤púø’, say ¢√úøû√ç. Praveen: No, he didn't. b) Pavan: Hi Ravi, Where were you yesterday?
{Had better do (some thing) = îËߪ’úøç a) 'sit down', said the teacher/ the teacher said. Ravi: I cannot tell you now about it. / I Can't
Pranav: Why?
´’ç*C. Ééπ\úø had Ö†o-°æp-öÀéà ÉC b) He said that he was happy. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: °j Praveen: He did not tell me why he was absent
say anything about it now.
Present N≠æ-ߪ÷ØËo îÁ°æ¤ hçC. You have sentences ™ á´-JûÓ îÁ°œpçD ûÁ-L-ߪ’-úøç ™‰ü¿’. Pavan: What is so secret about it?
yesterday.
better buy that book = †’¢√y °æ¤Ææhéπç c) 'sit down', said the teacher to the pupils. Ravi: I'll tell you later what the secret about it is.
é̆-úøç ´’ç*C} 'Note down the points'. teacher
ÉC ´÷ô-©†’ Ééπ\úø He did not say to me why... ®√ü¿’. Pavan: Did your father tell you anything?
-Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ say, tell ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. He never tells me where he goes, what he
repeat
ߪ’-ü∑∆-ûª-ü∑¿çí¬ said
îËÆæ’hØ√oç. Ééπ\úø Ravi: What about?
(Say - past tense and past participle - said; •ü¿’©’ told ®√ü¿’. ÅüË Ñ ´÷ô-©†’ report does, when he studies or how he studies. Pavan: I will not tell you that. First you tell me of
tell - past tense and past participle - told) îËߪ÷-©-†’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’– (Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ say ®√ü¿’). your secret. Then I will tell you of mine.

v°æ-¨¡o: Ø√èπ◊ Indirect Speech í∫’-Jç-* éÌçûª ÅÆæp-≠ædûª -Öç-C. Ñ ¢√é¬u©’ -v°æ-¨¡o: - Please clarify the difference between simple present we were here some time ago, say 10 minutes ago/ an
hour ago, and since then, we have continued to be here
°æ-J-Q-Lç-* Ææç-üË£æ…-©’ -B®Ωaí∫-©®Ω’. and present perfect tenses used in these sentences.
till now/ we are here even now.
1) "An amount of Rs.104 Crores would be paid in Rajampet con- 1) We are inside. We have been inside.
stituency of Cuddappah District on Saturday. Ñ ¢√é¬u-Eo ؈’ What's the difference?
¢Ë’ç Ééπ\úø Öçúøôç í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’®·, É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊
Indirect Speech
Ê°°æ-®Ω’™ îª÷¨». Ñ ¢√éπuç ™ -Öç-ü∆? 2) We are behind them.
ïJ-Tç-C/ -Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçC, ÅE.
Abdul Kalam is our President (Çߪ’† ´’† president -
news paper
(™‰ü∆) Fact
¢√®Ω’ Íé´©ç Ç (will be paid
†’ We have been behind them.
†’ would paid í¬) îÁ°æ¤p-ûª’-Ø√o®√? Éçûªéà ؈’ Ê°°æ®Ω’ 3) She is in town.
ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o N≠æߪ’ç)
Abdul Kalam has been our president for the past two
îª÷Æœ†Ø√öÀéÀ Ç úø•’s °æç°œ-ùÀ/ -îÁ-Lxç°æ¤ ïJ-T-†ö«x? ™‰ü∆? She has been in town.
and a half years= president
È®çúø’-†o-Í®-∞¡Ÿxí¬ Çߪ’† ´’† í¬
2) As the Offense was not cognisable a Magistrate 4) I am uneasy about the situation.
would carry out a investigation.
ÖØ√o®Ω’. (È®çúø’-†o-Í®∞¡x véÀûªç †’ç* É°æpöÀ ´®Ω-èπ◊/-Éçé¬)
Ñ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† -äéπ®Ó-V I have been uneasy about the situa-
would carry
Å™«Íí N’í∫û√ sentences èπÿú≈:
ïJ-TûË -Ç ´’®Ω’Ææ-öÀ®Ó-V Ê°°æ-®Ω’™ ´*açC. -Ñ ¢√éπuç™ tion. -O-öÀ Å®Ωnç™ ûËú≈ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. 2) i) We are behind them = ¢√∞¡x ¢Á†’éπ ¢Ë’ç ÖØ√oç (É°æ¤púø’)
outÅE -Öç-C. -Ç v°æ鬮Ωç ü¿®√u°æ¤h ïJ-T-§Ú-®·-†ö«d? ï®Ω-í∫-´-©Æœ -Öç-ü∆? As per tense rule, I know the difference of above each
ii) We have been behind them.
sentence which are in simple present as well as in present
-ï-¢√-•’: Sentence No 1 - ÉC indirect speech™ Öçü∆ ™‰ü∆ ÅØËC ü∆E
– -áÆˇ. FL´’, ¶Ô-©x-´®Ωç éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬ ¢√∞¡x ¢Á†’éπ ¢Ë’ç ÖØ√oç.
perfect tense. But, what is/ may the meaning of above
3) She is in town = Ç--¢Á’ Ü∞x ÖçC (É°æ¤úø’)
´·çü¿®Ω ¢√é¬uEo •öÀd ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. ÅC Mr x said ÅE ÖçúÕ, Ñ sen- sentences whether they are used in simple present or
She has been in town = éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬ Ç¢Á’ Ü∞x ÖçöçC.
tence ü∆E continuation Å®·ûË, ÅC indirect speech Å®·ûË, present perfect? Please explain it in detail.
4) I am uneasy about the situation.
would correct. Ñ sentence †’ independent í¬ BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ Ééπ\úø
-ï-¢√-•’: 1) We are inside = we are inside NOW.
– -Ê≠é˙ -¢Á·£œ«-†’-Cl-Ø˛, éπ®Ω÷o-©’ °æJ-ÆœnA Ø√èπ◊ É•sç-Cí¬ ÖçC É°æ¤púø’.
would ûª°æ¤p; will correct Å´¤-ûª’çC. I have been uneasy about the situation.
Sentence No 2 - Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ °j rule ´Jh-Ææ’hçC. Independent sen- É°æ¤úø’ ¢Ë’ç ™°æ© ÖØ√oç. éÌçûª-é¬-©çí¬ °æJ-ÆœnA É•sç-Cí¬ ÖçöçC.
tence í¬ BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ will carry out, better. Å®·ûË indirect speech We have been inside. Please refer to the earlier lessons on 'be' forms for
ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ would carry out ņo-°æ¤púø’ ü¿®√u°æ¤h ï®Ω-í∫-´-©Æœ Ö†oõ‰x. é¬ÊÆ-°æöÀ†’ç* É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ¢Ë’ç ™°æ© ÖØ√oç. more information.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 10 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005
Preethi: Mom, can I have some more milk?
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ some, any Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ í∫´’-Eç-
Å´÷t, Éçé¬Ææh §ƒ©’ 鬢√L Ø√èπ◊. îªçúÕ.OöÀ Å®√n©’ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? Some=
Laxmi: Sorry child. You can't have anymore. éÌçûª, éÌEo. Åçõ‰ some †’ Countables ûÓ†÷
There is some milk left, of course, but ¢√úø-´îª’a, uncountablesûÓ†÷ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Some
we need it for the payasam this milk = éÌCl-§ƒ©’, Some books = éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’.
evening. Any = àüÁjØ√, à¢ÁjØ√. DEo èπÿú≈ Countables ûÓ,
Éçéπ-™‰-´´÷t. éÌEo §ƒ©’-Ø√o-®·-í¬F, ÅN Uncountables ûÓ È®çúÕç-öÀûÓ†÷ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Any
≤ƒßª’çvûªç §ƒßª’≤ƒ-EéÀ 鬢√L. book = à °æ¤Ææh-éπ-¢Á’iØ√; any milk = à¢ÁjØ√ §ƒ©’.
Preethi: Can I have something to eat? I am Some, any Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç English ™ î√™«
hungry. áèπ◊\´. áçûª éπÈ®é˙dí¬ ¢√úÕûË conversation Åçûª
AØËçü¿’Íé¢Á’iØ√ Öçü∆? Ø√èπ◊ Çéπ-Lí¬ ÖçC. ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Å™«Íí plenty = áèπ◊\´ – counta-
Pranav: Can you lend me some money?
Laxmi: There are plenty of biscuits in the bles, uncountables ûÓ È®çúÕç-öÀûÓ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Ratnakar:
á´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’. Fèπ◊ ÉçÈé-´-®ΩØ√o ûÁ©’≤ƒ?
Can you lend me any money?
-™‰-ü∆
Plenty of milk = Ææ´’%-Cl¥í¬ §ƒ©’; plenty of time; Venkat:
fridge. Have as many as you want. not
éÌç-îÁç -Å°œp-´yí∫-©-¢√? (-Ééπ\-úø -™‰-ü¿’) äé¬-ߪ’† ÖØ√oúø’. Å®·ûË Çߪ’† Ü∞x-
plenty of money, etc. Plenty of books = î√™« ™‰®Ω’.
There is bread too. Eat it if you like. Prakash: I'm afraid, I haven't any. Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’.
°æ¤Ææh-鬩’; plenty of runs - î√™« °æ®Ω’-í∫’©’; plen- Ratnakar: Sumanèπ◊ Ç éπç°-F™ á´®Ó friend
Fridge™ 鬴-©-Æœ-†Eo / î√™« biscuits I am afraid -
( Nî√®Ωç ´uéπhç îËߪ’úøç)
ty of eggs, plenty of biscuits etc. Pranav: Haven't you any. really?
ÖØ√oúø’. Åûª†’ Suman èπ◊ à infor-
ÖØ√o®·. Fé¬\-´©Æœ†Eo A†’. bread èπÿú≈ °j Ææ綵«-≠æù™expressions îª÷úøçúÕ mation Å®·Ø√ É´y-í∫-©úø’.
Eïçí¬ ™‰ü∆?
ÖçC. É≠ædç Öçõ‰ A†’. 1) You can't have any more. 2) Manoj: Ø√èπ◊ Botany O’ü¿ ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-鬩’
(Ééπ\úø not ÖçC 鬕öÀd any)
Preethi: I'll (I will) have bread then. Can I have 2) There's some milk left. Prakash: I Have some money of course, but I
鬢√L. O’ ü¿í∫_-Í®-´’Ø√o ÖØ√oߪ÷?
some jam or butter go with it? 3) Can I have something to eat? Shopkeeper: ´÷ ü¿í∫_®Ω éÌEo ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’-
need it for paying fees. I shan't (shall
Å®·ûË bread Açö«ØËx. ü∆EéÀ jam é¬F 4) Can I have some jam or butter...? not) have any left after that. Ø√o®·.Botany O’ü¿ à ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-éπ-
¢Á†o-é¬F à¢Á’iØ√ Öçü∆? 5) No butter any more. éÌçûª ÖçC. é¬F ÅC fees éπôd-ú≈-EéÀ ´’Ø√o îÁ°æpçúÕ. ÅC ´÷ ü¿í∫_®Ω
(go with= äéπ ǣ慮Ω °æü∆®Ωnç ÉçéÓ Ç£æ…®Ω 鬢√L. ÅC éπõ‰dÆœ† ûª®√yûª àç N’í∫-©ü¿’. Öçô’çC.
Not ™‰E-îÓô some ´≤ÚhçC. Not Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ any Manoj: O’ ü¿ í ∫ _ - ® Ω’†o ¢√öÀ™ x éÌEoç-öÀE îÁ°æpçúÕ.
°æü∆®ΩnçûÓ ÆæJ-§Ú-´úøç.Idli goes well with sam- Shopkeeper: éÌØË o áçü¿’èπ◊? Ñ list îª÷úøçúÕ.
bar ÉúŒxûÓ ≤ƒç¶«®Ω’ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. We have only
´≤ÚhçC éπü∆. ÉC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ¢√L.
2) No any ÅE á°æ¤púø÷ ņç. ÅEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩 Ê°®Ω÷x Åçü¿’™
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 67
chapathis, no kurma to go with it. ƒ-B©’
No ÅØÁjØ√ Åçö«ç. not any, contracted form- ÖØ√o®·. Åéπ\-úø’†o ¢√öÀ™ x àüÁjØ√
´÷vûªç ÖØ√o®·. ü∆EûÓ ÆæJ-§ÚßË’ èπ◊®√t ™‰ü¿’) n't any ÅØÁjØ√Åçö«ç. ÅçûË-é¬F no any ®√ü¿’. ´’ç* °æ¤Ææh-éπ¢Ë’.
Laxmi: No butter any more for you. You put on
weight. Have jam.
Butter àç ´ü¿’l. ™«¢Á-èπ◊\-û√´¤.
Preethi: What about you? You haven't had any-
thing since morning. Why don't you
have something to eat?
Have you any?
´’J O’ Ææçí∫-ûË-N’öÀ? §Òü¿’l-†’oç* àç A†- 6) You haven't had anything since the morning. 3) Suseela: I have nothing to do today. (I Manoj: Thank you.
™‰ü¿’. àüÁjØ√ A†-èπÿ-úøü∆? 7) Don't you eat anything then? haven't any thing to do today). Answers:
Laxmi: We are fasting today. You know today -Ñ -´÷-ô-™x -àç -ûÁ-©’-≤Úhç-C? Have you any novel that I can 1) Ratnakar: Have you /
is Karthika Somavaram. i) not ´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x any ´≤ÚhçC. Not ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ read? Have You
¢Ë’O’®ÓV Ö°æ-¢√Ææç. é¬Khéπ ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç éπü∆. some ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆? ÉC important point. Ñ®Óñ‰ç °æE-™‰ü¿’. F ü¿í∫_-Í®-´’Ø√o †´© had / Do
(fast = Ö°æ-¢√Ææç/ Ç®Óí∫u 鬮Ω-ùçí¬ AçúÕ ´÷ØË- ii) Questions ™ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. ™‰ü¿’ (not) ÅØË Öçõ‰ É´y¢√? you have
ߪ’úøç, starve = AçúÕéÀ ™‰éπ °æÆæ’hç-úøúøç. ¶«í¬ Çéπ- answer †’ repeat îËÆ œ-†-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ question Chandana: There are some here. Take any of any news
™ any ´Ææ’hçC. them. from
™‰-≤Úhç-ü¿E £æ…Ææuçí¬ îÁ°æpúøç– I am starving. Let suman?
M. SURESAN
me have something to eat) a) He has some money. Ééπ\úø éÌEo ÖØ√o®·. àüÁjØ√ BÆæ’éÓ.
'not' Suseela: Let me have some novel that I can Venkat: No. (I don't have / haven't had any.)
Preethi: Don't you eat anything then?
éÌçûª ÖçC (Ééπ\úø ™‰ü¿’)
b) He hasn't any money. finish in a day. What about?
O’Í®ç A†®√ ´’J? novel Ratnakar: Don't you remember? We asked
(ÅÆæ©’) ™‰ü¿’ (Ééπ\úø not ûÓ) äéπ\®ÓV™ °æ‹JhîËߪ’-í∫© àüÁjØ√
Laxmi: Not until after the pooja after sunset.
He hasn't any money = He has no money. Öçõ‰ É´¤y. him for some information about a
<éπöÀ°æúøf ûª®√yûª °æ‹ï-ßË’uç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ àç A†ç. Å®·ûË conversation He hasn't any money
™ Chandana: I'm afraid that there aren't any job.
Preethi: Why do people fast on Kartheeka such. All of them are lengthy. Venkat: I haven't had any phone call from
ÅØËC more common. ÅC áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø’-
Somavaram? Have you any money
ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ Å™«çöÀ¢ËO’ ™‰´¤. ÅFo °ü¿l †´-©™‰. him (No Phone call from him so
é¬Khéπ ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç áçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æ-¢√Ææç ņo-°æ¤púø’answer No, I haven't any
í¬ ÅE Suseela: Any by Chase? far). Isn't there anyone else who
Öçö«®Ω’? Åçö«®Ω’ money (repeat
´C-™‰Æœ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈). Chase †´-™‰x-´’Ø√o ÖØ√oߪ÷? can give us this information?
Laxmi: Good question. But I haven't the time No, I haven't any
Ééπ\úø °æ‹Jhí¬ àüÁjØ√ ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓØË ¢√ú≈ç.
™‰èπ◊çõ‰, ÅE èπÿú≈ Å-†-´-a. (Anyone= á´-®ΩØ√o, Anyone else=
now to tell you. not
鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø any
™‰èπ◊Ø√o ´Ææ’hçC.
Questions ™ èπÿú≈ 'not' some
-Ö-†o-°æ¤púø’, ®√ü¿’, ÉçÈé-´-®ΩØ√o)
i) Any novel = novel
à Å®·-Ø√/-à-üÁjØ√ novel.
´’ç* v°æ¨¡o. é¬F Ø√éÀ-°æ¤púø’ îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ time any ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC.Not some, any
™‰éπ-§ÚûË Ratnakar: None. (Do) you know anyone?
ii) Any by Chase = Chase ®√Æœ† †´-™‰-üÁjØ√?
™‰ü¿’. È®çúø÷ ®√´îª’a. Venkat: I know some one, but he is not in
iii) Some novel = novel.
àüÁjØ√
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) ؈’ E†o Ø√ £«®·®˝ éπöÀçí˚ E†o ؈’ (barber îËûª) éπ~´®Ωç îË®·ç-- Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÊÆ ¢√∞Îx-´È®jØ√ ÖØ√o®√?
Any one/ anybody who can help me?
town/ out of town (out of station
é¬ü¿’)
îË®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√o†’. èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Ratnakar: Suman has some friend in the com-
I got/ had my hair cut yes- Some
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: àüÓ äéπ / á´®Ó äéπ ÅØË
Got, had- ÉçéÌ-éπJîË ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.
terday. Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. pany. He can give suman any infor-
2) I will get my hair cut tomorrow
2) Some book was lying on the table. mation he wants.
؈’ Í®°æ¤ -Ø√ £«®·®˝ éπöÀçí˚ Í®°æ¤ ؈’ éπ~´®Ωç(Barber îËûª) îË®·ç--èπ◊ç-
table O’ü¿ -à-üÓ °æ¤Ææhéπç ÖçC / °æúÕ ÖçC. 2) Manoj: I want some good books on Botany.
îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. ö«†’. (hair cut
¢ËÍ®, ¢ËÍ®)– D†®Ωnç O’®Ω-†’-èπ◊-
I will get my hair cut tomorrow I came here with the hope that some Do you have/ Have you any?
†oô’d îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ é¬ü¿’. teacher will help me.
3) ¢Ë’´· E†o ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ Ææ’†oç Shopkeeper: We do have some good books.
3) We had/ got our house white washed
¢Ë®·çî√ç. á´®Ó äéπ / à teacher Å®·Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Name any good book on botany,
(white wash correct
Ééπ\úø é¬ü¿’)
we had/ got our house white wash yesterday îË≤ƒh-®ΩØË Ç¨¡ûÓ ´î√a. and we have them.
4)
¢Ë’ç ÉçöÀéÀ Ææ’†oç ¢Ë®·ç-î√´·.
¢Ë’´· Í®°æ¤ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ Ææ’†oç ¢Ë®·≤ƒhç Now practise the following aloud in Manoj: Please let me know some of the good
4) We will have/ get our house white washed.
we will get our house white wash tomorrow. English:
(White wash tomorrow. books you have.
had
é¬ü¿’)
-Å®√n-Eo -N-´-JÆæ÷h, éπÈ®éÓd é¬--¢Ó -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’.
Í®°æ¤ ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á©x ¢Ë®·≤ƒhç. 1) Ratnakar: FÍé-´’Ø√o news ´*açü∆ Suman Shopkeeper: Why only some? Please see go

-ï-¢√-•’: Hair-cut (äÍé-´÷-ô) = -éπ~-´®Ωç

– -áÆˇ.-´ç-Qéπ%-≠æg, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. †’ç*? through this list. It has all the
I will wash my clothes tomorrow. Venkat: ™‰ü¿’. üËE-í∫’-Jç*?
I have a hair-cut once a month- titles. Any book on the list is a
Ratnakar: í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü∆? ÅûªEo ´’†ç äéπ\ job
؈’ ØÁ©-éÓ-≤ƒJ éπ~´®√-EéÀ ¢Á∞«h†’. Í®°æ¤ ؈’ Öûª’-èπ◊\ç-ö«†’. good book (go through= îªü¿-´úøç
I will have/ get my clothes washed tomor-
í∫’Jç* éÌçûª Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç ÅúÕí¬ç éπü∆. titles =
He had a hair-cut (äÍé´÷ô) yesterday °æ¤Ææh-鬩 Ê°®Ω’x – Ééπ\úø)
Venkat: ÅûªE ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπÿ à
E†o Åûª†’ éπ~´-®√-EéÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’. row. Ø√ •ôd©’ Í®°æ¤ ÖA-éÀ-≤ƒh†’. Manoj: Thank you.
phone call ®√™‰ü¿’. ´’†èπ◊ Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç
1) I got/ had my hair cut yesterday. have/ get ûª®√yûª á°æ¤úø÷ past participle
Ééπ\úø hair cut
¢ËÍ® ´÷ö«, ¢ËÍ® ´÷ô. ´Ææ’hçC.
îÁÊ°p-¢√∞¡Ÿx ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ ™‰®√?
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Prabha: Hi Vineela, how was the movie yester-
day? I am sure you enjoyed it.
movie
-N-F-™«, E†o ᙫ ÖçC? ¶«í¬
enjoy î˨»-´-†’-èπ◊çö«.
Vineela: What a bore! I thought it would be fun
watching the movie, but it was thor-
oughly disappointing.
Å•s î√™«bore. áçûÓ NØÓ-ü¿çí¬ Öçô’ç-
ü¿-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. é¬F î√™« E®√¨¡°æJ-*çC.
Prabha: Thank god, I didn't go with you. I
thought I would, but fortunately my
music class came in the way.
•AéÀ§Úߪ÷†’. F-ûÓ ®√éπ-§Ú-´-úøç ´’ç*-ü¿-
®·uçC. Åü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h Ø√ music class
ÅúÌf-*açC.
(Thank God - àüÁjØ√ v°æ´÷ü¿ç ™«çöÀC
ûª°œp-§Ú-ûË 'Thank God' Åçö«ç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™
'•A-éÀ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’— ņ’-éÓ-´îª’a)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 68
He would buy me a...
Vineela: You are right. When you told me you
would not come I felt sorry you were
going to miss a lot. But now I know I
am wrong.
†’´¤y right. †’´¤y ®√†-†o-°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y
´’ç* ÆœE´÷ miss Å´¤-û√-´E ¶«üµ¿-°æú≈f.
é¬E §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ôE É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC.
Prabha: Did Smitha accompany you?
Æœtûª FûÓ ´*açü∆?
(accompany = éπ©Æœ ¢Á-∞¡}-úøç– á´-J-ûÓ-ØÁjØ√)
Vineela: No. Smitha said she would accompa- É°æ¤úø’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Ö†o
ny me to the movie if her cousin came í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: v°æ¶µº, NF™« E†oöÀ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç*
along.
´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-®ΩE í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ.
®√-™‰-ü¿’. ¢√∞¡x cousin ´ÊÆhØË ûª†’ ´≤ƒh-†E 1) I thought (that) it would be fun: NØÓ-ü¿çí¬
îÁ°œpçC Ø√ûÓ.
Prabha: By the way, what is your programme
this evening?
Vineela: My dad told me that he would buy me
a new dress for my birthday next
week. So I will go shopping.
Next week Ø√birthday éÀ Ø√†o éÌûªh
dress éÌE-≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’. 鬕öÀd Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç
shopping ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o.
Prabha: All the best then. Bye.
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ would ûÓ ´*a†verbs í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
1) I thought (that) it would be fun.
2) I thought (that) I would
3) You told me you would not come
4) Smitha said (that) she would accompany me.
5) Dad told me (that) he would buy me a new
dress.
1) Ñ ØÁ© November November-
. v°æÆæ’hûªç–
present. December - future (¶µºN-≠æuûª’h) éπü∆. a i) ¢√úø-éπ\úø Öçö«-úøE ؈-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o–
ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:
November †’ç*, Åçõ‰ present †’ç*,
December future. É™«çöÀ future †’ îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊
will, shall ¢√úøû√ç. [will, shall ©-†’ future îÁ°æp- b i) Ø√èπ◊ I Class ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E ؈-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o –
ú≈-EéÀ -á-™« -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒh-¢Á÷ Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ les-
sons ™ î√-™« N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç]
2) August 2005 - ÉC í∫ûªç - Past.
September 2005 - ÉC èπÿú≈ í∫ûªç - past.
Å®·ûË August 2005 †’ç* September 2005 1) Krishna: Å®·ûË †’´¤y Rajkot èπ◊ ¢Á-∞¡}-™‰-ü∆,
à´’-´¤-ûª’çC? Future (¶µºN-≠æuûª’h) éπü∆? Å®·ûË
á°æp-öÀ-†’ç* – August (past) †’ç* September Kumar: ¢Á∞«l-´’ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o, é¬E ´÷†’-èπ◊Ø√o.
2005 future. Åçõ‰ August 2005 †’ç*, Åçõ‰
past †’ç* September 2005 future Å´¤-ûª’çC.
鬕öÀd – ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çC:
a) November 2005 †’ç* December 2005 -
Present †’ç* future.
b) August 2005 †’ç* September 2005 - Kumar: †’´¤y right. Train tickets E†o ≤ƒßª’ç-
past †’ç* future.
- Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 13 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005
Åçõ‰ English usage there are two
v°æ鬮Ωç,
kinds of future:
a) Future from the present
b) Future from the past
1. Important:
i) will, shall future from the present
á°æ¤púø÷ †’
îÁ§ƒh®·.
ii) WOULD, SHOULD future from the
á°æ¤púø÷
past †’ îÁ§ƒh®·.
2. Future from the present will future
èπ◊ ¢√úËîÓô,
from the past would, future from the pres-
èπ◊
ent shall
èπ◊ future from the past
¢√úË-îÓô èπ◊ Krishna: I knew India would win but didn't
Krishna:
Ø√èπ◊ Å°æ¤púË ûÁ©’Ææ’ †’´¤y ¢Á∞¡x-¶-´F, tick-
should would
¢√úøû√ç. É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E think/ never thought that Sri Lanka
verbs
ets cancel îË≤ƒh-´E, úø•’s †≠æd-§Ú-û√-´-F†’.
ûÓ Ö†o í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Ñ would lose by so many wickets.
Kumar: Rajkot ™ -´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u ÖØ√oúø’ 鬕öÀd
éÀçCsentences §Ú©açúÕ. Kumar: I was sure that Tendulkar would score
3. a) He says (that) he will buy the book this
¢Á∞«l-´’-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. Å®·ûË match N≠æߪ’ç
à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? another century.
evening. Krishna: Sri Lanka's was a low score. I thought
Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌçö«-†ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’– ÉC Krishna: ÅEo
Indians Èí©’-≤ƒh-®ΩE ûÁ©’Ææ’é¬F, Sri Lanka
NÈé-ô-x ûËú≈ûÓ ãúÕ-§Ú-ûª’ç-ü¿†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Gambhir and Tendulkar together
É°æ¤púø’. É°æ¤púø’ – present ™ Åçô’-Ø√oúø’... Kumar: Tendulkar ´’®Ó Century éÌ-úø-û√-úø-E would score all the runs needed for
≤ƒßª’çvûªç – future ™ éÌçö«-†E. ÉC pres- éπ * a- û ª ç í¬ Å†’- èπ◊Ø√o. (sure ¢√úøçúÕ) the victory.
ent †’ç* future 鬕öÀd will buy.
Krishna: Sri Lanka C î√™« low score. í∫çHµ®˝, Kumar: I was confident too that they would
b) He told me yesterday that he would buy
-õ„ç-úø÷-©\®˝ Éü¿l®Ω÷ éπ©Æœ (together) Ç win without losing a single wicket.
the book soon.
score ≤ƒCµ-≤ƒh-®Ω-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. Krishna: Did you think Yuvraj would play so
well?
Kumar: I thought Kaif would score more runs
than Yuvraj. I didn't think that RP
Singh would bowl so well/ I didn't
expect RP Singh to bowl so well.
2) Dayakar: I came to your place / for you yes-
terday.
Kumar: Prabhakar: I didn't know you would come. Why
ÉC– past told
– – E†o îÁ§ƒpúø’ – ûªy®Ω™ – -Ø√èπ◊ N¨»y-Ææç-í¬ØË
didn't you call me before coming?
future – éÌçö«-†E – 鬕öÀd would buy – Åçõ‰ ÖçúÕçC – äéπ\
Dayakar: I didn't think you would go out at
Ééπ\úÕ future, past†’ç* future 鬕öÀd would Wicket §Úèπ◊çú≈
buy. Èí©’-≤ƒh-®ΩE. that time/ I didn't expect you to be
4. ´’S} §Ú©açúÕ: Krishna: Yuvraj Åçûª-¶«í¬ out at that time. Aren't you usually
a) I think (that) he will help me. Ç-úø-û√-úø-E at home at that time?
b) I thought (that) he would help me. †’´y†’èπ◊Ø√o¢√? Prabhakar: That's true. But my mother wanted
[(a)
Å®Ωnç – ¢√úø’ ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh-úøE ؈-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’- Kumar: Yuvraj éπçõ‰ Kaif M. SURESAN me to take her to the doctor. I did-
(b)
Ø√o†’. Å®Ωnç – ¢√úø’ ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh-úøE ؈-†’- áèπ◊\´ runs éÌ-úø- n't think you would come. / I didn't
]
èπ◊-Ø√o†’ û√-úø-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. R.P. Singh Åçûª ¶«í¬ expect you at that time. sorry.
would verbs
ûÓöÀ bowl îË≤ƒh-úø-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Dayakar: That's Ok. Did Sumanth tell you
2) Dayakar: E†o O’ ÉçöÀ-éÌ-î √a-ØËo†’. †’Nyçöx that he would buy a bike?
Prabhakar: No. Is he buying one?
Öçö«-´-†’-èπ◊Ø√o.
Prabhakar: †’´¤y ´≤ƒh-´E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ ’-ü¿’. Dayakar: Yes. He said that he would be buy-
Öçô’ç-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. (ņ’-éÓ-´-úøç ÆœE´÷èπ◊ -¢Á-∞Ï}- ing it this week. His father told him
´·ç-ü¿’ - past ™ - îª÷úø-¶ßË’ ÆœE´÷ í∫’-Jç-* - †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Phone îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.
Dayakar: †’¢√y time ™ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞«h-´-†’-éÓ- that he would send the money
future)
would be - 'be' form - Öçúø-úøç ™‰ü¿’. ´÷´‚©’í¬ Ç time ™ ÉçöxØË shortly.
2) I thought (that) I would (go to the movie) Öçö«-´¤í¬? Prabhakar: Luck fellow. Dad told me yesterday
would go - - (future from the past)
¢Á∞«l-´’E Prabhakar: Eï-¢Ë’-†-†’éÓ. é¬E E†o ´÷ -Å-´’t very strongly / Dad made it clear
3) You told me you would not come - -ûª-†-†’ doctor ü¿í∫_-®ΩéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡}-´’ç-C. Ç yesterday that he would not buy
†’´¤y ®√¶-´-úøç ™‰ü¿E ÅØ√o´¤. time ™ †’´¤y- ´-≤ƒh-´E ؈-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. me a bike for another year.
4) Smitha said that she would accompany me. Sorry.
Sunitha Ø√ûÓ ´≤ƒh-†E -Åç-C. Dayakar: ÆæÍ®-é¬F, Ææ’´’ç-ûË-´’Ø√o bike éÌçö«-†E
5) Dad told me that he would buy a new dress. îÁ§ƒp-ú≈ -FûÓ?
dress
Ø√èπ◊ éÌûªh éÌçö«-†E ´÷ Ø√†o îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. Prabhakar: àç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. éÌçô’-Ø√oú≈?
ÉD 'would' past future
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. Åçõ‰ †’ç* Dayakar: Ñ ¢√®Ωç™ éÌçö«--†E îÁ§ƒpúø’. ¢√∞¡x
v°æ-¨¡o: To be ÅØË Phrase -†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ÷h Ñ vÊ°∂ñ¸
îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√-úø-û√ç. Ø√†o úø•’s °æç°œ-≤ƒh-†E îÁ§ƒp-úøô.
a) would be - be form - Öçúøúøç
Prabhakar: Eïçí¬ Åü¿%-≠æd-´ç-ûª ’úË. ´÷ Ø√†o
b) would + 1st Regular Doing Word (would go, áEo Nüµ∆-©’í¬ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçüÓ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’.
would come, would see, etc) - action (°æEE ´÷vûªç îÁÊ°p-¨»úø’ E†o éπ*a-ûªçí¬, ÉçéÓ happened + to + verb1; sub+V2
ûÁ © ’°æ ¤ - û ª ’ çC) Ææç´-ûªq®Ωçü∆é¬ Ø√èπ◊ bike é̆-†E. ®Ω÷-§ƒ-™x-†÷ éÌEo ¢√é¬u©’ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’.
Answers:
-ï-¢√-•’: To be phrase È®çúø’ Nüµ∆©’:
I think he will be there
– ®√ñ¸- π◊-´÷®˝, -ü¿-Jz
1) Krishna: Didn't you (Did you not) go to
ii) ¢√úø-éπ\úø Öçö«-úøE ؈-†’-èπ◊Ø√o –
Rajkot to see the cricket match?
I thought he would be there. 1) to be + ing form;
Kumar: I thought I would, but dropped the
2) To be + Past participle.
I think I will get a first class. idea. We would enjoy it better viewing
it on the TV than watching it live.
OöÀûÓ áEo ¢√é¬u-©-®·Ø√ îËߪ’-´îª’a.
ii) Ø√èπ ◊ I Class ´Ææ ’hç-ü¿E ņ’- èπ◊Ø√o – 1) to be + ing form -™..
I thought that I would get a I class. (Ééπ\úø live = ™„j¢˛ – v°æûªu-éπ~çí¬) a) We expect him to be studying now
Krishna: I told you, there wouldn't (would not)
Now practise the following aloud in english: b) We found to be sleeping soundly, etc.
be the replays, the slow motion views.
2) to be + pp -™..
Kumar: You are right. My brother told me that
Cricket match îª÷-úø-ö«-EéÀ? a) We ordered the work to be finished in
he would cancel the train tickets yes-
terday itself. an hour
v°æûªu-éπ~çí¬ îª÷-úø-úøçéπ-Ø√o, TV ™ îª÷ÊÆhØË
Krishna: I knew that you wouldn't be going, b) He wanted them to be seen there.
¶«í¬ enjoy îËߪ’-í∫©ç éπü∆ ÅE.
that you would cancel the tickets and Ñ 'to be...' phrases subject
†’ sen- í¬
Krishna: ØË-†’ îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆ – TV ™ ™«í¬ replays,
that you would lose money. tences
slow motion view Öçúø´¤ ÅE, -†’-´¤y
®√ߪ’çúÕ.
N†-™‰ü¿’. Kumar: You know my uncle is in Rajkot. So I a) I wanted to see him (sub + vb2)
thought I would go. So what do you b) She tried to meet him (sub + v2)
vûª¢Ë’ cancel îË≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’, ´÷ ûª-´·túø’. think of the match? c) They wished to succeed (sub + v2)
I Ðû¦è[ª- ÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 15 ì÷Ùñô¢ª 2005

Spken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Dinesh: Hi Saleem, Welcom. Good to see
you though after a long time. Have a
seat. How about some Coffee?
(óÀª ú£Mîª! à¦ö°-ôÁ-V-öµjÙC ÚÛLú‡.
Ú¥ú£h Ú¥íƈ Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°î¦?)
Saleem: No Coffee for me, Dinesh. Thanks
all the same.
(Ú¥íƈ ÷ë]ªl ëǯÙÚÂq.)
all the same =
Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© (ÍÙç¶ Ú¥íƈ Bú£ª-ÚÁ-ÚÛ-
ð¼-ô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú©).
Dinesh: Would you fancy tea then?
(Íô³ê¶ æ© Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°î¦?)
ê¦Þœª-ê¦ô¢ª. ÎóŸªû¶ Ú¥íƈ TÙáõª í£æ¨dÙ#,
ð»è… à¶ô³Ù# Ú¥íƈ ÎóŸªû¶ à¶ú£ªÚÛª-û¶-î¦ô¢ª.)
Ground - ÏC grindÚ¨ past tense.
grind = ð»è…/ í‡Ùè… à¶óŸªè[Ù. grinder= í‡Ùè…/
ð»è… machine ÍC grind à¶ú£ªhÙC.
ground coffee = ð»è… à¶óŸªè[Ù.
Coffee seeds/ Coffee beans =Ú¥íƈ TÙáõª.
fresh = ê¦â°.
please. Thanks. (÷« û¦ìo-Þ¥ô¢ª ö¶ì-í£±pè[ª ÷« vñë]ôÂ
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ wouldêÁ ÷#aì verbs Þœ÷ª-EÙ- (Ïí£±pè¶ ê¦Þ¥ìª. ÏÚÛ-÷ë]ªl. ëǯÙÚÂq.) àŸ«ú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°è[ª.
àŸÙè….
b) Ï#aì offer, accept ඛúåxô³ê¶– c) Mind your (own) business.
1. Would you fancy?
English î¦üŒx í£ë]lÄA ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù Ï#aì offer ìª Bú£ªÚÁ- (F í£E ìª÷±y àŸ«ú£ªÚÁ.)
2. Would you mind waiting for a while?
î¦-õE Ñìoí£±pè[ª, -÷«-åí£è¶å-í£±pè[ª Don't poke your nose in others' affairs.
3. Would you move aside a little?
responses-

Ú¥ú£h... Ú¥íÆ̂ Bú£ªÚÛªÙæ°ô¦?

4. He would drink.
(ÏêŸ-ô¢ªõ ÷u÷--ô¢Ùö˺ êŸõ-ë]«-ô¢aÚÛª.)
i) I don't mind (a little coffee/ tea), thanks. ÷ªìÙ êŸõ-ë]«-ô¢ª-ú£ªhÙæ°Ù. English î¦üŒ‰x ÷³ÚÛª\
5. My dad would never drink.

6. He would have the coffee ground.

Ú¨Ùë]æ¨lessons 'would' use-
ö˺ êµõªú£ª-ÚÛªìo (Î... Ï÷yÙè… íÆ£ô¦y-ö¶ë]ª.) ë]«ô¢ªþ§hô¢ìo-÷«å.
ii) That'd (that would) be welcome, thanks. d) Mind you. Don't make any mistake.
would expresses future from the past ÍE, iii) That'd (that would) certainly be a pleas- (â°vÞœêŸh ð»ô¢-ð§åªx à¶óŸªÚÛª.)
ÍÙç¶ past future
ìªÙ# would
൛ípÙ-ë]ªÚÛª ure, thank you. Now practise the following in English.
î¦è[ê¦Ù. iv) That's kind of you, thanks. Kishore: óÀª ú£yô¢«íÃ, ìª÷±y ·ôè†û¦? çµjîª
Ramana: He wrote to me that he would see
would
Ïö°Ùæ¨ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x offers.
Ñí£-óµ«ÞœÙ Íô³uÙC ÚÛë¯!
me last weekend. But he did not
★ Would ìª Present requests
ö˺ ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ Swaroop: Ú¥›úí£± îµô³æËÀ à¶þ§hî¦? û¶ìª Ù
turn up.
(ÞœêŸ î¦ô¢Ù ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°-ìE öµåô î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÚÛè[ª-Ú•\E ÷þ§hìª.
Kumar: Can I see your Kishore: F ðƼûË ڥú£h î¦è[ª-ÚÁ-E-þ§hî¦? ÚÛª÷«ôÂÚÛª
ô¦ø‹è[ª. Ú¥F ô¦ö¶ë]ª.) father? ðƼûË à¶ú‡ î¦è…E ÚÛ«è¯ ô¢÷ªtÙæ°.
Bhaskar: Please come Swaroop: êŸyô¢Þ¥ Ú¥F. î¦è…E ·ôè†Þ¥ ÑÙè[-÷ªìª.
Would you care for some coffee? in. Have a seat. ë¯Jö˺ î¦è…E í‡ÚÛíà à¶ú£ª-ÚÛªÙë¯Ù.
Would you Kishore: Íö°¸Þ.
fancy =
prefer
Ïù£d-í£-è[è[Ù. ÏÚÛ\è[ fancy ñë]ªõª, like/
î¦è[-÷àŸªa.
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 69 mind waiting
some time?/
Answer
Kishore: Hi Swaroop, Are you ready? It's
Would you wait time.
ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ÷#aì î¦üŒxìª ‘Ú¥íƈ Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¦, æ©
for some time? M. SURESAN Swaroop: Would you wait for minutes? I will
Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¦?’ ÍE Íè[-Þœè[Ù, ÷ªì í£ë]lÄ-꟪õ ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù Write = öµåô ô¦óŸªè[Ù. Kumar: Not at all. I don't wash my face and come.
ú£JÞ¥ ÷ªô¦uë] à¶óŸªè[Ù Ú¥ë]ª-ÚÛë¯? Ú¥íƈ, æ© Bú£ª- turn up = ô¦÷è[Ù/ á-ô¢-÷è[Ù. mind waiting. Kishore: Mind my using your phone? I would
Ú•#a ÷#a-ì-î¦-üŒxìª Bú£ªÚÁ-÷ªÙæ°Ù. Íô³ê¶ Kesav: He called me yesterday to tell me
English í£ë]lÄ-꟪õ ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù Coffee/Tea Bú£ªÚÛªÙ- ÏÚÛ\è[ àŸ«è[Ùè… 'would' question from
ìª ö˺ call Kumar and ask him to come.
that he would be very busy till next
you
÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ êÁ request ÚÛª î¦è[è[Ù– Swaroop: Be quick. Tell him to be ready. We
æ°ô¦ ÍE Íè[-Þœè[Ù êŸí£±p-Ú¥ë]ª. ÍA-ëÇ]ªõª ÚÛ«è¯ ÷ªì- week, so he wouldn't be able to
a) Oªô¢ª Ú¥ú£h û¦êÁ-÷-þ§hô¦! can pick him up on our way.
ö°Þ¥ Gè…-óŸª-í£-è[-ÚÛªÙè¯ ‘Bú£ªÚÛªô¦’ ÍE ö¶ë¯ ‘ÑÙç¶ come until after next week.
Ú¥î¦L’ ÍE Íè…T Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª. Would you accompany me? Kishore: Ok
(÷à¶a-î¦-ô¢Ù-ë¯Ú¥ G@Þ¥ ÑÙæ°-ìE û¦ÚÛª b)
Saleem: I don't mind tea. Eìo ðƼûË à¶ø‹è[ª. ÍÙë]ª-÷õx ÷à¶a î¦ô¢Ù ÏÚÛ\è[ Ú¥›úí£± ÚÛ«ôÁa-÷à¦a!
( æ© û¦ÚÛª ÍòÅ¡uÙ-êŸô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.) Would you let me sit here for a while? ÏC
êŸô¦y-êŸ-Þ¥F ô¦ö¶-ì-û¦oè[ª.) would
Mind = ÍòÅ¡uÙ-êŸô¢Ù. ÏÚÛ\è[ àŸ«è[Ùè…. would ìª past ìªÙ# future ÚÛª ÚÛª ÏÙÚÁ Ñí£-óµ«ÞœÙ.
Dinesh: Would you mind/ Mind waiting for a Mind: Mind ÚÛª Íô¦nõª ·ôÙè[ª–
î¦è[ª-꟪û¦oÙ ÚÛë¯. ÍÙç¶ past ìªÙ#, ÏÚÛ ÷³Ùë]ª 1) Mind
while? I'll make the tea in no time. áJ¸Þ future ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ would î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÍÙç¶ ÍòÅ¡uÙ-êŸô¢Ù šíådè[Ù, ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥
questions ö˺ î¦è[ê¦Ù.
(Ú¥›úí£± ÎÞœª-ê¦÷± ÚÛë¯? #æ¨-·Úö˺ à¶þ§h.) Ïí£±pè[ª vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡Ùö˺E ú£ÙòÅ°ù£éö˺ would ÚÛª Ñìo a) Do you mind waiting for some time?
In no time = ¤ÛéÙö˺/ #æ¨-·Úö˺) ÷ªJ Ú•Eo Ñí£-óµ«-Þ¥õª àŸ«ë¯lÙ.
Saleem: Take your (own) time. No hurry. wait
(Ú¥›úí£± à¶óŸªè[Ù Oª¸Ú-÷ªû¦o ÍòÅ¡uÙ-êŸ-ô¢÷«?
Would you fancy = FÚÛª Ïù£dû¦?
(BJÞ¥_ àµô³u. ê•Ùë]-¸ôÙ-ö¶ë]ª.) ìª÷±y Ú¥íƈ Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°î¦? Dû¶o ô NëÅ]ÙÞ¥– wait
Ú¥›úí£± à¶þ§hô¦? ÍE request.) ví£øŒo: tell, say... Oæ¨E Ôó¶ª ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x Ñí£-
take your (own) time = ÏÚÛ\è[ Do you mind Íû¦o Would you mind?
F Ïù£dÙ ÷#aìÙꟛúí£± Would you mind/ Would you like/ Would you
Íû¦o ÖÚÛç¶. Íô³ê¶ would you mind? Íû¶C óµ«-TÙ-à¦L?c ͤÛ-ô¦Eo Ú•Eo-þ§ô¢ªx ú‡ ÍE
Bú£ªÚÁ. like to take/ Would you take/ Would you care Ú•Eo-þ§ô¢ªx ·Ú ÍE Ñí£-óµ«-Tþ§hÙ ÚÛë¯.
Dinesh: Would you move aside a little? The ÓÚÛª\÷ polite and formal– ÍÙç¶ ÍÙêŸ í£J-àŸóŸªÙ
for some coffee? Óö°Ùæ¨ ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺ Ô Í¤Û-ô¦Eo ÑàŸa-JÙ-
tea tin is in the shelf behind you. ÍEoÙ-æ¨Ú© Ö¸Ú Íô¢nÙ. Oªô¢ª Ú¥ú£h Ú¥íƈ Bú£ªÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¦/ ö¶E î¦üŒxêÁ.
b) (Would you/ Do you) mind my sitting here? à¦L?
– ô¢N-ÚÛª-÷«ôÂ, Ú¥Ú¨-û¦è[
(Ú¥ú£h í£ÚÛ\ÚÛª áô¢ª-Þœª-ê¦î¦? æ© è[ò°s Fîµ- Ú¥íƈ Bú£ªÚÁÙè… ÍE. conversation
êŸyô¢Þ¥ ÷«æ°xè¶ Do you/
ö˺
áî¦ñª: Usually
ìªÚÛ Ñìo šùöËÀpÄö˺ ÑÙC.) ÍÙç¶ would ìª you êÁ question form ö˺ Would you
Saleem: Not at all. offerÚÛª (ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ÷#aì î¦üŒxÚÛª, friends ÚÛª Ôëµjû¦
÷C-ö¶-ú£ªhÙæ°Ù. ÏD ò°Þ¥û¶ ÑÙåªÙC. when the letter 'c' is fol-
c) Mind my using your pen/ Mind if I use your lowed by 'e', or i, it is pronounced as s, as
(ÔÙ í£ô¦y-ö¶ë]ª.) coffee ö°Ùæ¨N offer à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨) î¦è[ê¦Ù.
Dinesh: So you like tea more than coffee. pen?
Would you like a little tea? certificate, or as in cinema. In most other
(Oª pen î¦è•à¦a.)
How about a little tea?
î¦è¶ Bô¢ª: cases it is pronounced as k. So rule about it.
(FÚÛª Ú¥íƈ-ÚÛÙç¶ æ© Ïù£dÙ Íìo-÷«å)
Saleem: That's right. I think I got it from my mind mind 'ing' form
êŸô¦yêŸ Þ¥F/
What about some tea? only the dictionary can help us.
mind if
grandad. He would drink a lot of
ví£øŒo:
Ï÷Fo ÚÛ«è¯ offer à¶óŸªè[Ù. ÍÙç¶would ÚÛª ·ôÙèÁ Ú¥F ÷ú£ªhÙC.
d) Mind of I accompany you? I don't think you should buy it ÍÙç¶
tea, my dad often says. offer (present
Ñí£-óµ«ÞœÙ ö˺).
(Í÷±ìª. ÷«ê¦-êŸ-Þ¥J ìªÙ# û¦Ú•-#aÙ-ë]C. Ïåª-÷Ùæ¨ offer ÚÛª responses àŸ«ë¯lÙ. ÍÙç¶ (OªêÁ û¶ìª ô¦÷à¦a?) Íô¢nÙ ÔNªæ¨?
Mind my accompanying you?
÷« ê¦êŸ à¦ö° æ© ê¦¸Þ-î¦-ô¢E ÷«û¦ìo Ú¥íƈ/ æ© ö°Ùæ¨N Ó÷·ôjû¦ offer ඛúh, Ú¥î¦L– ÷ë]ªl ‘û¶ìª ÷« Í÷«t-ô³E Oª ð§ôÈ¢-ø‹-õÚÛª í£Ùí£-
ÍÙåªÙ-æ°-·ô-í£±pè[«.) Mind conversation
Ïö° practice
ö˺ à¶óŸªÙè…. ö¶ìª’ Íû¦-õÙç¶ ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ Ô÷ª-û¦L?
– ÚÛOÙ-ë]ôÂ, ÷ô¢Ù-ÞœöËÀ
Íì-è¯-EÚ¨ î¦è¶ ÷«åõª. 2) Mind manage
Dinesh: My dad would never drink tea. He a) Offer ÷ë]ªl Íû¦-õÙ綖
ÚÛª ·ôÙèÁ Íô¢lÄÙ à¶óŸªè[Ù, Ôëµjû¦
would always prefer coffee. He áî¦ñª: îµ³ë]æ¨ î¦Ú¥u-EÚ¨ Íô¢nÙ– Oªô¢ª ë¯Eo Ú•û¦-
i) No, thanks
÷u÷--ô¦Eo àŸ«ú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù.
would have the coffee ground fresh, a) Who minds the office here?
ii) Not now, please. Thanks all the same. õE ö¶ë]ª/ Oªô¢ª ë¯Eo Ú•û¦õE û¶ìª ÍìªÚÁè[Ù-
and make coffee for himself. (Ïí£±pè¶Oª Bú£ªÚÁö¶ìª. ëǯÙÚÂq.) (Ð ÎíƈúÃ àŸ«›ú-ëµ-÷ô¢ª?
b) My brother minds the office when my ö¶ë]ª. ·ôÙèÁ î¦Ú¥uEo ÏÙTx-ùÃö˺ Ïö° Íì-÷àŸªa–
(÷« û¦ìo Óí£±pè[« æ© ê¦Þœô¢ª. Ú¥íƈ iii) I have had some just now. No more
father is away. I cannot send my daughter to your school.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Anand: Janaki, how about giving us a song?
-ñ«-†éÃ, ã §ƒô §ƒúø¢√?
(give a song = §ƒô §ƒúøôç)
Janaki: Me? giving a song? Are you Joking?
Joke
ØËØ√? §ƒ--úø-ô´÷? îËÆæ’h-Ø√o¢√?
Bhanu: Oh. Can Janaki sing? This is news to
me.
Åçõ‰, ñ«†éÀ §ƒúø-í∫-©ü∆? ÉC Ø√èπ◊ éÌûªh
N≠æߪ’ç.
(news to me = Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-E
-N-≠æߪ’ç É°æ¤púø’ ûÁLÊÆh, This is news to
me Åçö«ç. conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ)
Anand: O, She would sing for hours when we
were at school. That too very well.
School
¢Ë’-´· ™ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ í∫çô© ûª®Ω-•úÕ
§ƒúËC, Å-D -î√-™« -¶«í¬.
(That too = ÅC èπÿú≈)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 70
í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 17 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005
´÷ teacher time Ö†o-°æ¤p-úø™«x °æE-í∫-ô’d-èπ◊E NØËC.
Ñ ´‚úø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x 'would' ã past habit/
habitual action in the past †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC éπü∆?
Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ àüÁjØ√ véπ´’ç-ûª-°æpE °æEéÀ èπÿú≈
would ¢√úøû√ç.
d) ¢√úø’ *†o-°æ¤púø’ ®√v-A°æ‹-ô ûÁí∫ àúËa-¢√úø’.
As a child he would cry a lot at night.
e) î√™«-ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ-îË-¢√úø’.
He would walk for long distances.
ÉO 'would' ´’J-éÌEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’. -¢√u´-£æ…-J- Suguna: It is my mother's. She wouldn't Brahmam: Would you stop telling me of his his-
éπçí¬ English Would
¢√úø-éπç™ î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ (would not) let me lend it. If you want tory? Would you atleast tell me
Do
´Ææ’hç-ô’çC. ûÓ begin ÅßË’u î√™« ques- I can lend you my chain. Would you where he is?
tions would
E begin
ûÓ èπÿú≈ îËߪ’ôç ¢√úø’Íé. like it? / Do you like it? Damodar: I don't know.
Å®·ûË would Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x éÌçîÁç for- Jayanthi: That'd be (That would be) fine. Practise the following:
mal. Thank you. When shall I take it?
´’J-éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ -ûª®√y-ûª îª÷ü∆lç! Mounika: áØ√o-∞¡Ÿxí¬ °æE-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√o-N-éπ\úø?
Suguna: When is the function? Isn't it the day
Now Practise the following aloud in English: Sarika: âüË-∞¡Ÿxí¬.
after (tomorrow)? I'd very much like
(O©-®·-†EoîÓôx 'would' ¢√úøçúÕ) Mounika: Åçõ‰ †’´¤y Ñ company v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç
to give you the chain. You look beau-
a) Jayanthi: Function èπ◊ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o. F tiful/ splendid/ gorgeous with it
†’ç* Ééπ\úË -ÖØ√o¢√?
Necklace é¬Ææh É≤ƒh¢√? (Do you mean/ Does it mean ¢√úøçúÕ)
around your neck.
Sarika: v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç†’ç-* é¬ü¿’. v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å®·†
(lend = Å®Ω’-N-´yôç) Jayanthi: Really I don't / wouldn't like to borrow
éÌEo ®ÓV©†’ç*. Ç.. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç
Suguna: ÅC ´÷ Å´’tC. ´÷ Å´’t ä°æ¤p-éÓü¿’. it. All my Jewels are in the bank lock-
鬢√-©çõ‰ Fèπ◊ Ø√ chain É≤ƒh. É≠æd-¢Ë’Ø√? er. The keys are with my father. He'll
-†’ç-îË Å†-´îª’a. Å®·ûË É´Fo O’È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊
-Å-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’?
Mounika: Ø√ friend †´u éÌEo®ÓV-L-éπ\úø °æE-

Wouldn't you sing?

îË-ÆœçC. FÍé-´’Ø√o ûÁ©’-ÊÆ-¢Á÷-†E.
Sarika: †¢√u? Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’.
Mounika: É°æ¤p-úÁ-éπ\-úø’çC? ûª††’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌE ü∆ü∆°æ¤
´‚úË-∞¡x-®·çC.
Sarika: ûª†èπ◊ °∞¡x-®·ç-ü¿E -O’èπ◊ û-Á-L-ߪ’ü∆? Last
September ™. É°æ¤púø’ India ™ ™‰ü¿’.
Bhanu: Janaki, wouldn't you sing for us now? ¢√∞¡x husband ûÓ states èπ◊ ¢Á-R}-
Jayanthi:
ÅD ¶«í¬ØË Öçô’çC. Thanks. á°æ¤púø’ be back only
just one song. §Ú-®·çC.
B≤Ú\†’? the day after
-ñ«-†éÃ, -´÷éÓÆæç §ƒô §ƒúø¢√? äéπ\-≤ƒJ. Mounika: ؈’ ´îËa ØÁ© ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o. O’ ü¿í∫_®Ω Ç¢Á’
Suguna: á°æ¤púø’ function? á©’xçúÕ éπü∆? Í®°æ¤ (tomorrow). He
Janaki: Would you stop bothering me, please? address í¬F, phone number í¬F
≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷ ÉçöÀéÌ≤ƒh¢√? FéÀ-´yôç wouldn't/ does-
é¬Ææh ††’o trouble îËߪ’ôç Ç°æ¤-û√®√? Ø√èπ◊ Eïçí¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’. Ç chain ™ n't allow us to
Öçü∆. Öçõ‰ é¬Ææh É≤ƒh®√?
Anand: She would sing on. I mean, at school Sarika: ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬.
†’´¤y î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ Öçö«´¤. keep even a
even if none were there to listen to her. Answer:
Jayanthi: Eïçí¬ B≤Ú\ôç É≠ædç-™‰üË. Ø√ †-í∫-©Fo single orna-
My English teacher would, when she Mounika: How long have you worked/ have
had the time make it a point to listen to
´÷ bank locker ™ ÖØ√o®·. ´÷ Ø√†o- ment at home. M. SURESAN
á©’x çúÕéÀí¬E ®√®Ω’. locker û√∞«©’ Çߪ’† Suguna: Would you you been working here?
her sweet songs. Sarika: For the past five years/ for the last
ü¿ í ∫ _ - ® Ω’-Ø√o®·. äéπ\ †í∫ èπÿú≈ Éçöx Öçúø- stop it? No more words please. I am
NØË-¢√-∞Îx-´®Ω÷ ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ Å™«Íí §ƒúø’-ûª’ç- giving it to you willingly. Come tomor- five years/ for five years now.
úËC. Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ ´÷ English Teacher °æE- Suguna: Ééπ Ç°æä°æ¤-û¤√¢√?
ö«- E éÀ p-éÓ®Ω’ Ø√†o-.
Mounika: (Do) you mean/ Does it mean that
ÉEo ´÷ô-©-´-Ææ-®Ω´÷? row and take it.
í∫-ô’d-èπ◊E Janaki §ƒô NØËC. you have been here since the begin-
ØË † ’ É≠æ d ç - í ¬ØË ÉÆæ ’ hØ√o éπü∆. Í®°æ¤ ®√. Jayanthi: Thank you.
Janaki: Ok. I am going to sing just to please ning of the company?
Jayanthi: Thank you. b) Brahmam: Is Sekhar staying on for the
you. Sarika: Not right from the beginning. A few
b) Brahmam: Sekhar O’öÀç-í˚èπ◊ Öçô’-Ø√oú≈? meeting? / Would Sekhar stay
Å™«Íí O’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-éÓÆæç §ƒúø-¶-ûª’Ø√o. (Öçô’-Ø√oú≈ = Stay on) days after the beginning. You can
Ééπ\úø would ûÓ ´*a† verbs í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË- on for the meeting?
Damodar: FûÓ àç îÁ§ƒpúø’? í∫çô™ meeting say, almost from the beginning. But
´·çü¿’, would †’ í∫’-Jç-* Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o (Is Sekhar staying on...? better,
begin Å´¤-ûª’çC. é¬Ææh Ç chairs †’ Ñ why do you ask? / Why are you ask-
would Sekhar? éπçõ‰)
N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ îª÷ü∆lç. stage O’ü¿ °-úø-û√¢√? ing all this? (Almost = ü∆ü∆°æ¤)
1) 'I thought he would help me' - Damodar: What did he tell you? The meeting
(°ôdúøç= put/ place/ keep) Mounika: My friend Navya worked here for
will begin in an hour. Would you put
Ø√èπ◊- ¢√úø’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. Brahmam: ؈’ ¢√úøo-úÕ-í¬†’ é¬E ¢√úËç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. some time. I was wondering if you
Ééπ\úø 'would help' - future from the past †’ those chairs on the stage / dais?
Damodar: Ø√ûÓ ÅØ√oúË ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈ Öçö«-†E. Ñ knew her. wondering
(Ééπ\úø Åçõ‰
Brahmam: I asked him but he wouldn't say
'I was wonder-
ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC. table é¬Ææh stage O’ü¿ °ôd-ú≈-EéÀ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç é¬ü¿’. ¢√úø’-éπ™
2) Would you like some tea? anything / didn't say anything.
≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh¢√? ing' Åçõ‰ àüÁjØ√ ïJ-Tç-üË¢Á÷ ÅE ÆæçüË-
tea
é¬Ææh BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®√? (Wouldn't Åçõ‰ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’ ÅØË -¶µ«´†
Brahmam: ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬. Å®·ûË ¨Ïê®˝ N≠æߪ’ç é¬Ææh £æ«çí¬ Å†’-éÓ-´ôç)
É™«çöÀîÓôx 'would' offer
èπ◊ ¢√-úø-û√ç– you ûÓ ´Ææ’hçC– îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ É≠æd癉éπ îÁ°æp-™‰-ü¿E)
clear í¬ îÁ°æp¢√? ¢√úÕûÓ Ø√é¬\-Ææh-°æE Sarika: (Do) you mean Navya? I know her
question form™. Damodar: He told me he would stay on. Would
ÖçC. very well, of course.
3) Would you wait for a while? you help me place the table on the
Damodar: ¢√úøç-ûªí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-úøE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆ Fèπ◊? Mounika: Where is she now? It is three years
é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ wait îË≤ƒh®√? stage?
*†o-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË -¢√úø’. áèπ◊\´ since I met her/ I met her last three
Ééπ\úø ´·êuçí¬ you question form
ûÓ ™ Brahmam: With pleasure / that'd be a pleasure.
´÷ö«x-úË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. á°æ¤púø÷ äçô-Jí¬ years ago.
request èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. Would you mind telling me more
É°æ¤púø’ Ñ lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™E Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ èπÿ®Ω’aE àüÓ Ç™-*Ææ÷h ÖçúË-¢√úø’. Éûª- clearly about Sekhar? I have some
(ûª††’ ´‚úË∞¡xvéÀûªç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o)
®Ω’-©ûÓ Çô™x éπL-ÊÆ-¢√úø’é¬ü¿’. Sarika: Don't you know she has been / is
'would' Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. work with him.
Brahmam: ¢√úÕ îªJvûª îÁ°æpôç Ç°æ¤-û√¢√? §ÚF married? She got married last
a) She would sing for hours when we were at Damodar: You know he doesn't talk much.
¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ îÁ§ƒh¢√? September. She has with her hus-
School. Even as a boy he was like that. He
Damodar: Sorry, Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. band for the states.
´÷ School ®ÓV™x í∫çô© ûª®Ω-•úÕ §ƒúËC. wouldn't talk much. He would
Answers: Mounika: I am going to the states too, next
b) She would sing on = Å™«Íí §ƒúø’-ûª’ç-úËC. always sit alone and think of some-
month. Do you have / have you her
c) My English teacher would, when she had the a) Jayanthi: I am attending a function. Would thing. He would not join others at
address or phone no.? would you
time, make it a point... you lend me your necklace? play.
mind giving them to me if you have
-v°æ-¨¡o: -ØË-†’ Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ Grammatical mistakes -™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈- -v°æ-¨¡o: 'Do' -E -N-E-ßÁ÷-TÆæ’h-†o°æ¤p-úø’ 1st person example -í¬
I know English, them?
´÷-ö«x-úø-™‰-†’. Spoken English, Grammar -ØËÍ®p We watch English movies questions
-Å-E -É-î√a®Ω’. é¬-E2nd -™ -´÷-vûªç Sarika: With pleasure.
Institutes -áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o®·? -•’é˙q -™‰-ü∆ Æ‘-úŒ-©’, é¬uÂÆ-ô’x person (you) 1st person
-¢√-ú≈®Ω’. -Åç-õ‰ ûª-†-†’ -û√-†’ -v°æ-Po-ç-éÓèπÿ-úø-ü∆?
-Åç-ü¿’-¶«-ô’-™- -Ö-Ø√o-ߪ÷? For example: Do I know English? Do we watch English movies ¢- ÷Á ú- ™-ø ¸ éÌy¨- a¡ Ø- q˛ ï- †- ®Ω™- ¸ á- G- L- ö- À ï-¢√-•’-©’
Do I go there every sunday?, Do we sing
-ï-¢√-•’: Spoken English Institutes î√-™« Öç-ô’Ø√o®· v°æA
– -áç.-Å°æ‹®˝y, -îª-©÷x®Ω’ -Å-†èπÿ-úø-ü∆? -O’Í® éÌ-Eo-îÓ-ôx 1.c 2.a 3.c 4.a 5.a 6.b 7.d 8.a 9.b 10.c
well? Å--E -îÁ-§ƒp®Ω’. -à-C éπÈ®éÓd -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. 11.b 12.d 13.b 14.b 15.b 16.a 17.d 18.a
-°ü¿l-Ü®Óx. -áéπ\-úø áçûª ¶«í¬ îÁ§ƒh-®Ω-ØËC ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-L. CD,
-ï-¢√-•’: Å™«
– -¢Á÷-£æ«-Ø˛ π◊-´÷®˝, -vQé¬ π◊-∞¡ç 19.c 20.a 21.c 22.d 23.c 24.a 25.a 26.b
Casettes - Spoken English èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N î√™«ØË Ist person
™ äéπ®Ω’ ûª´’†’ -û√-´· v°æPoç--éÓ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË 27.c 28.c 29.b 30.b 31.d 32.a 33.b 34.c
ÖØ√o®·. CIEFL- Central Institute of English and Foreign English ™ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª÷-ØË 'Do I know English?' ÅE Åúø-í∫ôç áçûª 35.b 36.a 37.c 38.a 39.a 40.b 41.d 42.c
Languages ¢√J casettes, CDs °ü¿l Ü∞¡x™  üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·. Ææ£æ«ïç?Do we watch English movies? ņôç ûª°æ¤pé¬ØËé¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË ¢Ë’ç 43.a 44.a 45.b 46.c 47.a 48.a 49.d 50.b
Oô-Eo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ O’®Ω’ TV English news channels regular í¬ English movies îª÷≤ƒh´÷? ÅE ÅúÕ-T-†-°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç expect îËÊÆ Answer 51.c 52.b 53.b 54.d 55.a 56.d 57.c 58.d
watch îËߪ’çúÕ. O’ îÁNéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ îËÆæ’éÓçúÕ. àN’öÀ? -Å£æ…, îª÷úø®Ω’ ÅE, éπü∆. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-´îª’a. 59.b 60.c 61.a 62.b 63.b 64.c 65.d.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Sukumar: Hi Bhaskar, am I late?
-¶µ«-Ææ \®˝, -ØË-ØË-´’-Ø√o Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´î√aØ√?
Bhaskar: You are, of Course. But (that/ it)
doesn't matter. The function hasn't
yet begun.
late
†’´¤y func-
é¬F °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰, Éçé¬
tion v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å´-™‰-ü¿’-éπü∆.
Sukumar: Where is Shekhar? He always
claims that he is punctual.
punctual
¨Ïê®˝ àúÕ? ûªØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ÅE
Åçô’ç-ö«úø’.
(punctual = time èπ◊ ÆæJí¬ ®√´ôç)
Shekhar: I am here. I was here exactly at 4.30
-Ééπ\-úø’-Ø√o-†’. Ææ-Jí¬_ 4.30 éπ-™«x -´-îËa-¨»-†’.
Sukumar: I am just a few minutes late. A few
minutes' delay makes no difference.
؈’ éÌCl EN’-≥ƒ™‰ Ç©Ææu-´’-ߪ÷u-†’. éÌCl
EN’-≥ƒ© Ç©Ææuç àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’.
Bhaskar: It makes little difference whether you
are a few minutes late or half an
hour late. You are late. That's the
point.
†’´¤y éÌCl EN’-≥ƒ©’ Ç©-Ææu-´÷, Å®Ω-í∫çô
Ç©-Ææu-´÷ ÅØËC é¬ü¿’ ´·êuç. †’´¤y
Ç©Ææuç ÅØËüË -Åç-¨¡ç.
Shekhar: Let's not talk any more of it. What
are there for the dinner after the
function?
Function
Ç N≠æߪ’ç ´C-™‰-ߪ’çúÕ.
dinner
-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 20 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005
English Conversation ™ -É´Fo èπÿú≈ ûª®Ω-í¬
¢√úË expressions. °j¢√-ô-Eo-öÀéà ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Å®Ωnç, ´’†ç
´÷´‚©’ Conversation ™ ¢√úË '°∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰/ àç
°∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’/ °ü¿l §Ú®·ç-üËç-™‰ü¿’— ÅØË ´÷ô-©èπ◊
Ææ´÷†ç. ´’†ç àü¿Ø√o °ü¿lí¬ -°æ-öÀdç--éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË
Doesn't matter = It does'nt matter Åçö«ç.
a) Bhavan: Did he come here or did you go to
him?
Rekha: Never mind where I bought it. Is it real-
¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´î√aú≈, †’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x¢√? Shriya:
Eïçí¬ î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. ؈’ èπÿú≈
Sumanth: What does it matter? We met. ly good?
é̆’-èπ◊\çö«. áéπ\úø éÌØ√o´¤?
That's important. Rekha: ´ÆæY-≤ƒ-í∫-®˝™ . Fèπ◊ gift èπÿú≈ É≤ƒh®Ω’, ®Ω÷. Shriya: How much is it?
(It doesn't matter/ Doesn't matter Rekha: It doesn't matter how much it is. Is it
200/– N©’´ îËÊÆC.
whether he came here or I went to good or not?
3) Jagan: Í®°æ¤ †’Oy time ™ Éçöx -Öçö«¢√?
him. we met) Suman: àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç? Shriya: It is really marvellous. I want to buy it
ÅC ´·êu´÷ É°æ¤púø’?/ ¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√´- Jagan: Ø√èπ◊ Physics ™ éÌEo doubts ÖØ√o®·. (one like that) too. Where did you buy it?
ô´÷, ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-ô´÷ ÅØËC é¬ü¿’, ¢√öÀØË´’Ø√o Clear îËߪ’-í∫-©-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†E? Rekha: At Vasthra Sagar. You can also get a
gift worth Rs. 200/-
´·êuç. ¢Ë’ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ÅD Suman: ؈’ Fèπ◊ îÁ°æp-í∫-©-†E †’¢Áyç-ü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-
´¶«s? 3) Jagan: Will you be at home tomorrow at this
´·êuç.
b) Santan: Have you the money? Jagan: †’´¤y Physics ™ Ø√éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫-E. time?
Suman: ÆæÍ®, v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh. îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË ´÷vûªç †’´¤y Suman: What's the matter?
(F ü¿í∫_®Ω úø-•’sçü∆?)
Krishna: Yes. I have it. (ÖçC) disappoint Å´èπ◊. Jagan: I have some doubts in Physics. I feel
Santan: How did you get it? (ᙫ ´*açC?) Jagan: Ø√èπ ◊ disappoint Å´-†ØË †´’téπç ÖçC. you can clear them.
Suman: Å™« Å®·ûË OK. Best of luck. Suman: Just what makes you think I can clear
4) Pramod: Hi Venkat, Éçûªéà College ™ them?
îË®√¢√? Jagan: Because you are better at Physics
Venkat: Éçé¬-™‰ü¿’. ´÷Ø√†o -Ü∞x ™‰®Ω’. Çߪ’† than me (Than I correct)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 71
èπÿú≈
Í®§Ò-≤ƒh®Ω’. à College ™ îË®√™ Suman: OK. I'll try. But don't be/ get disap-
Çߪ’†ûÓ ´÷ö«xúÕ îË®√h†’. pointed if I cannot.

It doesn't matter
ûª®√yûª èπ◊ -à´·-Ø√o®·?
Sukumar: As for me so long as things are good
to eat, it makes no difference to me
what I eat.
A†-ú≈-EéÀ ®Ω’*í¬ Öçõ‰ àç ÖØ√o®·
A†-ú≈-EéÀ -Å-ØË-C Åçûª- ´·êuçé¬ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊.
Krishna: Never mind how I got it. I have it. Jagan: I am sure I
Bhaskar: So long as the things are tasty, I Pramod: à group BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?
shan't (shall
never mind what I eat. (ᙫ ´*açüÓ Å†-´-Ææ®Ωç. Ø√ ü¿í∫_J°æ¤p-úø’ Venkat: ØËØË¢Á÷ MPC îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ´÷
úø•’sçC. ÅD ´·êuç) Ø√†oèπ◊ ´÷vûªç ؈’ BiPC îËߪ÷-©E not) be disap-
A†-ú≈-EéÀ ®Ω’*í¬ Öçõ‰ Ø√Íé-üÁjØ√ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’
c) It makes little difference/ It makes no differ- ÖçC. ´÷ family ™ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ doctors pointed.
Shekhar: I'd have none of the hot stuff.
ence whether you come at 10.30 or 11.00 ™‰®Ω’. ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ ؈’ ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀ doc- Suman: Then it's OK.
Ø√èπ◊ 鬮Ωç ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ É≠æd癉ü¿’/ BÆæ’éÓ-†’
when you do not come at 10. tor Å¢√-©E ÖçC. Best of luck.
Bhaskar: Never mind. You have a variety of
things to eat. (†’´¤y °æCç-öÀéÀ ®√†-°æ¤púø’, Ç ûª®√yûª á°æ¤p-úÌ-*aØ√ Pramod: Ç °æØË îÁ®·u-´’J. 4) Pramod: Hi Venkat,
àç °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ®Ωéπ-®Ω-鬩 ´Ææ’h-´¤-©’-Ø√o®· °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’/ °æC-†o-®Ω-éÌ-*aØ√ äéπõ‰, °æü¿-éÌç-úø’-éÌ-*aØ√ Venkat: é¬F Ø√èπ◊ Åçûª interest ™‰ü¿’.Biology ™ have you M. SURESAN
AØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. äéπõ‰.) î√™« Ê°®Ω’x ñ«c°æéπç Öç-éÓ-¢√L. joined any
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E Ñ expressions í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. í∫ - ´ ’-Eç-î√®√? -É-´-Fo.. •öÀd-°æ-ôdôç Ø√èπ◊ îËûª-é¬ü¿’. college?
a) What does it matter? Pramod: ÅC éπÈ®é˙d. Biology éÀ ´’ç* ñ«c°æ-éπ-¨¡éÀh Venkat: Not yet. Dad is not in town. He will
1. Doesn't (Does not matter)
2. Makes no difference b) It matters little/ It matters nothing/ It doesn't Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Å®·ûË O’ Ø√†oèπ◊ -á-™« †îªa come back tomorrow. I will talk to dad
3. Makes little difference matter much
îÁ°æp-í∫-©´¤? what college I am going to join.
Venkat: ᙫ †îªaîÁ°æp-í∫-©†’? ÅüË Ç™-*-Ææ’hØ√o. Pramod: What group are you going to take?
4. Never mind. c) What difference does it make?/ It doesn't
5) Mohan: Ø√éÓ È®çvúÓ-V™« °æ¤Ææhéπç É´y-í∫-©¢√? Venkat: I want to do MPC. But dad wants me
make any difference/ It makes no/ Little dif-
John: ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈, BÆæ’éÓ. ¨¡E-¢√-®√-EéÀ AJT´yôç to do BiPC. There hasn't been a doc-
ference
d) Never mind ÅØË expressions èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷- ´’Ja-§Úèπ◊. tor in our family so far (No doctor so
Mohan: Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË ÉîËa-≤ƒhØËx. Å®·ûË äéπ far in my family). Dad wants me to be
í¬-©÷†’. OöÀE Conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ. -î√-™«
natural í¬ effective í¬ Öçô’çC.
N≠æߪ’ç Åúø-í∫Ø√ E†’o? †’¢Ëy-´’-†’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË. the first doctor in the family.
John: àçôC?
-v°æ- ¨¡o: 1) How to express the Telugu word Now practise the following aloud in English:
Mohan: †’´¤y v°æA °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌçö«´¤. ¢√öÀ™ x áEo
Pramod: Go ahead then.
Venkat: But I am not so interested. A lot of
in English.
''Üûª-°æü¿ç—— 1) Mukund: ؈’ ®√Ø√ ´ü∆l Station èπ◊?
Shankar:
§ÒíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤? names to remember in biology. I am
2) What can I do to get 'American Accent' àüÁjØ√ °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. †´¤y ´îËa-ôd-®·ûË John: Åü¿-´-Ææ-®Ω´÷ É°æ¤púø’? °æ¤Ææhéπç 鬢√™« ´ü∆l
Phone poor at mugging.
3) Why do we use the word 'spoken' in îË®·. Fèπ◊?
Mukund: Phone (mugging = •öÃd °æôdôç)
"spoken English"? îËߪ’ôç Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’é¬F Answers:
´’Ja-§Ú-û√-†E. Pramod: That's right. Biology needs good

-ï-¢√-•’: 1) Üûª-°æü¿ç = catch word.

– ®√-ñ‰-¨¸ Ƒ£«-î˝, -Ø√í¬-ߪ’-©çéπ 1) Mukund: Shall I go to the station with you or memory. Then how can you convince
Shankar: §ÚF™‰. ØË-†’ ¢ÁR} džç-ü¿’†’ receive
not? your dad? (convince = †îªaîÁ°æpôç)
2) You can get American accent by listening to îËÆæ’èπ◊çö«. †’´¤y ¢√úÕE ûª®√yûª éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ- Shankar: It makes no difference/ Little differ-
Venkat: Yes, how can I? That's what I think of.
CNN news channels and also with the help ´îª’a. ence (Whether you go with me or
of Webster's dictionary. Other English dic- Mukund: -DEéÀ ††’o ŧƒ®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´-ü¿-lE -¢√-úÕéÀ 5) Mohan: Can you/ would you lend me the
not). If you are coming just call me.
tionaries also give American spelling, pro- book for two days?
Mukund: I don't mind giving a call. But I'm
îÁ°æ¤p. ¢√úÕ-E -ØË-†’ ûª®√yûª ûª°æpéπ éπ©’-Ææ’-
nunciation and accent. Watching Hollywood John: Certainly. Take it. Don't forget to return
èπ◊çö«. afraid I will forget.
movies will help. Shankar: àç °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ؈’ ¢√úÕéÀ îÁ§ƒh †’¢Áyç- Shankar: Doesn't matter. I will receive Anand it by saturday.
3) 'spoken' is past participle and not past
Ééπ\úø ü¿’èπ◊ ®√™‰-ü¿-E. at the station. You can meet him later. Mohan: I will return it even before that. Shall I
tense. Past participle èπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷ '•úø’-ûª’-†o,— 2) Shriya: Hi Rekha, áéπ\-úø -éÌ-Ø√o´¤ F dress? Mukund: Tell him not to misunderstand me. I ask you one thing if you don't mind?
'•úÕ†— ÅØË Å®√n©’ ´≤ƒh®·. spoken english áçûª ¶«í∫’çüÓ? will meet him later, certainly. (don't mind = -à-´’-†’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË)
English
Åçõ‰ ´÷ö«x-úø-•-úË/ -•-úø’-ûª’†o ÅE Å®Ωnç. Rekha: áéπ\úø éÌØ√o-†ØË N≠æߪ’ç Åô’ç. Eïçí¬ Shankar: Never mind. I will tell him why you John: What is it?
English
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®·ûË ´÷ö«xúË Åçö«ç. ¶«í∫’çü∆? aren't able to come. Mohan: You buy every book. How many of
'The boy bitten by the snake,' Åçõ‰ – §ƒ´·îËûª Shriya: áçûª-®·uçüË? 2) Shriya: Hi Rekha, where did you buy your them do you lose?
éπ®Ω-´-•úøf Ŷ«s®·. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ É™« ņç éπü∆. Rekha: üµ¿®Ω N≠æߪ’ç ´·êuç é¬ü¿’. îÁ°æ¤p. ¶«í∫’çü∆, (the/ this) dress. It's really fine/ fan- John: Is that important now? Do you want
§ƒ´· éπJ-*† Ŷ«s®· Åçö«ç. ™‰ü∆? tastic/ gorgeous. the book or not?
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Sandhya: Where are you going so early,
Shyam?
áéπ\úÕéÀçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤ -¨»uç?
Shyam: Mom, I told you yesterday (that) I
would go to Ram's today. I have
some difficulty with Physics, and he
said (that) he would help me.
E†o îÁ§ƒp-éπ-ü¿´÷t, ®√ç ¢√-R}ç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«h- -¢√-úø’ -´-î√aúø’ = He has come (sub + verb)
†E. Ø√èπ◊ Physics éÌçûª éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC. ÅüË question Å®·ûË:
¢√úø’ ≤ƒßª’ç-îË-≤ƒh-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’. 1) verb + subject
Sandhya: But Dad said (that) he would take
2) Å®·ûË verb ™ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´÷ô-©’çõ‰, Å°æ¤púø’
you to the eye specialist today. You
were complaining of frequent
headaches.
doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊
Ø√†o E†’o
BÆæ’Èé∞«h†Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆. †’´¤y ´÷öÀ, ´÷öÀéÀ
ûª©-ØÌ-°æpç-ô’ç-ö«´¤.
Shyam: Not today. I have the Physics exam
tomorrow. I told dad (that) I would
not be able to go to the doctor today.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 72
He said that..
Ñ¢√∞¡ é¬ü¿’™‰. Í®°æ¤ Ø√èπ◊ physics exam
ÖçC éπü∆. Ø√†oûÓ îÁ§ƒp™‰ Ñ®Ó-V
ú≈éπd®Ω’ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†E.
Sandhya: That's OK. Would you promise me
(that) you would go tomorrow? No
more postponement, understand? I
warn you (that) it will worsen if you
neglect.
ÆæÍ®. Í®°æ¤ ¢Á∞«h-†E ´÷öÀ-≤ƒh¢√? Éçéπ
¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ëߪ’èπ◊. †’´¤y ü∆Eo ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-
*†éÌDl áèπ◊\´´¤ûª’çC.
(worsen- éÃ~ùÀç-îªôç)
°jÆæç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù™ that ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:
1) I told you yesterday that I would go...
2) he said that he would...
3) I told Dad that I wouldn't be...
4) Would you promise me that you would...
5) I warn you that it will worsen.
Ñ sentences ™ that èπ◊ Å®Ωnç 'ÅE— ÅE. ã a) Where can I get some good tea?
N≠æߪ’ç á´-®ΩØ√o îÁÊ°h, Ç N≠æߪ’ç ´·çü¿’ 'that'
´Ææ’hçC.
He told me that he would go.
¢√úø’ ¢Á∞«h-†E Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ƒp-úø’/- Å-Ø√oúø’.
a) I told you yesterday that I would go
Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«h-†E E†o FûÓ ÅØ√o.
b) He said that he would help me
≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh-†E ÅØ√oúø’.
c) I told dad that I wouldn't be... (would not be)
؈’ ¢Á∞¡}™‰-†E Ø√†oûÓ îÁ§ƒp.
d) Would you promise me that you would go
tomorrow?
Í®°æ¤ ¢Á∞«h-†E ´÷öÀ-≤ƒh¢√?
e) I warn you that it would worsen
£«îªa-J-Ææ’hØ√o– ÅC áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E.
鬕öÀd °j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ that Åçõ‰ 'ÅE—.
Å®·ûË ´÷´‚©’ conversations ™, writing ™
èπÿú≈ 'that' ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç. ¢√úø’éπ.
ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’.
°j sentenses that ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ņçúÕ– Å®Ωnç™ ûËú≈
àç Öçúøü¿’.
I told you I would go.
I told you that I would go.
He said he would help me.
He said (that) he would help me.
She says she can't sing any more.
she says that she can't sing any more.
Éé𠧃úø-™‰-†E ÅçöçC.
-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 22 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005
I hope I'll (I will) get a class.
I hope that I will get a class.
´’†ç ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀ lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç– English
™ Question structure èπÿ, statement struc-
ture èπÿ Ö†o ûËú≈:
Statement ™ á°æ¤púø÷ subject ¢Á·ü¿ô, ü∆E
ûª®√yûª verb -´Ææ’hç-C.
Is he here?
Srikar: What happened / What has happened
i) ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«úø’? = Where does he live?
Venkat? Why are you so late?
question structure: ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«úÓ Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?
Venkat: The traffic was very heavy and the
1st word of the verb + subject + other word(s) Do you know where he lives?
auto broke down on the way.
of the verb (Ééπ\úø ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Do you know ´÷vûª¢Ë’ question
Srikar: Didn't you find a phone any where
Is he coming?
- È®çúÓ ¶µ«í∫ç, ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’ç-ö«úÓ question é¬ü¿’ - there?
verb, Is coming-
(Ééπ\úÕ Éçü¿’™ È®çúø’ ´÷ô©’
statement) Venkat: I didn't. Even the auto driver did not
éπü∆?) know where a phone was.
3) 'wh' words begin
ûÓ questions
ÅßË’u ™ Now practise the following aloud in English:
'wh' word + verb + sub.
Å®·ûË Ñ ´÷ô©’ îª÷úøçúÕ:
1) Naresh: Hi Ajitha,
O’ Ø√†o-í¬®Ω’ áéπ\úø?
where is he? 1) amuse = (Å´‚uñ¸ – ´‚u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç, ñ¸
4) 'wh' question verb
Å®·, ™ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ Ajitha: Çߪ’† •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞«}®Ω’. size ™ z ™«í¬) †´¤y °æ¤öÀdç-îªôç, NØÓü¿ç é-π-L-
´÷ô-©’çõ‰: Naresh: áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«}®Ω’?
Tç-îªôç.
'wh' word + 1st word of the verb + subject + Ajitha: Çߪ’-ØÁ-éπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞Ï-}-C Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æp®Ω’. á°æ¤púø’ He amuses us with his jokes.
other words of the verb.
where is he going?
AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh®Ó Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’.
Naresh: ØË-†’ -E-†o Çߪ’† éÓÆæç ´î√a-†E îÁ§ƒp¢√?
(Jokes ûÓ †Ny-≤ƒhúø’)
The boy in the girl's dress amused us.
Å´÷t®· dress ™ Ŷ«s®· ´÷èπ◊ †´¤y
-ûÁ°œpç-î√-úø’.
An amusing movie/ situation - NØÓü¿ç éπ-L-
Tç-îË/- £æ…-Ææu-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ÆœE-´÷/- °æ-J-ÆœnA.
2) annoy = (ÅØÌß˝’ – 'ØÌ— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©-éπçúÕ)
NÆœ-Tç-îªôç; éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îªôç.
a) The way he talks annoys me
¢√úø’ ´÷ö«xúË B®Ω’ Ø√èπ◊ éÓ°æç éπL-T-Ææ’hçC.
Ñ°j N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ O’èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√o-®·-éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ Ñ Ajitha:
Ç. îÁ§ƒp†’. O’È®ç-ü¿’-éÌ-î√a®Ó -ÅúÕT ûÁ©’-Ææ’- b) His silly jokes annoys us
sentence îª÷úøçúÕ:
silly jokes
éÓ-´’-Ø√o®Ω’. ¢√úÕ ´’´’tLo NÆœ-T-≤ƒh®·.
I know where he is Naresh: FûÓ îÁ°æp-™‰-†’™‰, Í®§Ò-≤ƒh†’. c) Don't be annoyed =
éÓ°æp-úø-èπ◊/ -éÓ-°æp-úø-éπçúÕ.
¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. 2) Omkar: Hi Srikar, †’-´¤y -á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’- üË®Ω’- 3) bitter= (Gô – 'G— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) îËü¿’
Ñ sentence statement. Question é¬ü¿’. ûª’-Ø√o-´¤? Coffee/ Tea without milk and sugar is bitter.
'where' ÅØË 'wh' ´÷ô
Srikar: ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω’-û√ØÓ -Ø√Íé -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’.
Öçúø-ôç-´©x Ñ sen- Åçû√ Venkat ´îËa-ü∆-E-O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úÕ-
§ƒ©’, °æçîª-ü∆®Ω éπ©-°æE 鬰∂‘/ öà îËü¿’.
tence question à¢Á÷ éÓ°æç: He is bitter that he did not get the pro-
ÅE ÅE°œç-îª-´îª’a. é¬F ÖçC. motion.
Omkar: ¢√úÁ-°æ¤p-úÌ-îËaC Fèπ◊ phone îËߪ’-™‰ü∆?
é¬ü¿’. ÉC ¢Á·ûªhç state- Promotion ®√™‰-ü¿ØË ¶«üµ¿ûÓ éÓ°æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.
Srikar: àç ïJ-TçüÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. ¢√úÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ phone
ment. Åçü¿’-éπE state- bitter pill = îËü¿’-´÷vûª.
ment structure (sub-
îËߪ’-™‰üÓ èπÿú≈ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ôç ™‰ü¿’. 4) Chair (îµËÅ) – ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç èπ◊Ka. é¬F I want
Omkar: ¢√úÕéÀ O’ train time ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü∆? him to chair the meeting ÅØË sentence ™
ject ´·çü¿÷, verb
Srikar: ûÁ©’Ææ’. ؈’ èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒp†’. chair Åçõ‰ Åüµ¿u-éπ~ûª ´£œ«ç-îªôç (Çߪ’† Æ涵ºèπ◊
ûª®√yûª ´≤ƒh®·) Omkar: ÅCíÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Worry Å´èπ◊.
´÷vûª¢Ë’ Öçô’çC. M. SURESAN Srikar: à´’-®·çC ¢Áçéπö¸? Éçûª late àçöÀ?
Åüµ¿u-éπ~ûª ´£œ«ç-î√-©E Ø√ éÓJ-éπ/ -Å-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’)
É™«çöÀ sentences ™. Venkat: Traffic î√™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçC. Ø√ auto
5) Chase = îµÁß˝’b – ¢Áçô-•úÕ ûª®Ω-´’ôç.
E†o áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√™‰-ü¿E ¢√-úÕ-E ÅúÕ-í¬†’ The tiger chased the deer - °æ¤L >çéπ ¢Áçô-
I asked him why he was absent yesterday.
´’üµ¿u™ ÇT-§Ú-®·çC.
Srikar: Åéπ\úø ü¿í∫_-È®-éπ\ú≈ phone ™‰ü∆?
•-úÕçC. – ¢Ëô, ¢Ëö«-úøôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.
(why was he absent é¬ü¿’éπü∆?)
Venkat: Ø√Íéç éπ-E°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’. Ç auto ¢√úÕéÀ èπÿú≈
(´’ç* tea áéπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çC?) phone áéπ\-úø’çüÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-™‰-ü¿’.
b) Tell me where I can get some good tea. Answers:
(´’ç*tea áéπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çüÓ îÁ°æ¤p)
sentence (a) question, can I
Åçü¿’-éπE ü∆ØÓx
1) Naresh: Hi Ajitha, where is your father?
Ajitha: He has gone out.
-v°æ-¨¡o: Iam poor at spellings. Please, give
information about pronunciation
get Åçö«ç. Naresh: Where has he gone?
casettes and CDs.
sentence (b) statement; question é¬ü¿’– Ajitha: He doesn't tell me / He never tells me
where I can get
-ï-¢√-•’: A Number of Pronunciation casettes
Åçü¿’-éπE Åçö«ç. where he goes. I do not know when he
– -öÀ-.-ñÂÆ°∂ˇÈ®-úÕf, -´®Ωçí∫-™¸
c) where does he go every evening?
will return / he will be back.
and CDs are available in leading
(v°æA ≤ƒßª’çvûªç áéπ\úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«húø’?) Naresh: Did you tell him / Have you told him
d) Ask him where he goes every evening. Book Shops. Pronunciation and
that I came for him yesterday?
spelling casettes and CDs prepared
(v°æA ≤ƒßª’çvûªç áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«húÓ ¢√-úÕ-†-úø’í∫’) Ajitha: I did / I have. He told me / wanted me
sentence (c) question 鬕öÀd where does by Central Institute of English and
to find out why you had come.
he go? Foreign Languages are also avail-
Naresh: I can't tell you (of it). I'll (will) come
sentence (d) statement 鬕öÀd where he able in Hyderabad. A number of for-
tomorrow.
goes. ÉC English ™ î√-™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† ûËú≈. eign books on Conversation, pronun-
2) Omkar: Hi Srikar, when are you starting?
e) ¢√úÁ-éπ\úø éÌØ√oúø’ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç? ciation and spelling carry casettes
Srikar: I myself do not know when I am
(Ø√Íé)
Where did he buy the book? and CDs with them. Enquire for them
going to start. (It) depends on when
f) He did not tell me where he had bought the in the market.
-v°æ-¨¡o: -ØË-†’ -Å-¨é¬ -ô÷u-≠æ-Ø˛ ÂÆç-ô-®˝ °--ö«d-©-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-
Venkat comes here. / On venkat's com-
book ing here.
Ø√o-†’. -î√-™«-´’ç-CTutorials, tution cen-
Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø éÌØ√oúÓ Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. Omkar: Has'nt he phoned you when he is com-
tre, tuition centre -Å-E ®√Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. -à-C
(°æ¤Ææhéπç é̆ôç ´·çü¿’, îÁ°æpôç ûª®√yûª – 鬕öÀd ing.
had bought) éπÈ®èπ◊d? -ØË-†’ Asoka's tutorials, Asoka
Srikar: I don't know what has happened. I
g) = Where has he gone? tutorial's
– -à-C ®√-ߪ÷-L?
¢√úÁ-éπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«}úø’? don't know either (not either)
ûÓ èπÿú≈ =
(Question - So, has he gone?)
-ï-¢√-•’: Tuition ÅØËC Correct spelling. Asoka
why he has'nt phoned. – -áç.-N.-ï-ߪ’ π◊-´÷®˝, -†-Kq°æ-ôoç
h) No one knows where he has gone Omkar: Doesn't he know the time of your train.
¢√úÁ-éπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«}úÓ á´-Jéà ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. Srikar: He does / He knows. I told him too. Tutorials correct. Ñ È®çúø’ -°æü∆™x üË-EéÃ
(Statement; so - he has gone. Omkar: There he is. Don't worry. Apostrope (') s ('s) ®√ü¿’.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 24 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005

spoken english -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Raghav: Good morning Doctor
4) Doctor (patient ): examina-
E®Ωy-£œ«çîË °æKéπ~ èπ◊
Doctor: Good morning. Come in. Name and
tion. A doctor examines a patient.
other things please.
5)
®Óí∫¢Ë’çö ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ îËÊÆ °æK-éπ~©’.
Raghav: I am Raghav, aged 19, doing my 3rd
Tests: Blood test, urine test, motion
(´‚vûª)
year degree.
(´’©) test, sputum
(éπ ∞ Î test, etc.
x )
rd year
Ø√ Ê°®Ω’ ®√°∂æ’¢˛, 19 à∞¡Ÿx, 3 6) Diagnosis
(úøߪ’-íÓo-ÆœÆˇ) – 'íÓo— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊ü∆ç = 3 a) v°æé¬≠ˇ °æü∑¿uç BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ Doctor:
ï©’-•’çü∆?
degree îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. ®Óí∫ E®Ωgß ª ’ç = ¢√uCµ °∂晫Ø√C ÅE E®Ωg-®·ç-îªúøç. Prakash is on diet. Ramesh:
Ç. îªLí¬ èπÿú≈ ÖçC.
Doctor: Your complaint? (-F -¶«-üµË-N’-öÀ?) 7) °j† îÁ°œp† tests ÅFo èπÿú≈ diagnostic tests. b) ؈’ E†o-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ °æü∑¿u°æ¤ Ç£æ…-®Ωç BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o†’ Doctor: O.K.
Raghav: I have had a fever since yesterday
Ñ ´’çü¿’©’ BÆæ’éÓçúÕ. ÅN
and a headache since last night. I feel
(Åçõ‰ ¢√uCµ -à-N’-ö E®Ωg-®·ç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊îËÊÆ °æK-éπ~©’) I was on diet till yesterday. †ßª’ç îË≤ƒh®·.
8) Prescription - Doctor ´’çü¿’©’ ®√ÆœîËa é¬Tûªç. c) Öûªh-§ƒ©’, bread ´÷vûª¢Ë’ BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ Ramesh: °æü∑¿uç à´’Ø√o -§ƒ-öÀç-î √-™« doctor?
rather weak too.
E†oöÀ †’ç* ïy®Ωç, ®√vA †’ç* ûª©-ØÌ-°œpí¬ 9) (pronunciation - v°œvÆœ\-°æ{Ø˛ 'vÆœ\— ØÌé¬\L)
Prescribe: Doctor Ñ ´’çü¿’©’, Ñ ¢Ájü¿uç
He has been on diet of milk and bread for Doctor: §ƒ©’, bread ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Barley
ÖçC. éÌçûª F®ΩÆæçí¬ èπÿú≈ ÖçC. the past four days/ BÆæ’éÓçúÕ.
(rather - é¬Ææh áèπ◊\-´í¬) BÆæ’éÓç-úøE îÁ°æpôç. Doctor ´’çü¿’©’ ®√Æœ-´yôç. He has been taking only bread and milk for 2) Ramana: Hi Ravi, àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’?
(Prescribe - v°œwÂÆj \¶¸ – 'wÂÆj \— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)
Doctor: You have a temperature of above 100. the past four days. Ravi: éÌçîÁçbad news. ©éπ~ t-ù˝Íéç ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’.
10) treat - ¢Ájü¿uç îËߪ’ôç/ *éÀûªq îËߪ’ôç
Well, take these tablets and have
11) treatment - ¢Ájü¿uç/- *-éÀûªq
ÉO doctors èπÿ, medicines èπÿ, patients èπÿ Ramana: ÅÈ®. Eïçí¬ ¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC. áEo
complete rest. Avoid solids today.
12) A course of tablets/ injections - ´÷vûª©,
Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† conversational expressions. ÉC ®ÓV-©’í¬ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’?
Only liquids. That's my prescription. èπÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Ravi: Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ temperature
100 úÕvU©Â°jí¬ temperature ÖçC. 13) injections ¢Ájü¿uç §Òçü¿
Ææçêu – Doctor EÍ®l-¨»-†’-≤ƒ®Ωç.
’ûª’çúøôç = to be under treat- 4) He is suffering from a fever- ÖçúÕçC. Ñ®Ó-V Doctor îÁ§ƒpúø’
-Ñ®Ó-V solids - °∂æ’†-°æ-ü∆-®√n©’ – ņoç ment, to undergo treatment, to take treat-
ÉC common í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. ÉC éÌç-îÁç typhoid ©éπ~-ù«-©E. 3 ¢√®√©’ ¢Ájü¿uç,
™«çöÀN ´ü¿’l. vü¿´ °æü∆®√n™‰ BÆæ’éÓ. ment.
§ƒçúÕûªuç. conversational í¬ (spoken form) rest BÆæ’éÓ-´’-Ø√oúø’.
( temperature - pronunciation - õ„çv°æµ Å®·ûË– Ramana: ûªy®Ωí¬ éÓ©’-éÓ-¢√-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
'õ„ç— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. a) He has a fever/ He is down with a fever. (éÓ©’-éÓ-´ôç = recover)
Prescription - Doctor ®√ÆœîËa ´’çü¿’©’) b) She has been down with 'flu for the past 2 Answers:
Raghav: What's the dosage doctor?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 73
days.
1) Doctor: How long have you had this fever?
à ´÷vûª©’ áØÁoEo á°æ¤púø’ -¢ËÆæ’éÓ-¢√L? 'flu
È®çvúÓ-V-©’í¬ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ í¬ ÖçC.
Doctor: The first one, three times a day, after Ramesh: For the past/ last two days.
taking in something. The second one
at bed time. See me again tomorrow
evening.
¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-N ®ÓVèπ◊ ´‚úø’ – àüÁjØ√ ǣ慮Ωç
BÆæ’-èπ◊†o ûª®√y-ûË. È®çúÓC ®√vA °æúø’-éÓ-
¶-ßË’-´·çü¿’ äéπöÀ. Í®°æ¤ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´’S}
®ΩçúÕ.
He has a fever
Raghav: Hope it isn't any thing serious, doctor? 5) Doctor Doctor: Why didn't
14) diet:ǣ慮Ωç/ °æü∑¿uç °æ‹Jh Nv¨»çA BÆæ’éÓ-´’çõ‰–
serious
àç Doctor
é¬ü¿’ éπü∆, ? The doctor's (the doctor has) advised her you come
15) symptoms = ¢√uCµ ©éπ~-ù«©’
Doctor: I don't think so. Don't Worry. It's just complete rest (for a week/ ten days, etc.) earlier?
an ordinary fever. If it doesn't come Look at the following :
6) ï•’s = illness/ ailment/ disease. Ñ ´‚úø÷ (early =
down by tomorrow, let's have some (Read it aloud two or three times)
èπÿú≈countables. plurals – illnesses,
OöÀéÀ ´·çü¿’,ear-
tests done. Nothing to worry about. a) He had had a fever and (a) headache since
ailments, diseases ¢√úø’-éπ™ ÖØ√o®·. OöÀE lier = Åçûª-
Take complete rest. yesterday. The doctor examined him this
singular a/ an
í¬ ¢√úÕûË ûª°æpéπ -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒhç. éπçõ‰/
Worry morning and prescribed some tablets. He
ØË-††’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Å´-éπçúÕ. a) He is very weak because of an illness/ an Éçûªèπ◊
´÷´‚©’ ïy®Ωç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Í®°æ-öÀéÀ took the prescription to the medical shop and
ailment/ a disease. ´·çü¿’) M. SURESAN
ûªí∫_-éπ-§ÚûË éÌEo °æK-éπ~©’ îË®·ü∆lç. àç bought the medicines. The doctor advised
him complete rest. The doctor put him on a
Çߪ’† àüÓ ï•’s-´©x F®Ω-Ææçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’. Ramesh: I took some medicine to bring
°∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’. b) The doctor is unable to diagnose their dis-
liquid diet. (Put this passage in Telugu) down the temperature.
(ïy®Ωç, temperature ™«çöÀN ûªí∫_ôç = eases
come down) Practise the following: Doctor: Did it cure you?
¢√∞¡x ¢√uüµ¿’-™‰-N’ö Çߪ’† E®√l¥-Jç-îª-™‰-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.
°j Ææ綵«-≠æù™– ï•’s-©èπ◊, patients èπ◊, doctors c) He has serious ailments Ramesh: No. That's why I am here/ I came
1 a) This doctor is treating my friend/ the
èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç*† expressions í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. patient Çߪ’-†èπ◊ Bv´-¢Á’i† ï•’s©’ ÖØ√o®·. to you.
1) Complaint = Patient (®ÓT) ¶«üµ¿, Ææ´’Ææu. Ñ doctor friend/
Ø√ ®ÓTéÀ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. 7) ¢√uCµ E¢√-®Ωù = cure = †ßª’ç îËߪ’ôç Doctor: O.K. What are your complaints?
2) English™ fever, headache, temperature ÅFo b) My friend/ the patient is taking treatment a) Doctor ÅûªE ï•’s†’ †ßª’ç î˨»úø’ Ramesh: Temperature, headache and body
countables. Åçõ‰ ¢√öÀéÀ singular, plural num- from this doctor The doctor has cured his disease/ cured ache/ pains all over the body.
bers Öçö«®·. Singular ´·çü¿’ a/ an ´≤ƒh®·. friend/ doctor him.
Åçü¿’Íé a fever, a temperature, a headache.
´÷ ®ÓT Ñ ü¿í∫_®Ω *éÀûªq §Òçü¿’- Doctor: Have you/ Do you have a cold
ûª’-Ø√oúø’. b) The medicine is a good cure
3) Weak = (Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’) F®ΩÆæçí¬ Öçúøôç. too?
c) My friend/ the patient is under this doctor's Ñ ´’çü¿’ ´’ç*C.
c) The medicine has cured him of his illness (Cold = ï©’•’ – countable)
F®ΩÆæç é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV©’çúÕ •©-£‘«-†-ûªí¬ Öçõ‰ treatment
= debility (EÆæq-ûª’h´) My friend/ the patient is undergoing treat- ÅûªE ï•’s†’ Ç ´’çü¿’ †ßª’ç îËÆœçC. Ramesh: Yes. And I fell very cold.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Cheer (n&v), cheerful (adj) and yacht ment. Oô-Eo-öÀéà äÍé Å®Ωnç.
My friend, patient I, we, you, he,
8) ï•’sí¬ Öçúøôç = ill.
Åûª-EéÀ ï•’sí¬ ÖçC/- Å-ûª†’ ï•’s-°æ-ú≈fúø’ Doctor:
(feel cold - îªLí¬ Öçúøôç)
O.K. Take these medicines. They
(n) pronunciation
-™ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. •ü¿’©’
she, they, any name, any relationship He is ill. ÉC î√-™« simple expression. will cure you.
2) 2X5 = 10. two, five
-D-Eo '-ñ«u— ten -Å-E
(brother, cousin, uncle, etc) sen- He has been ill for a week
-îª-ü¿-¢√-©ç-ö«®Ω’. -E-ï-¢Ë’-Ø√? †’ ¢√úÕ Â°j Ramesh: What about the diet?
3) Retired èπ◊ Retd. -™‰-ü∆ Rtd.-©-™ ÆæÈ®j-† tences †’ N’í∫û√ times of action ™ (í∫ûªç™, -Å-ûª-úø’ -¢√®Ωçí¬ ï•’sûÓ ÖØ√oúø’ Doctor: Just bread and milk. You can take
future practice He has been ailing for a week.
abbreviation -à-C? Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊, ™) îËߪ’çúÕ (Åçõ‰
barley.
different tenses These are symptoms of Malaria
-ï-¢√-•’: – -öÀ.-P-´, -†ç-CéÌ-ô÷\®Ω’ ™).
Just one example: ´’™‰-Jߪ÷ ©éπ~-ù«©’. 2) Ramana: Hi Ravi, what news?
1) Cheer- *µßª’ (Jߪ’-™ ¸™ Jߪ’-™«í∫). cheerful: Ramesh took/ has taken/ has been taking/ Now Practise the following in English. Ravi: A bit of bad news. Lakshman isn't
*µßª’-°∂ˇ™ ¸; yacht=ߪ’ö¸/-ߪ÷ö¸. (ߪ’ö¸ will take treatment from this doctor- É™« °j† well/ Lakshman is ailing.
1) Doctor: Ñ ïy®Ωç FÈéçûª 鬩çí¬ ÖçC?
ņo°æ¤púø®·ûË, °ü¿-´¤-©†’ í∫’çvúøçí¬ A°œp Ø√©’éπ îÁ°œp† ÅEo-®Ω-鬩 sentences practice
†’ Ramana: I'm (I am) really sorry. How long
Ramesh: í∫ûª È®çvúÓ-V-©’í¬
éÌçîÁç ™°æ-LéÀ §ÚE-´yçúÕ; ߪ÷ö¸ ņo-°æ¤úø’ îËߪ’çúÕ. Doctor: ´·çüË áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√™‰ü¿’? has he been suffering?/ How long
Ø√©’éπ flat í¬ Â°ôdçúÕ) 2) We take treatment from a doctor for a dis-
Ramesh: ØËØË àüÓ ´’çü¿’-¢√-ú≈†’, temperature has he been down?
2) 2$5=10†’ two five 'ñ«u— ten ņôç ûª°æ¤p. DEo ease.
Ravi: He has had a temperature for the
îªü¿-¢√-LqçC, Two fives are ten ÅE. a) He is taking treatment from Dr. Sankar for ûªÍí_ç-ü¿’èπ◊.
Pronunciation: ô’ °∂j¢√b-õ„Ø˛ ÅE; Ééπ\-úø '-ï— -´ûª’h Jaundice (Jaundice= 鬢Á’®Ω’x) Doctor: Fèπ◊ ü∆E-´©x †ßª’-´’-®·çü∆? past four days. The doctor told him
size ™ z ™«í∫ °æ©-éπçúÕ. Are E 'Ç— í¬ °æ©-éπçúÕ; b) She is undergoing treatment for typhoid Ramesh: ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’Íé O’ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-éÌ-î √a†’. that it is typhoid. He advised him
*´J 'r' silent. (Tu faivza : ten) - ÉC English (Typhoid èπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç îË®·ç--éÌç-öçC) Doctor: ÆæÍ®, O’¶«üµ¿-™‰çö îÁ°æpçúÕ.(complaint) rest and treatment for three weeks.
pronunciation. c) He has been under treatment for a week Ramesh: Temperature, headache, -ä∞¡Ÿx Ramana: Let's wish him a speedy recovery.
3) Retd correct.
ÅØËC now. (¢√®Ωçí¬ Çߪ’† *éÀ-ûªq -§Òç-ü¿’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’) ØÌ°æ¤p©’.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 27 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005
Bhaskar: Hi Krishna, When are you leaving for Charan: It arrives at 10 and departs at 10.10.
Delhi? It reaches the destination next morn-
Delhi
éπ%-≥ƒg, á°æ¤p-úÁ-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤? ing at 9.
Charan: On Sunday, by the AP Express. 10 éÀ ´Ææ’hçC, 10–10éÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’hçC.
AP Express
´îËa ÇC-¢√®Ωç, ™. Destination (= í∫´’uç/ îË®Ω-´-©-Æœ† îÓô’,
Next Sunday
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: 'The' ´·çü¿’ Delhi)
Ééπ\úø ûª®√yA §Òü¿’l†o 9 í∫çô-©èπ◊
Sunday next
¢√úøç; Å®·ûË sunday ņo-°æ¤púø’ îË®Ω’hçC.
The
´·çü¿’ Trains
¢√úøû√ç. 'TheÊ°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ Bhaskar: Have you booked your return jour-
´Ææ’hçC. ney?
Bhaskar: Have you booked the ticket? / Reserve
A®Ω’í∫’ v°æߪ÷-ù«-EéÀ îËÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o¢√?
reserve your ticket? Charan: I am not sure when I return. Depends
ticket reserve
-F -îËÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o-¢√? on what my uncle says. High on the waitlist (wait list ™ ´·çü¿’ç-úøôç) 12) arrival = îËJéπ; Departure = •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç. -´’®Ó
(Ticket = öÀéÀö¸ – 'öÀ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhØÓ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. low on the wait list (wait list ™ éÀçü¿ Öçúøôç) ®Ωéπçí¬ – ®√éπ (arrival), §Úéπ (departure)
Charan: yes, yesterday. I am travelling II ´÷ uncle îÁÊ°p ü∆Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC. 8) Make do with = ÆæJ-°æ¤-a-éÓ-´ôç/ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-´ôç. 13) Destination = í∫´’uç, îËÍ®/ -îË-®Ω-´-©-Æ œ† îÓô’.
sleeper class. There was no accom- Bhaskar: OK then, see you tomorrow at sta- a) Fèπ◊ ؈’ ´çü¿ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ É´y-í∫-©†’. The destination of the AP express from
modation in the AC classes. tion. ü∆çûÓ Ææ®Ω’léÓ. Hyderabad is New Delhi.
II sleeper ™ Ø√ v°æߪ÷ùç. AC Í®°æ¤ Station
™ éπ©’ü∆lç. I can give you only Rs 100/-. Make do AP Express
£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ †’ç* •ßª’-™‰lÍ® í∫´’uç
Classes ™ îÓô’-™‰ü¿’. Charan: Bye! with it. New Delhi.
Accommodation =
( Å鬴’úÁ-ß˝’-≠æØ˛ – 'úÁß˝’— Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ´*a† v°æߪ÷-ù«-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† b) †’NyîËaü∆çûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. 14) On the train/ on board the train = train ™,
ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. ´·çü¿’-†o '-Å— ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °æ©éπç. ´÷ô©’ îª÷ü∆lç. I'll make do with whatever you give. on the journey = v°æߪ÷ùç™ (during the
Å®Ωnç = îÓô’, ´ÆæA) 1) Leaving - leave = •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç. ¢Á∞¡xôç. 9) Catering service (Èéß˝’-ô-Jçí˚ ÆæNÆˇ) = ´çô, journey ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç)
Bhaskar: Why didn't you go earlier? I leave for college at 9 every day. ´úøf†. on travel = while on travel = -v°æ-ߪ÷-ùç-™
(´·çüË áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á-∞¡}™‰ü¿’?) (leave - left - left) äéπ îÓ-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç/ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç Cater = ´çúÕ ´úÕfç-îªôç, ´·êuçí¬ parties èπÿ, travel = v°æߪ÷ùç, v°æߪ÷-ùÀç-îªôç (vö«´™¸);
leave for a place. °Rx∞¡⁄x ´Èíj-®√-©èπ◊ (cater = Èéß˝’-ô®˝) Comfort = Ææ’êç/ -≤˘-éπ®Ωuç
a) Çߪ’† îÁØÁj o †’ç* Delhi éÀ E†o -¢Á-∞«xúø’ catering = Èéß˝’-ô-Jçí˚ – -Ñ -Å-Eo °æ-ü∆-©-™  'Èé— - Travel in comfort with less luggage
He left Chennai for Delhi yesterday. ØÌéÀ\ °æ-©é¬-L. ûªèπ◊\´ luggage ûÓ Ææ’êçí¬ v°æߪ÷-ùÀç-îªçúÕ.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 74
b) Ç¢Á’ E†o Ééπ\úø †’ç* ¢ÁRxçC. áéπ\-úÕéÓ caterers = Èéß˝’-ô®Ω-ñ ¸ = ´çúÕ, ´úÕfçîË¢√∞¡Ÿx (com-
Now practise the following in English.
ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. pany/ restaurant, etc)
Gowtham:
O’ v°æߪ÷ùç ᙫ ïJ-TçC?
Sekhar:
î√-™« Ææ’êç-í¬ØË ïJ-TçC.

How was your journey?

Gowtham:
Ééπ\úÕéÀ á°æ¤púø’ îË®√®Ω’?
Sekhar: train
îË®√-Lq† time 10.35 é¬E 15
EN’-≥ƒ©’ Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·çC.
Gowtham: ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ á°æ¤p-úÌ≤ƒh®Ω’?
Sekhar: Í®°æ¤, á©’xç-úŒ ؈’ busy. Ç ûª®√yûª
Charan: The booking clerk told me that by last
®ÓV university ™ °æ†’çC. Ç ®ÓV
She left here yesterday. No idea where for. 10) See off = send off = time Öçõ‰ ´≤ƒh. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ îÁ°æpôç
sunday itself the AC classes were (No Idea É™«-¢√-úøôçpractice
îËߪ’çúÕ)
full. If I wanted AC, I would be 34 on
OúÓ\-©’/-O-úÓ\©’ éπ≠d¢æ Ë’.
2) Train /bus /plane by train, by bus,
Gowtham: Ç ûª®√yûª ®ÓV ®√´îª’a éπü∆?
™ ™ ™ = É´yôç
the wait list. by plane. a) ؈’ ´÷ friend †’ Sekhar:
sunday AC class-
ÅüË癉ü¿’. éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Íé AP express ™ = By the AP express
Ç®ÓV ؈’ AJT ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o.
es clerk
°æç°œç-îª-ö«-EéÀ Gowtham: Ç ®ÓV O’ train á°æ¤púø’? ≤ƒßª’çvûªç
ÅFo EçúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷-ߪ’E îÁ§ƒpúø’. 3) Tickets reserve îËÆæ’éÓ-´-ôç/ -éÌ-†’-éÓ\-´ôç = (OúÓ\©’ É´y-ö«-EéÀ –
wait (waiting list)
鬢√-©çõ‰ ™ 34 - book tickets. (book journey. buy tickets éπü∆, ´÷ Éçöx lunch èπ◊ ®ΩçúÕ.
ÉC ûÁ©’-í∫’™ éÌçîÁç Sekhar: ´÷ ÇNúø shopping ¢Á∞«x-
üÌ®Ω’èπ◊-ûª’ç-ü¿-Ø√o-úø’.
Bhaskar: That's risky. You can't be sure of
ņ-´îª’a. Reservation buy tickets in
Å®·ûË §ƒçúÕûªuç, ´÷´‚©’ M. SURESAN Ç®ÓV
advance) ´÷ô™x ¢√úøç ©ç- -ö çC.
accommodation when you are so low Advance booking (´·çü¿’í¬ éÌE Öç-éÓ-´ôç) Gowtham: Ç®ÓV O’ tickets book Åߪ÷uߪ÷?
on the wait(ing) list. current booking (á°æpöÀéπ°æ¤púø’ é̆’-éÓ\-´ôç) éπü∆?) station èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ûª®√yA ®ÓV ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ.
I am going to the station to see my friend
Waiting list ™ 34 Å®·ûË Æ‘ô’ üÌ®Ω-éπôç éπ-≠d-¢æ Ë’. [current = ]
ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o/ v°æÆæ’h-ûª Sekhar: Ç. -Åߪ÷u®·. ûª®√yûª ´‚úø’ ®ÓV©
off (to Delhi)/ to send off my friend (to
Charan: That's why I preferred II sleeper. And 4) ã class
™ v°æߪ÷-ùÀç-îªôç = travel a class. à train ™ ë«S ™‰ü¿’. O©-®·-
Delhi) ´®Ω è π ◊
I got the berth of my choice. a)Åûª†’ á°æ¤púø÷ II sleeper ™ v°æߪ÷ùç îË≤ƒhúø’ b) ؈’ stationèπ◊ ®√Ø√ †’¢Áy-∞Ïx-ô°æ¤p-úø’? †çûª ´®Ω èπÿ Ç ®ÓV O’ ÉçöÀéÀ ®√´-ö«-
II Sleeper
Åçü¿’Íé áç-èπ◊Ø√o. Ø√é¬\-´- He always travels II class sleeper
shall I see you off at the station. EéÀ v°æ ß ª’-Ao-≤ƒh†’. ®√éπ-§ÚûË à´’-†’-éÓ-
berth
©-Æœ† üÌJ-éÀçC. b) Ç¢Á’ I class ™ v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-≤ÚhçC
c) Çߪ ’† Nü∆u-®Ω’n© ’ î√-™«´’çC Çߪ ’-†èπ◊ ´ü¿’l. -Ñ≤ƒJ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ O’ ÉçöÀéÀ
berth pronunciation 'ber', 'bird'
( 'bir' ™ ™«í¬ She is travelling I class
'r' silent. (by/ on/ in first class é¬ü¿’) OúÓ\-L-î√a®Ω’ (station ™) ´≤ƒh†’.
A numbers of his students saw him off at Gowtham: ††’o E®√¨¡ °æ®Ω’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. (disappoint)
(of my choice = of your choice
Ø√é¬\-´-©-Æœ†. 5) Accommodation = Train
´ÆæA. ™ Å®·ûË îÓô’
(seat/ berth) the station. OK. Å®·ûË Øˆ’ Ç®ÓV station èπ◊
= Fé¬\-´-©-Æœ†)
6) Wait (ing) list = Berths/ seats wait 11) See off X receive ´≤ƒh†’ O’èπ◊ O-úÓ\-L-´y-ö«-EéÀ. O’èπ◊
Bhaskar: What about your food on the jour- éÓÆæç îËÊÆ
Receive Åçõ‰ á´È®j oØ√ BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´ôç station train ™ AØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ food èπÿú≈ BÆæ’éÌ-
ney? I suggest you take it from home. v°æߪ÷-ùÀèπ◊© ñ«Gû√. á´-È®jØ√ v°æߪ÷ùç ´÷†’-
The food on the train is expensive èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√∞¡x Æ‘ô’x ´®Ω’Ææ véπ´’ç™ wait(ing) list™ èπ◊ í¬E, bus stand èπ◊ í¬F ¢ÁRx. ≤ƒh†’.
a) She has gone to the station to receive Sekhar: Station èπ◊ ®ΩçúÕ. é¬E food ´ü¿’l. train
and not so good. Ö†o ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ É≤ƒh®Ω’.
her father
v°æߪ÷-ùç™ ǣ慮Ωç Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ? †’´¤y 7) Wait(ing) list™ Ö†o ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ seat/ berth ë«ßª’- ™ food ûÓ í∫-úÕÊ°≤ƒhç -™„çúÕ.
ÉçöÀ †’ç* BÆæ’Èé-∞¡}-ô-¢Ë’ ´’ç*C. ÅüË ´’-´ôç - confirmed. ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o-†’ BÆæ’èπ◊-®√-´-ö«-EéÀ station èπ◊ Gowtham: ††’o BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-E-´yç-úÕ. Ø√éπüÓ
Ø√ Ææ©£æ…. Train ™ Ţ˒t-C üµ¿È®-èπ◊\-¢Ë My tickets/ accommodation has been con- -¢Á-R}ç-C. ÆæçûÓ≠æç.
firmed. b) There was none to receive him at the Sekhar: OK.
é¬èπ◊çú≈ Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úøü¿’.
Charan: Mom is not in town. I am going to
Ø√èπ ◊ îÓô’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ - berth/ seat - ÖçC – ë«ßª’- station
make do with the food on the train.
´’- ® ·uçC. Çߪ’† éÓÆæç á´®Ω÷ ®√™‰ü¿’.
I've (I have) heard that the catering
service on the AP Express isn't so -v°æ-¨¡o: 1. Key words Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? -O-öÀ-E Ê°®√-ví¬°∂æ¤-™ -à -N-üµ¿çí¬ í∫’-Jhç-î√-L?
È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ -´÷-ô-™-ûÓ -Öç-úÕ, verb ™«í¬ °æEE ûÁ-LÊ° expression, phrasal
bad. 2. 'Phrasal verbs'
í∫’-Jç-* -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’. i) Transitive, ii) intransitive verb. He put out the light -
Ééπ\úø put out ÅØËC Phrasal verb, ÇÍ®p-¨»úø’ ÅØË
´÷ Å´’t Ü∞x-™‰ü¿’. Train™ AçúÕ-ûÓØË verbs
-†’ -á-™« í∫’-Jhç-î√-L? Å®ΩnçûÓ. take care of -
ÉC èπÿú≈ phrasal verb.
ÆæJ-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L. AP Express ¢√∞¡x 3. She will be awarded. -D-E-E She will be award -Å-ØÌ-î√a? i) Transitive verb - object
Ö†o verb. 'Buy' (é̆ôç) – DEéÀ object ÖçC –
(á´Jo), üËEo é̆ôç Åçõ‰ – àüÓ äéπ-ü∆Eo é̆ôç ÅØË answer ´Ææ’hçC– 鬕öÀd
- ï - ¢ √- • ’:
ǣ慮Ωç °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿ØË NØ√o. – -Åçéπç Ææ’-üµ∆éπ®˝, °-ü¿l-´’-™«xÈ®-úÕf, -Gµ πÿo®˝
Bhaskar: I wish to see you off at the station. 1. Key words Åçõ‰ äéπ passage ÉC transitive. Å™«Íí 'see' (îª÷úøôç) á´Jo (üËEE îª÷úøôç Åçõ‰, äéπJo/
à N≠æ-ߪ’ç í∫’-Jç-* îªJa-Ææ’hçüÓ ûÁLÊ°
What are its times of arrival and ´÷ô©’. Paragraph/ Passage †’ îªC-¢Ë-°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.¢√öÀE äéπ ´Ææ’h-´¤†’ îª÷úøôç ÅØË answer ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd ÅC transitive verb.
departure? When do you reach í∫’Jhç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† °æü¿l¥-ûªçô÷ à-D-™‰-ü¿’. ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. ii) Intransitive verb: á´Jo, üËEE ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ answer ™‰EC. He goes
Delhi? The important task before any government is to provide the to Hyderabad every week. go = ¢Á∞¡xôç – á´Jo/ üËEE ¢Á∞¡xôç Åçõ‰
؈’ Fèπ◊ OúÓ\©’ É´y-ö«-EéÀ Station èπ◊ people with the minimum level of education. Ñ sentence ™ answer ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, ÉC intransitive.
´≤ƒh. Train ®√éπ-§Ú-éπ© times àçöÀ? key word - 'education' ÅE ûÁ©’-≤Úhç-C -éπü∆. Åçõ‰ Ñ sentence 3. She will be award - Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’. Ééπ\úø be form ûª®√yûª ®√´--©ÆœçC past par-
Delhi á°æ¤púø’ îË®√h´¤? ÖçúË Passage Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷ØËo îªJa-Ææ’hç-ü¿-†o-´÷ô. ticiple – awarded. It will be seen Åçö«ç é¬F, It will be see ņç éπü∆.
(see off = send off = OúÓ\-©’/-O-úÓ\©’ É´yôç) 2. Phrasal verbs - verb ™«í∫ ¢√úø - í ∫ - L - T - † ´÷ô© èπ ÿ ®Ω ’ p†’ Phrasal verb Åçö«ç. v°æA¶µº lessons ™ six forms of the verb ´’®Ó´÷®Ω’ îª÷úøçúÕ.

spoken english -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Prahlad: Hi Nagaraj, where were you yester-
day? you didn't turn up for the meet-
ing.(E-†o -áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤? meeting èπ◊
®√™‰üËç?) turn up £æ…ï-®Ω-´-úøç; turn up is
always followed by 'for'
Nagaraj: I was home all the day. I was busy
tidying up the place. I had thought it
doing two days before, but didn't find
the time (®Óïçû√ ÉçöxØË ÖØ√o. É©’x Ææ®Ω’l-
ûª’Ø√o.È®ç-úø’ ®Ó-V© éÀçü¿ Ææ®Ω’l-ü∆-´’-†’-èπ◊Ø√o.
é¬F time üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’.)
Prahlad: Why? was it so untidy?
(Åçûª *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ Öçü∆?)
Nagaraj: It was. The whole place was in a
mess. I had neglected for two weeks.
Nothing was in its proper place
(-É-™xç-û√ í∫ç-ü¿®ΩíÓ-∞¡çí¬- Öç-C. È®ç-úø’ -¢√®√-©’ éÌç--îªç
-ÖÊ°éÀ~ç-î√...-Åç-ûË àD Öçú≈-Lq† îÓô ™‰ü¿’)
Prahlad: I'm afraid you are too worried about
tidiness (†’´¤y É©’x Å´’-Jéπ í∫’-Jç-* ´’K
°æöÀdç--èπ◊ç-ö«-´-†’-èπ◊çö«)
Nagaraj: No. My table was untidy, with a lot of
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 75
îª÷Ææ’èπ◊ç-ô’ç-D N≠æ-ߪ÷-©-†Eo)
Nagaraj: I like the work. I can't bear to see a
thing out of place. I want the home
(Öçú≈-Lq† îÓô ´Ææ’h´¤ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË Ø√èπ◊
ûÓîªü¿’. bear to see = (îª÷Ææ÷h) ¶µºJç-
îªúøç.) I didn't leave out even the attics
(Åô-éπ©’ èπÿú≈ ´ü¿-™‰xü¿’) What a lot of
dust! (áçûª ü¿’¢Á÷t) I had to throw
away a number of useless things. (Ö°æ-
ßÁ÷í∫ç ™‰E ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ §ƒÍ®¨») I bundled
up all the newspapers. I will dispose
them of today.
(§ƒûª news papers Å-Fo éπôd©’ éπö«d†’.
¢√öÀF Ñ ®ÓV Ţ˒t-≤ƒh†’.Bundle = éπôd;
éπôdúøç. dispose of = Ţ˒t-ߪ’úøç)
Prahlad: You appear to be a stickler for clean-
liness (¨¡Ÿv¶µºûª Åçõ‰ î√-™« °æöÀdç-°æ¤í¬ Ö†o-
ô’dçC, Fèπ◊.stickler= àüÁjØ√ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo
í∫öÀdí¬ °æöÀdç--èπ◊ØË ¢√®Ω’ stickler for punc-
tuality = Ææ´’-ߪ’-§ƒ-©† °æöÀdç°æ¤çúË ¢√úø’)
Nagaraj: You can say that. By the time I was
through it was 6 in the evening you
know mom will be pleasantly sur-
prised to see the glittering stove, and
the utensils. ´÷ Å´’t ûª∞¡-ûª∞¡ ¢Á’JÊÆ
stove©†’ §ƒvûª-©†÷ îª÷Æœ ÆæçûÓ≠æçûÓ
Ǩ¡a-®Ωu°æúø’ûª’çC.utensils = vessels =
-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 29 -†-´ç-•®Ω’ 2005
Answers:
8) give a good wash = ¶«í¬ éπúø-í∫úøç
Koumudi: Hi Priya, You are not to be seen.
9) reset = Öçú≈-Lq† îÓô ´’Sx °ôdúøç
Priya: We met just the day (before). I went to
10) cobwebs = ≤ƒ™„-í∫÷∞¡Ÿx, •÷V
my uncle's yesterday. They were tidying
11) make up bed = °æéπ\ Ææ®Ωlúøç
up their home. I lent a hand.
12) dirt = ´·JéÀ, dust = ü¿’´·t
(lend a hand = ≤ƒßª’-°æ-úøúøç)
13) attic = ÅöÀé˙ = Åôéπ
Koumudi: You are good at tidying up and
14) I was through = °æE °æ‹Jh î˨»†’.
keeping things neat. You had better
a) He is through with his homework =
do a course in interior decoration.
Homework °æ‹Jh î˨»úø’.
You can earn a lot (of money).
b) Are you through? = F °æE °æ‹®Ωh-®·çü∆?
Priya: I just wonder how people can keep their
15) Vessels = dishes = utensils = ´çô, ´úøf-†èπ◊
places untidy. Even a chair out of place
¢√úË §ƒvûª©’
at home upsets me.
16) pan/ frying pan = °†ç/ ´‚èπ◊úø’
Koumudi: I like tidiness, but I am not very par-
17) ewer (Ñ´) = îÁç•’
ticular about it ( be particular =
18) front room = Éçöx ´·çü¿’ í∫C – ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’,
°æöÀdç-°æ¤í¬ Öçúøúøç) You overdo things.
visitors †’ èπÿ®Óa-¶„õ‰d room ÅüË Å®·-ûË ÅC draw-
ing room Å´¤-ûª’çC.
Priya: Call it what you like\ say whatever you
like. I am upset when I see even a speck
of dust.

home •ü¿’©’ place Koumudi: Yours appears to be abnormal psy-

paper and books piled up or lying all
over. The front room was a chatter of
furniture. The TV stand-well, let me
not talk about all that. Now that I tided
up every thing I feel relieved. (°æ¤Ææhé¬-©’
, é¬-T-û√-©-ûÓ -Ø√ -õ‰-•’-™¸ -Åç-û√ -*ç-ü¿®Ω-´ç-
ü¿®Ωí¬ -Öç-C.Piled up = üÌçûª-®Ωí¬ Öçúøôç
Chatter = furniture ™«çöÀC *çü¿®Ω ´çü¿-
®Ωí¬ Öçúøôç.
Prahlad: Was there none else at home to help
you?
(Éçöx ≤ƒßª’ç îËÊÆç-ü¿’-Èé-´®Ω÷ -™‰®√?)
Nagaraj: Mom and sister are out of town. Dad
is too old. I gave the toilet a good
wash. I cleaned up the cupboards and
reset all things. (Å´’t, îÁLx -Ü-∞ x™‰®Ω’.
Ø√†o °ü∆l-ߪ’†. Toilet ¶«í¬ éπúÕT, cup-
boards ™ ´Ææ’h-´¤©Fo ÆæÍ®l-¨»†’)
Prahlad: What a job! (áçûª °æE-îË-¨»´¤!)
Nagaraj: That wasn't all. I cleaned the cob-
webs. I cleaned the kitchen, I made
up the beds. I washed the dishes.
(ÅçûË-é¬ü¿’. •÷V ü¿’L°œ ´çöÀ-©xçû√ ¨¡Ÿv¶µºç
îËÆœ §ƒvûª-©-Fo éπúÕ-í¬†’. °æéπ\-©-Fo Ææ®√l†’)
Prahlad: My elder sister takes care of all these
things at home. (´÷ Éçöx ´÷ Åéπ\ߪ’u
-v°æ-¨¡o -: -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù–7-™ -Ç-¢Á’èπ◊ -Ñ -vúÁÆˇ -î√-™«
-É-≠ædç. -Å-ØË-¢√é¬u-Eo... She likes this
dress Å--E -Å-Ø√o®Ω’.-Éç-ü¿’-™ -î√-™« -É-≠ædç
-Å-ØË -¶µ«-´ç Ææ’p¥-Jç-îª-úøç -™‰-ü¿’ éπ-ü∆! -Å-™«Íí-
Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù –8-™ -†’--¢Áy°æ¤p-úø÷ -Ç-©Ææ-uçí¬ ®√-´¤ -Å-ØË-
¢√é¬u-Eo You do not come late -Å-E -É-î√a®Ω’.Éç-ü¿’-
™- á°æ¤p-úø÷ -Å-ØË-¶µ«-´ç Ææp-≠ædçí¬ -™‰-ü¿’. -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.
– Èé.-Ç®˝. -v°œ-ߪ’-ü¿-Jz-E, é¬éÀ-Ø√-úø
-ï-¢√-•’: -She likes this dress -Å-ØË -¢√éπuç -•-ü¿’-©’í¬
She likes this dress a lot \very much Å--E -Öç-
ú≈-L.-You do not come late •-ü¿’-©’í¬You never
come late -Å-E -Öç-ú≈--Lqç-C.-- O’®Ω’ -Éç-ûª -ñ«-ví∫-ûªhí¬
í∫-´’-Eç--*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ -üµ¿-†u-¢√-ü∆-©’. We appreciate it.
Keep it up.
chology.
Priya: I don't mind your saying so. (I don't mind
= Ø√èπ◊ °æ®√y-™‰ü¿’)
Koumudi: How are you able to tolerate your
servant girl's untidy hair?
Priya: (Do) you want me to comb her hair (into-
dishes = §ƒvûª©’ – ´çôèπ◊ 19) Portico = °ü¿l É∞¡x™ x,
´úøf-†èπ◊ -¢√úËN
plait= ïúø). Then I shall be her servant.
glitter = ûª∞¡-ûª∞¡ ™«úøôç) •çí¬x™ x Æœç£æ«-ü∆y®Ωç
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ÉçöÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô©’ -ÖØ√o®· ´·çü¿’†o Covered area
éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀE îªJaü∆lç. 20) Balcony = ¢Ë’úø -O’-ü¿ -
-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù–74-™
1) Home = ´’†ç ´’† ¢√∞¡}ûÓ (members of our †’ç* îª÷úø-ö«-E-èπ◊çúË -É-*a-† -ûÁ-©’í∫’ Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù π◊ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ- -¢Á®Ω{-Ø˛
family) ÖçúË É©’x ÅüÁl-üÁjØ√ 鬴a, ≤Òçûª-¢Á’iØ√ ë«S Ææn©ç
Gowtham: How was your journey?
Ŵa). ´’† ÉçöÀ-éÀ-´-*a† guest ûÓ à´’çö«ç? = 21) Ceiling = ÉçöÀ-™ -°æL M. SURESAN Sekhar: Very comfortable/quite comfortable
Please feel at home. (O’ É™‰x ņ’-éÓçúÕ Åçö«ç.) éπ°æ¤p, roof =°jéπ°æ¤p. Gowtham: When did you arrive here?
2) Place = éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x home (´’†ç Öçô’†o 22) Tiles = °çèπ◊; (Mosaic/ Floor tile) Sekhar: The arrival times / time of arrival of the
É©’x) •ü¿’©’ place Åçö«ç. Å®·ûË ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ my 23) bolt = ûª©’-°æ¤- í∫úÕߪ’, í∫úÕ-ߪ’-°-ôdúøç.(latch ÅE train is 10.35. But it was late by 15 min-
home/our home ÅE, I am going to my/our home èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’) utes.
/it is at my/our home ÅE ņç. Å°æ¤púø’ my place. 24) Cupboard = -îÁéπ\-ûª-©’-°æ¤© Å™«t®√. Gowtham: when are you visiting me?/ when
´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®ΩçúÕ = come (down) to my place: 25) Oven = (Å-¢˛Ø˛) §Ò®·u. oven fresh = Å°æ¤p-úø- are you calling at my place?/ when are you
come to my home ÅE ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Å†®Ω’. °æ¤púË ûªßª÷È®j† ´çô (oven fresh Dosa) coming to my place?/ when can I have the
3) tidy = (É©’x, í∫C, Office, etc) Öçú≈-Lq† îÓô 26) Stale= ÂÆdß˝’™¸– E-©y ÖçúÕ îÁúÕ-§Ú-®·† (ǣ慮Ω pleasure of your visit? ( formal.)
*´-JC
´Ææ’h´¤-©’ Å´’-J-éπí¬ Öçúøôç. °æü∆-®√n-™«xç-öÀN) Stale food, Stale bread. Sekhar: I am busy with my work tomorrow and
His home is very tidy = É©’x î√™« Å´’-J-éπí¬ (Stale joke èπÿú≈) the day after, the next day I have some work at
Öçô’çC. Tidy x untidy. Now practise the following: the university. If I have any time left that day, I will
go to your place. Otherwise, it is difficult to say
4) untidy = ´Ææ’h-´¤-©Fo ã order ™ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ -*ç-ü¿®Ω- Koumudi: Hi Priya, àçöà éπ†-°æ-úøúøç ™‰ü¿’?
Priya : ¢Á·†oØË éπü∆ ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. E†o ؈’ (If I can visit you or not)
´ç-ü¿®Ωí¬ Öçúøúøç. Gowtham: You can come the day after that.
The place is untidy= Ç v°æü˨¡ç / É©’x î√™« *çü¿- ´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u ÉçöÀ-Èé∞«x. ¢√∞¡xçû√ É©’x Ææ®Ω’l-
Sekhar: That's the day of my return (journey)
®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ ÖçC. èπ◊ç-ô’çõ‰ ؈÷ ≤ƒßª’-ç -îË-¨»-†’. Gowtham: What is the time of departure of
(*çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ Ö†o Vô’d =untidy hair Koumudi : ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ Å´’-®Ωa-úøç™ †’´¤y Eïçí¬
your train that day? isn't it in the evening? you
í∫>-G->í¬ Ö†o ®√ûª = untidy writing) íÌ°æp ü∆E¢Ë. £æ…®·í¬ interior can have lunch with us.
He has a tidy appearance =neat í¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Decoration (É∞¡x ™°æL Å©ç-éπ-®Ωù) Sekhar: My wife wants to go shopping/
5) tidy = Å´’-J-éπí¬ É©’x-™«ç-öÀN Ææ®Ωlúøç = áéπ\úø Öçú≈- course îÁ®·u. ¶«í¬ Ææ秃-Cç--éÓ-´îª’a. do some shopping that day
Lq† ´Ææ’h´¤ -Åéπ\-úø neat í¬ Öçîªôç. Priya : ÅÆæ©’ Ø√éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC... É©xçû√ *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿- Gowtham: Have you booked tickets for that
a) Let me tidy up the home first = ¢Á·ü¿ô É©’x ®Ωí¬ á™« Öç-èπ◊ç-ö«-®Ó -ÅE. ´÷ Éçöx ã day?
Ææ®ΩlF. èπ◊Ka éÌçîÁç éπC-LØ√ Ø√èπ◊ *é¬í¬_ Öçô’çC. Sekhar: Yes. All trains are full the next three
b) He tidied up the room yesterday = E†o í∫ü¿çû√ (*é¬èπ◊ – upset) days. I'll try my best to go to your place that
Ææ®√lúø’. Koumudi : Ø√èπÿ tidy í¬ Öç-éÓ-´úøç É≠æd-¢Ë’-é¬E, day. If I am not able to, don't misunderstand
me. When I come here next, I will certainly
c) We must keep our homes neat and tidy = Åçûª °æöÀdç°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’. †’-´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\-´™‰!
Priya : à´’Ø√o ņ’éÓ. äéπ ü¿’´·t-éπùç èπÿú≈ Ø√èπ◊ come to your place.
É∞¡x†’ ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ (tidy) Öç-éÓ-¢√L. Gowtham: You disappoint me / that's very
6) Feel relived = •®Ω’´¤ CT-†-ôx-†’-éÓ-´úøç when I éÓ°æç ûÁ°œp-Ææ’hçC.Speck of dust = ü¿’´·t-
disappointing. I will come to the station that day
heard that I had passed I felt relieved = pass éπùç)
to see you off. I'll get you some food to eat on
Koumudi : FC éÌçûª Å≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωù ´’†-Ææh-ûªy¢Ë’.
Åߪ÷u-†E N†-í¬ØË N´·éÀh ™«çöÀ ¶µ«´† éπL-Tç-C. the train.
Once the exams are over, students feel relived Priya: †’´y™« ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o Ø√Íéç ¶«üµ¿-™‰ü¿’. Sekhar: Do come to the station, but don't
= It is a great relief = Exams Å®·-§Ú-´úøç ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Koumudi: ´’K O’ °æE °œ©x Vô’d *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ bother about the food. I'll manage (make do)
N´·éÀh. ÖØ√o ¶µºJ-Ææ’h-Ø√o¢Ëç? with the food on the train.
7) chatter = *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿®Ω (furniture - chairs, sofas Priya: Ç Å´÷t-®·éÀ ††’o ®ÓW ïúË-ߪ’-´’ç-ö«¢√? Gowtham: Let me get it. It is my pleasure.
™«çöÀN *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿-®Ωí¬ Öçõ‰,) Å°æ¤p-ú≈´÷t®·éÀ ؈’ servant Å´¤û√. Sekhar: OK

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

I Ðû¦è[ª- Þœªô¢ªî¦ô¢Ù 1 è…šúÙñô¢ª 2005

Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...

URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Bhanu: Ravi, you are late. But what's the óµ«ÞœÙ àŸ«ë¯lÙ.
matter? You appear to be in a shock.
(ô¢N, ìª÷±y Îõ-ú£uÙÞ¥ ÷à¦a÷±. ÔÙæ¨ Traffic accident ÚÛª ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ#ì ÷«åõª
ú£ÙÞœA? ÔëÁ ÿ§ÚÂö˺ Ñìo-åªx-û¦oîËÂ!) 1) hit, crash into, ram
èņڕ-ìè[Ù =
Ravi: You can say that. Some thing terrible a) The lorry hit the cyclist.
happened. (ö°K šújÚ¨xúÃdìª èņڕÙC.)
(Í÷±ìª. íÆ£ªËºô¢Ù áJ-T-ð¼-ô³ÙC.) b) The truck crashed into the bus.
terrible = òÅ¡óŸªÙ-ÚÛ-ô¢-iì, íÆ£ªËºô¢-iì (våÚ Óë]ª-ô¢ªÞ¥ ÷ú£ªhìo/ Ñìo ñúÃìª èņڕÙC.) d) With severe injuries he joined a hospital. lorry hit/ crashed. In another acci-
Bhanu: But what happened Ravi? crash ÚÛª ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Óë]ª-ô¢ªÞ¥ ÷ú£ªhìo î¦ï£°- (Bv÷-iì Þ¥óŸ«-õêÁ Îú£p-vAö˺ à¶ô¦è[ª.) dent a lorry ran over a man, while
(ÔÙ áJ-TÙC?) û¦Eo èņڕìè[Ù ÍE Íô¢nÙ. they were taking him to hospital,
Ravi: Just wait. Let me recover. e) severe injury = major injury (major -
c) The truck rammed the bus. ' with severe injuries, he died on the
(Ú¥ú£h ÎÞœª. ììªo ê¶ô¢ª-ÚÁF) x minor injury.
óÀªá)
(ñúÃìª våÚ à¦ö° Þœæ¨dÞ¥ èņڕÙC.) 6) die of an injury = way.

íÆ£ªËºô¢Ù áJTð¼ô³ÙC...!
recover = ê¶ô¢ªÚÁ÷è[Ù, ÚÁõªÚÁ÷è[Ù d) The truck ran into the bus from behind/
Þ¥óŸªÙ ÷õx àŸEð¼÷è[Ù
7) spilling of blood = Venu: The other day I saw a man bleeding
Recover from fever. rammed the bus from behind.
ô¢ÚÛhÙ #Ùë]è[Ù
8) bleed = ô¢ÚÛhÙ Ú¥ô¢è[Ù from injuries. An auto hit him. While
áyô¢Ù ìªÙ# ÚÁõªÚÁ÷è[Ù. he was crossing the road in peak
traffic, the auto knocked him down.
Kiran: Did he die? (Hope he did not die)
Venu: I don't know. But his injuries were
serious. It is difficult for any one to
survive such injuries.
(survive = ë¶E ìªÙ# Íô³û¦ ñóŸª-å-
í£è… ñêŸÚÛè[Ù)
(ñúÃìª våÚ îµìªÚÛ ìªÙ# èņڕÙC.) bleeding injuries = Kiran: The number of people dying in traffic
recovery = ú£yú£nêŸ e) The car crashed into a tree.
ô¢ÚÛhÙ-
accidents is more in our country than
Wish you a speedy recovery. Ú¥-ô¢ªêŸªìo Þ¥óŸ«õª
(Ú¥ô¢ª àµåªdÚÛª èņڕÙC.) uncontrollable bleeding in many other countries.
(ìª÷±y/ Oªô¢ª êŸyô¢Þ¥ ÚÁõª-ÚÁ-î¦-õE û¦/ ÷« ÚÁJÚÛ) f) The vehicle ran over the boy.
= Îí£-ö¶E ô¢ÚÛh-vþ§÷Ù
Bhanu: OK OK. Take your time. Calm down. (Î î¦ï£°ìÙ ÚÛªvô¦è… Oªë] ìªÙ# îµRxÙC.) Bleed- bled (past)- bled
(ú£¸ô. BJ-Þ¥_û¶ àµí£±p. ÷³Ùë]ª ÚÛªë]ª-å-í£è[ª.) (past participle)
Ravi: (After a few minutes) I was on my way
They admitted him into
here on my bike. Just as I took the turn
hospital with bleeding
at the last cross roads, I heard a loud
injuries.
noise. I stopped and turned round to
see what it was. Oh, God! a lorry had
(Þ¥óŸ«-õêÁ ô¢ÚÛhÙ Ú¥ô¢ª-꟪ìo M. SURESAN
hit a boy on his cycle. Believe me, the
ÍêŸè…E î¦üŒ‰x Îú£p-vAö˺
à¶JpÙ-à¦ô¢ª.) ví£øŒo: 1. Where do we keep Quotation
boy and his cycle flew into the air and marks at the end of the sentence?
Hospitalise = Îú£pvAö˺ à¶JpÙàŸè[Ù
landed on the road. The boy hit the ( after full stop or before full stop)
ground head on. Blood spilled all over. 2. Kindly give a Pronunciation Guide’
‘
In no time a large crowd gathered. The for all the typical words which we
boy in no more. Spot dead, I am sure. use in regular English.
(û¦ òµjÚ Oªë] ÏÚÛ\è[ Ú•ú£ªhû¦o. Î vÚ¥úÃ-ôÁèÂq
ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÷ªõªí£± Aô¢ª-Þœª-꟪û¦o. šíë]l øŒñlÙ. ÎT ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 76 3. Tatas and Birlas are tycoons. Is this
correct to say the above sentence
AJT àŸ«ø‹. šújÚ¨öËÀ Oªë] Ñìo ÚÛªvô¦è…E ö°K as Both the Tatas and Birlas are
‘‘
èņڕÙC. ì÷³t... ì÷ªt-ÚÛð¼ šújÚ¨öËÀêÁ ú£ï£„ Î Tycoons .’’
9) peak traffic = ÍêŸuÙêŸ ô¢DlÞ¥ Ñìo væ°íƇÚÂ
ÚÛªvô¦è[ª šíjÚ¨ ÓTJ Ú¨Ùë]-í£-è¯fè[ª êŸõ ôÁè[ªfÚ¨ 4. Kindly give some examples with the
10 cross roads =
) û¦õªÞœª OëÅ]ªõ ÚÛ«è[L
êŸTö¶ö°. ÍÙê¦ ô¢ÚÛhÙ #ÙCÙC. áìÙ ÍÙê¦ operators must, need, dare, used
11) overtake = ÷³Ùë]ªìo î¦ï£°-û¦Eo ë¯æ¨-îµ-üŒxè[Ù
ð¼Þœ-óŸ«uô¢ª. ÚÛªvô¦è[ª ÍÚÛ\-è…-ÚÛ-ÚÛ\è¶ àŸE- to, ought to (Positive statement,
12) cross = î¦ï£°-û¦-EÚ¨ Óë]ª-ô¢ªîµüŒxè[Ù
ð¼óŸ«è[ª.) Negative, Yes-No Q, wh-Q)
overtake x cross (opposites)
spill = #Ùë]è[Ù/ Öõ-ÚÛè[Ù. 5. Is it correct to say passive forms for
All over = Î àŸªå«d Oh, God! a lorry had hit a boy on his cycle Now practise the following in English present perfect continuous,
In no time= ¤ÛéÙö˺ future continuous and future perfect
1) Kiran: Ð ö°K, Îæ˺ wèµj÷ô¢ªx Óí£p-æ¨Ú© êµõª-ú£ª
No more = àŸE-ð¼÷è[Ù run over = Oªë] ìªÙ# îµüŒxè[Ù (passiveö˺ continuous tenses.
spot dead = ÍÚÛ\-è…-ÚÛ-ÚÛ\è¶, Íí£p-æ¨-ÚÛ-í£±pè¶
ÚÁô¢ª!
– ÓúÃ. ô¦@, ꟪E
ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥ î¦è[ê¦ô¢ª). Venu: ÔÙæ¨ ú£ÙÞœA?
spot= àÁåª The man was ran over by the car.
Kiran: Ð ì«uúà ›íí£ôÂ àŸ«è[ª. ·ôÙè[ª ví£÷«-
flew= ÓT-ô¦è[ª (past tense of fly) (ÍêŸè… Oªë] ìªÙ# Ú¥ô¢ª îµRxÙC.) ë¯õª. ÖÚÛ-ë¯Ùæ˺x Óë]ª-ô¢ªÞ¥ ÷ú£ªhìo áî¦ñª:
Head on= êŸõ êŸTö¶ NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ (Óë]ª-·ô-ë]ª- g) knock down ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[ê¦ô¢ª. 1. If the whole sentence is to be placed in
The lorry knocked down the man.
ñúÃE èņڕìo ö°K. í£C-÷ªÙC Þ¥óŸª-í£-
ô¢ªÞ¥ – ÏêŸô¢ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x) è¯fô¢ª. ÏÙÚÁ ví£÷«-ë]Ùö˺ ÷ªEù‡ Oªë] quotations, they are placed after the full
Bhanu: How shocking! (ö°K ÍêŸè…E Ú•ç¶d-ú‡ÙC.) stop\ question mark\ exclamation.
2) die in an accident =
ìªÙ# ö°K îµRxÙC. Þ¥óŸªí£è…ì ÍêŸ-è…E
(ÓÙêŸ òÅ¡óŸªÙ-ÚÛô¢Ù!) ví£÷«-ë]Ùö˺ àŸEð¼÷è[Ù Îú£p-vAÚ¨ Bú£ª·Ú-üŒ‰-꟪Ùç¶ ÷ªëÅ]uö˺û¶ àŸE- She said, I am no longer interested in it
‘‘ .’’
Ravi: The body is lying there in a pool of 3) fatal = ÷ªô¢-é°-EÚ¨ Ú¥ô¢-é-÷ªó¶ªu He said, How can you do that?
‘ ’
blood. I was unable to bear the sight fatal accident =
ð¼-óŸ«è[ª.
÷ªô¢-é°-EÚ¨ ë¯J-B›ú ví£÷«ë]Ù Venu: îµ³ìo Îæ˺ èņ Ú•ì-è[ÙêÁ ÖÚÛ-JÚ¨ Bv÷ÙÞ¥ The tourist said, How beautiful the Taj is
‘ !’
any longer. I came away. Poor boy. A fatal road accident- three died in a fatal If a word or group of words is to be placed
road accident.
Þ¥óŸ«öµj ô¢ÚÛhÙ Ú¥ô¢è[Ù àŸ«ø‹. ÍêŸè[ª
(ÍêŸè… ë¶ï£°Ù ô¢ÚÛhÙ ÷ªè[ªÞœªö˺ í£è… ÑÙC. væ°íƇÚ ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥ Ñìo-í£±pè[ª ôÁè ë¯åª- in quotation the full stop comes after the
û¶ìª àŸ«è[-ö¶ÚÛ ÷à¶aø‹. ð§í£Ù!) (÷ªô¢-é°-EÚ¨ Ú¥ô¢-é-iì ví£÷«ë]Ù – íÆ£ªËºô¢ví£÷«- ꟪Ùç¶ Îæ˺ èņڕÙC. question.
pool = ÷ªè[ªÞœª (÷«÷´-õªÞ¥ Íô³ê¶ FüŒx ë]Ùö˺ ÷³Þœª_ô¢ª àŸE-ð¼-óŸ«ô¢ª.) The Minister wants this to be, Indiraraj
' óÀª-æËÀöËÀ (‘šíÆóÀª’ ûË•Ú¨\ í£õ-Ú¥L) Kiran: àŸE-ð¼-óŸ«è¯? ‘‘ ’’.
ÞœªÙåõª) fatal - šíÆ 2. We will do it, in fact we are doing it.
' áJ – ‘ÏÙ’ ûË•Ú¨\ í£õÚ¥L) = Þ¥óŸªÙ Venu: û¦ÚÛª êµMë]ª. Ú¥F ÍêŸè… Þ¥óŸ«õª ÷«vêŸÙ
bear = òÅ¡JÙàŸè[Ù 4) injury (ÏÙ 3. Correct sentences:
any longer = ÏÙÚÛ Ô÷«vêŸÙ. '
5) injure (ÏÙ á – ‘ÏÙ’ ûË•Ú¨\í£õÚ¥L) =
à¦ö° Bv÷-i-ìî¶. êŸõÚ¨ ÚÛ«è¯ Þ¥óŸªîµªiÙC.
ÍÙêŸ-šíë]l ëµñs-õêÁ ñêŸ-ÚÛè[Ù ÚÛù£d. a) The Tatas and the Birlas are tycoons.
Bhanu: Let's go and see. Where exactly is it? Þ¥óŸªí£ô¢àŸè[Ù b) Both the Tatas and the Birlas are
Kiran: væ°íƇÚ ví£÷«-ë¯ö˺x àŸE-ð¼-ó¶ª-î¦J ú£ÙÜu
(îµRx àŸ«ë¯lÙ í£ë]. ÓÚÛ\è[ áJ-TÙC?) a) People have/ suffer/ sustain injuries in tycoons.
Ravi: I told you. At the cross roads. You go. I an accident.
à¦ö° ë¶ø‹ö˺x ÚÛÙç¶ ÷ªì-ë¶-øŒÙö˺ ÓÚÛª\î¶.
(a) is better than (b) 'Both’ is unneces-
am still in a shock. I can't bear to see it (ví£÷«-ë]Ùö˺ ví£áõª Þ¥óŸª-í£-è[-ê¦ô¢ª) Answers sary here as even without it the meaning is
again. b) The accident killed one and injured at clear.
1) Kiran: These lorry, auto drivers never
(àµð§pìª ÚÛë¯. Î vÚ¥úÃ-ôÁ-èÂqö˺. ìªîµyüŒ‰x. least five. 4. We are going to discuss all these in the
learn.
û¶EÙÚ¥ ÿ§ÚÂ-ö˺û¶ Ñû¦o. ÷ªSx àŸ«è[-ö¶ìª) (ví£÷«-ë]Ùö˺ ÖÚÛô¢ª àŸE-ð¼-óŸ«ô¢ª, ÚÛFú£Ù Venu: What is the matter? coming lessons. please wait.
ÏÚÛ\è… ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£é traffic, traffic accidents ÞœªJÙචÍô³-ë]ª-Þœªô¢ª Þ¥óŸª-í£-è¯fô¢ª.) Kiran: See this newspaper. Two acci- 5. It is bookish. The best thing is to avoid
c) severe (ú‡' NóŸª)/serious injury = Bv÷-iì them totally.
ÚÛë¯. î¦æ¨Ú¨ ú£ÙñÙ-CÅÙ#ì ÷«åõª, î¦æ¨ Ñí£- dents. In one of the accidents, a
Þ¥óŸªÙ
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Ramu: Hi Raghu, how was the debate yester-
day?
debate
E†o (úÕ¶„-ß˝’ö¸– ¶„ß˝’ ØÌéÀ\
?
°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) ᙫ ≤ƒTçC
Raghu: Very exciting. We missed you very
much. Why didn't you come?
î√-™« Öû√q-£æ«çí¬ ≤ƒTçC. †’´¤y ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-
úø¢Ë’ ´÷èπ◊ ¢ÁL-Aí¬ ÅE°œç-*çC. †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊
®√™‰ü¿’?
Ramu: I had important work, but thought I
could finish it and be in time for the
debate. But there was some delay and
I couldn't be free until late in the
evening.
î√-™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE, Å®·Ø√ ÅC °æ‹Jh
îËÆæ’èπ◊E debate v§ƒ®Ω綵º-´’-ßË’u-™ í¬
®√í∫©††’-èπ◊Ø√o. é¬F Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·çC. Åçûª-
´-®Ωèπ◊ free é¬-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷.
Raghu: We know that you had work, but
thought you could make it. We knew
too you could understand the impor-
tance of the debate.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 77
you could make it
Fèπ◊ °æE Öçü¿E ûÁ©’Ææ’, Å®·ûË ¢Ë’´’çû√
†’´¤y ®√í-∫-©’í∫’-û√-´-ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ü∆E
v§ƒ´·êuç èπÿú≈ †’´¤y Å®Ωnç -îËÆæ’éÓí∫-©’í∫’-
û√-´-ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
Ramu: It was some thing I couldn't help. I feel
sorry that I could not have the benefit of
such a good debate.
-Ç -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ -ØË-†’ -EÆæq£æ…-ߪ·-úÕ-ØÁj-§Ú-ߪ÷-†’.
Å™«çöÀ debate §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√èπ◊
¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC.
-v°æ-¨¡o: -¢√éπuç-™
might have been able to + p.v.,
must have been able to + p.v., have been
able to + p.v. construction -Ö-†o°æ¤p-úø’
-¢√-öÀéÀ -ûÁ-©’í∫’ -Å®Ωnç -á-™« -Ü£œ«ç-éÓ-´-a?
1) I have been able to get their permission
2) Haseena must have been able to per-
suade him
3) Miss Savithri might have
been able to solve Mr. Uma
Rao's problem. -Ñ -´‚-úø’-¢√é¬u-
©-†’ -á-™«ç-öÀ Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç-™ -á-™«ç-öÀ could - 'be' form - Öçúø-í∫-©í∫úøç (past)
-Å®Ωnç -ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢√-úÌ-a?
– §ƒ®∏Ω- π◊úø’, éπ®Ω÷o©’ >™«x action - °æE îËߪ’-í∫-©í∫ôç.
-ï-¢√-•’:
Have been able to + p.v., might have been
able to + p.v., must have been able to + p.v.
Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’ é¬F, Å™«-®√ü¿’. have been able to/ b) I could be the CM if I wanted
might have been able to/ must have been to
+ 1st RDW (go, solve, persuade etc.)
´≤ƒh®·. Have been able to/ might have been
able to/ must have been able to ûª®√yûª pas-
sive voice ᙫ ´Ææ’hçC? ¢√öÀ ûª®√yûª go, solve
etc., plain infinitives ´≤ƒh®·. ¢√öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç:
1) I have been able to get their permission
¢√∞¡x ņ’-´’A ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-Lí¬†’.
2) Haseena must have been able to per-
suade him = £æ«Æ‘Ø√ Åûª-úÕ-E ä°œpç-îª-í∫-L-T
Öçú≈L (í∫ûªç™) – Åçõ‰ ä°œpç-îª-í∫-L-TçC ÅE. °æ®Ω-îª-ôç.
3) Miss Savithri might have been able to
solve Mr. Uma Rao's problem
≤ƒN-vA-í¬®Ω’ Ö´÷-®√´¤í¬J Ææ´’-Ææu†’ °æJ-≠æ \-Jç-îª-
í∫-LÍí¢√-Í®¢Á÷. (ÆæçüË£æ«ç– °æJ-≠æ \-Jç* ÖçúÌa/ 2) I couldn't (could not) be free
Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úøa).
Spoken English
-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 4 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
Raghav: The first two prizes went to the teams
from other colleges. Our college was
able to get the III prize. The speech of
one of the judges at the end of the
debate was interesting. It seems he
could debate and win prizes even as
a school boy.
prizes
¢Á·ü¿öÀ È®çúø’ colleges
Éûª®Ω èπ◊
¢Á∞«x®·. ´’† college III prize ´÷vûª¢Ë’
Debate
ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-L-Tç-C. *´®Ω judge
speech interesting.
î√-™« *†o ´ßª’-Ææ’-
™ØË Çߪ’† debates prizes
™ §ƒ™Ô_E She could do it = - past,
Ç¢Á’ îËߪ’-í∫-LÍíC Pradeep: No, Å°æ¤p-úø-®·ûË regular í¬ practice
ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-LÍí-¢√-úøô. She couldn't (She could not) do it îËߪ’-í∫-LÍí¢√-úÕE. É°æ¤púø’ îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ could ûÓ Ö†o verbs í∫´’-Eü∆lç. - past
Ç¢Á’ îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC ûª’Ø√o, Office ™ §Òü¿’l† 8 †’ç*
1) could finish 2) couldn't be free 3) could make 3) I thought you could make it ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 5 ´®Ωèπ◊ busy 鬕öÀd.
- past Pramod: àüÁjØ√ °ü¿l matches ™ Çúø-í∫-Lí¬¢√?
it 4) could understand 5) couldnot have (the †’´¤y ®√í∫-©’-í∫’-û√-´E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o
Pradeep: áçü¿’-é¬-úø-™‰ü¿’? ´÷ college team ™,
benefit of) 6) could debate. 4) You could understand its importance
Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ school team ™ î√™«-
Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç 'can' Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ûÁ©’- ü∆E v§ƒ´·êuç †’´¤y Å®ΩnçîËÆæ’éÓí∫-LÍí-¢√-úÕ-N– past ≤ƒ®Ω’x Çúø-í∫-Lí¬†’.
Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆? can í∫’-Jç-* ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC. 1) can 5) Could not have = §Òçü¿-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. (past) Pramod: F job ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-™‰¢√? Practice èπ◊ õ„jç
Åçõ‰ 'í∫©— ÅE ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo -ûÁ-©’°æ¤-ûª’çC - in the 6) Could debate = debate ™ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-LÍí-¢√úø’. èπ◊C-Í®-ô-ô’dçúË job îª÷Ææ’éÓ ™‰¢√?
present or in the future. 2) permissions
¶µ«®Ωû˝ cricket series Èí©-´-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC Pradeep: É°æ¤púø’ é¬ü¿’. •£æ›¨¡, ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç.
3) requests 4) possibilities èπÿ ¢√--úø-û√ç – ÉN India could not win the series. Answers:
in the present or in the future. 1) Teacher: Where is your text book, Sudheer?

Sachin could not play well
èπÿú≈
1) 'could' is the past form of can. Åçõ‰ 'could' †’ Sudheer: (I) didn't get/ bring it, sir.
Ææ*Ø˛ ¶«í¬ Çúø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. I could not (couldn't) remember to


í∫ûªç™ ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo ûÁ-©°æ-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. ؈’ boyhood (¶«©uç)™ ¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫-LÍí-¢√-úÕE
a) I can walk 6 kmph: ؈’ í∫çôèπ◊ 6 km †úø-´- get it.
I could play well in my boyhood. Teacher: What about your home work? Did
í∫-©†’ (present or future)
you do atleast that?
Sudheer: I couldn't (could not) do it, Sir, My
right hand ached the whole of yes-
terday.
Teacher: Could you eat atleast?
Sudheer: I could (eat), sir.
Teacher: When you could eat, Why couldn't
you (could you not) do your home
I could walk 6 kmph: 6 km
؈’ í∫çôèπ◊ †úø-´-
Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Å´-鬨¡ç Öçõ‰ work?
(in the past -
í∫-LÍí-¢√-úÕE í∫ûªç™) îËߪ’í∫-LÍí-üË. Sudheer: I thought if I ate I would have less
Compare A and B below: She could do it if she pain and then I could do the home
A) I can play cricket had the chance. work.
cricket
؈’ now
Çúø-í∫-©†’ –
I could understand Teacher: You could eat, but couldn't study.
B) My father could play cricket when he was Hindi well those days, Strange. Don't give me these
a boy but now I cannot. I excuses tomorrow. Sit down
cricket
-´÷- Ø√-†o *†o°æ¤p-úø’- past
Çúø-í∫-LÍí-¢√úø’-– have forgotten it excuse).
(≤ƒèπ◊=
A) She can do any job Ç®Ó-V™x £œ«çD -¶«í¬ M. SURESAN 2) Pramod: Pradeep, Can you play cricket?
now or in the future
Ç¢Á’ à °æØÁjØ√ îËߪ’-í∫-©ü¿’– Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓí∫-LÍí¢√-úÕØË, Pradeep: I could (play cricket), but no longer
(conversation I could
B) She could do any job é¬F É°æ¤púø’é¬ü¿’. ´’®Ω-*-§Úߪ÷. ™ Åçõ‰ î√©’,
in the past
Ç¢Á’ à °æØÁjØ√ îËߪ’-í∫-LÍíC – éπü∆? Now practise the following in English: I could play cricket No
ņ-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.
A) She can be here in an hour longer = Ééπ/-É-°æ¤púø’ ™‰ü¿’).
1) Teacher:
F text book áéπ\úø, Sudheer?
Pramod: Can't you play (now)?
Ç¢Á’ ã í∫çô-™í¬ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-í∫-©ü¿’. Sudheer:
ûË™‰ü¿’, Sir, -ûË-´-ôç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-™‰-éπ-
an hour äéπ í∫çôèπ◊ - future éπü∆? Pradeep: Not any more (ÉC èπÿú≈
Conversational.
§Ú-ߪ÷†’.
B) She could be here in É°æ¤p-úø’/ -Ééπ- ™‰ü¿’).
Teacher: F home work ´’J? ÅüÁjØ√ î˨»¢√? Those days I could practise regu-
Ééπ\úø Öçúø-í∫-L-TçC - past Sudheer: îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’, Sir, E†oçû√ Ø√ larly. Now I cannot/ am not able to,
îª÷¨»ç éπü∆ – can, could - È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ ≤ƒ´’-
èπ◊úÕ îË®· -ØÌ°œp. because I am busy in office from 8
®√n uEo (ability) ûÁ©’°æ¤û√®·. Å®·ûË can, ability Teacher: ņo-¢Á’iØ√ A†-í∫-Lí¬¢√? morning to 5 evening/morning 8 to
in the present or in the future ûÁ-L°œûË could Sudheer: ÅC ´÷vûªç îËߪ’-í-∫Lí¬-†çúÕ. evening 5.
ability in the past †’ ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC. Teacher: ÅC îËߪ’-í∫-L-T†-°æ¤púø’, ÉüÁ™« îËߪ’-™‰-éπ- Pramod: Could you play in any big match-
§Ú-ߪ÷´¤? es?
could + 1st RDW - could do, could sing, etc,. Sudheer: Açõ‰ ØÌ°œp ûªT_, homework îËߪ’-
Pradeep: Why not? I could for my college
team and before that for my
í∫-©’í∫’û√-†-†’-èπ◊Ø√o.
Compare a) and b) Teacher: A†-í∫-Lí¬´¤, é¬F îªü¿-´-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷´¤. school team a number of times.
a) I can be the CM if I want
*vûª¢Ë’. Í®°æ¤ É™«çöÀ ≤ƒèπ◊©’ îÁ°æpèπ◊. Pramod: Why can't you (can you not)
؈’ ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Chief Minister é¬-í∫-©†’. èπÿ®Óa. change your job. Why can't you
(now/ in the future) 2) Pramod: Cricket Çúø-í∫-©¢√?Pradeep? look for a job which gives you time
Pradeep: Çúø-í∫-LÍí-¢√-úÕE, É°æ¤p-úø’-é¬ü¿’. for practice.
؈’ ņ’-èπ◊E Öçõ‰ chief minister -Å®·u -Öç-úË- Pramod: É°æ¤púø’ Çúø-™‰¢√? Pradeep: Not now. Next year perhaps.
¢√-úÕ-E. (past)
Æœ-N-™¸ Ææ-KyÂÆÆˇ 2006
°jÈ®çúø÷ (can be, could be) 'be' form. 鬕öÀd
'Öçúø-í∫©— ÅE Å®Ωnç. ®Ω÷.50 °∂‘V†’ ÂÆçvô™¸ Jvèπÿ-ö¸-¢Á’çö¸ °∂‘ ≤ƒdç°æ¤
a) I can sing better than any movie singer ü∆y®√ îÁLxç-î√L.
؈’ -à movie singer éπ-Ø√o -¶«í¬ -§ƒ-úøí∫-©-†’ – ߪ‚E-ߪ’Ø˛ °æGxé˙ ÆæKyÆˇ éπN’-≠æØ˛ ¢Ë’ 14, 2006† Å°œx-Íé-≠憒x îË®√-Lq† *´J ûËC: ï†-´J 2, 2006.
Now / in the future *®Ω’-Ø√´÷:
b) I could sing better than Ghantasala ÆœN™¸ ÆæKyÂÆ-Æˇ (-v°œ-L-N’-†K) °æK-éπ~†’ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-†’çC. Secretary,
؈’ °∂æ’çô-≤ƒ© éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ §ƒúø-í∫-LÍí¢√-úÕE. (past) Å®Ω|-ûª©’:
Union Public Service Commission,
ÉD 1st use of could - Åçõ‰ past ability ûÁ-L-ߪ’ Çí∫Ææ’d 1, 2006 Ø√öÀéÀ -´-ߪ’Ææ’q 21 Ææç´-ûªq-®√©èπ◊- Dholpur House, Shahjahan Road,
ûªèπ◊\-´ -Öç-úøèπÿ-úø-ü¿’. 30 à-∞¡Ÿx -ü∆-ôèπÿ-úø-ü¿’. áÆ‘q, áÆ‘d, New Delhi 110069
¢Á·ü¿ô É*a† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ 'could verbs' îª÷ü∆lç. -É-ûª®Ω’-©èπ◊ -E-•ç-üµ¿-†-©-¢Ë’®Ω N’†-£æ…-®·ç°æ¤ Öçô’çC. Æœ-©-•Æˇ, °æ-Kéπ~ -N-üµ∆-†ç, Íéç--vü∆-©’, -´÷®Ω_-ü¿®Ωzé¬-©’,
1) I thought I could finish it úÕvU ™‰ü∆ ûªûªq-´÷† éÓ®Ω’q îËÆœ†¢√®Ω’ Å®Ω’|©’. -É-ûª®Ω °æ‹Jh N´-®√-© éÓÆæç úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ ´‚úÓ ûËD Ø√öÀ
؈’ °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-í∫-©-†E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o (past) Å°œx-Íé-≠æØ˛ §∂ƒ®Ω熒 ®Ω÷.20 îÁLxç* -EÍ®l-P-ûª §Ú≤ƒd- á秃x-ß˝’-¢Á’çö¸ †÷uÆˇ -™‰-ü∆ ®Óñ¸-í¬®˝ Ææ´÷-î√®˝
-ë«-S Å´-™‰éπ§Úߪ÷†’. °∂ ‘-Ææ’© †’ç* §Òçü¿-´îª’a. îª÷úøçúÕ. website: http://www.upsc.gov.in
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’ç-í∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 6 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
Snehitha: Hi Aneesha, when did you reach
home last night?
-Ñ sentences ™ can, could È®çúø÷ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®·
E†o áEoç-öÀéÀ îË®√-Nç-öÀéÀ? éπü∆. Åçõ‰ Possibility (ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC – ï®Ω’-
Aneesha: I couldn't reach home (could not
í∫’-ûª’çü∆, ™‰ü∆ ņo N≠æ-ߪ’çûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈)
reach home) till 10 ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ can, could, È®çúø÷ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å®·ûË
10´®Ωèπ◊ ÉçöÀéÀ îË®Ω’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’ éÌClí¬ ûËú≈ ÖçC. could éπØ√o èπÿú≈ can èπ◊
Snehitha: O my! Aneesha, never be out so late Possibility – Åçõ‰ ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC.
at night. It could be very dangerous a) It can be dangerous to go out in such
for girls to be out to be alone so late weather
out. Any thing could happen. Éô’-´çöÀ ¢√û√-´-®Ω-ùç™ •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç v°æ´÷ü¿ç
Å¢Á÷t! Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ®√vA-°æ‹ô äçô-Jí¬ é¬´îª’a. 1) Could you help me get a seat, (please)
Öçúøèπ◊. Çúø-°œ-©x-©ç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ •ßª’ô Öçúøôç Uday, Vinai °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ äéπ-®Ìo-éπ®Ω’ Mr. ÅE
b) It could be dangerous to go out in such seat N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ é¬Ææh ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh®√?
î√™« v°æ´÷ü¿ç. Ææç¶-Cµç--èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆. Åçõ‰ ¢√∞¡x Ææç•çüµ¿ç 2) Could you recommend my case to the
Aneesha: But I have a cell, you know. So I was weather éÌçîÁç formal. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ Vinai Åçûª BJ-éπ-™‰E CM?
in touch with home. My brother met - DE Å®Ωnç,(a) Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË Sentence (a) expert. Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x could †’ request èπ◊
CM í¬JûÓ Ø√ N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒh®√?
me half way on my way home. A cell can, could éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Possibility Åçõ‰ ïJÍí ¢√úøôç î√™« polite í¬ Öçô’çC. ÉC present ÉD couldÈ®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç.
could be helpful that way. Å´-鬨¡ç áèπ◊\´ ÅE Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC. ™ØË.
Cell a) Could you have a look at the plan?
ûª®Ω-ûª´’ ¶µ‰ü∆©ûÓ, can, will, would, could
é¬E Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ÖçCí¬. ÉçöÀéÀ É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ could èπ◊ È®çúø’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ îª÷¨»ç.
Phone îËÆæ÷hØË ÖØ√o. ´÷ v•ü¿®˝ Ææí∫ç Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ îª÷úøçúÕ.
1) Ability in the Past, as the past form of can (î√™« ´’®√u-ü¿í¬) §ƒxØ˛ ã≤ƒJ îª÷≤ƒh®√?
Cell
ü¿÷®Ωç ´*a éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. Ç b) Could you also visit? could
2) Possibility or probability
Nüµ¿çí¬ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. ã≤ƒJ(site èπ◊) ®√í∫-©®√? would politest
could – í∫ûªç™ ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E éÀçü¿öÀ
É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ. and formal
please
(®ΩçúÕ, ÅE) will veryformal
lesson ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. and polite
c) Could you call tomorrow? can slightly formal
a) He could walk very fast when he was twenty phone and polite
Í®§Ú-≤ƒJ îË≤ƒh®√? least formal
five years old. request) least polite

Åûªúø’ 25 à∞¡x°æ¤púø’ î√™« ¢Ëí∫çí¬ †úø-´-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’
(Compare: He can walk fast)
b) She could sing better than most other
singers of her day.
Ç¢Á’ ûª† ≤ƒöÀ í¬ßª’-èπ◊™x î√™«-´’ç-C-éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬
§ƒúø-í∫-L-ÍíC
(She can sing-)
c) When could you reach home?
E†o áEoç-öÀéÀ ÉçöÀéÀ îË®Ω-í∫-L-í¬´¤?
(When can you reach home?)
d) Couldn't you get better marks than that.
Can you get-
鬕öÀd could ¢√úø-éπç™ ´·êu-¢Á’i-†C – í∫ûªç™
≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo ûÁ©-°æôç. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ÅüË îª÷¨»ç.
1) I couldn't reach home
؈’ É©’x îË®Ω’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.
2) When could you reach home last night?
F´¤ ®√-vA á°æ¤púø’ É©’x îË®Ω’-éÓ-í∫-L-í¬´¤?
É´Fo ability in the past
É°æ¤p-úø’ Could èπ◊ Ö†o È®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç.
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Ñ sentence í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
1) It could be dangerous for girls
Çúø-°œ-©x-©èπ◊ ÅC v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ®Ωç é¬í∫-©ü¿’.
2) A cell could be helpful that way
Cell Ç Nüµ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-í∫-©ü¿’.
°j È®çúø’ sentences ™ 'could' èπ◊ ã N≠æߪ’ç
≤ƒüµ¿uç, Å´-í∫-©ü¿’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Åçõ‰
Possibility é¬F Probability é¬F ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. ï®Ω-
í∫-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC ÅE îÁ°æ¤hçC –
Present ™
1) ´’Sx ´®Ω-ü¿©’ ®√´îª’a, ™ûªô’d v§ƒçû√©’ ´·E-T-
§Ú-´îª’a.
There could be floods again, and the low
lying areas could be submerged.
(low lying areas = Submerge
™ûªô’d v§ƒçû√©’,
= ´·E-T-§Ú-´ôç) – Present or future.
2) He could help you
Åûªúø’ Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’ – Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÊÆ
Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. (é¬F Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a–
áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ F °æJ-ÆœnA Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁL-ߪ÷L. ÉC èπÿú≈
Present)
3) Ç °æE °æ‹®Ωh-´-ö«-EéÀ ¢√®√©’ °æúø’-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷?
It could take weeks for the work to be finished.
É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x 'can' èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-û√-´’E Éçûª-èπ◊-
´·çü¿’ lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆!
1) Ç °œLx ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xèπ◊. ÅC ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷.
Don't go near the cat. It can get frightened/ it
could get frightened.
2) ´’†èπ◊ úø•’s ´îËa-Ææ-JéÀ ØÁ©©’ °æôd-´îª’a
It can take/ could take months for us to get
the money.
3) ¢√∞¡xûÓ °æJ-îª-ߪ÷©’ ™«¶µº-ü∆-ߪ’-éπçí¬ Öçúø-í∫-©´¤.
Some connections can be / could be useful.
Spoken English
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 78
(îËߪ’çúÕ. ÅE
d) Could you make it at 10? Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd ÉN ¢√úÕûË O’ communication
°æCç-öÀéÀ ®√í∫-©®√? effective í¬ Öçô’çC.
Could you call tomorrow?
Udai: Just how busy are you Mr.Vinai? (make it =
àüÁjØ√ °æE îËߪ’ôç)
Now practise the
busy
O’È®çûª É°æ¤púø’? He made it to the top
Vinai: Why, What's the matter? (àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?) Åûª’u-†oûª ≤ƒn®·éÀ îË®Ω’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. following:
Udai: I want a favour from you, Mr.Vinai.
Formal polite
í¬ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, î√™« (´’®√u-ü¿)í¬ Amar: -O’®Ω’ Ø√éÓ ≤ƒ-ߪ’ç
(O’®Ω’ Ø√éÓ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ÷L) request could
Vinai: What's it, Mr Udai? (àçö îÁ°æpçúÕ)
îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ. îËߪ’-í∫-©®√?
Compare: Bhanu: àçôC?
Udai: Could you have a look at the plan of the
a) Can you lend me your bike? Amar: È®ç-úø’®Ó-V©’ -O’
house I want to built? You are an expert
in these matters and I want your sug-
b) Will you lend me your bike? ®Ω÷ç™ ††’oç-úø- M. SURESAN
gestions and advice. c) Would you lend me your bike?
F-ߪ’®√?
Plan
؈’ éπôd-¶-ûª’†o É©’x ã≤ƒJ îª÷úø-í∫-©®√. d) Could you lend me your bike? Bhanu: ؈’ Ø√ roommate †’ Åúø’-í∫’û√. Åûª-EÍéç
Éô’´çöÀN O’èπ◊ î√™« ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆. O’ Sentences (a), (b), (c) ´‚úø÷ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç Öçúø-ü¿ØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
Ææ÷îª-†©’, Ææ©-£æ…©’ Ø√èπ◊ 鬢√L. lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç – Å´Fo èπÿú≈ requests. àçô-Ææ©’ Ææ´’Ææu?
{expert (áé˙q-°æö¸ – °æö¸, bird ™ bir ™ ir ™«í¬ Sentence (d) 'Could' ûÓ èπÿú≈ – request ØË Amar: ´÷ ®Ω÷ç ô÷d Ö†o mechanic sheds/
°æ©-é¬L, 'á— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©-é¬L) = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC éπü∆. Å®·ûË the interesting thing garages ´©x î√™« íÌúø-´í¬ ÖçC. Room
v§ƒOùuç Ö†o ¢√∞¡Ÿx. is, Ñ Ø√©’-Tç-öÀ™  v°æA-ü∆-EéÃ, N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀéà ûËú≈-©’- ´÷®√a-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
Site = É©’x éπô’d-èπ◊ØË Ææn©ç / House site} Ø√o®·. ÅN î√™« Ææ’Eo-ûª-¢Á’i† ûËú≈©’ - subtle Bhanu: Ok. Å®·ûË Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ã≤ƒJ ††’o
Vinai: Certainly. But today I am busy. I can do it (distinctions)
éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®√? ´÷ ®Ω÷ç™ Åçûª îÓõ‰ç
tomorrow. I am free. a) Can you lend me your bike?
™‰ü¿’. ≤ƒ´÷†’x éÌEo ûªT_ç--éÌE ®√í∫-©®√?
Udai: Could you also visit the site, please? Ñ request polite,
N’í∫û√ ÅEoç-öÀ-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´
Amar: Ø√èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ ≤ƒ´÷ØËxç ™‰´¤. Books,
informal. Åçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁLÆœ ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ-
ÉçöÀ Ææn™«Eo èπÿú≈ ã≤ƒJ îª÷úø-í∫-©®√? clothes and bed ûª°æp.
Vinai: No Problem. Could you call me tomor- form of request.
í∫-L-T† ¢√∞¡xûÓ ¢√úË Bhanu: Í®°æ¤-ü¿ßª’ç ü∆é¬ wait îËߪ’-í∫-©®√? -O’®Ω’
row morning at 8? I'll let you know when 1) Can you buy the tickets for me?
tickets
´îËa-™-°æ© Room éÌçûª Ææ®Ω’lû√.
we can see the plan and also the site. Ø√èπ◊ éÌçö«¢√?
2) Can you give me a lift? Answer:
O’®Ì-éπ\-≤ƒJ Í®°æ¤ Öü¿ßª’ç 8éÀ phone
Plan, site
îËߪ’çúÕ. È®çúø÷ á°æ¤púø’ îª÷úø- b) Will ûÓquestion form request, can
™ îËÊÆ Amar: Could you help me? / Could you do me
í∫-©ØÓ îÁ§ƒh†’. éπØ√o éÌçîÁç áèπ◊\´ polite, formal.
é¬Ææh ´’†ç a favour?
Udai: Could you make it at 10? Åçûªí¬ îÌ®Ω´ BÆæ’-éÓ-™‰E, éÌçîÁç ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√-∞¡xûÓ Bhanu: What is it?
Vinai: That Shouldn't be a problem. Please do îËÊÆ request. Amar: Could you let me stay in your room for
call me at 8, and we can fix at. 1) Will you help me in the matter? two days?
Phone
Ææ´’ÊÆuç Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. áE-N’-Cç-öÀéÀ Ñ N≠æߪ’ç™ é¬Ææh ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh®√? Bhanu: I will talk to my room mate. I don't think
îËߪ’çúÕ. ´’†ç à®√pô’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a 2) Will you drop me at college on your way? he will have any objection. What's the
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’– could ü∆J™college drop
ü¿í∫_®Ω ††’o îË≤ƒh®√? matter?
ÅEo-îÓö«x question form ™ ®√´ôç. c) 'would' request
ûÓ îËÊÆ formal.
°æ‹Jhí¬ ´’†-éπçõ‰ Amar: The garages around my room make a
a) Could you have a look at the plan...? °j ≤ƒn®·™ Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx, ´’†ç ÅÆæ©’ ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ- lot of noise. I want to move.
b) Could you also visit...? E-¢√-∞¡xûÓ îËÊÆ request - would. Bhanu: OK. Could you meet me this evening?
c) Could you call tomorrow? 1) Would you visit me once?
Not much room in our place. Could you
d) Could you make it at 10? ã≤ƒJ ´÷ ÉçöÀ-éÌ-≤ƒh®√? make do with less luggage?
°j Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ÅEoöx èπÿú≈, could, you ûÓ 2) Would you give us the pleasure of a
Amar: I don't have much luggage except my
questions form ™ ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆? É™« could song?
books, clothes and bed.
†’ present ™ formal, polite requests èπ◊, O’ §ƒô NØË Å´-é¬--¨¡-N’≤ƒh®√?
Bhanu: Could you wait till tomorrow morning?
Åçõ‰ î√™« ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬, ´’†ç ’´¤ BÆæ’-éÓ-™‰E d) Could ûÓ îËÊÆ requests ÅEo forms ™ Åûªuçûª
I'll tidy up the room before you move in.
¢√∞¡xûÓ (formal) àüÁjØ√ request îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†C (Politest form of request),
¢√úøû√ç. éÌçûª formal èπÿú≈. ´’®√u-ü¿èπ◊ v§ƒ´·êuç áèπ◊\´.
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Charan: Could I speak to you for a few min-
utes?
O’ûÓ È®çúø’ EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´÷ö«x-úø-´î√a?
Damodar: What about? Go ahead.
üËE í∫’Jç*? ´÷ö«x-úøçúÕ.
(Go ahead = - permission
é¬E-´yçúÕ É´y-ö«-EéÀ
¢√úËexpression; encourage îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ, Åçõ‰
v§Úûªq-£œ«ç-îª-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç)
Charan: A few of us want to have a short
meeting this evening. Could we
have it on your terrace?
¢Ë’ç éÌç-ü¿®Ωç ã *†o meeting °ô’d- ´Fo èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ– polite í¬ permission Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬ uses of could in conversation:
éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. O’ ú≈¶« O’ü¿ °j
°ô’d-éÓ-´î√a?
(Terrace - pronunciation - õ„JÆˇ; 'õ„— ØÌéÀ\
°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç; ú≈¶«-í¬E, ÉçöÀE dž’-é̆o Ç®Ω’-
•-ߪ’ô v°æü˨¡çí¬E. coffee ™«çöÀN û√í∫’ûª÷, b) Could we wait for you here, in case you are
èπÿ®Ω’aE BJí¬_ éπ•’®Ω’x îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-ú≈-EéÀ É™«çöÀ
v°æüË-¨»-©†’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’. India ™ Å®·ûË
áèπ◊\´ ú≈¶« ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç)
Damodar: Oh, no problem. When exactly is it?
°ô’d-éÓçúÕ. éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ á°æ¤púø’?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 79
When could I see you?
Charan: About 5. Could we be disturbing
you? It won't be for more than hour.
(5, Ç v§ƒçûªç™. O’Íéç disturbance
Öçúøü¿’ éπü∆?)
Damodar: No disturbance at all. Could I know
how many are attending the meet-
ing? Just to tell my servant to place
chairs there and keep some drinking
water ready.
ÅüËç °ææ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. áçûª-´’çC ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ Look at the following diagram:
meeting èπ◊? áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ´÷ °æE
èπ◊v®√-úÕûÓ îÁ°œp éÌEo chairs ¢Ë®·ç*, û√í∫-
ö«-EéÀ F-∞¡Ÿx -à-®√pô’ îËü∆l-´’E.
Charan: Thank you, but don't bother. We will
arrange all those things ourselves.
Could we go ahead then?
Å¢Ëç Åéπ\-Í®xü¿’™„çúÕ. -¢Ë’ç îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çö«ç. -
¢Ë’ç meeting Å®·ûË Â°ô’d-éÓ-´îª’a éπü∆.
(Don't bother = Ç N≠æߪ’ç ´C-™‰-ߪ’çúÕ –
°æöÀdç--éÓ-éπçúÕ. bother = ¶«üµ¿ = äéπJE
NÆœ-Tç-îªôç. Ééπ\úø don't bother, don't bother
(your self) ÅE. Åçõ‰ °æöÀdç--éÓ-´-ü¿lE)
Damodar: Please do.
(é¬E-´yçúÕ. Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’)
Charan: Thanks a lot.
Damodar: You are welcome.
Éçûª-´-®Ω π◊ ´’†ç 'could'†’ í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’- π◊-†oN:
1) 'Could' is the past form of can, and express-
es ability in the past. (í∫ûªç™ ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç
ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC)
canèπ◊ past form í¬ express = ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îªôç,
ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω-îªôç)
2) 'Could' expresses a possibility in the present
(v°æÆæ’hûªç äéπ-°æE / °æJ-ÆœnA ≤ƒüµ¿u-ûª†’ – ïJÍí
Å´-é¬-¨»Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hçC)
3) 'Could' with you in the question form express
a very polite and formal request. (you ûÓ
could question form ™ ¢√úÕûË î√™« ´’®√u-ü¿í¬
îËÊÆ request †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC)
É°æ¤púø’ observe the use of could in the
opening conversation:
1) Could I speak to you for a few minutes?
(é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ O’ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-´î√a?)
2) Could we have it on your terrace?
(O’ terrace O’ü¿ °ô’d-éÓ-´î√a?)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..
í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 8 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
3) Could we be disturbing you?
(O’Íé-´’Ø√odisturbance Å´¤-ûª’çü∆?/
¢Ë’ç N’´’tLo disturb îËߪ’-úøç-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆?)
4) Could I know? (ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´î√a?)
5) Could we go ahead then?
(Å®·ûË ¢Ë’ç °ô’d-éÓ-´îª’a éπü¿çúŒ (meeting?)
O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’ °j Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Åçû√
could, I/ We ûÓ question form ™ Öçúøôç.
É™« could I/ We ûÓ question form ™ ´ÊÆh
î√™« polite í¬ ÅúÕÍí permissions/ (ņ’-´’A)
Å´¤ - û ª ’ çC. 3) How could he get the prize?
1. As the past form of can, to express a past How was he able to get the prize?
Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’†o ¢√é¬u™‰.
ability. Åûª úø’ prize ᙫ §Òçü¿-í∫-L-í¬úø’?
a) ´’Sx N’´’t-™„o-°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´’ç-ö«®Ω’?
2. To express a possibility in the present. Question ™ could, was/ were able éπØ√o
When could I see you again?
3. Expressing the politest form of request in the áèπ◊\´ common. How could he come so
present. early? ÅØËüË, How was he able to come so
coming back? early éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-ûª ’ç-ö«®Ω÷, áèπ◊\´
4. To ask for permissions in a very polite and a
O’®Ω’ AJT ´îËa-ôx-®·ûË -´’-´’t-Lo Ééπ\úø wait îËߪ’- very formal manner. N†- °æ-úø’-ûª’çC èπÿú≈.
´’ç-ö«®√?/ ¢Ë’ç Ééπ\úø wait îËߪ’´÷? Compare sentences (a) and (b) below: 4 (a) Could they win the match?
c) Ç order copy BÆæ’-éÓ-´î√a? (b) Were they able to win the match?
(a) I could play very well when I was young.
Could I take a copy of the order with me?/ (b) I was able to play well when I was young. (Match Èí©-´-í∫-Lí¬®√?)
Could I take a copy of the order? îÓôx èπÿú≈, (b) éπçõ‰ (a) more common.
Meaning of (a): ؈’ young í¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ Éô’-´ çöÀ
(´·êuçí¬ superior status ™ Ö†o-¢√∞¡x permis- Çúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕE. (Çúø-í∫-L-T† ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Öç-úËC, Çú≈†’ ÉO could èπ◊ Ö†o Å®√n©÷, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-©÷.
sion ÅúÕ-Íí-ô-°æ¤púø’) ÅE éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’) Now practice the following in English.
d) Could you let me sit here for a while
Meaning of (b): ؈’ young í¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ Ramarao: °æ¤Ææhéπç ã≤ƒJ îª÷úø-E-≤ƒh®√?
†Eo-éπ\úø é¬Ææh èπÿ®Óa-E-≤ƒh®√?/ ØËE-éπ\úø èπÿ®ÓaØ√? Çúø-í∫-L-í¬†’. (Çúøí- L-∫ T- † ≤ƒ´’®Ωnuç Öç-úCË , Çú≈†’ èπÿú≈) Govind: é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ wait îË≤ƒh®√? °æ‹®Ωh-´-ö«-EéÀ
ÉçéÓ È®çúø’ Ê°@-©’-Ø√o®·.
Ramarao: O’ phone ã≤ƒJ ¢√úø’-éÓØ√? ã impor-
tant call îËߪ÷L.
Govind: E®Ω-¶µºuç-ûª-®Ωçí¬. é¬F é¬Ææh low voice ™
´÷ö«x-úø-û√®√?
Ramarao: N’´’tLo disturb îËߪ’-†’-™„çúÕ.
Govind: -ØË-E°æ¤púË °æ¤Ææhéπç O’éÀ-ÊÆh, ´’Sx Ø√èπ◊ Í®§Ò-
îËa-Ææ’hç-ü∆çúÕ?
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆, could, I/ We ûÓ question form ™ Åçõ‰ (a) ≤ƒ´’-®√n uEo ´÷vûªç Ramarao: ÉçéÌ-éπ\-®ÓV wait îËߪ’-í∫-©®√? Åçõ‰
´ÊÆh î√™« polite í¬ permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC; Ç ≤ƒ´’-®Ωn uçûÓ Øˆ’ á©’xçúÕéÀ´y-í∫-©†’.
¢√úøû√ç. °æE ïJ-Tç-üÓ -™‰-üÓ Govind: OK.
Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îª÷¨»ç, can, shall †’ èπÿú≈ I/ We ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Answers:
ûÓ question form ™ permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ (b) Ç ≤ƒ´’-®Ωn uçûÓ °æE Ramarao: Could you let me have a look at the
¢√úøû√ç ÅE. Å®·ûË can, shall, could, I/ We ≤ƒCµç-îªôç – ïJ-TçC. book?
©ûÓ question form ™ permission èπ◊ Å®·ûË Ñ could èπÿ, was Govind: Could you wait a little? Two more
¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ OöÀ™x v°æA-ü∆-EéÀ N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀéÀ î√™« able to èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈ ®√†’, M. SURESAN pages and I shall be through.
Ææ’Eo-ûª-¢Á’i† (subtle) ûËú≈©’ ÖØ√o®·. Ramarao: Could I use your phone once? I have
®√†÷ Ææ ´ ’- Æ œ - § Ú- û ÓçC.
´·êuçí¬ 'not' ûÓ, 'question' ™ Ñ ûËú≈ ÅÆæ©’ important call.
Govind: Go ahead, But could you speak low?
For permission in the question form with I/ We:
éπE-°œç-îªü¿’.
Ramarao: Oh sure, I won't disturb you/ No dis-
could 1) He could not play well
turbing you.
shall very He was not able to play well.
Govind: If/ suppose I give you the book now
can Formal polite Ñ È®çúÕçöÀ Å®Ωnç™ à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† ûËú≈ ™‰ü¿’, Å™«Íí– When could I have it back? Could I
Informal and and 2) She could not sing well
have it back tomorrow?
She was not able to sing well. Ramarao: Could you wait for one more day,
and casual polite very
formal
forms
Ç¢Á’ §ƒúø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC. È®çúø’ äéπõ‰. that is till the day after (tomorrow)?
Questions ™ èπÿú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅçûË. Govind: OK.
-v°æ-¨¡o: Cast -ûÓ éÀç-C phrasal verbs -á-™« -¢√-ú≈-™ -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. 4) Cast (noun) - The group of actors in a drama or in a movie -
Ø√ôéπç/ ÆœE´÷ û√®√-í∫ùç.
1) cast in eye - éÌç-îÁç -¢Á’-©x
The cast of the movie includes several great actors.
(-Ç-¢Á’èπ◊ éÌç-îÁç -¢Á’-©x. -Å-ûª-úÕéÀ -¢Á’-©x éπ-†’oç-C)- (î√™«-´’çC íÌ°æp †ô’-©’-Ø√o®Ω’ Ç ÆœE-´÷™)
2) cast of features - Ç鬮Ω Ææy®Ω÷°æç. -K-A, -©éπ~-ùç.
5) Cast (noun) - ´‚Ææ, Åa (Mould).
3) cast of mind - -´÷-†Æœéπ -üµÓ®Ω-ùÀ.
– -á-Ø˛.-´®Ω-v°æ≤ƒ-ü˛, -ØÁ-©÷x®Ω’ NØ√-ߪ’éπîªNA ®ÓV •çéπ-´’öÀdûÓ ´‚Ææ™ §ÚÆœ† NØ√-ߪ’-èπ◊úÕ ¶Ô´’tèπ◊ °æ‹ï
-ï-¢√-•’: 1) cast in the eye - ¢Á’©x ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ correct. é¬F Ñ ´÷ô Old
îË≤ƒhç. ü∆ØËo´’ØÌa?
A clay cast of Lord Vinayaka. Cast - Ç §Úûª™  §ÚÊÆ Åa.
Fashion. É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’-éπ™  ™‰ü¿’. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ ¢Á’©x-éπ†’o ņ-ú≈-EéÀ Plaster of Paris cast: á´·-éπ©’, éÃ∞¡Ÿx NJ-TûË (fracture Å®·ûË), ¢√öÀéÀ
É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø’-ûª’†o ´÷ô – squint. ¢ËÊÆ bandage.
Å®·ûË cast in the eye ¢√ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ ´÷´‚©’í¬ØË, He is moving about with a plaster of paris cast around his
She/ he has a cast in the/ her eye. elbow. Pop cast
¢Á÷îËA ô÷d ¢Ë≤Ò\E A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
DEéÀ modern - She has a squint/ She is squint eye. 6) Cast of a net. îË°æ© ´© NÆæ’-®Ω’úø’ –
He is born with a squint. A Single cast brought in a hundreds of fish -
2) Cast of feautres- - Ç鬮Ω Ææy®Ω÷°æç – éπ†’o, ´·èπ◊\-B®Ω’ – äéπ-≤ƒJ NÆœ-J† ´©™ ´çü¿-™«C îË°æ©’ °æú≈f®·.
a) She has a wondeful/ beautiful/ fine cast of features - Cast of an eye - îª÷°æ¤ NÆæ-®Ωôç
b) Her cast of features is attractive/ Charming. A cast of her evil eye would make many shiver in fear -
Ç¢Á’ äéπ\ îÁúø’-îª÷-°æ¤ûÓ v°æï©’ ¶µºßª’çûÓ ´ùÀ-éÀ-§Ú-û√®Ω’.
°j È®çöÀéà ŮΩnç Ç¢Á’ ´’ç* Åçü¿ç éπ©C/ Åçü¿-¢Á’i-†C – Cast (verb) = NÆæ-®Ωôç – transitive - üËØÁj o-Ø√ NÆæ-®Ωôç
Ç¢Á’ éπ†’o ´·èπ◊\B®Ω’ Åçü¿çí¬ Öçô’çC. Cast a look = îª÷°æ¤ NÆæ-®Ωôç
3) Cast of mind - ´÷†-Æ œéπ üµÓ®ΩùÀ –
Cast an eye over/ some thing = üË-E-¢Áj°æ-Ø√o îª÷úøôç
He has a gentle cast of mind - ØÁ´’t-ü¿-Ææ’húø’. Cast a spell = ´’çvûª-´·-í∫’l¥Lo îËߪ’úøç
Éô’-´çöÀ Å®√n-©’ éÌEo N’í∫û√ Parts of the body éÀ èπÿú≈ -´≤ƒh®·. Cast a vote = ãô’ ¢Ëߪ’ôç.Cast light = ¢Á©’í∫’ v°æÆæ-Jç-°æ-îË-ߪ’ôç.
a) I like the beautiful cast of her nose - Ç¢Á’ ´·èπ◊\ Ç鬮Ωç Ø√éÀ≠dç
æ. (áèπ◊\-´í¬) Å®Ωnç-é¬E N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo N´-Jç-îªôç... Éçé¬ Cast ûÓ É™«çöÀ
Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. (Cast of the mouth/ eyes etc.) Phrasal verbs î√™« ÖØ√o®·.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Govind: Hi Venkat, when did you return from
Tirupati?
(A®Ω’-°æA †’ç* á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-î√a¢˛?)
Venkat: How do you know I had been to
Tirupati?
(؈’ A®Ω’-°æAÈé∞«x-†E FÈ陫 ûÁ©’Ææ’?)
Govind: You can't hide your tonsured head,
can you?
(F í∫’çúø’ ûª© ü∆-éÓ-™‰´¤ éπü∆?)
(Tonsured = 'ö«Ø˛-≠æú˛— ('ö«— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)
Venkat: You are right. I returned last night.
correct.
(†’´¤y E†o ®√vûË AJ-íÌ-î√a†’)
Govind: How was the pilgrimage?
(F ߪ÷vûª ᙫ ≤ƒTçC? Pilgrimage =
B®Ωn-ߪ÷vûª)
Venkat: Not so bad, we had the help of a tem-
ple official, so we didn't wait long to
have the darshanam.
Govind: How was the rush of pilgrims? Was
the crowd very big?
(ߪ÷vA-èπ◊© û√éÀúÁ™« ÖçC? ï†ç áèπ◊\-´-
í¬ØË ÖØ√o®√?)
Venkat: O it was certainly a big crowd. Some
had to wait for 72 hours to get the
darshanam. But I told you, thanks to a
temple official, we had it easy.
(ï†ç ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\¢Ë. éÌçûª-´’ç-ü¿-®·ûË 72
í∫çô©’ ¢Ë* Öçú≈Lq ´*açC ü¿®Ωz-Ø√-EéÀ.
îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆. Temple ÅCµ-é¬J Ææ£æ…-ߪ’çûÓ
´÷éπçû√ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ Å®·uçC)
Govind: Did you have a dip in the Pushkarini
Dip =
(°æ¤≠æ \-JùÀ™ ≤ƒo†ç î˨»¢√?
†ü¿’™x ´·†-í∫ôç)
Venkat: I very much wished to, but that day no
one was allowed to have the dip.
(ÅØË Å†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ é¬F Ç®ÓV á´-J-F
ņ’-´’-Aç-îª-™‰ü¿’)
Govind: So it all went off very well.
(Å®·ûË ÅFo ¶«í¬ØË ïJ-í¬-ߪ’-†o-´÷ô)
Venkat: Yea. We finished our ablutions the
temple by 9 and were out by 11. Again
thanks to the temple official.
(≤ƒoØ√-C-é¬-©Fo áE-N’-Cç-öÀ-éπ-®·-§Ú-ߪ÷®·.
í∫’úÕ-™éÀ ûÌN’t-Cç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«xç. °æü¿-éÌç-úÕç-öÀ-
éπçû√ •ßª’-öÀ-éÌ-îËa¨»ç, Ç temple ÅCµ-é¬J
ü¿ßª’-´©x)
Govind: Did you go to any other place on the
way or way back?
-¢Á-∞Ï}°æ¤p-úø’í¬-F, ´îËa-°æ¤púø’í¬F ÉçÈé-éπ\-úÕ-éπ-®·Ø√
¢Á∞«x®√?
-v°æ-¨¡o: How did the marriage go off Åçõ‰– mar-
riage ᙫ ïJ-TçC– ÅE -O’®Ω’ ®√-¨»®Ω’. é¬-E ã
°æ¤Ææh-éπç™ The gun went off by itself ÅE
-Öç-C. Å®Ωnç ´’®Ó™« ´Ææ’hçC. Go off ᙫçöÀ
– -†Í®-¨¸, Æœ-JÆœ-©x
Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√ú≈-™ ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.
-ï-¢√-•’:
1) Go off = ᙫ ïJ-TçC – ÉC äéπ
Å®Ωnç –How did the marriage go
off? ™ ™«í¬.
2) Go off = explode (Ê°©ôç) ÅØËC
ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç.
The gun went off by itself.
-v°æ-¨¡o: ¢√úø’ ´’ç*-¢√-úÕ™« éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊
ü∆†ç-ûªô ÅüË Ê°LçC.
O’®Ω’ He appears to be a good fellow ÅE
Éî√a®Ω’. é¬F He is appears to be a good
fellow ÅE áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’?
– -á-Ø˛-.-Å-E-™¸, -¢Á-©’íÓ-úø’
-ï-¢√-•’:
Thank you very much for your appreciation.
He is appears to be a good fellow. Ñsen-
tence is appears, verb
verb form
™
™‰ü¿’-éπü∆. Åçõ‰
ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰ Å™«çöÀ
English ™ É™«çöÀ
verb Öçúøü¿’.spoken English old lessons ™
6 forms of the English verb í∫’-Jç-* N´-®√©’-
Ø√o®·. îª÷úøçúÕ. Åçü¿’™ is appears form
is + appears = 'be' form + II Regular
Öçúøü¿’.
doing word – verb
É™«çöÀ Öçúøü¿’ éπü∆.
Spoken English
-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 11 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
Venkat: We visited Srikalahasti. We had the
rare opportunity of watching
Mahabhishekam to lord Shiva. We
watched too offerings being made to
the god.
(Xé¬-∞¡-£æ«ÆœhÈé∞«xç. ´’£æ…-Gµ-Ê≠éπç îª÷ÊÆ
Å®Ω’-üÁj† Å´-鬨¡ç éπ-L-TçC. üË´¤-úÕéÀ ØÁj¢Ëü¿uç
°ôdôç èπÿú≈ îª÷¨»ç)
Govind: Didn't you go to Tiruchanur to have a
darsanam of goddess Padmavathi,
Lord Venkateswara's consort?
(¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-≤ƒyN’ ¶µ«®Ωu °æü∆t-´A Å´’t- c) He believes his worship of SriSai gives him
5. °æ¤ùu-Íé~-vûªç-™E üË´¤-úø’/- üË-´ûª
peace of mind.
¢√-JE îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ A®Ω’-î√-†÷®Ω’ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü∆?) Deity/ Presiding Deity.
Venkat: We did, of course. I forgot to tell you of X≤ƒ®· Ç®√-üµ¿† ´’†-¨»zç-A-E-Ææ’hç-ü¿E -Ç-ߪ’-†
Goddess Kanaka Durga is the presiding
it. (¢Á∞«xç. îÁ°æpôç ´’Jî√) deity of Vijayawada.
†´’téπç.
10. Nví∫£æ«ç=Idol/ Image (Idol: âúø™ ¸; 'â— ØÌèπ◊\û√ç.
°j Ææ綵«-≠æù Åçû√ ߪ÷vûª-©èπ◊ °æ¤ùu-Ææn-™«-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç- Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø™E üË´-ûª/- Å-´’t¢√®Ω’ éπ†-éπ-ü¿’®Ω_.
Cµç* ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆. ´’† ´÷´‚©’ Aiyyappa is the deity at Sabarimala. Image = ÉN’ñ¸ –'É— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)
a) The temple has a gold idol (image of
conversation™ É´Fo èπÿú≈ °æ¤ùu-Ææn-™«-©èπ◊ ߪ÷vûª- Aiyyappa is the god at Sabarimala.
Vishnu).
©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† vocabulary; ´’†ç ûª®Ω--¢√úË, God: üË´¤úø’ äéπ\úË Å†o ¶µ«´çûÓ üË´¤úÕ í∫’-Jç-*
¢√úøí∫© ´÷ô©’. ÉN ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ûªúø’-´·-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ God
´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’, ®√Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’, Åçö«ç. í∫’úÕ™ •çí¬®Ω’ Nví∫£æ«ç (N≠æflg-´‚JhC) ÖçC.
´’†ç English ™ ߪ÷vûª© í∫’-Jç-* îÁ°æp-´îª’a. (Capital G; no 'a/ the' before God.) 11. Idol worship = Idolatry
Nví∫-£æ…-®√-üµ¿† =
Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ NNüµ¿ üË´¤∞¡⁄x, üË´-ûª©†’ í∫’-Jç-* Christianity and Islam are against idol wor-
ship.
´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd A/ the god,
A/ the goddess Åçö«ç – É™«ç-ô-°æ¤úø’ 'g' – véÀÆœd-ߪ÷-EöÃ, É≤ƒxç-©™ Nví∫-£æ…-®√-üµ¿† E≠œü¿l¥ç.
Idolatry is prohibited in christianity and Islam
small 'g' ØË, capital 'G' é¬ü¿’.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 80 a) The goddess at Basara is Saraswathi.
The deity at Basara is Saraswathi.
(Ñ È®çúø’ ´’û√™x Nví∫-£æ…-®√-üµ¿† èπÿúøü¿’)
Idolatry = (âú≈-©vöÀ – ú≈ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)
How was the pilgrimage?
°æNvûª
b) The god at Srikalahasti is Lord Shiva.
1. Pilgrimage (pron: °œw-L_-N’ñ¸– °œ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) 12. Ç®√-Cµç-îªôç = wor-
c) Lord Subrahmanya is a god in Hindu
°æ¤ùu-Ææn-™«-©èπ◊ üÁj´-ü¿-®Ωz-Ø√®Ωnç îËÊÆ ßª÷vûª. B®Ωn-ߪ÷vûª. ship = offer worship.
Mythology.
a) Ø√ é¬Q-ߪ÷vûª î√--™« Ææçûª%°œh éπL-Tç-*çC/ (The CM offered
Subrahmanya Swamy
(£œ«çü¿÷ °æ¤®√-ù«©™
°∂æ©-v°æ-ü¿-¢Á’içC. worship at the tem-
My pilgrimage to Kasi was very fulfilling.
äéπ üË´¤úø’)
(Mythology = N’ü∑∆-©>, 'ü∑∆— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) ple, and inaugurated
(B®Ωn-ߪ÷vûª ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-†oô’x ´’†èπ◊ ûª%°œhí¬ d) Lakshmi is also a goddess. (äéπ üË´ûª) the Mandapam)
ïJ-TûË = fulfilling) e) Saraswathi is the goddess of knowledge. 13. Tonsure = ûª© í∫’çúø’ M. SURESAN
b) §ƒûª-®Ó-V™x é¬Q-ߪ÷vûª é¬L-†-úø-éπ† ïJ-ÍíC.
(Ææ®Ω-ÆæyA îªü¿’-´¤© üË´ûª) îËߪ’ôç.
A pilgrimage to Kasi in the older days used
Compare (a) and (b) (ö«†{– ö« O’ü¿ stress – ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)
to be on foot.
(a) She felt that God was unkind to her. a) The barbers at kalyanakatta at Tirumala
c) ¨¡•-J-´’-©/- A-®Ω’-°æA ߪ÷vûª
üË´¤úø’ ûª†-°æôx *†o-îª÷°æ¤ îª÷¨»-úøE tonsure us.
Pilgrimage to Sabarimala/ Tirupati.
ÇN-úø-†’-èπ◊çC. (Ééπ\úø üË´¤-úÌ-éπ\úË ÅØË ¶µ«´ç) éπ-™«u-ù-éπ-ôd™ èπ~◊®Ω-èπ◊©’ ´’†èπ◊ í∫’çúø’ îË≤ƒh®Ω’.
wish
B®Ωn-ߪ÷-vûª-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-¢√-∞¡x†’ îËߪ’ôç = (b) She felt that all gods were against her.
b) He had himself/ his head tonsured.
Wish you a very fulfilling pilgrimage. (üË´¤-∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ ÖØ√o-®Ω-†’-
d) He makes a pilgrimage to Kasi every year
Åûª†’ í∫’çúø’ îË®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.
-Ç-ߪ’-† v°æA Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç é¬Q ¢Á∞«húø’.
èπ◊çC. Ééπ\úø NNüµ¿ üË´-ûª-©ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ é¬•öÀd
'gods')
c) With tonsured heads pilgrims enter the
temple.
2. Pilgrim = ߪ÷vA-èπ◊úø’ (°æ¤ùu-Ææn-™«-©èπ◊) 6. consort = wife of a god/ husband of a god-
ߪ÷vA-èπ◊©’ í∫’çúø’ûÓ í∫’∞xéÀ ¢Á∞«h®Ω’.
Tonsured head clean shaven head
•ü¿’©’ ÅE
a) ¨¡•-J-´’© ߪ÷vA-èπ◊©’ †©x-•-ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. dess. (íÌ°æp-¢√∞¡x Åçõ‰ ®√V©, ®√ù’©, üË´¤∞¡x, üË´-
Pilgrims to Sabarimala wear black English
ûª© ¶µ«®Ωu-©†’, ¶µº®Ωh-©†’ wife and
™ èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a.
clothes. The pilgrims with the shaven heads = The pil-
husband consort
-Å-†®Ω’. -Åç-ö«®Ω’.)
grims with the tonsured heads
b) Pilgrims returning from Haj are called
'Hajis'. £æ«ñ¸ †’ç* AJT ´îËa ߪ÷vA-èπ◊-©†’
a) Padmavati is the consort of Lord
Venkateswara. Now practice the following aloud in English:
'£æ…->—©çö«®Ω’. b) Mallikarjuna is the consort of Sudheer:
'pilgrimage' -¢√-úË -B®Ω’:
O’ Ø√†o- -ÖØ√o®√?
Bhramaramba. Eshwar:
™‰®ΩçúŒ. E†oØË é¬Q-ߪ÷-vûªèπ◊ •ßª’-™‰lJ
c) A pilgrim is one who makes a pilgrimage/ 7. Dip/ bath =
°æ¤ùu †ü¿’™x ≤ƒo†ç. ¢Á∞«x®Ω’.
who is on a pilgrimage a)
Sudheer: á°æ¤-úÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’ ´’Sx.
í∫çí¬ ≤ƒo†çûÓ §ƒ§ƒ©’ §Úû√®·
B®Ωn-ߪ÷-vûª©’ îËÊÆ-¢√®Ω’ ߪ÷vA-èπ◊©’. A dip in the Ganga washes away all our
Eshwar: Åçûª éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. £æ«J-ü∆y®˝,
d) My father is on a pilgrimage. sins.
®Ω’≠‘-Íé-¨¸-©™ èπÿú≈ í∫çí¬ ≤ƒo†ç îËÆœ,
´÷ Ø√†o- B®Ωn-ߪ÷-vûª™ ÖØ√o®Ω’. b) A dip in the Krishna is an important part of
He is making a pilgrimage. a pilgrimage to Kanakadurga.
AJT ´≤ƒh-´’-Ø√o®Ω’.
Sudheer:
e) On my pilgrimage to Sabarimala, I visited éÀ ç-ü¿-öÀ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç èπÿú≈ ¢Á∞«x®Ω’ éπü∆?
Guruvayuru.
ü¿’®√_-ߪ÷vûª™ éπ%≥ƒg ≤ƒo†ç ´·êu¢Á’içC.
Eshwar: Jõ„ j-®Ω-ߪ÷u®Ω’ éπü¿çúÕ. 鬴--©Æœ†çûª BJéπ.
c) ≤ƒo†ç îËߪ’ôç = have a dip/ take a dip.
؈’ ¨¡•-J-´’© ߪ÷vûª™ í∫’®Ω’-¢√-ߪ‚®Ω’ ¢Á∞«x†’. d) He has a dip in the Ganga once a year ߪ ÷ vûª-©™ time í∫úø-§ƒ-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.
3. Rush of pilgrims = ߪ÷vA-èπ◊© ®ΩDl/- û√-éÀúÕ.
a) The rush of pilgrims at Tirupati makes it
Ææç´-ûªq-®√-E-éÓ-≤ƒJ Çߪ’† í∫çí¬-≤ƒo†ç îË≤ƒhúø’. Sudheer: éÀ ç - ü ¿ -öÀ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç é¬∞¡-£æ«-Æœh™ èπÿú≈ àüÓ
8. Ablutions = ≤ƒoØ√-C-鬩’, 鬩-éπ%-û√u©’ – ´·êuçí¬ °æ ‹ ï©’ î˨»®Ω’ éπü∆?
impossible to see the lord even for a few Eshwar:
≤ƒo†ç (®ÓWîËÆœ °æ‹ï îË≤ƒhç) Å´¤ † ’. Åéπ\úø ߪ÷vA-èπ◊© û√éÀ-úÕ™ Çߪ’†
seconds
ߪ÷vA-èπ◊© û√éÀúÕ ´©x éÌEo ÂÆéπ†x éπØ√o áèπ◊\-´- 9. Worship = Ç®√-üµ¿†; Ç®√-Cµç-îªôç; Å´Ææ
´’üµ ¿ ’ -
n
®
°
Ω
æ
è
ú
π ◊
≈f®Ω’ èπÿú≈. é¬Q †’ç* AJ-íÌ-î√aéπ,
¢Á∞«h-†ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. O’Ø√éÀ~ Å´’t-
ÊÆ°æ¤ ü¿®Ωz†ç ÅÆæç-¶µº´ç. °æ‹ï, °æ‹>ç-îªôç.
a) We worship God/
b) There is always a huge rush of pilgrims at ¢√J Nví∫ £ æ«ç ´·êuçí¬ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-
PILGRIMS to Sabarimala take a dip in the
Tirupati for the Brahmotsavams. Ø√o®Ω ’ .
Pamba before worshipping lord Aiyyappa. Sudheer: A®Ω’-°æAÍé´’Ø√o ¢Á∞«x®√ Ñ ´’üµ¿u?
v•£æ«Ùt-ûªq-¢√-©èπ◊ A®Ω’-°æ-A™ ߪ÷vA-èπ◊© ®ΩDl
áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçô’çC. b) I begin any work only after my worship. Eshwar: ¢Á∞ Ôx-î √a-®Ω’í¬. Å®·ûË í∫’çúø’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.
4. °æ¤ùu-Íé ~-vûªç- = pilgrim centre.
°æ‹ï ûª®√yûªØË àüÁjØ√.
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Venu: Hello Ratan, how is it I see you daily at
this time here?
(àçöÀ v°æA-®ÓW †’´¤y Ñ time èπ◊ -Ééπ\úø
éπ-E°œÆæ’h-Ø√o-´¤?)
Ratan: It just happens that way. I am here at
this time on my way to the temple near
here and you come out in the evening at
this time.
time
(Åü¿™« ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçC. -ØË-†’ Ñ èπ◊ Ééπ\úø
time
ü¿í∫_®Óx Ö†o í∫’úÕ-éÀ ®√´ôç, †’´yüË ™
ÉçöÀ†’ç* •ßª’-öÀéÀ ®√´úøç.)
Venu: Why this piety all of a sudden? It is only
a week since I have been meeting you
on your way to temple.
sudden
(àçöÀçûª í¬ Ñ ¶µºéÀh? EØÓo ¢√®Ωç
-®Ó-V-©’í¬ ØËE-éπ\úø îª÷Ææ’hØ√o)
Ratan: It's all mother's doing. She's a devotee
of Sri Sai. Her devotion has impressed
4) Devote: ´’†- ¨¡éÀh, v¨¡ü¿l¥, 鬩ç äéπ N≠æߪ’ç °æôx
me too.
(Åçû√ ´÷ Å´’t ´©x. Ç¢Á’ ≤ƒ®·-¶µº-èπ◊h-®√©’.
Ç¢Á’ ¶µºéÀh -Ø√°j -v°æ-¶µ«-´ç -îª÷°œç-C.)
Venu: That's very good indeed. Do you do
pooja at home?
(¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. Éçöx °æ‹ï -îË-≤ƒh¢√?)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 81
She is very devout
Ratan: No, mother does it. She is very devout.
Sun or rain she has a cold bath early in
the morning and sits for pooja.
(´÷ Å´’t îËÆæ’hçC. Ç¢Á’ î√-™« ¶µºéÀh-éπ-©C.
áçúÁjØ√ ¢√ØÁjØ√ §Òü¿’lØËo îªFo∞¡x ≤ƒo†ç îËÆœ
°æ‹ïèπ◊ èπÿ®Ω’aç-ô’çC)
Venu: What about your father?
(O’ Ø√†o-í¬J Ææçí∫A?)
Ratan: He is not particular. He is devoted to his
job. His devotion to duty doesn't let him
devote any time to worship.
(Çߪ’-†-éπçûª °æöÀdç°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’. Çߪ’-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ NCµ
E®Ωy-£æ«-ù-°æõ‰x v¨¡ü∆l¥ Æ洒ߪ’ç ¢Á*a-≤ƒh®Ω’. Åçü¿’-
´©x Çߪ’-†èπ◊ Å®Ωa-†èπ◊, Ç®√-üµ¿-†èπÿ time
Öçúøü¿’.)
Venu: Do you go to the Sai temple near our 7) ØÁj¢Ëü¿uç °ôdúøç = offer, ØÁj¢Ëü¿uç = offering.
college too?
(´’† college ü¿í∫_®Ω í∫’úÕéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢Á∞«h¢√?)
Ratan: Rarely, devotees prefer this to that.
(Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬. ¶µºèπ◊h-©ç-ü¿®Ω’, Ç í∫’úÕ éπçõ‰ Ñ
í∫’úÕØË É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’)
éÀçü¿öÀ lesson continuation í¬ Â°j Ææ綵«-≠æù 11) (´’çvû√©’, ¢Ëü∆©’ etc.) °æJ∏ç-îªôç/ ´Lxç-îªôç =
èπÿú≈ ¶µºéÀhéÀ, °æ‹ñ« °æ¤†-≤ƒ\-®√-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*ç-ü¿E
ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Ñ ´÷ö©’ ´’†ç conversation
™ ûª®Ω ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
1) Piety = °æߪ’öÀ ('°æ— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊-û√ç) = ¶µºéÀh
= devotion (úÕ¢Ó-≠æØ˛) – 'úÕ— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç.
a) My mother is a woman of piety.
´÷ Å´’t ¶µºéÀh-éπ-©C.
b) O’®√ éπ%≠æflg-úÕ-°æôx î√-™« ¶µºéÀh-éπ-©C
Meera had great piety for Lord Krishna.
2) pious = °æߪ’Æˇ = ¶µºéÀhí∫©
a) She is a pious woman = Ç¢Á’ ¶µºéÀh éπ©C.
b) He is not so pious as his wife.
Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ûª† ¶µ«®Ωuçûª ¶µºéÀh ™‰ü¿’.
'¶µºéÀh— Åçõ‰ 'devotion' ÅE- èπÿú≈.
c) Thyagaraja and Bhaktha Ramadas had
great devotion to Lord Rama.
®√´·-úÕ-°æôx ¢√Rx-ü¿l-JéÀ î√-™« ¶µºéÀh ÖçúËC.
äéπ\ N≠æߪ’ç pious Åçõ‰ ¶µºéÀhí∫© ÅØË Å®Ωnç.
devotional = ¶µºéÀhíÌLÊ°, ¶µºéÀhéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†.
devotional songs = ¶µºéÀh-U-û√-©’/- üË-´¤úÕ §ƒô©’.
Å®·ûË pious Åçõ‰ Eïçí¬ ¶µºéÀh-™‰E, ¶µºéÀh †öÀçîË
ÅE Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.
Spoken English
Don't believe his pious talk
¶µºéÀhí¬ N†-°æúË ÅûªE ´÷ô©’ †¢Á·tü¿’l. ÅC †ôØË.
Devout = ¶µºéÀh-í∫©
3) Devotion = ¶µºéÀh. Ñ Å®Ωnç Éçûªèπ◊´·çüË îª÷¨»ç.
DEéÀ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç – äéπ-J-°æ-ôx-í¬E, äéπ N≠æߪ’ç°æôx
í¬-E v¨¡ü¿l¥, vÊ°´’-™«çöÀN éπLT Öçúøôç.
Devotion to duty = NCµ/ NCµ E®Ωy-£æ«ù °æôx v¨¡ü¿l¥
a) His devotion to duty leaves him little time
for his family.
NCµ °æôx Åûª-úÕ-èπ◊†o v¨¡ü¿l¥ ´©x -ûª-† èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ
time Íéö«-®·ç-îª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
èπ◊ô’ç• N≠æ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ BJ-èπ◊ç-úøôç ™‰ü¿’.
b) Her devotion to the service of the poor is
really great.
Ê°ü¿© °æôx Ç¢Á’-èπ◊†o v¨¡ü¿l¥, vÊ°´’ î√™« íÌ°æpN.
c) Gandhi's devotion to the cause of Indian
independence.
¶µ«®Ωûª ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç °æôx í¬çDµ@ v¨¡ü¿l¥.
îª÷°œç-îªôç.
a) The doctor devotes most of his time to his
patients.
®Óí∫’© éÓÆæ¢Ë’ áèπ◊\´ Æ洒ߪ’ç Íéö«-®·-≤ƒhúø’.
b) Though very busy, he devotes a lot of time
to his family.
BJé𠙉èπ◊Ø√o èπÿú≈ èπ◊ô’ç-¶ç-ûÓ î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤
í∫úø’-°æ¤-û√úø’.
c) Freedom fighters devoted their whole life
to the cause of freedom.
≤ƒyûªçvûªuç éÓÆæç @N-ûª-´’çû√ í∫úÕ-Ê°-¨»®Ω’.
5) Devotee =
¶µºèπ◊h-úø’/ -¶µº-èπ◊h-®√©’
a) X -¢Ëçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω ≤ƒy-N’ ¶µºèπ◊h©’.
devotees of Sri Venkateshwara.
b) Devotees can offer worship from 6 a.m. -
12.00 noon and from 4 p.m. - 8 p.m. =
¶µºèπ◊h©’ Öü¿ßª’ç 6 †’ç* 12 ´®Ωèπ◊, ≤ƒßª’çvûªç
4 †’ç* 8 ´®Ωèπ◊ ü¿®Ωz†ç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a/ Ç®√-
Cµç-îª-´îª’a.
6) Devout = pious = ¶µºéÀhí∫-©
O’®Ω’ î√™« ¶µºéÀhí∫©-¢√-∞¡x-®·ûË you are very
devout.
The devout old man spends most of his time
in the temple.
¶µºéÀhí∫-© Ç Â°ü∆l-ߪ’† áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ°æ¤ í∫’úÕ-™ØË
Öçö«úø’.
8) éπ®Ω÷p®Ωç = Camphor (é¬ç°∂æ – é¬ç, Cat ™
'鬗 ™«í¬)
9) ≤ƒçv¶«ùÀ = Incense
(Incense Åçõ‰ éÓ°æç éπL-Tç-îªôç ÅE èπÿú≈).
10) Åí∫-®Ω’-´-ûª’h©’ = Incense sticks.
Chant - chanting of mantras, vedas, etc.
12) v°æN’ü¿ = Censer (ÂƆq – 'ÂÆ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç),
Censer Åçõ‰ ≤ƒçv¶«ùÀ üµ¿÷°æç ¢ËÊÆ ¶µºJù ÅE
èπÿú≈.
v°æ¨¡o: ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 'á†o´—- -™‰-ü∆ '-á-ØÓo--— Å-ØË °æ-ü∆-EéÀ
-É-ç-T-x≠ˇ-™ ÆæÈ®j-† °æ-ü¿ç -à-N’-öÀ? N´-®Ω-çí¬
-ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’.
– ¢Ë’J- π◊-´÷J, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø
- ï - ¢ √- •’: Ñ v°æ¨¡o î√-™« -é¬-©çí¬
î√™«-´’çC Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.
'á†o´— ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ English ™
ÆæÈ®j† °æü¿ç ™‰ü¿’. 'O’ ņo-ü¿-
´·t™x O’È®-ØÓo¢√®Ω’?— ÅØË
v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ English èπ◊ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬
'where do you come among
your brothers and sisters?'
ÅE ņ-´îª’a. ÉC èπÿú≈ Ææçü¿-
®√s¥Eo•öÀd ´÷vûª¢Ë’, O’È®-ØÓo¢√®Ω’?
ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
13) Wick.
´Ah =
14) halo = °æ-ö«-™x, ¶Ô´’t-™x üË´¤∞¡x, ´’£æ…-ûª’t©
P®Ω-Ææ’q© ô÷d ÖçúË é¬çA ´©ßª’ç.
15) hallowed = °æ¤F-ûª-¢Á’i†.
Tirumala is the hallowed place of Lord
Venkateshwara.
¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-≤ƒyN’ ´©x A®Ω’-´’© °æ¤F-ûª-¢Á’içC.
16) Sanctity =
°æN-vûªûª.
a) Smoking and alcohol are banned in holy
places to preserve their sanctity.
°æ¤ùu-Ææn-™«© °æN-vûª-ûª†’ 鬧ƒ-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åéπ\úø
-§Òí∫-û√í∫-úøç, ´’ü¿u-ç E-Ê≠-Cµ-≤ƒh®Ω’.
(Preserve = îÁúÕ-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈, §ƒúø-´-èπ◊çú≈ Öçîªôç)
b) The Hindus attach great sanctity to the
Ganga
£œ«çü¿’-´¤©’ í∫çí¬-†-CE î√-™« °æN-vûª-¢Á’iç-Cí¬
¶µ«N-≤ƒh®Ω’.
Practise the following:
Sukumar: Hello,
prasad, ´’Sx
¨¡•-J-´’-©é¬?
´’Sx †©x-•-ôd™x,
¢Á’úø™ ´÷©ûÓ
éπ-E°œÆæ’h-Ø√o-´¤.
Prasad: Å´¤†’. M. SURESAN
Sukumar: O’È®Eo≤ƒ®Ω’x
¢Á∞«x-Jç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊? é¬L-†-úøéπ-Ø√, Bus ™Ø√?
Prasad: ÉC 5´ ≤ƒJ, é¬L-†-úø-éπØË.
Sukumar: Ø√èπÿ ®√¢√-©ØËÖçC. ´îËa-≤ƒJBÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x¢√?
Prasad: ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬. É°æ¤púË ®√´îª’a éπü∆?
Sukumar: -É°æ¤p-úø’ é¬-ü¿’. †’´¤y î√-™« ¶µºéÀh-í∫-©-¢√-úø-
´-†’-èπ◊çö«.
Prasad: †’´¤y èπÿú≈ éπü∆? î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ≠œKf ߪ÷vûª
îË≤ƒh´¤. ≤ƒ-®·-¶«-¶«†’ éÌ©’-Ææ’hç-ö«´¤.
v°æA ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç éπ%≥ƒg †C™ ≤ƒo†ç
îË≤ƒh´¤. È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x í∫çí∫™  ´·E-
íÌ*a†ô’d-Ø√o-´¤-èπÿú≈ éπü∆.
Answer:
Sukumar: Hello, Prasad, Sabarimala (Going
to Sabarimala) again. I see you once
more/ once again in black clothes
and with a string of beads/ beads
around your neck.
a) Where is Dr. Manmohan Singh among/ on
the list of the PMs of India? - ÉC 'á†o´—
ÅØË ü∆EéÀ ÅA ü¿í∫_®Ω.
b) What is the ordinal of Dr. Manmohan Singh
among the PMs of Inida?' ÅE ņ-´îª’a, é¬E
ÉC §ƒçúÕûªuç. (ordinal= 1st, 2nd, 3rd etc) -
(a) èπÿú≈ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•õ‰d ´’† ¶µ«¢√Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-
(b)
ûª’çC. E Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓí∫-LÍí-¢√-∞¡Ÿx ûªèπ◊\´.
v°æ¨¡o: One and half year Åçõ‰ éπÈ®é¬d? ™‰éπ one
and half years ÅØ√™«? ÉC singular í¬ Ö°æ-
ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™«? ™‰éπ plural í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√™«?
– Èé-.-Ç®˝.-v°œ-ߪ’-ü¿-Jz-E, é¬éÀ-Ø√-úø
-ï-¢√-•’: One and a half years ņôç correct.
DE ¢Áç-ô ´îËa verb ´÷vûªç singular.
One and a half years is a long period.
-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 13 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
(string =´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç = ü∆®Ωç. Beads =
°æ‹Ææ©’. String of beads= °æ‹Ææ© ´÷©. Beads
ÅØ√o- èπÿú≈ °æ‹Ææ©´÷© ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.
counting beads = °æ‹Ææ-©-ü¿ç-úøûÓ ï°æç îËߪ’úøç)
Prasad: Yes,
Sukumar: Howmany times have you been
there so far? By bus or on foot?
Prasad: This is my fifth time. Walking.
Sukumar: I feel like coming too. How about
taking me/ will you take me next
time?
Prasad: With pleasure. Why not now?
Sukumar: Not now. I Think you are very pious/
devout.
Prasad: So are you. You make frequent pil-
grimages to Shirdi. Every friday you
have a dip in the Krishna. You have
been to the Ganga twice I think, and
taken a dip there.
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Ææç-*éπ-™ -Å-¶µ«u≤ƒ-EéÀ Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-†ç:
Sudheer: Is your father in? / at home?
Eshwar: No, He left yesterday on a pilgrimage
for/ to Kasi.
Sudheer: When will he be back?/ When will he
return?/ When is he returning?/
When will he come back?
Eshwar: (I am) not sure. He said he would
have a dip in the Ganga at Haridwar
and Rishikesh and return.
Sudheer: Didn't he go last year too?/ He went
last year too, didn't he?
Eshwar: He is now retired you know. He has
plenty of/ a lot of leisure. He wants to
spend the rest of his life on pilgrim-
ages.
Sudheer: I think even last year he offered wor-
ship/ performed pooja at Srikalahasti.
Eshwar: Yes. He had trouble because of the
rush of pilgrims there. After returning
from Kasi, he wants to go to
Madhurai. He is particular about the
image / idol of goddess Meenakshi.
Sudheer: Has be been to Tirupathi of late?
Eshwar: Yes last month. But he didn't have his
head tonsured/ he didn't have a ton-
sure.
v°æ¨¡o: éÀçC ¢√é¬u--™x àC éπÈ®éÓd ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’?
Today all trains are running lately.
Today all trains are running by late.
Today all trains are running as late.
– ®ÓùçéÀ Ææ’¨¡%ûª, -éÓô-¶Ô-´÷tR
-ï-¢√-•’: O’ ´‚úø’
sentences ™ àD éπÈ®é˙d
é¬ü¿’.Correct sentence: Today all
trains are running late.
1) Lately late
éÀ, èπ◊ Å®Ωnç™ áéπ\ú≈ Ææç•çüµ¿ç
™‰ü¿’.
a) Lately recently/ of late
Åçõ‰ Åçõ‰ Ñ ´’üµ¿u.
I haven't seen him lately/ of late
Ñ ´’üµ¿u ؈’ ¢√úÕE îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’.
b) late –
Åçõ‰ Ç©-Ææuçí¬, Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’i† ÅE.
He has come late = Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´î√aúø’.
I -Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Sekhar: Hello Mahesh... any idea where
Jagadish is.
(£æ«™ ´’Ê£«¨¸, ïí∫-D¨¸ áéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ
ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
Mahesh: He may be at home.
(Éçöx ÖçúÌa)
Sekhar: May we expect him on time?
(Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ÆæJí¬_ ´≤ƒhúøE ņ’-éÓ-´î√a?)
Mahesh: I don’t know. He said he would come,
but when, exactly, he was not clear.
(ûÁLߪ’ü¿’. ´≤ƒh†Ø√oúø’, é¬F á°æ¤púÓ éπ*a-
ûªçí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.)
Sekhar: Until he comes we cannot start our
work.
(Åûªúø’ ´îËa ´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-
‰ç ´’J.)
Mahesh: How many charts are we going to
make for the exhibition?
(´’†ç áTb-G-≠æØ˛èπ◊ áEo °æöÀd-éπ©’
îËÆæ’hØ√oç?)
Sekhar: Jagadish knows. They may be six or
seven.
(ïí∫D¨¸èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. •£æ›¨» Ç®Ó àúÓ
Öçúø-´îª’a.)
Mahesh: So many? Then we had better begin.
We do not have much time. We may
have at the most three or four days.
(î√™« ÖØ√oßË’! Å®·ûË ´’†èπ◊ õ„j¢˛’
áèπ◊\´ ™‰ü¿’. ´‚úø’, Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV© éπçõ‰
áèπ◊\´ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.)
Sekhar: He knows it. He may not delay. Yes.
Here is he calling. He says he may be
here in 15 minutes.
(Åûªúø’ Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Ç...
ÉCíÓ ÅûªúÕ †’ç* §∂ÚØ˛. °æC-Ê£«†’
EN’≥ƒ™x Ééπ\úø ÖçúÌa Åçô’Ø√oúø’.)
Mahesh: OK then. He may also bring the nec-
essary material.
(Åûªúø’ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ≤ƒ´’vT èπÿú≈
û˴a).
í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. Ééπ\úø underline îËÆœ†
verbs ÅFo mayûÓ ´Ææ’hØ√o®·.
✒ may be
✒ may we expect him?
✒ may have
✒ may not delay
✒ may bring
´’†™ î√™«-´’çCéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’– ‘may’, present
™í¬E, future ™ í¬E àüÁjØ√ ÖçúË/ ïJÍí
Å´-é¬-¨»Eo ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hçC– Åçõ‰ probability
in the present, or in the future.
1) May be - ‘be’ form- expresses a probable
state of being in the present or in the
future.
É°æ¤p-úø’-í¬F ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’h-™-í¬F ÖçúË Å´-é¬-¨»Eo
ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hçC. °æC EN’-≥ƒ™x ¢√Rx-éπ\úø Öçúø-
´îª’a.
They may be here in ten minutes.
2) May + 1st Regular Doing Word (May go,
May come, May play etc.)- expresses a
probable/ likely action in the present or in
the future. May + 1st RDW,
Åçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’
é¬F, Ééπ-´·çü¿’ é¬F ï®Ω-í∫-´îª’a (éπ*aûªç é¬ü¿’)
ņ’-èπ◊ØË °æEE (ï®Ωí∫éπ §Ú´îª’a èπÿú≈) ûÁLߪ’-
ñ‰-Ææ’hçC.
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ‘May be’ Åçõ‰ Öçúø-´îª’a, •£æ›¨»
Öçö«®Ω’/ Öçô’çC, Öçö«úø’– É°æ¤púø’ é¬F Ééπ-
´·çü¿’ é¬E ÅØË Å®Ωnç™. Å™«Íí May + 1st
RDW - May go - ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a – •£æ›¨» ¢Á∞«h-®Ω’/-
¢Á-∞¡Ÿhç-C/-¢Á-∞«húø’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.
Kousik: When may you be here again?
(O’®Ω’ ´’Sx Ééπ\úø á°æ¤púø’ Öçúø´îª’a/
O’®Ω’ ´’Sx Ééπ\úø ÖçúË Å´-鬨¡ç
á°æ¤púø’?)
Mohan: I may come here again this weekend.
(؈’ Ñ ¢√®√ç-û√-EéÀ Ééπ\úÕéÀ ®√´îª’a.)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..
Kousik: We may not meet each other then,
because this weekend I may leave for
Chennai. My sister is going abroad.
She may need my help in packing, etc.
(Å®·ûË ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a, áçü¿’-
éπçõ‰ ؈’ Ñ ¢√®√çûªç™ îÁØÁj o ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a,
´÷ ÆœÆd®æ ˝ §∂ƒJØ˛ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûÓçC. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ §ƒuéÀç-
í˚™ Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç Å´-Ææ®Ωç 鬴a.)
ÅFo Ŵa, 鬴a, Å´-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ÅE
Å®√n©’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆. ´’† @N-ûªç™
àC ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC, ï®Ω-í∫-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ÅE
îÁ°æp™‰ç 鬕öÀd, Åçõ‰ because life is full
of uncertainties 鬕öÀd, may, may not
¢√úøéπç î√™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçô’çC. ´’Sx
îª÷úøçúÕ.
Prasanth: How much money may you need?
(áçûª úø•’s Å´-Ææ®Ωç 鬴a?)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 82
...WHO KNOWS?
Dasarath: Just 5000 rupees a day. I may not
need more than that.
(®ÓVèπ◊ Å®·ü¿’ ¢Ë© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’™‰. Åçûª-
éπçõ‰ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.)
鬕öÀd ‘May’ expresses probability in
the present or in the future. It
3)
expresses doubt too- Åçõ‰ ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo
èπÿú≈ ûÁLߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hçC.
Mahendra: Will he come this evening?
(≤ƒßª’ç-鬩ç Åûªúø’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oú≈?)
Sasank: He may come, I am not sure.
(®√´îª’a. ؈’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰†’).
Mahendra: Why do you doubt it?
(áçü¿’èπ◊ ņ’´÷†ç?)
Sasank: He was talking about going to his sis-
ter’s place.
(¢√∞¡x-éπ\ߪ’u ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡û√-†E Åçô’-
Ø√oúø’.)
Mahendra: Then let’s start. If we do not start
now the teacher may go away.
(Å®·ûË ´’†ç •ßª’-™‰l®√lç. É°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-
®Ω-éπ-§ÚûË öÃ˝ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´îª’a)
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ may ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo Ææ÷*-
≤ÚhçC.
í∫´’-Eéπ: 1) ‘May’ Åçõ‰ØË probably 鬕öÀd, may,
probably °æéπ\-°æ-éπ\† ¢√úøç. Å™«çöÀ
îÓôx will ¢√úø-´îª’a.
a) He may help you.
He will probably help you.
b) She may get the prize.
1. He has worked in Chennai since 1990 (pres-
ent perfect) Åçõ‰ 1990 †’ç* É°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ î˨»úø’
ÅE ´Ææ’hçü∆? ™‰ü∆ Éçé¬ continue Å´¤-ûª’çü∆?
2. Çߪ’† ®ÓV Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ -Å-†-ú≈-Eo He is
coming here daily -™‰-ü∆ He
comes here daily Éçü¿’™
àC éπÈ®é˙d?
3. a) you shall finish all this
work and then only go
b) you must finish all this
work and then go
Éçü¿’™ àC éπÈ®é˙d?
– Èé. XE-¢√Æˇ ®√´¤, -¢Á-ü¿’-∞¡x-°æLx.
ï-¢√-•’– He has worked in
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 16 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
She will probably get the prize.
Gowtham:
ØËE°æ¤púø’ é̆-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Ç Ç™-îª-†- ™‰ü¿’
c) She may not like this.
Ø√èπ◊.
She will probably not like this. Sunil:
°vö©’, úŒ>™¸ üµ¿®Ω©’ °®Ω-í∫-´-îËa¢Á÷
(Ç¢Á’ ü∆Eo É≠æd-°æ-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.)
2) Å™«Íí may •ü¿’©’ perhaps + will ¢√úø- Gowtham: O’®Ω’ Ç©Ææuç îËÊÆ éÌDl üµ¿®Ω©’ °®Ω’-í∫’-
ÅØËC äéπ\õ‰ ÇçüÓ-∞¡† Ø√èπ◊.
´îª’a.
ûª÷ØË Öçö«®·. O’®Ω’ 鬮Ω’ éÌØË-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ
a) ¢√úÌ-≤ƒh-úË¢Á÷!
Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ -üµ¿®Ω- °®Ωí∫-´-a.
He may come. Sunil: O’®Ω’ îÁ°œpçD Eï¢Ë’. Ñ®Óñ‰ 鬮Ω’
Perhaps he will come. ™Ø˛èπ◊ Å°kx îË≤ƒh. É°æ¤púø’ îËÊÆh ¢√∞¡Ÿx
He will come perhaps.
¨»çéπ{Ø˛ îËÊÆ ÆæJéÀ ¢√®Ωç °æôd-´îª’a.
He will perhaps come. (perhaps = •£æ›¨») Gowtham: Åçûª °æôd-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ™„çúÕ. É°æ¤púø’ î√™«
b) She may know this. ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆ-Ææ’h-
She perhaps knows this. Ø√o®Ω’. È®çúø’
c) Suguna may buy this.
´‚úø’
®ÓV™x O’èπ◊
Suguna will buy this perhaps.
loan ®√´îª’a.
(Ç¢Á’ é̆-´îª’a)
ANSWERS:
may •ü¿’©’ äéÓ\-≤ƒJ may be ¢√úø-´îª’a.
Gowtham: You said you M. SURESAN
a) It may succeed.
would be
May be it will succeed.
buying car. When may you buy it?
(ÅC Nï-ߪ’-´çûªç 鬴a.) Sunil: May be in a week or two. when may
b) Sachin may score another century in this
you buy? What about you?
series.
Gowtham: I may not buy at all. I have no plans
(Ææ*Ø˛ Ñ ÆœK-Æˇ™ ØË ÉçéÓ ÂÆçîªK îËߪ’-´îª’a.) as yet
May be Sachin will score another century in
Sunil: I have just one worry. I am afraid
this series.
petrol and diesel prices may go up.
c) He may be coming . Gowtham: If you go on delaying /if you delay
Perhaps he is coming . further, you may not use a car at
May be he is coming. low petrol prices. By the time you
Åûªúø’ ´Ææ÷h Öçúø-´îª’a. buy the car, you may drive it at high-
Probably he is coming. Éô’-´ç-öÀ-îÓôx ‘Who er prices.
Knows?’ (á´-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’/ á´®Ω’ îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’?) Sunil: You are right. Today itself I will
d) It may happen; Who knows? apply for a Car loan. If I do it now,
May be it will happen; Who knows? it may be a week before they
Perhaps it will happen; Who knows? process it and sanction the loan./
Now practise the following: they may take a week to process it
and sanction the loan.
Gowtham: 鬮Ω’ éÌçô’-Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆? á°æ¤púø’ éÌç-ô’-
Ø√o®Ω’? Gowtham: They may not take so long. Now a
days they are very quick. You may
Sunil: äéπöÀ È®çúø’ ¢√®√™x. O’È®-°æ¤púø’ éÌç-ô’-
get the loan in two or three days.
Ø√o®Ω’.
Chennai since 1990 ņo-°æ¤púø’ Éçûª-´-®Ω’èπÿ î˨»úø’ b) Ñ sentence -Åûª†’ véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ v°æA-®ÓV
ÅØË Å®√n-EÍé áèπ◊\´ v§ƒüµ∆†uç. Å®·ûË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo Ééπ\-úøèπ◊ ´≤ƒh-úøE. éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ sentence
•öÀd Éçé¬ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-úøØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. 'I have (b) is better than sentence (a)
worked in this company since 2000’ ÉC á´- 3. È®çúø÷ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË shall,order -†’
Ææ÷-*-Ææ’hçC.Must Shall éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ force ûÓ
®ΩØ√o ÅüË company™ îËÆæ’h†o´uéÀhûÓ Å†o-°æ¤púø’,
Éçé¬ Åéπ\úË continue Å´¤-ûª’-Ø√o-†ØË éπü∆? have order ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, éÌçûª Å´-Ææ-®√Eo èπÿú≈
worked èπÿ, have been workingèπÿ ûËú≈ î√™« Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC.you must have money if you
ûªèπ◊\´.Å®·ûË continuity éÀ v§ƒüµ∆†uç É´y-´-©Æœ want to buy a Car -Ééπ\úø must, Å´-Ææ-®√Eo
´ÊÆh have been + ing better (order é¬ü¿’) Ææ÷*-≤ÚhçC éπü∆! †’´¤y ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ
2.a) He is coming here daily - correct ´·çü¿’ °æE °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC ÅØË
b) He comes here daily - correct Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ sentence (b) èπ◊ ÖçC. sentence
a) Ñ sentence modern English Usage ™ ¢Á’©x- (a) °æE °æ‹Jh îËߪ ÷L ÅØË order -† ’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-
¢Á’-©xí¬ accept îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ –®ÓW Ééπ\-úøèπ◊ ´Ææ’h- ûª’çC. Å®·ûË Ñ ûËú≈ Åçûªí¬ °æöÀdç--éÓ-†-éπ\-
Ø√o-úøØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ®Ω-™‰ü¿’.
II
Surekha: Hi Deepthi, come in. What a sight you
are! What's (what has) happened?
Why those mud splashes on your
dress?
-D°œh, ®√, àçöÀü¿çû√, É™« ÖØ√o´¤? (What
a sight you are) ᙫ- éπ-E°œÆæ’h-Ø√o-¢Ó, àç
ïJ-TçC? F dress O’ü¿çû√ Ç •’®Ω-ü¿-
F-∞ÏxçöÀ?
Deepthi: Sure, I'm in a terrible mess. I was
walking down the road. A car driving
over a puddle splashed the mud on
me. I felt terribly embarrassed with the
mud on my dress. Took an auto imme-
diately and came down here. This is
the nearest I could think of.
Eï¢Ë’ ؈’ ¶µºßª’ç-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†/ -ü∆-®Ω’-ù-¢Á’i† °æJ-
Æœn-A™ ÖØ√o†’. ؈’ road ¢Áç•úÕ †úø’-
Ææ’hçõ‰ ¢√†-í∫’ç-ô-O’ü¿ car ¢Á∞¡x-ôçûÓ Ç
•’®Ωü¿ F∞¡xçû√ Ø√O’ü¿ *-´÷t®·. ¢ÁçôØË
auto -BÆæ’èπ◊-E Ééπ\-úÕ-éÀ-´î√a, Åéπ\-úÕéÀ -É-C
ÅA ü¿í∫_®Ω 鬕öÀd)
(Terrible = ¶µºßª’ç-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† (°æJ-ÆœnA)
mess = í∫çü¿-®Ω-íÓ∞¡ç, *çü¿-®Ω-´ç-ü¿®Ω, Ééπ\úø trou-
-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 19 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
Deepthi: I had been on my daily morning walk
when this happened.
؈’ morning walk -îËÆæ’h-†o°æ¤p-úø’ -É-C
ïJ-TçC.
Surekha: But why a walk at all? It rained all
through the night.
ÅÆæ©’ ®√vûªçû√ ´®Ω{ç èπ◊JÊÆh É°æ¤púø’
†úø-´ôç üËEéÃ?
Deepthi: It's quite sultry. Please turn on the fan.
Öéπ\-§Ú-ûªí¬ ÖçC. é¬Ææh fan ¢Ëߪ’¢√?
Surekha: It is sultry - that means it is going to
sweat = ÂÆyö¸ =- îª-´’ô, ’-ô-°æ-ôdôç. Suman:
°ü¿l ´®Ω{¢Ë’ ´îËaô’xçC. Éçé¬ 24 í∫çô©’ ´®Ω{
rain again. a) we are sweating a lot here; let's sit out. Ææ÷ Ö†o-ô’xçC éπü∆?
Eïç-í¬ØË îª´’-ôí¬ ÖçC. Åçõ‰ ´’-S} Ééπ\úø î√-™« ’-ô-§Ú-Ææ’hçC, •ßª’ô èπÿ®Ω’açü∆ç. Kalyan: éπÈ®Íéd††’-éÓçúÕ. Å®·ûË íÌúø’í∫’ ´’-®Ω-*-§Ú-û√-ØË-
b) He is sweating all over
¢√ØÌ-Ææ’hç-ü¿-†o-´÷ô. ¢Á÷-†-E. É°æp-öÀÍé È®çúø’ íÌúø’-í∫’©’ -§ÚíÌ-ô’d-
´®√{-Eéà ¢√û√-´-®Ω-ù«-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô©’ Åûª-EéÀ ä∞¡xçû√ ’-ô- §Ú-≤ÚhçC. èπ◊Ø√o.
´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç.
’--öúÕa Ææ秃-Cç-îªôç = sweat it out Suman: E†oçû√ ´®Ω{ç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊Ø√o.T.V. ™ èπÿú≈
a) Chiranjeevi has sweated it out to become a îÁ§ƒp®Ω’. é¬E E†oçû√ î√-™« Öéπ\-§Ú-ûªí¬
top star éπ-≠d°
æ æ-úÕ (’-öúÕa) Öûªh´’ †ô’úø’ߪ÷uúø’. ÖçC. ü∆E-ûÓ-§ƒ-ô’ éÌçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ éπÈ®çô’ èπÿú≈
(sweat ûª®√yûª it í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ) ™‰ü¿’. -ä-∞¡xç-û√ äéπõ‰ -îª-´’-ô.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 84
b) He sweated it out to educate his daughter Kalyan: ’-öí¬ØË ÖçC. Å®·ûË Ç鬨¡ç Åçû√
èπÿûª’Jo éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªC-Nç-î√úø’. ´’¶‰sÊÆ ÖçC.

I feel very sultry

ble.
Puddle = Road O’ü¿ ÖçúË ¢√† F∞¡x-í∫’çô.
splash = F∞¡x-™«ç-öÀN *´’tôç.. Å™«- *-N’t-†-°æ¤púø’
°æúË- F∞¡Ÿx.
embarrass = á綫-®ΩÆˇ. ¶« ØÌ-éÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç, Æœí∫’_-
°æ-úËô’x É•sçC éπL_ç-îªôç,
embarrassed = É•sç-Cí¬ feel Å´ôç.
•’®Ω-ü¿-F∞¡x ´’®Ω-éπ-©’†o dress ûÓ éπ†-°æ-úøôç
Deepthi éÀ É•sçC (embarrassing í¬
Öçô’çC) éπü∆!
The Son-in-law's behaviour embarrassed
the minister.
Å©’xúÕ v°æ´-®Ωh† ´’çvAéÀ é¬Ææh É•sçC éπL-Tç-*çC.
É®Ω’-èπ◊† °æúË-ÆœçC.
embarrassing = á綫-®Ω-Æ œçí˚ – '¶«— bank ™
ba ™«í¬)
Surekha: Sorry dear, come. Wash your face
and have a change of clothes. Here
you are. Take this dress of mine. I'll
have yours washed and sent home to
you in the evening.
î√--™« ¶«üµ¿í¬ ÖçC. ¢Á·£æ«ç éπúø’-èπ◊\E
•ôd©’ ´÷®Ω’aéÓ. ÉCíÓ (ÉC) BÆæ’éÓ =
Here you are. -ØË-†’ -F dress †’ ÖA-éÀç*
≤ƒßª’çvûªç O’ ÉçöÀéÀ °æç°æ¤-û√†’.
Deepthi: Thank you.
Surekha: But why were you out so early in the
morning? It is not even 7 now.
Å®·Ø√ Åçûª §Òü¿’lØËo •ßª’-öÀÈéç-ü¿’-
éÌ-î√a´¤? É°æ¤p-úÕçé¬ 7 èπÿú≈ é¬-™‰ü¿’.
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Thanks îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ à ´ßª’Ææ’q ¢√JéÀ ᙫ AJT ï¢√-G-¢√yL?
2) Å™«Íí "sorry" îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ AJT à Nüµ¿çí¬ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†-N’-¢√yL
(°ü¿l-©èπ◊, °œ©x-©èπ◊, Ææ´’-´-ߪ’-Ææ’\-©èπ◊)?
3) Good heavens, Adit! You must have your shoes polished.
Good heavens, Adit! You must have polished your shoes.
ÉN à Nüµ¿çí¬ È®çúø’ ¢Ë®Ω’ ¢Ë®Ω’ Å®√n-©-E-≤ƒh®·. É™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ᙫ
Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L? phonetics í∫’-Jç-< -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.
– -áç.-á-™¸.°æ®Ω-¢Ë’-¨¡y®Ω®√-´¤, -•’-*-aÈ®-úÕf-§ƒ-™„ç, -ØÁ-©÷x®Ω’ ->-™«x

puddle = roads O’ü¿ ÖçúË ´®Ω{°æ¤ F∞¡x-í∫’çô c) How can you get any thing free? you sweat Suman:
§Ú®·† ¢√®Ω-
puddle water = Å™«çöÀ F∞¡Ÿx for it ´’çû√ ¢√ØË

mud = muddy =
•’®Ωü¿, •’®Ω-ü¿í¬ Ö†o Ö*-ûªçí¬ àüÁjØ√ ᙫ ´Ææ’hçC? üËE-ÈéjØ√ éπ≠d-°æ æ-ú≈L. éπü∆. †ü¿’-©çû√

splash = F∞¡Ÿx (à vü¿´-°æ-ü∆-®Ωn-¢Á’iØ√) *çü¿ôç
sweat = ¶µºßª’çûÓ îª´’-ô-§Ú-ߪ’ôç. §ÒçT-§Ò-®Ω-©’-ûª’-
a) He splashed water over my face a) The sight of the police made him sweat. Ø√o®·. -§ƒ°æç
Ø√ ¢Á·£æ«ç O’ü¿ F∞¡Ÿx éÌö«dúø’. police ©†’ îª÷úø-í¬ØË Åûª-EéÀ îÁ´’-ô-°æ-öÀdçC. È®j-ûª’-©èπ◊
b) splash of water = *N’t† F∞¡Ÿx °æçôçû√ M. SURESAN
b) She sweats and shivers at his sight.
c) a splash of water made him conscious ÅûªEo îª÷úø-í¬ØË Ç¢Á’ ’-ô-°æöÀd ´ùÀ-éÀ-§Ú-®·çC. †≠æd¢Ë’.
F∞¡Ÿx éÌôd-í¬ØË ûÁLN ´*aç-ü¿-ûª-EéÀ Kalyan: Å®·ûË éÌEoîÓôx ´÷vûªç È®jûª’©’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-
(shiver = ≠œ-´ = ´-ù-éπôç)
d) Blood splashed all over the place as the í¬ØË ÖØ√o®Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπØË äéπ-JéÀ -ê‰ü¿ç, äéπ-JéÀ
Vighnesh: Have you heard the news? We are
lorry hit him. ¢Á÷ü¿ç ÅØ√o®Ω’.
in for another cyclone.
™«K úµŒ é̆-ôçûÓ Åéπ\-úøçû√ ®Ωéπhç *N’tçC. NØ√o¢√, ´’Sx -ûª’-§ƒ-†’-†’ -á-ü¿’-®Ó\-¢√Lq Answer:

Sultry = (¢√û√-´-®Ωùç) Öéπ\-§Ú-ûª-í¬/ -îÁ-´’-ôí¬
´≤ÚhçC. (We are in = ņ-¶µº-Nçîª- Suman: Take/ Carry an umbrella. It is raining.
¶´ôç. He is in for trouble = Åûª-EéÀ Kalyan: It's only a drizzle/ It is just drizzling. An
Öçúøôç
a) I feel very sultry; could you turn on the fan? umbrella is not necessary.
trouble ®√¶-ûÓçC.)
î√-™« -îª-´’-ôí¬ ÖçC. é¬Ææh fan ¢Áߪ’u®√? Suman: It looks like heavy rain./ It appears to
Mahesh: Yea. Cyclone is forecast for another
sultry = stuffy. (-Å®·-ûË stuffy -äéπ -v°æ-üË-¨»-EéÀ rain heavily./ Heavy rain appears likely./
24 hours.
-¢√-úø-û√ç. It may rain heavily. Rain is forecast for
b) The room is very stuffy. Please open the ®√í∫© 24 í∫çô™x cyclone -´-îËa Ææ÷îª-†/- another 24 hours.
windows. Å-´-鬨¡ç. (forecast = ´·çü¿’ ïJÍí Ææç°∂æ’- Kalyan: You may be right, but I may forget the
®Ω÷ç î√© ¢ËúÕí¬ -Öç-C. (í¬L ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖçC) ô-†© ÅçîªØ√) umbrella somewhere. I have already
éÀöÀéà ûª©’-°æ¤©’ Bߪ’çúÕ. Now, practise the following aloud in English: lost two umbrellas.
When the room is stuffy, you sweat Suman: íÌúø’í∫’ BÂÆ\-∞¡xçúÕ. ´®Ω{ç-´-≤ÚhçC. Suman: The whole of yesterday I expected rain/
room ™ í¬™«-úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ îª-´’ô§ÚÆæ’hçC. Kalyan: ûª’ç°æÍ® éπü∆. íÌúø’-í∫-éπ\-Í®x-ü¿’-™„çúÕ. I thought it would rain the whole of yes-
terday. Even TV forecast it. But it was
b) Good heavens, Adit! you must have polished your shoes
F shoes ¶«í¬ polish îËÆœ Öçú≈L †’´¤y
sultry/ The whole day was sultry. fur-
ther/ Besides there was no power for
(Åçõ‰ ¶«í¬ polish î˨»´¤. Eí∫-E-í∫-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®·) some time. we were sweating a lot.
Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø 'good heavens' ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Kalyan: It was sultry/ stuffy; true. But the sky
Hi, Å-ØÓ, It's great ÅØÓ Åçö«ç éπü∆. 'Good heavens' àüÁjØ√ îÁúø’ was cloudy.
ïJ-T-†-°æ¤úø’. ´îËa éÌEo Ææç*-éπ™x phonetics N´-®Ωù Öçô’çC. Suman: We had rain all through last week. All
-v°æ-¨¡o: Accused ÅØË ´÷ô†’ ÅèπÿuÆˇd ÅE Pro. îË-ߪ÷-©-Ø√o®Ω’. Dictionaries ™
the rivers are in floods/ spate. (All the
accuse ÅØË ´÷ô Åèπÿu-ñ¸í¬ Pro. Å®·uçC. Åçü¿’-´-©x accused ÅØË rivers are flooded.) Poor farmers! It has

-ï-¢√-•’: 1) à ´ßª’Ææ’q¢√®Ω’ thanks îÁ°œpØ√ AJT ÉîËa ï¢√•’ ´÷ô Åèπÿu-ñ¸fí¬ pronounce é¬ü∆? similarly, "learned" ÅØË ´÷ô ©Joú˛
(l3:nid) í¬ pronounce Å®·çC. ©Jo-ö¸í¬ Å´-™‰ü¿’. 'ed' ûÓ end Å-ßË’u
caused damage to crops.
Kalyan: But the farmers in some areas are
äéπõ‰, you are welcome/ welcome. é¬Ææh °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x- verb ©’– (for e.g., looked ©’é˙dí¬, booked •’é˙dí¬ pronouce Å®·-†- happy. That's why they say, 'One man's
®·ûË, sir îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. °æ¤púø’)– 't' ûÓ end Å´¤-û√-ߪ’ØË Ææ÷vûªç ÅEo-îÓö«x apply é¬ü∆? meat is another man's poison'. (äéπ-JéÀ
2) Sorry éÀ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË– It's all right, doesn't matter, Åçö«ç.
°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x-®·ûË sir, îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. – -áç.Ææ’-¶«s®√-´¤, -à-©÷®Ω’ -ë‰-ü¿ç, äéπ-JéÀ ¢Á÷ü¿ç ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ English

3) a) Good heavens, Adit! you must have your shoes pol-
ished = ¶«¶ß˝’! F shoes polish îË®·ç-î√L †’´¤y.
(Åçõ‰, F shoes èπ◊ §ƒL≠ˇ ™‰éπ dirty í¬ ÖØ√o-ߪ’E)
-ï-¢√-•’: Past tense form éÓÆæç '-ed' îËJÊÆh ÅC p, k, s (z sound ûÓ) © proverb.)
ûª®√yûª ´÷vûª¢Ë’ 't' Å´¤-ûª’çC. looked (lookt), peeped (peept), The whole day •ü¿’©’ All day, All
chased (chaset) etc. ÅEo îÓö«x ÅC apply é¬ü¿’. through the day ņôç practise îËߪ’çúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Anil: Hi Hari, we couldn't meet each other the
whole of yesterday.
E†o ´’†ç éπ©-´-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷ç.
Hari: Meet? In such a downpour? I didn't feel
like going out in such rain. No let up at all
till late in the night.
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-ô´÷? Åçûª ¢√†-™Ø√? •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x-
©-E-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’. ®√vA ¶«í¬ §Òü¿’l-§ÚßË’´®Ωèπ◊ ûªí∫_-ØË-
™‰ü¿’.
Downpour Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆– Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ
v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i î√-™«ÊÆ°æ¤ èπ◊JÊÆ ñ®Ω’-¢√†.
feel like í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? Åçõ‰ ÅE-°œç-îªôç.
I feel like going to a movie =
ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«x-©-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC.
I don't feel like tea now =
öà û√í¬-©-E-°œç-îª-ôç-™‰-C-°æ¤púø’.
Let up = ûªí∫_ôç, ûªí∫’_-´·êç °æôdôç; àüÁjØ√
v°æߪ’ûªoç ûªT_ç-îªôç. ÉC ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ conversa-
tion ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
There is no let up in her fever =
Ç¢Á’ ïy®Ωç ûªí∫_-ôç-™‰ü¿’.
We are not going to let up our efforts
´÷ v°æߪ’-û√o©÷, v¨¡´’ ûªT_çîË °æØË-™‰ü¿’.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 85
There was no let up
Anil: Even in such rain, I went out for some
medicine for dad. My god! there was
knee-deep water on most roads, and I
waded through. The drains were over-
flowing.
Åçûª ¢√†-™†÷ ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ ´’çü¿’-éÓÆæç •ßª’-
blow: í¬L Oߪ’ôç, blow (present)- blew (past)
ôèπ◊ -¢Á-∞«}-†’. Ŷs! î√-™« roads ™ ¢Á÷é¬-L-
™ûª’ F∞¡Ÿx. Ç F∞¡x™ é¬Sx-úø’a-èπ◊çô÷ †úÕ-î√†’. a) Strong winds blew as it rained cats and dogs
Knee deep = ¢Á÷é¬-L-™ ûª’. knee = ¢Á÷鬩’.
kneecap = ¢Á÷é¬-L-*°æp. wade = F∞¡x™  é¬Sx-úø’a-
èπ◊çô÷ †úø-´ôç.
Hari: Yes, it was that heavy.
Å´¤†’ Åçûª-°-ü¿l -¢√-ØË.
Anil: The wind was strong too. It blew off two or
three hoardings and the roof tops of some
sheds. I saw atleast two of the hoardings
lying in the water on the road.
í¬L èπÿú≈ î√-™« •©çí¬ O*çC. È®çúø’ ´‚úø’
hoardings, éÌEo sheds éπ°æ¤p©÷, ™‰*-§Ú-ߪ÷®·
Ç í¬LéÀ. ؈’ éπFÆæç È®çúø’ hoardings road
O’-ü¿ F∞¡x™ °æúÕ Öçúøôç îª÷¨».
Blew off= (í¬L) ™‰Ê°-Æ œçC.
Hoardings = shops O’ü¿, road sides ™ ÖçúË
v°æéπ-ô† (advertisement) boards.
Rooftops = éπ°æ¤p °j¶µ«í¬©’.
Lakshmi: It's seven now cloudy, and a cot wind
is blowing. It looks like rain again any
moment.
g) blew off the board = board í¬™x áT-J-§Ú-®·çC.
Éçé¬ ´’-¶‰sÊÆ ÖçC, îªL í¬-L O≤ÚhçC. à
éπ~ù«-ØÁj oØ√ ´’Sx ´®Ω{ç ´îËa-ô’xçC.
let up ûªí∫_-ôç/-ûª-T_ç-îªôç.
Looks like rain = It may rain = ´®Ω{ç ®√´îª’a. a) Ç í¬L àç ûªí∫_-™‰ü¿’
Anil: We had severe drought last season. The
crops withered. This season we have too
much of rain on and off. The crops are
under water and the low lying areas are all
flooded.
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ÅØ√-´%-≠œd/ ´®√{-¶µ«-´ç -´©x c) There has been no let up in the government's
°æçô-©Fo áçúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ÅA-
´%≠œd. °æçô-©Fo ï©-´’ߪ’ç. ™ûªô’d v§ƒçû√-
©Fo F∞¡xûÓ EçúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷®·.
Drought = ´®√{-¶µ«´ç;
on and off = ûª®Ω = often/ frequently.
low lying areas = ™ûªô’d v§ƒçû√©’.
Lakshmi: Hope this would end with today.
Ñ ®ÓVûÓ ÉC Çí∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o.
Spoken English
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù èπÿú≈ weather (¢√û√-´-®Ωùç) èπ◊
Ææç•ç-Cµç*† -´÷-ô-©ûÓ ÖçC éπü∆. ÅEo-öÀF
äéπ-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç.
Downpour; let up; knee-deep; drains; wade
wind; blew off; hoardings; looks like rain;
drought; withered; on and off.

Down pour – î√© °ü¿l-¢√†.

knee deep - wade; drain.
¢Á÷é¬-L-™ûª’.
a) Areena: Why don't you get me some chips to
eat? (é¬Ææh chips ûÁ*a-°-ôd´‹?)
Amar: (Do you) want me go out in this down-
pour for your chips? I'll get drenched.
(Éçûª ¢√†™ -†-†’o •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-´’-Ø√ F
Å®Ωnç. ûªúÕ-Æœ-§Ú-û√†’). The roads are
under kneedeep water. (Roads °j
¢Á÷鬙xûª’-† F-∞¡ŸxØ√o®·). I don't want to
wade through the water mixed with
the water from the drains. (-´·-JéÀ
鬩-´© F∞¡Ÿx éπ©-Æœ† Ç F∞¡x™ †úø-´ôç
Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’).
¶«í¬ °æE áèπ◊\-´í¬ ´¤çúÕ, î√©-ÊÆ°æ¤ °æõ‰d-ôd-®·ûË
ü∆Eo èπÿú≈ wade through Åçö«ç.
b) The officer wades through a lot of files
Ç officer ®ÓW î√-™« files
îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’, áçûªèπÿ
Å´ü¿’.
c) We waded through a lot of portion for the last
week's examination.
èπ◊ ¢Ë’ç î√-™« portion îª-C¢√ç.
Last week exam
(áçûª time °æöÀdçüÓ ÅE)
blown (past participle)
èπ◊çúø-§Úûª ´®Ω{ç, ü∆E-ûÓ-¶«ô’ •©-¢Á’i† í¬©’©’
Oî√®·.
b) Though it isn't raining much, the wind is
blowing strongly.
´®Ω{ç Åçûª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, í¬L ´÷vûªç -î√-™« •©çí¬
O≤ÚhçC.
blow off = í¬L-´©x àüÁjØ√ ™‰*-§Ú-´ôç. áT-J-§Ú-
´ôç, éÀçü¿-éÀ -°æ-úÕ-§Ú-´ôç, (D°æç ™«çöÀN) ÇJ-§Ú-
´ôç, ¢√öÀE ÇÍ®p-ߪ’ôç.
c) The wind blew off several trees
î√-™« îÁôx†’ í¬L ™‰Ê°-ÆœçC
(í¬LéÀ îÁô’x èπÿL-§Ú-ߪ÷®·)
d) The wind blew off the lamp
í¬L D§ƒ-Ø√o-Í®p-ÆœçC.
e) The lamp blew off. D°æç -Ç-J-§Ú®·ç-C.
f) The wind blew off the wooden structure.
í¬L Ç îÁéπ\ èπÿ®Ω’p†’ èπÿ™‰a-ÆœçC.
There was no let up in the wind.
b) F v°æߪ’-û√o© Bv´ûª ûªT_ç-îªèπ◊
Don't let up the seriousness of your
attempts.
relief efforts, said the CM
v°æ¶µº’ûªy Ææ£æ…-ߪ’éπ Ωu™x -á-™«ç-öÀ -™°æç -Öç--úø-ü¿-E
´·êu-´’ç-vA -Å-Ø√o®Ω’.

´®Ω{ç ´îËa-ô’xçC = It looks like rain =
It may rain = It is very likely to rain.
a) As we started out it looked
¢Ë ’ ç •ßª ’ - ™ ‰ l - Í ® - ô - ° æ ¤ p úø ’ ´®Ω { ç ´îË a - ô - ô ’x ç C.
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..
-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 21 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
Now practise the following aloud in English:
b)
ØË-†’ ®√†’. ´®Ω{ç ´îËa-ô’dçC. ï©’•’ îËÊÆh ؈’
ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰†’. Sathya:
Ñ ¢√† ûªí∫_ü∆?
I won't come. It looks like rain. I cannot with- (let up
¢√úøçúÕ)
stand a cold Vijaya: ¢√®Ωç-®Ó-V-©’í¬ ûª®Ωîª÷ ´®Ω{ç °æúø’-ûª÷ØË ÖçC.
(withstand = ûªô’d-éÓ-´ôç, ¶µºJç-îªôç) ÅD ¶µ«Kí¬, í∫ûª 3, 4 à∞¡x™ Éçûª ¢√†
c) Though it is just 3 o' clock in the afternoon, it ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’.
is dark. The sky is cloudy. It is very likely to Sathya: É°æp-öÀÍé ™ûªô’d v§ƒçû√-©Fo ï©-´’-ߪ’-
rain. ´’-ߪ÷u®·. TV™ îª÷¨» ´’†’-≠æfl©’ ¢Á÷é¬-L-
´’üµ∆u£æ«oç ´‚úË Å®·Ø√, <éπ-öÀí¬ ÖçC. Ç鬨¡ç ™ûª’ F∞¡x™ é¬Sx-úø’a-èπ◊çô÷ †úø-´úøç. ¢√†
´’¶‰s-ÆœçC. ´®Ω{ç ´îËaõ‰x -Öç-C. (´îËa Ææ÷îª-†©’ F∞¡Ÿ} É∞¡}-™éÀ èπÿú≈ ´îËa-¨»®·.
áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÖØ√o®·). Vijaya: v°æ¶µº’ûªyç î√™«- ´’ç-CE Ææ’®Ω-éÀ~ûª v°æüË-¨»-©èπ◊

drought: ´®√{-¶µ«´ç, ÅØ√-´%-≠œd – -´-®√{©’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç
ûª®Ω-Lç-*çC. Ææ£æ…-ߪ’éπ Ωu©’ èπÿú≈
wither = (îÁô’x ™«çöÀN) áçúÕ-§Ú-´ôç
îË°æ-öÀdçC.
When there is a drought the crops wither.
Sathya: ¢Á·†o ®√vA O*† •©-¢Á’i† í¬LéÀ î√™« îÁô’x
´®√{©’ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ °æçô©’ áçúÕ-§Ú-û√®·. èπÿL-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. ´÷ -ÉçöÀéÀ éÌçîÁç ü¿÷®√†
-Ö†o §ƒûª Shed éπ°æ¤p áT-J-§Ú-®·çC.
Vijaya: á´-J-ÈéjØ√ í¬ßª÷-©-ߪ÷uߪ÷?
Sathya: ™‰ü¿’, Åü¿%-≠d-´
Answer:
æ -¨»ûª’h.
Sathya: Will there be no let up in the rain?
Vijaya: It has been raining off and on since last
a)
¢√†©’ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç ´©x week/ during the past week/ for a week
°æçô©’ áçúÕ-§Ú-ûª’- now. I haven't seen such rain in the last
Ø√o®·. 3 or 4 years.
The crops are wither-
Sathya: Already the low lying areas are under
ing because of
water. I saw on the TV, people wading
drought/ The crops
through kneedeep water. The rain
are withering because M. SURESAN
water has entered houses too.
it hasn't rained.
Vijaya: The government has moved a large
b) Ñ ´®√{-¶µ«´ç ´’®Ó ¢√®Ωç ´®Ωèπ◊ Öçõ‰ °æçô-™„ç-úÕ-
number of people to safe places/
§Ú-´ôç ûªü∑¿uç.
safety. It has taken up relief measures
If the drought continues for/ lasts one more
week, the crops are sure to wither/ will sure- too.
ly wither. Sathya: The strong winds the day before (yes-
c) On and off = ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ = ´÷öÀ-´÷-öÀéÀ. terday) blew off/ down/ uprooted a
a) Åûª†’ Ø√ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’ç-éÓÆæç ûª®Ωîª÷ ´Ææ’hç-ö«úø’. number of trees; They blews off as well
He comes to me on and off for help.
the roof of an old shed some distance
b) Don't trouble me on and off. from my home.
trouble
´÷öÀ-´÷-öÀéÀ ††’o îËߪ’-èπ◊/-N-Æœ-Tç-îªèπ◊. Vijaya: Was anyone injured?
c) The CM calls for my advice on and off. Sathya: No, fortunately.
CM ûª®Ωîª÷ Ø√ Ææ©£æ… éÓÆæç °œ©’-Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’/
phone îË≤ƒh®Ω’.
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Pending ÅØË véÀߪ’†’ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. Ñ verb
b) Adjective: An enquiry is pending against
him.
simple, past, past participle ®Ω÷-§ƒ©’
2) Who wrote Ramayana?
ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. ÅûªE O’ü¿ Nî√-®Ωù °æ‹®Ωh-´-™‰ü¿’.
Who did write Ramayana? °æ‹®Ωh-´-ö«-EéÀ wait îËÆæ’hØ√oç.
È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-© í∫’-Jç-* N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. Ééπ\úø 'pending' adjective.
– Ø√u©-°æLx °çôߪ’u, -ÅL-ߪ÷-¶«ü¿’ 2) a) Who wrote Ramayana?
-ï-¢√-•’: 1) Pending - ÉC verb é¬ü¿’. 鬕öÀd ü∆EéÀ, b) Who did write Ramayana?
1) Ramayanam
past, past participle ÖçúË v°æ¨¡o-™‰ü¿’. ™«çöÀ ´’£æ…-é¬-¢√u© ´·çü¿’
'The'
Pending, preposition Å®·Ø√ Å´¤- éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ®√¢√L.
2) The Ramayanam ÅE Öçõ‰,sentence (a)
ûª ’çC– àüÁjØ√ °æ‹®Ωh-´-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’
Å®ΩnçûÓ, ™‰éπ-§ÚûË adjective Å®·Ø√ correct, sentence (b) wrong.
ÅØË
Å´¤ - û ª’çC– àüÁjØ√ °æ‹®Ωh-´-ú≈-EéÀ ´’†ç Question form Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÀ, not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË who
wait îËÆæ’h†o– ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.
ûª®√yûª 'do' 'does', 'did' ®√´¤. ÉC äéπ\ who
a) Preposition: He is suspended pending
N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ØË, ÅD 'á´®Ω’?— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. á´-JE
enquiry.
Å-†o Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ 'who' ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. 'Who
did he meet?' ™«çöÀ sentences ™. Å°æ¤púø’
Nî√- ®Ωù °æ‹-Jh é¬-†ç-ü¿’-† (Nî√-®Ωù Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-
like rain ûÓçC é¬-•-öÀd) Çߪ’-†-†’ suspend î˨»®Ω’. Ééπ\úø who °æéπ\† do, does, did ´≤ƒh®·.
pending preposition.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II -Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 23 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
Kavitha: Hi Lakshmi, (It's) rather a cold Lakshmi: I am not going to have even a bite of
evening. How about munching some- the bujji from that place.
thing to keep ourselves warm? Éçéπ ´’Sx Ç •@b Åçô÷ A††’.
≤ƒßª’çvûªç î√™« îªLí¬ ÖçC. àüÁjØ√ é¬Ææh Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù Åçû√ A†ôç, û√í∫-ö«-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-
†N’™‰h ¢Áîªaí¬ Öçô’ç-üË¢Á÷. *ç-ü¿E ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆! Ééπ\úÕ ´÷ô©’ îª÷ü∆lç.
Lakshmi: That's right. Let's have some hot Munching; have; sipping; snack; crisp and
chips and then hot coffee. That's crunchy; hot; gulp & suck; chewing; swallowed;
make us comfy. have a bite.
Hot chips, hot coffee BÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. ü∆çûÓ
A†ôç û√í∫ôç: ´÷´‚©’ daily situation
™E
£æ…®·í¬ Öçô’çC. conversation™ àüÁjØ√ A†ôç ÅE é¬F, û√í∫ôç
(comfy = comfortable ÅØË °æü∆-EéÀ ÉC ÅE é¬F ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’, Jeevan: I find you chewing killis all the time. It
have, take, eat. Have ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´í¬
Éçûª îªLí¬ Ö†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç coffee æp-JÆæ÷h û√í∫-
èπ◊Cç°æ¤. Å®Ωnç = £æ…®·í¬ Öçô’†o) is bad for your health and teeth.
Kavitha: Nothing like sipping a hot cup of cof-
ú≈- EéÀ éπØ√o à´·çC?
¢√úøû√ç. àçöÀ, á°æ¤púø÷ éÀSx †´·-©’ûª÷ éπE-°œ-≤ƒh´¤. ÅC
sip = æp-JÆæ÷h, ¢Á’©x-¢Á’-©xí¬ û√í∫ôç.
fee on a cold evening like this. Anil: What do you usually have for breakfast? Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÃ, °æ∞¡xèπÿ ´’ç*C é¬ü¿’. a) It's very hot. Let's sip some soft drink?
É™«çöÀ îªL ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ¢Ë∞¡ ¢ËúÕ é¬°∂‘ û√í∫ôç Breakfast èπ◊ †’¢Ëyç BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤/ Açö«´¤ Jagadish: I know that to chewing killis is not
î√™« áçúøí¬/ ¢ËúÕí¬ ÖçC. àüÁjØ√ soft drink sip
´çöÀ Ææ’êç ÉçéÓöÀ Öçúøü¿’. ´÷´·-©’í¬? good. I will try to give it up. îËü∆l´÷?
Lakshmi: Ok, then; here you are. Here's the Unni: Most of the days we have idli at home. ´’ç*-C-é¬-ü¿E ûÁ©’Ææ’, ´÷†-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh. Soft drink = ´÷´‚©’í¬ ´’†ç cool drink ÅØË-
snack you are after. áèπ◊\-´í¬ ´÷ Éçöx ÉúÕx BÆæ’èπ◊çö«ç/ Açö«ç.
chew = †´’-©ôç, †´·-©’ûª÷ A†ôç. (îª÷u) ü∆Eo éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ soft drink ÅØ√L.
Å™«Íí. ÉCíÓ †’´¤y 鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊†o A†’-•ç- a) Doctors tell us to chew food well
Hard drinks, Åçõ‰ alcoholic drinks (beer,
ú≈®Ωç. Ç£æ…-®√Eo ¶«í¬ †N’L AØ√-©Edoctors îÁ§ƒh®Ω’. whisky, etc)
(snack = A†’-•ç-ú≈®Ωç! ´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ b) The dog is trying to bite and chew the bone
b) They are sipping coffee sitting in their gar-
öÀ°∂œØ˛ Åçô’çö«ç. You are after = †’´¤y
- Ç çí∫ x - ¶ µ « - ≠ æ - ù 86
Ç èπ◊éπ\ Ç á´·-éπ†’ éÌJéÀ †´’-™«-©E v°æߪ’-Ao-
≤ÚhçC.
den.
鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊†o/ éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊†o) ûÓô™ èπÿ®Ω’aE 鬰∂‘ sip îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
Kavitha: Oh, these chips are crisp and
crunchy.
chips
Ñ éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®·
Lakshmi: So do I find them too. Let's buy one
more packet.
Å´¤†’, Ø√èπÿ ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. ÉçéÓpacket
They swallowed public money
éÌçü∆ç. Anil: We take idlis only one day a week. Each
Kavitha: The other day Trishal bought some c) He is chewing gum.
Now practise the fol-
day we take something different. I don't (chewing) gum
mirchi bajjis for us. They were terribly Åûª†’ †´·-©’ûª’Ø√oúø’. lowing aloud in english:
like to eat idli everyday. I like to eat dosa 3) Prakash: Why don't you eat slowly? You are
hot. We had to gulp down glasses of Namrata:
Å´÷t, ã cup
very much. I have coffee every morning swallowing food in a hurry.
water because of it. coffee
É´y-èπÿ-
¢Á·†o ã ®ÓV vA≥ƒ™¸ N’®Ω-°æ-é¬ßª’ •@b©’ and tea every evening. F´¤ ØÁ´’t-Cí¬ A†-¢Áç-ü¿’èπ◊? ûÌçü¿-®Ω™  úøü∆ Ø√èπ◊?
ûÁî√aúø’. ÅN áçûª-é¬-®Ωçí¬ ÖØ√oßÁ÷! ü∆çûÓ ¢Ë’´· ¢√®Ωç™ äéπ-®ÓV ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÉúÕx BÆæ’- N’çÍí-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. Leela: É°æp-öÀÍé È®çúø’
Pranav: I am in a hurry. No time to chew and
¶™„úø’ ´’ç*-F∞¡Ÿ} û√í¬Lq ´*açC. èπ◊çö«ç. v°æA-®ÓV ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ Açô’çö«ç. ®ÓW cups û√í¬´¤
Lakshmi: I was there that day. Don't you ÉúÕx A†ôç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. üÓ¨¡ A†ôç É≠ædç. swallow.
éπü∆? ÉçÈéçûª M. SURESAN
remember? Thank God, we had §Òü¿’l† 鬰∂‘, ≤ƒßª’çvûªç tea BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«ç. †N’L N’çí∫-ö«-EéÀ time ™‰ü¿’. ؈’ î√™« 鬢√L Fèπ◊?
some chocolates near by to snack îª ÷ ¨»- ®Ω’-éπü∆? áèπ◊\-´í¬ have, take, eat, A†ôç ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ÖØ√o. Namrata: Ø√èπ◊ î√™« EvüÌ-≤ÚhçC. ͮʰ¢Á÷ exam.
Swallow = N’çí∫ôç.
and feel relieved. û√í∫ ô ç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. Drink û√í∫ôç ÅØË é¬Ææh 鬰∂‘ û√TûË ¢Á’©-èπ◊-´í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E.
a) Lord Siva swallowed poison, so his throat is
Ç ®Óï-éπ\úø ؈÷ ÖØ√o, í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü∆. Åéπ\úø Å®Ω n ç Ö†o- °æp-öÀéÃ, ü∆E •ü¿’©’ have/ take áèπ◊\-´í¬ Leela: Å®·ûË öà û√í∫’.
black.
chocolates æp-Jç* Ç é¬®Ωç ûªT_ç-- ¢√úøû√ç. Eat, drink Ñ È®çúø’ °æü∆©÷, A†ôç, Namrata: àüÁjØ√ AØËç-ü¿’-éÀ-´y¢√?
èπ◊Ø√oç. û√í∫ôç ÅØË v°ævéÀߪ’-©èπ◊ áèπ◊\´. P´¤úø’ í∫®Ω-∞«Eo N’çí¬úø’. Åçü¿’-éπE Çߪ’† éπç®∏Ωç Leela: ïçA-éπ-L-´yØ√? (ïçA-éπ-©èπ◊ english ™‰ü¿’.
(Thank God •A-éÀ-§Úߪ÷ç)
†©’°æ¤.
a) Eating too much is bad áèπ◊\´ A†ôç, ´’ç*-C- Å™«Íí ņçúÕ)
b) The Tablets are bitter, so I swallow them.
Kavitha: Trishal kept chewing something get é¬ü¿’. Namrata: Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïçA-é𙉠éπü∆ †N’-™«†’
rid of the heat of the chilly, later he
Ç tablets îËü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE ¢√öÀE N’çÍí-≤ƒh†’. Leela: Coffee Åçö«´¤, tea Åçö«´¤. Ç ö«¶„xö¸q
Ééπ\-úø eating •ü¿’©’ having ÅüË Å®√nEo É´y-ü¿’- c) He swallowed a lot of water
had a stomach trouble too. He swal- éπü∆. ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√ †’´¤y?
î√™« F∞¡Ÿx N’çí¬úø’. Namrata: ؈Eo tablets N’çí∫-™‰†’. Ø√ ´©x é¬ü¿’.
lowed some tablets to be relieved of b) Drinking coffee so often upsets your health d) The minister swallowed a lot of public money
it. Leela: §ÚF, Ç ´’çü¿®·Ø√ û√í∫’.
Åçûª ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ coffee û√í∫ôç Ç®Ó-í¬uEo §ƒúø’-îË- ´’çvA î√™« v°æñ«-üµ¿-Ø√Eo N’çÍí-¨»úø’.
Trishal Å®·ûË Ç é¬®Ωç ûªí∫_-ö«-EéÀ àüÓ †´·- Namrata: ÅD îËüË. àüÓ ã í∫’éπ\™ û√Íí≤ƒh. äü¿’l™‰
Ææ’hçC. 4) srikanth: I am very thirsty. Can I have some
©’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√oúø’. ûª®√yûª Åûª-EéÀ éπúø’-°æ¤™ Ééπ\úø having, taking ¢√úø-´îª’a, é¬F drinking Ç tablets ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊çö«. ¢√öÀE N’çí∫ôç
water, Ramesh?
àüÓ trouble èπÿú≈ ÖçúÕçC. à¢Ó ´÷vûª©’ ¢√úøôç ´©x áèπ◊\´ clarity Öçô’çC. î√™« ü∆£æ«çí¬ ÖçC. ´’ç* FRx-´y¢√?
Ææ’©¶µºç.
N’çí¬úø’. Answer:
É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx ûª°æp ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË have/ take Ramesh: It's quite hot, isn't it? Here, take it.
Namrata: Mom, why don't you give me a cup of
v°æ¨¡o: Wedding card, marriage day áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. î√™« ¢ËúÕí¬/ áçúøí¬ ÖçC éπü∆. ÉCíÓ coffee?
-Åç-ö«È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? -ûË-ú≈ -Öç-ü∆? Karim: Here is coffee please have it. BÆæ’éÓ. Leela: You have already had two cups of
– Ææߪ’uü˛ VLp¥-éπ®˝ ÅM, éπ©’-¢√®· Srikanth: One glass won't do (will not do). I can coffee. How much more do you want?
ï¢√•’:
ÉCíÓ, 鬰∂‘ BÆæ’éÓ
Ravi: I have had two cups of coffee already. I gulp down a whole jug of water. Namrata: I feel very sleepy. A little coffee will
a) Wedding èπ◊, marriage èπ◊ éÌClí¬ don't wish to have any more. ã glass jug
F∞¡Ÿx î√©´¤. äéπ F∞¡Ÿx û√Íí-ߪ’- keep me awake.
ûËú≈ ÖçC. ´’ûª Ææçv°æ-ü∆-ߪ÷© v°æ鬮Ωç É°æp-öÀÍé È®çúø’ éπ°æ¤p©’ 鬰∂‘ û√í¬†’. Ééπ í∫ - © - E - ° æ ¤ p úø ’ . Åçûª ü∆£æ « çí¬ ÖçC. Leela: Then take tea.
ïJÍí °Rx Å®·ûË wedding. Marriage Åçõ‰ à ®Ωéπ- û√í∫ôç É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. (won't do = will not do = î√©ü¿’; will do = î√©’. Namrata: Won't you give me something to eat?
¢Á’i† °∞¡x-®·Ø√ – Åçõ‰ Registered marriage Karim: Have some milk then. (§ƒ©’ BÆæ’éÓ)
Rs 20000/- a day will do for me. Leela: Shall I give you Jantikalu?
™«çöÀN 鬴a. ®ÓVèπ◊ ®Ω÷ 20000/– î√©’ Ø√èπ◊. Namrata: I have been chewing/ munching only
India™ Ææçv°æ-ü∆ߪ’ç v°æ鬮Ωç ïJÍí °RxE èπÿú≈ Ravi: I never take milk. (؈’ §ƒ©-Ææ©’ û√í∫†’).
marriage Åçö«ç. Å®·ûË America, Britain ™ Ééπ\úø take •ü¿’©’ drink ¢√úø-´îª’a. Have ®√ü¿’
a) He
gulp = í∫’éπ\, gulp down = í∫’éπ\™ N’çÍí-ߪ’ôç.
drank it in one gulp
jantikalu till now.
Leela: You talk of coffee and tea, but are you
wedding áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’, ´’ûª ≤ƒçv°æ-ü∆-ߪ÷© éπü∆? äéπ\ í∫’éπ\™ û√Íí¨»úø’. taking the tablets?
v°æ鬮Ωç ïJ-TûË. I never have milk Åçõ‰ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω á°æ¤púø÷
b) When the medicine is bitter we gulp it down Namrata: I cannot swallow so many tablets.
b) Wedding Åçõ‰ °RxéÀ ´÷vûªç °æJ-N’ûªç. §ƒ©’çúø´¤ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd. our throat Leela: Atleast take the medicine/ syrup
Marriage Åçõ‰ °∞Ïx-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, °Rx ûª®Ω’-¢√A ¢Áj¢√- So, have, take, eat and drink – OöÀE
£œ«éπ @Nûªç èπÿú≈. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: ´’çü¿’ îËü¿’í¬ Ö†o°æ¤púø’, íÌçûª’™ §ÚÆæ’-èπ◊E äéπ\ (û√Íí ´’çü¿’†’syrup Åçö«®Ω’ – Æœ®Ω°ˇ)
i) It was a happy wedding
´÷´‚-©’í¬ A†ôç, û√í∫ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ í∫’éπ\™ N’çÍí≤ƒhç. Namrata: That's bitter too. I just gulp it down/
áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. 5) Sita: How about some hot Coffee, Poorna? take it in a gulp. No, I'll take the
2) Å®·ûË A†ôç, û√í∫-ôç™ èπÿú≈ ®Ωé¬-©’-Ø√o®· Poorna: Nothing like sipping hot coffee on a
°Rx ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ïJ-TçC.
ii) Theirs has been a happy marriage tablets. Swallowing them is easier
¢√∞¡x °Rx/ ¢Áj¢√-£œ«éπ @Nûªç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ≤ƒí∫’-ûÓçC. éπü∆. ¢√öÀ N≠æߪ’ç îª÷ü∆lç. cold evening like this. than taking the syrup.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Sravanthi: Come Pratibha, just munching zan-
tikalu isn't going to help us. Let's
think of solving the problem.
(ïçA-éπ©’ †´’-©ôç ´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç Öçúøü¿’
éπü∆. Ææ´’-Ææuèπ◊ °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç Ç™-*ü∆lç)
Pratibha: (I) can't help it Sravanthi. They are so
crunchy and delicious. You have
them too. Here help yourself to
some.
(ØËØËç îËߪ’†’-– Å´çûª éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«-úø’ûª÷ ®Ω’*í¬
Öçõ‰? †’´‹y A†’. ®√. é¬Ææh BÆæ’éÓ)
I can't help it = -Ç -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™  -ØË-ØËç -îË-ߪ’-™‰-†’.
(-ûª°æp-ü¿’)
Help yourself = (AØË-C/- û√-Íí-üË-üÁjØ√) B≤Ú\çúÕ.
Sravanthi: I'd rather have crisp potato chips
than those zantikalu.
(Ñ ïçA-éπ© éπçõ‰ éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«úË potato chips
AØ√-©-†’çC)
Pratibha: Here are some but they have gone
soft.
(Ééπ\úø éÌEo ÖØ√o®·, é¬E ÅN ¢Á’ûªh-•-úÕ-
§Ú-ߪ÷®·)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 87
She is biting a crisp apple
Sravanthi: In that case I'd (I would) like to have
an ice cream or some soft drink.
ice cream
(Å™« Å®·ûË AØ√-©-†’çC ™‰èπ◊çõ‰
àüÓ soft drink)
soft drink = cola, orange ™«çöÀ bottled
drinks - ´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ûª°æ¤pí¬ cool drink
Åçô’çö«ç, ¢√öÀéÀ correct name soft drink;
Åçõ‰ hard drink (beer, whisky ™«çöÀN) èπ◊
´uA-Í®éπç.
Pratibha: Don't you remember the warning
against consuming soft drinks? They
contain pesticides.
(¢√öÀE -û√í∫èπÿ-úø-ü¿†o £«îªa-Jéπ ´’J*§Úߪ÷¢√?
¢√öÀ™ °æ¤®Ω’-í∫’© ´’çü¿’ç-ô’ç-C.)
Sravanthi: But who cares? Moreover, haven't
you seen the recent ads that they
are safe?
(Ç.. á´®Ω’ °æöÀdç--èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? ÅN v°æ´÷-
ü¿¢Ë’-O’ é¬ü¿E Ñ ´’üµ¿u v°æéπ-ô-†©’ îª÷úø-™‰ü∆
†’´¤y?)
(recent = Ñ´’üµ¿u, ad = advertisement =
v°æéπ-ô†)
Pratibha: OK then. No drinks now. Have the ice
cream and enjoy licking it.
drinks Ice cream enjoy
(ÆæÍ®™‰. É°æ¤púø’ ™‰´¤.
licking =

delicious= ®Ω’*í¬ Ö†o, °æÆæç-üÁj†.
îË®·.) Ø√éπ-ôç.
lesson continuation
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson
í¬ Ñ ™ a) ´÷N’úÕ °æçúø’ î√-™« ®Ω’*í¬ -Öç-ô’ç-C.
èπÿú≈ A†ôç, û√í∫-ôç™ ®Ωé¬-©†’ í∫’-Jç-*
-ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç. Last lesson ™– have/ take
(BÆæ’éÓ-´ôç)/ eat (A†ôç)/ drink (û√í∫ôç); b) Ç £æ«Ùô™x ´’ç* ®Ω’*éπ®Ω-¢Á’i-† -¶µ-ï-†ç -´úÕf-≤ƒh®Ω’.
chew = †´’-©ôç; swallow = N’çí∫ôç (úø•’s©’
èπÿú≈), gulp = í∫’éπ\, sip = æp-JÆæ÷h û√í∫ôç– c) ´÷ Å´’t î√™« ®Ω’*í¬ ´çúø’-ûª’çC.
í∫’-J-ç-* -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç.
É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ´÷ô©’: Munch; delicious- úÕL-≠æÆˇ (L ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç).

consume = (éπØ˛-Ææ÷u¢˛’– Ææ÷u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)
crunch; delicious; crisp; consume; lick.

Munch: ´’çî˝– ('´’ç— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) =
†´’-©ôç. Åçõ‰ éÌçîÁç ¨¡•lç ´îËa-ô’xí¬.
Bhaskar: Could you stop munching those
ground nuts? If you like to, keep the
noise low.
(Ç ¢Ë®Ω’-¨¡-†í∫©’ †´’-©ôç Ç°æ¤-û√¢√? †´’-™«- a) He consumes a lot of alcohol
©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ç ¨¡•lç ûªT_ç)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..
-Ñ-Ø√-úø’
Chandra: I enjoy it. Why don't you munch
some too.
(Ø√ÈéçûÓ ¶«í∫’çC É™« †´’-©ôç. †’´¤y èπÿú≈
é¬ÆœEo †´·©’)
Bhaskar: Go on. Munch till your teeth ache.
You don't know how you irritate me.
Munch on and become fat.
(-A-†÷, -A-†÷, F °æ∞¡Ÿx ØÌ°œp °æ¤õ‰dçûª ´®Ωèπÿ
†´·©’. F †´’-©ôç Ø√Èéçûª *é¬-èπ◊í¬ ÖçüÓ!
¶«í¬ ™«´ßË’u ´®Ωèπ◊ †´·-©’-ûª÷ Öçúø’)
irritate = ÉJ-õ„-ß˝’ö¸ – 'É— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç =-
*é¬èπ◊, éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îªôç.
É°æ ¤úø’ Å®Ωnç Å®·çC éπü∆ – munch Åçõ‰ †´’-
©ôç. Å®·ûË chew -ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ †´’-©ôç
´÷vûª¢Ë’. Chew Åçõ‰ éÌJéÀ (°æéπ\, ´·çü¿®Ω
°æ∞¡xûÓ) †´’-©ôç, Åçü¿’™ ®Ω’* ņ’-¶µº-Nç-îªôç.
a) ¢√úø’ îÁ®Ωèπ◊ ´·éπ\ †´·-©’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’
He is chewing a bit/ piece of cane.
b) Ç¢Á’ toffee E †´·--©’-ûÓçC.
She is chewing a toffee.
(toffee = °œ°æp-®Ω-¢Á’çô’ G∞¡x-™«ç-öÀC)
Munch ™ Öûªh †´’-©-ô¢Ë’.

lick = Ø√éπôç
a) He is licking a cone of ice cream
Åûª†’ ice cream cone †’ Ø√èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
b) The cow is licking its calf
Ç´¤ ü¿÷úø†’ Ø√èπ◊-ûÓçC (calf = ü¿÷úø) (鬰∂ˇ)
ÉO A†-ôç™, û√í∫-ö«™x ®Ω鬩’.
É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ N’í∫û√ ´÷ô©’ îª÷ü∆lç.

Crunchy (véπç* – 'éπ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)
crisp = éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«-úø’ûª÷ fresh (û√ñ«)í¬ Ö†o.
crunchy/ crisp biscuits = éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«-úø’ûª÷ û√ñ«í¬
Ö†o biscuits.
´úÕ-ߪ÷©’, Å°æp-ú≈©’ ´’†ç AØ√-©E É≠æd-°æ-úË-
üÁ-°æ¤púø’? ÅN crunchy í¬ØÓ crisp í¬ØÓ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’
éπü∆? crunchy/ crisp appadalu or vadiyalu.
(OöÀéÀ English ´÷ô©’ ™‰´¤)
Currency notes ™«çöÀN éÌûªh-í¬ ÖçúÕ, îËAéÀ éπ®Ω-éπ-
®Ω-™«-úø’ûª÷ ûªT-LûË ÅN èπÿú≈ crisp.
Potato chips èπ◊ ÉçéÓ ´÷ô crisps.
Apple ™«çöÀ °æ∞¡Ÿx û√ñ«í¬, juicy í¬ (®ΩÆæç ¶«í¬
Öçúøôç) Öçõ‰, ÅN èπÿú≈ crisp.
 Sudha is biting a crisp apple
apple
Ææ’-üµ¿ û√ñ«í¬ Ö†o †’ éÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûÓç-C.
 Here is a crisp guava; have a bite
üÓ®Ω ñ«´’ °æçúÕ-CíÓ, éÌJéÀ îª÷úø’.
Guava = í¬y´, í¬y ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç, ñ«´’ é¬ßª’/-
°æçúø’
The Mango is very delicious.
The restaurant serves a very delicious food.
My mother cooks very deliciously.
2. §˘®Ω g N ’, 3.Å´÷-
(ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç – NE-ßÁ÷-Tç-îªôç– ´’†ç ´÷´‚- 6.áçTL, 7.°æçîª-¶µº÷-û√©’, 8.Æ洒ߪ’Ææ÷p¥Jh.
©’í¬ Nçô÷çôç– consumer's court- NE-ßÁ÷-í∫-
-ï-¢√-•’: a) Shopping. English ™ àüÁjØ√ °æü∆-EéÀ
ü∆-®Ω’© éÓ®Ω’d)
Å®·ûË consume Åçõ‰ A†ôç, û√í∫ôç ÅE Å®Ωnç
èπÿú≈ ÖçC.
Åûª†’ ûÁí∫-û√-í∫’-û√úø’.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 25 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
b) She committed suicide by consuming poi-
Vamsi:
Å™«çöÀN áØÁj oØ√ Açö«†’. ñ«´’-é¬-ߪ’©’–
son.
´·êuçí¬ üÓ®Ωí¬ ÖçúËN Ø√ favourites.
-Ç-¢Á’ -N-≠æç û√T Çûªt-£æ«ûªu îËÆæ’-èπ◊çC. Dinesh: Doctors èπÿú≈ ñ«´’-é¬ßª’ A†ôç ´’ç*-
c) Bhima consumed all the food that was meant
ü¿ç-ö«®Ω’. Åçü¿’™ C Vitamin áèπ◊\´.
for Bakasura.
Vamsi: Ñ ®ÓV ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷ ÉçöÀ-éÀ ®√. ´÷ç*
•é¬-Ææ’-®Ω’úÕ éÓÆæç -ûÁ-*a-† ǣ慮Ωç Åçû√ Hµ´·úø’ éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«úË potato chips AØÌa. ü∆EéÀ
AØË-¨»úø’.
´·çü¿’ °æÆæç-üÁj† í∫’™«-¶¸ñ«ç AØÌa. ´÷
d) He consumed a kilo of cake in 10 minutes
Å´’t -îË-≤Úhç-C-°æ¤púø’.
ã éÀ™ cake (Èéß˝’é˙) 10 EN’-≥ƒ™x AØË-¨»úø’. Dinesh: ¢Á·ü¿ô ´÷ ÉçöÀ-Èé∞«lç °æü¿. ´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u
Å®·ûË consume ´÷´‚©’ conversation ™ §Òü¿’l† Å¢Á’-Jé¬ †’ç* biscuits
î√-™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. ÉC éÌçîÁç §ƒçúÕûªuç. (American English- cookies) °æô’d-
ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ îªôd, ¢Ájü¿u (legal and medical) éÌ-î√aúø’. áçûª éπ®Ω-éπ-®Ω-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oßÁ÷! é¬Ææh
°æJ-¶µ«-≠æ-™ØË áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Ice cream èπÿú≈ AØÌa.
a) Doctors advised him against consuming fatty
substance
Vamsi: Chewing gum èπÿú≈ ûÁî √aú≈?
Dinesh: î√-™«. ÅN áçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ †N’-LØ√, Éçé¬
†´’-™«-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC.
Vamsi: ÂÆ©´¤ ®ÓV† ´’ç*- °æ-ØË îËÆæ’hØ√oç. °æü¿.
Answers:
Dinesh: This guava is crisp. How about a bite?/
Why don't you have/ take a bite?
Vamsi: I will eat any number of them (any
éÌ´¤y °æü∆-®√n©’ ¢√úø-´-ü¿lE number= áØÁj oØ√). Guavas, especially
the crisp ones/ crisp guavas are my
ú≈éπd®Ω’x Ææ©£æ… Éî√a®Ω’.
favourites.
b) The post mortem
Dinesh: Even doctors recommend consuming/
showed that the
eating of guavas, They contain a lot of
deceased had con-
Vitamin C.
sumed alcohol
M. SURESAN Vamsi: You come to my home this evening.
îªE-§Ú-®·†ûª†’ ´’ûª’h You can eat crisp/ crunchy potato
-§ƒ-F-ߪ÷-©†’ û√T-†ô’x ¨¡´-°æ-K-éπ~™ ûËLçC. chips. Before that you can have/ enjoy
(Post mortem - §ÚÆˇd ´÷ô¢˛’ = ¨¡´-°æ-Kéπ~.) delicious gulab jam. My mother is mak-
c) People who consume tobacco may get can- ing them now.
Dinesh: Let's go to my place first. My uncle
cer
brought biscuits/ cookies from America
(§Òí¬èπ◊ AØË-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊ cancer ®√´îª’a.)
this morning. How crunchy/ crisp they
ÉüË ´÷´‚©’ ¶µ«≠æ™ Å®·ûË, people who chew are! You can also eat/ lick some ice-
tobacco Åçö«ç.
cream.
Ñ ´÷ô©’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd O’ conversation ™ Vamsi: Did he bring/ get chewing gum too?
¢√úøçúÕ. -î√-™« effective í¬ Öçô’çC. Dinesh: A lot of it. The more you chew it, the
Now practise the following aloud in English:
more you feel like chewing it.
Dinesh: ÉCíÓ, Ñ ñ«´’-é¬ßª’ ¶«í¬ üÓ®Ωí¬ ÖçC. Vamsi: That's a good way of spending a holi-
Açö«¢√? (bite ¢√úøçúÕ) day. Let's go.
-v°æ-¨¡o: a) 'Shopping' ÅØË °æü¿ç ᙫ
b) Miss èπ◊ plural, misses, mister èπ◊ plural
ÇN-®Ωs¥-Nç-*çC? messrs, Mrs èπ◊ plural ™‰-ü¿’. OöÀE í∫’Jç*
b) Miss, Mister, Mrs. ´’JEo N´-®√©’ ®√†’†o lessons ™ îª÷úøçúÕ.
°æü∆-©èπ◊ plural îÁ°æpçúÕ. c) Come Åçõ‰ ®Ω´’tE, come on Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈
c) Come, Come on °æü∆© ®Ω´’tØË, Å®·ûË éÌçîÁç -í∫-öÀdí¬ °œ©-´ôç.
Å®Ωnç™ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? -°æ-ü∆-©’: 1) ´®Ω-ü¿-¶«-Cµ-ûª’©’ = flood victims 2)
Ñ ´÷ô- ©èπ◊ Éç-Tx≠ˇ™ °æü∆©’ §˘®Ωg-N’ = fool moon; 3) Å´÷-¢√Ææu = new
îÁ ° æ p çúÕ . 1.´®Ωü¿ ¶«Cµ-ûª’©’, moon 4) English ™‰ü¿’ – Coin box ņ-´îª’a.
¢ √Ææ u , 4.£æ › çúÕ , 5.£œ«çü¿÷ °æ‹ñ«J, 5) £œ«çü¿÷-°æ‹-ñ«J – Correct English ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’.
priest/ purohit ¢√úø-´îª’a é¬F ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç-®√ü¿’.
– >.v°æ-¨»çû˝, Ø√í¬-®Ω’b-†-≤ƒ-í∫®˝- 6) áçTL = Ö´·t Å®·ûË spittle; á´-È®jØ√ A-†o
áçTL Å®·ûË left over. 7) °æçîª ¶µº÷û√©’:
'-ing' îËJÊÆh Ç îª®Ωu ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. ´’†èπ◊ ÅN âü¿’, English ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Ø√©’Íí= The
ÉC Íé-´-©ç 'shop' °æ-ü∆-EÍé -v°æ-ûËuéπç é¬-ü¿’. (four) elements (earth, air, fire and water)
House, housing; book, booking, etc., 8) Ææ´’-ߪ’-Ææ÷p¥Jh = resourcefulness.
™«í¬-ØË ÉC èπÿú≈.
II
Ganesh: Would you have another idli?
(ÉçéÓ ÉúŒx 鬢√™«?)
Harish: No, I am full.
(Ééπ A†-™‰†’. éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕçC)
Ganesh: Just two idlis and you say you've (you
have) had enough.
(-A-†oN È®ç-úË ÉúŒx©’. Å°æ¤púË î√©ç-ô’-
Ø√o´¤)
Harish: You are wrong. I've taken four idlis,
that too with sambar. I can't eat
another thing.
Krishna:
(†’´¤y -îÁÊ°p-C ûª°æ¤p. ؈’ Ø√©’í∫’ ÉúŒx©’,
Laxman:
ÅD ≤ƒç¶«®Ω’ûÓ AØ√o. ÉçÍéç A†-™‰†’.)
(That too = ÅC èπÿú≈)
Ganesh: Perhaps you are afraid you may put
on weight. Idlis or no idlis you gain
weight if you don't have any exercise.
I do eat a lot, but you can't say I am
fat.
(-†’-´¤y ™«¢Á-èπ◊\-û√-†E ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤.
ÆæÈ®j† exercise ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÉúŒx©’ AØ√o A†-éπ-
§Ú-®·Ø√, ™«¢Á-èπ◊\-û√--´¤. ؈’ áèπ◊\-´-í¬ØË
Açö«, é¬E ††’o ™«´E ņ™‰´¤)
(put on weight = •®Ω’´¤ °®Ω-í∫ôç = ™«´-´ôç)
-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 27 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
Krishna: Fancy some more upma/ another
dosa?
(Éçé¬Ææh Ö§ƒt/ ÉçéÓ üÓ¨¡ BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®√?)
Laxman: Sorry. I am full.
(ÉçÍéç A†-™‰†’. éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕçC)
Manoj: Don't force us when we are full
please.
(´’´’tLo •©-´çûªç îËߪ’èπ◊, ´÷ éπúø’-
°æ¤©’ EçúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷®·)
îª÷úøçúÕ conversation ™ full ™«çöÀ simple
word ûÓ áçûª ´÷ö«x-úø-´îÓa.
OöÀûÓ §ƒô’, ™«´¤èπ◊ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ† ´÷ô©’; fat,
A big eater = ¶µï†ç ™«çöÀN É≠ædçí¬ AØË-¢√úø’
Atleast some more tea? (é¬Ææh öÃ?)
stout, plump.
A poor eater = ÆæJí¬ ¶µçîË-ߪ’-™‰-E-¢√úø’.
Why the hell don't you listen? We
d) Ç û√®Ω ¶«í¬ ™«´-®·çC. a) Bhima was a big eater.
have had enough.
She has became very fat. Hµ´·úø’ -¶µ-ï-† v°œßª·úø’ (AçúÕ-§ÚûË é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a)
(N†- ¢ËçöÀ?¢Ë’ç A†oC î√©’. Ééπ A†™‰ç)
e) Åûª-úø’ ™«´¤ = He is stout. b) Perhaps because of his fever he eats only a
(why the hell = NÆæ’-í∫’™, éÓ°æç™ ¢√úË-´÷ô.
Fat Åçõ‰ ™«´¤ ´÷vûª¢Ë’, stout Åçõ‰ ™«´¤ûÓ little now. Even otherwise he is a poor eater.
°ü¿l¢√-∞¡xûÓ, ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ ´÷ö«-ú≈-Lq† ¢√∞¡xûÓ ¢√úø-
èπÿ-úøü¿’) §ƒô’ é¬Ææh §ÒöÀd èπÿú≈. (ïy®Ωç´©x î√-™« ûªèπ◊\´ Açô’-Ø√oúø’. ïy®Ωç
f) Ç¢Á’ Åçûª ™«´¤ é¬ü¿’, é¬Ææh ¶Ôü¿’lí¬ Öçô’çC. ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ Åûª†’ °ü¿lí¬ AØË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’)
She is not so fat; She is plump ] Now practise the following aloud in English:
´’Sx ǣ慮Ωç N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌü∆lç. Ravikanth: Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ Çéπ-™‰-≤ÚhçC. Hotel ÈéRx
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 88 éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕ Çéπ-™‰x-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’ îª÷¨»ç
éπü∆.
àüÁjØ√ Açü∆´÷?
Prashanth: Ø√Íéç AØ√-©-E°œç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’. -§Ò-ü¿’l†

She is plump
Harish: O stop lecturing. I don't want to eat
any more only because I am on a full
stomach.
(Ééπ Ç Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç Ç°æ¤. éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕçC
鬕öÀd ؈’ ÉçÍéç A†-™‰†’)
Ganesh: If only Jayaram were here he would Krishna: I am on a full stomach too. I can't eat
É°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ Çéπ-Lí¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’ Heavy
finish off atleast 6 to 7 idlis. You are a another thing.
îª÷ü∆lç. breakfast
poor eater. I enjoy seeing Jayaram

ÇéπL = hunger, Çéπ-Lí¬ Ö†o = hungry.
(Ø√èπÿ éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕçC. ÉçÍé-´÷vûªç A†-™‰†’) AØ√o.
eat. É´Fo èπÿú≈ 'éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕ† ¢√∞¡Ÿx— ¢√úË ´÷ô©’. Ravikanth:
§Òü¿’l-Eoç*
Ñ ´÷ô©’ ´’†ç-ü¿Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’.
(ïߪ’-®√¢Ë’ Ééπ\-úø’çõ‰ É°æp-öÀéÀ ÇÍ®úø’ ÉúŒx©’ O’®Ω’ -Ñ *†o *†o expressions conversation- a) Åûª-úÕéÀ î√™« Çéπ-Lí¬ ÖçC àç A†-™‰ü¿’
™«Tç-îË-ÊÆ-¢√úø’. †’´¤y ™«¶µºç ™‰ü¿’. ™ practise îËߪ’çúÕ. He is very hungry (He is hunger ÅE Å-†ç.) ؈’. àüÓ

When you are on a full stomach, you nibble.
ïߪ’®√ç Aç-ô’ç-õ‰ îª÷úøôç Ø√èπ◊ ´·îªa-õ‰- b) Ø√èπ◊ î√™« Çéπ-Lí¬ ÖçC = I am starving. äéπ°æE. BJ-éπ- M. SURESAN
Ææ’hçC) (O’èπ◊ éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕ-§ÚûË nibble îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Åçõ‰ Starve Åçõ‰ ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç = AçúÕéÀ ™‰éπ °æÆæ’hç- ™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·çC.
Harish: You are not a big eater either. You °j°j† éÌCl-éÌ-Clí¬ éÌ®Ω’-èπ◊ûª÷ áèπ◊\´ A†-èπ◊çú≈ úøôç ÅE, Å®·ûË ¶«í¬ Çéπ-Lí¬ ÖçC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Prashanth: FûÓ Hotel èπ◊ ®√´-ö«-EÍéç Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç
have eaten only four like me. Öçö«®Ω’) èπÿú≈ Starve ¢√úøû√ç, Conversation ™. ™‰ü¿’ é¬E Ø√ éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕçC. ØËØËç
(†’´¤y èπÿú≈ áçûª °ü¿l AØË-¢√-úÕ¢Ëç é¬ü¿’.
You nibble when you are not hungry. a) °œ©x©’ Çéπ-LûÓ ÖØ√o®Ω’. ´·çü¿’ ؈’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ -A-†-™‰-Eçéπ.
-†’-´‹y -Ø√-™«Íí -Ø√-©’í∫’ ÉúŒx™‰ éπü∆ A†oC) ÇéπL ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ nibble îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Åçõ‰ àüÓ áçTL ´çú≈L. Ravikanth: F company É´¤y, î√©’. A†ôç ؈’
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù èπÿú≈ Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ lessons ™ °æ úø-û√®Ω’. 鬕öÀd nibble = Å®·-≠dçæ í¬ A†ôç/ The Children are starving. I must cook some îª÷Ææ’èπ◊çö«.
™«í¬ØË AçúÕéÀ, A†-ú≈-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*ç-ü¿E ûÁ©’- áçTL °æúøôç. thing for them first. Prashanth: àç-öÃ, î√-™« Çéπ-Lí¬ Ö†o-ô’xçC Fèπ◊?
Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπ-ü∆. ´’†™ éÌçûª-´’çC ¶«í¬ AØË- [Suppose you eat too much, you may put on (Ééπ\úø – °œ©x©’ î√-™« Çéπ-Lí¬ ÖØ√o-®ΩE -Å®Ωnç. Ravikanth: îÁ §ƒp-†’í¬. §Òü¿’l-Eoç* éπúø’°æ¤ ë«S.
¢√-∞¡Ÿxç-ö«®Ω’, éÌçûª-´’çC ÅÆ晉ç A†E ¢√∞¡Ÿxç-ö«®Ω’ weight = áèπ◊\´ AØ√o-®Ω-†’-éÓçúÕ, O’®Ω’ ™«´-´îª’a. °æÆæ’h-Ø√o-®ΩE é¬ü¿’) (Ææ ÷ îª † : Éçûª èπ◊´·çü¿’ -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç. Hotel-
éπü∆. Ñ≤ƒJ AØË Å©-¢√--ôxèπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-*-† suppose = ņ’-éÓçúÕ. b) Å´÷t, î√-™« Çéπ-™‰-≤ÚhçC Ø√èπ◊. ņoç-°ô’d. (£æ « Ù- õ „ ™ ¸– - õ „ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) Åçõ‰ lodge-
expressions éÌEo ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç. a) éÌ´¤y °æü∆-®√n©’ AE ™«´-´ôç É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊. Mom, I am starving. Serve the food/ let me
≤˘éπ ® √u- © - û Ó - Ç £æ …®Ωç- Å-¢Ë’t -îÓ-ô’. lodge
1. I am full; 2. I have had enough; I don't like to eat fatty substances and gain/ have the food/ Give me something to eat.
≤˘éπ ® Ω u ç ™‰ è π ◊ çú≈ Í é - ´ - © ç Ç£æ…-®Ω-°æ-ü∆-®√n©’, §ƒF-
3. Can't eat another thing. put on weight. ߪ ÷ ©’ ©Gµ ç -î Ë-î Óô’ Restaurant - È®≤ƒZ-Ø˛-ö¸ – È®
c) àüÁjØ√ AØ√-©-E°œ≤ÚhçC.
Ñ expressions ÅFo èπÿú≈ éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕ-§Ú®·, b) Ñ ´’üµ¿u Åûª-úø’ î√-™« ™«´-ߪ÷uúø’. I feel like eating some thing.
-ØÌéÀ\ °æ-©’èπ◊-û√ç.)
Ééπ à ´÷vûªç A†-™‰E °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ of late he has put on a lot of weight. é¬Ææh àüÁjØ√ °ô’d . Answer:
¢√úøû√ç. c) Åûª-úø’ ™«´¤ = He is over weight. Let me have some thing to eat. Ravikanth: I am very hungry/ am starving. How
about eating something in a restau-

-v°æ-¨¡o: éÌ-Eo verbs -ûª®√y-ûª off, away, up ´ç-öÀ °æ-ü∆-©’ -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ç-ú≈-L?-Ö-ü∆: go
O’®Ω-†oô’d peel Åçõ‰ ´©-´ôç (Ωtç ™«çöÀN). Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ peel rant?
restaurants eateries/ fast food
-Åç-õ‰ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ} -Å-E -Å®Ωnç. -Ç-¢Á’ -¢Á-R}ç-C -Å-†-ö«-EéÀ she went -Åç-õ‰ off
Åçõ‰ ´L-îË-ߪ’ôç (DEéÃ, ´©-´ôç ÅØË ü∆EéÀ ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: ´L-îË- (Ñ ´’üµ¿u †’
joints
Ææ-J-§Ú-ûª’ç-C éπ-ü∆. -Å-™«é¬éπ she went away -Å-E -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ ߪ’ôç Åçõ‰ ÉçéÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpúøç ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC éπü∆.) ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçô’-Ø√o®Ω’)
Prashanth: I don't feel like eating anything/ I
-¢√-ú≈-L?- -Å-™«Íí peel -Åç-õ‰ -BÆœ-¢Ë-ߪ’-ôç, -ûÌ-©-Tç-îª-ôç -Å-E -Å®Ωnç
¢√úø’éπ (usage) ÅØËC Dictionary Å®√n-E-éπØ√o, grammar rules éπØ√o èπÿú≈
am full/ I am on a full stomach. (I)
éπ-ü∆. é¬-F -Ñ verbs -ûª®√y-ûª off -Å-ØË °æ-ü¿ç -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢√-ú≈-Lq-
had a heavy breakfast this morn-
áèπ◊\´ ¨¡éÀh-´’çûªç. ´’†ç °æü∆-©†’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ¢√úÕ-¢√úÕ, ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊-
´Ææ’hç-C? "I will peel off you, if you do it again. Be care- †oçûª force ü∆E™ Öçúø-ü¿ØË ¶µ«´çûÓ went away, peel off, flung away ing.
ful" - -¢√éπuç-™ peel verb -ûª®√y-ûª 'off' -¢√-úø-ôç -ûª°æp-EÆæ®√?
(flung- NÆœ-Í®-¨»®Ω’, flung away- NÆœ-J-§ƒ-Í®-¨»®Ω’– ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆.) ™«çöÀ Ravikanth: I haven't had anything to eat since
Å-™«Íí 'flung' verb -ûª®√y-ûª away -Å-ØË °æ-ü¿ç -áç-ü¿’èπ◊? -¢Á-R}ç-C ´÷ô-©†’ verbs *´®Ω îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. ÉN ¢√úø’-éπ-´©x v§ƒ´÷-ùÀéπç (standard) morning/ I have been on an empty
-Å-†-ö«-EéÀ went, -ä-©’≤ƒh-†’ -Å-†-ö«-EéÀ will peel -Å-E, -§ƒ-ͮƜç-C Å®·-§Ú®·, ÅN ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç Nçûªí¬ éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C. stomach since morning. Something
-Å-†-ö«-EéÀ flung -Å-ØË °æ-ü∆-©’ -ûÁ-©’í∫’ -Å®√n-Eo -ü¿%-≠œd-™ °-ô’dèπ◊ç-õ‰

éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©™ up, away ™«çöÀN îË®Ωa-ôç-´©x, Å®Ωn¢Ë’ ´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çC--. or the other kept me busy.
éπÈ®Íédéπ-ü∆?-Å-™«ç-öÀ verbs -ûª®√y-ûª off, up, away -´ç-öÀ °æ-ü∆-© -¢√-úøéπç -áç-ü¿’éÓ
He has gone. He has gone up – ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Prashanth: I don't mind going to the restaurant
N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.
– Èé-.-C-´u, -•-†-¢√Æœ
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈– Ç¢Á’ ¢ÁRxçC – ņ-ú≈-EéÀ, Ç¢Á’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC ņ-ú≈-EéÀ ûËú≈ with you. But I cannot eat a thing.

-ï-¢√-•’: î√-™« ´’ç* v°æ¨¡o. ´’†ç äéπ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. á°æ¤púø÷, à ÖçC. -Å-ûª-úÕ-E *ûª-éÌ\-ö«d®Ω’, -Å-ûª-úÕ-E *ûª-éÌ\-õ‰d-¨»®Ω’– OöÀéÀ ûËú≈ ÖçC. Ravikanth: Just give your company. I'll take
care of the eating part.
¶µ«≠æ-™-ØÁj-Ø√ ´÷ô-©-èπ◊çúË Å®Ωnç äéπ ®Ωéπçí¬ Öçô’ç-C. ¢√öÀ ¢√úø’éπ *ûª-éÌ\-õ‰d-¨»®Ω’– Åçõ‰ éÌçîÁç force áèπ◊\´ – ¶µ«´ç™. English èπÿú≈ ÅçûË.
Prashanth: You appear to be starving.
éÌçîÁç ûËú≈í¬ Öçô’çC. They beat him. (¢√∞¡Ÿx -Å-ûª-úÕ-E éÌö«d®Ω’)
Ravikanth: I told you. (I have) been on an

She went ņo-°æ¤púø’ 'Ç¢Á’ ¢ÁRxçC— ÅØË Å®Ωnç clear í¬ØË ´Ææ’hçC. They beat him up. (¢√∞¡Ÿx -Å-ûª-úÕ-E éÌõ‰d-¨»®Ω’).
empty stomach since morning.
Å®·ûË ¢√úø’-éπ™ (usage) she went away ņo-°æ¤púø’ éÌçîÁç force áèπ◊\´.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Naresh: Hi Ajitha, have you finished reading
the book?
(°æ¤Ææhéπç îªü¿-´ôç °æ‹Jhî˨»¢√?)
Ajitha: Yes, here it is.
(Ç... -îª-C-¢Ë-¨». -ÉCíÓ, BÆæ’éÓ)
Naresh: (It's) interesting, isn't it?
(Interesting í¬ ÖçCéπü∆?)
Ajitha: Quite. You buy such books quite often,
don't you?
(°æ‹Jhí¬. Å™«çöÀ books
ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ éÌçô’ç-
ö«´¤ éπü∆?)
Quite = °æ‹Jhí¬. Conversation ™ É™«çöÀ
one word responses, Åçõ‰ ¢Á·ûªhç sentence
ûÓ é¬èπ◊çú≈ äéπ ´÷ôûÓ reply É´yôç î√-™«
Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. Å™«ç-öÀN practice
îËߪ’çúÕ.
Naresh: That's right. I find them a good source
of general knowledge. You found this
book so, didn't you?
General Knowledge
(éπÈ®Íéd. ÅN
Ní¬ Öçö«®·. Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç èπÿú≈
Öçúøôç îª÷¨»´¤, éπü∆?)
source, àüÁjØ√ üÌJÍé îÓô’
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 89
You like coffee, don't you?
Ajitha: Sure. It gives a lot of information. You
don't usually lend your books to oth-
ers, do you?
(Correct. Éçü¿’™ î√™« information -
ÖçC. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ F °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Éûª®Ω’-™„-´y-
Jéà ɴy´¤, éπü∆?)
Naresh: I don't. I gave one to you because I
know you are prompt in returning.
Once you lend a book you are not sure
whether you get it back, are you?
(É´y†’. †’´¤y -îÁ°œp-† time èπ◊ AJT≤ƒh´¤
鬕öÀd Fèπ◊ ´÷vûªç Éî√a†’. äéπ-≤ƒJ °æ¤Ææhéπç
ÉÊÆh ÅC AJT ´Ææ’hç-ü¿ØË †´’téπç ™‰ü¿’,
éπü∆?)
prompt = time èπ◊ ÆæJí¬_
Ajitha: You haven't lost books by lending,
have you?
(†’´¤y É*a† °æ¤Ææh-é¬-Lç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊
§ÚíÌô’déÓ™‰ü¿’, éπü∆?)
Naresh: I make sure that I get them back, if at
all I lend.
(AJ-íÌ-îËaô’d îª÷Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«†’, É´yôç Åçô÷
ïJ-TûË.)
If at all = àüÁj-Ø√ ï®Ω-í∫ôç Åçô÷ Öçõ‰ –
ï®Ω-éπ\-§ÚßË’ Å´-鬨¡ç áèπ◊\´.
If at all I go = ØË¢Á-∞¡xôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË.
conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
Ajitha: You appear to be busy. I am not keep-
ing you from your work, am I?
(†’¢ËyüÓ busy í¬ Ö†o-ô’d-Ø√o´¤. ؈’ O’
°æØËç Ç°æôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆?)

îª÷úøçúÕ, °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùçû√ *†o, *†o v°æ¨¡o-
©ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u sentence ûÓ Öçúøôç í∫´’-
EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ¢√öÀéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ ¢√é¬u© *´-®Ω-™
'éπü∆— ÅE v°æ¨¡o- ®√-´ôç í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆?

É™« 'éπü∆?— 'é¬ü∆?— 'åØ√!— '™‰ü∆?— ÅE *†o
v°æ¨¡o©’ ´’† conversation ™, ûÁ©’í∫’ é¬E-
´yçúÕ, english é¬E-´yç-úÕ, ®√´ôç Ææ£æ«-ïç, ≤ƒ-
üµ∆®Ω-ùç.
Spoken English
-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 29 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005

ûÁ©’í∫’™ É™«çöÀ v°æ¨¡o© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ææ´’ÊÆu
™‰ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ à ¢√é¬u-E-ÈéjØ√ ´îËa v°æ¨¡o
éπü∆? é¬ü∆? åØ√? ™‰ü∆? ÅØË ¢√öÀ-™ àüÓ
äéπöÀ´-Ææ’hçC. àüÌ*aØ√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. é¬F eng-
lish ™ ÉC éÌçîÁç Ææ´’ÊÆu.

sentence *´®Ω ´îËa Ñ *†o *†o
Questions †’ Question tags Åçö«ç -– ÉC
´’†™ î√™« ´’çCéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ñ question
tags ¢√úË Å´-鬨¡ç î√-™« frequent ´÷vûª¢Ë’
é¬èπ◊çú≈, Åûªuçûª Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† ´·Tç-°æ¤-E-Ææ’hçC.

English ™ Question tags correct í¬ form
îËÊÆh conversation èπ◊ î√-™« Ææ£æ«-ïûªyç a) ... isn't it? b) ... is it? c) ... doesn't he? d) ... 1) Stem (Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai)
did she? e) ... don't you? f) ... can't I? ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· *´®Ω, comma °-úø-û√ç:
´Ææ’hçC.

Question èπÿ Question tag èπÿ ûËú≈:- éπü∆. ÉC ´’†ç á°æ¤púø÷ í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L. ´’†™ Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai,
Question Åçõ‰ ÅC ¢Á·ûªhç ã sentence í¬ î√™«´’çC à sentence éπ®·Ø√... is it? ÅØË ques- 2) Verb, stem is
™ comma
鬕öÀd, ü∆Eo ûª®√yûª
Öçô’çC. tion tag îË®Ω’-Ææ’hçö«ç. ÅC ÆæJ-é¬-ü¿E É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- ®√≤ƒhç:
Eg: Are you very busy? èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆? Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai, is
(O’®Ω’ î√© busy í¬ ÖØ√o®√?)
É°æ¤púø’ question tag form îËߪ’ôç ᙫØÓ 3) Stem not
™ Öç-C 鬕öÀd, tag not ™ ®√ü¿’.
– îª÷¨»®√ ÉC ¢Á·ûªhç äéπ sentence. îª÷ü∆lç: 4)*´-Jí¬ tag question mark
ûª®√yûª °-úø-û√ç.
ÉîËa-
Question tag Åçõ‰, äéπ sentence *´®Ω ´’†ç question tag form îËߪ÷Lq† ¢√éπuç, Sentence:
Å°æ¤púø’ ¢Á·ûªhç
-Å-™« ´îËa sentence ¶µ«í∫ç ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Sentence Hyderabad is a beautiful city - ņ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai, is it?
™ N’í∫û√ ¶µ«í∫ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈, question tag èπ◊ Ñ ¶µ«í¬Eo stem Åçö«ç. Å´¤-ûª’çC.
Å®Ωnç Öçúøü¿’. DE-E question tag form ®Ω÷°æç-™ ®√-ߪ÷-©ç-õ‰... (£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ´·ç•®· éπçõ‰ °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’, éπü∆?)
Eg: You are busy, aren't you? 1) Add a comma at the end of the stem:
Hyderabad is a beautiful city, Now practise the following aloud in English:
busy
(O’®Ω’ í¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’, éπü∆?)
Aren't you? Question tag.
Ééπ\úø N’í∫û√ 2) Note the verb. Sankar: õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ íÌ°æp batsman, éπü∆?
sentence
you?
question tag
™‰èπ◊çú≈ Aren't
èπ◊ Å®Ωnç Öçúøü¿’ éπü∆?
Å®·† verb, 'is'
Ééπ\úø
®√≤ƒhç:
comma
éπü∆? ü∆Eo ûª®√yûª Tarun:
Sankar:
é¬E Dravid Åçûª steady é¬ü¿’, éπü∆?
î√-™« *†o-´-ߪ’Ææ’™ØË test player í¬
ÖØ√oúø’ éπü∆?
Tarun: Åûª-E-™«ç-öÀ-¢√úø’ Bharat team ™ Öçúøôç,
í∫®Ωy-é¬-®Ω-ù¢Ë’ éπü∆?
Sankar: ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç. Tests ™ highest number
of centuries éÌöÀd† ¢√∞¡x™  ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Éü¿l®Ω’
Indians, éπü∆?
Tarun: Kapil Dev and Srinath èπÿú≈ íÌ°æp

Question tag form Hyderabad is a beau- bowlers í¬ ÖçúË¢√∞¡Ÿx éπü∆. XØ√ü∑˛ Åçûª
îËߪ’ôç ᙫ?
ûÁ©’-í∫’™™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ (éπü∆? éπü∆E åØ√? ™‰ü∆? tiful city, is íÌ°æp batsman é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? éπ°œ-™¸-üË¢˛ èπÿú≈
OöÀ™x àüÁjØ√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’) english ™ Question 3) Ñ Sentence stem
™ bowler í¬ éπçõ‰ batsman í¬ ÅçûªíÌ°æp
tag, v°æA sentence èπÿ ü∆E verb †’ •öÀd ´÷®Ω’- not
¶µ«í∫ç™ ÖçüÓ ™‰üÓ é¬ü¿’, éπü∆?
ûª÷ç-ô’çC. ÅC form îËߪ’ôç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊ØË ´·çü¿’, í∫´’-Eç-îªôç î√™«- Answer:
éÌEo question tags examples îª÷ü∆lç. ´·êuç: Sankar: Tendulkar is a great batsman, isn't he?
a) India is a large democracy, isn't it? áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ stem™ not M. SURESAN Tarun: But he is not as steady as Dravid is
Öçõ‰, question tag ™ he?
(ÉçúÕߪ÷ °ü¿l v°æñ«-≤ƒy´’u -üË-¨¡ç, éπü∆?)
not ®√ü¿’, stem ¶µ«í∫ç™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË tag ™ not Sankar: He was a test player at a very young
b) English isn't difficult to learn, is it?
éπ*a-ûªçí¬ contracted form (èπ◊Cç-*† ®Ω÷°æç)™ age, wasn't he?
English ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç éπ≠dçæ é¬ü¿’, éπü∆/ -åØ√?)
Åçõ‰ n't í¬ ´Ææ’hçC. Tarun: A Player like him on the Indian team is
c) He knows English, doesn't he?
Hyderabad is a beautiful city. Éçü¿’™ not ™‰ü¿’- a matter of pride for India, isn't it?
(Åûª-EéÀEnglish ûÁ©’Ææ’, éπü∆?) Sankar: One more thing. The first two among
d) She didn't sing well yesterday, did she?
é¬-•öÀd,
Hyderabad is a beautiful city, is n't í¬ ®√≤ƒhç. those who have scored the highest
(Ç¢Á’ E†o ÆæJí¬ §ƒúø-™‰ü¿’, éπü∆?)
number of test centuries are Indians,
e) You like coffee, don't you? 4) *´-Jí¬ Hyderabad •ü¿’©’ 'it' ÅØËC îË®√aL. ü∆E
ûª®√yûª question mark °ö«dL. Å°æ¤púø’ °æ‹Jh aren't they?
(Fèπ◊ 鬰∂‘ É≠ædç éπü∆?)
Sentence: Tarun: KapilDev and Srinath were great
f) I can bat as well as Tendulkar, Can't I?
(؈’ õ„çúø÷-©\-®˝™« bat îËߪ’-í∫-©†’ éπü∆?) Hyderabad is a beautiful city, isn't it? bowlers, weren't they? Srinath wasn't

examples
°j í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆? ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ÅEo- (£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛ Åçü¿-¢Á’i† †í∫®Ωç, éπü∆?) a great batsman, was he? Even Kapil
öÀéà éπü∆? ÅE ´ÊÆh, English Sentence
™ v°æA
Hyderabad is not bigger than Mumbai. Dev wasn't as great a batsman as he
*´®Ω question tag ûËú≈, ûËú≈í¬... stem
Ñ Question tag
èπ◊ ᙫ îË®Ω’≤ƒhç? was a bowler, was he?
v°æ¨¡o: a) ؈’ 11 °œ.áç.éÀ °æúø’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. ï¢√•’:
I sleep at 11 PM 1) Nothing but = ÅC ûª°æp ÉçÍéO’é¬ü¿’.
b) ؈’ 11 °œ.áç.éÀ °æúø’-éÓ†’ This is nothing but cheating.
I do not sleep at 11 PM ÉC ¢Á÷Ææç ûª°æp ÉçÍé-O’é¬ü¿’.
c) O’È®EoçöÀéÀ °æúø’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’? 2) Ofcourse Å®Ωnç éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅE. Åçõ‰ á´-È®jØ√
When do you sleep? EvCçîËperiod sleep.
èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’
ņo N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ´’†ç ÅçU-éπ-J-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’
a) Sleep for 7 hours a day. ¢√úøû√ç.
°j ¢√é¬u©’ ÆæÈ®j-†¢√, 鬢√?
– Èé.Ææûªuç, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ؈’ 7 í∫çô©’ EvC-≤ƒh†’ = Evü¿™ Öçö«†’. 'Isn't the movie good?' (ÆœE´÷ ¶«í∫’çC éπü∆.)
ï¢√•’: °æúø’-éÓ-´ôç (Evü¿èπ◊) = go to bed EvCç-îª-ö«-EéÀ °æúø’-éÓ-´ôç sleep.
ÅC go to bed.
'Ofcourse it is' (¶«í¬ØË ÖçC/ Å´¤†’)
a) I go to bed at 11 PM = 11 èπ◊ °æúø’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. 3) 'Ofcourse not' - Åçõ‰ 'ÅC é¬ü¿’— ÅE.
Evü¿-™‰-´ôç = get up (from bed)
b) I do not go to bed at 11 PM. A: Is India a rich country?
b) I go to bed at 11 and get up at 6.
c) When/ At what time do you go to bed? (¶µ«®Ωû˝ üµ¿Eéπ ü˨¡´÷?)
I sleep at 11
(Ééπ\úø I sleep from 11
®√ü¿’. B: 'Ofcourse not. It is infact a developing
Éçûªèπ◊´·çüÓ-≤ƒJ go to bed sleep
èπ◊, èπ◊ ûËú≈ PM to 6 AM Å-ØÌa.) country.
v°æ¨¡o: 'Nothing but'- 'of course'- 'ofcourse not"
N´-Jçî√ç.
English™ sleep Åçõ‰ EvCç-îªôç ÅE. English (Å™«Ííç é¬ü¿’. Å-Gµ´%Cl¥ îÁçü¿’-ûª’†o ü˨¡ç)
™ sleep ûÓ á°æ¤púø÷ point of time Åçõ‰ °∂晫-Ø√ -OöÀ Å®√n©’ àN’öÀ? OöÀE ¢√é¬u-©™ ᙫ Of Course not - Å™«ç-öÀ-üËç-™‰ü¿’.
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? -N-´-Jç--îªí∫-©®Ω’. (Åçõ‰ O’éÀC ûÁLÊÆ Öçú≈™‰ ņo-ô’xí¬).
– ´·éπ®Ωç, ≥ƒ£œ«ü˛, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛
Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ Evü¿èπ◊ Ö°æ-véπ-N’ç-îªôç, °∂晫-Ø√ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-
EéÀ Evü¿-™‰-´ôç Å-E-®√ü¿’.
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II
Varun: Hi Anand, you are ready, aren't you?
(†’´¤y Æœü¿l¥ç-í¬ØË ÖØ√o´¤, éπü∆?)
Anand: I am ready, but you are not in a hurry,
are you?
ready
(؈’ ØË. é¬E †’¢Ëyç Åçûª- ûÌç-ü¿-®Ω™
™‰´¤, éπü∆?)
(hurry= ûÌçü¿®Ω)
Varun: Not that I am in a hurry, but (I am) just
making sure we can start at any time.
Not that I want to trouble you, but can
you get me a ticket for the match
(؈’ ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ÖØ√o†E é¬ü¿’. ´’†ç
á°æ¤púø’ 鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l®Ωí∫©ç
ÅE Å®Ωnç. -E-†’o -vô-•’-™¸ -îË-ߪ÷-©-E é¬-ü¿’.
é¬Ææh -´÷u-î˝éÀ Ø√éÓ ticket ûÁ*a°úø-û√¢√?)
Not that = Å-™« -Å-E é¬ü¿’.- -É-C -ûª®Ω-îª÷ -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™ 
èπÿ-ú≈ -¢√-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«ç éπ-ü∆.
Anand: Once we start here we can reach there
in twenty minutes, Can't we?
(´’†ç Ééπ\úø •ßª’-™‰l-J† 20 EN’-≥ƒ-©-éπ-éπ\úø
îË®Ω’-éÓ-í∫©ç éπü∆?)
Varun: Even earlier than that. But where is
Arun? He said he would be coming too,
didn't he?
Arun
(Åçûªèπ◊´·çüË îË®Ω’-éÓ-í∫©ç. é¬F àúŒ?
They were here last night, weren't they?
¢Á·ü¿ô É*a† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Question tag
Ö†o Sentences †’ È®çúÕç-öÀE îª÷ü∆lç.
1) You are ready, are n't you?
(Comma + Verb (are) + n't (no not in stem) +
subject (you) + question mark)
2) You are not in a hurry, are you?
(Comma+Verb (are) (no n't in the tag here
because there is 'not' in the stem) + Subject
(you) + Question Mark)

Stem ™ Verbs †’ •öÀd Question tags ´÷®Ω’-
ûª’ç-ö«®·. éÀçC stem èπ◊ Question tag îª÷ü∆lç.
David is coming. Ééπ\úø Verb 'is coming' - É™«
am, is, are, was, were, will, would, shall,
should, can, could, may, might, must, need,
ought, have, has, had combinations ûÓ Ö†o
Verbs tag
´ÊÆh OöÀE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ™éÀ BÆæ’èπ◊çö«ç.
tag
OöÀ ûª®√yûª ´îËa ´÷ô/ ´÷ô©’ ™ ®√´¤.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 90
-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 31 -úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’ 2005
ûÓ
a) Madhu cannot ( = can't) sing, can he? Chitra sings well, doesn't she?
b) Bhaskar will not (= won't) come, will he?
Stem ™ not Öçü¿-†’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ does she ÅE
c) Sheela shall not (=shan't) sing, shall she?
´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC.

Stem I regular doing words (come, go,
™ Chitra does not act, does she?
sing, etc), II regular doing words (come, go,
Now practise the following aloud in English.
sing etc.), past doing words (came, went,
Ravi:
≤˘®Ω-¶µ¸-í∫ç-í∫÷L next test ™ Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’,
song etc.) question tags form
î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬
îËߪ÷L. éπü∆?
[´’†ç Ist lessons spoken english ™ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊- Aswini: *´- ®Ωèπ◊ ᙫíÓ ≤ƒn†ç §Òçü∆úø’ ´’J.
†oC É°æ¤úø’ í∫’®Ω’h-èπ◊ -ûÁ-a-èπ◊çü∆ç. Ravi: Åçü¿’-´©x Kaif †’ BÊÆ-¨»®Ω’ éπü∆?
a) Ist regular doing word †’ not ûÓ é¬F ques- (BÊÆ-ߪ’ôç = drop. remove ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a)
tion ™ é¬F ¢√úÕûË, do + I regular doing Aswini: Kaif èπÿú≈ î√™« ¶«í¬ Çú≈úø’. ÅûªEo
word Å´¤-ûª’çC. go (+ not / ?) = do (not) go
BÊÆ-ߪ’ôç ÅØ√uߪ’ç éπü∆?

You are ready, are n't you?

ûª†’ èπÿú≈ ´≤ƒh-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’, éπü∆?)
Anand: He did of course. But we need not wait
for him, need we?
wait
(ÅØ√o-úø-†’éÓ. é¬F Åûª-E-éÓÆæç ´’†ç
îËߪ’-éπ\-Í®xü¿’, éπü∆?)
Varun: Let's go then, shall we?
(Å®·ûË ´’†ç ¢Á∞«l´÷?)
David is coming -
Ééπ\úø verb is coming. (Is b) 2nd Regular Doing word not
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù éÀçü¿öÀ Ææç*-éπ™ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† †’ ûÓ é¬F Ravi: ´’J Laxman
Question tags ûÓ èπÿúÕ† Ææ綵«-≠æù‰ éπü∆? Combination
ûÓ Ö†o verb ÉC. tag ™ is Question ™ é¬F ¢√úÕûË, does + 1st
Question tag ᙫ form îËߪ÷-©-ØËC ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ
Ææçí∫A í∫ûªç™?
´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC.) Regular Doing Word Å´¤-ûª’çC. goes (+
a) David is coming, is n't he? (David •ü¿’©’ 'he') Aswini: Å´¤†’.
í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç. not \ ?) = does (not) go.
1) They are here, are n't they? b) Geetha and sita are playing. Ñ stem ™ Selection com-
c) Past doing word †’not question
ûÓ é¬-F ™
(¢√Rx-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o®Ω’, éπü∆?) verb: are coming: tag ™ are ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC é¬F ¢√úÕûËdid + Ist regular doing word Å´¤- mittee Laxman
°j Sentence ™ 'They are here'- Ñ ¶µ«í¬Eo éπü∆? 鬕öÀd question tag. ûª’çC. went (+ not / ?) = did (not) go ] †’ èπÿú≈ î√-™«
stem Åçö«ç; aren't they? (= éπü∆?) ÅØË Geetha and Sita are playing, aren't they? 1) Sehwag and Dravid play well. bad í¬ treat M. SURESAN
¶µ«í¬Eo Question tag Åçö«ç. (Geetha and Sita (¢√∞¡Ÿx) •ü¿’©’ they) verb play (1st regular doing word).
Ééπ\úø îËÆœçC éπü∆?
2) Question tag form îËÊÆ-°æ¤púø’, stem °æéπ\†
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™ E sentence: not
ÉC ûÓ/ question ™ do play
Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆. Ravi: Selectors merit èπ◊ v§ƒ´·êuç É´y®Ω’
comma °úøû√ç. We can reach there in twenty minutes, can't Sehwag and Dravid play well ™ play = do éπü∆?
3) Stem ™ Verb àüÓ í∫´’-Eç*, ü∆Eo comma we? (cannot èπ◊ •ü¿’©’, can't) Ééπ\úø verb can play. question tag do
鬕öÀd ™, ´Ææ’hçC. ü∆EéÀ Answer:
°æéπ\† ®√≤ƒhç. reach, so tag ™ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. n't éπL°œ,don't ¢√úøû√ç, ü∆E ûª®√yûª Sehwag
4) Stem ™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, tag ™ Verb èπ◊ n't Ravi: Sourabh is playing in the next test,
ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ: and Dravid they
•ü¿’©’, Åçö«ç. 鬕öÀd ¢Á·ûªhç
éπ©’-°æ¤û√ç. Öçõ‰ n't ®√ü¿’. isn't he?
Many heroes cannot sing. sentence É™« Öçô’çC éπü∆?
5) Stem ™ Subject •ü¿’©’ ´îËa-´÷ô -I/ we/ you/ ÉC question tag ûÓ– Aswini: Finally (at last) he has got a place on
Sehwag and Dravid play well, don't they?
he/ she/ it/ they *´-®Ω- °-úø-û√ç; Many heroes cannot sing, can they? Stem not
™ ´*aç-ü¿-†’-éÓçúÕ, Å°æ¤púø’tag do
™ the team.
6) Question mark (?) îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. (stem ™ not ÖçC, tag ™ not ®√ü¿’. Verb can they ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. Ravi: Because of that they have dropped
Example. sing - tag ™ can ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC) Laxman and Dravid don't (do not) bowl, do Kaif, haven't they?
They were here last night, - ÉC stem Å®·ûË

Éçé¬ í∫´’-Eç-î √-Lq-†N. they? Aswini: Kaif plays well too, doesn't he?
DEéÀ Question tag: Stem ™ will + Öç-úÕ, not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, question tag
Å™«Íí II regular doing word (comes, goes, Removing/ dropping him is unjust, isn't
1) Comma: They were here,
2) Comma ûª®√yûª Verb- Ééπ\úø stem ™ Verb,
™ won't (will + not) ´Ææ’hçC. (¢ÓØ˛d) ™«çöÀN) ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’sleeps ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆? does it?
a) Ganguly will play in Pak series, won't he? ™ ™‰ é π - § Stem
ÚûË èπ◊ not
éπL°œ does n't doesn't Ravi: What about Laxman in the past?
'were' - They were here, were
b) Tarun will come with us, won't he? Åçö«ç. ÅçûË - é π ü ∆? Aswini: Yes, the selection committee has treat
3) Stem, 'they were here'™ not ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, tag
™ verb èπ◊ n't (not) éπ-©’°æ¤û√ç. (°j sentences ™ ™«Íí áéπ\-úÁjØ√ will ûÓ not a) Chitra sings well. Ééπ\úø verb... sings (2nd Laxman badly, hasn't it?
¢√ú≈-Lq -´ÊÆh won't Å´¤-ûª’çC) regular doing word). ÉC not ûÓ/ question ™
They were here weren't (verb- has treated, 鬕öÀd has ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC,
4) Stem ™ Subject, Ééπ\úø 'they' tag *´-®Ω- Å™«Í í shall ûÓ not ®√¢√- L q- ´ÊÆh , shan't does sing Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆. ü∆EéÀ n't éπL°œ does-
tag ™)
°-úø-û√ç: they were here, weren't they Å´¤-ûª’çC, (≥ƒØ˛d) n't (úøïØ˛d– ï size ™ ñ¸ ™«í∫) ¢√úøû√ç, ü∆E
ûª®√yûª Chitra •ü¿’©’, she Åçö«ç. Å°æ¤púø’ Ravi: The selection do not give importance
5) Question mark îË®Ω’≤ƒhç: Å°æ¤úø’ Question tag
can, will, shall ûÓ stem ™ not Öçõ‰ tag ™
·ûªhç sentence É™« Öçô’çC éπü∆? to merit, do they?
ûÓ Sentence É™« Öçô’çC éπü∆: can, will, shall not ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ´≤ƒh®·. ¢Á

-v°æ-¨¡o: Continuous tense -†’ -passive voice ™éÀ - Passive Voice:

A lesson is being taught by me
OöÀéÀ Passive: Ééπ\úø being + past ؈’ – í∫ûªç™ – ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ §ƒ®∏√Eo
´÷-Í®a-ô°æ¤p-úø’ -´÷-vûª-¢Ë’ b- eing Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒh®Ω-E Lessons are him/
participle ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ¢√úø’ – í∫ûªç™ – ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ §ƒ®∏√-©†’
-ûÁ-©’Ææ’. é¬-E -Ççí∫x°æ-vAéπ-™x °æ-©’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ A lesson is being taught by me
Ç¢Á’ – í∫ûªç™ – ¶Cµ-Ææ÷hç-úÕçC
her/
-Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. B- eing -à-ßË’ Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x them Lessons are him/ her/
†’´¤y – í∫ûªç™ – ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤
-Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T≤ƒh®Ó -ûÁ-©’°æí∫-©®Ω’. you/ us/ them
O’®Ω’/ ¢√∞¡Ÿx – í∫ûªç™– ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’
– -vQ-E-¢√Ææ®√-´¤, -´÷®Ω÷d®Ω’ Active Voice: ¢Ë’´·/ ´’†ç – í∫ûªç™– ¶Cµ-Ææ’hØ√oç
-ï-¢√-•’: Active Voice ™E verb 'ing' form ™
I/he/she was teaching a lesson OöÀéÀ passive:
Å®Ωnç:
We/you/they were §ƒ®∏Ωç Ø√ îË ¶Cµç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®·.
A lesson was being taught by me/ us/
Öçõ‰ passive voice ™ being + past participle OöÀ Å®Ωnç: §ƒ®∏√©’ ÅûªúÕ/Ç¢Á’
Lessons were him/ her/
´Ææ’hçC. F/O’/´÷/¢√∞¡x
؈’ ....... ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ §ƒ®∏√Eo you/ them
eg: Active Voice: am/ is/ are + ing form ûÓ (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ É™«çöÀ passive v°æßÁ÷-í¬©’ ¶µºJç-‰ç éπü∆)
Åûªúø’ ..... ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ §ƒ®∏√-©†’ =
 Å™«Íí was teaching, were teaching ™«çöÀ
Ø√îË/ ´÷îË/ ´’´·t-©îË/ ÅûªúÕ/ Ç¢Á’/ O’/ ¢√∞¡xîË
verb (É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o °æEE ûÁ-LÊ°N) -É°æ¤p-úø’ Ç¢Á’ ....... ¶Cµ-≤ÚhçC
active forms èπ◊ was being/ were being +
§ƒ®∏Ωç ¶Cµç-îª-•-úø’-ûª÷ç-úÕçC/ §ƒ®∏√©’ ¶Cµç-îª-•-úø’-
I am teaching a lesson/ †’´¤y ...... ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤ taught ´≤ƒh®·. ûª’-Ø√o®· (í∫ûªç™)
He/ She is lessons O’®Ω’, ¢√∞¡Ÿx ..... ¶Cµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ I/ he/ she was teaching a lesson É™«çöÀ îÓôx being + PP form ´Ææ’hçC.
They are ¢Ë’´·/-´’†ç .... ¶Cµ-Ææ’hØ√oç We/ you/ they were lessons

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Anu: Hi Suma, Wish a very Happy New Year
of better communication.
English
(†’´¤y -Ñ Ææç-´-ûªq®Ωç-™ ¶«í¬
´÷ö«x-úø-í∫©-´-E ؈’ éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o).
Suma: Same to you, Anu. We are going to have
a party on the occasion, aren't we?
(´’†ç Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ party -îËÆæ’éÓ-¶-
ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆?)
Anu: Pavani said so yesterday, didn't she?
( -§ƒ-´-E -E-†o -Å-™« -Åç-C. éπü∆?
Suma: I am giving the party, aren't I?
party
(؈’ éπü∆ É´y-¶-ûª’-†oC?)
Anu: Yes, it is your turn this time.
(Å´¤†’ Ñ≤ƒJ F´çûª’... turn= ´çûª’)
Suma: I am giving the party alright, but I am not
making the arrangements, am I?
(؈’party ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. à®√pô’x -ØË-†’
îË-ߪ’ôç -™‰-ü¿’ éπü∆?)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 91
do you, don't you?
Anu: Ah here comes Bhargavi. Hi Bhargavi,
We are talking about the party. You are
making all the arrangements, aren't
you?
party
(ÉCíÓ ¶µ«®Ω_N. ¶µ«®Ω_O, ¢Ë’ç í∫’-Jç-*
ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç. à®√p-ôxFo †’´¤y îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤
éπü∆?)
Bhargavi: I am. I am getting the money from
Suma, aren't I?
suma
(îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s©’ BÆæ’éÓ-
¢√L éπü∆?)
Suma: I am ready. Thank you for making all
the arrangements. You are taking
trouble. aren't you?
trouble
(ØËE-´y-ö«-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥ç. é¬F †’´¤y
BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆?)
Bhargavi: That doesn't matter as long as I
don't spend.
(؈’ úø•’s ê®Ω’a °ôd-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-
™‰-ü¿’-™‰)
as long as- so long as = ÅC ïJ-Íí-´-®Ωèπ◊, Ç
°æü¿l¥-A™.so long as ´÷´‚-©’í¬ 'not' Ö†o-°æ¤púø’
¢√-úøû√ç. As long as á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
Suma & Anu: Thank you.
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù í∫-ûªç-™- -´-*a-† È®çúø’ lessons ™
(question tags °j -´-*aç--C) -™«í¬-ØË -Öç-C éπ-ü∆.
äéπ\-≤ƒJ ´’Sx, don't, doesn't, didn'tûÓ ´îËa
question tag N≠æߪ’ç îª÷ü∆lç.
Bhushan: You get up quite early, don't you?
(†’´¤y î√™« °çü¿-™«úË Evü¿-™‰-≤ƒh´¤, éπü∆)
Dhiraj: That's right, do you, don't you?
(†’´¤y èπÿú≈ ÅçûË éπü∆?)
Bhushan: Your college begins at 10, doesn't it?
so you can get up late, can't you?
college
(O’ 10éÀ éπü∆, †’´¤y Ç©-Ææuçí¬
Evü¿-™‰-´îª’a, éπü∆?)
Dhiraj: But our school started at 7.30, didn't
it? so I got used to getting up early.
(´’† school 7.30 èπ◊çúËC éπü∆? Åçü¿’-
éπE Å©-¢√-ô-®·-§Ú-®·çC.)
Get used to = Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úøôç. I have got
used to the hot weather here = (Ééπ\úÕ ¢ËúÕéÀ
؈-©-¢√ô’ °æúÕ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’). ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç
1) 'Get up' ÅØË Regular doing word verb
Å®· not ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd. Question tag, 'don't
you?' 2) 'Begins' ÅØË second regular doing
word verb Å®· not ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, question tag,
'doesn't it?' 3) 'started' ÅØË past doing word
verb Å®·, not ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, question tag, 'did-
n't it?' (Didn't pronunciation - úÕØ˛d)
Spoken English
-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ - ≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 2 -ï-†-´-J 2006
É°æ¤úø’ Ñ lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™E Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™...
question tags sentences
Ö†o í∫´’-Eü∆lç.
1. aren't we? 2. didn't she? 3. aren't I?
4. am I? 5. aren't you? 6. doesn't it, etc.
OöÀ™x aren't we? didn't she? aren't you? etc.,
Ñ question tags-´’†èπ◊ éÌûËhO’é¬ü¿’.ÉN ᙫ
formîËߪ÷™ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. É°æ¤úø’ ´’†èπ◊ éÌûªhí¬
´*a† question tags....
1. aren't I? 2. am I? sentences:
ÉN Ö†o
1) I am giving the party, aren't I?
´’†ç Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o rule
v°æ鬮Ωç
Ééπ\úø stem 'I am giving the party'™ verb, am f) might..., - mightn't? (¢Á’iõ„Ø˛d) – î√© Å®Ω’ü¿’. 2) Santhi: O’®Ω’ Ø√ O’ü¿ jokes ¢ËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’, éπü∆?
giving 鬕öÀd, question tag
™ am,
ü∆E ûª®√yûª g) have..., - haven't...? has..., hasn't...? Revathi: ؈-Ææ©’ ´÷-ö«xúøôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆, Jyothi?
n't (stem not
™ ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd), ü∆E ûª®√yûª ´*a, I h) had..., - hadn't...? i) need..., needn't...? Jyothi: ØËØË¢Á÷ Ñ †´© îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’.
¢Á·ûªhç question tag, amn't I?
Å¢√L éπü∆. (pron: j) should..., shouldn't ...?
FØ˛d) åØ√?
é¬E Ééπ\úø aren't I I?)
(ÇØ˛d ÅE ´≤ÚhçC. ÉC k) would..., wouldn't...?
(≠æflØ˛d...?) (ÖØ˛d?) Santhi: ØËØË §Ò®Ω-°æ-ú≈f†’, éπü∆? O’®Ω’ ´’ç*-¢√∞¡Ÿx
î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. ûÓ I begin
ÅßË’u sen-
stem not
™ Öçõ‰ Ææ´’ÊÆu ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? verbs
™ §ƒ°æç.
tence ™ verb, am+ not
í¬ ÖçúÕ, ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, ques- ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´÷ô îÁ°œp,subject
îÁ§ƒhç. Revathi: ØËØË serious type éπü∆? Ø√éπ-Ææ©’
tion tagá°æ¤púø÷ aren't I?
í¬ØË Öçô’çC. amn't I? example îª÷ü∆lç. jokes †îªa´¤.
ÅØË question tag English™ ™‰ü¿’. ÅüË stem
™ 1) a) Sachin could play well, couldn't he? Jyothi: ؈’ studies ™ØË interested, éπü∆?
notÖçõ‰, Å°æ¤úø’ question tag
´’Sx am I? b) Sachin could not play well, could he? Ø√éπ-Ææ©’ joke îËߪ’ôç ®√ü¿’, éπü∆?
( I am not making the arrangements, am I? 2) a) Ramesh will help you, won't he? Santhi: O’®Ω-Ææ©’ Éûª-®Ω’© O’ü¿ jokes ¢Áߪ’u®Ω’,
Ééπ\úø stem not
™ ÖçC) b) Sudha will not / won't help you, will she? éπü∆?
Revathi: Jyothi N≠æߪ’ç Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. ؈’
´÷vûªç á°æ¤púø÷ serious.
Answers:
1)Ganesh: Hi, Mahesh, you went to a movie
last night, didn't you.
Mahesh: I told you (that) I would (go), didn't
I?
3) a) Ameet has scored Ganesh: You told me, yes. But I didn't think
´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷ü∆lç.
you'd go.
a) I am Andhra, aren't I? (stem not good marks, hasn't
Mahesh: When I say something, I am seri-
™ ™‰ü¿’)
he?
b) I am not an American, am I? ous, aren't I?
b) Ameet hasn't (has
(stem not
™ ÖçC) Ganesh: But I am not serious about movie
not) passed, has
2) a) I am getting good marks, aren't I? matters, am I?
he?
(No not in the stem) Mahesh: I feel happy when I go to a movie
É™« N’í∫-û√-N ¶«í¬
b) I am not troubling you, am I? with my friends, don't I ? Why did-
(Not in the stem)
practice îËÊÆhØË M. SURESAN n't you come?
question tags éπÈ®-
3) a) I am an Indian like you, aren't I? Ganesh: I was very busy yesterday. I am
؈÷ O’™«í∫ ¶µ«®Ω-B-ߪ·-úÕØË éπü∆? èπ◊dí¬ form îËߪ’-í∫©ç. Question tags ™‰E the fan of the hero of the movie.
Ææ綵«-≠æù î√-™« EKb-´çí¬ Öçô’çC.
(No not in the stem) Yesterday aren't I? I am sorry I
b) I am not a fool, am I? Now practice the following in English: missed the movie.
(ØËØËç ´‚®Ω’^-úÕo é¬ü¿’, éπü∆? (not in the stem) 1) Ganesh: Hi Mahesh, E†o ®√vA †’´¤y ÆœE´÷èπ◊ 2) Santhi: Hey, you are joking at me, aren't
鬕öÀd 'I' N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-LqçC– -¢Á-∞«}´¤ éπü∆? you?
a) Stem™ not ™‰èπ◊çõ‰, question tag aren't I? Mahesh: Å´¤†’, ¢Á∞«h-†E îÁ§ƒp†’. åØ√? Revathi: I am not at all talking, am I, Jyothi?
Ganesh: îÁ§ƒp-´¤™‰. é¬F †’´¤y ¢Á∞«h-´-†’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Jyothi: I am reading the novel, aren't I?
(verb, 'am+' Å®·ûË)
Santhi: I am mistaken, aren't I? You are
b) stem ™ not ÖçúÕ, verb 'am+' Å®·ûË Mahesh: ØËØË-ü¿-®·Ø√ -îÁ-G-ûË serious í¬ØË
good people.
question tag, 'am I?' Öçö«†’, éπü∆? Revathi: I am the serious type, aren't I ? I
´’Sx éÌEo Éûª®Ω verb farms éÌîËa question tags Ganesh: cinema N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ؈’ ´÷vûªç seri-
don't like jokes at all.
ous 鬆’, éπü∆?
Jyothi: I am interested only in studies,
Ééπ\úø ÉÆæ’hØ√oç. í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. É´Fo èπÿú≈
stem™ not Ö†o-°æ¤púø’. Mahesh: ؈’ Ø√ friends ûÓ ÆœE-´÷-Èé∞Ïh ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-
aren't I ? I don't know how to joke,
a) Shall..., - shan't...? b) will.., - won't..? ≤ƒh†’ éπü∆? E†o †’´¤y Ø√ûÓ ®√™‰üËç? do I?
c) can..., _can't...? d) could..., couldn't...? Ganesh: E†o î√-™« busy í¬ ÖØ√o. †’-´¤y Santhi: You never joke at others? do you?
(couldn't - pronunciation - ¢Á-Rx-† cinema hero fan éπü∆ ؈’?
(èπ◊Ø˛d) Revathi: I don't know about Jyothi, but I am
e) may..., - mayn't? (¢Á’ß˝’Ø˛d?) ؈’ ®√™‰-ü¿E ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o. always serious.
-v°æ-¨¡o: Spoken -ï-¢√-•’:
English èπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-* -´’ç-*
books 1) Spoken English î√™« simple í¬, Å®Ωl¥-´’-´-ú≈-
– -P-K-≠æ, -ïçí¬È®-úÕfí∫÷-úÁç
-ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’.
-ï-¢√-•’:
EéÀ 鬮Ω-ùç Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öç-úø-úøç. °æ‹Jh
Ñ´’üµ¿u innerwear ÅØË word èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ sentences Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Written English
Spoken English books market ™ î√™« ´≤ÚhçC. Innerwear correct Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà ÉçéÌçîÁç °æü¿l¥-Aí¬, °æ‹Jhí¬ grammatical í¬,
ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀ™x éÌçîÁç ´’ç*N. English con- (usage ™éÀ ´≤ÚhçC), î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ Å®Ωnçé¬éπ-§Ú- éÌClí¬ éÀx≠d-¢æ Á’i† ´÷ô©’, ¢√é¬u-©ûÓ Öç-úÌa.
versation by Grant Taylor; Spoken English ´îª’a. áèπ◊\-´-´’ç-CéÀ Å®Ωnç ÅßË’u-´÷ô under- 2) Having been = Å®· Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x
for you by G.Radhakrishna Pillai and wear. Having been deceived by him once, I don't
K.Rajeevan. 2) ´®Ω-Ææ-véπ-´’ç™ E©-•úÕ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ English Åéπ~®Ωç
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ -™--ü¿’Ææ’h-©-†’ -É-ç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ Q é¬ü¿’ – Q Ü®Ω-éπØË Å™« ¢√úø-û√®Ω’, Thank you
trust him any more
äéπ-≤ƒJ ؈-ûª-E-îËûª ¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-îª-•úÕ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x
Underwear (-Åç-úø®˝-¢Ë®˝) -Åç--ö«®Ω’. ™ You èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Thank U ¢√úÕ-†ô’x. ´®Ω-Ææ ÅûªEo ؈’ ´’Sx †´’t†’.
Innerwear (-É-†o®˝-¢Ë®˝) -Å-E -á-ç-ü¿’éπ-†®Ω’?- -véπ-´’ç™ Å®Ωnç ´îËa English word Queue. Having been selected he is happy
2) •Ææ’q -áÍé\-ô°æ¤p-úø’, Æœ-E-´÷£æ…-∞¡x -ü¿í∫_®Ω -öÀÈé\-ôxèπ◊ - Please queue up ÅØË -•-ü¿’©’, Please Q up select Å®· Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬
´®ΩÆæ-véπ-´’ç-™ ®√-´-ú≈-EéÀ 'Q' '°æ-ü¿l¥-A -§ƒ-öÀç-îªç-úÕ Åçö«®Ω’, fancy í¬. ÖØ√oúø’.
Å-E -¶®Ω’f-©’ç-ö«®·. Íé-´-©ç Q -Åéπ~®Ωç ´÷-vûª-¢Ë’ People queued for the tickets.
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) Spoken english èπ◊,
3) Spelling mistakes ûªí¬_-©çõ‰ ´÷ô-©†’ sylla-
Ê°®Ì\ç-ö«®Ω’. -´®ΩÆæ-véπ-´÷-EéÀ, -Ñ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -Åéπ~®√- written english èπ◊ bles í¬ N¶µº->ç* spelling Ç™-*ç-îªçúÕ. ûªí∫’_-
– -vQ-E-¢√Æˇ, -N’®√u-©í∫÷-úø
EéÀ Ææç-•ç-üµ¿ç -à-N’-öÀ?
-ûË-ú≈-©-†’ -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. û√®·. Syllable Åçõ‰ ÅaûÓ Ö†o °æü¿-¶µ«í∫ç.
-ï-¢√-•’: 2) having been -à Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç-™ -´Ææ’hç-C?
3) Spelling mistakes
Construction. DØÓx con, struc, tion -Å-ØË
1) Underwear - (Underware é¬ü¿’)– ™ü¿’-Ææ’h©’– Ææ-J-îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ -´‚úø’ syllables ÖØ√o®·. É™« devide
Ææ-©£æ… -É-´yí∫-©®Ω’. îËÆæ’èπ◊E spelling Ç™-*ç-îªçúÕ. ûª°æ¤p©’
– °œ.-á-Ø˛.-†Í®-¨¸, °æ-J-T
´’†ç •ßª’-öÀéÀ éπ†-°æúË ü¿’Ææ’h©- éÀç-ü¿ üµ¿JçîË
ü¿’Ææ’h©’ é¬-•-öÀd Underwear Åçö«®Ω’. ûªí∫’_-û√®·.
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II
Sunil: Hi Ramesh, the Megastar phoned
me last night and asked for a few tips
on acting.
(óÀª ô¢î¶ªøÉ Eìo-ô¦vA ޥ-þ§dô û¦ÚÛª
ðƼûË à¶ú‡ ìåì ÞœªJÙ# Ú•Eo ú£«àŸ-ìõª
Íè…-Þ¥è[ª.)
Ramesh: Oh, did he?
(Íö°Þ¥?)
Sunil: And what is more, he wanted to see
me about a future movie of his.
Unfortunately I am very busy you
know. So I couldn't give him an
appointment.
(ÏÙÚ¥ ÔÙæ˺ êµõªþ§, ÍêŸè[ª ìæ¨Ù-àŸ-ò˺-
Í÷±û¦... Íö°Þ¥!?
꟪ìo Ú•êŸh ú‡E÷« ÞœªJÙ# ììªo ÚÛõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-
î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o-ìE Íû¦oè[ª. Ú¥F ë]ªô¢-ë]'-
ù£d-÷-ø‹êŸªh û¶ìª à¦ö° G@ ÚÛë¯? ÎóŸª-ìÚÛª
û¶ìª Íð§-ô³Ù-æËÀ-ÙæËÀ Ï÷y-ö¶-ÚÛ-ð¼-óŸ«ìª.)
Appointment ÷«÷´õª Íô¢nÙ ÑëÁuÞœÙ. Ú¥F
appointment ÚÛª ÏÚÛ\è[ î¦è…ì NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ Íô¢nÙ =
ÚÛõªú£ªÚÁè¯-EÚ¨ ú£÷ªóŸªÙ, àÁåª Eô¢g-ô³Ù-àŸè[Ù.
Ramesh: Oh! Is that so? I didn't know (I
haven't known) that you
are so great.
(Íö°Þ¥, ìª÷yÙêŸ Þ•í£p-î¦-è…-
÷E û¦ÚÛª ÏÙêŸ ÷ô¢ÚÛª
êµLóŸªë]ª).
Sunil: Only the megastar knows
my greatness.
(ޥ-þ§d-ôÂ¸Ú û¦ Þ•í£p-ë]ìÙ
êµõªú£ª)
Ramesh: Does he? That's news to
me. But I have a doubt,
my dear Sunil.
(Íö°Þ¥? ÏC û¦ÚÛª Ú•êŸh
Nù£óŸªÙ. Íô³ê¶ û¦ÚÁ
ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù ÑÙC.)
'That's news to me = ÍC û¦Ú¨Ù-êŸ- ÷-
ô¢ÚÛª êµLóŸªE Nù£óŸªÙ.
conversation ö˺ practice à¶óŸªÙè….
Sunil: What's it?
(ÔÙåC?)
Ramesh: Are you mentally sound?
(FÚÛª ÷ªA-ú‡n-Nª-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙë¯ ÍE.)
mentally sound = ÷ªA-ú‡n-NªêŸÙêÁ ÑÙè[è[Ù
mentally unsound = í‡#a
Sunil: Is that your doubt? Call the Megastar
and ask him himself.
(Íë¯ F ú£Ùë¶ï£°Ù. Íô³ê¶ ޥ-þ§d-ô¸Ú
ðƼûË à¶ú‡ ÚÛìªÚÁ\)
Ramesh: Should I? (Do) you want me to be
another fool like you? Come on.
Cut all that stuff about his calling
you and taking your suggestions.
You look a real fool.
(Íö°Þ¥? Fö°¸Þ û¶ìª ÚÛ«è¯ ÷´ô¢ª^è[-
E-í‡Ù-àŸª-ÚÁ-÷ªÙ-æ°î¦? ÏÚÛ Îí£±. ޥ-
þ§dô FÚÛª ðƼûË à¶óŸªè[Ù, F ú£«àŸ-ìõª
Bú£ª-ÚÁ-è[Ù-ö°Ùæ¨ í‡#a î¦Þœªè[ª ÚÛæ¨d-
šíåªd. ìª÷±y EáÙÞ¥ íÆ£²öËÀ-ö°¸Þ
Ñû¦o÷±.)
Cut = Îí£±, ÚÛæ¨d-šíåªd , stuff = þ¼C, î¦Þœªè[ª.
Sunil: Do I? (Íö°Þ¥?)
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ îµ³ë]æ¨ òÅ°ÞœÙö˺ Sunil ÷«å-õÚÛª
Ramesh responses Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè….
★ Did he?
★ Is that so? I didn't know (I haven't
known)
★ Does he?
★ Should I?
ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªìÙ question tags Óö° form
à¶óŸ«L, conversation ö˺ î¦æ¨ ð§vêŸ ÞœªJÙ# êµõª-
ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ. Conversation lively Þ¥, effective Þ¥
ÑÙè¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙç¶ question tags î¦è[ÚÛÙ à¦ö° Í÷-
ú£ô¢Ù. Íö°¸Þ question tags Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯, Ð lesson
ö˺E Ramesh responses ö˺E short questions
- Oæ¨E response questions ÍÙæ°Ù. Ïö°Ùæ¨N
ÚÛ«è¯ conversation ÚÛª ú£ï£°-á-ê¦y-Eo-þ§hô³.
Question tags ö°¸Þ ÏN-ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÙêŸ-ÚÛª÷³Ùë]ª
sentenceìª ñæ¨d ÷ú£ªhÙ-æ°ô³. î¦æ¨-E-ñç¶d Oæ¨Ú¨
Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙ-åªÙC. Íô³ê¶ êµõª-Þœªö˺ Oå-Eo-æ¨Ú© Ö¸Ú
Íô¢nÙ– Íö°Þ¥? ÍE. ÏN ÓÚÛª\-÷Þ¥ ÖÚÛô¢ª àµí‡pì
Nù£óŸªÙ ÷ªìÙ ì÷ªt-ö¶-E-CÞ¥ Ñìoí£±pè[ªÞ¥E, ÷ªìÚÛª
ÎøŒaô¢uÙ/Îú£Ú¨h ÚÛL-TÙචNù£-óŸª-i-ì-í£±p-è[ª-Þ¥E
î¦è[ê¦Ù.
šíj ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺ Ramesh ú response ques-
tions ÍFo ÍêŸìª ì÷ªt-ö¶E Nù£-óŸ«-õìª êµLóŸª-â¶-
ú£ªh-û¦oô³ ÚÛë¯! Sunil ÚÛª Megastar phone
à¶óŸªè[Ù, ú£«àŸ-ì-õ-è[-Þœè[Ù ö°Ùæ¨N. Ïö°Ùæ¨
responses Oªô¢« practice à¶óŸªÙè…. Íô³ê¶ Ð
responses ÍÙêŸ-ÚÛª-÷³Ùë]ª sentence ö˺E
subject
ìª ñæ¨d, ìª ñæ¨d form à¶þ§hÙ.
Pramod: Two or three ministers consult me
whenever they have problems.
(Ïë]lô¢ª ö¶ë¯ ÷³Þœª_ô¢ª ÷ªÙv꟪õª ú£÷ª-
ú£uö¶îµjû¦ ÷›úh ììªo ú£Ùví£-C-þ§hô¢ª.)
Prasad: O, do they?
(Í÷±û¦, Íö°Þ¥? – ì÷ªt-øŒÚÛuÙ Ú¥ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶
÷ªìÙ Ïà¶a response)
Pramod sentence ö˺E verb 'consult'. ÏC 1st
Regular Doing Word- Ú¥ñæ¨d responseö˺ 'do'
÷ú£ªhÙC (MinistersÚÛª ñë]ªõª 'they'êÁ). ÏÚÛ\è[
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 92
question tags ö˺ö°Þ¥ not ÑÙç¶ tag ö˺ not ô¦÷-
ÚÛð¼÷è[Ù-ö°Ùæ¨C ÔOª ÑÙè[ë]ª.
Pramod: Most ministers are my friends.
(÷ªÙv꟪ö˺x à¦ö°-÷ªÙC û¦ ›úo-꟪õª.)
ÏÚÛ\è[ verb 'are'. Ú¥ñæ¨d ministers ñë]ªõª they .
Prasad: O, are they?
(Íö°Þ¥– ÎøŒa-ô¢u-ÚÛ-ô¢-iì Nù£óŸªÙ Íô³û¦
response Ïö°û¶ ÷ú£ªhÙC.)
Suraj: In the US, a cup of coffee costs a dol-
lar, that is, about Rs. 50/-
Spoken English
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ðû¦è[ª-
(ÍJÚ¥ö˺ ÚÛí£±p Ú¥íƈ ÖÚÛ è¯õôÂ. ÍÙç¶
ë¯ë¯í£± 50 ô¢«ð§-óŸªõª.)
Preethi: Does it?
(Í÷±û¦?)
verb
ÏÚÛ\è[ costs II Regular Doing Word Ú¥ñæ¨d
response 'does', coffee 'it'
ÍÙç¶ ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE
'Does it?'
Prema: Though she is not healthy, her hus-
band does not help her.
(ÎÚÛª ÎôÁÞœuÙ ò°ÞÁ-ö¶-ÚÛ-
ð¼-ô³û¦ Î òÅ¡ô¢h ÔÙ
ú£ï£„óŸªÙ à¶óŸªè[ª.)
Sujana: O, Doesn't
(à¶óŸªè¯?)
verb does (not) help - Ú¥ñæ¨d
response 'does.
ö˺
Kumar: The actor who played
Samson fought with a
real lion, you know?
(ø‹uîª-ú£ûË ð§vêŸ î¶ú‡ì
ìåªè[ª Eá-iì
ú‡ÙÙêÁ ð¼æ°x-è¯è[ª,
êµõªþ§)
Sudheer: Did he? (Í÷±û¦?)
šíj sentence ö˺ verb 'fought'.
ÏC Past Doing word Ú¥ñæ¨d, did
÷ú£ªhÙC. Subject 'actor' ñë]ªõª
'he' ÷ú£ªhÙC.
Ïö°¸Þ Am, is, are, was, were,
shall, will, can, could, may, might, must, have,
has, had etc. combinations verbs
êÁ ÷à¶a
responses
ÍEoÙ-æ¨ö˺ Ïî¶
ÑÙæ°ô³.
Charan: I can bat better
than Tendulkar.
(çµÙè[«-õ\ôÂ ÚÛû¦o ò°Þ¥
ò°uæ¨ÙÞ à¶óŸª-Þœ-õìª.)
Sravan: O, can you?
Can't you bowl
better than
M. SURESAN
Pathan?
(Íö°Þ¥?÷ªJ
í£ôȦûË ÚÛû¦o ò°Þ¥ ò®öËÀ à¶óŸª-ö¶î¦?)
Ïö°Ùæ¨ responses ò°Þ¥ practice à¶óŸªÙè….
Ú•ÙàµÙ vøŒë]lÄÞ¥ Þœ÷ª-E›úh Ð responses question
tags ö°Þ¥ à¦ö° ú£ªõòÅ¡Ù. Ú•ÙàµÙ practice êÁ
Oªô¢ª ú£ªõ-òÅ¡ÙÞ¥ form à¶óŸª-Þœ-õô¢ª. ví£óŸª-AoÙ-àŸÙè….
Now practise the following in English
Tarun:EìoÙê¦ šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ëÂö˺ à¦ö° àŸLÞ¥
ÑÙC.
Kumar: Íö°Þ¥? ÏÚÛ\-è[ÙêŸ ö¶ë¶.
Tarun: EìoÙê¦ šúyåô î¶ú£ªÚÛªû¶ AJÞ¥.
Kumar: Íö°Þ¥? ÏÚÛ\è[ ÖÚÛ îµ«ú£hô¢ª àŸLÞ¥
ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...
ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 4 áì÷J 2006
ÑÙC Ú¥F ÍÙêŸ-ö¶ë]ª.
Tarun:
ÍÙêŸ àŸL-öËºì« àŸFoüŒxêÁ þ§oìÙ à¶ø‹.
Kumar: Íö°Þ¥? ÓÙë]ª-ÚÛE?
Tarun: û¦ ô¢«Ùö˺ Þ¥uúà Íô³-ð¼-ô³ÙC. ðƼûËÂ
ඛúh ·ôÙè[ª-ôÁ-Võª í£è[ªêŸªÙ-ë]-û¦oô¢ª.
Kumar: F ô¢«Ùö˺ Uáô ö¶ë¯?
Tarun: FÚÛªÙë¯?
Kumar: ÏC ÍÙêŸ àŸL-ví£-ë¶øŒÙ Ú¥ë]ª ÚÛë¯?
ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE Uáô Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.
Tarun: ÍEo ÎëÅ]ª-EÚÛ ÷ú£-꟪-õêÁ Ñìo ðƧxæËÀìª
û¶ìª êŸyô¢ö˺ Ú•ì-ò˺-꟪-û¦oìª.
Kumar: Í÷±û¦? ëÅ]ô¢ ÓÙêŸ ÑÙè•àŸªa.
Tarun: ë¯ë¯í£± 20 õ¤Ûõ ô¢«ð§-óŸªõª.
Answers:
Tarun: It was very cold the whole of yester-
day in Hyderabad./ Hyderabad was
very cold the whole of yesterday.
Kumar: Was it? It wasn't so cold here.
Tarun: I went about in sweater the whole
day.
he?
Kumar: Did you? It was cold here too, but it
wasn't so bad.
Tarun: Even in such cold,/ Though it was so
cold, I had a cold water bath/ a cold
bath.
Kumar: Did you?/ Had you? But why?
Tarun: I ran out of gas/ The cylinder was
empty/ The gas was exhausted.
When I called the gas company, they
said it would take two days/ I had to
wait for two days.
Kumar: Don't you have a geiger?
Tarun: Do you?/ Have you?
Kumar: This place is not so cold./ It is not
so cold here, is it? So we don't
need a geiger, do we?
Tarun: I am going to buy a flat soon. A
modern construction with all ameni-
ties.
ÚÛª
Kumar: Are you? What's the price?/ What
is the price likely to be?
Tarun: Around Rs. 20 lac.
ví£øŒo: It is not short form it's not/ it isn't.
Ú¨
î¦æ¨ pronunciation ÏæËÀq-û¦æËÀ/ ÏæËÀ ÐâµûËÂd
Þ¥ í£õ-ÚÛ-÷à¦a? ÏæËÀ ÐâÉÀ û¦æËÀ Þ¥û¶ í£õ-
Ú¥ö°? Short forms writing ö˺û¶ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯
spelling Ú¨ ÚÛ«è¯ ÷Jh-þ§hóŸ«? ÖÚÛ-î¶üŒ
spellingÚ¨ ÚÛ«è¯ ÷Jh›úh I would- short
form I'd. He has - He's, I have - I've
– Nî¶ÚÂ, ìö˹_Ùè[
îµ³ë]-öµj-ì-î¦-æ¨E Óö° ÑàŸa-JÙ-à¦L?
áî¦ñª: It's not = ÏæËÀq not;
It isn't = ÏæËÀ ÐáûËÂd– Ïö°¸Þ í£õ-Ú¥L. Ïö° í£õª-
ÚÛªê¦Ù Ú¥ñç¶d writingö˺ î¦æ¨-ìö° ô¦þ§hô¢ª. NªÞœê¦
contracted forms (short forms) Nù£-óŸªÙ-ö˺ì«
Ïö°¸Þ ÑàŸa-J-þ§hô¢ª.
I'd = ÕèÂ; He has = he's =âÉÀ
I've = ÕîËÂ. ÍEo contractions îµ³ë]å spoken
forms Ú¥ñæ¨d writing ö˺ Íö° Í÷±-꟪ÙC.
II
Laxman: Hi Ramu, may the new year bring you
all happiness.
(éÌûªh Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Fèπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç ûÁ*a
°ö«d-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.)
Ramu: So may it to you, Laxman.
(Fèπÿ Å™«Íí ï®Ω-í¬-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ)
Laxman: Thank you.
Lessons
Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ™ May Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’
éÌEoç-öÀE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπ∫ü∆. Ñ Â°j
Sentences ™ May Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷úøçúÕ. ÉN
Wishes èπÿ, Greetings (ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’) èπÿ
¢√úøû√ç. Éçü¿’™ îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆, Laxman,
Ramu †’ wish îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’, Ramu, Laxman
†’ wish îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’ May ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Å®·ûË
É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x May á°æ¤púø÷ Sentence
´·çü¿’ç-ô’çC, Åçõ‰ Sentence May ûÓ
v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å´¤-ûª’çC. May ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’u
É™«çöÀ sentences, blessings èπ◊ èπÿú≈, Åçõ‰
ÇQ-®Ωy-îª-Ø√-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 93
When may I know the result?
Keshav: Hi Jagan, when are you starting for
Delhi?
(Delhi éÀ á°æ¤úø’ •ßª’-™‰l®Ω’ûª’Ø√o´¤?)
Jagan: In a few hours from now. The train is
at 3.30
Train 3.30
(Ééπ éÌCl í∫çô-©èπ◊. éÀ)
Keshav: I am going home now. I may not be
able to come to station to see you off.
May you have a very happy journey!
(ØËEç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oE°æ¤púø’. Fèπ◊ OúÓ\-L-´y-ö«-
EéÀ station èπ◊ ®√™‰éπ§Ú´îª’a. F v°æߪ÷ùç
ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ≤ƒí¬-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ.)
Jagan: May you have a happy time in your
new course! When do your classes
begins?
course
(F éÌûªh ™ †’´¤y ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬
classes
Öçú≈L. O’ á°æ¤púø’ -¢Á·-ü¿-©-´¤-
)
û√®·.
Keshav: They begin the day after tomorrow.
(á©’xçúÕ)
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ 'May' ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç ÅßË’u sen-
tences ÅFo wishes †’ ûÁ-©°æ-ôç í∫´’-Eç-î √®Ω’
éπü∆. -É-N îª÷úøçúÕ..
u May you live long!
O’®Ω’ î√-™«é¬©ç @Nç-î√-©E.
(*®Ωç-@´! ÅØË ûÁ©’í∫’ ÇQ-Ææ’qèπ◊ Ææ´÷†ç)
u May your business prosper!
O’ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ îÁçü∆L! (éÓJéπ, ÇQÆæ’q)
u May you celebrate many more birth days like
this!
É™«çöÀ °æ¤öÀd† ®ÓV©’ î√™« î√-™« -îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©-E!
u May you live to be a hundred.
´çüË∞¡Ÿx @Nç-î√L.
u May God bless you!
üË´¤úø’ E†’o ÇQ-®Ωy-Cç--í¬éπ!
F 'May' È®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ÉC. Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’
Lessons ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. May, proba-
bility E ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC, ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ´uéπh°æ®Ω’-Ææ’hç-ü¿E
éπü∆! Åçõ‰ Ŵa, Å´-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.
u 'May' ´‚úÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç.
Srinath: May I come in? (؈’ ™EéÀ ®√´î√a?)
Ravi: Please do.
Srinath: May I have a few minutes of your
time?
(O’ Æ洒ߪ’ç é¬Ææh BÆæ’éÓ-´î√a)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..
Ravi: Please go ahead. What is the matter?
(àçö îÁ°æpçúÕ)
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ 'May' ņ’-´’A – Permission
Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆. ´’†-éπçõ‰ °j≤ƒn®·
¢√∞¡x permission í¬E, ´’†ç î√-™« íı®Ω-NçîË
¢√∞¡x permission í¬F Åúø-í¬-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’, May,
question form ™ I/ we ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.
1) May I sit here?
permission
(ØËE-éπ\úø èπÿ®Óa-´î√a?)
2) May I use your phone?
(O’ phone permission
¢√-úø’éÓ´î√a?)
3) May I know your name? / May I know who
you are?
(O’ Ê°-Í®ç-ö/ -O’-È®-´®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´î√a?)
ÉC °æ‹Jhí¬ Å°æ-J-*-ûª’-©ûÓ.
4) How long may I keep this book?
(ØËF °æ¤Ææhéπç áEo ®ÓV-©’ç--éÓ-´îª’a?)
May official/ formal í¬ permission É´y-ú≈-E-éÀ
statement form ™ (you ûÓ ´·êuçí¬)
¢√úøû√ç. Superior status ™ Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿ} éÀçC
¢√∞¡xûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç °æ‹®Ωh-®·† ûª®√yûª, O’Jéπ ¢Á∞¡x-
´îª’a ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ May ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.
1) You may go now.
O’Jéπ ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a. (permission É´yôç)
2) You may use my phone if you want.
(O’®Ω’, 鬴-LÊÆh Ø√ phone -¢√-úø’éÓ-´îª’a)
permission É´yôç.
Å™«Íí éÌçîÁç ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ (Åçûª E≠æ \-®Ω{í¬
é¬èπ◊çú≈) orders É´y-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ statement
form ™ May ¢√úøû√ç.
1) You may not leave office before 5
(âü¿’í∫çô-©èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ O’®Ω’ Ç°∂‘Ææ’†’ç* ¢Á-∞Ô}-ü¿’l) Murthy: Fèπ◊ Ø√ ÇQ-Ææ’q-
order
2) You may not smoke here
(O’J-éπ\úø smoke îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’) – order.
3) You may leave office only after five.
(O’®Ω’ âü¿’ ûª®√yûªØË •ßª’öÀéÀ ¢Á-∞¡x-´îª’a) – order
(Åçõ‰ Åçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ¢Á∞¡xèπÿúø-ü¿E order).
É´-Fo May Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’: äéπ-≤ƒJ Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬ Anil: î√-™« thanks, Sir.
îª÷ü∆lç.
1) 'May' expresses probability (ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç)
2) 'May' expresses doubt (ÆæçüË£æ«ç)
3) May in the question form, especially with I/
We is used for asking for permission in a very
formal and polite manner.
'May' for permission is used to ask for per-
mission in a more polite and formal manner
than 'can' and 'shall', with I/ We, and 'will',
and 'would' with you (in the question form)
-v°æ-¨¡o: Bí∫ ´çTçC, 鬩’ NJ-TçC,
<´’ ´·E-TçC, °æ¤Ææhéπç
*J-TçC.. -É-™«ç-öÀ -¢√--öÀ-E
-ߪ’-ü∑∆-ûª-ü∑¿çí¬ (--´ç-îª-•-úÕç-C,-
´·-†í∫-•-úÕç-C, -Å-E é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈)
-Ççí∫xç-™éÀ -á-™« -Å-†’-´-
Cç-î√-™ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’.
– ®√°∂æ’-´, -´÷®√\°æ¤®Ωç-
-ï-¢√-•’:
i) Bí∫ ´çTçC = the wire bent
ii) 鬩’ NJ-TçC = the leg broke
iii) <´’ ´·E-TçC = The ant drowned.
iv) °æ¤Ææhéπç *J-TçC = The book got torn.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 6 -ï-†-´-J 2006
4) 'May' in statement forms some times is used
Bhavan: -•£æ›-¨» -Öç-úÌ-a. ؈’ ´’Sx °œ©’≤ƒh-†’.
in place of 'shall' to express orders in a polite Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ •ßª’ô wait îËߪ’-´îª’a O’®Ω’.
and formal way. O’®Ω’ front room ™ èπÿ®ÓaçúÕ.
5) May in the beginning of a statement is used Interview Å®·ç-ûª-®√yûª èπÿú≈ O’®Ω’
for expressing wishes and blessings. âü¿’í∫çô© ´®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-èπÿ-úøü¿’.
Sravan: result á°æ¤úø’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-´îª’a?
Now practice the following in English.
Bhavan: Í®°æ¤ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´®Ωèπ◊ O’®Ω’ expect
a) Anil: Good morning, Sir. O’®Ω’ ´÷èπ◊ high îËߪ’-éπçúÕ.
school ™ teacher, Sir. -N’-´’t-Lo äéπ-≤ƒJ Answers:
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-ú≈-EéÀ ´î√a†’. Anil: Good morning sir. You were our
teacher in the high school. I have
Murthy: -†’-´¤y -Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√o-´¤ -Å-E-™¸. -î√-™«é¬-©ç come to see you.
Murthy: I remember you, Anil. (I am) happy to
-ûª®√y-ûª -E-†’o éπ-©’Ææ’éÓ-´-ôç Ææç-ûÓ-≠æç.-
É°æ¤p-úËç -îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-´¤? see/ meet you, though after a long
time. What are you (now)?
Anil: (I am) going to the states for higher
studies. I got the visa the day before
(yesterday). I've come for your bless-
ings.
Murthy: You have my blessings always. May
you have a happy journey and may
you study well and prosper (°jéÀ
Anil:
°j îªü¿’-´¤-©èπ◊
®√´-ôç)there!
Anil: Today is my birthday too, sir.
Å¢Á’-Jé¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-
Sir.
Ø√o†’, Murthy: I am very happy. May you live long in
¢Á·†oØË visa health and happiness!
´*açC. O’ ÇQ- Anil: Thank You, sir.
Ææ’q© éÓÆæç Murthy: You are welcome.
(May you have a happy journey = Wish you
´î√a†’. M. SURESAN
a happy journey; may you live long = Wish
you a long and healthy life)
™„-°æ¤púø÷ Öçö«®·. F v°æߪ÷ùç Ææ’êçí¬
b) Sravan: May I come in (sir)?
ïJT, †’´yéπ\-úø ¶«í¬ îªCN °jéÀ ®√¢√-©E
Ø√ ÇQ-Ææ’q©’ (May ¢√úøçúÕ). Bhavan: Please do/ do come in. Have a seat/
Please sit down.
Anil: Ñ®Ó- V Ø√ birthday èπÿú≈. Sir.
Sravan: I have come to attend an interview
Murthy: î√™« ÆæçûÓ≠æç. †’´¤y î√-™«-鬩ç Çߪ·-®√-
®Ó-í¬u-©ûÓ Öçú≈-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. (May here. I am Sravan. When may I have
the interview?/ When may be my
¢√úøçúÕ). interview?
Bhavan: Wait a minute. Let me see... Yes. Your
Murthy: ´’ç*C.
interview is at 2 in the afternoon.
b) Sravan: ؈’ ™°æ-LéÀ ®√´-î √açúŒ?
Sravan: It's already 1.30 sir. May I
(É°æ¤púË)
Bhavan: ®ΩçúÕ. èπÿ®ÓaçúÕ. have the interview now itself ?
Sravan: ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ interview attend Å´-ú≈-EéÀ
Bhavan: That may be possible. I'll call you
´î√a†’. Ø√ Ê°®Ω’ Sravan. Ø√èπ◊ inter- again. Till then you may wait outside.
view á°æ¤p-úø’ç-úÌa? You may sit in the front room. You
Bhavan: îÁ§ƒh-†’ç-úøçúÕ. Ç... O’èπ◊ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç may not leave here till 5, even after
È®çúø’ í∫çô-©èπ◊ interview Öçô’çC. the interview.
Sravan: É°æ¤púË äçöÀ í∫çô-†o®Ω Å®·çC éπü¿çúÕ. Sravan: When may I know the result?
Ø√ interview É°æ¤púË ÖçúÌî√a? (May Bhavan: Well, you may not expect it before
¢√úøçúÕ). tomorrow evening.
-v°æ-¨¡o: Idioms, usage í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. Öûªh´’´÷®Ω_ç English Newspapers, The Hindu
– ®Ω£æ…-Ø√-¶‰í∫ç, éπ-©÷x®Ω’ ™«çöÀN, *†o *†o story books ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç*
-ï-¢√-•’: °ü¿l novels îªü¿-´ôç, ´·êuçí¬ English news
Idioms ÅØ√o usage ÅØ√o ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. ¢√úø’-éπ™ magazines îªü¿-´ôç. Vocab books ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ-
´©x words, their meanings ûÁ©’-≤ƒh®·, but we
Ö†o ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p, Ç ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ
don't know how to use them. So read, read
Ö†o Å®√n-EéÃ, Ç ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p™ Ö†o äéÌ\éπ\
and read- that's the best way to improve. Åçû√
´÷ô Å®√n-EéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Öçúø-éπ-§ÚûË, Ç ´÷ô©
èπÿ®Ω’p idiom Å´¤-ûª’çC. ÅüË ¢√úø’-éπ-™éÀ ´Ææ’hçC idioms,
îªü¿-Nç-ûª-®√yûª Åv°æ-ߪ’-ûªoçí¬ O’èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h†o
words language
鬕öÀd ÅC usage Å´¤-ûª’çC. use Åçõ‰ ¢√úøéπç.
O’ ™ ¢√úË-≤ƒh®Ω’. îªC-¢Ë-Æœç-ûª-®√yûª
Åçõ‰ äéπ word †’ sentence ™ use îËߪ’ôç. Å®Ωnç-é¬E ´÷ô™‰´Ø√o Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ dictionary
O’®Ω’ vocabulary, idioms, improve îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ Commercials/ Ads
îª÷úøçúÕ. èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ îªü¿-´çúÕ–
Vocabulary O’ü¿ books (Norman Lewis's Word Modern expression ´Ææ’hçC. O©’-†o-°æ¤p-úø™«x
Power Made Easy ™«çöÀN) éÌçûª-´-®ΩÍé Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫- English ™ ´÷ö«x-úøçúÕ.
°æ-úø-û√®·. Idioms O’ active use ™éÀ ®√¢√-©çõ‰
II
Brahmam: Hi Vishnu, any idea where Siva
might be?
(P´ áéπ\-úø’ç-úÌîÓa à¢Á’iØ√ ûÁ©’≤ƒ)?
Vishnu: Not in the least. You call Ganesh.
He might know.
Ganesh
(ÅÆæ©’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. phone
èπ◊
îË®·. Åûª-EéÀ ûÁL-ߪ’-´îª’a.)
Not in the least= ÅÆæ©’ ™‰ü¿’.
Brahmam: Has he a cell? Let me have the
number
cell
(Åûª-EéÀ Number
Öçü∆. É´¤y)
Vishnu: He hasn't a cell/ He has no cell. He
fears it might affect his heart if he
carries it in his pocket, and his ear,
if he hears from it- because of radi-
ation.
heart
(™‰ü¿’. ÅC ñ‰•’™ °ô’d-èπ◊çõ‰ èπ◊,
ü∆EoNçõ‰ îÁNéÀ üÁ•s ÅE ÅûªE ¶µºßª’ç)
Brahmam: So how do I get at him now?
(´’J ÅûªEo °æô’d-éÓ-´ôç ᙫ?)
Get at = îË®Ω’-éÓ-´-ôç/- °æ-ô’d-éÓ-´ôç
Vishnu: He might be at office now Ringup
his office. You might be able to con-
tact him.
(Åûª-E°æ¤púø’ office ™ Öçúø-´îª’a. Åéπ\-
úÕéÀ Phone îÁß˝’. †’´y-ûªEo Åéπ\úø
°æô’d-éÓ-´îª’a).
Contact: Ææç•ç-üµ¿ç/- ä-éπ-JûÓ communication
Öçúøôç
Brahmam: Any idea who else might know
Siva's whereabouts now? I want
him urgently.
Siva
(§ÚF É°æ¤-úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ îÁ°æp-í∫-©-
¢√∞¡Ÿx ÉçÈé-´-®ΩØ√o ÖØ√o®√?ÅûªEo éπ©’-Ææ’-
éÓ-´ôç î√-™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç).
Vishnu: Try his home. Here's the number.
But they might all be out.
phone
(¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ îÁß˝’. -É-CíÓ -†ç-•®˝.
Å®·ûË ¢√∞Îx-´®Ω÷ Éçöx ™‰éπ-§Ú-´îª’a).
(Try= v°æߪ’-Aoç* îª÷úø’. ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆: out:
Éçöx ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç; In = Éçöx Öçúøôç)
É´Fo might combination ûÓ Ö†o verbs Ö†o
sentences éπü∆. I mean, °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™ -EN.
Might combination ûÓ verbs English ™ ûª®Ω-
îª’í¬ ¢√-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«ç. Åçü¿’-éπE might combina-
tion ûÓ ´îËa verbs †’ í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç
´·êuç/ -Ö-°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç.
Might Combination Verbs:
a) Might be ('be' form);
b) Might+ 1st Regular doing word - might know,
might come, might like, etc.
1) Might, present ™é¬F,future ™é¬F, Åçõ‰
É°æ¤úø’é¬F, Ééπ-´·çü¿’é¬F, expresses doubt
(ÆæçüË£æ«ç) and uncertainty (Ææç-Cí∫l¥-ûª). Åçõ‰
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Öçúø-´îª’a, ®√´îª’a ÅE '´îª’a— °æü∆©èπ◊
Ææ´÷†ç.
a) Might be - ÉC 'be' form; Å®Ωnç: Öçúø-´îª’a.
-v°æ-¨¡o:
-Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -¶«í¬ -´÷-ö«x-ú≈-©ç-õ‰ -àç
-îË-ߪ÷-™ Ææ-©£æ… -É-´yí∫-©®Ω’.
– -áç.-¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®ΩÈ®-úÕf, -<®√-©
-ï-¢√-•’:
Spoken English
v°æA-¶µº™ ÉÆæ’h†o
exercises regular practice
í¬
English paper
îËߪ’çúÕ. îªü¿-´ôç
continue îËߪ’çúÕ. *†o *†o English story
books èπÿú≈ îªü¿-´çúÕ. ûª°æpéπ ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ω’–
üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç v§ƒ®Ωç-GµÊÆh.
-v°æ-¨¡o: i) -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™... consist, collapse, cultiva-
tion... -O-öÀ-E -á-™« °æ-©é¬-L?
ii) A. How do you go to home?
B. I go home by rickshaw. éπÈ®Íéd-Ø√?
Spoken English
-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 8 -ï-†-´-J 2006
b) Might + 1st Regular doing word (see, go,
come, etc) Might see = îª÷úø-´îª’a (ÆæçüË£æ«ç),
Might go = ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a, Might come = ®√´îª’a.
´’† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ sentence äéπ-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç.
a) Any idea where Siva might be?
P´ áéπ\-úø’ç-úÌîÓa à´’Ø√o ûÁ©’≤ƒ?
b) You call Ganesh. He might know
í∫ù‰-≠ˇèπ◊ phone îÁß˝’. Åûª-EéÀ ûÁL-ߪ’-´îª’a.
c) He fears it might affect his heart...
í∫’çúÁ üÁ•s A†-´-îªaE... ÅûªE ¶µºßª’ç.
d) You might be able to contact him there
Might èπ◊ ´’®Ó Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç: Manager: ؈÷ ÅüË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o, Å®·ûË î√-™«
Féπ-ûª†’ Åéπ\úø üÌ®Ωéπ-´-a/ -ûª-í∫-™Ôa. a) You might try his office phone number if you ê®Ω’a Ŵa éπü∆ ÅE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
e) But they might all be out are unable to get his home. Supdt.:
é¬E, O’Í®-´’-†’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË, ´’†èπ◊ ü∆E-´©x
Åçü¿®Ω÷ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌa. Phone
Åûª-EçöÀ Office phone try
üÌ®Ω-éπ\-§ÚûË, business áèπ◊\´´¤ûª’çC, sir. áèπ◊\´
鬕öÀd îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆, might, present ™, future ™ îËߪ’çúÕ. customers ´îËa Å´-鬨¡ç Öçô’çC éπü∆,
Åçûª éπ*a-ûªç-é¬E N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’ç-ü¿E– Might b) You might call the helpline in sir.
be/ Might + 1st RDW (Regular Doing Word) case of trouble. Manager: Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç budget ™ adjust
trouble,
O’Íé-´’Ø√o help line
Öçõ‰, èπ◊ phone
≤ƒüµ¿u-¢Á’i, ï®Ω-í∫-éπ-§Ú-´-îªaØË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo îËߪ’-´-îªaç-ö«®√?
ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. îËߪ’çúÕ. Supdt.: ؈’ budget prepare îËÊÆ-¨»†’.
In case of= Å®·ûË, helpline= äéπ ÆæçÆæn ´©x
O’®Ì-éπ\-≤ƒJ ÅC -îª÷Æœ E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’éÓ-
Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÀ îËߪ÷-Lq† phone) ´îª’a, sir.
Ñ È®çúø’ Sentences ™ ™«í¬ might †’ Ææ÷îª- Answers:
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 94
†-©’/- Ææ-©-£æ…©’ É´y-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç– a)
´·êuçí¬ ´’†-éπçõ‰ °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊, ´’†éπçõ‰ °j≤ƒn®· Prabhu: We are playing the match today, aren't
¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Ææ÷îª-†-L-´y-ö«-EéÀ î√™« ´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬. we?
You might call the helpline
Varma: Yes. But (I'm
Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ Might èπÿ, Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o Rajasekhar (Senior Manager):
Manmohan, the power bills are going up. afraid) it might
May èπ◊ î√™« §ÚLéπ Ö†oô’x ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆.
Can't we make do with two air conditioners rain.
Might, may éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω’-
instead of four? Prabhu: In case/ If it
Ææ’hçC. Åçõ‰ May -¢√-úÕ-†°æ¤p-úø’ áèπ◊\´ rains when
(Manmohan, billséπÈ®çö¸ ¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´®·§Úûª’-
≤ƒüµ¿u´’ßË’u Å´-鬨¡ç -Öç-ô’ç-ü¿-†o-´÷-ô. Ø√o®·.3 AC machines •ü¿’©’ È®ç-úÕçöÀûÓ might the
1 a) Sunil may come this evening
Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´îª’a éπü∆? match we?
Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ææ’F™¸ ®√´îª’a. Manmohan (Manager): Varma: (It) might be this M. SURESAN
b) Sunil might come this evening That might not be much use, sir. Power bills weekend.
Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Sunil ®√´-îËa¢Á÷. may be less, but the staff might not work so Prabhu: What might be our chances of win-
Sentence (a) ™éπØ√o (b) ™ ÆæçüË£æ«ç áèπ◊\´. efficiently. ning?
Sunil may come ņo-°æ¤úø’ Ææ’F™¸ ´îËa Ææ÷îª- cur-
(Åü¿ç-ûª Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. ü∆E´©x Varma: Ah... we might win...
†©’ áèπ◊\´, Sunil might come ņo-°æp-öÀ-éπØ√o. rent ê®Ω’a ûªí∫’_-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷ é¬E, Æœ•sçC Åçûª Prabhu: What's the doubt?/ Why the doubt?
2 a) It may rain (´®Ω{ç ®√´îª’a) – doubtful sir)
Ææ´’-®Ωn-ªçí¬ °æE-îË-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a, Varma: The pitch might not help our players.
b) It might rain (Highly doubtful) Manager, Sr Manager
í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. éÀîËa Prabhu: You might try Gopala Rao among our

´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o might ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ö°æ- Might
´’®√u-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Ææ÷ – ¢√úÕ. bowlers. The pitch might favour him.
'What do you think of this method?'
ßÁ÷í∫ç. It expresses possibility/ uncertain- b)
ty/ doubt in the present or in the future. (Ñ °æü¿l¥-A í∫’-Jç-* O’Í®-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?) Manager: I want to get rid of all the furniture in
'It might not increase our profits, sir'
(A) India might win the coming cricket series the office and get a new set in its
with Pakistan, atleast Inzamam says so
(ÅC ´’† ™«¶µ«-©†’ °çîª-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a). place./ I want to replace all the old
ï®Ω-í∫-†’†o cricket series ¶µ«®Ωû˝ Èí©--¢Ìa. Now practise the following in English: furniture by a new set.
a) (È®çúÓC simple, better.)
Éçï-´÷¢˛’ Å™« Åçô’-Ø√oúø’.
Prabhu:
´’†ç Ñ®Ó-V match -Çúø’-ûª’Ø√oç, éπü∆? Superintendent:
India may win Åçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ ÈíLîË chances
Varma: That might be a good idea. It might
Éçé¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ ņo-´÷ô. Å´¤†’. Å®·ûË ´®Ω{ç ´Ææ’hç-üË¢Á÷?
Prabhu:
´®Ω{ç ´ÊÆh á°æ¤p-úø’ -ÇúÌa ´’†ç? be good to have the walls painted
too, sir.
Varma:
Ñ ¢√®√çûªç Ŵa.
iii) Seminar Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x how can we intro- Prabhu:
´’†ç ÈíLîË Å´-é¬-¨»-™‰çö? (That might not be a bad idea, after all. Ñ
duce ourselves? Varma: sentence áèπ◊\´ ¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπç–- ´·-êuçí¬
– -áÆˇ.-ûªéÀs-ߪ÷, -´’-*-M°æ-ôoç
´’†ç... Èí©-´-îËa¢Á÷?
Prabhu: éÌçîÁç °ü¿l¢√∞¡xûÓ ´÷õ‰x-ô-°æ¤úø’, í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆:
-ï-¢√-•’:
àçöÀ ÆæçüË£æ«ç?
Varma: Pitch´’† Players èπ◊ help îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´- not bad= very good.)
i) consist = éπØ˛-Æ œÆˇd – Æœ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç îËa-¢Á÷-†E!
Prabhu: ´’† bowlers ™ Gopala Rao †’ O’®Ω’
Manager: That's what I think too. But it might
cost a lot.
collapse = éπ ™«°ˇq – ™« ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç
cultivation = éπLd-¢Á-ß˝’-≠æØ˛ – ¢Áß˝’ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç try îËߪ’-´îª’a. Åûª-Eéà pitch ņ’-èπÿ- Supdt.: If I might say so, (O’Í®O’ ņ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-ûË-
ii) A. How do you go to home ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’– Lç-îª-´îª’a. †çúŒ)We shall have more business,
How do you go home? - correct. b) sir. We might have more customers,
Home 'to' Manager: Ñ §ƒûª furniture Åçû√ BÊÆÆœ éÌûªh fur- sir.
´·çü¿’ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ ®√ü¿’.
B. I go home by rickshaw, ... niture Å´’-®√a-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Manager: Can we adjust this in this year's
iii) Good morning, every body, I am... (name) Superintendent: ÅC ´’ç* idea, sir. ´’† Office budget?/ You feel we can adjust it in
presenting this paper on... (subject). ™‰éπ-§ÚûË èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ´’ç* ®Ω÷°æç ´Ææ’hçC. this year's budget?
Éçé¬, sir, ´’† íÓúø-©-Eoç-öÀéà Supdt.: I've prepared the budget, sir. You
My name is..., presenting this paper on...
paint -¢Ë®·ç-îªôç èπÿú≈ ´’ç*- might just look at it and decide.
üË¢Á÷, sir.
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II
Charan: Hi Dheeraj, long time, no see. How's
every body?
(î√™«-é¬-©-´’-®·çC, îª÷Æœ. ᙫ
ÖØ√o®Ωçü¿®Ω÷?)
Dheeraj: Fine. Thank you. How's life?
(èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË. †’¢Áy™« ÖØ√o´¤?)
Charan: Getting along. (àüÓ ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC.)
Well, what brings you here? (àçöÀ™«
´î√a´¤?)
Question English ™ î√™« common. bad
Ñ (-Å-ûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh-úøE ØË-††’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o–
manners é¬ü¿’.
Dheeraj: I thought I might see you at the book
fair yesterday, but I didn't
(E†o book fair- °æ¤Ææhéπ v°æü¿-®Ωz†™ †’´¤y
éπ†-°æ-úø-´-îªa-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. é¬F ®√™‰ü¿’)
Charan: I was out of town yesterday. In fact I
had been away for 3 days. I returned
only this morning.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 95
Might I come in?
(E†o Ü∞} ™‰†’. ÅÆæ©’ ´‚úø’®ÓV-©’í¬
™‰†’. É¢√∞¡ Öü¿-ߪ’¢Ë’ AJ-íÌî√a.)
Dheeraj: I bought some books at the fair yes-
terday. Look. Here they are. I thought
you might be interested in them.
(E†o éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØ√o. É¢Ë. Fèπ◊
¢√öÀ™ interest Öçúø-´-îªaE BÆæ’-éÌî√a)
Charan: When is the fair closing?
(á°æ¤púø’ ´·í∫’-≤ÚhçC?)
Dheeraj: It closed yesterday.
(E†o Å®·-§Ú-®·çC)
Charan: I expected it might go on for a few
more days.
(ÉçéÌEo ®ÓV-©-®·Ø√ Öçô’ç-ü¿E ÇPç-î√†’.)
Dheeraj: So did I.
(-ØË-†÷ Å™«Íí ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o)
Charan: One of the salesmen told me that it
might go on for a few days after the
date.
(- ´ ’-JéÌ-Eo ®Ó-V-©’ §ÒúÕ-Tç-îª-´-îªaE äéπ
salesman Ø√ûÓ ÅØ√oúø’)
Dheeraj: I thought of visiting it the first day
itself. But feared that there might be
too much of crowd. Yesterday there
was no crowd, and not many books
either.
(¢Á·ü¿öÀ®Óñ‰ ¢Á∞«l-´’-†’-èπ◊Ø√o é¬F ï†ç
áèπ◊\´í¬ Öçö«-®ΩE ¶µºßª’-°æ-ú≈f†’. E†o ï†ç
-™‰®Ω÷, áèπ◊\´ °æ¤Ææh-鬩÷ ™‰´¤)
°j Ææ綵«-≠æù™ might combination ûÓ Ö†o
Verbs í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Might Ö°æ-
ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC – Might, Present
™í¬F, future ™í¬F uncertainty E/ doubt E
ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’hç-ü¿E.
a) He might pass = ¢√úø’ pass Ŵa. (Doubt)
b) They might agree to it = ¢√∞¡Ÿ} ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´îª’a.
-Ñ È®ç-úø’ -¢√é¬u-©’ future.
c) She might be at college now
Ç¢Á’ É°æ¤púø’ college ™ Öçúø-´îª’a. – Present.
É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æù™ might combination ™
verb Ö†o sentences îª÷ü∆lç.
1) I thought (that) I might see you at the fair.
fair ™ -†’-´¤y éπ†-°æ-úø-´-îªaE ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o – Past
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..
-Ñ-Ø√-úø’ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 10 -ï-†-´-J 2006
2) I thought (that) you might be interested in
them.
¢√öÀ™ Fèπ◊ ÇÆæéÀh Öçúø-´-îªaE ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o – Past
3) I expected (that) it might go on -
Éçé¬ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ÇPçî√. Past
Åçõ‰ might past †’ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC – àüÁjØ√
Past ™ ÖçúÌ-îªaF, ï®Ω-íÌ-îªaF Å®ΩnçûÓ.
Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ, Might, may éÀ past form. Compare.
a) I think he may help me
Present/ Future) b)
Can, shall, may © ´’üµ¿u Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ö†o
b) I thought he might help me Namrata: E†o †’´¤y ††’o movie éÀ BÂÆ\-∞«h-¢Ë-¢Á÷-
ûËú≈-©-†’ -Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ N´-Jçî√ç. É°æ¤púø’ ´’Sx
(-Å-ûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh-úË-¢Á÷-†E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o– N´-J-Ææ’hØ√oç. Might ûÓ éπL°œ. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ, †E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o.
Past) Priya: Ç movie FéÀ≠dçæ Öçúø-üË-¢Á÷-†E ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o.
í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ.
a) ™ I think ÅE present N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æ¤h-†-o°æ¤púø’ For asking for permission with I/ we in the Ç hero, heroine ©’ F favourites 鬮Ω’.
Might (Å®Ω’ü¿’) R Namrata: ؈’ F phone éÓÆæç wait îËÆæ’hØ√o, ´÷
may ´Ææ’hçC. question form.
A
May Most R îÁ™„x©’ †’´¤y phone îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´-îªaE
b) ™ I thought ÅE past N≠æߪ’ç ûÁ-LÊ°-ô-°æ¤púø’
very E
Shall formal L
might ÅE past form (May èπ◊) ´≤Úhç-C-éπü∆. îÁ°œpØ√ èπÿú≈.
Can slightly formal & Y
c) -Å-ûª-úÕ-éπ\-úÕ-éÌ-≤ƒh-úË-¢Á÷-†E ¶µºßª’-°æú≈f. U Priya:
least formal formal & very polite S
Åçûª ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊. ÅüË-´’çûª ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. Ø√Íé
I feared/ was afraid that he might come here. & least polite & polite polite E bore éÌöÀdçC.
D
ÉC might 2nd use. It is used as the past form Answers:
Now practise the following in English:
of May. Mallesh: How long might you be here?
Mallesh: F¢Á-Ø√o-∞¡Ÿxç-úÌ-*a-éπ\úø?
Jagan: My course may last/ may go on for 15
days. I might stay for two or three
Jagan:
days more after that.
Mallesh: Then you might stay at our place for
two days. My brother might come in a
few days.
It might be possible only after the
a) I went there because you told me that he Jagan: Ø√ Course 15 course. Our directors might ask us to
might be there. ®ÓV-©’ç-úø-´îª’a. stay in the Training Center during the
†’´¤y -Å-ûªúø-éπ\úø ÖçúÌ-îªaE îÁ°œp†çü¿’-´-©x -ØË-†-éπ\-úÕéÀ ؈’ ÉçéÓ È®çúø’ course.
¢Á∞«x†’. (Past) ´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©’ç-ö«- Mallesh: What will you do/ are you going to do
b) He feared that they might reveal his secret ØË¢Á÷ Ç ûª®√yûª. after classes every day?
Mallesh: Å°æ¤púø’ -†’´¤y
ûª† ®Ω£æ«-≤ƒuEo ¢√∞¡Ÿx •ßª’-ô-°--úø-û√Í®-¢Á÷-†E Åûª†’ Jagan: We shall know the exact programme
¶µºßª’-°æ-ú≈fúø’ (Past) ´÷ Éçöx È®çvúÓ-
M. SURESAN only after classes begin. I might then
3) May ™«í¬ØË, Might èπÿú≈ î√-™« -´’-®√u-ü¿í¬, formal V-©’ç-úø-´îª’a
be able to tell you clearly about it.
í¬ permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. éπü∆! ´÷ ņoߪ’u èπÿú≈ ÉçéÌ-Cl-®Ó-V™x
Mallesh: OK. Till then let's be in touch over
Might I come in?
´≤ƒh-úË¢Á÷.
phone.
(More formal than 'May I come in?') Jagan: Åü¿çû√ course Å®·ç-ûª-®√yûË ≤ƒüµ¿u-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-
Jagan: When might your brother come?
'May I come in?' - ÉüË î√-™« formal í¬, Polite ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. Course period ™ training
Mallesh: I thought he might come yesterday
í¬ permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç-éπü∆? center ™ØË Öçúø-´’-†-´îª’a ´÷ directors.
itself. But he called to say that he
'Might I come in?' - ÉC Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ formal í¬, Mallesh: ®ÓW classes Å®·ç-ûª-®√yûª àç îË≤ƒh´¤?
might not come for another two days.
polite í¬ Öçô’çC, permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ. Jagan: ÅÆæ©’ programme àçö course begin
Jagan: I expected very much that I might
'Might I use your phone?'
Å®·çûª®√y-ûªØË ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. Å°æ¤-úø-®·ûË Øˆ’ meet both of you.
O’ phone äéπ-≤ƒJ ¢√úø-´î√a?
'Might I come a little late tomorrow?'
Fèπ◊ clear í¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. b)
Mallesh: OK. Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ phone ™ touch ™ Namrata: I thought you might take me to the
Í®°æ¤ ؈’ é¬Ææh late í¬ ®√´î√a?
Å®·ûË permission Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ Öçü∆ç. movie yesterday.
Priya: I thought that you might not like the
¢√úø-û√®Ω’. áèπ◊\´ May ü¿í∫_Í® ÇT-§Úû√ç. Jagan: O’ ņoߪ’u á°æ¤púø’ ®√´îª’a?
´’†ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oç-í∫ü∆? Can, movie. The hero and the heroine are
Mallesh: ؈’ E†oØË ´≤ƒh-úË¢Á÷ ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. é¬F
Shall, May, are used with I/ We in the ques- not your favourites.
phone îËÆ œ îÁ§ƒpúø’. -É-çé¬ È®çvúÓ-V©ü∆é¬
tion form for asking for permission. É°æ¤púø’ Namrata: I was expecting your call though my
®√-ØË-¢Á÷-†-E. sister told me you might not call.
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç– 'Might' too is used with I/ we in
Jagan: ؈’ î√™« expect î˨», O’ Éü¿l-JE Ñ ®ÓV
the question form for asking for permission. Priya: Don't worry. The movie wasn't good.
But there are differences among them. éπ©-´-îªaE. It bored even me.
-v°æ-¨¡o: Get, got Åçõ‰ í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªç-úÕ.
The bus is come = Bus ´*a ÖçC ÅE; é¬F DE-éπØ√o better, the bus has
Rama has come to Guntur. -Ñ -¢√éπuç -à tense? come. The bus is come ûª°æ¤p é¬ü¿’.

I shall have written a letter = (Future ™ àüÓ time èπ◊ í¬F Åçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’-
Bus is come -Åç-õ‰ -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ? has come -Å-E éπ-ü∆-! í¬F) letter ®√ÊÆÆœ Öçö«-†E.
I shall have written a letter -Åç-õ‰ I shall write a letter -Å- I shall write a letter = (Future ™; á°æ¤púÓ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’) letter ®√≤ƒh†’.
E éπ-ü∆-! -É-™«ç-ô°æ¤p-úø’ -õ„iç í∫’-Jç-* -îÁ-§ƒp--Lqç-üË-Ø√? È®ç-úÕç-öÀ -´’-üµ¿u -î√-™« -ûË-ú≈ Öçü¿E ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆.
I shall be going -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ?
Shall be doing it = Future ™ îËÆæ÷h Öçö«†’(´·)/ ¢√∞¡Ÿx, O’®Ω’, Åûª†’/ Ç¢Á’
– -áç.-¢Ë-ù’, -ûÁ-Ø√-L
-v°æ-¨¡o: I want to see a doctor, He wants to meet a doctor,
îËÆæ÷h Öçú≈L.
-ï-¢√-•’:
get Åçõ‰ §Òçü¿ôç, ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç, äéπ-îÓ-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç, é̆ôç, ûË´ôç, It is better to
etc. got, get èπ◊ past tense and past participle. consult a doctor-
–- -úÕ.Ææ’-¶«s®√-´¤, -Q-™«é¬-V-©÷®Ω’
-O-öÀ -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ?

He got going - É™«çöÀîÓôx get Ææ£æ…-ߪ’éπ véÀߪ’ Ŵa. (Å®·Ø√ English
´÷ö«x-úø-ö«-EéÃ, ®√ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ àC à ®Ωéπ-¢Á’i-† véÀߪ’ ÅE ûÁ-L-ߪ÷-Lq-† -Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’ -ï-¢√-•’:
éπü∆.)
It is better to consult a doctor = Doctor †’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªôç ¢Ë’©’.
Consult =

Rama has come. Has come Ééπ\úø present tense. Å®·ûË É™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u™x
Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªôç
ÅC past action, time not stated (í∫ûªç™ ïJT, à time, day, year
I want to see a doctor = ؈’ Doctor †’ éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.
ûÁ©’-°æ-éπ-§Ú-ûË) †’ Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC.
He wants to meet a doctor = Åûª†’ doctor †’ éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
2 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 12 -ï-†-´-J 2006
Ramana: Excuse me, how do I go from here
How do I go there/ get there please? ÅE
Livewell Hospital?
Livewell Hospital
(Ééπ\-úÕoç* èπ◊ ᙫ èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a.
Can you/ Could you direct me/ guide me..
¢Á∞«x-©çúÕ?) É-ü¿çû√ éÌçîÁç §ƒçúÕûªuç, ´÷´‚©’conversa-
Strangers Åçõ‰ éÌûªh ¢√∞¡x†’ °æ©-éπ-Jç-îË-ô°æ¤p-úø’,
tion ™ ®√ü¿’.
Excuse me ņúøç good manners ´÷vûª¢Ë’
a) Nizam college
¢Ë’ç èπ◊ -á-™« ¢Á∞«x-©çúŒ?
é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¢√∞¡x ü¿%≠œdE ÇéπJ{ç-îª-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ How do we go to/ get to Nizam College,
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. please?/
'Excuse me' ¢√úË Éûª®Ω Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’: Åúøfçí¬ Ö†o-
Could you tell us/ let us know how to go to/
¢√-∞¡x†’ é¬Ææh ûª°æ¤p-éÓ-´’-ØË-ô-°æ¤púø’, éÌûªh ¢√∞¡x °æéπ\† to get to/ We can go to Nizam college,
restaurants ™, ÉçÈé-éπ\-úÁjØ√ èπÿ®Óa-¢√Lq please?
´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, etc.) b) What's the best way to get to Nizam college,
Raghu: I can manage. Thank you. I'll be back To the left/ right; on the left/ on the right.
Manohar: Are you a stranger here? in an hour and a half or two. Where Turn/ go verbs to the left/
please? ÅE èπÿ-ú≈ ņ-´îª’a. È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ™«çöÀ °æéπ\† Å®·ûË
(O’J-éπ\-úÕéÀ éÌûªh-¢√∞«x?) can I find you? to the rightÅçö«ç.
stranger = éÌûªh-¢√úø’
ü∆®Ω’-©’ -Öç--úø´-îªaE -¶µ«-Nç-*-†°æ¤p-úø’. Manage =
c) Bus áéπ\úøç. Get into the bus,
(؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-©-†’™‰. à °æØÁjØ√ äéπ ´uéÀh, É©’x ™«çöÀN -Öçúøôç Å®·ûË on the
Ramana: I am totally new to this place. îËÆæ’éÓ-í∫-©-í∫ôç. ؈’ í∫çô-†o®√, È®çúø’ right/ on the left
bus Cí∫úøç = get down from/ get off the bus. Åçö«ç.
(ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ °æ‹Jhí¬ éÌûªh) d) Ééπ\-úÕoç* bus/ auto ™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ. í∫çô-©éπ-™«x ´îËa-≤ƒh†’. -ØË-†’ -E-ØÁoéπ\-úø éπ©’- He is on my right.
Manohar: Where exactly do you want to go? Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©-†’ (-Å°æp-öÀéÀ -F-¢Áéπ\-úø’ç-ö«-´-E?)
Take a bus/ an auto. (Ø√ èπ◊úÕ -¢Áj°æ¤-Ø√oúø’).
Subash: Let's meet for lunch at Eatwell's. Food
(O’®Ω’ éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«xL?) number bus
°∂晫-Ø√ ™/Çö™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ/ Auto The school is on the left of the shop.
Ramana: To Vantage Company somewhere is good there. Take bus no. 22A, get
BÆæ’éÓçúÕ. (Shop School
áúø´’ -¢Áj°æ¤ ÖçC)
around the Hospital. down at Samir plaza stop. Walk along
Take/ Get into bus no./ Take an auto. ÉN ü∆J îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’. ¶«í¬ practice
Hospital
(Ç Vantage
èπ◊ ü¿í∫_®Ω Ö†o for a few yards and there you find the
Train Take a train.
™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ = îËߪ’çúÕ.
Company eatery. I'll be waiting for you there.
(-´’-†ç
éÀ) Practise the following in English:
Manohar: Don't worry. A number of buses go to lunch eatwell
éÀ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç,
thatway: 125K, 15M, 62, etc. Take restaurant ™. Åéπ\úø food ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Tej: ´’Lxé˙ ÉçöÀéÀ ᙫ ¢Á∞¡xôç? Ééπ\-úÕoç* áçûª
15M; that takes you directly to the 22 A bus áèπ◊\,samir plaza stop ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿÷®Ωç?
Hospital. Facing the hospital is this
Vantage Company.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 96 CT éÌCl ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕÊÆh Ñ
(restaurant) éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C.)
eatery Nikhil: Ŷs î√™« ü¿÷®Ωç. †’´¤y È®çúø’ bus ©’
´÷J ´’Sx é¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-¢√L.
bus
(àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Åô’ ¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á∞Ïx ©’
125K, 15M, 62..

How do I get there ?

î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®·.
15M Hospital
áéπ\çúÕ. ÅC A†oí¬ èπ◊
¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çC.Hospital -áü¿’-®Ω’-í¬ØË
Vantage Company).
Ramana: (Do) you suggest I take an auto.
(Auto BÆæ’éÓ-´’ç-ö«®√? (Çö™ ¢Á∞¡x-
´’ç-ö«®√?) Éçé¬ É™« èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a. go by bus/ go by
Manohar: That'd be very expensive. Don't
Éü¿çû√ directions É´yôç í∫’-Jç-* éπü∆. Åçõ‰ Tej: †’´¤y BÆæ’Èé-∞¡x-í∫-
auto/ go by train (Bus ™/ auto ™/ train ™ ü∆J îÁ°æpôç. expressions ¢√úÕ†N îª÷úøçúÕ;
worry. Buses on this route, especial- ©¢√?
ly 15M is very frequent.
¢Á∞¡xçúÕ ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊.) O’®Ω÷ ¢√úÕ practice îËߪ’çúÕ: Nikhil: -Ñ®Ó-V ØË-†’ -î √-™«
(ÅC î√--™« áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC. àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√- Å®·ûË ÅEoçöxéÀ simplest: Take. 1 a) walk down/ walk along/ walk up the road = busy í¬ ÖØ√o.
11.30 train ™ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ. Í®°æ¤- -Öü¿ßª’ç -Ç®Ω’ Road
™‰ü¿’. Ñ route ™ buses frequency ¢Áç•úË †úø-´çúÕ. ü¿÷®Ω-¢Ë’-í¬E É©’x
áèπ◊\¢Ë.) í∫ç-ô-©éπ-™«x Åéπ\úø Öçö«®Ω’ b) Turn to the left/
áúø´’ -¢Áj°æ¤/ èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω-í∫çúÕ= éπ†’éÓ\-´ôç ûËLÍé.
take the 11.30 train; you will be there by 6 to the right. take a turn to the left/ to
frequency = ûª®Ω, áEo-≤ƒ®Ω’x ®√´ôç ÅØËC ™‰éπ-§ÚûË Tej: éÌEo éÌçúø-í∫’-®Ω’h©’
Ramana: OK. Thank you. I see 15M coming. tomorrow morning. the right.
(at 6= by 6
îÁ°æ¤p. ؈’ éπ†’- M. SURESAN
I'll take it. ÇJç-öÀ-éÀ; = ÇJç-öÀ-éπ-™«x = ÇJç-öÀ-éÀ- ÅD é¬éπ-§ÚûË turn left/ turn right. èπ◊\çö«.
(15M í¬F Ç™-°æ™‰í¬F) c) A†oí¬ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ= go straight/ walk straight Nikhil: ü¿éÀ~ùç -¢Áj°æ¤ †úÕÊÆh Bus stop ´Ææ’hçC, éπü∆?
´≤ÚhçC. ؈-üÁ-èπ◊\-û√†’).
catch ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a– ¢Á∞¡Ÿx/- ¢Á-∞¡xçúÕ ÅØË
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùçû√ ´’†èπ◊ éÌûªh v°æüË-¨¡ç™ ü∆J ûÁ©’- d) Ç post office ü∆é¬ †úø-´çúÕ: walk on upto the 13 ´ number bus áèπ◊\. Ééπ\-úÕéÀ 6 ´ stop
Å®ΩnçûÓ, é¬F ÅEoç-öÀ-éπçõ‰ take ÅØËC best.
Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, ûÁL-ߪ’-E-¢√-JéÀ ü∆JîÁ°æpôç í∫’Jç* ÅE post office. ™ Cí∫’. -ü∆-E-E Gulab Restaurant Stop
ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆? Ç expressions îª÷ü∆lç Raghu: Is Ramesh's very far off/ a long way off
from here? e) Walk on upto the post office and then turn Åçö«®Ω’. Åéπ\úø 27 bus áèπ◊\. Urdu
É°æ¤púø’.
left. Post office ü∆é¬ †úÕ* áúø-´’--¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω-í∫çúÕ. School stop ü¿í∫_®Ω Cí∫’. Urdu School ü∆é¬
1) How do I go to Livewell Hospital? (®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ ¢√∞¡x É©’x Ééπ\-úÕéÀ î√-™« ü¿÷®Ω´÷?) †úÕ*, Åçõ‰ ûª÷®Ω’p -¢Áj°æ¤, Åéπ\úÕoç* ü¿éÀ~ùç -
2) somewhere around 3) buses go that way Subash: (Do) you want to see him today? 2.
Cèπ◊\© Ê°®Ω’x Ææç-ü¿®√s¥-™x..
(É¢√∞¡ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√ ÅûªEo?) a) ûª÷®Ω’pí¬ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ. Go east/ Walk to (towards) ¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. Åéπ\úø Fèπ◊ éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h–
4) Take the bus 15M 5) facing the Hospital £æ«†’-´÷Ø˛ ǩߪ’ç. Ç Ç©ßª’ç †’ç*
6) take an auto. Raghu: Yea, because I am leaving tomorrow. the east. ´‚úÓ É™‰x ´’†-¢√-úÕC.
°∂晫-Ø√ îÓöÀ-È陫 ¢Á∞«xL ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ simplest (Å´¤†’. ؈’ Í®°æ¤ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’ éπü∆?) b) à Cèπ◊\-¢Áj-°æØ√o, A®Ω-í∫ôç= Turn (to the) South/
Subash: Sorry I can't take you there today. Tej: áçûªÊÆ°æ¤ °æúø’-ûª’çC?-
expression: How do I go? north, etc. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Turn to the South =
simplest question. Let's go tomorrow. Nikhil: éπFÆæç 45 E-N’-≥ƒ-©’.
ÉC Åûªuçûª Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i†, turn South.
could you let me know/ please tell
ÉC é¬éπ-§ÚûË, (É¢√∞¡ E-†o-éπ\-úÕéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡x-™‰†’. Í®°æ¤ Answer:
c) Road ü¿éÀ~ùç -¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC= The road turns
me how to go/ how to get there? -¢Á-∞¡-ü∆-ç) Tej: How to go to/ how do I go to Malliks?/
Raghu: I'll be busy tomorrow. Just tell me how (to the) South
OöÀ Å®Ωnç Åéπ\-úÕ-È陫 ¢Á∞«x™ é¬Ææh îÁ•’-û√®√? ÅE Malliks place?
´’®√u-ü¿í¬ Åúø-í∫ôç. to get/ go there. I can go on my own. d) Road ´’©’°æ¤ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC= The road takes a Nikhil: O, it's a long way off. You need to walk
busy
(Í®°æ¤ ؈’ î√-™« í¬ Öçö«†’. ᙫ bend. some distance after changing two
on my own
-v°æ-¨¡o: My
¢Á∞«x™ îÁ°æ¤p. ؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-©†’. e) Road ´’©’°æ¤ ü¿í∫_Í® Ç building= buses.
brother was come- -Å-ØË- = Ø√ Åçûªô ØËØË) The building is at the bend of the road= Tej: Can you take me there?
¢√éπuç -ûª°æ¤p -Å-Ø√o®Ω’. é¬-E VIth Subash: OK. Walk down the street. Turn to the You find the building (Fé¬ building éπE-°œ- Nikhil: I am very busy today. The place is dis-
form of verb -™ beform+pp - left and wait for Bus No. 4. It's quite tant but is easy to find.
Ææ’hçC) at the point where the road takes a
Å-E -îÁ-§ƒp®Ω’. -Ç -v°æ鬮Ωç -Ñ - frequent. Get off at Head Post Office Tej: Give me/ Let me have some land marks.
bend.
¢√éπuç éπÈ®Íéd éπ-ü∆! stop. Walk along in the direction as I'll manage.
– -á-Ø˛.°æ%-D∑y, ®√-V-§ƒ-™„ç the bus goes, turn to the right and
f) Road ™ Ö†o äéπîÓô’= a point. Nikhil: Walk South and you get the bus stop,
-ï-¢√-•’: then left. The fourth house on the right g) Ñ îÓöÀ†’ç* Åéπ\-úÕéÀ 2 éÀ.O’. don't you? Take bus no. 13. Get off / get
My brother was come- was come
Ééπ\úø was
†’ is Ramesh's. You can't miss it. Just It is 2 km from the point. down at the 6th stop from here. That is
+ past participle passive
ÅE BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ opposite the place is Golconda super ´’†ç directions îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h©’= the Gulab Restaurant stop. Catch Bus
voice Å´¤-ûª’çC– Å®Ωnç – Åûªúø’ ®√•-ú≈fúø’– DEéÀ market. land marks . no. 27 there. Get off at Urdu School
sentence street stop. Walk up to Urdu School, that is,
Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’, 鬕öÀd ÅC Å´ü¿’ éπü∆? ÅD (Ñ ¢Áç•úË †úø÷. áúø´’ -¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. a) Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_J éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h
beform + pp - verb form, subject Bus Post Office stop walk (to the) east, and then turn South.
é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË -Ø√-©’íÓ -†ç-•®˝ áèπ◊\. the nearest land mark to the place.
verbs Bus There you have a land mark- Hanuman
b) Hyderabad central is a famous land mark
(Åçõ‰ á´-JE, üËEE ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ ü¿í∫_®Ω Cí∫’. ¢Á∞Ïx ¢ÁjÊ° é¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ*, èπ◊úÕ-
ï¢√•’ ´îËa verbs) èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Öçô’çC– ÉC road
¢Áj°æ¤ AJT ´’Sx áúø-´’--¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. Ç ™ Temple. The third from the temple is our
'Hyderabd Central' Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁL-Æœ† éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’h. friend's.
Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ Lessons explain
™ î˨»ç– you can't miss it
èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤ -Ø√-©’íÓ É™‰x ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇC.
c) How do I find your home? Any land mark? Tej: How long will it take?
îª÷úøçúÕ. Å®·ûË He is come/ He is gone- Ñ = ÅC éπ†-°æ-úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç Åçô÷ Öçúøü¿’. áü¿’-®Ω’í¬
Nikhil: At least 45 minutes.
sentences correct, é¬F Åçûªí¬ ¢√úø®Ω’. super market
íÓ™Ô\çúø Öçô’çC. O’ É©’x ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÌ-ØË-üÁ™«? àüÁjØ√ éÌçúø í∫’®Ω’hçü∆?

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Ranjan: Hi Sajjan, what brings you here so
early in the day?
(àçöÀ, Éçûª °ç-ü¿-®√∞Ï É™« ´î√a´¤?)
Sajjan: Just to see you, Ranjan, long since we
met you know.
(Ç, E†’o îª÷úø-ö«-EÍé, ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’èπ◊-E
-î√-™« ®ÓV-©-®·ç-C-éπü∆?)
Ranjan: That's right/ so it is, of course. What's
(what has) happened to you all these
days? You forgot me. Didn't you?
(éπÈ®Íéd™‰. ÉEo®ÓV-™‰-´’-ߪ÷u´¤ †’´¤y?/
à´’®·çC Fèπ◊? ††’o ´’Ja-§Ú-ߪ÷´¤,
éπü∆?)
Sajjan: I could say the same about you,
couldn't I?
(E†’o í∫’-Jç-* èπÿú≈ ؈üË Å†-´îª’a éπü∆?)
Ranjan: Ok, Ok, let's not quarrel. Happy we've
met atleast now, aren't we?
(ÆæÍ®x, íÌ-úø-¢Ì-ü¿’l. É°æpöÀÈéjØ√ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oç-
ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç éπü∆?)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 97
Need not walk further
Sajjan: You can very well say that. How about
disturbing Bhushan now?
(†’´y-ØËC correct. Bhushan ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ
¢Á∞«l´÷?)
you can say that/ you can very well say that
= †’´y-ØËC correct.
Disturbing Bhushan Åç-õ‰ – ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«l´÷?
ÅØË é¬F ÅûªEo trouble îËߪ’-ö«-E-éπE é¬ü¿’)
Ranjan: (I) Like to, but I'm not for going so far
off now?
(É≠æd¢Ë’ é¬E, -É°æ¤p-úø’ Åçûªü¿÷®Ωç ´îËa °æJ-Æœn-
A™ ™‰†’)
Sajjan: far off? His place is/ He lives close
by, doesn't he?
(ü¿÷®Ωç Åçô’-Ø√o-¢ËçöÀ? Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_Í® éπü∆
¢√Rx-©’x?/-É-éπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω™ØË Öçö«úø’ éπü∆?)
Ranjan: That was till 2 months ago. He moved
to surendranagar.
(Å-C È®ç-úø’-ØÁ-©-© éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Ææçí∫-A. -¢√-úø’
Surendra nagar èπ◊ É©’x ´÷®√-úø’.)
-É-©’x -´÷®Ωôç-= move; shift Åçûª- Ææ-J-é¬ü¿’.
Å™«Íí 2 months ago, correct, 2 months
back ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’)
Sajjan: That's news. The fellow didn't even call
to tell me of it. I wish to see him urgent-
ly about something important. How do
I go to him?
(ÅC Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. ¢√úø’ Ç N≠æߪ’ç
phone îËÆæ-®·Ø√ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.¢√ùÀo-°æ¤púø’ ´·êu-
¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç í∫’-Jç-* éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L. ᙫ?)
Ranjan: I'll tell you. Listen carefully. You have a
bike, haven't you. Drive straight along
the road. At the next cross roads, turn
left. Take the third right turn again.
(îÁÊ°pC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ N†’. F bike
road Drive =
éπü∆?Ñ ¢Áç•úË ¢Á∞¡Ÿx. (
Motor ¢√£æ«-†ç™ ¢Á∞¡xôç.) Ç ûª®√yûª ´îËa
Centre ™ áúø´’-¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. ´’Sx ´‚úÓ-
èπ◊úÕ- ¢Áj°æ¤ -BÆæ’éÓ)
Sajjan: You are confusing me. Why don't you
come along too.
confuse
(†’´¤y ††’o îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤. †’-´‹y-
®√-èπÿ-úøü∆?
Spoken English
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Ranjan: Ok, I'll give you another route. Drive
along, take the 3rd right, proceed till
you see a Ganesh temple with a large
neem tree behind it. Go on further
along. Then turn left. You find the
sales Tax Office there. You can't miss
it because in front of it there is an STD
booth. The 2nd house from it is
Bhushan's. So, distant perhaps, but
easy to locate, isn't it?
(ÉçéÓ route îÁ§ƒh. É™« ¢Á∞¡Ÿx, ´‚úÓ- èπ◊úÕ
road -¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’í∫’. Å™«Íí ¢Á∞¡Ÿx í∫ù‰¨»-©-ߪ’ç
´®Ωèπ◊. ǩߪ’ç ¢Á†’éπ °ü¿l ¢Ë°æ îÁô’dç-
ô’çC. Éçé¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç-¢Á∞¡Ÿx, áúø-´’ -¢Áj°æ¤
A®Ω’í∫’. Åéπ\úø sales tax office Öçô’çC.
ÅC miss Å´-™‰´¤ †’´¤y. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ü∆E
´·çüË ã STD booth Öç-C. Åéπ\-úÕ-Eç-*
È®çúÓ É™‰x Bhushan C.)
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™ ™«Íí Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù èπÿú≈ ü∆J
Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÃ, ü∆J îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†
Ææ綵«-≠æù‰ éπü∆?
Ééπ\úø ´÷ô©’ îª÷ü∆lç: cross roads, behind,
in front of, proceed, go further along.
1) Cross Roads/ road junction =
Ø√©’í∫’ ®Óúøx
X roads
-èπÿ-úøL = DEo ÅE -èπÿú≈ ®√≤ƒh®Ω’.
áèπ◊\´í¬ center ÅF, î¯é˙ ÅF- Åçô’çö«ç.
chowk £œ«çD- ´÷ô. center ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.
2) behind = ¢Á†éπ. DE •ü¿’©’ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ î√-™«-
´’çC backside/ at the back side Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’.
é¬E english ™ backside = buttocks
(°œ®Ω’-ü¿’©’). Åçûªí¬ back ¢√ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, at the
back of Åçõ‰ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC.
a) The car is behind/ at back of the bus.
(At the backside of the bus é¬ü¿’.)
3) In front of =
´·ç-ü¿’ -Å-E ( space Ææç-ü¿®Ωs¥ç-™).
ÉC behind/ at the back of èπ◊ opposite.
•ü¿’©’ èπÿú≈ before áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç.
Before Time
Åçõ‰ '´·çü¿’— ÅØË Å®Ωnç, é¬E ÅC
™ ´·çü¿’ ÅE space ™ é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË The
School comes before the cloth shop -
Ééπ\úø
Correct, à Å®ΩnçûÓ? Ç cloth shop èπ◊ É´-ûª™‰
ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÅçûËé¬F äéπ building èπ◊ ´·çü¿®Ω
ÅE é¬ü¿’.
a) ´÷ ÉçöÀ´·ç-ü¿’ -ã éÌ•sJ-îÁ-ô’dçC. There is a
Coconut tree in front of our home.
b)¢√∞¡x É©’xPost Office Their place
É´-ûª™‰ =
is/ comes before the post office.
4) Beside = The Collectorate is beside
°æéπ\† –
the swaraj Maidan. (Ææy®√ñ¸ ¢Á’iü∆Ø˛ °æéπ\ØË
Collectorate = Collector's office. Collector,
director, Commissioner, etc, 'ate' èπ◊ îËJÊÆh ¢√∞¡x
鬮√u-©-ߪ÷-©ØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC).
a) The Cloth shop is beside the Post Office -
Å®·ûË beside 'next to' better,
éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈
áèπ◊\´.
b) The cloth shop is next to the jewellery on
ÖçC,
the left of/ on the right of it = shop
Ç †í∫©
shop,
°æéπ\ØË Ç •ôd© èπ◊úÕ -¢Áj°æ¤/-á-úø´’ ¢Áj°æ¤
(Beside, besides. beside = by the side of =
°æéπ\†– ´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ °æéπ\† ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ
¢√úÕ-†-´÷ô.
Besides = also, èπÿú≈, ü∆E-ûÓ-§ƒô’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.
I lost my pen besides my book. Book ûÓ §ƒô’
pen èπÿú≈ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊Ø√o)
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..
5) Close by = near by = close to = near =
(Åéπ\-úÕéÀ) ü¿í∫_-®Ω™, Ç ü¿J-ü∆-°æ¤™x
a) You know the collectorate, don't you? The
electricity office is close by/ nearby/ close
to it/ near it =Fèπ◊ collectorate ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆?
( Collector, Director, Commissioner
°æü∆-©èπ◊' - ate'
îËJÊÆh ¢√J 鬮√u-©-ߪ÷-©ØË Å®Ωnç
´Ææ’hçC.) Ç electricity office ü∆EéÀ ü¿í∫_Í®.
6) Proceed = Å™«Íí ¢Á∞¡xôç/ -¢Á-∞¡x-ôç.
a) Ñ road ¢Áç•õ‰ A†oí¬ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ
proceed straight along this road.
b) Proceed to the east = ûª÷®Ω’p -¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á∞¡xçúÕ
c) If you proceed for a KM, you will see the
place = Å™«Íí ã éÀ-™-O’-ô®Ω’ ü¿÷®Ωç ¢Á∞Ïh Ç
îÓô’ O’èπ◊ éπE°œ-Ææ’hçC.
7) farther, further: farther,
far èπ◊ Comparative;
far: ü¿÷®Ωç.
i) farther: áèπ◊\´ ü¿÷®Ωç.
Mumbai is farther
from Vijayawada,
than from
Hyderabad. M. SURESAN
´·ç¶„j £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛
éπç-õ‰ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úø- †’ç* áèπ◊\´ ü¿÷®Ωç.
ii) further: Éçé¬. I can't walk any further:
ÉçÈé-èπ◊\´ ü¿÷®Ωç (Éçéπ) ؈’ †úø-´-™‰†’.
(Ééπ\úø farther= further éπü∆?)
DE
b) Don't talk any further: ÉçÍéç ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊.
c) Walk further (farther) along:
Å™«Íí Éçé¬ †úø-´çúÕ.
d) Go further down the street:
Çroad ¢Áç•úÕ Éçé¬-ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´çúÕ.
e) You need not walk further than the statue
Ç Nví∫£æ«ç ü∆öÀ †úø-´-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.
Lesson No 96 ´÷ô©÷, Ñ Lesson ´÷ô©÷,
ü∆J ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ôç™, Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ü∆J îÁ°æp-ôç™
¢√úøôç Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ--üµ∆®Ωùç. O’ conversation ™
Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
-v°æ-¨¡o: Main verbs (tell, drinks), -¢√-öÀéÀ -´·ç-ü¿’-´-îËa
helping verbs (do, did) tenses
-©’- -¢ËÍ®y®Ω’
(present tense, past tense)
-™ -Ö-†o°æp-öÀéÃ
È®ç-úÕç-öÀ- Å®Ωnç -äéπ\-õ‰-Ø√?
eg. I didn't tell, I never told
I might tell, I might have told
I did not tell, I have not told.
– Èé.-A®Ω’°æ-A, ®√-´÷-ߪ’çÊ°-ô
-ï-¢√-•’:
Helping verbs helping verb
¢√úËîÓôx,
main verbs tense, helping verb tense
Öçô’çC.
eg: He does not know this:
Ééπ\úø'does' present tense verb
鬕öÀd,
'does know' present tense.
I did not tell him - 'did' past tense; so verb
did tell- past tense.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 14 -ï-†-´-J 2006
Now Practise the following aloud in English:
Pavan: Arjun, O’ ÉçöÀéÀ -dž’-èπ◊†o Building àçöÀ?
Arjun: Net Centre
Ææçí∫û√ -†’-´y-úÕ-ÍíC?
Pavan: Net Centre O’ ÉçöÀéÀ èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤. ؈-úÕ-ÍíC
™«çöÀ áúø´’ -¢Áj°æ¤ Building Ææçí∫A.
Arjun: ÅC Telephone Engineering Company
¢√∞¡xC. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷ •ßª’ô °æE áèπ◊\´.
Åçü¿’-éπE ü∆ü∆°æ¤ á°æ¤púø÷ ´‚ÊÆ Öçô’çC.
Pavan: -Ç -ã-†®˝ -áéπ\-úø’ç-ö«-úø’?
Arjun: Çߪ’-†’çúËC X®√ç-†-í∫-®˝™ . †’Ny-éπ\-úÕoç*
¢Á∞«x-©çõ‰ ûÌN’t-üÓ-†ç-•®˝ Bus áèπ◊\.
Pavan: Ø√èπ◊ bike ÖçC.
Arjun: Ñ ®Óú˛ ¢Áç•úË ¢ÁRx, èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤ AJ-TûË éÌçûª-
ü¿÷®Ωç ûª®√yûª §ƒ© booth éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C. ü∆E
¢Á†-éπØË Çߪ’-E©’x. Çߪ’EçöÀ °æéπ\ building
†’ Åü∆l© ¢Ë’úø Åçö«®Ω’. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_Í® ´’†
Maths lecturer É©’x.
Pavan: OK Thank you.
Answer:
Pavan: Arjun, What's in the building beside/
next to yours?
Arjun: Are you talking of the Net Centre?
Pavan: The Net Centre is on the right of your
place. I am asking you about the build-
ing on the left of your place.
Arjun: That belongs to a Telephone
Engineering Company. Most of their
work is outdoors (•ßª’ô). That's why it
is almost (ü∆ü∆°æ¤) always closed.
Pavan: Where does the owner live? Do you
know?
Arjun: He lives in Sriram Nagar. If you are
going from here take bus No.9
Pavan: I have my bike.
Arjun: Drive along this road, turn right and go
on for some distance; you find a milk
booth. The house behind it is his. The
building next to his is called Addala
meda. Our Maths lecturer's place is
closeby.
Pavan: OK. Thank you.
I didn't tell him= ؈-ûª-EéÀ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’
I never told him = -
؈-ûª-E-Èé-°æ¤púø÷ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.
(never = á°æ¤púø÷ ™‰ü¿’/ é¬ü¿’)
I might tell him:
؈-ûª-EéÀ îÁ°æp-´îª’a (îÁ§ƒh-ØË¢Á÷)– (future)
I might have told him =
؈-ûª-EéÀ îÁ°œp Öçúø-´îª’a (îÁ§ƒp-ØË¢Á÷– past)
îª÷úøçúÕ: 'tell' ûª®√yûª á´-JûÓ îÁ°œpçC èπÿú≈
ûª®√yA îÁ§ƒpL. 'say' and 'tell' èπ◊ ûËú≈ -É-C-´®Ω-™
†’•õ‰d
N´-Jç-î√ç.
I did not tell him =
time,
؈-ûª-EéÀ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ (í∫ûªç™, Åçõ‰ á°æ¤púø’
ÅE îÁ°æpúøç ïJ-TûË– äéπ time, date, year,
week, etc)
I have not told him = ØËEçûª´®Ωèπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.
iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 17 -ï-†-´-J 2006
Varun: Hi Tarun, Congrats on scoring a hun- Tarun: I want to do a PG course in IISC,
dred percent in Maths. Bangalore.
(†÷öÀéÀ †÷®Ω’ ´÷®Ω’\©’ Maths ™ ´*a-†ç- (ÉüÁjçûªª®√yûª Bangalore ™ IISC îË®√-©E)
ü¿’èπ◊ congratulations. Cent percent PG course= Post graduate. (MA, M.Sc
É°æ¤púø’ §ƒûª-•úÕ §Ú®·çC. A / One hun- ™«çöÀ Master courses †’ PG courses
dred percent ÅØËC É°æp-öÀ- ¢√-úø’éπ.) Åçö«®Ω’. BA, B.Sc, ™«çöÀ B ûÓ Courses=
Tarun: Thank you. Congrats to you too. You Bachelor/ degree/ graduate courses
scored the highest in English, didn't Åçö«ç. Post = ûª®√y-ûª. Post graduate =
you? graduate ûª®√y-ûª.
(Fèπÿ Congrats. Fèπ◊ English ™ Åçü¿-J- Varun: That's a good idea. You are good at
éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ´î√a®· éπü∆?) Sciences. Shankar: May I Know what you are?
b) ؈’ Ñ -àú≈C *´®Ω Inter exams ®√ߪ’-¶-ûª’-
Varun: I am happy about it. My marks in Maths (Fèπ◊ Sciences ¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hç-C é¬-•-öÀd ÅC (O’Í®ç îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ó ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-î√a?/ Ø√o†’
aren't bad either, though didn't get a ´’ç* idea ØË.) O’Í®ç îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’?) (I am taking/ will take the Inter exams at the
hundred percent. When I joined the Dinakar: I am a student
Tarun: I think the time has come for us to apply end of this year/ I am sitting the Inter exams
course a few months I was not that con- Shankar: Studying...?
for the entrance exams of these cours- at the end of this year/ I sit the exam.
fident about Maths. My hard work has Appear for an exam - expression
es which are usually in December every (àç îªü¿’´¤ûª’Ø√o®Ω’) Ñ É°æ¤p-úøçûª
paid off. The marks in this exam have
year. Dinakar: I am doing my II year Inter/ I am at ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’.
given me confidence. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ a) give
(´’†ç Ñ entrance exams – v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~- college in the degree course/ I am in
(Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-í¬ØË ÖçC. Maths ™ èπÿú≈ an exam, b) write an exam ÅE î√-™« ´’çC
©èπ◊ apply îËߪ÷-Lq† time ´*aç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«. the 10th Class/ I am doing my X
Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* Marks ´î√a®· †÷öÀ-éÀ -†÷®Ω’ Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’ – OöÀ™x àC-èπÿú≈ correct é¬ü¿’.
鬧Ú-®·Ø√. course ™ join Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬ Ñ entrance exams ÅFo class.
(say either, 'Take an exam' or 'sit an exam'.)
Åçûª- †-´’téπç ™‰ü¿’ Maths N≠æ-ߪ’ç™. Ñ èπÿú≈ December ™ Öçö«®·.) 2 a) School/ College ™ îË®Ωôç= Join a School/ Å™«Íí am appearing/ is appearing/ are
exam ™ marks Ø√™ †´’téπç éπ-L-Tç-î √®·. college - join in é¬ü¿’. appearing for an exam èπÿú≈ ûªÊ°p. É™«çöÀ
Aren't bad either = ÅC èπÿú≈ -îÁúËç é¬ü¿’ b) äéπ course îªü¿-´ôç = studying a course. îÓôxçû√ taking ¢√úÕûË ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC.
¶«í¬ØË ´*açC. English ™ not ûÓ also ®√ü¿’. äéÓ\-°æ¤púø’ taking a course. Éçé¬ Do an exam ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a.
either ´Ææ’hçC. Confidence = †´’téπç; paid
off= ´’ç* îËÆ œçC/ ™«¶µºç éπL-Tç-*çC.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 98 c) She is taking a course in Software She is going her final year B.Tech exam at
the end of this year.
Software course îªü¿’-´¤-ûÓçC.
Tarun: How come you joined this college, when
you have so many colleges in your
place?
O’ Ü∞x á-ØÓo College ©’ -Öçúøí¬, Ééπ\úø
-áç-ü¿’èπ◊ join Åߪ÷u--´¤?
How come= áçü¿’èπ◊, purely conversational
expression. O’ conversation ™ ûª®Ω-í¬
I am taking the exams
¢√úøçúÕ: Varun: Yesterday's papers carried the ads 3 a) She is taking lessons in music/ dance, etc:
about the entrance exams. The last
Ç¢Á’ Ñ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™
How come you are here? = -àçöÀ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o¢˛? Music, dance ™ Péπ~ù §Òçü¿’-ûÓçC/ ØË®Ω’a-éÌç- B.tech *´J Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç
How come you don't know this? date for sending in the filled in applica- öçC = She is learning music/ dance =
FéÀC ûÁ-L-ߪ’éπ-§Ú-´ôç àçöÀ? tions is the 12th of next month. She is doing taking a course in music/
°æKéπ~ ®√Ææ’hçC.
(E†oöÀ papers ™ Ñ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ °æK-éπ~© ads 8 °æK-éπ~™x ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-
Varun: Dad wasn't happy with any of those col- dance.
leges, so he admitted me into / to this ´î√a®·. °æ‹-Jh-îËÆœ-† applications °æ秃-Lq† ÅC í∫ûªç™ Å®·ûË took, learned, etc ¢√úøû√ç. éÓ-´ôç get/ score/
secure. OöÀ™ x secure
college. *´--J-ûËC ´îËa ØÁ© 12) b) I want to take this software course
(´÷ Ø√†oéπ¢Ë-O’ †îªa-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø Tarun: Then we had better get ready. Ok, then, ØËFsoftware course îªü¿-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. éÌClí¬ §ƒçúÕûªuç – ¢√úø- M. SURESAN
îËJpç-î√®Ω’.) see you. 4 i) ¶«í¬ îªü¿-´ôç= éπ-§Ú-´ôç ´’ç*C.
(Å®·ûË ´’†ç ready Å´ôç ´’ç*C. -´’-S} study well/ do well at studies. Rama Rao: How much/ How many marks did
Tarun: Where did you do your schooling?
(†’´¤y à School ™ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤?) éπ©’Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç) a) 'How is he studying?/ Is he good at studies? you get/ score in last week's
Varun: Upto the 7th Class in Teachwell School Varun: Bye. 'O, he is doing very well at studies/ He is exam?
and from the 8h to the 10th in Learnwell Students, Studies, courses èπ◊ Ææç-•ç-Cµç-*-† studying very well; he is hardworking.' (éÀç-ü¿-öÀ-¢√®Ωç °æK-éπ~™  áçûª/ -áEo
School. Ææ綵«-≠æù éπü∆ ÉC? éÌEo expressions (éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªü¿-´ôç) ´÷®Ω’\©’ -ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤?/ ´î√a®·
(7´ class ´®Ωèπ◊ Teachwell School ™, 8th °æJ-Q-Lü∆lç. ii) ¶«í¬ îªü¿-´ôç = be good at studies, clever/ Fèπ◊?)
†’ç* 10th ´®Ωèπ◊ Learnwell School ™) bright at studies (¶«í¬, ûÁL-Ní¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√®Ω’.) Bharadwaj: Dad, I can't say I got/ scored very
students ņ-í¬ØË marks, pass, fail, score
Tarun: How do you like being a hosteller? b) She is good at maths, but rather poor at high marks.
É™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’, fees, study, ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ Physics = -Ç -Å-´÷t®·éÀ ™„éπ\©’ ¶«í¬ØË -´-a, é¬F
(Hostel ™ Öçúøôç ᙫ -ÖçC Fèπ◊?) í∫’®Ìh-≤ƒh-®·-éπü∆? î√-™« simple í¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúË (--´÷®Ω’\-©’ ¶«í¬ ûÁa-èπ◊-†o-ô’d/- ´-*a-
Physics poor.
™ é¬Ææh
Hosteller = resident = Hostel ™ ÖçúÕ ´÷ô© B®Ω’ É™« Öçô’çC. †ô’d îÁ°æp-™‰†’)
5 Class college
èπ◊ £æ…ï-®Ω-´ôç/ éÀ £æ…ï-®Ω-´ôç
îªü¿’´¤èπ◊ØË¢√úø’. Being= Öçúøôç, Being a 1 a) †’¢Áy-éπ\úø îªü¿’´¤ûª’Ø√o´¤? Rama Rao: Why isn't your score high? Why
attend class (es)/ attend college.
hosteller = Hosteller í¬ Öçúøôç. Where are you studying?/ Which School/ aren't your marks high?
6 Poor at studies = dull at studies.
Varun: O, I do like it. That's a kind of experi- College are you studying in?/ Which School/ (áèπ◊\´ marks áçü¿’èπ◊ ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-ü¿’/-
°æKéπ~ = 7 exam (examination ´·êuçí¬ ®√ûª-™ØË
ence. Valuable in its own way. The only College are you a student of? ®√-™‰ü¿’?)
¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ´÷ö«x-úË-ô°æ¤púø’ exam
¢√úøôç Ææ••’);
problem is food. Where did you do OR
b) F¢Ë class? = what class are you in?/ Which exam
èπÿ, test
èπÿ ûËú≈:
Intermediate? Why Couldn't you score high?
class are you studying? what class are you a) exam:
äéπ Nü∆u-®Ω|ûª (qualification) - X class
(Ø√éÀ≠d¢æ Ë’. ÅüÓ Å†’-¶µº-´ç–- ü∆E N©’´ ü∆E- doing? Inter, B.Tech, Msc
™«çöÀ certificates
é¬F, Why couldn't you get high marks?
èπ◊çC. (valuable= N©’-¢Áj†) ǣ慮Ωç äéπõ‰ OöÀéÀ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√©’. Iam studying in... School/ degrees
é¬F §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÀ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ´·êu-¢Á’i† (áçü¿’èπ◊ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷¢˛?)
Ææ´’Ææu. †’-´¤y -Éç-ô®˝ áéπ\úø îªC-¢√´¤?) College. I am in the I year Inter/ II year °æKéπ~. OR
Tarun: Here itself. Why didn't you go for b) Test: ã exam èπ◊ •ü¿’©’í¬í¬F, Åü¿-†çí¬í¬F Why did you score low? Why did
degree, etc. Studying •ü¿’©’, doing áèπ◊\´
Engineering after Inter? Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ à subject áçûª´®Ωèπ◊ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊- you get such low marks.
(Ééπ\úË. †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Engineering îË®Ω-™‰ü¿’?) ¢√u´-£æ…-Jéπç.
a) ؈’ I year Engineering îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’
Ø√o®Ω ’, áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¢√∞¡xé¬ subject ´îª’a ÅE E®Ωg- (Åçûª- ûª-èπ◊\-¢Áç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√o-´¤/ -
Ééπ\úË Å†-ö«-EéÀ Here only ÅE Åçô’çö«ç – ®·ç- î ª-ö«-EéÀ E®Ωy-£œ«çîË °æKéπ~ test. Test Æ洒ߪ’ç, Åçûª ûªèπ◊\´ Marks ᙫ ´î√aß˝’?)
I am doing my I year Engineering.
Éü¿çûª ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’– Here itself ÆæÈ®j† expression. exam Æ洒ߪ’ç éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\¢Ë Öçúø-´îª’a. Ææçü¿- Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† Marks ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-éπ-
b) Which year of medicine are you in? are
Varun: I am not interested. Moreover I want to ®√s¥Eo •öÀd test ™ marks èπ◊ Nü∆u-®Ω|-ûª™ Åçûª-
you studying/ which year? §Ú-ߪ÷¢Ëç?
be an MBA. Why didn't you? ´·-êuçí¬ í∫’Jhç-°æ¤ -Öç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.
(ÉC Éçûªèπ◊´·çüË medicine ÅE ûÁLÊÆh)/ Why could n't you score better?/
(Ø√èπ◊ interest
™‰ü¿’. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ Ø√èπ◊ 8 °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’ôç: Take an exam/ sit an exam.
Which year are you doing? Why couldn't you get better marks
MBA Å¢√-©E -Öç-C. ´’J †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ a) ؈’ Í®°æ¤ °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’
Medicine à Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? than this?.
Engineering îË®Ω-™‰ü¿’?) I am taking an exam tomorrow.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII
Neeraj: Hi Suraj, ages since we met; what's
wrong?
(´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E î√-™« ®ÓV-©-®·çC. àçöÀ
鬮Ωùç?)
Suraj: I was very busy till yesterday with my
exams. Thank God, its all over. What a
relief! No more exam nerves
(E†oöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ exams ´©x î√-™« busy í¬
ÖØ√o. Å´’tߪ’u Å®·-§Ú-ߪ÷®·. áçûª

exam nerves = °æK-éπ~-©çõ‰ éÌçûª-´’çCéÀ -Öç-úË
£æ…®·í¬ ÖçüÓ! °æK-éπ~© -¶-„ü¿’®Ω’ Ééπ-™‰ü¿’.)
Relief = (°ü¿l •®Ω’´¤ ØÁAh O’ü¿ †’ç* Cç*-†ô’d)
Núø’-ü¿©. exam nerves °æK-éπ~-©çõ‰ -¶„ü¿’®Ω’)
Neeraj: Happy to hear that. How did you do in
the exams?

How did you do in the exam?
(ÆæçûÓ≠æç! ᙫ ®√¨»´¤ exams?)
Suraj: Well, I hope (¶«í¬ØË ÅE ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’)
Neeraj: What were your marks in the earlier
exams?
(Åçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ exams ™ marks ᙫ-
´-î√a®·?)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 99
How did you do in the exam?
Suraj: In most of them just above sixty per-
cent. In one or two others I scored quite
high - above 90%
(î√-™«¢√öÀ™x 60] éπçõ‰ éÌClí¬ áèπ◊\´.
äéπöÀ È®çúø’ papers ™ ´÷vûªç 90% éπçõ‰
áèπ◊\´ -´÷®Ω’\-©’ ´-î√a®·.)
Neeraj: Why just above 60% in most of the
papers? Weren't you saying you had
done well in all the exams?
(î√-™«-¢√öÀ™x 60] éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´÷vûª¢Ë’
áçü¿’-éÌ-*açC? î√™« ¶«í¬ ®√¨»-†E Åçô’ç-
úË-¢√-úÕN éπü∆?)
Suraj: I thought so, but when I saw the marks
I understood I had fared badly in them.
One can never be sure in these mat-
ters, you know?
marks
(ØË-†÷ Å™«ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o, îª÷Æœ-†-°æ¤púË
ÆæJí¬ ®√ߪ’-™‰-ü¿E Å®Ωn-´’-®·çC. Å®·Ø√ Éô’-
´çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷™x á´®Ω÷ à-D í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰®Ω’,
éπü∆)
Neeraj: What about your performance this
time?
(Ñ≤ƒJ ᙫ ®√¨»´¤?/´’J Ñ≤ƒJ Ææçí∫A?)
Suraj: I think I fared very well. I am satisfied
with my performance.
(¶«í¬ ®√¨»-†ØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. Ø√èπ◊ ûª%°œh-
í¬ØË ÖçC)
Neeraj: Well, wish you all the best. How about
a movie this evening then?
(≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«l´÷?)
Suraj: That's be a real pleasure.
(ã, ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬)
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ¢√úÕ† expressions í∫´’-Eç-
îªçúÕ. É´Fo èπÿú≈ exams èπÿ, studies èπÿ
Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†¢Ë – OöÀ™ ´’†ç ¢√ú≈-Lq† Ææçü¿-
®√s¥©’ î√™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçö«®·. 鬕öÀd, Å´-鬨¡ç
´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x ¢√úÕ, practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

Busy with exams
exam nerves
How
did you do in the exam?
I did well
What
were your marks?
above 60% above 90%

you had done well
I had fared badly

..your performance this time?

a)Busy with exams, busy preparing for
exams, busy studying for exams - Oô-Eo-öÀéÃ
exams
Å®Ωnç, ûÓ ûª©-´·-†-éπ-©’í¬ (BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈)
Öçúøôç- – ´·êuçí¬exams èπ◊ îªü¿’-´¤ûª÷.
Spoken English
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 19 -ï-†-´-J 2006
b) exams ®√Ææ÷hç-úøôç ´©x BJé𠙉éπ-§Úôç –
busy taking/ attending exams (Busy writ-
ing exams
´÷vûªç-é¬ü¿’, english writing ™
an exam/ exams ÅØË ´÷ô ™‰ ü ¿’ – éÀç-ü¿-öÀ
™ lesson
ûÁ © ’- Æ æ ’ - è π ◊ Ø√oç í∫ ü ∆?)
c) exams
´îËaÆæ’hØ√o®· = exams are fast
approaching = exams ÆæO’-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®· =
(Approach -
Åv§Úî˝ – v§Ú ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç =
Ææ O ’- ° œ ç - î ª ô ç = ü¿ í ∫ _ - ® Ω è π ◊ ®√´úø ç/ ¢Á∞¡xúøç)
¶„ü¿’®Ω’, éπçí¬®Ω’, °æK-éπ~-© -¶µºßª’ç. Vinod: You know, Vikas topped the school Meghana: I'm surprised. She usually does very
°æK-éπ~© ¶µºßª’ç †’ç* •ßª’-ô-•-úøôç– get over
with his one hundred percent each in well. She never scored below 85%
exam nerves, get over = ÅCµ-í∫-N’ç-îªôç.
Maths and Science. in the previous exams.
exam ᙫ ®√¨»-´¤? – ÉC ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-î √L
(Ææ÷\™x Åçü¿-J-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ (Eïçí¬ Ç¨¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçüË, §ƒ°æç. ´·†’-
Maths Science ™ 100]) °æöÀ (previous - v°œN-ߪ’Æˇ) °æK-éπ~™x
´’†ç – english ™ ᙫ ®√¨»´¤ exam ņ-ú≈-EéÀ Pramod: That's brilliant/ really brilliant.
á°æ¤púø÷ 85]èπ◊ ûªí∫_-™‰ü¿’.)
'write' ü∆E Éûª®Ω forms ®√ØË-®√´¤. î√-™« ûª®Ω-í¬
¢√úË ´÷ô, 'do' ü∆E Éûª®Ω forms (î√™« íÌ°æp-í¬/- E-ïçí¬ íÌ°æpí¬ ÖçC, É™«çöÀîÓôx less than 85% -Åç-ô÷ ≤ƒ-üµ∆®Ω-ùçí¬
a) ؈’ E†o °æK-éπ~©’ ¶«í¬ ®√¨»†’
Åûª-úø’ °æKéπ~ ®√Æœ† B®Ω’) ¢√úË-C– -Åç-ûª-Ææ-J-é¬ü¿’)
Vinod: Every teacher likes him for his per- Exam fail Å´ôç, pass Å´ôç = He/ she
I did well in the exam yesterday.
formance in the exams. failed the exam/ passed the exam.
b) ؈ç-ûª-Ææ-Jí¬ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’
teachers
(°æK-éπ~-™x -Å-ûª-úÕ B®Ω’-´©x -Åç-ü¿-Jéà ÉO exams èπÿ, marks èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´÷ô©’:
I didn't do so well/ I haven't done so well
(Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd) Åûª-†çõ‰ É≠ædç.) Now practise the following in English:
äéπ N≠æߪ’ç: do, fare, perform - -Ñ -´‚-úÕç-öÀ-E-
c) ؈-†’-èπ◊-†o ü∆E-éπØ√o ¶«í¬ ®√¨»†’ Subodh: Hi Pranav, exams èπ◊ ᙫ prepare
I did much better than I had expected.
Íé-´-©ç °æKéπ~© N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ØË é¬èπ◊çú≈ äéπJ ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Å´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?
•ßª’-ô-°æúË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©-Eoç-öÀ-™†÷ ¢√úøû√ç. Pranav: °æK-éπ~-©çõ‰ Ø√Èé-°æ¤púø÷ ¶„ü¿’Í®, Å®·-§Ú-ßË’çûª
´®Ωèπ◊.
Subodh: é¬-F FÈé-°æ¤púø÷ ´’ç* marks ´≤ƒh-®·-
éπü∆?
Pranav: Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* marks ´≤ƒh®·, é¬F Éçé¬
áèπ◊\´ marks ûÁa-éÓ-¢√-©E -Ø√ éÓJéπ.
Subodh: á´-J-èπ◊ç-úøü¿’ Ç éÓJéπ?
Pranav: O’ class ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ °æK-éπ~-™„-°æ¤púø’?
a) How is YSR doing/
d) ÅûªØËç ¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-™‰-ü¿’ Subodh: E†oØË Å®·-§Ú-ߪ÷®·.
faring/ performing
He didn't do well at all. Pranav: ᙫ ®√¨»´¤ †’´¤y?
as the CM?
e) Åûª†’ paper îÁúÕ-Ê°-¨»úø’ Subodh: ¶«í¬ØË ®√¨»†’, é¬F äéπ Chemistry
CM í¬ YSR -á-™«
(¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-ØË-™‰ü¿’ -Å-ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) paper ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îÁúø-íÌ-ö«d† ’. N’í∫û√
He did poorly/ very poorly in the exam.
ÖØ√o®Ω’? (Ææ´’-®Ωn-ç-í¬Ø√ papers ™ 80 éÀ °jØË-®√-´îª’a. Chemistry
é¬ü∆?)
He did badly in the exam. b) The Sri Lankans did/
™ ´÷vûªç 60 ü∆é¬- ®√-´îª’a.
do Pranav: O’ cousin Sucharita ᙫ- ®√-Æ œçC?
É™« ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË ¢√úøû√ç, °æKéπ~ fared/ performed very M. SURESAN Subodh: ¶«í¬ØË ®√Æœç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«. -Éçûªèπ◊-´·çü¿’
®√ߪ’ôç ÅØË ¶µ«¢√-EéÀ. ÉüË O’®Ω’ °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ badly/ poorly in the
exams ™ Ç¢Á’ -î √-™« -¶«í¬ ®√Æœç-C.
í∫´’-Eç-îª-´-©-Æœ† Å稡ç. '®√ߪ’ôç— ´*a† îÓô™«x last cricket series.
'do' ü∆E Éûª®Ω ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ÉC Sri Lankans î√-™«poor í¬ Çú≈®Ω’. ÅEoöx 100 èπ◊ äéπöÀ, È®çúø’ ´÷®Ω’\©’
´÷vûª¢Ë’ ûªèπ◊\´.
¶«í¬ practice îÁߪ’uçúÕ. c) Her performance in the movie was disap-
Pranav: é¬F íÌ°æp performance. Girls, ´’†-éπçõ‰
Å®·ûË Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’, °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ pointing
¶«í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√-®Ω-†’-èπ◊çö«.
fare èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Ç *vûªç-™ Ç¢Á’ †ô† E®√¨¡°æJ-*çC. Subodh: îÁ°æp-™‰ç™‰.
...I had fared badly... I had done badly d) He did/ fared/ performed well in the movie
Answer:
¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. îÁûªhí¬ ®√¨»†’. Åûª†’ Ç *vûªç™ ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’.
a) ᙫ-®√-¨»´¤ E†oöÀ exam? e) He is doing very well as a teacher Subodh: Hi Pranav, how are you preparing for
How did you fare in the exam yesterday? Teacher í¬ Åûª†’ î√-™« ¶«í¬ îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. the exams?
Do/ fare/ perform Pranav: I always have/ suffer from exam
b) I fared well
¶«í¬ØË ®√¨»†’ = – OöÀ™x Åûªuçûª Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬,
áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úË-´÷ô, 'do' nerves, until they are over.
Prakash: How did you fare in the exams?
f) I hope to do well in the exam Subodh: But you always get good marks/
(ᙫ ®√¨»´¤?) exam score high.
؈’ ¶«í¬ ®√≤ƒh-†ØË ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.
Akash: Well, I think. I got 97%
expressions.
-É°æ¤p-úø’ -É-çéÌ-Eo Pranav: I do, but I wish to score even better
Prakash: Oh, you didn't fare badly after all.
a) O’ Marks àçöÀ?/-áEo? marks. (Even = Éçé¬)
Congrats.
What are your marks?/ What marks did you Subodh: Who doesn't wish it?/ Who doesn't
(v•£æ…tçúøç, î√-™« ¶«í¬ØË ®√¨»-´-†o-´÷ô. get? What is your score?/ How many marks have the wish?
í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-éÓçúÕ = not bad = very did you get/ score? Pranav: When are the exams for your class?/
good) b) marks
F àç ûª%°œh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ™‰´¤ When are you people taking the
c) Hold the exam any time you like, he is sure Your score is/ your marks are, not satisfactory. exams?
to fare well c) With such a low score/ such low marks, you Subodh: They were over yesterday./ Yesterday
O’ É≠ædç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ °ô’d-éÓçúÕ °æKéπ~, ¢√úø’ can't get a seat in that college. was the last of them.
éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¶«í¬ ®√≤ƒhúø’. Åçûª ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\-©ûÓ Fé¬ college seat ™ Pranav: How did you do?
°æKéπ~ °ôdúøç = Hold an exam/ exams ®√ü¿’. Subodh: (I) did very well, but I did poorly/ fared
-É-C îª÷úøçúÕ: Meghana: Congrats Sumana, on your high badly in chemistry. In the other
i) what about your performance this time Score in Physics. papers I may get/ score above 80%.
ii) I am satisfied with my performance. (Physics ™ marks
Fèπ◊ ´’ç* In chemistry I may get about 60.
Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’, °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ’ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ per- congrats.)
´*a†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Pranav: How did your cousin Sucharita do?
formance èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË ÉC é¬Ææh Sumana: You didn't fare badly either. You got Subodh: (I) think she did well. In the earlier
§ƒçúÕûªuç. just one mark below mine. So my exams, however, her performance
congrats to you. Poor Jamuna! she was very good. In all the papers, she
a) ᙫ ®√¨»®Ω’ E†oöÀ exam?
got below 50%. got just one or two marks below 100.
How was your exam yesterday?
(Fèπÿ àç ûªèπ◊\´ ®√™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. äéπ\ Pranav: That's good performance. I suppose
b) His performance in exams is usually brilliant
Mark ´÷vûª¢Ë’ éπü∆ Ø√éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´. Ñ girls study better than we, boys.
exams ™ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ Åûª†’ î√™« ¶«í¬
Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ -Fèπ◊ -Ø√ -Å-Gµ-†ç-ü¿-†-©’. §ƒ°æç Subodh: We can't say./ Difficult to say.
brilliant =
®√≤ƒhúø’. v°æé¬-¨¡-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†, é¬çA--´’ç-ûª- ï´·† – 50-¨»-ûªç éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ´-î√a®·)
¢Á’i† (vG©uçö¸ – 'vG— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç) (Above - áèπ◊\-´/-£«-aí¬; below=ûªèπ◊\´)
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 21 -ï-†-´-J 2006

100
W

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù W
(Eïçí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ Ø√éÌ-*a† English
Ø√Íé ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬
´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-LT, ®√ߪ’-í∫-LTûË Ø√èπ◊ î√™«
ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçô’çC.
Anand: We can be good speakers of English
if we have regular practice.
(Regular practice Öçõ‰ ¶«í¬English
´÷ö«x-úË¢√∞¡xç Å´¤û√ç)
Santosh: Yes, we frequently read so in these
Spoken English lessons.
(Ñ English lessons ™ ÅüË ûª®Ω-í¬
îª÷Ææ÷hçö«ç/ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’çö«ç)
ÉC 100 ´ lesson éπü∆. Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ for a
change (*†o-´÷-®Ω’p-í¬/ -é¬Ææh ûËú≈í¬) ã *†o
Language game Çúøü∆ç. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™ E sen-
tences îª÷úøçúÕ:
I a) I am happy; I am not satisfied; I too am anx-
ious to learn more; I am not at all pleased;
I am able to speak; I shall be happy.
a) He is happy to meet me
ÉçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈ OöÀE question form ™ èπÿú≈,
(To meet me – áçü¿’-éπ-ûª†’ happy ÅØËC -ûÁ-©’°æ¤-
not ûÓ†÷, not ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈†÷ èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a éπü∆?
eg: Am I a doctor? Am I not a teacher? etc. ûª’ç-C éπü∆)
b) They were not satisfied with their salaries.
É™«Íí N’í∫û√ 'be' forms ûÓ áEo sentences,
statements ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, questions èπÿú≈, (with their salaries – ¢√∞¡x @û√-©ûÓ ÅØËC ¢√∞¡Ÿx
not ™‰èπ◊çú≈, not ûÓ Å†-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ. áçü¿’-´©x not satisfied ÅØËC ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC)
Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ O’ friend ûÓØÓ, O’ûÓ cooperate îËÊÆ c) Will they be pleased if I give them the books?
(If I give them the books - ؈’ ¢√∞¡xé¬ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-
¢√∞¡x-ûÓØÓ Å†çúÕ.
Questions ™ èπÿú≈, È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 questions. LÊÆh – ÅØËC ¢√∞¡Ÿx ᙫ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈h-®Ω-ØËC ûÁ©’°æ¤-
1) 'Wh' words (what, when, who, etc.,)ûÓ ûª’çC éπü∆)
´îËaN. É™« O’®Ω’ 'be' forms ûÓ -´-îËa sentences †’
eg. Why are you happy? What is your §ÒúÕ-Tç--èπ◊çô÷ ¢Á∞¡x-´îª’a. Å®·ûË Å®Ωnç ´÷vûªç
brother? When was he a teacher? ™«çöÀ-N. correct í¬ ´îËaô’x îª÷Ææ’éÓ-´ôç î√-™« ´·êuç.
2) 'Wh' words ™‰E questions. III Ééπ Ñ game ™ ´‚úÓ-¶µ«í∫ç:
eg. Are you happy? Is she your sister? Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ O’®Ω’ practice îËÆœ† sentences
Can he be a leader? ™«çöÀ-N. ÅEoç-öÀ™ verb, 'be' form éπü∆. Ñ 'be' form
´’S} OöÀE not ûÓ, eg: Are you not happy?
•ü¿’©’ 'action words' áéπ\-úÁ-éπ\úø meanings
Were they not students? ™«çöÀN. ´÷®Ω-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úø-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ, Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’:

I am happy today
Anand: I am happy today.
(ØËF-®Ó-V ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o)
Santosh: Why?/ Why are you happy?
(áçü¿’èπ◊?)
Anand: Because this is the hundredth lesson
in spoken English. You are happy
too, aren't you?
(ÉC spoken English 100 lesson
™ ´
鬕öÀd. Fèπÿ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC, éπü∆?) b) Why are you happy? You are happy too; É™«ç-öÀN áEo sen- a) They were all happy. Ééπ\úø 'be' form 'were'
So is my cousin Harsha; They are fluent. tences •ü¿’©’ feel ¢√úø-´îª’a éπü∆. Å®·ûË, 'be' form
Santosh: Ofcourse I am, but I am not satisfied.
O’®Ω’ ņ-í∫-©®Ó
There's a lot more english to learn. c) Deepti and Divya were my school mates; ™„éÀ\ç--éÓçúÕ. áéπ\úø í∫û√Eo ûÁ-LÊ° -´÷ô 鬕öÀd, feel èπ◊ èπÿú≈ í∫û√Eo -
(Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’, Å®·ûË ûª%°œhí¬ ™‰ü¿’. They were eager to learn English. O’®Ω’ questions ¢ËÆæ’- -ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷õ‰ ¢√ú≈L éπü∆. 鬕öÀd, felt ´Ææ’hçC.
ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-Lqç-C -Éçé¬ î√™« ÖçC) d) They would be ever ready to... èπ◊çõ‰ Åéπ\úø ¢√öÀéÀ Å°æ¤púø’,
e) We can be Answers èπÿú≈ îÁ°æ¤p-
Anand: I too am anxious to learn more. They all felt happy (They were all happy)
Ñ sentences ™ ´’†ç í∫´’-EçîË N≠æߪ’ç – éÓçúÕ. Éü¿l®Ω’ ´·í∫’_®Ω’ b) She can be here in 10 minutes.
éπLÆœ Ñ game M. SURESAN
(Ø√èπÿ Éçé¬ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©ØË -Ç-ûª%ûªí¬ ÖçC)
Santosh: My sister appears very serious about OöÀ™x verbs ÅFo èπÿú≈ 'be' forms ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ééπ\úø 'can be' ÅØË 'be' form -ûÓ ´îËa Å®Ωnç –
learning more English, and so is my éπü∆? îª÷úøçúÕ, Íé-´-©ç 'be' forms ûÓ áçûª Çúø’-éÓçúÕ. O’®Ω’ áEo sentences îËߪ’-í∫-L-í¬®Ó
Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø 10 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ Öçúø-í∫©ü¿’ ÅE éπü∆.
cousin Harsha. Ææ綵«-≠æù ≤ƒTçüÓ? îª÷Ææ’-éÓçúÕ. O’Íé Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ¢ËÆæ’hçC. '´’†ç ÉEo
sentences ņ-í∫-L-í¬¢Ë’— ÅE.
Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ 10 EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ îË®Ω-í∫-©ü¿’
( sister english É°æ¤púø’ ´’† game.
O’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç éÓÆæç: 'be' forms °æéπ\† ¢√úøí∫LÍí
´÷ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©E î√™« ÅE – Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îÁ°æp-í∫© sentence ÉüË
serious cousin Ééπ\úÕ sentences ™ 'be' forms (am, is, are,
´÷ô©’ Ñ éÀçC ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ Öçö«®·.
í¬ ÖçC, ´÷ £æ«®Ω{- Å®ΩnçûÓ–
èπÿú≈) were, shall be, can be, would be, etc,) °æéπ\† She can reach here in ten minutes.
Anand: Deepti and Divya were my school 1) í∫’ù«©’, (proud, good, bad, wicked) ûÁ-LÊ°
Ö†o 'happy' ™«çöÀ ´÷ô© •ü¿’©’ O’®Ω’ ¢√úøí∫L- c) They shall be here for an hour.
mates. They were eager to learn T† ´÷ô-©-Eoç-öÀE ¢√úÕ sentences practice ´÷ô©’.
English. They would be ever ready to 2) ¶µ«¢√©’ (feelings) ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’ (happy, sad, ¢√Rx-éπ\úø ã í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ Öçú≈L. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'shall
îËߪ’çúÕ. äéπ statements ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ ques- jealous, etc). be' ÅØË 'be form •ü¿’©’, ´’†ç 'shall stay' ÅE-
read English newspapers and books, tions, exclamations èπÿú≈ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
speak english, listen to others speak 3) ©éπ~-ù«©’ (tall, short, fat, etc,) ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’. é¬F, shall remain ÅE -é¬-F Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ωü¿’.
Not, never (á°æ¤púø÷ é¬ü¿’/- ™‰ü¿’) ûÓ èπÿú≈ prac-
english, and so on. They are fluent in 4) Past participle forms (satisfied, pleased, Å°æ¤púø’ sentence– They shall stay/ remain
tice îËߪ’çúÕ.
English now. Whenever they had an trained) here for an hour.
Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù îª÷úøçúÕ. 5)
opportunity, they used to speak äéπ ´%ûÓh, °æØÓ îËÊÆ¢√∞¡Ÿ} ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓ ´îËa d) He could be helpful for us: Ééπ\úø be form
I am happy- Ééπ\úø Ö†o 'be' form 'am' °æéπ\†
English. ´÷ô©’ (Actor, doctor, teacher, cook, lawyer, could be Å®Ωnç– Åûªúø’ ´’†èπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-é¬Jí¬ Öçúø-
schoolmates.
Ö†o happy •ü¿’©’, ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ´îËa-ô’xí¬ O’èπ◊ speaker, etc). Ñ ®Ωéπç ´÷ô©’ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, sin-
(D°œh, C´u Ø√ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ûÁL-Æœ† ´÷ô©’ ¢√úøçúÕ. í∫-©-úË¢Á÷. Could be ÅØË 'be' form •ü¿’©’ action
English ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©E áçûÓ Ç--ûª%-ûª-ûÓ gular ´·çü¿®Ω a/ an ®√¢√-©E ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. word ¢√ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ help ¢√úÌa éπü∆. ü∆çûÓ
English newspa-
Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊, happy •ü¿’©’, a) sad, sorry, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ countable singular ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤púø÷
ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx. á°æ¤púø÷ sentence É™« ´÷®Ωa-´îª’aí∫ü∆?–
proud, tall, short ™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√-©†÷ ©éπ~-ù«-©†’
per, books English 'a/ an' ®√¢√L éπü∆.
îªü¿-´ôç, ´÷ö«x- He could help us.
úøôç, Éûª-®Ω’©’ English ´÷ö«x-úË-°æ¤púø’ í∫’ù«-©†’ ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’ (Å®Ωn-´ç-ûªçí¬) áØÁj oØ√ 6) '-ing' forms (going, singing, walking)
¢√úø-´îª’a. É™« O’®Ω’ áEo sentences îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ
N†ô癫çöÀN îËߪ’-ö«-E-Èé-°æ¤púø÷ Æœ-ü¿l¥ç. °j ®Ω鬩 ´÷ô-©Fo ¢√úøçúÕ. ¢√öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç O’®Ω-†’-èπ◊-
Åçü¿’Íé ¢√∞¡Ÿx É°æ¤púø’ English üµ∆®√-∞¡çí¬ Éçé¬ b) àüÁjØ√ ´%ûª’h©’, °æ†’©’ ™«çöÀN îËÊÆ¢√∞¡xØË
†oô’x ÆæJí¬ ´≤ÚhçüÓ, ™‰üÓ îª÷Ææ’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ Å´-鬨¡ç ´*a-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x. Å´-鬨¡ç ®√éπ-§ÚûË
´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ω’. Å´-鬨¡ç üÌJ-éÀ-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x Å®Ωnç ´îËa-ô’xí¬ ÖçúË ´÷ô©÷ ¢√úø-´îª’a éπü∆?– O’Íé ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC O’È®çûª English ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©®Ó. éπLpç--éÌE É™«çöÀ sentences frame îËߪ’çúÕ–
English ´÷ö«x-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx) I am a teacher/ an actor/ a cricketer/ an ´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úø™‰-´’ØË Å§Ú£æ« Öçúøü¿’. ´’J-*-§Ú-éπçúÕ – statements ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈,
employee/ a landlord/ a doctor, etc. questions (È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩’ – 'wh' questions,
Santosh: To tell you frankly, I am not at all II An extension of the game, Ñ game é¬Ææh
pleased with my English. I shall be ´’Sx OöÀ™x not/ never èπÿú≈ éπL°œ ¢√úø-´îª’a °çîª-´îª’a– Ñ sentences ´’J-éÌEo ´÷ô©’ éπL°œ: non 'wh' questions èπÿú≈), Negatives (not,
happy if I am able to speak and write éπü∆? eg: He is happy. Ñ sentence †’ É™« never) Ææ£æ… practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
I am not happy; I am not a teacher, etc ™«í¬.
better. §ÒúÕ-Tça éπü∆? §
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII
Damodar: Hi, Krupakar, I couldn't see you the
whole of yesterday. What were you
doing?
( éπ%-§ƒéπ-®˝, E†oçû√ †’´¤y éπ-E°œç-îª-™‰-ü¿’,
àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤?)
Krupakar: Busy playing the game - making as
many sentences as we could - with
my sister and prabhakar.
( ´÷ Sister, prabhakar ûÓ éπLÆœ
Game -Ç-úø’-ûª÷ áEo Sentences
O©-®·ûË ÅEo Form îËÆæ÷h Busy í¬
ÖçúÕ-§Úߪ÷)
Damodar: What game was that? (àç Game?)
Krupakar: You find the game in the hundredth
lesson of spoken english. It's a sim-
ple game - forming sentences, as
many as we can by adding suitable
words after 'be' forms and action
words - sentences to be not only
statements but also questions, both
types, 'wh' and 'non wh' questions,
with not and never too...
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
101
I have to prepare
(î√-™« Simple game ÅC. sub + verb-
verb 'be' form Ŵa, action word
Ŵa, ü∆E ûª®√yûª ´÷ô©’ îË®Ω’a-èπ◊çô÷
§Ú-´ôç– Sentences statements
´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Questions,
Exclamations èπÿú≈. Questions È®çúø’
®Ω鬩 Questions – 'wh' words ûÓ 'non
wh' words ûÓ èπÿú≈. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, not
ûÓ never ûÓ èπÿú≈)
Damodar: Was that so? O I missed the game.
How many sentences were you able
to frame?
(Å™«í¬? Å®·ûË Øˆ’ game miss
Sentences
Åߪ÷u†’. O’È®Eo îËߪ’-í∫-L-
í¬®Ω’?)
Krupakar: We didn't count, but we were able to
make a good number. We have
understood that we can improve our
english by this kind of practice more
than by reading books on spoken
english.
(™„éπ\°ôd-™‰ü¿’ é¬F î√™«ØË î˨»ç.
Spoken english O’ü¿ books îªü¿-´ôç
éπçõ‰ É™«çöÀ practice ü∆y®√ØË English
¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E Å®Ωn-¢Á’içC)
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-†oô’d, practice ´©x
confidence °®Ω-í∫-ô¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, English
Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-ûª’çC. v°æA-®ÓW
Friends ûÓ Ñ game practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
Ñ Lesson ™ éÌClí¬ ûËú≈ûÓ É™«çöÀ game
ÉçéÓöÀ îª÷ü∆lç.
O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’– verbs ™ È®çúø’®Ω鬩’. ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC
'love' ™«çöÀN. OöÀéÀ á´-JE, üËEE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’-
èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√∞¡x†’ ÅØÓ, ü∆EE ÅØÓ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç
´Ææ’hçC. È®çúÓ ®Ωé¬--E-N - walk (†-úø-´ôç)
™«çöÀN. á´-JE †úø-´ôç, üËE-E †úø-´ôç Åçõ‰
Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. Ñ≤ƒJ game ™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ
®Ωéπç verbs ûÓ sentences îËߪ’çúÕ. state-
ments ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, questions, exclama-
tions ûÓ Ææ£æ…, Not/ never ûÓ èπÿú≈ O’èπ◊
ûÁL-Æœ-†Eo verbs ûÓ á†o-®·ûË ÅEo.
eg:
1) Vineet bought a book
2) When did Naresh meet you?
3) She doesnot like me (at all)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
4) How well Rupa sings that song!
5) The teacher never made a joke
É™« áEo Sentences îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ.
ûª®√yûª ÆæÈ®j† ´÷ô©’ îËJa Sentences extend
îËߪ’çúÕ.
eg: 1) Vineet bought a book at the college
stores.
2) When did Naresh meet you to give you
the book.
3) She does not like me because I do not
like her.
4) How well Rupa sings that song from the
movie, nuvvu naaku nachau.
5) The teacher never made a joke while
teaching.
É™«çöÀ sentences O’®Ω’ O’ friends etc., ûÓ
practice
îËߪ’çúÕ. I, We, You, he, she, it and
theyûÓ èπÿú≈ sentences îËߪ’çúÕ.
u u u (Job
Renuka: Urmila, why don't you lend me the
book. I have to prepare for the exam
the day after tomorrow.
exam
(Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç é¬Ææh É≤ƒh-¢√? á©’xçúÕ
prepare Å¢√Lq ÖçC.)
Urmila: Sorry Renuka, Bhoomika has taken it
away. She has to prepare for the exam
as well. You are a little late.
(Sorry, ¶µº÷N’éπ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’Èé-R}ç-C. ûª†’-
exam
èπÿú≈ prepare
èπ◊ Å¢√y-©E.)
Renuka: I thought of buying the book yester-
day, but I had to take mom to hospital,
so I didn't find the time. I must get the
book somehow. Otherwise I'll be
doing very badly in the exam.
book
(E†oØË éÌØ√-©E ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, é¬E
hospital
´÷ Å´’t†’ èπ◊ BÆæ’Èé∞«}Lq
´*açC. é̆-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷. ᙫíÓ äéπ-™«í¬ Ç
°æ¤Ææhéπç ûÁa-éÓ-¢√L ؈’. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË á©’xçúÕ
exam -¶«í¬ ®√-ߪ’-™‰éπ-§Ú-û√--†’-.)
Urmila: I must pay the fees today. Today is the
last date. I should go to the bank and
get the money.
fees
(É¢√∞¡ éπ-ö«dL ؈’. -É-¢√-∞Ï -*-´-J
Bank
®ÓV. èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL, úø•’s ûÁa-éÓ-¢√L.)
Renuka: That's true. We must submit exam
applications by tomorrow. That's the
rule.
Exam applications
(Eï¢Ë’. Í®°æöÀ ™°æ©
submit rule.)
îÁߪ÷uL. ÅüË
Urmila: The applications should have the sig-
nature of the parent or the guardian,
shouldn't it?
(Application ™ parent/ guardian
Ææçûªéπç Öçú≈L, éπü∆?)
Renuka: Yes, that's the rule. Further we must
mention the amount paid, and
enclose the fee receipt.
clear
(ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, áçûª úø•’s éπöÀdçD
fee receipt
ûÁ-©-§ƒ-L, ü∆-E-ûÓ ïûª-°æ®Ω-î√L.)
Urmila: OK then. Bye. I must hurry.
(´≤ƒh Å®·ûË. ؈’ -ûªy®ΩΩ-°æ-ú≈L.)
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù™E sentences †’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
1) I have to prepare 2) She has to prepare 3)
I had to take 4) I must get 5) I must pay 6) We
must submit 7) The application should have
the signature 8) We must mention.
sentences
°j verbs: have to + 1st
™E
RDW; has to + 1st RDW; had to + 1st
RDW; must + 1st RDW; should + 1st RDW
Have to/ has to, had to, must, should
É´Fo èπÿú≈ NCµí¬, rule v°æ鬮Ωç, ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬
îËߪ÷-Lq† °æ†’-©†’ ûÁ©’°æ¤û√®·.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 23 -ï-†-´-J 2006
OöÀ 'be' forms. Have to be, has to be, (éπFÆæç Í®°æ-öÀ-ÈéjØ√ -Å-ûª-úø’ -Åéπ\-úø’ç-ú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰
must be, should be. Å´-鬨¡ç éÓ™p-û√úø’. – necessity.)
(Have to be/ has to be - I, we, you and ÉC èπÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
they subjects ûÓ have to be
´Ææ’hçC. He, Pramod: I am happy to have got the job, Sir.
she and it subjects ûÓ has to be ´Ææ’hçC.) When have I to be here to report for
-O-ô-Eoç-öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç – Öçú≈L – ÅE. ÅC äéπJ Çïc duty, Sir?
(command) é¬´îª ’a, NCµ (duty) é¬´îª ’a,
´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ÖçC.
necessity (Å´-Ææ®Ωç) 鬴a.
Report îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ/ Duty™ Join
Have to be, has to be, should be, must be Å´-ö«-EéÀ á°æ¤-púø’ ®√-¢√-©çúŒ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ?)
= Öçú≈L, present ™í¬F, future ™í¬E. (Have to be Ééπ\úø duty E ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC.)
èπ◊ Vinod: Let me go. I have to be at home in ten Prasanth: You have to be here by 9.30 every-
minutes. Dad will be angry if I am late.
day.
(9.30 éπ-™«x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈-L- †’´¤y.
(††’o ¢Á∞¡xF. ؈’ 10 EN’-≥ƒ™x Éçöx You have to be here till 5.30 in the
Öçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊ç-õ‰ ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ éÓ°æç ´Ææ’hçC)
evening. ( 5.30 ´®Ωèπÿ Öçú≈L– Ñ
È®çúø÷ commands.) Your colleague
too, has to be here at the same time.
(F Ææ£æ«Ù-üÓuT èπÿú≈ ÅçûË.
Ééπ\úø command.)
Pramod: I will start work now itself sir,
has to be
because I have to be thorough with
Suman: Hari too has to
my job.
be at home in
(؈’ É°æ¤púË v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-≤ƒh†’.
ten minutes. He áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Ø√ °æE ؈’ èπ~◊ùoçí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’-
doesn't like to éÓ-¢√L éπü∆ (Ééπ\úø have to be - neces-
miss the serial. sity). I understand I have to be at
Isn't it so, Hari? office for atleast 6 hours. (éπFÆæç 6
(£æ«J èπÿú≈ 10 í∫çô©ÊÆ°æ-®·Ø√ office ™ Öçú≈-©E Ø√èπ◊
EN’-≥ƒ-©èπ◊ Éçöx M. SURESAN
ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ééπ\úø have to be NCµE
Öçú≈L. Åûª-úÕéÀ
serial miss Å´ôç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. ÅçûË éπü∆ ûÁ©’°æ¤ûÓçC éπü∆.)
£æ«J?) Now practice the following in English:
Hari: That's right. I have to hurry now. Bye.
Kranthi: †’´¤y éπFÆæç ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç È®çúø’ í∫çô©
( Eï¢Ë’. ؈’ -ûªy®ΩΩ-°æ-ú≈L)
´®Ω-ÈéjØ√ Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈L, Å®Ωn-´’-®·çü∆?
Suman: Don't forget tomorrow's exam time.
Shanthi: Yes, Madam. Ñ®Ó-ñ‰é¬-ü¿’, Í®°æ¤ -èπÿú≈ ÉüË
You have to be at the centre by 9.45
(Í®°æ¤ exam time ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-éπçúÕ. O’®Ω-éπ\úø ¢Ë∞¡™x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈-©E ûÁ©’Ææ’ madam.
Kranthi: Watchman ûÓ îÁ°æ¤p, Åûª-Eç-é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬
9.45 éπ-™«x Öçú≈L)
Öçú≈L ÅE; pass Ö†o¢√∞¡’x ´÷vûª¢Ë’
Ééπ\úø îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Present ™í¬F, future ™í¬F
'Öçú≈L— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ have to be/ has to be ™°æ© Öçú≈-©-F.
Shanthi: Ok, Madam. Åûª-E-éπ\úø 8 í∫çô©´®Ωèπÿ
¢√ú≈ç. äéπ Order / Command ´©x, NCµ ´©x
(Åçõ‰ Duty), ™‰éπ§ÚûË Å´-Ææ®Ωç (Necessity) ´©x Öçú≈-©E èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒh†’.
Öçú≈Lq´ÊÆh, Å°æ¤púø’ Have to be/ has to be Kranthi: OK. ñ«ví∫ûªh. Ø√èπ◊ meeting ÖçC. Åéπ\úø
¢√úøû√ç. ؈’ 1.30 éπçû√ Öçú≈L. ØËØÌîËa ÆæJéÀ files
a) O’®Ω’ 10éπ-™«x office ™ Öçú≈L. ÅFo ready Å®·-Öç-ú≈L. ûÁL-Æœçü∆?
Shanthi: Readyí¬ Öçö«®·, madam.
You have to be at office by 10 (Command)
b) v°æA ÖüÓuT 10 †’ç* 5´®Ωèπ◊ Office ™ Öçú≈L Answer:
Every employee has to be in the office Kranthi: You have to be here till atleast 2 in the
from 10 to 5 (Command) afternoon, understand?
í¬ c) I have to be at office by 10. Shanthi: Yes, Madam. I Understand too, that
؈’ 10éπ-™«x office ™ Öçú≈L. (Duty = NCµ) not only today, but also tomorrow I
d) She has to be at office for a minimum of have to be here during the same time.
Six hours. Kranthi: Tell the watchman that he has to be a
(-Ç-¢Á’ éπFÆæç 6 í∫çô-©-ÊÆ-°jØ√ Office ™ Öçú≈L little more careful, that only those who
= Duty/ NCµ) have passes have to be here.
e) I have to be at the station at 2 or I shall Shanthi: Ok, Madam. I will tell him too that he
miss the train. has to be here till 8 o'clock.
Kranthi: Ok. Be careful. I have a meeting. I
؈’ station
-™ È®çúÕçöÀéÀ Öçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰
train miss Å´¤-û√†’. (ÉC necessity, Åçõ‰ have to be there by 1.30. By the time I
.
Å´-Ææ®Ωç éπü∆) return all the files must be ready.
f) He has to be here atleast by tomorrow. Shanthi: They shall be, madam.
Otherwise he will miss the chance.
iII
Hitesh: Hi Mallesh, I coludn't see you the
whole of yesterday. What happened?
(E†oçû√ éπ-E°œç-‰ü¿’. àç ïJTçC?)
Mallesh: (I was) Busy at home. I had to be at
home attending to some repairs for
the house. Dad was out of town.
busy repairs
(Éçöx í¬ ÖØ√o. ÉçöÀ
îª÷Ææ’éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ÉçöxØË Öçú≈Lq ´*açC.
Ø√†o- Ü∞x ™‰®Ω’.)
a) Attend = College/ School/ Class ™«çöÀ
¢√öÀéÀ, functions/ meetings/ marriages
™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ £æ…ï-®Ω-´ôç.
b) attend to = äéπ °æE îË°æ-ôd-ôç / ¶«üµ¿u-ûªí¬
îËߪ’ôç; 'I am attending to the repairs'.
c) Attend on = ÅA--ü∑¿’-©èπ◊, ®Óí∫’-©èπ◊ Ææ°æ-®Ωu©’
îËߪ’ôç,
When I was ill, my sister, attended on me.
Hitesh: You remember we have to go to
Naresh's for his birthday party. It's
already 5. Shall we start?
(Naresh birthday party Èé∞«x-©E í∫’®Ω’hç-C-
éπü∆? É°æp-öÀÍé 5 Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. •ßª’-©’-
üË®Ω-ü∆-´÷?)
Mallesh: But we should buy some gift for him.
gift
(àüÓ éÌØ√-L-éπü∆?)
Hitesh: We must hurry then. We shouldn't be
late.
late
(ûªy®Ω-°æ-ú≈L ´’J. Å´-èπÿ-úøü¿’.)
Mallesh: What, do you think, is Naresh's age
now?
(Éçûªéà †Í®≠ˇ ´ßª’Ææ’q áçûª’ç-úÌ--îªaç-ö«´¤?
ÉC ÅûªE áØÓo birthday?– DEéÀ
English ™‰ü¿’.)
Hitesh: He must be 18 now. I think it is his
18th birth anniversary.
birthday
(18 à∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈L. ÉC ÅûªE 18´
Anniversary-
ņ’-èπ◊çö«. (Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ -Ñ®Ó--V °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉîËa-ߪ÷L.
¢√J{-éÓûªq-´ç)
Mallesh: We are all the same age then, give or É≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’.)
b) Éûª-®Ω’© •©-´çûªç´©x-í¬F, àüÁjØ√ E•ç-üµ¿-†©
take a few months.
(Å®·ûË ´’†-´’çû√ ØÁ©© ûËú≈ûÓ äÍé ´©-xí¬F (Rules) ´’†ç îËߪ÷-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’/ Öçú≈-
´ßª’Ææ’q™ ÖØ√o´’-†o-´÷ô.) Lq-†-°æ¤púø’ have to/ has to ¢√úøû√ç.
Hitesh: Ok. Let's start.
Mallesh: We must get back home early. Don't
forget our exams from the day after
tomorrow. Because of the change in
the exam hours, we must be at col-
lege 10 minutes before nine.
(´’†ç ûªy®Ωí¬ ÉçöÀéÀ AJT ´îËa-ߪ÷L.
á©’xçúÕ †’ç* ´’†èπ◊ exams ÅE ´’®Ω-*-
§Úèπ◊. ´÷J† ¢Ë∞¡© v°æ鬮Ωç College ™
10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ ûªèπ◊\´ 9 éπ-™«x -Öçú≈-L-.)
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™ have to be/ has to be
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? äéπ-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊
ûÁa-èπ◊çü∆ç.
a) I, We, You, They subjects Å®·ûË have to.
b) He, She, It Å®·ûË has to.
c) be form: have to be/ has to be (Öçú≈L
ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ).
-v°æ-¨¡o:
1) ¢√£æ«-Ø√© ¢Á†éπ ®√ÊÆ 'please
sound horn'
Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.
2) ¢Á·£æ«-´÷-ö«EéÀ Ææ´÷† Å®Ωnç
´îËa ÉçTx≠ˇ °æü¿ç à¢Á’iØ√
Öçü∆?
– >™«E, é¬éÀ-Ø√úø
-ï-¢√-•’:
1) Please sound horn Åçõ‰ horn ¢Á÷Tç-îªçúÕ ÅE
Å®Ωnç. äéπ ¢√£æ«†ç ¢Á†-éπ-´¤†o ¢√£æ«†ç, ´·çü¿J
¢√£æ«-Ø√Eo ü∆öÀ ´·çü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, horn
¢Á÷TÊÆh, ´·çü¿J ¢√£æ«†ç, ¢Á†éπ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-EéÀ
ü∆JÆæ’hçü¿E îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ Å™« ®√≤ƒh®Ω’.
2) '¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç— Å†o-´÷-ôèπ◊ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬
ņ-í∫-L-TçC 'unassertive'. 'assertive' Åçõ‰
E®Ìt-£æ«-´÷-ôçí¬ Öçúøôç, 鬕öÀd, 'unassertive'
Åçõ‰ ¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç í∫© ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
Spoken English
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
d) Action word: have to + 1st Regular
Doing Word, has to + 1st Regular Doing
Word. (Have to go, have to do, has to
go, has to do etc,
¢Á∞«}L, îËߪ÷L ÅØË
Å®ΩnçûÓ)
Éçé¬ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC–
a) ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© ´©x Öçúø-´-©-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’,
îËߪ’-´-©-Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’– have to be/ has to be;
have to + 1st RDW/ has to + 1st RDW.
eg:
1) I have to be at home by 8.
b)
؈’ 8 éπ-™«x Éçöx Öçú≈L. (™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´÷ Ø√-†o-
éÓ°æ p-úøû√®Ω’)
2) He has to be here by 10. Otherwise we
can't start.
(Åûª-E-éπ\úø 10éπ-™«x Öçú≈L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω™‰ç)
3) They have to see the doctor today. The
appointment is for today.
doctor
(É¢√∞¡ ¢√-∞¡Ÿx ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞«xL. Çߪ’† Ñ
®ÓVèπ◊ appointment 'have
Éî√aúø’)– Ééπ\úø
to' has to
(Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈) ´’†ç ´·çü¿’ E®Ωg-®·ç-
-èπ◊†o °æEéÀ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å™«Íí–
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
102
You have to do it
4) He has to return my book today. He said
he would.
1) You have to show the ticket on demand.
Keep it safe until the journey is over.
[
ÅúÕT†°æ¤púø’ Ticket (öÀÈéö¸– öÀ ØÌéÀ\
°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) îª÷§ƒL. v°æߪ÷ùç °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’-u´-®Ωèπ◊
ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öç-. On demand = ÅúÕT†°æ¤púø’-]
2) Kumar has to pay the fees tomorrow.
(kumar Í®°æ¤ fees éπö«dL.)
3) The boss has asked us to be at office half
an hour earlier than usual. We have to be
at office at 9.
(Boss ´’†Lo ã Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’ office èπ◊
®Ω´’t-Ø√o®Ω’ éπü∆. ´’†ç 9 éπ-™«x office ™
Öçú≈L.)
Have to/ has to á°æ¤púø÷ present/ future situ-
ations èπ◊ ´Jh-≤ƒh®·. ÅüË past ™ ´’†ç îÁ§ƒp-
©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ had to ¢√úøû√ç. lesson v§ƒ®Ω綵º
Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Mallesh -à-´’-Ø√oúø’?I had to be at
home (Yesterday - past) ÅE. Åçõ‰ ØËEçöx
Öçú≈Lq ´*açC. 鬕öÀd í∫ûªç™– a) --à-üÁj-Ø√ °æJ-
Æœn-ûª’©´©x-í¬E, E•ç-üµ¿-†©´©x-í¬E, Éûª-®Ω’©
•©-´ç-ûªç-´©xí¬E áéπ\-úÁjØ√ Öçú≈Lq ´ÊÆh, had
to be, àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷-Lq-´ÊÆh had to + 1st
Regular Doing Word (RDW) ¢√úøû√ç.
1. He had to be at station by 8, as his friend
was coming.
(Station ™ Åûª†’ 8 éÀ Öçú≈Lq ´*açC, ¢√∞¡x
friend á´®Ó ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ 鬕öÀd)
2. Santhi had to go to Vijayawada last
Sunday to attend a marriage.
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ¨»çA Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø, °RxéÀ
¢Á∞«}Lq ´*açC.)
3. Vishal had to pay the fees yesterday; he
had no money, so I had to lend him the
amount.
(N¨»™¸ E†o fees îÁLxç-î√Lq ´*açC. ÅûªE ü¿í∫_®Ω
úø•’s-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE ØË-†’ -Å®Ω’-´¤ -É¢√yLq ´*açC.)
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
í∫ûªç™ Éûª-®Ω’© •©-´çûªç´©x-í¬F, E•ç-üµ¿-†©
´©xí¬F ´’†ç àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’/
Öçú≈-Lq†°æ¤púø’ πÿú≈ had to ¢√úøû√ç.
1) Lord Rama had to go to forests to honour
his father's word.
¢√∞¡x-Ø√†o ´÷ô E©-¶„-ôd-ö«-EéÀ X®√-´·úø’
Åúø-´¤©èπ◊ -¢Á∞«x-Lq- ´-*açC.
2) He had to live in the forest for 12 years
°æØÁoç-úË∞¡x ´†-¢√Ææç îËߪ÷Lq ´*açC.
3) He had to pay a fine of Rs. 250/- for driv-
ing the wrong way.
(Åûª†’ wrong direction ™ drive îËÆœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊
250 ®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’© -ï-J-´÷-Ø√ éπö«dLq ´*açC.)
4) Pramila had to submit the application the
day before yesterday. She submitted it
yesterday, so she had to pay a late fee of
Rs. 10/-.
(v°æO’© ¢Á·†oØË application submit
îËߪ÷-LqçC – é¬F E-†o îËÆœçC, Åçü¿’-éπE 10
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ late fee îÁLxç-î√Lq ´*açC.)
´’Sx lesson ¢Á·ü¿öx Ö†o Ææ綵«-≠æù ã≤ƒJ
îª÷úøçúÕ:
Mallesh: We should buy some gift for him.
Hitesh: .... We shouldn't (should not) be late.
Ééπ\úø 'should'Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. ÉC èπÿú≈
have to/ has to èπ◊ î√-™« ü¿í∫_®Ωí¬ Öçô’çC. DEéÀ
'be' form should be = Öçú≈L ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ;
Action word, should + 1st RDW (should go,
should know, should do, etc.) = ¢Á∞ «xL,
ûÁL-ߪ÷L/ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L, îËߪ÷L, etc. Å®√n-©ûÓ)
should á°æ¤púø÷ ´’†ç Öçú≈-Lq† ÆæÈ®j† B®Ω’†’
í∫’-Jç-*, ÆæJí¬ îËߪ÷Lq† °æEE í∫’-Jç-*
ûÁ©’°æ¤ûª’çC.
a) You should be here at 10 everyday.
†’´¤y ®ÓW °æ-Cç-öÀéÀ -Ééπ\-úø -Öç-ú≈-L.
b) He should understand that we are his well
wishers.
´’†ç ÅûªE v¨ÏßÁ÷-Gµ-™«-≠æfl©-´’ØË N≠æߪ’ç Åûª†’
Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L.
c) You should refer to the dictionary when
you are in doubt.
FÍé-üÁjØ√ ÆæçüË£æ«ç Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ Dictionary
îª÷ú≈L. (îª÷úøôç ÆæÈ®j† °æE)
E•ç-üµ¿-†© v°æ鬮Ωç ÆæÈ®j†D, é¬E-D ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’ π◊
πÿú≈ should ¢√úø-´îª’a.
a) You should not drive at more than 20 kmph
along this road.
(Ñ road ™ O’®Ω’ 20 éÀ-™O’-ô®Ωx ¢Ëí¬-Eo -N’ç-*
-†-úø°æ®√-ü¿’.)
(Kmph = KPH = Kilometres per hour)
b) Passengers should be at the airport half
an hour before the flight departure.
(N´÷†ç •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-ö«-EéÀ Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’
v°æߪ÷-ùÀèπ◊©’ airport ™ Öçú≈L.)
flight = N´÷-†-ߪ÷†ç/ °æéÀ~ áí∫-®Ωôç,
Departure = •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç
-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 25 -ï-†-´-J 2006
c) Before you build a house, you should sub-
mit the plan for approval.
(É©’x éπõ‰d ´·çü¿’, ÉçöÀ plan sub-
Ç¢Á÷-ü∆-EéÀ
mit
îËߪ÷L)
´ Should èπ◊ èπÿú≈ past form 'had to' have
ØË,
to/ has to ©èπ◊ ™«í¬. Ñ éÀçC sentences †’
§Ú©açúÕ.
a) The Players should be at the field by 9 AM
field
ûÌN’t-Cç-öÀ-éπ-™«x véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’©’ ™ Öçú≈L.
ÉC present/ future Ŵa.
b) The players had to be at the field by 9 AM.
Players 9 éÀfield ™ Öçú≈Lq ´*açC–
ÉC Past.
´·êu í∫´’-Eéπ: E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, Å´-Ææ-®√-© π◊
have to/
¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, éπçõ‰
has to, should should
have to/ has to á π◊\´ powerful.
You have to do it =
O’JC îËߪ÷L = You
should do it. Ééπ\úø you
have to do it èπ◊, you
should do it éπØ√o force
áèπ◊\´, Åçõ‰ ÉçéÌç-îÁç
M. SURESAN
í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpôç.
Now practise the following in English:
Prema:´’†ç á°æ¤púø’ -•-ߪ’-©’-üË®√-L?
Preethi: ÉçéÓ í∫çô™/ 9 í∫çô-©éπ-™«x ´’†ç airport
™ Öçú≈L. Passport, visa, Éûª®Ω docu-
ments Åçû√ ready í¬ Öç-éÓ-¢√L. ¢√-∞¡Ÿx
-Å-úøí∫ç-í¬ØË îª÷°œç-îª-í∫-©í¬L.
Prema: ´‚úø’ Ø√©’í∫’ ´çü¿-© *©x-®Ω èπÿ-ú≈ Öç-
éÓ-¢√L éπü∆. àüÁjØ√ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ®√´îª’a.
Preethi: Airport entrance ticket é̆’-éÓ\-¢√-©-E O’
friends ûÓ îÁ§ƒpL †’´¤y. ¢√∞¡Ÿx lounge
™ØË èπÿ®Óa-¢√L.
Prema: OK.
Answer:
Prema: When have we to start? / When should
we start?
Preethi: In an hour from now. We have to be at
the airport by 9. We have to have our
passport, visa and other documents
ready. We should be able to show
them when they ask for it.
Prema: We have to have / should have three
hundred to four hundred rupees in
change in case of need.
Preethi: You should tell your friends that they
have to buy the airport entrance ticket.
They have to sit all the time in the
lounge.
Prema: OK.
iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 27 -ï-†-´-J 2006
Vipula: Hi Klupta, what's new?
must
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ¢√úÕ† Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ îª÷úøçúÕ
(àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’?– ÉC É°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ ¢√úø’-éπ- 1) The application must be in the candidate's
™éÀ ´Ææ’h†o °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô) own handwriting = Ææyü¿-Ææ÷h-J™ Öçú≈L
Klupta: O nothing. Just getting on.
2) No column must be blank =
(àç ™‰´¤. àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC) ë«Sí¬ Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’.
Vipula: Is your application for the job ready?
3) We must write = ´’†ç ®√ߪ÷L.
(job èπ◊ °æ秃-Lq† Application Æœü¿l¥ç 4) You must enclose = ïûª-°æ-®√aL.
î˨»¢√?/ ready í¬ Öçü∆?) 5) must reach = îË®√L.
Klupta: What's the hurry, Vipula? We have
´’†™ î√-™« ´’çCéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ – must Åçõ‰
plenty of time, haven't we?
ûª°æpEÆæJÅE. Police Officer: Even if the Governor comes,
(àçöÀ ûÌçü¿®Ω? é¬-¢√-Lq-†çûª time ÖçC, Karthik: ´’†ç lab ™ 9 éπ™«x Öçú≈L. àN’öÀ
Must be - be form = Öçú≈L; you must close shop by 10.30.
éπü∆?Plenty of =î√™«) Ç©Ææuç? úø•’s ready í¬ØË ÖçC-éπü∆?
Must + 1st RDW - Action word (Must go, must Don't forget.
Vipula: What are you talking? Only four days Sravan: Éçöx á´-®Ω÷-™‰®Ω’. ´÷ Å´’t ´îËa-ü∆é¬
write, etc,) = etc.)
¢Á∞«xL, ®√ߪ÷L, É°æ¤púø’ Ñ *†o game practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
are left, you know. You must hurry.
éÀçü¿öÀ Lesson have to/ has to, should
™ èπ◊ Çí¬L ؈’. ûª†’ ´îËaü∆é¬ Öçúø-´’E ´’K Infinitive les-
Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆– Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’
(àçöÀ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Ééπ Ø√©’í∫’ must èπÿ î√-™« ü¿í∫_®Ω Ææç•çüµ¿ç ÖçC – Å®Ωnç™, í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°œpçC. sons ™ N´-Jçî√ç– to + Ist Regular Doing
®ÓV™‰í¬ ÖçC?ûªy®Ω-°æ-ú≈L) must
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™. °j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ N°æ¤© †’ Karthik: ´’-†ç 9 éπ™«x lab ™ Öçú≈L, éπ*a-ûªçí¬. Word. eg: to go, to come, to know, etc, OöÀE
left = N’T-LçC
(must
E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, Åçõ‰ ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬ Öçú≈-Lq-†O ؈’ ¢Á∞¡xØ√? ´‚úø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç.
Klupta: Dad's going to fill it in tonight and it will Sravan: Åçûª -éπç-í¬-È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? °æéπ\ØË ÖØ√oúø’í¬ 1) ¢Á∞¡xôç, ®√´ôç, ûÁ-L-ߪ’ôç/ ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, ÅØË
be) / (must + 1st RDW)
îËߪ÷-Lq-†O ¢√úøôç
be ready by tomorrow afternoon. ÅPyE. ¢√úÕ bike O’ü¿ ¢Á∞«lç. Å®ΩnçûÓ.
í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. éÀçCN èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.
(´÷ Ø√†o É¢√∞¡ ®√vA application °æ‹Jh b) To go now will be the right thing
a) Voters must show their ID cards to the polling
ready
îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Í®°æ¤ ´’üµ∆u-£æ…o-E-éπ™«x í¬ police officer: time ? É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡xôç ÆæÈ®jç-Cí¬ Öçô’çC.
Officers = É°æ¤púø’ áçûª
Öçô’çC.) Shopkeeper: 10.30 2) ¢Á∞«x-©E, ®√¢√-©E, ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©E ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ
Voters polling officers cards
èπ◊ ûª´’ í∫’Jhç°æ¤ ü∆öÀçC.
Police officer: 10.30 shop I want to go = ¢Á∞«x-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.
(ID cards = Identity cards) îª÷§ƒL. (E•ç-üµ¿†) éπ™«x ´‚ÂÆ-ߪ÷u-©E
3) ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ, ®√´-ö«-EéÀ, ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ
b) Students must get their own geometry box to -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü∆? ´‚ÂÆ-ߪ÷u-L- O’-J-°æ¤púø’.
a) He is getting ready to go
the exam = Shopkeeper: •ßª’ô showcase ÖçC. ü∆Eo
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
°æK-éπ~èπ◊ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ ¢√∞¡x ≤Òçûª ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’
103 Geometry box ûÁa-éÓ-¢√L. (E•ç-üµ¿†) -™°æ©Â°ö«dL. she is going out to buy a book
°æ¤Ææhéπç é̆-ö«-EéÀ ¢Á∞hçC.
game. É™«çöÀ infinitives Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç*
É°æ¤púø’

You must finish the work

sentences form îËߪ’ôç – áEo îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË ÅEo,
áEo varieties Å®·ûË ÅEo – statements &
questions, negative sentences (no/ not/
never dialogue form
ûÓ, O©-®·ûË ™.
eg:
Varun: When will you 1) She wants to sing §ƒú≈-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-öçC
Vipula: Klupta, don't talk like a child. Don't you Police officer:
؈’ ´’Sx O’ shop 10.30 ûª®√yûª 2) To smoke is not good for health.
be back,
know that the application must be in the ( smoke îËߪ’ôç Ç®Ó-í¬u-EéÀ ´’ç*Cé¬ü¿’)
Kuber? ûÁ®Ω* Öçúøôç îª÷úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’,
candidate's own hand writing? It must ûÁL-Æœçü∆? 3) She has came to borrow a book from me
(èπ◊¶‰®˝, á°æ¤púø’
be complete in with all particulars. No Shopkeeper: ÉçéÓ police officer à¢Ó- éÌ-†-ú≈-EéÀ
(Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ´*açC)
AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh¢˛?) 4) Where do you want to go now?
column must be blank. If a column does
Kuber: Only after 5. Till ´î√a®Ω’. ÅC é̆ôç °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’u-ü∆é¬
not apply to us, we must write in it, shop ûÁJ-* -Öç-îª-´’E Çïc Éî√a®Ω’,
É°æ¤púø’ áéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?
then I must be 5) Vasanth: Which college do you want to
Does not apply / Not applicable' No
at office. I must M. SURESAN sir.
join?
dashes either. Police officer: Governor
close the accounts before I leave office. ´*aØ√ ®√vA 10.30èπ◊ Hemanth: I have come to consult you.
(*†o-°œ-©x™« ´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊. O’ Ø√†o fill shop
office
(5 í∫çô© ûª®√yûË. Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ™ØË éπõ„d-ߪ÷uL. ´’Ja-§Úèπ◊. Vasanth: To join our college will be the
îËߪ’ôç (Eç°æôç) àN’öÀ? Application
Öçú≈L. Office accounts
´C-™‰-´·çü¿’, Answers: best.
ŶµºuJn Ææyü¿-Ææ÷h-JûÓ Öçú≈L. ÅEo N´-®√-©ûÓ close Hemanth: But to join your college will be
°æ‹Jhí¬ Öçú≈L. à column èπÿú≈ ë«Sí¬
èπÿú≈ îËߪ÷L) a) Karthik: Are you ready? Shall we start?
kuber, must duties expensive, won't it?
Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. ´’†èπ◊ ´Jhç-îªE column
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ †’ ûª† Sravan: Wait I must pay the fees today. Let me
(office É™«ç-öÀN Ñ game practice ™ îËߪ’çúÕ.
àüÁj-Ø√ Öçõ‰ Does not apply/ Not appli-
îÁÊ°pç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ éπü∆? ™ Öçú≈- get the money.
Karthik: Why can't you pay tomorrow?
-v°æ-¨¡o:
Lq† Æ洒ߪ’ç, îËߪ÷-Lq† °æ†’©’ – É™«çöÀ Nüµ¿’©’/
cable ÅE ®√ߪ÷L. Dash ©’ ™«çöÀN
duties) ÉN must èπ◊ -Ö†o È®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç – Sravan: From tomorrow, we must pay a fine of
èπÿú≈ Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’.) Must expresses duties.
Candidate (é¬uEf-úÁ-ß˝’ö¸ – é¬u, bank ™ b ™«í¬ Rs.10/- per day. †’-´¤y -´’®Ω-*-§Ú-û√-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†-E í∫’®Ω’h -îË-¨»-†’.
Udaya: May I go now Madam? 'Lest you should forget that I have
é¬u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) = ŶµºuJn particulars (°æöÀ-
(¢Á-∞Ôx-î√açúŒ?) Karthik: We must be at the lab by 9. What's the
Sandhya: No. You must stay here for another reminded you' Ñ ¢√éπuç ÆæÈ®j-†-
èπ◊u-©ñ¸ öÀ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç, r silent, *´J ñ¸, delay? You have the money.
hour; understand? You must finish Lest
üËØ√? ´ÊÆ h should ®√¢√-L -éπü∆?
size ™ z ™«í∫) = N´-®√©’. blank = -ë«-S. Sravan: No one is at home. I must/ have to wait
the work I have given you and then i) ¢√úÕûÓ Øˆ’ îÁ§ƒpE îÁ°æ¤p Fèπ◊ Ç °æE-îËÆ œ °úø-û√úø’.-
Does not apply/ Not applicable = ´Jhç-îªü¿’. till mother comes back. She has told
only leave. ii) †’´¤y Å™« ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-´E Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüË ûÁ©’Ææ’.
No... either = 'no' -ûÓ é¬F, not ûÓ é¬F also me that I must wait till she is back.
-O-öÀ-E ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?
¢√úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’, No/ not either
(™‰ü¿’. ÉçéÓ í∫çô Öçú≈L †’Ny-éπ\úø. Karthik: We must be at the lab at 9. Shall I go?
iii) old boy Åçõ‰ close friend ÅØË Å®Ωnç éπÈ®-ÍédØ√?
Åçö«ç. Column = 鬩ç = Application ™
ØËE-*a† °æE °æ‹JhîËÆœ† ûª®√yûË ¢Á∞«xL Sravan: Why are you so worried? Aswini is – ®√ñ¸- π◊-´÷®˝, ü¿Jz
ÅúÕÍí Å稻©’ – Åçü¿’èπ◊ ´’†ç ®√ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ
†’´¤y. -ûÁ-LÆœçü∆?)
Ééπ\úø Sandhya ´÷ô©Fo commands/ orders
here. We can go on his bike. -ï-¢√-•’: 1. †’´¤y ´’Ja-§Ú-û√-¢Ë¢Á÷†E í∫’®Ω’h î˨»†’ –
ÖüËl-Pç-*† ë«S Ææn©ç) b) Police officer: What is the time now? DEéÀ correct English - I have reminded you
= Çïc©’. Åçõ‰ ÇïcL-´y-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ must Shopkeeper: Past 10.30 lest you (should) forget.
Klupta: I don't know how to fill in properly.
¢√úøû√ç. Police officer: Don't you know that you must 'That I have reminded you; ûª°æ¤p
(´’J- Ø√èπ◊ ÆæJí¬ Eç°æôç ®√ü¿’. É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o must uses: 2. Start early lest you should be late
Properly = v§ƒ°æ-L = ÆæJí¬_) close shop by 10.30? you must
1) Rules (E•ç-üµ¿-†-©èπ◊) 2) duties (Nüµ¿’-©èπ◊) close it now. Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ûªy®Ωí¬ •ßª’-™‰l®Ω’.
Vipula: Take your dad's help. Remember too
3) commands/ orders (Çïc-©èπ◊) Shopkeeper: The showcase is outside. I 3. He carried an umbrella lest he (should) get
that you must enclose all the certifi- drenched
Now practice the following in English: must keep it in.
cates. The application must reach the ûªúÕ-Æœ-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ íÌúø’í∫’ BÂÆ\-∞«xúø’.
office on or before the 31st January. a) Police officer: I must not see the shop open
No 1, No 3 sentences ™ should omit îËߪ’-´îª’a.
fill certifi- Karthik: †’´¤y ready Ø√? •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ü∆´÷? after 10.30 again; understand?
(O’ Ø√†o ≤ƒßª’çûÓ îÁß˝’. ÅEo No. 2 ™ èπÿú≈ should lest you be late
BÊÆÆœ,
cates Application, office
ïûª-°æ-®√aL. Ç èπ◊, Sravan: é¬Ææh Çí∫’. ؈’ Ñ®Ó-V °∂‘V-éπ-ö«dL. Shopkeeper: Some other Police Officer came ņ-´îª’a. Lest = so that not.
31 st Jan ™‰ü∆ Åç-ûªèπ◊´·çü¿’í¬-F îË®√L. Åçü¿’-éπE úø•’s ûÁa-èπ◊ç-ö«†’. here to buy something. He i) Tell him it is from me. He will do it.
Certificate - ÆæöÀ-°∂œ-Èé-ß˝’ö¸ – Èé ØÌéÀ\ Karthik: Í®°æ¤ éπôd-èπÿ-úøü¿÷? ordered me to keep the shop (It is from me = ؈’ îÁ§ƒp-†E îÁ°æ¤p)
°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) Sravan: Í®°æöÀ†’ç* ®ÓVèπ◊ Rs 10/- ïJ-´÷† éπö«dLq open until his purchases are ii) I knew that you would think so.
complete, sir. iii) Close friend old boy
†’, correct,
ņôç
Klupta: I must hurry up. (Å®·ûË Øˆ’ ûªy®Ω°æ-ú≈L) Öçô’çC.
(Purchases = é̆’-íÓ©’) Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
iII
Subodh: Pramod, we must travel by some
morning train to avoid hot sun. So
let's have our tickets booked by an
early morning train.
(´’†ç Öü¿-ߪ’ç-°æ‹ô train ™ ¢Á∞«xL, áçúø
ûªí∫-©-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Åçü¿’-éπE ´’†ç
§Òü¿’l-†-°æ‹ô train èπ◊ tickets book îË®·ç-
-èπ◊çü∆ç.)
Pramod: And as it's going to be a long journey,
we must carry enough cash with us
as well. We must be careful about
spending too, not at every place can
we find an ATM of our bank.
(î√™« ü¿÷®Ω v°æߪ÷ùç 鬕öÀd ûªT-†çûª
úø•’s èπÿú≈ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞«xL. ÅC èπÿú≈ ñ«ví∫-
ûªhí¬ ê®Ω’a °ö«dL. ÅEo-îÓö«x ´’† bank
ATM Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a)
(ATM = Automatic Teller Machine - Bank
card ûÓ úø•’s §Òçü¿-í∫© à®√pô’)
Subodh: We must carry food too. The food on
the train is very expensive and not at
all good.
(´’†ç A†-ú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈ à¢Á’iØ√ BÆæ’Èé-∞«xL.
Train ™ ǣ慮Ωç êKüË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¶«í∫’ç-
úøü¿’ èπÿú≈)
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ must ûÓ ´*a† expressions
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 29 -ï-†-´-J 2006
b) We must carry enough cash.
î√L-†çûªcash BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞«xL ´’†ç, (™‰èπ◊çõ‰
É•sçC °æúøû√ç)
c) If I want to avoid the queue, I must be
there atleast by 8.
(Q ™ E©-´-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, ؈-éπ\úø 8
éπ™«x Öçú≈L)
d) I must check up with him and see that
every thing is ready.
(ÅFo Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖØ√oßÁ÷ ™‰üÓ ¢√úÕûÓ ´÷ö«xúÕ
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L)
°j ¢√é¬u-©-Eoçöx èπÿú≈ must, necessity (Å´-Ææ- 鬕öÀd have to/ has to expresses command, á°æ¤púø÷ î√™« †í∫-©ûÓ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hç-ü∆¢Á’. ¶«í¬
®√Eo – Åçõ‰ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© v§Úü¿s©ç´©x ´’†èπ◊ 鬴-©- duty, necessity, etc., more powerfully than Ö†o ¢√∞Îkx Öçú≈L.
Æœ† N≠æ-ߪ÷©-†’, ´’†ç îËߪ’-´-©-Æœ-†N) ûÁ©’-°æ¤- should. 2) I see prasanth's name on the book.
It should be his.
ûª’çC. Must Ñ ´‚úÕçöx ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ í∫öÀdí¬
´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC: îÁ°æ¤hçC, commands é¬F, duty é¬F, necessity -Ç •’é˙ O’ü¿ v°æ¨»çû˝ Ê°®Ω’çC. ÅC Åûª-EüÁj
Have to/ has to, should, must- Öçú≈L.
Ñ ´‚úø’ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬™x î√™« ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ é¬F, rules é¬F. practice the following in English
'Must' is stronger than have to/ has to or
ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. Kesav:
èπ◊´÷-®˝E ¢ÁçôØË Øˆ’ éπ©-¢√L. ÅûªúÕûÓ
Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀF èπÿú≈ ´’†ç, Rules, duty, com- should.
´÷ö«x-ú≈-Lq† ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç äéπ-ô’çC.
mands, necessity ©†’ express îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ I should go-
Gangadhar: Éçöx Öçú≈L°æ¤púø-ûª†’ ´’J. Å®Ω-í∫çô
¢√úøû√ç. ؈’ ¢Á∞«xL; éÀçü¿õ‰ ؈’ phone îËÊÆh îÁ§ƒpúø’
DØËo ÉçéÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰– I have to go- ûªØÁ-éπ\-úÕéà ¢Á∞¡xôç ™‰ü¿E
Éçé¬ í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰– I must go. Kesav: Å®·ûË Øˆ’ ¢ÁçôØË ¢Á∞«xL. †’´‹y ´≤ƒh¢√?
Gangadhar: ´÷ ÇNúø ûª††’ áéπ\-úÕéÓ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x-
ÉO should, have to/ has to, must èπ◊ ÖçúË
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
104 ûËú≈©’. ´’çC. ØË¢Á-∞«xL ¢ÁçôØË. ÇNúø Ø√éÓÆæç
wait îËÆæ÷h Öçô’çC ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈.

We must be careful
îª÷ü∆lç.
Must travel, must carry, must be careful.
-É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o must Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’.
1) Must expresses rules. (E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-
ûª’çC)
Candidates must report for the interview at
9 AM on 2nd Feb 2006. Å®·ûË should
Oô-Eoç-öÀ™ mild (ûªèπ◊\´ force). For commands, duties, necessity and Kesav:
Å®·ûË ¢ÁçôØË
(2nd Feb 2006 ®ÓV Ŷµºu-®Ω’n-©’ interview èπ◊ should ´·êuçí¬ àC îËÊÆh ÆæJ, àC é¬ü¿’ ņ-ö«- rules. ¢Á∞¡Ÿx. ¶µ«®Ωu© N≠æ-
must
£æ…ï®Ω’ 鬢√L) EéÀ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç. have to/ has to ߪ÷™x ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬
2) Must expresses commands (Çïc-L-´y-ö«-EéÀ a) You should be punctual should stronger strongest Öçú≈L ´’†ç.
must ¢√úøû√ç) (†’´¤ypunctual í¬ Öçú≈L– Öçúøôç ´’ç*C). least than form Gangadhar: †’´¤y ņ’-¶µº-
You must not do it again. b) He should not talk like that strong should ´çûÓ
Commands, rules
(´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: ™«çöÀN îÁ•’ûª’-ç-ú≈-L
áçûª ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úÕûË Åçûª Kesav: Ok. Ok. ؈’ M. SURESAN
(O’JC ´’Sx îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’) (Åûª-†™« ´÷ö«x-úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’– Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø-èπ◊çú≈
3) Must expresses duty. Öçõ‰ ´’ç*C) must
îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ
I must be at office until 5. should éπØ√o, have to/ has to, force áèπ◊\´. ´’ç*C. Must ´’K í∫öÀdí¬ Çñ«c-°œç-îªôç, ´’çü¿-Lç- ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o.
(âCçöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ؈’ office ™ Öçú≈L) éÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ command É´y-ö«-EéÀ, Nüµ∆-ߪ’éπç îªôç Å´¤-ûª’çC. ÅC ´’†ç àüÓ ´’† ÇCµ-éπu-ûª†’, Answer:
´’Sx °j Ææ綵«-≠æù îªCN must Ö†o expressions ÅE îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÃ, E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ éÌçîÁç force ûÓ ûÁ©-°æ- ÅCµ-é¬-®√Eo îª÷°œç--èπ◊-†oô’d Å´¤-ûª’çC. ≤ƒ´÷- Kesav: I must / have to meet kumar urgently.
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ö«-EéÀ have to/ has to ¢√úøû√ç. †uçí¬ Çñ«c-°œç-îªôç, E•ç-üµ¿-†©’ ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω-îªôç There is an important matter I have to
a) We must carry enough cash. a) I have to take my sister to the hospital Å®·ûË shall, should ©ûÓ ÇT-§Ú-´ôç good talk to him about./ I have to talk to him
(more powerful manners. Must, manners ûÁL-Æ œ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx Çïc-©èπ◊
î√L-†çûª cash BÆæ’Èé-∞«xL ´’†ç BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞«xL. î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç about something important.
b) We must travel by some morning train. than, 'I should take')... î√--™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Duty, necessity ûÁ©-°æ- Gangadhar: He must be at home now. A short-
´’†ç §Òü¿’l† train ™ ¢Á∞«xL. b) He has to do whatever I want him to do ö«-EéÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a). while ago I called him and he told
Should, must-
c) We must be careful. ØËØËC ¢√úÕo îÁߪ’u-´’ç--ö«ØÓ ¢√úøC îÁߪ÷u-LqçüË. me he wouldn't be going any-
´’†ç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L. c) They have to finish the work by the -Ñ È®ç-úÕ-ç-öÀ-F ´’†ç éπ*aûªç ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo where.
°j ´‚úø’ ¢√é¬u™x must, necessity (Å´-Ææ-®√Eo) evening ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. Åçõ‰ ÉN perhaps Kesav: Then I must rush. Are you coming with
ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC éπü∆? Åçõ‰ ´’†ç É•sçC °æúø-èπ◊çú≈, (≤ƒßª’ç-vû√-E-éπ™«x ¢√-∞«} °æE °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ÷-LqçüË). (•£æ›-¨¡) èπ◊ opposite. me?
b), c) ™ should ¢√úø-´îª’a have to/ has to èπ◊ Pramod: Any idea where Praful is?
´’†èπ◊ îÁúø’ ï®Ω-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ ´’† Å´-Ææ-®√Eo ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Gangadhar: My wife wanted me to take her
must ¢√úøû√ç. •ü¿’©’. Å®·ûË have to/ has to Åçûª force (v°æ°∂椙¸ áéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ à¢Á’iØ√ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) somewhere. I must go home at
Manoj: He must be at home. He is expecting
a) We must hurry or we'll miss the beginning ®√ü¿’. once, she must be waiting for me.
d) He has made mistakes and has to face the some guests.
of the movie. Kesav: Then go. We must be careful about
consequences. (ÉçöxØË Öçú≈L ´’J. á´®Ó guests
´’†ç ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ movie begin- things connected with them.
éÓÆæç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’) Gangadhar: You must be speaking from expe-
ning miss Å´¤û√ç.
(ûª°æ¤p©’ î˨»úø’ 鬕öÀd °∂æLûªç ņ’-¶µº-Nç-î√-LqçüË).
Pramod: Who are the guests? (á´®Ω’ guests?)
rience.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Learn èπ◊ past ®Ω÷§ƒ©’ È®çúø’ learned, learnt ÅE ÖØ√o®·. Å™«Íí past
Manoj: His cousins from the states on a short
Kesav: Ok. Ok. I'm going.
visit to India.
participles èπÿú≈. Å®·ûË she learnt english ÅØ√™«? She learned eng- Ñ≤ƒJ Ñ game practice îËߪ’çúÕ. éÀçü¿öÀ≤ƒJ
cousins - India
(Å¢Á’-J-鬙 Ö†o -ÅûªE èπ◊
lish ÅØ√™«?
É*a† game ™ infinitive practice î˨»-®Ω’-í∫ü∆.
-´î√a®Ω’. éÌCl ®ÓV--©’ç-ö«®Ω’) Ñ≤ƒJ sentence ™ verb èπ◊, infinitive èπÿ ´’üµ¿u
Å™«Íí passive voice ™ English was learned ņ-´î√a? English was Pramod: That should keep him busy for anoth-
me, us, you, him, her, it, them °öÀd practice
learnt ÅØË ÅØ√™«? Å™«Íí burnt, burned, dreamt, dreamed © í∫’-Jç-< er two days then.
N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’. îËߪ’çúÕ.
(Åçü¿’-´©x Åûªúø’ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV©’ eg: a) I want you to go;
– á. éπ%≠æg-U-û√-®Ω’b†, Eúø-ü¿-¢Ó©’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ busy í¬ Öçö«úø’) b) She wants him to sing
-ï-¢√-•’: Learned, learnt- past tense éπ®·Ø√, past participle éπ®·Ø√ OöÀ È®çúÕöx Ééπ\úø
busy-
must be at home, should keep him
É´Fo èπÿú≈ ´’†ç éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-C/
c) What do you want me to do?
àüÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a – ÅFo äéπõ‰, passive ™ èπÿú≈. ÅüË Nüµ¿çí¬, burned, d) Dad doesn't want me to waste time.
burnt, dreamt, dreamed N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ àüÁjØ√, à voice ™ØÁjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
-Öç-ô’çC ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊. ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ ņ’-èπ◊ØË É™«ç-öÀN practice îËÆœ áEo sentences
Å®·ûË learned E ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ† (àüÁjØ√ subject) ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤úø’, N≠æ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ must, should ¢√úøû√ç. îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ.
1) See her always with a lot of jewellry on.
learned (pronunciation - ™„Eú˛ – ™„ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç.
She must be quite rich.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 31 -ï-†-´-J 2006
Sravan: Hi Pavan, how was the movie yester- One of all time greats: All time great -
day? Ñ ´÷ô á°æ¤púø÷ íÌ°æp-¢√-∞¡Ÿx-í¬ / -íÌ-°æp-Ní¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îË-
( movie
E†o ᙫ ÖçC?) ¢√∞¡Ÿx/ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îËN ÅE Å®Ωnç.
Pavan: Not very good, but not so bad either. a) Sankarabharanam is an all time great.
(Åçûª ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’, Åçûª îÁúø’í¬ ™‰ü¿’) b) Tendulkar is an all time great.
Sravan: (Do) you suggest that I see it? ÅD all time great meaning and use.
suggest =
(îª÷úø-´’ç-ö«¢√? Ææ÷*ç-îªôç) Was showing: hall
*vûªç -äéπ ™ -Çúø’-ûª÷çC
Pavan: I leave it to you. (í∫ûªç™)
leave it to you =
(ÅC F É≠ædç FéÌ-C-™‰- Kranthi: The movie is excellent. You must
Ææ’hØ√o. F É≠ædç) see
Sravan: The other day, I happened to watch it. I feel like seeing it a second time.
best sequence in the movie . Answers:
an old English movie. 'The ten com- Prasanth: Where is it showing?
(Ç *vûªç™ ÅC Öûªh´’ ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç) Sruthi: Hi Laya, weren't you (were you not) at
mandments' on the TV. A real good (ÅC áéπ\úø Çúø’-ûÓçC?) b) Most of the shots in the movie were shot in home yesterday?
movie - one of the all time greats. Kranthi: It is showing in Chitramahal.
Kashmir Laya: No, I went to a movie. I had not going
TV
(¢Á·ØÁo-°æ¤púÓ äéπ ®ÓV† ™ §ƒûª (ÅC *vûª-´’-£æ«-™¸™ Çúø’-ûÓçC) (
Ç *vûªç™ î√-™« ÆæEo-¢Ë-¨»©’ é¬Qt-®˝™ B¨»®Ω’ better to do. (I went to a movie, having
English movie, 'The ten command- *vûªç -äéπ theatre showing
™ Çúøôç = ✓ Role= -§ƒ--vûª= part. - nothing better to do.)
ments movie.
îª÷¨»†’. Eïçí¬ íÌ°æp - Last week it was showing in Chitradarsini. I
a) SV Rangarao could act any role with ease Sruthi: Which movie, and where is it showing?
á°æp-öÀéà íÌ°æp¢Ë ņ’-èπ◊ØË ¢√öÀ™x -Å-üÌéπöÀ. don't know where it is showing now. Some
(SV ®Ωçí¬-®√´¤ à §ƒvûª-ØÁjØ√ Ææ’Ø√-ߪ÷-Ææçí¬ Laya: Premaku Kallu Levu. At Chitrajyothi.
(All time great - á°æ¤púø÷ íÌ°æp) other movie is showing in Chitradarsini.
(with ease) †öÀçîª-LÍí-¢√úø’) Sruthi: Was it good?
Pavan: Why didn't you tell me? (í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç ÅC *vûª-ü¿-Jz-E™ Ç-úÕç-C.É°æ¤úø’ áéπ\úø b) His is the most important role in the movie Laya: My God! What a bore (it was)!
(Ø√Èéç-ü¿’èπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’?) Çúø’-ûª’çüÓ ûÁMü¿’. *vûª-ü¿-Jz-E™ ÉçÍéüÓ movie (
Ç *vûªç™ Åûª-EC ÅA ´·êu-¢Á’i† §ƒvûª)
Sravan: I didn't know myself that it was show- Çúø’-ûÓç-C-°æ¤púø’) Sruthi: Who were the actors? \ What was the
act a role = do a role = take on a role
ing. I just turned on HBO channel and cast?
(
äé𠧃vûª™ †öÀç-îªôç)
there it was. Laya: The movie featured a big cast./ The
a) Nageswara Rao acted the role of Narada in
HBO
(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’ ÅC -´-≤Úhç-ü¿-E Ü-JÍé actors were all great./ The cast includ-
Bhukailas \ Nageswara Rao did the role of
channel movie
A§ƒp†’. Ñ éπE-°œç-*çC) ed all great actors.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
Narada .
Pavan: Was it very good? Sruthi: How did they act?/ How did they do?/
105 (Ø√Íí-¨¡y-®Ω-®√´¤ Ø√®Ωü¿’úÕ §ƒvûª ¢Ë¨»®Ω’)
(î√™« ¶«í∫’çü∆?) How did they perform?/ How was their
Sravan: You can say that again and again.

Tendulkar is an all time great

(´’Sx-´’Sx -îÁ§Òpa. Ç ´÷ô.)
It ran to packed houses for weeks
together those days
Houseful
(Ç ®ÓV™x ¢√®√© ûª®Ω-•úÕ í¬
†úÕ-*çC)
Pavan: Who were the cast?
(û√®Ω-™„-´®Ω’?) b) He acted the role well performance?
Sravan: The movie features Charlton Heston Ran to packed houses: Houseful í¬ ÇúÕçC. (
Ç §ƒvûª™ Çߪ’† ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’) Laya: They couldn't
as Moses and Yul Brynner as the Packed house = houseful
✓ Live a role =
§ƒvûª ™  @Nç- î ª ô ç act well./They
Pharaoh. Run to packed houses = houseful í¬ †úø-´úøç. ✓ Do justice to a role = didn't do well.
✓ movie
(Moses Charlton Heston, Pharaoh
í¬ run
Çúø-ö«Eo ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«ç. §ƒvûª è π ◊ Ø√uߪ ’ ç îË è π ÿ - ® Ω a ôç
✓ Comic role = Sruthi: So I need not
✓
Yul Brynner
í¬ Moses-
†öÀç-î√®Ω’. - Çmovie É°æpöÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ 4 ¢√®√©’ ÇúÕçC. £æ … Ææ u §ƒvûª ,
✓ Tragic role =
ü¿’”ê-§ƒvûª see it.
Pharaoh - Egyptian- The movie has run for the past four weeks.
Ñ≤ƒJ Ñ game ÇúøçúÕ. M. SURESAN
¢Á÷ñ‰Æˇ; §∂ƒ®Ó îªvéπ- ✓ Perform =
✓ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ 100 ®ÓV©’ Çúø’-ûª’çC =
´Jh) E®Ωy£œ«ç-îª-úøç
✓ He performed well =
Çߪ’† ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’. I know what to do.
Pavan: Any special feature of it? It will certainly run for a hundred days.
His performance as Sri Rama deserves all
movie
(Ç ™ àçöÀ -v°æ-ûËuéπ-ûª?) ✓ movie Åçü¿Ko Çéπ-J{ç-îË-ü¿-®·ûË– (ØËØËç îËߪ÷™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’) Ééπ\úø O’®Ω’ îËߪ÷-Lqç-
praise.
Sravan: The cleavage of the sea. It's a grand It's a big draw. ü¿ ™«x ÉüË †´‚-Ø√™ O’®Ω’ îÁ°æp-í∫-L_-†Eo sentences
shot. I have yet to see such a shot in a) This movie will be a big draw
(X®√-´·-úÕí¬ Çߪ’† †ô† ¢Á’a-éÓ-ûª-í∫_C.) æp-í∫-©_úøç. Variety èπÿú≈ Öçú≈L. Åçõ‰, no ûÓ†÷,
✓ (Deserve = Å®Ω|ûª éπLT Öçúøôç.
îÁ °
any movie. It looked as though the sea (Ñ movie Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æ-ú≈h®Ω’/ ÅC Åçü¿Ko questions, dialogue form èπÿú≈ ®√¢√L. Å®Ωnç cor-
He deserves an award
really parted by a path. That's the high- Çéπ-J{-Ææ’hçC.) rect í¬ Öçú≈L.
(Çߪ’† •£æ›-´’-AéÀ Å®Ω’|úø’)
light of the movie. (It will run to packed houses) eg: a) Hema forgot how to open the box
✓ Comedy = Ææ’ë«ç-ûª-¢Á’i-†/-£æ…-Ææu-v°æ-üµ∆-†-¢Á’i-† éπü∑¿
(Ææ´·vü¿ç <©ôç – Å™«çöÀShot †’ ؈’ b) *vûªç™ àüÁjØ√ ã ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç î√-™« -íÌ-°æp-ü¿-®·ûË, ÅC (box ᙫ ûÁ®Ω-¢√™ Ê£«´’ ´’Ja-§Ú-®·çC)
èπÿú≈ big draw ØË. /movie / Ø√ôéπç
Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ à ÆœE-´÷-™†÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’. ✓ Tragedy = ü¿’”ë«ç-ûª-¢Á’i† Ø√ô-éπç/-*-vûªç/-éπü∑¿ b) She did not know where to sit
Eïç-í¬ØË Ææ´·vü¿ç È®çúø’-§ƒ--ߪ’© ´’üµ¿u The chariot race in Benhur is a big draw
a) Missamma is a comedy (áéπ\úø èπÿ®Óa-¢√™ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ûÁM-™‰ü¿’)
ü∆Í®-®ΩpúÕ†ô’d îª÷°œç-î√®Ω’. Ç movie-™ - (Benhur ™ ®Ωü∑∆© °æçüÁç ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç ´·êu Çéπ-®Ω{ù.)
b) Devadasu is a tragedy c) Do you know when to start?
v°æ-üµ∆-† Çéπ-®Ω{ù ÅüË.) ✓ Movie™ ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç = sequence (Æ‘ÈéyØ˛q) Big
Comic role = £æ…Ææu §ƒvûª; (á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
Pavan: can we get a CD of it?
CD
(ü∆E üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çü∆?)
draw, high light ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äÍé Å®Ωnç éπ©-N = ´·êu-
Ç-éπ-®Ω{ù. Tragic role = ü¿’”ê-°æ‹-J- §ƒvûª Ñ sentence pattern í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:
a) Brahmanandam is known for his comic roles Sub. ûª®√yûª verb, Ç ûª®√yûª 'Wh' Word, Ç ûª®√yûª
Sravan: Definitely (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈) ✓ caste = û√®√-í∫ùç, movie /drama™.
(£æ…Ææu-§ƒ-vûª-©èπ◊ -v•£æ…t-†ç-ü¿ç v°æÆ œ-Cl¥-§Òç-ü∆úø’) infinitive éπü∆. Ñ dialogue èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.
Ñ Ææ綵«≠æù©çû√ ÆœE´÷ í∫’JçîË éπü∆. Ñ a) 'Danaveera Sura karna' casts Rama Rao in
b) Some artists are suitable for tragic roles Prem: Do you remember when to start?
lesson™ movie èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† vocabulary the roles of Duryodhana, Krishna and Karna.
(éÌçü¿®Ω’ †ô’©’ ü¿’”ê-§ƒ-vûª©’ ¶«í¬ îË≤ƒh®Ω’.) (á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™ ñ«c°æéπç Öçü∆?)
(°æü¿-ñ«©ç) ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷ ? -´·ç-ü¿’ -Ñ ´÷ô©’ (ü∆†-O-®Ω-¨¡⁄-®Ω-éπ-®Ωg™ ®√´÷-®√´¤ -ü¿’®Óu-üµ¿-†, éπ%-≠æ-g, éπ®Ω’g- comedian
îª÷úøçúÕ; movie, TVéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N. úÕí¬ ´‚úø’ §ƒvûª-™x †öÀç-î√úø’) £æ…Ææu-†-ô’úø’ = Syam: I do, but you did not tell me where to go.
1. Movie 2. Watch a movie on the TV b) He is cast as a villain in the movie
(éπO’-úÕ-ߪ’-Ø˛–'-O’—-ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç (ûÁ©’Ææ’. é¬F áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«x™ †’´¤y îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.)
Relangi was a great comedian É™« Ñ game practice îËÆœ áEo sentences ®√ߪ’-
3. One of all time greats 4. Was showing ( movie
Ç villain
™ ÅûªEC (N©Ø˛) §ƒvûª) comedienne
£æ…Ææu-†öÀ = (éπN’-úŒ-ߪ’Ø˛),
5. turned on 6. ran to packed houses c) The cast of the movie has chitrakumar as í∫-©®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ.
7. cast 8. featured 9. shot 10. highlight hero and chitrasri as the heroine
úŒ, O’ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©-é¬L.
´÷´‚-©’í¬ îª©-†-*vûªç -Åç-õ‰ English movie.
™ (Ç *vûªç-™ -*-vûªèπ◊-´÷®˝ £‘«®Óí¬, -*-vûª-vQ -£‘«®Ó®·-Ø˛í¬ Practice the following in English. -v°æ-¨¡o-: éπÈ®-Fq -ØÓ-ôx-O’-ü¿ -
'I PROMiSE
Cinema Åçõ‰ English ™ cinema hall, hall
Ç ™ -†-öÀç-î√®Ω’) Sruthi: Hi Laya, †’´¤y E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Éçöx TO PAY THE BEARER THE
ÇúË *vûªç é¬ü¿’. The cinema Åçõ‰ -†-*vûª°æJ- d) Feature ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅüË. ™‰¢√? SUM OF TWENTY RUPEES' -
English film a) The movie, Ninnu Nenu Pelladanu features Laya =
™‰†’. àçîË-ߪ÷™ ûÓîªéπ Movie Èé∞«x†’ Å-E -Öç-ô’ç-C.-D-E -Å®Ωnç -à-N’-öÀ?
-áÆˇ.-á-¢˛’.-úÕ. -É®√p¥-Ø˛, -†ç-ü∆u©- -
v¨¡´’. -†-*-vû√Eo ™ ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-
That cinema is good hall Natesh and Abhinetri in the lead roles à Sruthi: movie,
áéπ\-ú≈-úø’-ûÓçC?
-ï-¢√-•’.- Currency notes O’ü¿ Ç
´îª’a. Åçõ‰ Ç ÆœE´÷
¶«í∫’ç-ü¿ØË é¬F, Åçü¿’™ Çúø’-ûª’†o *vûªç ¶«í∫’ç-ü¿E ('E†’o ؈’ °∞«x-ú≈†’— *vûªç™ †õ‰≠ˇ, ÅGµ-ØËvA vÊ°´’èπ ◊ Laya:
éπ ∞ ¡ Ÿx ™‰´¤. *vûª-ñ u-A™.
é¬ü¿’. v°æüµ∆† §ƒvûªüµ∆®Ω’©’.Lead role = v°æüµ∆†§ƒvûª, ¶«í∫ ’çü∆? Sruthi: sentence ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÅC à N©’-´-™‰E ´÷´‚©’ é¬T-
See / watch a movie = movie îª÷úøôç. movie Laya: My God,
áçûª bore éÌöÀdçüÓ?
™ é¬F Ø√ô-éπç™ é¬E.) ûª¢Ë’ Å´¤-ûª’çC. Currency notes ñ«K-îË-ÊÆC
(Å®·ûË am seeing / is seeing / are seeing a b) The movie features all great actors Sruthi:
†ô’-™„-´®Ω’? Reserve Bank of India. ü∆E ÅCµ-é¬J Governor
movie ņç. Am+ing / is+ing / are + ing ¢√ú≈Lq ( Laya:
íÌ°æp-†-ô’™‰ ÖØ√o®Ω’. é¬F movie àç ¶«í¬-
Ç *vûªç™ û√®Ω-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ íÌ°æp-¢√∞Ïx.) of Reserve Bank of India. Ç ÅCµ-é¬J ´’†-éÀîËa
´ÊÆh am watching / is watching / are watching c) The movie features him in a minor role ™‰ü¿’. £æ…O’ßË’ Ç sentence - Ñ é¬Tûªç- Ö-†o á´-J-ÈéjØ√
a movie ņôç correct) (Åûª†’ Ç movie ™ ã *†o-§ƒ-vûª™ éπEp-≤ƒhúø’.) Sruthi: ¢√∞Îx™« î˨»®Ω’? (bearer) ؈’ ®Ω÷. 20/– (™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÉçÈéç-ûª-®·Ø√)
TV™ = on the TV. We are watching an inter- ✓ Shot = *vûªç™ ÆæEo-¢Ë¨¡ç =sequence. Laya: ¢√∞¡⁄x à´’çûª íÌ°æpí¬ †öÀç-îª-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’.
Sruthi: Å®·ûË Øˆ’ îª÷úø-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿-†o-´÷ô.
îÁLx-≤ƒh-†E.
esting programme on the TV. (in the TV é¬ü¿’) a) That's the best shot in the movie=That's the

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII
Priya: Hi Divya, We really enjoyed the movie
yesterday, didn't we?
(E†omovie Eïçí¬enjoy î˨»ç, éπü∆?)
Divya: Certainly. Chitrasri's performance as the
heroine was really superb.
Heroine
(Eïç-í¬ØË í¬ *vûªX †ô† Åü¿’s¥ûªç)
Heroine £«®Ó-®·Ø˛– £« ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç
Superb: Ææ÷u°æ¶¸ – °æ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.
Priya: The movie will be a runaway success.
(Ñ *vûªç ¶«í¬ Nï-ߪ’-´çûªç Å´¤-ûª’çC)
Divya: It can't be otherwise with that kind of
story line, brilliant action and clever
direction
(Å™«çöÀ éπü∑¿, ´’ç* †ô†, ûÁL¢Áj† ü¿®Ωz-éπ-
ûªyçûÓ ÅC ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ ™‰ü¿’)
Priya: The main characters brought out the tal-
ent of the lead pair.
(´·êu-¢Á’i† §ƒvûª©’ v°æüµ∆† ïçô v°æA-¶µº†’
¢ÁL-éÀ-ûÁ-î√a®·)
Character: é¬u®Ωéπd – é¬ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç;
é¬, ¶«uçé˙™ ¶«u ™«í¬ = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç –
Q©ç/ í∫’ù-í∫-ù«©’/ Ææy¶µ«´ç. é¬F Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç–
ã éπü∑¿™, Ø√ô-éπç™ ÆœE-´÷™ §ƒvûª.
Lead Pair = v°æ´·ê ïçô – ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬
éπü∑¿™/ Ø√ô-éπç™/ *vûªç™ Ø√ߪ’-é¬-Ø√-®·-éπ©’.
Divya: They have been a hit pair - chitrakumar
and chitrasri. Their combination has
been successful.
hero,
(¢√R}-ü¿lJ – *vûª-èπ◊-´÷®˝, *vûªX ïçô –
heroine hit.
í¬ Â°ü¿l ¢√∞¡xC Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†
ïçô Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊)
Priya: They are teaming up again in the next
movie 'premikulugane vundam'
(®√¶-ûª’†o *vûªç 'vÊ°N’-èπ◊-©’-í¬ØË Öçü∆ç—™
èπÿú≈ ¢√∞¡Ÿx éπLÆœ †öÀÆæ’hØ√o®Ω’)
Divya: They show themselves at their best
when they are cast opposite each other
(¢√∞¡Ÿx ïçôí¬ / Ø√ߪ’-é¬-Ø√-®·-éπ-©’í¬ †öÀÊÆh
¢√∞¡x v°æA¶µº î√™« ¶«í¬ îª÷°œ-≤ƒh®Ω’)
Priya: I think she made her debut in nee
kosame. She hasn't had a failure in her
career
4) Character: éπü∑¿™ / Ø√ô-éπç™/ *vûªç™ §ƒvûª.
(Ç¢Á’ ÆœF-®Ωçí∫ç v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç FéÓ-Ææ¢Ë’ *vûªçûÓØË
ņ’-èπ◊çö«, Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ à *vûªç èπÿú≈ N°∂æ-©- a)DØËNTR
´’-´y-™‰ü¿’)
Her action in "Aunantara, Kadantara?" is
really memorable
(å†ç-ö«®√, é¬ü¿ç-ö«®√? *vûªç™ Ç¢Á’ †ô†
´’®Ω-°æ¤-®√-EC)
Divya: Ok. I must be going Priya. Meet you
tomorrow. Bye
(ØË ¢Á∞«xL. Í®°æ¤ éπ©’-≤ƒh†’. Bye)
Priya: Bye
Play ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË Çúøôç, Ééπ\úø †öÀç-îªúøç.
éÀçü¿öÀ Lesson ™ -†-*-vû√-©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†
´÷ô©’ î√™« îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEo 5) lead pair= ´·êu-ïçô– Ø√ߪ’é¬ Ø√®·-éπ©’. (the
îª÷ü∆lç. É´Fo ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’
¢√úø’-ûª÷çõ‰ Conversational English î√™«
¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. ÉN îª÷úøçúÕ.
1. Superb 2. A runaway success 3. storyline
4. characters 5. lead pair 6. hit pair 7. team-
ing up 8. cast opposite 9. debut
1) superb= Åü¿’s¥ûªç/ Å¢Á÷°∂æ’ç = àüÁj-Ø√-ÆæÍ® –
Movie 鬴a, ã íÌ°æp °æ¤Ææhéπç 鬴a, äéπJ
†ô†/ véÃúø/ äéπ®Ω’ ≤ƒCµç-*çC – É¢Ë-¢ÁjØ√ ÆæÍ®
Åü¿’s¥-ûªçí¬ Öçõ‰ Superb Åçö«ç.
a) It is a superb hattrick by Irfan Pathan =
hattrick. Hattrick
É®√p¥Ø˛ °æ®∏√-Ø˛C Åü¿’s¥-ûª-¢Á’i†
Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆ – ´‚úø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x ´®Ω-Ææí¬ Nïߪ’ç
≤ƒCµÊÆh, ´·êuçí¬ véÃúø™x, ÅD äÍé Player
Å®·ûË, hat-trick Åçö«ç.
b) The movie is superb=
Ç *vûªç î√™« íÌ°æpí¬ ÖçC.
c) Tendulkar's was a superb century
Century
ÅûªúÕ Åü¿’s¥ûªç.
2) A runaway success
ûªyJ-ûª-¢Á’i† Nïߪ’ç
a) The movie was a runaway success.
Ç *vûªç Núø’-ü¿-™„j† ¢ÁçôØË Nïߪ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’içC.
b) Missamma was a runaway success.
N’Ææq´’t ÅA ûªy®Ωí¬ Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’içC
Ü£œ«ç-îªE KA™.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
c) No one has the formula to make a movie a
runaway success -
ã *vû√Eo ņ÷-£æ«u-K-A™ ÅA ûªy®Ωí¬ Nï-ߪ’-
´çûªç îËߪ’-í∫© Ææ÷vû√©’ á´-J-´ü∆l ™‰´¤.
Formula Ææ÷vûªç. Flop, Runaway success èπ◊
´uA-Í®éπç.
3) Story line
éπü∑∆ ÆæçN-üµ∆†ç – ã *vûªç éπü∑¿†’ ü¿®Ωz-èπ◊úø’
îª÷°œçîË B®Ω’. DEÍé ÉçéÓ-´÷ô Plot
a) His movies have the same basic story but
the story line differs
ÅûªúÕ *vû√© ´‚©-éπü∑¿ äéπõ‰, é¬F éπü∑∆ ÆæçN-üµ∆-
†¢Ë’ ûËú≈
b) The movie failed because of its weak story
line
éπü∑¿™/ éπü∑∆ ÆæçN-üµ∆-†ç™ °æô’d™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úøç -´-™‰x
ÅC N°∂æ-©-¢Á’içC.
c) Weak story line is the cause of most
8) Cast opposite: äéπ †öÀ (≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ heroine) Sunitha: ؈C á°æ¤púÓ îª÷¨»†’. §Ú®·† ØÁ©
failures
î√™« *vû√©’ °æô’-d™‰E éπü∑¿ ´©x üÁ•s-Aç-ô’-
Ø√o®·.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 106
He made his debut in..
d) The movie flopped/ flopped at the box
office/ The movie was a flop, because of its
thin story line
ü∆E •©-£‘«† éπü∑¿/ éπü∑∆ ÆæçN-üµ∆†ç ´©x Ç *vûªç
üÁ•s-AçC. Thin èπ◊ Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç weak ÅE.
ü∆E ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç– Ææ†oE/ °æ©aE.
o ´’†ç role ÅE-í¬F part ÅE-í¬F ņ-´îª’a.
played the character/ role/ part of
Karna in the drama
Ç Ø√ô-éπç™ NTR éπ®Ω’gúÕ §ƒvûª ¢Ë¨»úø’/ †öÀç-î√úø’.
b) One of the main characters in the movie is
Lord Venkateshwara played by Suman
Ç *vûªç™ ´·êu-¢Á’i† §ƒvûª™x äéπöÀ Suman
†öÀç*† ¢Ëçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-≤ƒyN’ §ƒvûª.
c) He played his part well
ÅûªúÕ §ƒvûª†’ Åûªúø’ ¶«í¬ †öÀç-î√úø’.
hero and the heroine)
a) NTR and Anjali Devi are the lead pair in
Lavakusa
©´-èπ◊¨¡ *vûªç™ ¢√Rx-ü¿l-JD ´·êu-¢Á’i† ïçô
(Hero, heroine).
b) The lead pair in the movie is Rajanikanth
and Jyothika
®Ωï-F-é¬çû˝, ñuAéπ Ç *vûªç™ v°æüµ∆† §ƒvûª-
üµ∆-®Ω’©’, ïçôí¬.
c) They have proved a hit pair
Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i† ïçô.
6) Hit pair
*vû√-EéÀ Nïߪ’ç îËèπÿÍ®a/ Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†/
vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊© ÅGµ-´÷†ç §ÒçC† ïçô (´÷´‚-©’í¬
hero, heroine §ƒvûª™ x)
a) They make a hit pair
¢√Rx-ü¿l-JD Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i† ïçô. Åçõ‰ ¢√∞¡Ÿx
†öÀç-*† *vû√-©Fo hits ÅE.
7) Teaming up
ïûª éπ©-´ôç, ïçôí¬ †öÀç-îªúøç– ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬
hero, heroine.
a) They are teaming up again in the next
movie
®√†’†o *vûªç™ ´’Sx ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω’ éπLÆœ †öÀ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
b) They have teamed up again
´’Sx ¢√∞Ïx éπLÆœ †öÀ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Team up: äéπ movie N≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ ØË é¬èπ◊çú≈,
à °æE îËߪ’-ö«-E-ÈéjØ√ éÌçûª-´’çC éπLÊÆh, They
team up.
The three boys teamed up to decorate the
room
Ç í∫CE Å©ç-éπ-Jç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´·í∫’_®Ω’ äéπ ïô’dí¬ b) Vinitha: Hi Sunitha, E†o ؈’ TV™ 'àN’öÃ
à®Ωp-ú≈f®Ω’.
äéπ †ô’úÕ (hero) Ææ®Ω-Ææ† †öÀÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ they are
cast opposite each other Åçö«ç.
a) Vikram is cast opposite Sada/ Sada is cast
opposite Vikram/ Vikram and Sada are
cast opposite each other in Aparichitudu
Å°æ-J-*-ûª’-úÕ™ Vikram, Ææü∆ Ææ®Ω-Ææ†/ Ææü∆, Vinitha: É°æ
Nvéπ¢˛’ Ææ®Ω-Ææ† / Nvéπ¢˛’, Ææü∆ äéπJ Ææ®Ω-Ææ† äéπ®Ω’
†öÀç-î√®Ω’.
b) Surya and Asin are
cast opposite each
other
¢√∞¡Ÿx äéπJ Ææ®Ω-Ææ† äéπ®Ω’
†öÀ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
9) Debut: ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿-öÀ-
≤ƒ-Jí¬ ÆæGµ-èπ◊© ´·çü¿’
Ø√ôuç îËߪ’úøç/ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ- M. SURESAN
≤ƒ-Jí¬ *vû√™x †öÀç-
îªôç/ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-Jí¬ ®Ωçí∫-v°æ-¢Ë¨¡ç (¨»Æ‘Yߪ’ †%ûªu
Ææçv°æü∆-ߪ’ç™ DEo Ç®Ωç-Íívôç Åçö«ç)
Debut- pronunciation - úÁß˝’•÷u – úÁ ØÌéÀ\
°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.

¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-Jí¬ ®Ωçí∫-v°æ-¢Ë¨¡ç îËߪ’ôç
Make a debut/ Have a debut.
a) She made her debut in this movie.
-É-C Ç¢Á’ ûÌL-*vûªç. Ñ *vûªç™ Ç¢Á’ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-
≤ƒ-Jí¬ †öÀç-*çC.
b) His debut wasn't very successful
ÅûªúÕ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ †ô† Åçûª Nï-ߪ’-´çûªç 鬙‰ü¿’.

Debut ´·êuçí¬ Ø√ôuç, Ø√ôéπç ™«çöÀ éπ∞¡©
N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ØË áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ N’í∫û√
®Ωçí¬-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

He made his debut in politics in 1999
1999 ™ Çߪ’† ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ’-®Ωçí∫ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç î˨»®Ω’.
Now Practise the following in English:
a) Yasvanth: Hi Srikanth, F favourite hero,
heroine © ïçô Ñ≤ƒJ Åçûª Nï-
ߪ’-´çûªç 鬙‰üËç?
Srikanth: Ç éπü∑¿™  °æô ’d-™‰ü¿’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¶«í¬ØË
†öÀç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆?
Yasvanth: †’´¤y ¢√∞¡x ÅGµ-´÷-EN éπü∆. Åçûª-éπçõ‰
à´’ç-ö«´¤?
Srikanth: †’¢Ëy- ¢Á ’iØ√ îÁ°æ¤p, ¢√-R}-ü¿l®Ω’ éπ-LÆœ
†öÀç-î√®Ω’ 鬕öÀd Ç ´÷vûª-¢Á’iØ√ ÖçC Ç
*vûªç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ °æ‹Jhí¬ üÁ•s-A-ØËüË.
Yasvanth: ¢√∞¡x †ô† ´™‰x *vûªç üÁ•s-Aç-ü¿-E
-Åç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.
Srikanth: ØËØÌ-°æ¤p-éÓ†’. ¢√-∞¡x-C Nï-ߪ ’-´ç-ûª-¢Á ’i†
ïçô. ¢√∞¡x í∫ûª *vûªç ņ÷-£æ«u-¢Á’i†
Nïߪ’ç ≤ƒCµç-*çCéπü∆? Ç hero ®Ωçí∫-v°æ-
¢Ë¨¡ç îËÆœ-†-°æp-öÀ-†’ç* flop ÅØËC ™‰ü¿’
éπü∆?
-í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 2 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Yasvanth: ÉC Çߪ’† ¢Á·ü¿öÀ flop à¢Á÷? Åûª-úÕ-éÀ
-É*a† §ƒvûªèπ◊ Åûªúø’ suit Å´-úøE Ø√
ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç.
Srikanth: Çߪ’† à §ƒvûª-ÈéjØ√ ÆæJ-§Ú-û√úø’, à
§ƒvûª®·Ø√ Ææ’Ø√-ߪ÷-Ææçí¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’.
N*vûªç— îª÷¨»†’. áçûª ¶«í∫’çüÓ!
ņ’-èπ◊çö«, ¢Ájñ«-í˚™.
Vinitha: î√™« ¶«í∫’çC éπü∆. Åçü¿’™ hero,
heroine © Ê°Í®xçöÀ? ¢√Rx-ü¿l-Jéà ¢Á·ü¿öÀ
*vûªç ņ’-èπ◊çö«.
Sunitha: Å´¤†’. ¢√∞¡x ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Å´-é¬-¨¡ç-™ ØË ´’ç*
v°æA¶µº éπ†-•-®Ω-î√®Ω’.
¤púø’ ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω÷ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ *vû√™x
´·êu ïçôí¬ -†-öÀÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
Sunitha: ´·êuçí¬ Ç heroine ´’ç* †öÀí¬
í∫’Jhç°æ¤ ûÁa-èπ◊çC.
Answers:
a) Yasvanth: Your favourite lead pair has not
been very successful this time,
has it?
Srikanth: The movie has a weak story line.
They have acted well.
Yasvanth: You are their fan. What else can you
say?
Srikanth: Whatever you say- the movie is
atleast that good because they have
acted in it. Otherwise it would have
been an utter flop.
(utter =
°æ‹Jh)
Yasvanth: The movie is a flop because of their
action. That's what people say.
Srikanth: I don't agree. They are a hit pair.
Their last movie was a runaway suc-
cess. The hero hasn't had a failure
since his debut.
Yasvanth: This might be his first flop. I feel that
he doesn't suit the role/ the charac-
ter.
Srikanth: He suits any role. He can do any
role with ease.
b) Vinitha: Hi Sunitha, yesterday I watched the
movie, 'Emitivichitram' on the TV.
What a movie it is! / How good it is!
Sunitha: I saw it long ago. I think it was last
month, in Vizag.
Vinitha: Isn't it good? What are the names of
the lead pair, I think they made their
debut in the movie.
Sunitha: Yes. Even in their debut they dis-
played their talent.
(Display = v°æü¿-Jzç-îªôç)
Vinitha: They are acting as the lead pair in two
or three movies.
Sunitha: The heroine especially has won
recognition as a good actor/actress.
iII
Hemanth: Hi Vasanth, I didn't see you the
whole of yesterday. What was
wrong? v°æ-A Ææç-´-ûªq®Ωç é¬-K-héπ-´÷Ææç-™ -D-§ƒ-´-S -ï®Ω’°æ¤èπ◊ç-ö«ç.
àçöÀ E†oçû√ †’´¤y éπ†°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’. àçöÀ Festival†’ enjoy èπÿú≈ îË≤ƒhç – We enjoy a fes-
N≠æߪ’ç? tival.
Vasanth: The Deepavali effect you know. We
enjoyed the festival the day before
Yesterday. We were so tired yester-
day. We were resting almost the
whole of yesterday.Fortunately yes-
terday was a Sunday.
Éü¿çû√ D§ƒ-´R v°æ¶µ«´ç. ¢Á·†oçû√
°æç-úøí∫ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÌ-ØË-Ææ-JéÀ E†oçû√ ÅL-Æœ-
§Úߪ÷ç. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ E†oçû√ °æúø’-èπ◊ØË
ÖØ√oç. Åü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h E†o ÇC-¢√®Ωç.
Hemanth: So you celebrated it with all enthusi-
asm. We did too, but we were off the
fireworks by about 10. We were in
bed by 10.30pm
Åçûª Öû√q-£æ«çí¬ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-èπ◊-Ø√o-®Ω-†o-´÷ô.
¢Ë’´‚ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-èπ◊Ø√oç. é¬F ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’
鬩aúøç 10 í∫çô-©Íé ÇÊ°¨»ç. 10.30 éπ-™«x
°æúø’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
Enthusiasm - ÉØ˛ü∑¿÷uÆœ-ߪ÷ï¢˛’.
ü∑¿÷u ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.
*´®Ω 'ï— size ™ z™«í¬, = Öû√q£æ«ç.
fireworks = ¶«-ùÆæçî√/ ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’
Vasanth: We were enjoying the fireworks till
almost eleven. Dad was liberal this
time. We let off Rs. 800/-work of
crackers sparklers this time.
11 ´®Ωèπÿ 鬩’-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oç. ´÷ Ø√†o
Ñ≤ƒJ úø•’s©’ ¶«í¬ØË Éî√a®Ω’. 800 ®Ω÷§ƒ-
ߪ’© ¶«ù-Ææçî√ 鬙«aç
worth - ´û˝ (bird ™«í¬)= -N-©’´ Ö†o.
crackers = vé¬éπñ ¸
= Ê°™‰ ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’, sparklers = ≤ƒpéπxñ ¸ =
¢ÁL-ÍíN (´’û√-•’©’, é¬éπ®Ω °æ¤¢Ìy-ûª’h©’ etc) let
off = ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’ 鬩aôç = Let off fire
works)
Hemanth: So it was a grand affair after all.
Some how I feel spending so much
on fire works is a waste
¢Á·ûªhç-O’ü¿ î√™« Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ í∫úø’-°æ¤-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’
.affair, Å°∂–°∂ ØÌèπ◊\û√ç = N≠æߪ’ç.
Vasanth: It's just once a year. A few hundred
rupees shouldn't matter much.
Ææç´-ûªq-®√-EéÀ äéπ-≤ƒJ éπü∆. ã È®çúø’
´‚úÌç-ü¿©’ Åçûª Ææ´’Ææu èπÿú≈ é¬üË)
Hemanth: Opinions differ. Well what about
the other things?
á´J ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ ¢√∞¡xN. N’í∫û√ N≠æ-
ߪ÷© Ææçí∫A àçöÃ?
Opinion- ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç.
differ - ¶µ‰C-≤ƒh®·.
Vasanth: Well, we all had new clothes. Told
you, dad was quite liberal this time.
He was in a mood to celebrate. He let
us buy whatever clothes we liked,
and sister had the greatest luck. She
had a pair of ear rings.
Åçü¿®Ωç éÌûªh •ôd©’ é̆’-èπ◊\Ø√oç. îÁ§ƒp-
†’í¬ ´÷Ø√†o î√™« Öü∆-®Ωçí¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’. -
êuç -à-N’-öÀ?)
¢Ë’ç -É-≠d°æ æ-úÕ-† -•-ôd-©-Fo -BÆæ’éÌ-î√a®Ω’. °æçúøí∫
mood ™ ÖØ√o®Ω’. Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ ´÷ îÁLxSampath: It's an important festival for us in
Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-®√©’. éπ´’t© ïûª ´*açC
ûª†èπ◊.
Hemanth: We had new clothes too and of
course the feast too. Mom prepared
wonderful dishes and delicious
sweets. Occasion = ÅÍé-ß˝’-ïØ˛–Íé ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©é¬-L.
¢Ë’´‚ éÌûªh •ôd©’ ûÁa-èπ◊Ø√oç. °æçúøí∫
¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ ´÷ Å´’t ´’ç* ´çô-鬩’, Charlie: How do you celebrate it?
®Ω’*-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Æ‘y-ö¸q èπÿú≈ îËÆœçC.
Feast °æçúøí∫ ¶µï†ç/ Nçü¿’. Sampath: We offer worship to Lord Sri Rama
dishes = úÕ≠œñ ¸ (ñ¸–size ™- z ™«)
Vasanth: That's good.
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù °æçúøí∫ í∫’-Jç-* éπü∆. °æç-úø-í∫© Ææçü¿-
®Ωs¥çí¬ ¢√úË expressions éÌEo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç
Ñ≤ƒJ.
Festival = °æçúøí∫, °æçúøí∫ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÓ-´ôç = celebrate
a festival.
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 4 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
We celebrate Deepavali every year in the
month of Kartheekam.
-
Charlie (over phone from the US): Hello
Sampath, this is Charlie from the states. How
are you?
( ,
£æ«-™ Ææç-°æ-û˝ ؈’ Å¢Á’-Jé¬ †’ç* îµ√M ´÷-ö«x-
úø’-ûª’Ø√o. -á-™« -Ö-Ø√o-´¤?)
Sampath: Fine, Charlie, thank you, how are Lord Rama.
Ñ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç °æç-úøí∫ ÇC¢√ç Å´¤-ûª’çC/ÇC-¢√®Ωç
you? °æ‹ï îËÆœ X®√-´·úÕo éÌ©’≤ƒhç. É∞¡x™x, ®ÓV†.
(
-¶«í∫’-Ø√o-†’ -îµ√-M.- -üµ¿-†u-¢√-ü∆-©’. -F-´¤ -á-™« -Ö-Ø√o-´¤? ) í∫’∞¡x™x, Oüµ¿’-©-èπÿ-úø-∞¡x™x èπÿú≈. -v°æ-ûËuéπ -´ç- b) Last year it fell on a Wednesday
Charlie: Same here, thank you. Can we have a ôé¬-©-ûÓ -¶µ-ï-†ç -îË≤ƒhç.´-úø°æ°æ¤p, -§ƒ-†éπç í∫ûª àú≈C ÅC •’üµ¿-¢√®Ωç ´*açC.
chat over the net ? Matter of 20 to 30 -X®√-´·-úÕéÀ -ØÁj-¢Ë-ü¿uç °--úø-û√ç. Now Practise the following:
minutes Pandal = °æçCJ
a)
( Éç-ô®˝-ØÁ-ö¸™ ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç- putup = à®√pô’ îËߪ’-ôç/-E-Jtç-îªôç Sunil:
áéπ\-úÕoç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤, ÅE™¸?
20, 30 as well = èπÿú≈
ü∆´÷? EN’-≥ƒ©’ °æôd-´îª’a.) Anil:
X®√-´’-†-´N’ °æçCJ †’ç*. Åéπ\úø üË´¤úÕ
Sampath: Sorry, Charlie. It is morning here you (Green gram = °Ææ©’/°Ææ-®Ω-°æ°æ¤p (´úø-°æ°æ¤p)
jaggery = ¶„©xç
Å©éπ®Ω-ù î√© ¶«í∫’çC.
know. I am very busy celebrating Sri Sunil: Å®·ûË Øˆ’ èπÿú≈ ¢ÁR} îª÷úøØ√?
Ramanavami. offering = ØÁj¢Ëü¿uç
Anil: Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤?
( ≤ƒ-K..X®√-´’-†-´N’ ÂÆ-©-v¶‰-ö¸ - feast = Nçü¿’ / °æç-úøí∫ ¶µï†ç Sunil: Éçöx °æ‹ï É°æ¤úË Å®·çC. é¬Ææh ´úø-°æ°æ¤p,
Charlie: Well, have a happy time, then call you
later.
§ƒ†éπç BÆæ’\ç-ü¿’´¤ ®√.
Anil: ÆæÍ®. Ç ûª®√yûª †’´¤y °æçCJ †’ç* ÉçöÀ-
(Å®·ûË ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ í∫úø’°æ¤.´’Sx -§∂Ú-Ø˛ îË≤ƒh.)
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùçû√ °æçúøí∫© í∫’-Jç-îË -éπü∆. DEéÀ Ææç•ç- Sunil: Èé-ã∞ÏÍéx°.æ¤úø’ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ®√.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 107
Cµç-*† éÌEo expressions í∫’-Jç-* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
°æçúøí∫ = festival b)
Have a happy time...
Deepavali, Vinayaka
îËÆæ’èπ◊çô÷ ؈’ î√™« -G-@í¬ ÖØ√o Prem: àçöÀ? F îÁ®·u-Íé-´’-®·çC?
Chavithi, Ramzon,
É°æ¤p-úÕ-éπ\úø Öü¿ßª’ç.) Syam: E†o ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’ Ê°™‰a-ô-°æ¤úø’ äéπöÀ Ø√ îËA-
Charlie: What's Sri Ramanavami, sampy? Christmas - É´Fo festi-
vals.
™ØË Ê°LçC. ü∆E ´Ah î√© §ÒöÀdí¬ ÖçC.
What's its significance? Prem: îË®· ¶«í¬ é¬Lçü∆?
(-X®√-´’-†-´-N’ -Åç-õ‰ -à-N’-öÀ? -ü∆-E -v§ƒ--´·- °æçúøí∫ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÓ-´ôç = cele- Syam: Å®Ω-îË®·, È®çúø’ ¢Ë∞¡Ÿx -¶«í¬ é¬-™«®·. -ú≈éπd®˝
brate a festival.
We enjoy a festival=´’†ç
ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé∞Ïh éπô’d éπö«dúø’.
°æç-úø-í∫†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ï®Ω’-°æ¤- M. SURESAN Prem: ¶«í¬ ¶«üµ¿í¬ Öçü∆?
Syam: Åç-ûªí¬ ™‰ü¿’.
èπ◊çö«ç. Prem: èπ◊úÕ îË®· éπü∆. °æçúøí∫ Nçü¿’ à™« AØ√o´¤?
¶«-ù-Ææçî√=fireworks. Syam: Ç ¶«üµ¿™  Å´-Fo ´’Ja-§Úߪ÷.ÉçöÀ-éÌ-îËa-ÆæJéÀ
Ê°™‰ ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’ = crackers; ®√vA 12 Å®·çC.
¢ÁLÍí ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’©’= sparklers Answers:
In a mood to celebrate = in a celebration mood
a)
= ¢Ëúø’-éπí¬ -ï-JÊ° ´’†-ÆœnA. Sunil: Where are you coming from Anil?
Pakistan was in a mood to celebrate =
Anil: From the Sri Ramanavami pandal. The
Pakistan was in a celebration mood
decorations are really beautiful.
§ƒéÀ-≤ƒhØ˛ ¢Ëúø’-éπ (¢√∞¡x Nï-ߪ÷Eo) ï®Ω’-°æ¤-èπ◊ØË Sunil: Shall I go and see too.
mood ™ ÖçC. Anil: What have you been doing so far?
❏ Let's not stop him. He is in a celebration
Sunil: We have just finished the puja at home,
mood
come in and have some vadapappu and
-Å-ûª-úø’ Ææç•-®Ωç™ ÖØ√oúø’. ¢√úÕE ǧÒü¿’l. panakam.
Sparklers, crackers Let off fireworks
Ê°©aôç = Anil: Ok. On your way back from the pandal
-ô§ƒ-é¬-ߪ’© ´Ah = fuse
come to my home.
( Light the fuse = ´Ah ¢ÁL-Tç-îªôç) Sunil: Ok
Ê°©ôç = explode / blow/ go of =
b)
(with a loud sound/noise)
Prem: Hi Syam, What is wrong with your
Explode
°ü¿l-°ü¿l Ê°©’-∞¡xèπ◊ ¢√-úøû√ç.
hand?
Ê°©’∞¡ blow =
x ´©x ÅßË’u üµ¿yçÆæç.
Syam: While letting off crackers yesterday,
ô§ƒ- 'go off' =
é¬-ߪ’-©èπ◊ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. one of them went off in my hand. It had
India. We celebrate the birth of lord Feast =
Nçü¿’ (≤ƒ´‚-£œ«-éπçí¬) °æç-úøí∫ Nçü¿’
a short fuse.
SriRama on the occasion. ´çô-鬩’/ §ƒvûª©’ Dishes =
Prem: Are the burns very bad? (burns = é¬L†
(ÉçúÕ-ߪ÷™ ÉC î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† Chat over the net =
ØÁ-ö¸ Ææ綵«-≠æù
significance =
í¬ßª÷©’)
°æçúøí∫. X®√-´·úÕ °æ¤öÀd† ®ÓV†’ v§ƒ´·êuç = ÆœTo-°∂œ-ÈéØ˛q Syam: The palm and two fingures. Doctor
Significance of a festival =
°æç-úøí∫ v§ƒ´·êuç.
°æçúøí∫í¬ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-èπ◊çö«ç) bandaged / dressed the injuries.
°æ ç úø í ∫ Ææ ç •- ® √©’ = festivities
Prem: Is it paining a lot?
-ï, vision ™ ïØ˛-™«í∫ = Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç. a) The festivities of Dasara last for 9 days
Syam: Not so bad now.
ü¿Ææ®√ Ææç•-®√©’ 9 ®ÓV©’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√®·. Prem: It's your right hand. How could you eat?
b) The Festivities are keeping us busy
ᙫ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-û√®Ω’? Syam: I forgot all that in the pain by the time I
°æçúøí∫ ¢Ëúø’-éπ-©’ -´’-†-Lo -G-@í¬ -Öç--û√®·. came back home it was 12 midnight.
by performing Pooja. We do it at °æçúøí∫ Öû√q£æ«ç = The enthusiasm for a fes-
home and in temples too. We do it tival
special pandals put up at street cor- ❏ We celebrated Deepavali with enthusiasm ≤Úpéπ-Ø˛ -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -
ners as well.Then we eat a good
îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.- URL:
¢Ë’ç D§ƒ-´R Öû√q-£æ«çûÓ í∫úø’-°æ¤-èπ◊Ø√oç.
feast too with special dishes. ❏ °æçúøí∫ äéπ ®ÓV-®√-´úøç
Greengram soaked in water and The festival is / falls on a day. http://www.eenadu.net/
jaggery water are the offerings to a) This year the festival falls on a Sunday/ is on
a Sunday. spoken/spoken.htm
iII
Navya: Hi Sreya, any idea when we are starting
for the picnic spot tomorrow?
(Í®°æ¤ ´’† Picnic îÓô’-Èé-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™
à´’Ø√o idea Öçü∆?)
Spot = îÓô’
Sreya: None, dear. Divya must be able to tell
us. She is making the arrangements.
(ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. C´u ´’†èπ◊ îÁ°æp-í∫-©ü¿’. ûªØË
à®√pô’x îË≤ÚhçC éπü∆)
Navya: I called her home. Her mom told me
she was out. Must be busy with
arrangements.
(¢√∞¡x ÉçöÀéÀ Phone î˨»†’. •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-Rxç-ü¿E
¢√∞¡x´’t îÁ°œpçC. ¶«í¬ busyí¬ Öçúø’ç-ú≈L
´’J)
Sreya: Let's ring up Kavya. Divya is taking
kavya's help. So Kavya should be
knowing about Divya. She should be
able to tell us where Divya is. (´’†ç
Phone
鬴uèπ◊ îËü∆lç. C´u, 鬴u Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç
BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-öçC. 鬕öÀd C´u í∫’Jç* 鬴uèπ◊
ûÁLÆæ’ç-úÌa. C´u í∫’Jç* é¬-¢Ëu îÁ°æp-í∫-©-
í¬L.)
Navya: Kavya should know at least the time of
starting.
(Start ÅßË’u time Å®·Ø√ 鬴uèπ◊ ûÁL-Ææ’ç-
ú≈L)
Sreya: That's right. Let's ring her up.
Phone
(éπÈ®Íéd îËü∆lç Öçúø’)
Navya: Let's wait. They will call us and tell us.
We must be there for the picnic after
all.
(é¬Ææh Çí∫’ü∆ç. ¢√∞Ïx ´’†èπ◊ Phone îËÆœ
îÁ§ƒh®Ω’. picnic ïJ-Ííç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’†ç Öçú≈L
éπü∆.)
Sreya: OK. I must be going. Bye.
(ØË ¢Á∞«xL ´’J. Bye)
Navya: Bye
í∫ûª éÌEo lessons ™ must, should Å®√n©’, Ö°æ-
ßÁ÷-í¬©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oç-í∫ü∆. ¢√öÀE ã≤ƒJ Ææçví∫-
£æ«çí¬ í∫´’-Eü∆lç.
Must, have to/ has to, should-
1) Ñ ´‚úø’ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç™ ¢√úø’-éπ™ î√™« ü¿í∫_-
®Ωí¬ Öçö«®·.
2) ´‚úø’ èπÿú≈ commands (Çïc©’), duty
(NCµ), necessity (Å´-Ææ®Ωç), Obligation †’
ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. warnings (£«îªa-Jéπ)©†’ èπÿú≈
ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·.
3) Must, should ´’†ç éπ*aûªç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o,
ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.
Bhavan: Hi Sravan, When are you leaving for
Kashmir?
(F¢Á-°æ¤púø’ é¬Qt-®Ω’èπ◊ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?)
Sravan: The coming Friday.
(´îËa ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç)
Bhavan: That's just two days off. You must be
busy making arrangements because
you are going to be there for a few
weeks. Kashmir must be quite cold
now. Carry enough warm clothing.
Pavan is also joining you, isn't he?
(Éçéπ È®çúø’-®Ó-V™‰. à®√pôxûÓ î√™« busy
í¬ Öçúø’ç-ö«´¤ éπ*a-ûªçí¬; éÌEo ¢√®√-©’ç-úø-
¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. é¬Qt®Ω’ ¶«í¬ îªLí¬ Öçú≈-L-
°æ¤púø’. Pavan èπÿú≈ FûÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’
éπü∆?)
(Carry enough warm clothing = î√L-
†Eo ¢ÁîªaöÀ •ôd©’ BÆæ’-Èé∞¡Ÿx.)
Sravan: Yes, He should be on the way because Meghana: Yes, I ought to be careful how I talk
he has to be here this evening.
(Å´¤†’. Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vû√Eéπ™«x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈L
鬕öÀd Åûªúø’ ü∆J™ Öçúø’ç-ú≈L.)
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Must be, should be ûÓ
Expressions í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Maithri: We ought to remember who we talk
1) You must be busy = †’´¤y busyí¬ Öçú≈L.
(Bhavan éπ*aûªç ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æߪ’ç)
Spoken English
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
2) Kashmir must be quite cold now
É°æ¤púø’ é¬Qt®˝ ¶«í¬ îªLí¬ Öçú≈L. (ÉC èπÿú≈
Bhavan éπ*aûªç ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æߪ’ç)
3) He should be on the way
-Å-ûªúø’ ü∆J™ Öçú≈L. (ÉC éπ*aûªç ņ’-èπ◊ØË
N≠æߪ’ç.)
É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x must, should ¢√úøû√ç. Ñ
Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x have to/ has to ¢√úøç.
É°æ¤púø’ Ñ lesson ™E ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀ dialogue
´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îª÷úøçúÕ. Åçü¿’™ must ûÓ, should ûÓ
Ö†o expressions.
1) Divya must be able to tell us.
2) Must be busy with arrangements.
3) Should be knowing.
4) Should be able to tell us.
OöÀ™x (1), (2) ´’†ç éπ*aûªç ņ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’
ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®·.
(3), (4) äéπ®Ω’çúË °æJ-Æ œn-ûª’™x ¢√∞¡x †’ç* ´’†ç
ÇPçîË N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®· éπü∆. ÉD
must èπ◊,should èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 108
We ought toers
respect eld-
a) Bharat: Why did India lose the match?
(India áçü¿’èπ◊ ãúÕ-§Ú-®·çC?)
Lakshman: Ask Dravid about it. He is the cap-
tain. He must know.
(Ç N≠æߪ’ç vü∆N-ú˛†’ Åúø’í∫’. Çߪ’†
captain éπü∆. Çߪ’-†Íé ûÁL-ߪ÷L.)
Åçõ‰ Dravid, captain 鬕öÀd, ãôN’éÀ 鬮Ωù«©’
Çߪ’-†’oç* ÇPç-îªúøç
Kumar: How is the financial position of India?
(¶µ«®Ωû˝ financial position = ÇJnéπ °æJ-ÆœnA
ᙫ Öçü¿ç-ö«´¤?)
Saradhi: How do I know? The finance minister
should be able to tell you.
(Ø√Íéç ûÁ©’Ææ’. -Fèπ◊ Ç N≠æߪ’ç Finance
MinisterîÁ°æp-í∫-©-úø’)
É™«çöÀ uses have to/ has to èπ◊ ™‰´¤.
Maithri: Hi Meghana, what brings you here?
(àçöÀ-™«-´-î√a´¤?)
Meghana: I need your help. (F ≤ƒßª’ç 鬢√L.)
Maithri: Regarding? (üËE N≠æߪ’ç)
Meghana: I wasn't very polite to our lecturer
yesterday. I am sure my words hurt
him
(E†o ´’† lecturer °æôx ´’®√u-ü¿í¬ v°æ´-
Jhç-îª-™‰ü¿’. Ø√ ´÷ô©’ Çߪ’Eo éπ*a-
ûªçí¬ í¬ßª’-°æ-J-î√-ߪ’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
hurt = í¬ßª’-°æ-®Ω-îªôç.
Maithri: Meghana, not the first time for you
to be rude to elders.
(°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x-°æôx Å´’-®√u-ü¿í¬ Öçúøôç
FéÀüËç ¢Á·ü¿öÀ≤ƒJ é¬ü¿’ éπü∆.)
You ought to know manners. (Fèπ◊
manners ûÁL-ߪ÷L/ †’´¤y manners
ï•’sûÓ Ö†o ´÷ Å´’t†’ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ ûªy®Ωí¬
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L.) AJT ®√¢√L. (Ø√ ØÁjAéπ NCµ/ ¶«üµ¿uûª)
to elders. I ought to respect elders.
ÉC ought to èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç, ´’Sx
îª ÷úøçúÕ.
(Å´¤†’. °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xûÓ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’
؈’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L. °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x†’ íı®Ω- a) °ü¿l-¢√-∞¡x†’ íı®Ω-Nç-î√L
You ought to respect elders.
Nç-î√L.)
b) Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊-©†’ ≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷-AûÓ îª÷ú≈L.
to when we talk to elders. So what You ought to sympathize with innocent peo-
do you want me to do now? ple.)
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 6 -°∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
(°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xûÓ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ á´-JûÓ (Sympathy = Æœç°æA. 'Æœç— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç =
´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Á÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. Sympathize with =
≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷A. Æœç°æ-ûÁjñ ¸– ñ¸
Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ †ØËoç-îË-ߪ’-´’ç-ö«´¤?) size ™ ™«í∫. ≤ƒ†’-¶µº÷A îª÷°æôç. innocent
Z
Meghana: I want to apologize to him. Won't you =
Ɇ-Ææçö¸– É ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊-™„j†).
come with me?
c) You ought not to talk to your father like that
(ØËØ√-ߪ’-†èπ◊ éπ~´÷-°æù îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’- O’ Ø√†oûÓ Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’ †’´¤y (ÆæÈ®j†
Ø√o†’. †’´¤y Ø√ûÓ ®√¢√? v°æ´-®Ωh† é¬ü¿’)
Apologize = ŧÒ-©-ñ„jñ ¸– §Ò ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.
NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN
*´®Ω 'ñ¸— size ™ Z ™«í∫ – Å®Ωnç– éπ~´÷-°æù ENGLISH:
éÓ®Ωôç Apology = ŧÚ-©> = éπ~´÷-°æù)
Prabha: Hi Subha, file no. 10
áéπ\-úø’çC?
Maithri: Let's hurry then. I ought to be back
soon. None to attend on my sick Subha:
¨Ïê-®Ωo-úø’í∫’. Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁL-ߪ÷L. E†o
≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÅC Çߪ’† table O’ü¿ ÖçC.
mother.
Prabha: ¨Ïê®˝ áéπ\úø?
(ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«lç °æü¿. ؈’ ´’Sx ¢ÁçôØË
¢Á†éÀ\ ®√¢√L, ´÷ Å´’t†’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-
ü¿’èπ◊– Ç¢Á’ äçöx ¶«í¬ ™‰ü¿’.)
Subha: 5
Åéπ
EN’-≥ƒ© véÀûªç Manager í∫C-™éÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’.
\úË Öçú≈L ´’J.
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ought to Prabha:
ü∆ØÓx §Ú®·-†-¢√®Ωç Å´’t-鬩 N´-®√©’Ø√o®·
¢√ú≈ç-éπü∆. Ought to éπü∆?
ÅØ√o èπÿú≈, must, Subha: Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ÷L ÅC. Å´’t-鬩 N≠æ-ߪ÷©’
should ™«í¬ØË, Öçú≈L,
îª÷ÊÆC †’¢Ëy éπü∆?
îËߪ÷L ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´≤ÚhçC
éπü∆. Å®·ûË éÌçûª ûËú≈– Prabha: àçöÀ Åçûª F®Ω-Ææçí¬ ÖØ√o´¤?
î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† ûËú≈ Subha: Office °æF, ÉçöÀ °æF ¶«í¬ Å©-Ææô éπL-T-Ææ’h-
ÖçC. ´·çü¿’ Å®Ωnç M. SURESAN Ø√o®·.
îª÷ü∆lç– Prabha: î√™« Weak í¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. ¢ÁçôØË
a) ought to be ('be' form) = Öçú≈L doctor E îª÷ú≈L †’´¤y. F Ç®Óí∫uç
b) ought to go, ought to respect, ought to N≠æߪ’ç™ ñ«ví∫ûªh BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L éπü∆? O’
know- ought to + 1st RDW- action word= Çߪ’† ÉçöÀ °æE™ éÌçûª ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ÷L
¢Á∞«xL, íı®Ω-Nç-î√L, ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L, etc. éπü∆?
Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ must, should, have to/ has to ©èπ◊ Subha: Çߪ’-†èπ◊ office °æØË ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC.
ought to Ææ´÷-†¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ought to ņo-°æ¤púø’ Prabha: Doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ω-éπ-®·Ø√ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«xL éπü∆?
Çïc©’, E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, Nüµ¿’©’, Å´-Ææ-®√-©-´©x é¬èπ◊çú≈ Subha: É¢√∞¡ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«h-†-Ø√o®Ω’.
´’†ç FA v°æ鬮Ωç Öçúø-´-©-Æœ† ÆœnA, îËߪ’-´-©-Æœ†
°æ†’©’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. Åçõ‰ ØÁjAé𠶫üµ¿u-ûª©’ (Moral ANSWER:
obligations). Prabha: Hi Subha, any idea where file no. 10
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ought to Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç* îª÷úøçúÕ: is?/ Do you know where file no. 10 is?/
1) You ought to know manners Where is file no 10?
†’´¤y manners ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L. Subha: Ask Sekhar about it. He should know /
must know. The file was on his table
(ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË ´’†-™„o-´®Ω÷ PéÀ~ç-Ω’– é¬F ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
last evening.
éÓ-´ôç ´’† ØÁjAé𠶫üµ¿uûª.)
2) I ought to be careful how I talk to elders Prabha: Where is Sekhar?
Subha: He went to the manager's room 5 min-
°ü¿l-¢√-∞¡xûÓ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬
Öçú≈L. (v°æ´-®ΩhØ√ ¶«üµ¿uûª) utes ago. He must be there now.
3) We ought to remember who we are talking to Prabha: Why are you so weak?
á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Á÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. Subha: The work at office and at home is very
(v°æ´-®ΩhØ√ ¶«üµ¿uûª) tiring/ is tiring me.
4) I ought to be back early to attend on my sick Prabha: You look very weak/ run down. You
mother ought to see a doctor immediately. You
ought to take care of your health. Your
husband ought to help you in the work
at home.
Subha: His office work takes his whole time.
Prabha: He ought to take you atleast to the
doctor.
Subha: He said he would take me today.
iII
Dinakar: Where did you buy those fruits yes-
terday? They were quite fresh and
sweet.
(E†o Ç °æçúø’x áéπ\úø éÌØ√o´¤? î√™«
û√ñ«í¬ Bߪ’í¬ ÖØ√o®· ÅN)
Fresh - û√ñ«. (Opp: Stale/ rotten stale. E©y
Ö†o (´·êuçí¬ ´çúÕ-†N); rotten - ´·J-T-§Ú-
®·†, èπ◊Rx-§Ú-®·†. stale - ÂÆdß˝’™¸, rotten -
®√-ô-Ø˛ – Aô’d-°æü¿ç èπÿú≈. These rotten movies
(îÁûªh movies)/ rotten fellow ´’E-≠œE Aôdúøç,
NENE NÆœ-T-§Ú-®·† jokes - stale jokes.
Madhukar: Why are you asking? Do you need
fruits now?
(áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? É°æ¤púË´’Ø√o
°æçúø’x Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷ Fèπ◊?)
Dinakar: Yea. I need some to present to my
uncle. You bought them at Sarvam
Super Market, didn't you?
(Å´¤†’. ´÷ uncle èπ◊ °æçúø’x present
îËü∆l-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ÅN †’´¤y 'Ææ®Ωyç—
Super Market ™ éÌØ√o´¤ éπü∆?
Madhukar: No. That's very far off. You need
not go that far. If fruits are what you
need, there's a good fruit shop
nearby. I bought them there.
b) She doesn't need any body's help
Ç¢Á’Èé´J ≤ƒßª’ç Åéπ\-Í®xü¿’
X She needs every body's help
Ç¢Á’-éπç-ü¿J (v°æA-¢√J) ≤ƒßª’ç Å´-Ææ®Ωç (鬢√L)
c) Animals need oxygen
ïçûª’-´¤-©èπ◊ oxyzen Å´-Ææ®Ωç.
d) He doesn't (does not) need any more money
Åûª-E-éπç-ûª-éπçõ‰ úø•’s Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.
e) Ç¢Á’Íéç Å´-Ææ®Ωç (àç 鬢√L?)
What does she need?
f) ¢√úÕéÀ Rs.100/- éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.
He doesnot need more than Rs. 100/-
Oô-Eo-öÀ™ verb, need/ needs éπü∆?
Ñ sentences ™ need Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-EéÀ, °j con-
versation ™ç* BÆœ† sentences (3) and (4) ™
need ¢√úø-é¬-EéÀ ûËú≈ îª÷ü∆lç.
3) You need not go that far
Åçûª ü¿÷®Ωç ¢Á∞¡x-éπ\Í®xü¿’.
4) You need not spend so much
Åçûª ê®Ω ’ a °ôd - é π \ - Í ® x ü ¿ ’ .
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 109
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 8 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
a) She has to be there X She need not be there
Padma:
ûª† ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* ã ´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç
b) I must know it X You need not know it
Å´-Ææ®Ωç (鬢√L) Ø√èπ◊. îÁ°æ¤p, ûª†èπ◊ ؈’
(؈C ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L) X †’´¤y ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’ Phone îËߪ÷-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC.
c) Have I to go? X You need not go
Kamala: †’´¤ y worry 鬆-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. ûª† Phone
(¢Á ∞ «x ™ « X Åéπ\-Í®xü¿’)
number èπÿú≈ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’, Ç¢Á’ °æéπ\
[a) You must go - †’´¤y ¢Á∞«xL.
í∫ C - ™ ØË ÖçC. ¢ÁRx ´÷ö«xúø’.
b) You must not go - †’´¤y ¢Á∞¡x-èπÿ-úøü¿’
b) Krupakar: ¢√úÕ-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√L ´’J.
c) You need not go - ¢Á-∞¡}-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’
Dayakar: ¢√úø-Ææ©’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ\-Í®xü¿’
b) éÀ, c) éÀ ûËú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ. ÅüË Nüµ¿çí¬ should èπÿ,
Krupakar: áçü¿’-éπE?
have to/ has to èπÿ èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC.]
Dayakar: ؈’ ¢√úÕo éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ûÁ´’t-Ø√o†’. Ç
Need í∫’Jç* ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o points.
°æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-éπ\úø ÖØ√oß˝’. ÅN èπÿú≈
1) Need †’ independent í¬ äéπ\-öÀí¬ ¢√úÕûË é¬¢√L
ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÅØË ¶µ«´ç ´Ææ’hçC. É°æ¤púøçûª Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊.
Krupakar:
2) Need + 1 st RDW (´÷´‚-©’í¬ not ûÓ)– ÅN Ø√èπ◊ Å´-Ææ®Ωç. îª÷°œç. ¢√öÀ-E
Ç I RDW ûÓ îÁÊ°p-°æE îËߪ’-éπ\-Í®xü¿’ ÅE Å®Ωnç. ØË † ’ îª ÷ú≈L.
Dayakar: †’¢Ëyç îª÷úø-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-C°æ¤púø’. Í®°æ¤ îª÷úø’.
ANSWERS:

You need not spend so much a) Padma: Hi Kamala, let me have Karuna's

Kamala: What about?

phone number. I must/ I need to
talk to her urgently.

Padma: You need not know it./ You don't need

Dinakar: How costly are they? Perhaps you
3) ™ verb need go -
bought them at Rs.70 a dozen. need + 1st regular
(¢√öÀ êKüÁçûª? dozen 70 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© doing word
v°æ鬮Ωç éÌØ√o¢Ë¢Á÷ éπü∆?) 4) ™ verb need spend -
Madhukar: No. You need not spend so much. need + 1st regular
They are quite cheap there. doing word
Need + 1st regular DW
M. SURESAN
(Åçûª °ôd-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. ÅN î√™«
éπ Ç shop ™) (´÷´‚©’í¬ notûÓØË
Dinakar: Will you show me the shop? ´Ææ’hçC)verb Å®·ûË, I RDW †’ •öÀd Å®Ωnç
(Need not go =
(Ç shop îª÷°œ-≤ƒh¢√?) Öçô’çC. ¢Á∞¡x-éπ\-Í®xü¿’)
Need not spend = ê®Ω’a °ôd-éπ\-Í®xü¿’
Madhukar: You don't need my help, old boy.
You need not be here
Walk along this way and turn right.
You find 'Sufala' fruit shop. That's it. (Ééπ\úø verb - need be - ÉC be form -
Öçúø-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ (not ûÓ)
(Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. Éô’--¢Áj°æ¤ ¢ÁR}
ÉC need èπ◊ È®çúÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç.
èπ◊úÕ°æéπ\èπ◊ A®Ω’í∫’. Ç shop éπ†-°æ-úø’-
ûª’çC) ¢Á·ü¿-öÀC – need †’ independent í¬ ¢√úÌa.
Dinakar: OK, bye È®çúÓC– need + 1st RDW (´÷´‚©’í¬ not ûÓ).
[ You need not go =
Madhukar: OK.
You don't need to go ņ-´îª’a.
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù™ Åçû√ need ûÓ Ö†o expres-
[ She need not sing =
sions áèπ◊\´ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. Need Å®√n©÷,
She does not need to sing
¢√úøéπç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç Ñ lesson ™.
1. Do you need fruits now?
ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç:
Karuna: Must you go now?
2. I need some
3. You need not go that far.
(†’´¤y ¢Á∞«}™«? É°æ¤púø’?)
Aruna: I need not go. It's enough if I call
4. You need not spend so much
(؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. Phone
5. You don't need my help
Karuna: You should go tomorrow at least
´’†çü¿Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’. need Åçõ‰ Å´-Ææ®Ωç Å-E, (éπFÆæç ͮ°jØ√ ¢Á∞«xL †’´¤y)
鬢√L ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´îËa Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÅE. Sumana: No, she need not go tomorrow either
1. Do you need fruits now?
(Í®°æ¤ èπÿú≈ ¢Á∞¡x-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’)
FéÀ°æ¤púø’ °æçúø’x Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷? (鬢√™«?)
Karuna: She has to be there at least the day
2. I need some after (tomorrow)
Ø√èπ◊ éÌEo Å´-Ææ®Ωç/ 鬢√L Sumana: No, I tell you, she need not be there
3. You don't need my help
on any day.
Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç Féπ-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’/ Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’
(á°æ¤púø÷ Åéπ\úø Öçúø-éπ\-Í®xü¿’)
°j Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©-Eoç-öÀ™ need Åçõ‰ Å´-Ææ®Ωç/ 鬢√L,
Ñ conversation ™ must/ should/ has to Ñ
Åçõ‰ 'Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’—èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬
´‚úÕç-öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç– àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷L/ Öçú≈L Å-E.
a) I need your help Need not be -Å-†o°æ¤p-úø’ opposite meaning
F ≤ƒßª’ç Ø√éπ-´-Ææ®Ωç (鬢√L) ´≤ÚhçCéπü∆ îËߪ’-†-éπ\-Í®xü¿’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓ. ÉC ´·êuç.
3) She need not go sentences need
™«çöÀ ™ to know it.
not go •ü¿’©’ – don't/ doesn't need to go
Kamala: Why do you need her number?
¢√úø-´îª’a.
Padma: I need some important information
4) Need + 1 st RDW (not ûÓ) must/ should/
from her. Tell me (her number). I need
have to/ has to èπ◊ ´uA-Í®éπç
to phone to her.
Need + infinitive (to + 1 st RDW) èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.
Kamala: You needn't worry. You don't need her
a) You don't need to go now
phone number either, she is in the
É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«}-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç -™‰-ü¿’. next room. Go talk to her.
b) She needs to be there at least for an hour
b) Krupakar: He must start now, mustn't he?
éπFÆæç ã í∫çõ„jØ√ Ç¢Á’ Åéπ\úø Öçúøôç Å´-Ææ®Ωç.
Dayakar: He need not go.
c) I need to go home now
Krupakar: Why?
ØË-†’ ¢Á∞«x-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC.
Dayakar: I told him to get some books. They
NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN
are (available) here. I don't need
ENGLISH:
them even now either.
a) Padma: Hi Kamala, é¬Ææh Karuna Phone
Krupakar: I need them. Let me see them.
Number É≤ƒh¢√? ûª†ûÓ urgent í¬ I must see them.
´÷ö«x-ú≈-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC Ø√èπ◊. Dayakar: You need not see them now. See
Kamala: üËE í∫’Jç*? them tomorrow.
Padma: †’´¤y ûÁ©’Ææ’-éÓ-†-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’™‰
ņ-´îª’a. Kamala: FÈéç-ü¿’éπ´-Ææ®Ωç ûª† number?
-v°æ-¨¡o: É¢Ë OöÀéÀ Ö†o Å®√n-©Fo.
Rama could have done that work 1) ®√´·úø’ Ç °æEE îËÆ œ Öçúø-´îª’a
Rama could haven't done that work Rama might have done that work.
Ñ È®ç-úÕçöÀéÀ áEo Å®√n-©’-Ø√oßÁ÷ §
îËÊÆh î√©’. ûÁ©°æçúÕ. Would, could Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’
®√´·úø’ Ç °æE îËÆœ Öçú≈-LqçC (é¬E
îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’)
ÅFo ®√ߪ’çúÕ.
He might have done the work – Åçõ‰
Rama should have done that work.
àO’ îÁߪ’u-™‰-ü¿Ø√? îËÆœ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´-îªaØ√? § ®√´·úø’ Ç °æE î˨»úø’
He may have done éÀ might / would éÀ Rama has done that work.
may ≤ƒn†ç™ à Å®√n-©’-Ø√oßÁ÷ ûÁ-©°æçúÕ. 2) îËÆœ Öçúøúø’, (é¬F î˨»úø’)
– áÆˇ. ®√´·, ûÁØ√L - Rama wouldn't have done it.
ï-¢√-•’: § îËÆœ Öçú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’, é¬F î˨»úø’
1. Rama could have done that work He shouldn't have done it.
Rama -Ç °æEE îËÆœÖçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË é¬F îËߪ’™‰ü¿’. § îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’
2. Rama could haven't done that work - Rama could not do it.
correct form, Rama couldn't have
DEéÀ § He may have/ might have done
done that work. Rama
DE Å®Ωnç, Ç °æEE
îËÆœ Öçúø-´îª’a.
îËÆœ Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. é¬E î˨»úø’ ÅE.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 10 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Ranjit: Sanjai, we need to be careful. You don't need it any more.
(´’†ç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC.) (FéπCçéπ Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.)
Sanjai: What about? Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù need í∫’JçîË éπü∆? ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ
(üËE í∫’Jç*?) lessons ™ need Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ éÌEo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
Ranjit: About the way we are spending money. èπ◊Ø√oç. ´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç.
(´’†ç úø•’s ê®Ω’a îËÆæ’h†o N≠æߪ’ç.) Need †’ independent í¬ ¢√úøû√ç; Éûª®Ω verbs
We have to manage with this money till
the month end.
ûÓ éπL°‘ ¢√úøû√ç.-
I. Need †’ independent í¬ ¢√úÕûË, Å´-Ææ®Ωç
(Ñ úø•’sûÓ ØÁ™«-ê®Ω’ ´®Ωèπÿ í∫úø-§ƒL.)
We need an extra Rs. 500/- for the Öç-úø-ôç, Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’-´ôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC, éπü∆?
book I need. 1) We need an extra Rs. 500/- c) They will need it when they are there.
àüÁjØ√ E•ç-üµ¿-†í¬, Çñ«c-†’-≤ƒ®Ωç, NCµí¬, îËߪ’ôç
´’†èπ◊ Åü¿-†çí¬ 500 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’-´¤- ¢√∞¡x-éπ\-úø’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡x-éπC Å´-Ææ®Ωç Å´¤-ûª’çC. ´’ç*C ÅE îËߪ÷Lq -´ÊÆh/ Öçú≈Lq ´ÊÆh, must/
û√®· (鬢√L) d) Kumar needed some money yesterday. should, have to/ has to ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆. DEéÀ ´uA-Í®-
Kumar èπ◊ -E-†o éÌç-ûª -úø-•’s Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’içC.
2) You do not need it any more.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
éπçí¬ îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’/ Öçúø-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ ņo-°æ¤púø’,
110 Fèπ◊ -ÅCçéπ Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. Ñ sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ need †’ Éûª®Ω verbs need not ¢√úøû√ç.
combination ™‰èπ◊çú≈ independent í¬ ¢√ú≈ç. a) You must do it
(†’´¤y ÅC îËߪ÷L)
You need not do it.

Need I go there now? (†’´¤y ÅC îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿’)

b) She has to be here at 10.
(10éÀ Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçú≈L)
She need not be here
(Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-†-éπ\®Ω™‰ü¿’.)
(Ø√ éπ´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† °æ¤Ææh-é¬-EéÀ Åü¿-†çí¬ Rs. 500 II. Need †’ ´’†ç Éûª®Ω É°æ¤púø’ Ñ sentences †’ îª÷úøçúÕ: ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Å´-Ææ®Ωç). verbs ûÓ éπL°œ èπÿú≈ a) You must make Coffee for us
Sanjai: That's true. But you need not worry. I a) You need not go now.
¢√úøû√ç. Å°æ¤púø’ Ç †’´¤y ´÷èπ◊ Coffee îËߪ÷L.
called Dad yesterday and told him to (verb: need go; = †’´¤y ¢Á∞¡x-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’.)
verbs ûÁLÊ° °æE-îË-ߪ’-†-´- b) You must not make Coffee for us
send us Rs. 1000. He is sending it. Ææ-®Ωç-™‰-ü¿E Å®Ωnç. Ñ use b) She need not send any money now.
†’´¤y ´÷èπ◊ Coffee îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’.
We'll get it in a day or two. áèπ◊\´ not ûÓ ´Ææ’hçC, (verb: need send; Ç¢Á’ É°æ¤púËç úø•’s °æç-§ƒ- c) You need not make Coffee for us.
(Eï¢Ë’, é¬E †’´¤yworry Å´-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. ™‰-ü∆ question form ™ Lq-† -Å-´Ææ-®Ωç -™‰ü¿’.)
phone M. SURESAN †’´¤y ´÷èπ◊ Coffee îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.
E†oØË Ø√†oèπ◊ îËÆœ ã ¢Á®·u ®Ω÷§ƒ- Öçô’çC. c) I need not take advice from him
b) éÀ éÀ ûËú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ: b) èπÿú≈, a) ™«í¬
c)
ߪ’©’ °æç°æ-´’Ø√o. äéπ-öÀ È®ç-úø’ ®Ó-V-™x a) I need not be there now (verb: need take-
(-úø-•’s) ´Ææ’hçC.)
؈’ Åûª-úÕ Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’éÓ Command. c) Command èπ◊ opposite éπü∆. ÉüË
Ranjit: I have to pay for the tuition I am taking.
Åéπ\úø -É°æ¤p-úø’ ؈’ç-úø-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. -†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’) should èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ´Jh-Ææ’hçC.
(verb - need + be) Ñ sentences ™ need Éûª®Ω verbs ûÓ com- a) He should do it
tuition
(؈’ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o fees
èπ◊ èπÿú≈ b) She need not come bination ûÓ ´≤ÚhçC, ´·êuçí¬ not ûÓ. b) He should not do it
éπö«dL éπü∆?)
Questions èπÿú≈ ´≤ƒh®·. c) He need not do it
Sanjai: Do you need (to) continue the tuition?
Ç¢Á’ ®√†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’.
(Tuition continue îËߪ’ôç Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷?) (verb - need come) a) Need I go there now? ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆, (a), (b) Commands. (c) oppo-
Ranjit: I need not continue. c) Need I go there now? (É°æ¤púø’ -ØË-†’ ¢Á-∞«x-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçü∆?verb - site of (a). Å®·ûË have to/ has to N≠æ-ߪ’ç™
(Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’) ؈-éπ\úÕéÀ -É°æ¤p-úø’ ¢Á∞¡xôç Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷? need go.) é¬Ææh ûËú≈. Have to/ has to èπ◊ not îËJÊÆh need
b) Need you take so much trouble? not meaning ´Ææ’hçC.
Sanjai: Then stop it. You need to understand look at the following sentences:
that if you continue to attend tuitions, †’´yçûª trouble BÆæ’éÓ¢√-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçü∆? She has to be here
a) I need your help
you don't have the time to study. F Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Ø√éπ-´-Ææ®Ωç – verb- need take.) Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçú≈L.
tuitions She doesn't have to be here
(Å®·ûË Ç°®·u. É™« èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡⁄h b) She needs some dresses. III. Need not ņôç, must, should, have to/ has
time She need not be here
Öçõ‰ Fèπ◊ îªü¿-´-ö«-EéÀ Öçúø-ü¿E Å®Ωnç
Ç¢Á’èπ◊ éÌEo dresses Å´-Ææ®Ωç to èπ◊ opposite ÅE èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√L (îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq-† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC). Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.
2) Sumanth: Sudheer, I need your advice. I have been looking
(1) Tarun: Varun,
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH
àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’? for you, I see you here now.
Varun: ؈’ ´’Lx-é˙†’ ¢ÁçôØË éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç ÖçC.
Sudheer: What's it about? If you really need my advice, you
Tarun: áçü¿’èπ◊? Sudheer: Worry Å´--†-´Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’™‰. ØË-†’ éπ†’-éÌ\E Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª¢Ë’ have it/ I will give it.
Varun: Åûª-úÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* éÌçûª information Å´-Ææ®Ωç Ø√èπ◊. îÁ§ƒh. ؈’ Phone îË≤ƒh™‰. Sumanth: I want to buy a bike. I need a bike very badly now.
Tarun: üËE í∫’Jç*?
Sumanth: F´¤ îËߪ’-éπ\-Í®x-ü¿’™‰. ØËØË îË≤ƒh. (need badly = î√-™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç).
Varun: ¢Ë’ç ´îËa¢√®Ωç A®Ω’-°æA ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oç. Åéπ\úø ü¿®Ωz†ç N≠æߪ’ç™
ANSWERS: Shall I buy a second hand one or a new one?
Åûª-úÕ help 鬢√L. Sudheer: Depends on the money you have. If you can afford it,
Tarun: ü∆E-Èéj-ûË †’´¤y ´’Lxé˙ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡x-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ´÷ ¶«¶«®· Åéπ\úø 1) Tarun: Hi Varun, What news?
have a new one.
°æE-îË-Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’. ؈’ -Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-í∫-©†’. Varun: I need to meet Mallik immediately.
(afford = Å°∂æú˛ = °ô’d-éÓ-í∫-©í∫-úøç/- ≤Úh-´’ûª)
Varun: Çߪ’†’o ᙫ éπ©’-Ææ’éÓ-¢√-L ؈’? (immediately = ¢ÁçôØË)
Sumanth: If I want to buy a new one, I have to take a bank loan.
Tarun: †’¢Ëyç worry é¬-†éπ\®Ω-™‰-ü¿’. Åéπ\úø Çߪ’† Fèπ◊ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† Tarun: Why?
I need your help for that too.
Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Åçû√ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. Varun: I need some information from him. Sudheer: Don't worry/ No need to worry. I will find out and call
Varun: Å®·ûË ´’Lxé˙ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* ØËØËç Introduction letter Tarun: What about? you this evening.
BÆæ’Èé-∞¡x-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? Varun: We are going to Tirupathi next week. We need his help Sumanth: You need not. I'll call you.
Tarun: Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. Åéπ\-úÕ-Èé-Rxç-ûª-®√yûª Çߪ’† E†’o áéπ\-úÕéÀ á°æ¤púø’
in the matter of darsanam.
®Ω´’tçõ‰ Åéπ\-úøèπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL †’´¤y. Çߪ’† éÌClí¬ éÓ°œ≠œd. Tarun: If it is for that you need not go to Mallik. My uncle works Ñ≤ƒJ Ñ game practice îËߪ’çúÕ:
Varun: ÅüËç °æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰. Å™«Íí.
there. I can help you. He gave me advice -
(2) Sumanth: Hi Sudheer, F Ææ©£æ… Å´-Ææ®Ωç Ø√èπ◊. FéÓÆæç ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-
Varun: How do I meet him? Ñ sentence †´‚-Ø√í¬ îËÆæ’èπ◊E áEo sentences, different
ûª’Ø√o. †’-¢Ëy éπE-°œç-î√´¤.
Tarun: You need not worry at all. He will give you all help you subjects different verbs ûÓ, not ûÓ, question form ™, dia-
Sudheer: üËE í∫’Jç*? Ø√ Ææ©£æ… Fèπ◊ Eïçí¬ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’iûË, ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ûÓ,
É≤ƒh. need. logue form frame
™ áEo îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË ÅEo îËߪ’çúÕ.
Sumanth: ؈’ bike é̆’-éÓ\-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Bike Ø√èπ◊ î√™« Å´- Varun: So I need not take any introduction letter from Mallik. eg: a) Saritha showed me her chain.
Ææ®Ωç É°æ¤púø’. second hand é̆’-éÓ\Ø√, éÌûªhC é̆’-éÓ\Ø√? Tarun: No need. Once you go there you should be and you b) Sunil did not give me the book
Sudheer: ÅC F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o úø•’s†’•öÀd Öçô’çC éπü∆? †’´¤y -¶µº-Jç-îªí∫- should go wherever and whenever he wants you to. He c) Why did they offer him the job?
L-TûË, éÌûªhüË better éπü∆. is a bit short tempered. d) Mukesh: Are you paying me the money now?
Sumanth: Ø√èπ◊ bank loan Å´-Ææ®Ωç, éÌûªhC éÌØ√-©çõ‰. Loan ûÁa- (Short tempered = ûªy®Ωí¬ éÓ°æpúË Ææy¶µ«´ç) Ganesh: I am not promising you anything. I will try.
éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈ F ≤ƒßª’ç Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Varun: Don't you worry. OK. Mukesh: Send me the money tomorrow atleast.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII
Harihar: Hi Subhakar, do you know Murthy?
(Fèπ◊ ´‚Jh ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
Subhakar: Of course. We Went to school
together. We were the same class.
We used to sit on the same bench
too. We were together for three
years at school.
(ûÁ-L-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´-ô-¢Ë’çöÀ? ¢Ë’ç äÍé school
™ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊Ø√oç. Classmates. äÍé
bench O’ü¿ èπÿ-ØË-¢√∞¡xç èπÿú≈)
Harihar: I happened to meet him on train.
He told me about you.
(؈-ûª-úÕE train ™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. F
í∫’Jç* îÁ§ƒpúø’.)
Subhakar: We are still in touch with each other.
He joined a college in Hyderabad,
and I stayed on here.
(É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ¢Ë’ç äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ωç touch
™ ÖØ√oç. ¢√úË¢Á÷ Hyderabad col-
lege ™ îË®√úø’, ØËE-éπ\úË ÖçúÕ-§Úߪ÷)
Harihar: Quite a nice fellow, isn't he?
(î√™« ´’ç* ¢√úø’, éπü∆?)
Subhakar: Certainly. We used to be close. He
used to help me in studies, espe-
cially in maths. He used to be very
good at studies
(Eï¢Ë’. ¢Ë’ç î√™« ÆæEo-£œ«-ûªçí¬ ÖçúË-
¢√∞¡xç. Ø√èπ◊ îªü¿’-´¤™ ´·êuçí¬ maths
™ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÊÆ-¢√úø’. ¶«í¬ îªC-¢Ë-¢√úø’)
Harihar: He told me you used to play cricket
very well. It seems you used to be
the opener for your school team
(†’´¤y cricket î√™« ¶«í¬ ÇúË-¢√-úÕ-´E
îÁ§ƒpúø’. O’ school team èπ◊ †’´¤y
opener í¬ ÖçúË-¢√-úÕ-´ô éπü∆?)
Subhakar: Yes. I used to play, but not as well
as Murthy has told you.
(Eï¢Ë’, ØËØ√-úË-¢√úËo, Å®·ûË ´‚Jh
îÁ°œp-†çûª ¶«í¬ é¬ü¿’)
Harihar: Why aren't you playing now?
(É°æ¤púø’ áçü¿’é¬-úøôç ™‰ü¿’?)
Subhakar: I used to find a lot of time to play at
school. Now my concentration is
on EAMCET. No time for games
now.
(school ™ î√™« time ÖçúË-C Ø√èπ◊.
É°æ¤púø’ ؈’ EAMCET O’ü¿ concen-
trate îËÆæ ’hØ√o. Games èπ◊ time
üÌ®Ω-éπôç ™‰ü¿’)
Harihar: I used to play shuttle regularly, but I
gave it up after I joined college.
Dad wont' let me play any game
now.
(؈’ shuttle ÇúË-¢√-úÕE. é¬F ´÷Ø˨»,
college ™ îËJ† ûª®√yûª ´÷ Ø√†o
ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’)
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1) ¢- Á·-ü¿-öÀ®Ó-V Office èπ◊
¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o-úø’ -Å-†-ú≈-Eo
'He is going to office
for the first time'
- Å-E
correct
-îª-C-¢√-†’. -Å-C Å-
´¤-ûª’ç-ü∆? -D-Eo- ´’®Ó -
N-üµ¿çí¬ -á-™« ®√≤ƒh®Ω’?
2 ) ''Phonetics'' ØË®Ω’aèπ◊-ØËç-
ü¿’èπ◊ -äéπ -´’ç-* °æ¤Ææhéπç
Ææ÷-*ç-îªí∫-©®Ω’. -
– á. -¢Ë-ù’íÓ-§ƒ-™¸, -Å-Mx°æ‹®˝
ï-¢√-•’: 1) He
is going to office for the first
time = ¢Á·ü¿öÀ≤ƒJí¬ (®ÓV é¬ü¿’)
office èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’. ÉüË Å®Ωnç ´îËaô’x,
This is the first time he is going to
office ņ-´îª’a.
2) Oxford, longman's Dictionaries î√©’.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..
Subhakar: That's right too. We cant' do two
things at the same time. We have to
choose between the two.
(ÅD Eï¢Ë’. äÍé-≤ƒJ È®çúø’ °æ†’©’
îËߪ’™‰ç éπü∆. àüÓ äéπöÀ ᆒo-éÓ-¢√L.)
Harihar: Bye then. Time for me to go for my
Physics tuition class.
(Physics tuition ¢Á∞«xL ؈’, ´≤ƒh.
Subhakar: Bye
Ñ dialogue ™ Ñ expressions
îª÷úøçúÕ.
1) We used to sit on the same
bench.
2) We used to be close
3) He used to help me
4) He used to be very good at stud-
ies.
5) You used to be the opener
6) I used to play
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
She used to sing well
7) I used to find a lot of time.
Ñ expressions ÅFo èπÿú≈ used to
èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†¢Ë éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ used to
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
used to èπ◊ be form used to be;
Action word: used to + 1st Regular Doing
word
e.g: used to play, used to sing, etc.,
Used to í∫ûªç™ Å©-¢√-ô’í¬, véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈
Ö†o ÆœnAE é¬F, Ωu (action)†’ é¬F ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.
Ñ used to èπ◊, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úË use
èπ◊ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’.
Subhakar ´÷ô we used to sit on the same
bench
äÍé bench O’ü¿ èπÿØË ¢√∞¡xç (A regular action
of the past)
ûÁ©’-í∫’™: Å°æ¤-úø™« ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-úËC
(It used to be so);
¢√úø’ ®ÓW ÇúË-¢√úø’
(He used to play every day);
Ç¢Á’ ¶«í¬ §ƒúËC
(she used to sing well);
They used to quarrel with each other.
(¢√∞¡Ÿx -äéπ-J-ûÓ äéπ®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úø’-éÌ-ØË-¢√∞¡Ÿx)–
-v°æ-¨¡o: -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù °æ‹-Jhí¬ -ØË®Ω’aéÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ Ææ’-´÷®Ω’
275 -¢√éπu -†-´‚-Ø√-©’ (patterns or struc-
tures) -î√-©-E -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ -¢√uéπ®Ω-ù °æç-úÕ-ûª’-©
-Å-Gµ-v§ƒ-ߪ’ç. -Ç 275 -¢√é¬u-©-†’ -ûÁ-©’í∫’ -vö«-Ø˛q-
™‰-≠æ-Ø˛- Ææ£æ… -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’í∫-©®Ω’.
– Èé.®√-´÷®√--´¤, -N-ï-ߪ’-¢√-úø
ï-¢√-•’: O’®Ω-†oC correct. Å®·ûË ´·ç-ü¿’í¬ fun-
damentals ¶«í¬ ûÁLÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’
îÁ°œp† ¢√éπu †´‚-Ø√©’ (sentence pat-
terns) practice îËߪ’-´îª’a. Åçü¿’èπ◊ ûªT†
vocabulary èπÿú≈ °çîª ’-éÓ-¢√L éπü∆,
slots fill îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊. Thanks for the sug-
gestion.
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 12 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
É™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√-©†’ ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ – used to ¢√úøû√ç. Used to conversation
°j ™ ques-
°j dialogue ™ èπÿú≈ É™«çöÀ ¢√öÀÍé used to tion not
™ never
ûÓ, ûÓ ¢√úøôç
¢√úøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. îª÷úøçúÕ. É™« èπÿú≈ O’®Ω’ used to
1) He used to help me ¢√úø-´îª’a. ´’J-éÌEo îª÷úøçúÕ.
Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÊÆ-¢√úø’ a) Å-ûªúÁ-°æ¤púø÷ punctual í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’
2) We used to be close He never used to be punctual?
b)
¢Ë’ç ÆæEo-£œ«-ûªçí¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡xç ÅûªúÕ ≤ƒßª’ç †’´¤y ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√-úÕ¢√?
3) He used to be good at studies Did you use to take his help often?
îªü¿’-´¤™ ¶«í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ (¶«í¬ îªC-¢Ë-¢√úø’ – ÉüË (N’í∫û√ verbs èπ◊ ™«í¬ØË used to question -ûÓ
ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ – He used to study well ) é¬F not ûÓ é¬F ¢√úÕûË did use Å´¤-ûª’çC.
4) You used to be the opener -Å-ûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ °ü¿l ≤ƒßª’ç àO’ îËÊÆ-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’
†’´¤y opener í¬ ÖçúË-¢√-úÕN. He didn't use to help me much.
111
5) I used to play
؈’ ÇúË-¢√-úÕE
[Used to present/ future actions
of being ]
èπÿ ®√ü¿’
èπÿ states
6) I used to find a lot of NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN
time ENGLISH
Ø√èπ◊ î√™« time üÌJ-ÍéC Ananth: Hi Sumanth, É¢√-∞ÏçöÀ Éçûª ûªy®Ωí¬
鬕öÀd 'used to' express- Evü¿-™‰-î√´¤?
es a habitual state of Sumanth:
Ñ ´’üµ¿u ؈’ ûªy®Ω-í¬ØË ™‰Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.
being or action. ´‚úø’ ØÁ©© éÀçü¿öÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ late í¬ ™‰îË-
Pramod: Your teacher at ¢√-úÕE – college hours áE-N’C †’ç*
school was at M. SURESAN
äçöÀí∫çô ´®Ωèπ◊ ´÷Í®a´®Ωèπ◊
our place this
Ananth: áçü¿’-éπçûª Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ™‰îË-¢√-úÕN?
afternoon. She's dad's cousin
Sumanth: ®√vA î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ îªC¢Ë ¢√úÕE. Ç©-Ææuçí¬
O’ School teacher ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ´*açC
(
°æúø’-èπ◊ØË ¢√úÕE. Åçü¿’-éπE Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ™‰îË-
´’üµ∆u£æ«oç. ÇNúø ´÷ Ø√†o cousin.
¢√-úÕE.
Cousin éπ>Ø˛ – 'éπ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç, > size ™
Ananth: ´’ü¿u ™‰îË-ô-°æp-öÀ-éÀ-Èéçûª time ÅßË’uC
z ™«í¬.
Sumanth: ü¿í∫_®Ω ü¿í∫_®Ω 8 ÅßË’uC. áçûª £æ…®·í¬
Å®Ωnç = ®Ωéπh Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰E ü¿í∫_®Ω ö«d-©ç-ü¿®Ω’
ÖçúËüÓ
English™ cousins. Children of your parents
Ananth:
brothers and sisters are all your cousins. ؈’ -´÷vûªç Ç®Ω’Íé ™‰îË-¢√-úÕE. É°æ¤púø’
âCç-öÀÍé ™‰Ææ’hØ√o.
Åçõ‰ O’ ´÷´’ߪ’u éÌúø’-èπ◊©÷, èπÿûª’-∞¡Ÿx -Åç-ü¿®Ω÷
Sumanth:
O’ cousins - cousin sister, cousin brother àüÁjØ√ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ™‰´-ô¢Ë’ Ø√éÀ≠dçæ .
ÅØË ´÷ô©’ English ™ ™‰´¤. ÅN ¢√úøç) ANSWER:
Prasanth: She used to like me a lot she was a Ananth: Hi Sumanth, why are you up so
very good teacher. early?
(؈çõ‰ Ç¢Á’ ¶«í¬ É≠æd-°æ-úËC/ ÅGµ-´÷†ç How is it you are up so early?
ÇNúø î√™« ´’ç* teacher) How is it you got up so early?
Pramod: Though I was n't her student, I used
How is it = get up =
àçöÀ? Evü¿-™‰-´ôç
to go to her for tuition.
(ØËØ√¢Á’ student Å´éπ§Ú-®·Ø√, Ç¢Á’
= be up. 'be up' ÅEo-öÀ-éπçõ‰ simple,
natural)
ü¿í∫_-®ΩéÀ tuition -¢Á∞Ïx-¢√-úÕE.)
Sumanth: Of late I have been getting up early.
Prasanth: Didn't she use to say, 'understand?'
I used to get up late till 3 months
at the end of her every sentence?
ago- till the college hours were
(v°æA sentence *´®√ (Ç¢Á’ teach
changed from 8 AM to 1 PM
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, 'understand?' ÅØË-C-éπü∆?)
Ananth: Why did you use to get up so late?
Pramod: That she used to. I observed too.
Most teachers, I think say that. Sumanth: I used to study till late in the night.
So I used to get up/to be up late.
(Å´¤†’ Å™« Åçô’ç-úËC. ؈÷ í∫´’-
Eçî√†’. Teachers î√™«-´’çC Å™« Ananth: what used to be the time when you
got up/when you were up?
Åçö«-®Ω-†’-èπ◊çö«.)
Prasanth: I never used to find our Maths Sumanth: It used to be nearly 8. How happy I
teacher say that. He used to say, was!/ How I enjoyed it!
'Isn't it?' quite often. Ananth: I used to get up at 6. Now I get up
(´÷ Maths teacher Å™« ņôç ØËØÁ- at 5 itself.
°æ¤púø÷ NØË-¢√-úÕE 鬆’. Çߪ’† á°æ¤púø÷, Sumanth: What ever you may say. I like get-
'Isn't it?' ÅØË-¢√úø’. ting up late.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ii I Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 14 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Himakar: Who do I see here? Dinakar? Oh
Ñ conversation ™ éÀçC expressions
what a surprise! When did you
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
come?
1. I used to find ...
(àß˝’, á´®Ω÷? C†-éπ®√? Ǩ¡a®Ωuçí¬- -Öç-C! 2. I used to eat out
á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√a´¤?) 3. He used to be quite active here.
Dinakar: Yesterday. The first thing I thought I
4. He used to get up quite late
would do was see you and here I am
5. I am used to it.
(E†o, ®√í¬ØË ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô E†’o 6. I could not get used to the food
îª÷ú≈©†’èπ◊Ø√o. ´îËa¨») 7. He was used to keeping awake late
Himakar: Real pleasure seeing you. So how's
8. He will be used to it. No. 5 to 8 îª÷úøçúÕ. ¢Á·ü¿ô 5, 7 and 8 îª÷úøçúÕ future, past™ üËE-ÈéjØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
Bangalore?
éÀçü¿öÀ lesson™ ´’†ç used to Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ 5. I am used to it a) I am used to coffee in the morning
(E†’o îª÷úøôç Eïçí¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. í∫ûªç™ véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúøf
7. He was used to keeping awake late (Coffee - noun)
Bangalore ᙫ ÖçC?)
Æœnûª’-©èπÿ, Ωu-©èπÿ (Habitual status of being/habit- 8. He will be used to it (Ø√èπ◊ §Òü¿’l† coffee Å©-¢√ô’)
Dinakar: A beautiful city. I went there in the win-
ual actions in the past) ¢√-úø-û√ç -Å-E °j† expres- 5, 7 and 8 expressions ™ used to ´·çü¿’ be I am used to taking coffee in the morning
ter. I used to find the cold difficult to
sions from 1 to 4 ü∆EéÀ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’ éπü∆. forms (am, was, will be) Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Ø√èπ◊ §Òü¿’lØË coffee B≤Ú\-´ôç Å©-¢√ô’.
bear, but now I am used to it.
1. I used to find the cold difficult to bear ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈, used to ûª®√yûª 'be' form é¬F, (Ééπ\úø am used to ûª®√yûª, taking, ... ing form
(Åçü¿-¢Á’i† †í∫®Ωç. ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ îªL-é¬-©ç™ Ç îªL ûªô’d-éÓôç éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÅE-°œç-îËC. Regular doing word é¬F ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ. ®√´ôç í∫-´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ)
¢Á∞«x. Ç îªL ûªô’d-éÓ-´úøç éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçúËC. 2. I used to eat out Used to, ûª®√yûª, It é¬F, ing form é¬F ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· b) He is used to long walks / taking long walks
é¬-F É°æ¤púø’ Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úÕ-§Úߪ÷)
Himakar: What about the food?
•ßª’ô AØË-¢√úÕo. éπü∆. Åçõ‰ 5, 7 and 8™ ´’†ç ¢√úÕçC. in the morning
'be' form (am/was/willbe) + it/...ing form (†úøéπ, †úø-´ôç Å-ûª-úÕéÀ Å©-¢√ô’.)
(-ǣ慮Ωç -´÷-õ‰ç-öÀ?)
(Expressions 1, 2, 3, 4™ ¢√úÕçC. (Used to + be c) Ram: Your boss seems to be an angry man.
Dinakar: No trouble now. I cook for myself. I
/ Ist Regular Doing Word) (O’ boss éÓ°œ-≠œd™« éπ-EpÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’?)
used to eat out in the beginning but I
Used to + be/1st RDW Rahim: I just don't bother. I am used to his
could not get used to the food. I start-
ed cooking, and I am happy now. -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 112 í∫ûªç™ véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†o ÆœnA/ ïJ-T† °æE. - anger.

(É°æ¤púËç É•sçC ™‰ü¿’. ØËØË ´çúø’-èπ◊ç-ô’- É-D É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç îª÷ÆœçC. (ØËØËç ™„éπ\-îË-ߪ’†’. Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úÕ-§Úߪ÷
Ø√o†’. ¢Á·ü¿öx £æ«Ùô™x AØË-¢√-úÕE. é¬-F
-Å-©¢√ô’ îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷. ´çúø’-éÓôç
¢Á·ü¿-©’-°ö«d. É°æ¤púË É•sçD ™‰ü¿’.
(Eat out = Restaurants ™ A†ôç)
Himakar: You know our friend Bhaskar, don't
She used to be beautiful
you? He works in a Call Centre there.
(Fèπ◊ ¶µ«Ææ \®˝ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬. ¢√úø-éπ\úø Call
3. He used to be quite active here É°æ¤úø’ 'be' form + used + Çߪ’† éÓ§ƒ-EéÀ.)(am used to - his anger)
Centre ™ °æE-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’)
Ééπ\úø î√™« ®Ω’í¬_ ÖçúË-¢√úø’. it/ ...ing form (expressions, d) Bhavan: His wife appears to be the -
Dinakar: How is he? He used to be quite active
4. He used to get up quite late 5, 7 and 8 ™ ÖçC) – nagging type.
here
¶«í¬ Ç©Ææuçí¬ ™‰îË-¢√úø’. ÉC äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ (†Ææ-°õ‰d ®Ωéπç-™« ÖçC ¢√úÕ ¶µ«®Ωu .)
(ᙫ ÖØ√oúø’? Ééπ\úø Åûª†’ î√™« ®Ω’í¬_ Used to
ÖçúË-¢√úø’) °æúøôç –any time – past, Sravan: He is so used to her nagging that with-
1) Past ™ véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Ö†o Æœnûª’-©èπÿ, ïJ-T† present or future †’ ûÁ-L-ߪ’- out it he feels he misses something.
Himakar: He is OK. except for his odd hours of
°æ†’-©èπÿ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. Present, futureèπ◊ ñ‰Ææ’hç-C.
duty. He has to work late night shifts. M. SURESAN (Ç †Ææ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË àüÓ ¢Á-L-Aí¬ Ö†oô’d ¶«üµ¿-
It's troubling him a bit.
á°æ¤púø÷ ¢√úøç. (í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆, used to + °æ-úø-û√úø’ ¢√úø’. Ç †Ææ-éπçûª Å©-¢√ô’
2) Used to ûª®√yûª 'be' é¬F, Ist Regular Doing be/ 1st RDW - past Íé °æú≈fúø’)
(-Ç-úø÷u-öà -¢Ë-∞¡-©’ ûª°æp ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’. Words (used to + go / Walk) Sleep, etc) é¬F °æJ-N’ûªç) (is used to -nagging)
®√-vA -¢Ë-∞¡-™x °æ-E-îË-ߪ’-úøç -Å-ûª-Eo -É-•sç-C ´≤ƒh®·. ÉC ´’†ç last lesson™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. a) Kesav: How do you find Delhi in Summer?
°-úø’-ûÓç-C) Now practise the following:-
Dinakar: He was used to keeping awake late at
´’Sx îª÷úøçúÕ. (¢ËÆæN™ Delhi ᙫ ÖçC?) Sekhar:
1) ´÷éπ-°æ¤púø’ ¢√®√-EéÀ 5 ®ÓV™‰ ÖçúË-C Eswar: Quite hot. But I have been used to
†’´¤y *†o-°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ °æJ-Èí-ûËh-¢√-úÕN éπü∆?
night here. He used to get up quite
We used to have school only for 5 days a the heat for past three years.
É°æ¤p-úËçöÀ ÅÆæ©’ éÌçûª ü¿÷®Ωç èπÿú≈ †úø-´-™‰-
late here. what's the problem?
week. (áçúøí¬ØË Öçô’çC. é¬F í∫ûª ´‚úË-∞¡Ÿxí¬ éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?
(Ééπ\úø á°æ¤púø÷ ®√vA î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë’™\- 2) ûª®Ωîª÷ Ø√ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ ´Ææ’hç-úË-¢√úø’. Pramod: Ñ office™ join Å®·-†-ûª-®√yûª Ø√èπ◊
´ôç Å©-¢√õ‰ éπü∆ Åûª-EéÀ. Ç©Ææuçí¬ØË ØËØ√ áçúøéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ °æú≈f. É°æ¤púø’ ÅC
He used to visit me frequently Ææ´’Ææu é¬ü¿’). ¢√£æ«†ç ÖçC éπü∆. *†o *†o ü¿÷®√-©èπ◊
Evü¿™‰îË¢√úø’ éπü∆?) 3) Ç¢Á’ Åûª-ØÁo-°æ¤púø÷ É≠æd-°æ-úËC é¬ü¿’ (have been (be form) + used + to the heat
èπÿú≈ bike O’ü¿ ¢Á∞¡xôç Å©-¢√--õ„i-§Ú-´-úøç
Himakar: But there he has to get off duty too
She never used to like him (noun)
´©x, †úøéπ ûªT_çC.
late, after 12 mid night, and so he Sekhar: Å°æ¤púø’ ¶«í¬ slim í¬ ÖçúË ¢√úÕN èπÿú≈.
4) EØÁo-°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ É•sçC °õ‰d¢√úÕØ√ ؈’? (üËE-ÈéjØ√ ´’†ç ÉîËa Ê°®Ω’ noun. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ it /
can get up only after 9 or 10 in the Pramod: Ñ Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† @N-û√Eéπ©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úøôç ´©x
Did I ever used to trouble you? that / this etc. ™«çöÀN ¢√úø-´îª’a)
morning. This is his problem. He weight èπÿú≈ °J-TçC. Eï¢Ë’.
5) ¢√úø’ °æí∫©çû√ Ééπ\úË í∫úÕ-Ê°-¢√úø’ b) Åûª-úÕéÀ night shifts (®√vA-¢Ë-∞¡©’ – duties) Å©-¢√õ‰
hopes he will be used to it in a course Sekhar: Bike ¢√úøôç ´÷ØËÆ œ urgent é¬E °æ†’-©èπ◊
He used to spend the whole of day being – He is used to night shifts.
of time
here. c) É™«çöÀ v¨¡´’ Åûª-úÕéÀ éÌûªh. éÌçûª é¬-™«-EéÀ
†úø’.
(é¬F -Åéπ\úø ´’K Ç©Ææuç.®√vA 12 ûª®√yûË 6) ¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-çí¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ Pramod: †úø-¢√-©-E°œçîªü¿’ Ø√èπ◊. é¬F v°æߪ’-Aoç-î √L.
duty Å®· Evü¿-§Ú-´ôç, Åçü¿’-´©x Öü¿ßª’ç
Å©-¢√ô’ °æúøû√úø’
He used to be very helpful to me This kind of hard work is new to him, but
à´·ç-C™‰, È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV©’ †úÕÊÆh Å©-
9, 10 ûª®√yûË Evü¿ ™‰´ôç, ÉD ÅûªE 6) Ç¢Á’ Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçúËC he will be used to the work in course of
¢√ô’ °æúÕ-§Ú-û√†’. Å´¤†÷, †’´¤y Delhi ™
Ææ´’Ææu. 鬩-véπ-¢Ë’ù« Å©¢√ô’ °æúø-û√-†E She used to be beautiful Öçô’-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆?Åéπ\úø AçúÕ Fèπ◊ °æúø’-
time.
ÇP-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’) used to ¢√úøéπç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆? ûÓçü∆?
É°æ¤púø’ °j d) ¢√úÕ boss Å´-´÷-Ø√©’ Åûª-úÕéÀ Å©-¢√õ‰
Dinakar: Best of luck for him Sekhar: Ææ´’ÊÆu ™‰ü¿’. Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-ú≈f†’.
conversation expressions...
-†’ç* BÆœ† He is used to the insults from his boss.
b) Dushyant: Hi Bharat, àçöÀ ´’K Sundays
e) Pratap: How are you able to carry such a
load?
èπÿú≈ busy í¬ Öçô’-Ø√o´¤?
-v°æ-¨¡o: éÀç-C °æ-ü∆-© π◊ ÆæÈ®j-† Pronunciation -ûÁ-©°æí∫-©®Ω’? (Åçûª •®Ω’¢Á™« ¢Á÷ߪ’-í∫©’_ûª’Ø√o´¤?)
Bharat: àç îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«´¤? Busy life éπ©-¢√-ô’-°æ-
Bear, Owl, yacht, Menace, Cheer (v), Cheers (n), Cop, Cheerful (adj),
ú≈f†’. É°æ¤púø’ °æE-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË àç ûÓîªü¿’.
Sekhar: What a question? Weren't we
Dishyant: Í®°æ¤ promotion ´ÊÆh ¶«í¬ BJéπ
tyrant, martyr, Chaos, Career (were we not) used to carrying
–-öÀ. -P-´, -†ç-CéÌ-ô÷\®Ω’
. heavier loads of books at school?
Öçô’çC éπü∆? Å°æ¤púËç îË≤ƒh´¤?
Bharat: Å°æ¤púø’ ü∆EéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-û√†’. àüÁjØ√
-ï-¢√-•’: 1) Bear=¶„-Å; 2) Owl=ñ˜™¸ -(Å--Ö™¸), 3) yacht=ߪ÷ö¸ 4) Menace=¢Á’†Æˇ (àç -v°æ-¨¡o -Å-C? School™ ´’†èπ◊ Éçûª- ´÷®Ω’p éÌEo ®ÓV™‰ Ææ´’Ææu. Ç ûª®√yûª ü∆EéÀ
('¢Á’—ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) 5) Cheer=*µßª’; Cheers=*µßª’ñ¸.('ñ¸— size™ z™«) éπØ√o •®Ω’-´¤†o °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ¢Á÷ߪ’ôç Å©¢√-ô’-°æ-úøû√ç.
6) Cop=鬰ˇ (鬖°-ü¿-´¤©’ í∫’çvúøçí¬ A°œp, Ø√©’éπ ´çéπ-®Ω-°-ôdçúÕ) Å©--¢√-õ‰ éπü∆?) Dushyant: Å´¤†’. Correct ´÷ ņo†’ ´÷ Å´÷t,
8) Cheerful='-*µßª’-°∂ˇ™ ¸ – '*µ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. 9) tyrant=õ„j®Ω-Ø˛ö¸ ('õ„j ØÌéÀ\
鬕öÀd be used to Åçõ‰ Å©-¢√ô’ Öçúøôç, éÌûªh Ø√†o î√™« Ææ’êçí¬ Â°çî√®Ω’. É°æ¤púø’
°æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) 1) 10) martyr=´÷ô ('´÷— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç)11) Chaos=Èéߪ’Æˇ é¬éπ-§Ú-´ôç. be used to ûª®√yûª noun form (this îª÷úø’. business™ ®ÓW 8 í∫çô-©-éπçõ‰
food, the heat, the insults etc) é¬F, '... ing' form
('Èé— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) 12) Career=éπJߪ’ ('JØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. be used to Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo- •öÀd, present,
áèπ◊\´ °æE-îË-≤ƒhúø’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 16 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Balaram: Hi Damodar, how's your new bike? 1) I will get used to
(F éÌûªh bike ᙫ ÖçC?) 2) You will get used to handling it
Damodar: I have used it for just a few days. I 3) He has got used to holding its weight
feel it is heavy for a man my size. So 4) I got used to it
I find it a bit difficult to handle it. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ Lessons ™ be used to ¢√ú≈ç
( éÌCl-®Ó-V-©’-í¬ØË éπü∆ ØË ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√o éπü∆. ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ be used to Åçõ‰ Å©-¢√ô’
ü∆Eo. Ø√ Size éπC éÌçîÁç •®Ω’¢Ë ÅEp- °æúøôç ÅE, be used to noun
ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷
≤ÚhçC. Åçü¿’-éπE ü∆Eo handle îÁߪ’uôç é¬F, '...ing' form é¬F ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E.
é¬Ææh éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC) 1) She is used to the rudeness of her mother-in-
Balaram: Could it be a wrong choice? law.
selection)
(F áç°œéπ (- Åç-ûª ÆæÈ®jçC Ç¢Á’ Åûªh-í¬J ü¿’®Ω’-Ææ’-ûª-Ø√-EéÀ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúÕ-§Ú- b) Having been poor till now, he is yet to be Sneha: Moreover the language here is differ-
é¬üË¢Á÷ ņ’èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?) ®·çC. used/ yet to get used to/ yet to become used ent, so he may take (some) time to get
(Ééπ\úø rudeness, noun) to, the comforts of rich life used to it.
2) They are used to working for low wages. Maithri: Where English is known/ Where peo-
ûªèπ◊\´ @û√-©èπ◊ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç ¢√∞¡x-éπ-©-¢√õ‰. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Hü¿-¢√-úø’í¬ Öçúø-ôç-´©x, üµ¿Eéπ @Nûª ple know English, he hasn't any prob-
Ææ’ë«-©-éÀçé¬ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-™‰-ü¿-ûª†’/ ÅN Åûª-EéÀçé¬ lem. He is used to communicating in
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
(Åçõ‰ éÌûËhO’ é¬ü¿’. ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿’™ éÌûªhí¬ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-ú≈-
113 Lqç-üËO’ ™‰ü¿’) éÌûªh/ -Å-ûª-EéÀ ÅN É•sç-Cí¬ ÖØ√o®·. English. The problem is with the local
language.
Sneha: At the most he may take a month to
get used to the circumstances/ situa-

I got used to it tion here. That's all.

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç-Ø√-öÀ -Å-¶µ«u≤ƒ-© Ææ-´÷-üµ∆-Ø√-©’:

Damodar: (I) Can't say anything now. I think I
will get used to it as days pass.
(É°æ¤púËç îÁ°æp-™‰†’. ®ÓV©’ í∫úÕîËéÌDl
Å©-¢√ô’°æúø-í∫-©-†-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)
Balaram: I think so too.
(؈÷ Å™«Íí ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)
Damodar: Once it begins to move I feel very
comfortable riding it. Only when I
have to stand it do I feel the weight
(éπü¿-©ôç ¢Á·ü¿-™„jûË î√™« £æ…®·í¬
Öçô’çC. ü∆Eo Stand ¢Ëߪ÷Lq ´*a-†-
°æ¤púË •®Ω’-´-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC).
But I enjoy the ride.
(Å®·ûË ü∆EO’ü¿ Ææ-¢√-K î√™« Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬
Öçô’çC)
Balaram: Don't worry. You will get used to han-
dling it. Look at Arjun. He is Shorter
than you and his bike heavier than
yours. I See him handling it with
ease. He has got used to holding its
weight.
(àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. †’´¤y ûªy®Ω-í¬ØË ü∆E •®Ω’-
´¤èπ◊ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-û√´¤. Å®Ω’b-Ø˛†’ îª÷úø’
¢√úø’ F éπçõ‰ §ÒöÀd, ¢√úÕ bike F ü∆E-
éπçõ‰ •®Ω’´¤. é¬E ü∆Eo ¢√úø’ î√™«
Ææ’©’´¤í¬ handle îË≤ƒhúø’. ¢√úø’
Å©-¢√ô’ °æú≈fúø’)
Damodar: Yes That was my Experience of my
cycle too, when I had my First Cycle,
I Was just 7 or 8 years old and the
cycle felt heavy , but I got used to it.
(Å´¤†’ Ø√ Cycle ûÓ Å†’-¶µº´ç èπÿú≈
ÅüË. ؈’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ≤ƒJí¬ Cycle é̆o-
°æ¤púø’, Ø√èπ◊ àúË∞x áE-N’-üË∞x Å°æ¤púø’
Ø√èπ◊ Cycle •®Ω’-´-E°œç-îËC. é¬F Å©-¢√ô’
°æú≈f ü∆E •®Ω’-´¤éÀ.
Balaram: I ride a bike well, but I have yet to get
used to the traffic of Hyderabad. I
think it will be a few more weeks
before I can drive comfortably in
such traffic.
Traffic drive
(Ø√éÀçé¬ Ñ Â£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ™
îËߪ’ôç Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-™‰ü¿’. ÉçéÌEo ¢√®√-
©-èπ◊-í¬E Ææ’êçí¬ drive îËߪ’-™‰-†-†’-èπ◊çö«)
OK. I must be going. Bye
(Oh, Bye)
ØËEéπ ¢Á∞«xL
Damodar: Bye
Ñ Conversations Get used to
™ ûÓ Ö†o
expressions í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’
Lessons ™ Åçû√be used to èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†
N´-®√©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Get
used to ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..
3) This street boy is used
to the cold of the win-
ter.
Ñ OCµ-¶«-©’úø’ Qû√-é¬-©°æ¤
îªL-éπ-©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úøf-¢√úË.
äéÓ\-≤ƒJ, noun •ü¿’©’,
is èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC.
M. SURESAN
°j conversation ™
get used to èπÿ, Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† be
used to èπ◊ Å®Ωnç™, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫ç™ áçûÓ ûËú≈
™‰ü¿’. 'be used to' èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd
ÆæÈ®j† tense form ûÓ get used to ¢√úÌa:
Sneha: ´’J O’ Çߪ’† Ææçí∫A?
a) In the beginning I could not adjust to the
Maithri: Çߪ’-†Íé é¬Ææh Ææ´’-Ææuí¬ ÖçC. Çߪ’-†C
hostel food, but I got used to it as time went
on/but I am now used to it
¢Á·ü¿ô hostel food °æúËC é¬ü¿’, é¬F ®ÓV©’
í∫úÕ-îË-éÌCl Å©-¢√-õ„j-§Ú-®·çC; É°æ¤úø’ ؈’ ü∆EéÀ Sneha: Åçü¿’™ ¶µ«≠æ èπÿú≈ ûËú≈ éπü∆? é¬Ææh time
Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-ú≈f†’.
Maithri:
b) How long did it take for you to get used to
the climate of Kashmir?
é¬Qt®˝ ¢√û√-´-®Ω-ù«-EéÀ Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úø-ö«-E-Èéçûª time Sneha: ´’£æ… Å®·ûË ÉçéÓ ØÁ© °æôd-´-a™‰. Ç
°æöÀdçC Fèπ◊?
c) I think he hasn't yet got used to working for
long hours here unlike in his previous job
Ééπ\úø áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ°æ¤ °æE-îË-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úÕçé¬
Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úø-™‰-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«, ¢√úÕç-ûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’†o job
™™« é¬èπ◊çú≈.
d) People in government jobs find it difficult to
get used to working in private organisations.
private
v°æ¶µº’ûªy 鬮√u-©-ߪ÷™x °æE-îËÊÆ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊
ÆæçÆæn™x °æEîËߪ’ú≈-EéÀ Å©¢√ô’ °æúøôç éπ≠dçæ í¬
Öçô’çC.
°j (b), (c), (d) ™x `be used to' èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
b) How long did it take for you to get used to...?
= How long did take for you to be used to....?
c) I think he hasn't yet got used to working
= I think he hasn't been used to working
d) People in government jobs find it difficult to
get used to working- People in government
jobs find it difficult to be used to working in...
´ be used to, get used to become
¢√úË îÓôx
used to
èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌa.
a) I've got used/ I've become used to/ I've been
used to this kind of treatment from the Boss
Boss (treatment=
†Eo™« îª÷úøôç ¢Ájü¿uç,
´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç. Ééπ\-úø Å®Ωnç äéπ®Ω’ ÉçéÌ-éπJo
îª÷úøôç, Åçõ‰ íı®Ω-Nç-îªôç, ©-éπ-†í¬ îª÷úøôç,
üËy≠æç Öçúøôç, ™„éπ\-îË-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´ôç ™«çöÀN: Ñ
Nüµ¿çí¬ boss ††’o îª÷úøôç (treat îËߪ’ôç) Ø√èπ◊
éÌûËhO’ é¬ü¿’.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
a) Sekhar: You used to be good at
running/used to run well/used to be
a good runner when you were
ÉO be used to, got used to, became used to young. Why aren't you able to walk
Å®√n©÷, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’. ´’Sx Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬... even a short distance?
1) be (get/ become) used to ûª®√yûª noun é¬F,
Pramod: After I joined this office, I got a vehi-
...ing form é¬F ´≤ƒh®·. Ist RDW ®√ü¿’. Å®Ωnç – cle. I am used to going on the bike
even for short distances. So I walk
Å©-¢√-ô-´ôç, éÌûªh-é¬-éπ-§Ú-´ôç, É•sçC éπ©-í∫-éπ-
§Ú-´ôç. less now.
2) be (get/ become) used to à tense ™ØÁjØ√ Sekhar: You used to be very slim.
¢√úø-´îª’a, Öçúøôç, Ωu ïJÍí 鬙«-Eo-•öÀd. Pramod: True. Because I am used to this kind
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH: of life and my weight has increased
too/ has gone up too/ I have put on
Sneha: Hi
¢Á’ivB, ᙫ ÖçC Ééπ\úÕ éÌûªh @Nûªç?
weight.
Maithri:
Ø√Íéç éÌûªh ÅE°œç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Å©-¢√-õ„j-§Ú-
®·çC. ô÷d F™«çöÀ friends Öçúø-ôç-´©x Sekhar: Stop using the bike. Walk for things
not urgent.
Pramod: I don't feel like. But I must try. That's
marketing job éπü∆? Ééπ\úÕ market B®Ω’- nothing, of course. If I walk for 2 or 3
days, I will be used to walking you are
ûÁ-†’o-©-éÀçé¬ Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-™‰-ü∆-ߪ’†. Ééπ\úÕ
market Çߪ’-†èπ◊ °æ‹Jhí¬ éÌûªh. in Delhi now. Are you used to the food
there?
°æôd-´îª’a Å©-¢√ô’ °æúø-ö«-EéÀ. Sekhar: No problem. I am used to it. / I have
got used to it.
ÉçTx ≠ˇ ûÁL-Æœ†îÓôx Çߪ’-†-ÍéO’ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’.
Çߪ ’-†èπ◊ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ Ææ綵«-≠æù Å©-¢√õ‰. b) Dushyant: Hi Bharat, you are busy on
≤ƒnEé𠶵«≠æ Å®·-ûËØË Ææ´’Ææu. Sundays too/ even on Sundays,
what's the matter?
ûª®√yûª Å©-¢√õ„j §Úûª’çC. Bharat: What can I do. I am used to this
ANSWER: busy life. I feel bad/ out of sorts if I
Sneha: How is the new life here, Maithri? don't have enough work.
Maithri: I don't find it new/ different any more; Dushyant: If you get promotion, you will have a
especially with friends like you around. lot of leisure. What will you do then?
Bharat: I will be used to it then change a
Sneha: What about your husband/ hubby?
Maithri: He finds it a little problem/ He has problem for only a few days. After
some trouble. Hence a marketing job, that we are used to it.
isn't it? He hasn't yet got used to/ He Dushyant: Yes, that's right. My parents brought
has yet to get used to the trends of the up my brother in all comfort. But
look now. In his business, he now
market here. The market here is
entirely/ completely/ totally new to him. works for more than eight hours.
-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. Leave letter ®√Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’, (Head mas- -v°æ-¨¡o: Am, is, are + V3 = ï®Ω-í∫-•úÕ Öçúøôç ™‰ü∆
ter †’ address îËÆæ÷h ï®Ω-í∫-•-úøúøç (™‰ü∆) È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ Ææç-ü¿-®√s¥-†’-
Teachers) Kindly grant me, ≤ƒ-®Ωçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√™«? -á-™« ¢√ú≈-L?
ÅE ®√ߪ’úøç ûª§ƒp, may I – -áÆˇ.-ü¿’®√_®√-´¤, é¬éÀ-Ø√-úø
request you ÅE ®√ߪ’úøç cor- -ï-¢√-•’: am/ is / are + v3 (past participle) Ñ
rect Å´¤-ûª’çü∆, ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. combination ™ Ö†o verb passive voice
2.Respected Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´î√a,
™ Öçô’çC. Å®Ωnç '•úø’— ÅE ´Ææ’hçC.
Yours sincerely / Yours 1) The poem is written by John = John îËûª Ç
faithfully -à-C -Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√-L?
poem ®√ߪ’-•-úÕçC Å-E Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√L.
– -G-.-vQ-E-¢√Æˇ, éÌ-´‹y®Ω’ The poem has been written/ was written by
-ï-¢√-•’: 1. È®çúø÷ correct. May I request you ÅØËC John ÅØËC Éçûª-éπçõ‰ better form.
é¬Ææh formal. am/ is/ are + pp (past participle - v3) - ÉC habit-
2. Respected Sir, ņôç correct é¬ü¿’. Sir, ÅE ual action èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√ú≈L. Å®·-§Ú-®·† action
Ææç¶-CµÊÆh î√©’. Respected sir ÆæÈ®j† English Å®·ûË, has been + pp/ was/ were + pp ¢√úøôç
é¬ü¿’. Leave letter ´’†-éπçõ‰ °j ÅCµ-é¬-JéÀ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’, time state îË-¨»-´÷, ™‰ü∆ Å-ØËü∆Eo •öÀd.
address îËÆ œ-†-°æ¤púø’ yours faithfully, ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ. 2) He is gone ¢√úø’-éπ™  ÖçC– He has gone ÅØË
Yours sincerely ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Å®Ωnç-ûÓ. -É-ç-ü¿’™ ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’.
iII Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 18 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Jagan: Mohan, when did you last meet kumar? Jagan: I see him the other day when he was
(èπ◊´÷®˝†’ á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o´¤, *´-®Ωí¬?) talking to someone.
Mohan: Just yesterday. He was going home (-¢Á·-ØÁo°æ¤p-úÓ Åûªúø’ á´-J-ûÓØÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-
from office. ûª’çõ‰ ؈ûªEo îª÷¨»)
office
Mohan: He has a number of admirers.
(E†oØË. ¢√úø’ †’ç* ÉçöÀéÀ
¢Á∞¡Ÿh†o°æ¤púø’) (Åûª-úÕE ÅGµ-´÷-EçîË¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™«´’çC
Jagan: Do you meet frequently?
(O’®Ω’ ûª®Ωîª÷ éπ©’Ææ’èπ◊ç-ö«®√?) ÖØ√o®Ω’.)
admirers = ÅGµ-´÷-EçîË¢√∞¡Ÿx = fans.
Mohan: We used to. Of late, however, we
Admire = äéπJ v°æA-¶µº†’ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç
haven’t been seeing each other that
frequently. His writing stories for the Jagan: He deserves 3) for actions just completed.
Ñ verbs véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ïJÍí °æ†’-©èπ◊–
magazine keeps him busy. (Åûªúø’ ü∆EéÀ Å®Ω’|úË) (É°æ¤púË °æ‹®Ωh-®·† °æ†’-©èπ◊, just, just now Å-ØË
including habits, facts of science, universal
deserve = Å®Ω|ûª éπLT Öçúøôç -´÷-ô-©-†’ ¢√úøû√ç)
(í∫ûªç™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË¢√∞¡xç. Ñ ´’üµ¿u Åçûª truths èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç.1st column verbs
™ I †’ a) I have read some of his novels,
ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ éπ©-´ôç ™‰ü¿’. °ævA-éπèπ◊ éπü∑¿©’ ®√ߪ’- RDW, II column ™verbs II Regular Doing
†’ Time
ôç™ Åûªúø’ busy í¬ Öçö«úø’) Words
(îªC-¢√†’ – îÁ°æpôç ™‰ü¿’)
b) He has studied here for the past one year
Åçö«ç.
Of late = lately = Ñ ´’üµ¿u = recently. 1) ¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®ÓW ´≤ƒhúø’
of late/ lately éÀ, late èπ◊ Å®Ωnç™ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’ –
(äéπ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωçí¬ Çߪ’† Ééπ\úø îªC-¢√úø’)
late = Ç©Ææuç -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 114 2)
He comes here everyday.
¢√∞¡Ÿx á°æ¤p-úÌ≤ƒh®Ω’ ®ÓW Ééπ\-úÕéÀ?
c) They have just gone out -
-¢√--∞¡Ÿx -É°æ¤p-úË •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞«x®Ω’.
Jagan: I have read some of his stories. They When do they come here everyday? IV He has been writing for
are quite good. long.
have been + ing / has

Do you meet him frequently?

(؈’ ÅûªúÕ éπü∑¿©’
éÌEo îªC¢√. ¶«í¬ØË been + ing. present
-D-E-E
ÖØ√o®·) perfect continuous tense
Mohan: He writes well. He Åçö«ç– í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ω綵º-¢Á’i
has written about Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o °æ†’-©èπ◊
40 stories and ¢√úøû√ç.
short stories so far. Mohan: He will be completing his fiftieth novel 3) Åûªúø’smoke îË≤ƒhúø’. Congress has been ruling AP for the past
(Åûªúø’ ¶«í¬ØË ®√≤ƒhúø’. É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ next year He smokes (Habit) year and a half
40 éπü∑¿©÷, éπü∑∆-E-éπ©’ ®√¨»úø’) ûª† 50-´ †´©†’ Çߪ’† ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç 4) The sun rises in the -à-ú≈-C-†o®Ωí¬ AP E é¬çvÈíÆˇ §ƒL-≤ÚhçC.
Jagan: Has he been writing for long? °æ‹Jh îË≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊çö«. east - universal truth.
Regular PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH:
(Åûª†’ î√™«é¬©çí¬ ®√Ææ’h-Ø√oú≈?) Jagan: My best wishes to him. É™« ᙫçöÀ
Mohan: He started writing at the age of 18 tenses
(î√™«´’çC §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊©’ í∫’Jç* ´’Sx ´’Sx actionsÈéjØ√ Regular Prabha: Ææ’ï† ††’o ûª®Ω disturb îËÆæ’hçC.
itself. He had written for the school and lesson
Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’ç-úø-ôçûÓ Ñ ™ tenses revise Doing Words ¢√úøû√ç.M. SURESAN Subha: †ØÁo-°æ¤púø’ disturb îËߪ’ü¿’.
É-C present simple Prabha: Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ -Ø√--©’í∫’≤ƒ®Ω’x phone
college magazines before he took to îËÆæ’hØ√ç, í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ)
Tense.
Do you meet him frequently? -
serious writing
Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ îËÆœçC.
5) Writing for the magazine keeps him busy.
(18 à∞¡xÍé ®√ߪ’ôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√-úø-ûª†’. Ééπ\úøverb - do meet. do meet ÅØ√o äéπõ‰, Subha: Ø√éÀç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.
II. am + ...ing / is + ...ing / are + ...ing for
®√ߪ’ôç serious í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË´·çü¿’ meet ÅØ√o äéπ\õ‰. Prabha: Ǣ˒üÓ é¬®Ω’-éÌ-Eç-ü¿ô. Ç N≠æߪ’ç É°æp-öÀéÀ
actions taking place now. This tense is pres-
school, college magazines èπ◊ ®√¨»úø’) meet, meets, Ø√èπ◊ °æ-C≤ƒ®Ω’x phone îËÆœçC.
ent continuous tense.
Jagan: Any idea of bring out a collection of all sing sings
tense ANSWER:
write writes
his stories?
É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o °æ†’-©èπ◊ Ñ ¢√úøû√ç.
a) I am reading the paper - É°æ¤púø’ Prabha: Sujana disturbs me often.
(ÅEo éπü∑¿©’ äéπ Ææç°æ¤-öÀí¬ -ûÁ-îËa Ç™-îª- come comes
b) She is singing - É°æ¤púø’ Subha: She never disturbs me.
ØË-´’Ø√o Öçü∆?) watch watches
c) They are walking - É°æ¤púø’ Prabha: She has phoned four times so far
Bringing out = v°æ-Jç-îªôç, collection = (®Ω É™«çöÀ verb forms †’ present simple/ present III. have (for, I, we, you and they) + past par- today.
N≠æ-ߪ’ç™) Ææç°æ¤öÀ indefinite tense Åçö«®Ω’.- Ñ verbs ™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ
ticiple/ has (for, he, she, it) - present
ÉC Subha: She hasn’t called me so far.
Mohan: A publishing company will soon publish column ™ Ö†o verbs †’ I, we, you and they
perfect tense. DE-E– Prabha: She has bought a car. She has
it. It will be out this June, I think. ûÓ, È®çúÓ column ™E verbs- sings, writes, etc 1) for past actions, time not stated phoned about it to me 10 times.
(ã v°æ-®Ω-ù«-©ßª’ç ûªy®Ω-™ØË Ç Ææç°æ¤öÀE -†’ he, she, it ûÓ -¢√-úø-û√ç. Question ™, not ûÓ (í∫ûªç™ ïJT, time ûÁL-ߪ’E °æ†’-©èπ◊)
v°æ-J-Ææ’hçC. Ñ June ™ v°æ-J-≤ƒh-®Ω-†’- 1st column ™ ÖçúË verbs èπ◊ ‘do’ ´Ææ’hçC. II
2) for action going on from then till now,
èπ◊çö«) column ™ ÖçúË verbs èπ◊ does ´Ææ’hçC.
(Å°æpöÀ†’ç* – É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† °æ†’-©èπ◊)

-v°æ-¨¡o: ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ Being, Been °æü∆©’ passive voice ™ é¬èπ◊çú≈ Éçé¬
à Nüµ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√ßÁ÷ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Öü∆: éÀçC ¢√é¬u-™-x
¶µ«¢√Eo ûÁ©-°æ-ö«-EéÀ ؈’ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-*† Been, Being °æü∆©
v°æßÁ÷í∫ç ÆæJí¬_ ÖçüÓ, ™‰üÓ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.
1. Being their faithful servant, finally he cheated them.
2. Being she is very intelligent, she succeeded in dealing the
situation.
3. Being it is one of the finest products of Wipro, today it is
known to every customer/ consumer.
4. Being she was disgraceful in public by him, she has decid-
ed not to talk Ravi from now on.
5. Been/ Being beaten by his master Ravi didnot come to
class today.
6. Been our companion for 6 months, she is not coming to us
as she has became a famous TV anchor today.
7. Miss Savithri Been practising the violin since 6 months,
now she has improved.
8. Been/ Being it was very hot sunny they didnot attend the
meeting yesterday.
– v¨»´ùÀ, †çü∆u©
Ééπ O’ sentences- -¢√-öÀéÀ corrections.
1) Being their faithful servant, he cheated them -
ÉC ûª°æ¤p. Å®Ωnç
™‰ü¿’. †´’t-éπ-¢Á’i† ÊÆ´-èπ◊-úø-´ôç ´©x ¢Á÷Ææç î˨»úø’– ÉC ûª°æ¤p éπü∆.
†´’t-éπ-¢Á’i† servant í¬ Öçô÷ØË – Åçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’, Inspite of being
their faithful servant.... Åçõ‰ ÆæÈ®j-† Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.
2) Being she is very intelligent - ÉC Wrong construction. Being
ï¢√•’: i) a) Being ÅØ√o having been ÅØ√o Å®Ωnç– Öçúøôç, ûÓ verb ÖçúË group of words ®√-´¤. (Ñ group ™ is ÅØË verb
Öçúøôç ´©x, ÖçúÕ-†ç-ü¿’-´©x (í∫ûªç™, ´·êuçí¬ having ÖçC éπü∆) – Ééπ\úø correction-
been ņo-°æ¤púø’). Öûªh been ®√ü¿’.
Being very intelligent, she succeeded....
b) being/ having been ûª®√yûª verb ûÓ Ö†o group of words ®√´¤.
3) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈, °j sentence ™ ™«í¬ØË,
i) Being : We don’t like his being here
Being one of the finest products of Wipro, it is known today....
Åûª-úÕ-éπ\úø Öçúøôç ´÷éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’. (being = Öçúøôç) 4) Being disgraced in public by him, she has decided not to talk
ii) Having been: His having been a collector was helpful to us. to him.
(Åûªúø’ collector í¬ Öçúøôç ´÷èπ◊ ¢Ë’©-®·uçC– í∫ûªç™) Ñ 5) Having been beaten by his master, Ravi did not come to class
È®çúø’ sentences ™ being Åçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ Öçúøôç, Having been today. action past
-Ééπ\-úø having been
é¬-•-öÀd, Being -´Ææ’hç-C.
Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ Öçúøôç ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC éπü∆? beaten ®√-ü¿’.
Being / Having been = Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x / Å®·†çü¿’´©x 6) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈, though / inspite of ¢√ú≈L.
a) Being weak, he is unable to walk Inspite of having been our companian for 6 months, she ....
•©-£‘«-†çí¬ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x, †úø-´-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. today. (
Öûªh ‘been’ ®√ü¿’)
b) Having been weak, he was unable to walk 7) Having been practising the violin for the past six months,...
•©-£‘«-†çí¬ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x †úø-´-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ (í∫ûªç). 8) It being a hot / sunny day.....

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 20 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Sravan: Hi Bhavan, when do you start for your
II (b) ™ èπÿú≈ The boys (they) are coming ™
class?
verb - are + coming - are + ...ing. D†®Ωnç ¢√∞¡Ÿx
class
(O’ èπ◊ †’´¤y á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-û√´¤?)
Bhavan: Usually at 10. Today I am a little late.
É°æ¤úø’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’ ÅE É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o action
(´÷´‚-©’í¬ 10 éÀ. É¢√∞¡ é¬Ææh Ç©Ææuç †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.
Åߪ÷u) Å™«Íí Hemanth is playing cricket - DØÓx verb
is playing - is + ...ing É°æ¤púø’ Çúø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’, ÅE
Sravan: And when does the class begin?
(Class ´÷´‚-©’í¬ á°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’-´¤- É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o action †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC.
ûª’çC?) 鬕öÀd am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing - they talk
Bhavan: Usually at 10.30. about actions going on now.
Ñ am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing forms of verb
(´÷´‚-©’í¬ 10.30 éÀ) a) I am leaving for Guntur tomorrow PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
Sravan: Perhaps you donot have the class on - present continuous tense.
Sundays. Are you coming? - verb, are coming - †’´¤y
؈’ Í®°æ¤ í∫’çô÷®Ω’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’. Pavan: †’Oy ´’üµ¿u ¨¡çûª-Ø˛-ØË-´’Ø√o éπL-¨»¢√?
(Tomorrow, future (´·çü¿’ ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûÓç-ü¿E) Suman:
(Sunday classes ™‰¢Ë¢Á÷ éπü∆?) ´Ææ’h-Ø√o¢√ (É°æ¤púø’)? á°æ¤púÓ ¢√®Ωç-éÀçü¿ éπE-°œç-î√úø’.
Pavan:
ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC éπü∆?)
Bhavan: That’s true. The teacher does not hold b) My sister is coming here next week
¢√úø’ Å¢Á’-Jé¬ ¢Á∞Ïx N≠æߪ’ç FûÓ à´’Ø√o
classes on Saturday either. Ééπ\úønext week ÅEtime is com-
îÁ°æpôç ´©x,
îÁ§ƒpú≈ Ç®ÓV?
teacher Suman: ¢√úø’ next monday •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
(Eï¢Ë’. ´÷ ¨¡E-¢√-®√©’ èπÿú≈ ing èπÿú≈future action †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC. Pavan: ¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊ éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-î √aúø’. ¢√öÀE AJ-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
classes °ôd®Ω’) c) My Parents (they) are starting for Kasi tomor-
Sravan: Does he teach only for five days a 115 row
TîËaߪ÷©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ¢√úø’ ††’o ¢√®Ωçí¬
week? éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’.
Suman: Åûª†’ EFo-®ÓV éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-úø-†’-èπ◊çö«.
Pavan: FÈ陫 ûÁ©’Ææ’?

When does the class begin? Suman: ¢√®Ωç éÀçü¿ éπL-¨»†’ éπü∆. Å°æ¤púø’ Ø√ûÓ
ÅØ√oúø’.
ANSWER
Pavan: Have you met Santhan recently/ of
late?
(Åçõ‰ Çߪ’† Who is singing? - verb, is singing - á´®Ω’ §ƒúø’- Tomorrow ÅE time îÁ°æpôç, are coming èπÿú≈ Suman: I saw him about a week ago
¢√®√-EéÀ 5 ®ÓV-
ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’ (É°æ¤púø’)? future action†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓç-ü¿E Å®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûª’çC. Pavan: Did he tell you/ talk to you that day
™‰Ø√ class
Am I talking toomuch - verb - am talking - am u éÌEo verbs †’ am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing about his going to the US
îÁÊ°pC?) form ™ ¢√úøç éπü∆: ÅN a) ´’†-Ææ’èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-
+ ing - Suman: He is leaving next monday.
Bhavan: Yes, we like it áèπ◊\´ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oØ√ (É°æ¤púø’)?
that way too. u am + ing/ is + ing/ are + ing, future (´·çü¿’ *† love, hate, like, dislike, feel ™«çöÀN b) ´’† Pavan: He has given me some books. I want
actions
ï®Ω-í∫-¶ßË’) èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç, time mind èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† know, understand, to return them. He hasn’t (has not) met
(´÷èπÿ ÅüË É≠ædç) remember, forget, think ™«çöÀN; c) appear,
Look at the following M. SURESAN í∫†éπ îÁÊ°h. me for a week.
belong, comprise, contain, consist of, need, Suman: I think he is meeting/ is seeing/ will see
sentences from the dialogue above. Åçõ‰ Past action, time known (í∫ûªç™ ïJT à
seem am + ing/ is
™«çöÀN. OöÀ™x ¢ËöÀéÀ èπÿú≈ you today.
1) When do you start for college? time™ – °∂晫Ø√ ®ÓW, Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç, Æ洒ߪ’ç
+ ing/ are + ing forms ™‰´¤. Pavan: How do you know?
2) When does the class begin? ûÁLÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç Å™«çöÀ actionsèπ◊) Past
3) You do not have classes on Sundays. u have + past participle/ has + participle Suman: I met him a week ago, didn’t I? He told
doing word ¢√úøû√ç
4) The teacher does not hold classes. form- DEo present perfect Åçö«ç. me then.
a) He has gone out (has gone- has + pp; •ßª’-öÀ-
past action, time not stat-
Ñ game practice îËߪ’çúÕ
5) Does he teach only for 5 days a week? Èé-∞«xúø’– No time mentioned) DEéÀ äéπ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç,
lesson I Regular Doing edéπü∆?
éÀçü¿öÀ ™ ´’†ç– b) He went out an hour ago (í∫çô éÀçü¿ô ÅE
Words (come, go, sing I, we, you and a) They have seen the movie (verb - have seen
™«çöÀN, time îÁ°æ¤ hØ√oç 鬕öÀd - went - past doing word. Suneetha gave the book to me.
they ûÓ ¢√úËN), II Regular Doing Words
a) I have bought the book
- have + pp movie
¢√∞¡Ÿx îª÷¨»®Ω’– á°æ¤p-úø-ØËC (Ææ’Fûª Ø√ π◊ °æ¤Ææhéπç É*açC)
(comes, goes, sings ™«çöÀN, he, she, it ûÓ ûÁLߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’)
b) I bought it yesterday sentences ¢ËÍ® subjects, ¢ËÍ® verbs ûÓ
¢√úËN) í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. OöÀE regular They saw the movie yesterday É™«çöÀ
[ (a) ™ time ™‰ü¿’ – 鬕öÀd have bought - have verb saw - past question not ûÓ, dialogue form ™ áEo
actions-véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ïJÍí °æ†’-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. (¢√∞¡Ÿx E†o îª÷¨»®Ω’– ÉC ™,
not
Éçé¬ OöÀE ûÓ, question I
™ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ + PP. (b) ™ yesterday ÅE time îÁ°æ¤ hØ√oç, doing word. Ñ ¢√é¬uEo simple past tense ®√ߪ’-í∫-©’-í∫’-û√®Ó îª÷úøçúÕ.
Regular Doing Word (I RDW) - do + Ist RDW 鬕öÀd - bought - past doing word] Åçö«ç) eg: a) They distribute sweets to children
Å´¤-ûª’çC, II Regular Doing Word (II RDW) - Past doing word - came, went, walked, b) I saw him last night X I did not see him last b) Harish did not show his book to me
does + Ist RDW Å´¤-ûª’çC. cooked, liked, loved
™«çöÀN not ûÓ é¬F, ques- night (not ÖçC 鬕öÀddid see) c) Does he tell his secrets to you?
É¢Ë Â°j conversation ™pick up sen-
îËÆœ† tion ™ é¬E did + 1st Regular Doing Word c) They bought a car a year ago X They did not Raghu: Has he written any letter to you?
tences ™ ÖØ√o®· îª÷úøçúÕ: Å´¤-û√®· éπü∆? buy a car a year ago. (not did
ÖçC 鬕öÀd Ramana: I wrote one to him yesterday.
1) When do you start? - verb - do start a) He came yesterday X He did not come yes- buy) Raghu: He made a call to me yesterday. He
(Question start (in a statement)
鬕öÀd) = terday (Not ÖçC 鬕öÀd did come) Questions did + 1st RDW:
™ èπÿú≈ gave his address to me. Do you want
2) When does the class begin? - verb - does Did you see him last night? it?
Question: Did he come yesterday? (Question-
begin (in a question) = begins (statement ™) Did they buy a car a year ago? Ramana: Give it to me.
did come)
3) You do not have classes on Sundays - verb -
do have (not have (not
-v°æ-¨¡o: -v°æ-¨¡o: ؈’ ûÁ©’í∫’ O’úÕߪ’ç Nü∆u-JnE-E. 鬙¸ ÂÆçô®˝
ûÓ) = ™‰éπ-§ÚûË)
4) The teacher does not hold classes - verb - Where we have to use ‘to’
does hold (not holds (not
ûÓ) = ™‰èπ◊çú≈) 1. I) Naveen told Ramana. II) Naveen told to ÖüÓuí∫ç îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. éπÈ®-é˙dí¬
5) Does he teach only for ... ? - verb - does Ramana. Which is correct ? English spell îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Pronunciation
teach (question teaches (statement
鬕öÀd) = ™) 2. I) After the meeting, please come to me. Audio Casettes , Foreign Accent èπ◊ Ææç•ç-
II Compare the following pairs of sentences: II) After the meeting, please come me. Cµç* Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æúË cassettes í∫’Jç* ûÁ-L-ߪ’-
3) None of the sentences is correct. The correct
(compare = pairs = 3. I) If you have two pens please give me. -ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ. •’é˙q à¢Á’iØ√ ´÷È®\öx -Öç-ö«ßª÷?
– Èé.--´’-ߪ‚-J, é¬--@Ê°-ô
§Ú©açúÕ, ïûª©’) sentence is:
I (a) I go to college at 10 II) If you have two pens please give to me.
b) I am going to college Which is correct?
If you have two pens, please give me one/
please give one to me.
-ï-¢√-•’:
II (a) The boys come here in the evenings Please tell me proper usage of ‘to’. General- 1) Pronunciation Audio Casettes, CIEFL
The uses of to: It has a number of uses. We
b) The boys are coming. ly we use ‘off’ as switch off, Turn off, power (Central Institute of English and Foreign
use ‘to’ before a place, a person, after a num- Languages) Casettes
III (a) Hemanth plays cricket off like that in order to stop some thing. In ¢√∞¡x O’èπ◊°æßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-
b) Hemanth is playing ber of verbs. Please refer to the earlier lessons book shops
your article you had told that ‘how did the û√®·. °ü¿l ™ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·.
of spoken English on prepositions, for the cor- BBC, CNN TV Channels
°j sentences (I (a), II (a), III (a)) verbs, I
™ marriage go off’. Tell me the usage of ‘off’ ´·êuçí¬
RDW and II RDW éπü∆? Åçõ‰ ÅN regular also. – ®Ω-´’-ù, -ߪ÷-Ø√ç rect uses of to, off, etc. Newscasts N†çúÕ.
actions †’ îÁ§ƒh®·. -ï-¢√-•’: 1) Naveen told Ramana is correct. ‘Tell’ ‘How did the marriage go off?’ In this sentence 2) Books N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh Oxford/ Langman’s
I (b) verb - am going - am + ...ing -
™ ÉC col- is not followed by to. ‘go off’ is a phrasal verb, and ‘off’ is a part of it. Dictionary pronunciation follow Å´çúÕ–
lege ‘Go off’- the set of words here, as a whole British/ American-
2) Please come to me - is correct, come is
èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o†’, ÅE É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o ¢√öÀ™ x È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩
action means, ‘take place’. Pronunciation É≤ƒh®Ω’.
†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. followed by to before a place/ person.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 22 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Dinesh: Hi Ramesh, I hear (that) you have Ramesh: My brother hasn’t seen my new bike
bought a new bike. yet. He has been away in Chennai for
bike
(†’´¤y éÌûªh éÌØ√o-´E NØ√o†’/ the past four days. We expect him
ûÁL-ÆœçC) tomorrow.
Ramesh: Yes, I bought it the day before yes- (´÷brother new bike
Éçé¬ Ø√
terday. I took it to the temple yester- îª÷∞Ïxü¿’. Çߪ’† Ø√©’-í∫’-®Ó-V-©’í¬ îÁØÁj o™
day, and had the pooja done. ÖØ√oúø’. Í®§Ò-≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç.)
(Å´¤†’, ¢Á·†o éÌØ√o†’. E†o í∫’úÕéÀ Dinesh: Have you shown it to our friend
BÆæ’-ÈéR} °æ‹ï îË®·ç-î√†’) Kapil?
Had the pooja done = °æ‹-ï îË®·ç-î √†’ (éπ°œ-™¸èπ◊ îª÷°œç-î√¢√?)
Dinesh: Wish you a happy ride on the new Ramesh: Yes. I showed it to him yesterday a) I bought it the day before yesterday.
u have + pp/ has + pp †’ á°æ¤púÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i É°æp-
bike itself. He liked the colour very much. bought - past doing
(¢Á·†o éÌØ√o†’ – 鬕öÀd actions
öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ ïJ-T† èπÿ ¢√úøû√ç. °j con-
ride = bike, scooter
(´÷´‚-©’í¬) ≤ƒyK, (E†oØË îª÷°œç-î√†’. ®Ωçí∫’ Åûª-EéÀ î√™« word) versation ™ Ñsentences îª÷úøçúÕ.
ride
™«çöÀ ¢√£æ«-Ø√© O’ü¿ ¢Á∞¡xôç èπÿú≈ †*açC). b) I took it to temple yesterday and had the a) I have used my bike for only two years
Dinesh: Do come down this evening. Let me pooja done (È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬– Åçõ‰ È®çúË∞¡x éÀçü¿öÀ †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-
have a ride on it. ´-®Ωèπ◊– Ø√ bike ¢√ú≈†’. Åçõ‰ action from
E†o í∫’úÕéÀ BÆæ’-ÈéR} °æ‹ï îË®·çî√
(≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®√. ã≤ƒJ ††’o c) I called your home three times yesterday then. Å°æpöÀ †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† °æE.)

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù b) I haven’t had (have not had) any trouble with

-†-úø°æF ü∆Eo.) Phone
116 Ramesh: Oh, certainly. (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈).
؈’ O’ ÉçöÀéÀ E†o ´‚úø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x î˨»
it so far
trouble
(ü∆E-´©x Ø√éÀ-°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ àç ™‰ü¿’) Ééπ\úø
(Till now)
èπÿú≈ É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ action
ïJ-T† èπ◊

I haven’t had any trouble have + not + pp (haven’t had)

Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´÷brother
verb - has + not + seen)
îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’.
¢√ú≈ç.
c) My brother hasn’t seen my new bike yet.
(yet= bike
Ø√ éÌûªh
d) Have you shown your bike to Kapil?
Ramesh: Thank you. I have called your home Dinesh: Bye then, see °j ´‚úø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-™x†÷ time ûÁL-Æœ† Past (F bike Have
éπ°œ-™¸èπ◊ îª÷§ƒ¢√ (Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊–
three times yesterday, but there was you this shown)
actions 鬕öÀd bought, took, called ÅØË past
no response. I wanted to show the evening. e) He has been away in Chennai for the past
doings words ¢√ú≈ç.
bike to you. four days
(Å™«Íí, ≤ƒßª’çvûªç a) I have seen the movie; I saw it yesterday.
phone
(O’ ÉçöÀéÀ E†o ´‚úø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x (Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV-©’í¬– Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV© éÀçü¿öÀ †’ç*
éπ©’ü∆lç). ¢Á·ü¿ô time îÁ°æpôç ™‰ü¿’ á°æ¤púø’ îª÷ÆœçC. É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Çߪ’† îÁØÁj o™ ÖØ√oúø’. has been
bike
î˨»†’, é¬E á´®Ω÷ áûªh-™‰ü¿’. Fèπ◊ éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ Åçü¿’-´©x have seen (have + pp). È®çúÓ - ‘be’ form - state of being -ÖØ√oúø’ – ÅØË
îª÷°œ-ü∆l-´’-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.) îª÷¨»ç ´’†ç– have + M. SURESAN ¶µ«í∫ç™ yesterday ÅE îÁ°æp-ôç-´©x, saw - past
Response = Ææpçü¿†. Phone ™«çöÀN á´-È®jØ√ Å®ΩnçûÓ)
past participle/ has doing word.
îËÊÆh °æ©-éπúøç response u So, have + pp/ has + pp- Ñ verb form†’ éÀçC
+ past participle (PP)_ (DEo present perfect b) We have finished our breakfast; We finished
Dinesh: We were at my cousin’s to attend a Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ¢√úøû√ç.
tense Åçö«ç)– past action time not stated èπ◊ it an hour ago. 1) Past action, time not stated (í∫ûªç™ ïJT,
function
cousin
(´÷ function
Éçöx èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xç) ¢√úøû√ç. Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ èπÿú≈ Å™«çöÀ ¢√úøéπç (¢Á·ü¿öÀ ¶µ«í∫ç™ time îÁ°æpô癉ü¿’, 鬕öÀd have time îÁ°æpE °æEéÀ)
Ramesh: Any idea of buying a new bike?
îª÷úøçúÕ. finished. È®çúÓ ¶µ«í∫ç™ ‘an hour ago’, ÅE 2) Action from then till now (Å°æpöÀ†’ç* É°æp-öÀ-
bike
(†’¢Ëy-´’Ø√o éÌûªh éÌçü∆-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’- You have bought a new bike = †’´¤y éÌûªh time îÁ°æ¤ hØ√oç, 鬕öÀd finished.
´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† °æEéÀ)
Ø√o¢√?) bike éÌØ√o´¤. é̆ôç past, Å®·ûË á°æ¤p-úø-ØËC c) The police have arrested him; They arrested u have + pp/ has + pp (pp- Åçõ‰ past participle)-
Dinesh: I have used my bike for only two îÁ°æpôç ™‰ü¿’. Verb: have bought = have + just, just now, ÅØË ´÷ô©’ ¢√úÕûË É°æ¤púË °æ‹®Ωh-
him last week.
years. I haven’t had any trouble with PP ÅD past action, time stated (í∫ûªç™ (Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ have arrested (time not stated); a) ®·† °æ†’-©èπ◊ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
it, so I don’t find a reason to change ïJT, á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçD time ûÁL-§ƒ-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ)– ¢√úÕ-°æ¤púË •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞«xúø’=
arrested (past doing word because time is
He has just gone out
it. Å°æ¤púø’ past indefinite / past simple tense stated) b) Train É°æ¤púË ´*açC=
bike
(Ø√ †’ È®çúË∞Ïx ¢√ú≈-E-°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊. ¢√úøû√ç. Åçõ‰ Past doing word (came,
trouble
Ñ difference English ™ very important. So The train has just arrived.
Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ÅC Ø√Íéç É´y-™‰ü¿’. went, sang, danced ™«çöÀ verbs ¢√úøû√ç). c)
´÷®Ωa-ö«-EéÀ Ø√Íéç 鬮Ωùç éπE-°œç-îª-ôç- ´’†ç have + pp/ has + pp èπ◊, Past doing èπÿ ¢√Rx-°æ¤púË ¶µçîË-¨»®Ω’=
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ ü∆E Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù îª÷úøçúÕ. Ö†o ûËú≈ î√™« careful í¬ í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L. They have just had their meals.
™‰ü¿’)

PRACTISE THE
ANSWER:
FOLLOW-
Ñ game ÇúøçúÕ É°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ îËߪ÷-LqçC.
I know that he has gone- sentence model
Ñ
Interviewer: O’ Nü∆u-®Ω|-ûª©’ àN’öÀ? sentences
(ŶµºuJn): ؈’ B.Tech î˨»†’. Interviewer: What are your qualifications?
í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊E áEo Å®·ûË ÅEo ņôç
Candidate I know that he has gone. Model: sub + Vb + that clause
Candidate: I have done B.Tech.
Interviewer: O’®Ω’ B.Tech degree á°æ¤púø’ BÆæ’- Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞«x-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. I Know that he has gone
Interviewer: When did you take the B.Tech
èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’? That he has gone= ¢Á∞«x-úøE ´’J-éÌEo examples:
Degree?
Candidate: ؈’ B.Tech exam June 2004 ™ (that èπ◊ Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç = ÅE.) She says that she knows Telugu.
Candidate: I took the B.Tech exam in June
®√¨»†’. Result Aug 2004 ™ That he has passed = Åûªúø’ pass Åߪ÷uúø’ He does (not) know that it is mine.
2004. The result came in Aug
É™« English ™ that ûÓ begin ÅßË’u ´÷ô™x OöÀ™x a) questions b) dialogues
èπÿú≈ practice
´*açC. 2004.
verb (6 forms of verb í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆?) Öçõ‰
Interviewer: Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç*
îËߪ’-´îª’a.
Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ O’Í®ç- Interviewer: What have you done since a) Does she think that I am a fool?
îË-¨»®Ω’? then? ü∆Eo ‘that clause’ Åçö«ç.
Candidate: ؈’ ã software company ™ Candidate: I have been a programmer in a Ééπ\úø ... that he has gone- that ûÓ begin ÅßË’u b) Kumar: Do you know that Ganesh is here?
Kesav: I don’t. How do you Know that he is
Programmer í¬ ÖØ√o†’. software company. Ñ ´÷ô™x has gone ÅØË verb ÖçC. 鬕öÀd, ÉC, here.
Interviewer: É°æp-öÀéÀ O’èπ◊ áØËo∞¡x experience? Interviewer: Howmany years of experience ‘that clause’. Kumar: Your sister has said that he is here.
Candidate: ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç-†o®Ω. have you had so far?
Candidate: About a year and a half.
Interviewer: îª÷úøçúÕ, O’È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπç°F ´÷®√-
©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? Interviewer: Look here, Why do you want to -v°æ-¨¡o: He is a student of learn well school ÅE -O’®Ω’ ®√¨»®Ω’.
change your company? He is a student at learn well school ÅE Öçú≈L éπü∆. N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.
Candidate: O’ éπç°-F™ job îËߪ÷-©ØË éÓJéπ
Ø√èπ◊ î√™«-é¬-©çí¬ ÖçC. Candidate: I have had the wish/ desire of – -üµ¿-†, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
doing a job in your company.
Interviewer: That’s OK. O’ certificates
Interviewer: That’s OK. Have you brought
-ï-¢√-•’: A Student of, Student at- Ñ È®çúø÷ correct. Å®·ûË A Student at Learn
well School éÌçîÁç formal. -¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬ student of a School/ College/
ûÁî√a®√?
your certificates?
Candidate: ûÁî √a†’.
Candidate: Yes, I have. University ÅØËüË áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-éπ™  ÖçC.
Interviewer: ††’o îª÷úø-E-´yçúÕ.
Interviewer: Let me see them.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Gunavanth: Where have you been since the
morning?
(Öü¿ßª’ç †’ç* áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤?)
Yashwanth: I have been working on the com-
puter in the next room.
(°æéπ\ í∫C™ computer °j ´®˝\ îËÆæ’-
èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) °j Conversation ™ Ñ sentences îª÷úøçúÕ:
Gunavanth: I have been trying to get you since
the morning.
(§Òü¿’löÀ †’ç* FûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©E v°æߪ’-
Ao-Ææ’hØ√o.)
Yashwanth: Why didn't you call my cell?
cell
(Ø√ phone
Èéçü¿’èπ◊ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’?)
Gunavanth: That's what I did. But I've been
getting the response, 'switched off'
(ÅüË Øˆ’ îËÆœçC. áEo≤ƒ®Ω’x îËÆœØ√
'switched off' ÅØË ´-≤ÚhçC.)
Yashwanth: Well, what's so urgent?
(-àçôçûª Å´-Ææ®Ωç?)
I have been enquiring
Gunavanth: Ravi is in town for some course in
software. He has been staying at
his cousin's for the past two days.
He wants to meet us.
(®ΩN Ü∞x ÖØ√oúø’. àüÓ software
course cousin
èπ◊. È®çvúÓ-V-©’í¬ ¢√∞¡x
Éçöx •Ææ îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. ´’†-Lo-ü¿lJo éπ©’-
Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.)
Yashwanth: In fact I've been thinking of meet-
ing him. I want some books from
him.
(ØËØË Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-
Ø√o†’. ¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’oç* Ø√èπ◊ éÌEo
°æ¤Ææh-鬩’ 鬢√L.)
Gunavanth: Why do you need them?
(-Å-N FÈéç-ü¿’-é¬\-¢√L?)
Yashwanth: You know, I've been doing a spe-
cial course in computers for the
past two weeks. The course has
almost come to an end. I've to
take an exam in it next week.
That's why I need them.
(Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆, È®çúø’ ¢√®√-©’í¬
computers ™ ØËØÓ special course
îËÆæ’h-†oô’x. ÅC ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC.
´îËa ¢√®Ωç °æKéπ~. Åçü¿’Íé °æ¤Ææh-鬩’
鬢√L.)
Gunavanth: Perhaps that's why he has wanted
to meet us
(•£æ›¨¡ Åçü¿’-éπØË Åûªúø’ ´’†Lo
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-úË¢Á÷.)
Yashwanth: I have been enquiring all book
shops here for the books. They
aren't available.
book
(-Ç °æ¤Ææhé¬-©éÓÆæç ØËE-éπ\úø ÅEo
shops ™ ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’Ø√o. ÅN üÌ®Ω-éπôç
™‰ü¿’.)
Gunavanth: Are you sure Ravi has them?
(®ΩN ü¿í∫_®Ω ÅN ÖØ√oߪ’E éπ-*a-ûªçí¬
ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
Yashwanth: I bought them here a year ago and
sent them to him.
(àú≈C éÀçü¿ ØËØË ¢√öÀE éÌE Åûª-úÕéÀ
°æ秃.)
Gunavanth: That's O.K. Then let's ring him up
and ask him to see us.
(ÆæÍ®– Åûª-úÕéÀ ´’†ç phone
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´’çü∆ç.)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 24 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
(Let us ring him up = phoneîËü∆lç. Let's go
¢Á ∞ «l =
ç °æ ü ¿ . Let Åçõ‰ äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE îËߪ’F
ÅE Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.
Let him come = ÅûªúÕE ®√F.
Let me go = ††’o ¢Á∞¡xF... É™«í∫.)
a) I have been working on the computer since
the morning.
b) I have been trying to get you since the morn-
ing.
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬, Ééπ\úÕ 3rd use- (Action Have + PP/ has + PP É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-T† action
c) I have been getting the response...
starting in the past and going on till now) èπÿ †’ îÁ•’-ûª’çC. É°æ¤p-úÕçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçü∆, ™‰ü∆ ÅØË
d) He has been staying at his cousin's.
e) I have been thinking of meeting him. have been + ing/ has been + ing use- Action N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ü∆E-´©x ûÁL-ߪ’´¤.
starting in the past and going on even now èπÿ b) Tendulkar has been playing cricket since his
î√™« §ÚLéπ ÖçC éπü∆? ÅC correct. 19th year.
Ééπ\úÕ verb, has been + ...ing Åçõ‰ 19´ àöÀ
a) í∫ûªç †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Å®·ûË: have + PP /
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 117 has + PP †’ç* Éçé¬ Çúø’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o-úøE. Continue Å´¤-
ûÓçC.
鬕öÀd 1) have + PP/ has + PP - É°æpöÀ´®Ωèπ◊
ii) have been + ...ing/ has been + ...ing - Éçé¬
(Å®·ûË ã ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç. Ñ ûËú≈ Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ,
´÷´‚©’ usage ™ Spoken/ Written form ™
OöÀ È®çöÀéÃ Ñ ûËú≈ °ü¿lí¬ §ƒöÀç-Ω’. Éçé¬ ØÌéÀ\
f) I have been doing a
b) í∫ûªç †’ç* Éçé¬ Å®·ûË have been + ...ing/
îÁ§ƒp-Lq-†-°æ¤púø’ have been + ...ing/ has been +
special course in ...ing, better)
has been + ...ing.
computers. a) I have worked here for ten years now.
a) Tendulkar has played cricket for since his
g) I have been enquir-
nineteenth year b) I have been working here for ten years now.
ing.
(19´ àöÀ †’ç* É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ Çú≈úø’). Çúøôç a), b) ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äÍé Å®Ωnç éπ©N. Å®·ûË b)
™
Oô-Eoöx verb
Å®·-§Ú-®·çü∆? – -ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’. Ñ sentence áèπ◊\´ continuityéÀ v§ƒüµ∆†uç.
have been + ... ing/
M. SURESAN
has been + ... ing form
v°æ鬮Ωç Çúøôç é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûÓç-ü∆?– ÅD ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
™ ÖçC éπü∆.
Have been + ... ing/ has been + ... ing form ™ PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ANSWER
verb Öçõ‰ ÅC Present Perfect Continuous Govind: Where are you studying?
Govind: †’¢Áy-éπ\úø îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?
Tense Å´¤-ûª’çC. Krishna: In Suvidya College
Krishna: Ææ’Nü∆u 鬙‰-@™
I have been trying to get you since the morn- Govind: How long have you been studying
Govind: áçûª-鬩çí¬ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o-´-éπ\úø?
ing. there?
Krishna: í∫ûª È®çúË-∞¡Ÿxí¬ Krishna: For the past/ last two years/ for two
§Òü¿’löÀ†’ç* F éÓÆæç v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’hØ√o (Phone -™¿). Govind: F marks ᙫ ÖØ√o®·?
years now.
Ñ sentence ™ îª÷úøçúÕ. Krishna: ÅEo subjects ™ 80] éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ë Govind: How are your marks?
í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i, Éçé¬ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûª’çúË action èπ◊ score îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊. Maths ™ Krishna: I have been scoring more than 80% in
have been + ing ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. (§Òü¿’löÀ †’ç*,
Å®·ûË ØËEçûª´®Ωèπ◊ 90]èπ◊ ûªí∫_-™‰ü¿’. all subjects. In Maths, I haven't
Éçé¬). scored less than 90% so far.
Govind: Ééπ\úø †’´¤y O’ ûªLxü¿çvúø’©ûÓ
O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’, I, we, you and they Å®·ûË, have Öçô’-Ø√o¢√? Govind: Do you live with your parents here?
been + ... ing Åçö«ç, He, she, it Å®·ûË has Krishna: No. From the beginning I have been
Krishna: ™‰ü¿’. ¢Á·ü¿-öÀoç* hostel ™ØË Öçô’Ø√o.
been + ... ing Åçö«ç. (This is for an action staying in the hostel.
starting in the past and continuing even now.) (Stay ¢√úøçúÕ)
Govind: My friend Ravi too has been staying
Govind: Ø√ friend Ravi èπÿú≈ ã Ææç´ûªq®Ωçí¬
The congress party has been ruling AP for in the hostel for the past one year. Do
the year and a half (AP hostel ™ØË Öçô’-Ø√oúø’. Åûªúø’ Fèπ◊
E Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç-†o-®Ωí¬ you now him?
past
§ƒL-≤Úhç-C. -à-ú≈-C-†o®Ω éÀçü¿ô, ™ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i ûÁ©’≤ƒ? Krishna: Yes. I know him (I do). We have been
Krishna: ûÁ©’Ææ’. -¢Ë’-´· È®çúø’ ØÁ©-©’í¬ äÍé
Éçé¬ é̆-≤ƒ-í∫’-ûÓçC §ƒ©†.) going to the same teacher for tuition
teacher ü¿í∫_-JéÀ tuition èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√oç.
°j conversation ™ç* BÆœ† sentences ™ Govind: I have been visiting him frequently
Present Perfect Continuous Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫´’-Eç- Govind: ؈-ûª-úÕE éπ©-´-ö«-EéÀ Åûªúø’ îËJ-†-°æpöÀ since he joined there. Haven't you
îªçúÕ. †’ç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. †ØÁo-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü∆? ever seen me? (ever - á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√)
c) I have been getting the response... Krishna: ™‰ü¿’. ¢Ë’ç ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ blocks ™ Öçö«ç. Krishna: No. We live in different blocks.
(...
ÅØË responseéÌçûª é¬©ç †’ç*, (§Òü¿’l-
Eoç* Éçé¬) ´≤ÚhçC.)
d) He has been staying at his cousin's.
(¢√∞¡xcousin Past
Éçöx •Ææ îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’– ™ -v°æ-¨¡o: Pronunciation èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Å稻©-†’ ≤ÚpéπØ˛ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ ÅçCç-îª-
v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i, Éçé¬.) í∫-©®Ω’. ¶µ«≠æ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´-úøç™ ´·çü¿’í¬ Öî√a®Ωù ´·êuç. à °æü∆Eo à Nüµ¿çí¬
e) I have been thinking of meeting him °æ©-鬙 ûÁ-©’Ææ’hçC. -≤ÚpéπØ˛ ÉçTx≠ˇèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Æ‘úŒ-©’-í¬F, é¬uÂÆ-ô’x-í¬F
(Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’ – Éçé¬) üÌ-JÍé Åvúø-Æˇ-©†’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.
– Èé.-áÆˇ.éπ%-≠æg, -¢Á’-ö¸°æ-Lx
f) I have been enquiring
(Nî√-JÆæ÷h ÖØ√o†’ – á°æp-öÀ-†’çîÓ... Éçé¬) -ï-¢√-•’: 1) éÌûªh ´÷-ô àüÁjØ√ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E pronunciation Ææ÷*-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oç
(éÀç-ü¿-ô lesson ™ have + PP (Past Participle)/ éπü∆. ´·çü¿’-´·çü¿’ lessons -™ N´-®Ωù éÌçûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçô’çC.
has + PP use îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? ÅC üËEéÀ ¢√úøû√ç?
2) Spoken English èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† CDs, Casettes °ü¿l °ü¿l book-
1) Past action, time not stated.
shops ™ üÌ®Ω’èπ◊-û√®·. Central Institute of English and Foreign
2) Action just completed.
3) Action starting in the past and going on till Languages (CIEFL) ¢√∞¡x Pronunciation Casettes, CDs -N-†ç-úÕ.
îËÆœ
now.
II
Kasturi: Hi Mayuri what's new?
(àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’)
Mayuri: I met Charitha yesterday. She had a
piece of good news. She told me she
had bought a new apartment.
(E†o ؈’ îªJ-ûª†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. ã ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-
éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°œpçC. éÌûªh apartment
éÌØ√o-†çC.)
News - uncountable. A news ņç. Å®·ûË
News á°æ¤púø’ singular í¬ØË ¢√úøû√ç. A good/
a bad news ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Good news/ bad news
Åçö«ç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ a piece of good news/ a
piece of bad news ņ-´îª’a.
Kasturi: That's good really.
Mayuri: She told me (that) she had got bank
loan for buying the apartment. The
bank released the loan three days ago.
(ûª†èπ◊ É©’x é̆-ú≈-EéÀ bank ®Ω’ùç É*aç-ü¿E
îÁ°œpçC. È®çvúÓ-V© éÀçü¿õ‰ ®Ω’ùç Núø’-ü¿©
î˨»®Ω’.)
Kasturi: Where are you coming from now?
(†’´¤y É°æ¤púø’ áéπ\úÕ†’ç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?)
Mayuri: I went to the station to book tickets to
Tirupati. But by the time I reached the
reservation counter, they had closed. I
was late by only five minutes.
؈’ A®Ω’-°æ-AéÀ tickets reserve îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆-
´’E station èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x†’. é¬E ¢Á∞Ïx-Ææ-JéÀ,
reservation counter ´‚ÊÆ-¨»®Ω’. 5 EN’-
≥ƒ™‰ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ¢Á∞«x†’.
Kasturi: Why didn't you start early enough?
(éÌçîÁç ´·çüË áçü¿’èπ◊ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-™‰ü¿’?)
Mayuri: I had some work, and when I finally
went there it was 2 o' clock. You know
that on sundays reservation closes by
2.30. I started on my scooter, but on
the way I found it had run out of petrol.
I had it filled and then went to the sta-
tion. That delayed me.
àüÓ °æ†’ç-úÕçC. Ç ûª®√yûª •ßª’-™‰l-Í®-Ææ-JéÀ
õ„jç È®çúÁjçC. Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆. ÇC-¢√-®√©’,
Reservations 2.30Íé éπõ‰d-≤ƒh-®ΩE. Scooter
O’ü¿ •ßª’-™‰l®√. ü∆J™ ü∆çöx petrol Å®·-
§Ú-®·ç-ü¿E îª÷¨». Petrol §Ú®·ç* ¢Á∞Ïx-Ææ-JéÀ
Ç©Ææuç Å®·-§Ú-®·çC.
Run out of (petrol/ money etc.)
Å®·-§Ú-´ôç.Have it filled = §Ú®·ç-îªôç, Ééπ\úø
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Mayuri: You know what happened to me yes-
terday? I went home from Charitha,
and by then my husband had left for
office. He had not taken the lunch box.
He had forgotten it in his hurry.
(E†o Ø√Íéç ïJ-TçüÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? ؈’ îªJûª
ü¿í∫_-J-†’ç* ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞«x†’. Å°æp-öÀÍé ´÷ Çߪ’†
Office èπ◊ ¢ÁRx§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Lunch box BÆæ’-èπ◊-
¢Á-∞¡x-™‰ü¿’. ûÌçü¿-®Ω™ ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.)
Look at these sentences picked up from the
conversation above:
a) She told me she had bought a new apart-
ment
b) She told me she had got a bank loan
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
118
I had had some work
c) By the time I reached the reservation count-
er they had closed.
d) I had had some work and when I finally...
e) I found it had run out of petrol.
f) The train had left before I reached the station.
g) ... by then my husband had left for office
h) ... he had not taken the lunch box
i) He had forgotten it.
In all the sentences above look at the verbs:
a) had bought (had + Past participle (PP) of
buy)
b) had got (had + PP of get)
c) had closed (had+ PP of close)
d) had had (had + PP of have)
e) had run (had + PP of run)
f) had left (had + PP of leave)
= g) had left ( had + PP of leave )
h) had (not) taken (had + PP)
-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 26 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
There are two past actions in sentence (a):
Had + PP is always used
´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC:
1) She told me (Ø√ûÓ îÁ°œpçC) for the earlier of two past actions-
2) That she had bought an apartment (apart- Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ†’™x, ¢Á·ü¿öÀ/
ment é̆o-ü¿E). ´·çü¿J °æEéÀ had + PP ¢√úøû√ç.
Ñ È®çúø÷ past actions. Å®·ûË é̆ôç ´·çü¿’,
a) The teacher knew that he had not done the
(éÌØ√o-†E) îÁ°æpôç ûª®√yûª ïJ-í¬®·. ´·çü¿’ ïJ- home work
T† action had bought (had + PP form) ™
Åûªúø’ home work îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿E teacher èπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC.
Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. (îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´ôç– earlier/ first past action)
Åçõ‰ had + PP form, È®çúø’ past actions™
b) Where had you worked before you joined
´·çü¿®Ω ïJ-T† past action èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. here?
Å™«Íí sentence (b) ™
(Ééπ\úø îËÍ®-´·çü¿’ O’È®-éπ\úø °æE-îË-¨»®Ω’.)
She told me
èπÿú≈. Ééπ\úø îË®Ωôç – past - Åçûª-èπ◊ -´·çü¿’ Ææçí∫-A
(that) she had got a -é¬-•öÀd had worked)
bank loan - loan ´*aç- c) I had not known him till you introduced him to
ü¿E îÁ°œpçC. loan ®√´ôç me.
´·çü¿J past action O’®Ω’ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÊÆ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Çߪ’† Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
鬕öÀd had got. M. SURESAN
In English, had + PP is very important. ÅC
Sentence c) By the time I reached the reser- ¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûËconfusion communication
éπLT,
vation counter, they had closed. (؈’ îËÍ®-ô-°æp- ÆæJí¬ Öçúøü¿’.Look at the following.
öÀÍé ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´‚ÊÆ-¨»®Ω’). ´‚ÊÆ-ߪ’ôç ´·çü¿’ 鬕öÀd 1) He gave me yesterday what I asked for
had closed. 2) He gave me yesterday what I had asked for.
d) I had had some work and when I finally went Sentence 1 Å®Ωnç: ؈-úÕ-TçC ÅûªúÕî√aúø’. Ééπ\úø
there it was 2 o' clock. ؈-úø-í∫ôç, Åûªúø’ É´yôç ¢Áçô ¢ÁçôØË, ü∆ü∆°æ¤
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ °æE ÖçúÕçC ´·çü¿®Ω, ¢Á∞¡xôç ûª®√yûª äÍé-≤ƒJ ïJ-T-†ô’x Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. È®çúø÷ E†oØË.
鬕öÀd had had (had + PP)
Sentence 2 Å®Ωnç: ؈ç-ûªèπ◊ ´·çüÁ-°æ¤úÓ ÅúÕ-TçC
e) I found it had run out of petrol Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ E†o Éî√aúø’. (É´y-ô¢Ë’ E†o, Åúø-í∫ôç
Petrol Å®·-§Ú®· Öçúøôç (´·çü¿J action) Åçûªèπ◊ ´·çüÁ-°æ¤púÓ)
îª÷¨»†’ – 鬕öÀd had run (had + PP) Sentence (1) èπÿ, (2) èπÿ áçûª ûËú≈ØÓ

Kasturi: A similar thing happened to me yes-
terday. The train had left before I
reached the station. So I called my
office and told them I was not coming.
My delay was due to traffic jam.
(--E-†o Ø√èπÿ Å™«ç-öÀüË ïJ-TçC. ؈’ sta-
tion èπ◊ îËÍ®-™ Ê° train ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC. ´÷
office èπ◊ Phone îËÆ œ ؈’ ®√´-ôç-™‰-ü¿E
îÁ§ƒp†’. Ø√èπ◊ traffic jam ´©x Ç©Ææuç
Å®·çC.)
-v°æ-¨¡o: 5-15 Ææç´-ûªq-®√© ´ßª’-Ææ’q†o °œ©x-©èπ◊
‘Spoken English’™ °æô’d ≤ƒCµç-
îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ àßË’ areas ™ focus
îËߪ÷L. ü∆EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†
Books, Cassettes, C.D.s
áéπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·?
– Æœ.-áç.-áÆˇ.®√-V, È®j-™‰yéÓ-úø÷®Ω’
-ï-¢√-•’: NCERT ¢√∞¡x- (Central schools/ cen-
tral syllabus follow ÅßË’ schools ™
¢√úË) books î√-™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç. 5 – 15
à∞¡x-™ °æ¤¢√∞¡Ÿx concentrate îËߪ÷-Lq†
areas: spellings, sentence structures,
Conversational Skills. É´Fo èπÿú≈
NCERT books ™ -Öç-ö«®·.
i) had forgotten (had + PP) f) ؈’ platform îË®Ω’-éÌØËÆæJéÀ train ¢ÁR}-§Ú-®·çC. – í∫´’-Eçî√®Ω’ éπü∆. ÅD had + PP Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç.
°j verb form í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆: had + Past ÉC ´·çü¿’, 鬕öÀd had left (had + PP) ´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷úøçúÕ.
Participle (had + PP)-verb- Ñ form ™ Öçõ‰ g) Éçü¿’™ èπÿú≈ 'ØËEç-öÀ-Èé-∞Ï}-Ææ-JéÀ, Çߪ’† a) He had not slept for two days. When I know
ÅC past perfect tense Å´¤-ûª’çC. É°æ¤púø’ DE ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. (Had left- ÉC ´·çü¿’) that I felt pity for him
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. h) He had not taken the lunch box - Lunch box È®çúø’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ Åûªúø’ Evü¿-§Ú-™‰ü¿’. ÅC ûÁL-Æœ†
a) She told me (yesterday) that she had bought BÂÆ\-∞¡x-™‰ü¿’ – ÉC ´·çü¿’ – 鬕öÀd had (not) ؈’ ñ«L-°æ-ú≈f†’.
a new apartment taken b) Who had opened this before I saw it?
éÌûªh apartment éÌØ√o-†E îÁ°œpçC E†o. i) He had forgotten - ÉC èπÿú≈ ´·çü¿J past ؈’ îª÷ÊÆ-´·çüË á´®Ω’ ûÁJ-î√®Ω’ DEo?
ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: action 鬕öÀd had forgotten - had + PP
Angad: Hi Vaali. Åûªúø’ Chennai ¢Á∞«x-úøE †’´¤y PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
Angad: I thought that he had gone. So I
thought I could give him the book later.
E†o Ø√ûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ Å•ü¿l¥ç îÁ§ƒp´¤?
Vaali: He was/ felt angry that I had not
(Å•ü¿l¥ç – lie ¢√úøçúÕ) Åûªúø’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’?
returned his book.
Vaali: ™‰ü¿’. ؈’ Å•ü¿l¥ç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡-û√- Angad: Åûªúø’ wait îËÆæ’h†o Phone call ®√™‰-ü¿ô.
Vaali: I am sorry. I thought he would tell you
Vaali: OK. ØË¢Á-∞«xL. ´≤ƒh.
†E Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’. FûÓ ´÷ö«x-úÕç-ûª-®√yûª about his change of programme.
Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-ü¿E ûÁL-ÆœçC. Åûªúø’ pro- Angad: Bye. Because I had thought so, I didn't call
gramme ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊Ø√o†E îÁ§ƒpúø’. ANSWER you (So - Å™«)
Angad: ØËØË¢Á÷ Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞«x-úøE ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Åçü¿’-éπE Angad: Hi. Vaali, why did you lie to me that he Angad: I had known that he would not go.
ÅûªúÕé¬ °æ¤Ææhéπç ûª®√yûª É´ya™‰ ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. had left for Chennai yesterday? Vaali: Why didn't he go? (Why did he not
ØËØ√°æ¤Ææhéπç É´y-™‰-ü¿E Ø√O’ü¿ î√™« éÓ°æp-ú≈fúø’. Vaali: No. I didn't lie. He had told me that he go?)
Vaali: I am sorry. Åûªúø’ -FûÓ Programme would go. I knew that he had not gone Angad: He didn't get the phone call he had
´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊†o N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. 鬕öÀd only after I had talked to you. He told waited for.
Fèπ◊ Phone îËߪ’™‰ü¿’ ؈’. me that he had changed his pro- Vaali: OK. I must be going. Bye.
Angad: Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡x-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüË ûÁ©’Ææ’. gramme. Angad: Bye.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Soundarya: Hi What a fine dress you've
bought? Where did you buy it and
how much did it cost you?
(Ŷs -î√-™«- ¶«í∫’ç-C - F vúøÆˇ
áéπ\úøéÌØ√o´¤? áçûª?)
Aiswarya: Thank you for the compliment. I
bought it at Vastraloka for Rs.
3000/-
(-ü∑∆uçé˙q -´‚-úø’ -¢Ë-© ®Ω÷-§ƒ-©-ߪ’-©’
°öÀd ´ÆæY-™éπ™ éÌØ√o.)
Soundarya: Certainly worth it. I wish I had one
like it.
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Åçûª îËÆæ’hçC. Ø√èπÿ\ú≈
Å™«ç-öÀC Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿-E -
°œ-≤ÚhçC.)
I wish I had one like that. ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúø’ûª’†o-
°æ¤púø’ B®ΩE éÓJéπ©èπ◊ É™« Åçö«ç. She wishes
she had a car
(
ûª†èπ◊ 鬮Ω’çõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úø’ØÓ Å†’èπ◊ç-öçC.)
Ééπ\úø had, past Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÀ É°æpöÀ éÓJéπ†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-
ûª’çC.
Aiswarya: Time you bought one, Soundarya.
(É°æp-öÀÍé éÌØ√-LqçC †’´¤y)
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ bought - past form
Time you bought = á°æ¤púÓ éÌE Öçú≈-LqçC.
Time you learnt manners .
(†’´¤ymanners ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√L)
(Éçé¬ Fèπ◊manners ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’;
á°æ¤púÓ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-LqçC.)
Soundarya: When did you buy it?
(á°æ¤púø’ éÌØ√o´¤?)
Aiswarya: Yesterday. I had been thinking of
buying it for a long time. I had the
opportunity yesterday when dad
gave me the money. I got it for my
birthday the day after tomorrow.
Soundarya: Who is the other dress for?
(Ç ÉçéÓ vúøÆˇ á´-JéÀ?)
Aiswarya: That's for my cousin Sowjanya. I
ÉO
am going to present it to her.
¢Á·ü¿öÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E
(ÅC ´÷ éπ->-Ø˛ -≤˘-ï-†uèπ◊. ØËØ√-¢Á’èπ◊
ÅC 鬆’-éπí¬ É´y-¶-ûª’-Ø√o†’.)
Soundarya: Has she returned from the states?
( ÊÆd-ö¸q †’ç* AJ-íÌ-*açü∆?)
Aiswarya: Yes, last weekend.
(Å´¤†’. í∫ûª ¢√®√çûªç-™)
Soundarya: Wasn't she a teacher here?
(Ééπ\úø Ç¢Á’ -öÃ-˝í¬ ÖçúËC éπü∆?)
Aiswarya: Yes. She had been working as a
teacher when she got married. She
then joined her husband in the
U.S.
(°∞¡x-ßË’u-°æp-öÀéÀ Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø öÃ-˝ í¬ °æE
îËÆæ’hç-úËC. Ç ûª®√yûª ¢√∞«x-ߪ’† ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊
¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC.)
Soundarya: We had been studying in the same
college until we completed the
degree. Later she took a job and I
went for M.Sc.
(¢Ë’ç Éü¿l®Ωç -úÕ-vU °æ‹-Jh ÅßË’u-´-®Ωèπ◊ äÍé
é¬-™‰-ñ ¸™ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊-ØË¢√∞¡xç. ûª®√yûª Ç¢Á’
ÖüÓu-í∫ç™ îËJçC. ؈’ -
áÆˇ.Æœ.éÀ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.
Aiswarya: She had been staying with us until,
she got the job. Her father who had
been working else where, had a
transfer here, and she went back
home.
( -Ö-üÓuí∫ç ´îËa ´®Ωèπ◊ ´÷ ü¿í∫_Í® ÖçC.
Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ÉçÈé-éπ\úÓ °æE îËÆæ’h†o
¢√∞¡x Ø√†oèπ◊ -Ééπ\-úÕéÀ vö«-Ø˛q°∂æ®˝ ÅßË’u-
Ææ-JéÀ ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC.)
Soundarya: She is quite nice.
(-ûª-†’ ´’ç* Å´÷t®·)
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ had been combinations ûÓ -
Spoken English
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 28 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2006
Ö†o Ñ verbs sentenceses †’ îª÷úøçúÕ.
1) I had been thinking of buying it for a longtime.
I had the opportunity yesterday.
2) She had been working as a teacher when
she got married.
3) We had been studying in the same college
until we completed the degree.
4) She had been staying with us until she got
the job.
Last two lessons had + past participle
™ ´’†ç
( past perfect tense ) uses (°∞¡xßË’ ´®Ωèπÿ/ °∞¡x-ßË’u-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ Ç¢Á’ -öÃ-˝í¬
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆! (Å´¤†’. Å-°æ¤púø’ O’Í®-¢Á÷ -´÷-vûª-©’ Éî√a®Ω’.
Let us recall it once again. °æEîËÆæ÷h ÖçC.) Ééπ\-úø verb had been+ing. È®çvúÓV© ûª®√yûª ûªT_-§Ú-®·çC. Å°æp-öÀ-
(a) ™ í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† °æ†’™x äéπöÀ ´·çü¿’, È®çúÓC
✔ Had Past participle is used for the earlier of †’ç* Ñ®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç ´®Ωèπ◊ Ø√Íé Ææ´’≤ƒu
two past actions. ûª®√yûª, éπü∆? - (had + pp) ™‰ü¿’ )
(í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ†’™x, ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ü∆ØÁo-°æ¤p (b) ™ í∫ûªç™ äéπ °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i È®çúÓ °æE ´®Ωèπ◊ Ééπ\úø πÿú≈ ....
continue Å®·uçC 鬕öÀd had been + ing. a) had been walking... felt the pain.
a) He had been driving at 100 kmph when he b) hadn't been having any pain till this morn-
hit a lorry. ing.
100
(Åûªúø’ ™«KE úµŒéÌ-õ‰d-°æp-öÀéÀ -éÀ.-O’. ¢Ëí∫çûÓ - - a)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
Ø√èπ◊ ØÌ°œp éπL-T-†-°æ¤úø’ †úø’Ææ÷h ÖØ√o†’.
b)
119
vúÁj-¢˛ îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’.) §Òü¿’l-† -´-®Ωèπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ ØÌ°œp ÅØË-üË™‰ü¿’.
b) The British had been ruling India for over
鬕öÀdhad been + ing á°æ¤púø÷ èπÿú≈ í∫ûªç™ v§ƒ®Ωç-
We had been studying...
two centuries until it
úø÷ had + PP form ™ ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√ç.) ¶µº-¢Á’i† two actions ™ first action, 2nd action
e.g. became independent in ´®Ωèπ◊ continue Å®·ûË ü∆Eo had been + ing ûÓ
1947
a) He was unhappy that his friend had gone.
(1947 ™ ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç
îÁ°æ¤û√ç.
(¢√∞¡x -v°∂ç-ú˛ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷-úøE Åûª†’ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-ú≈fúø’) ÉC 'be' form ™ îª÷úøçúÕ. (Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ È®çúÓ °æE
b) She had worked as a teacher before she got §ÒçüË-´-®Ωèπ◊ -vG-öÃ-≠æ®Ω’x
ïJÍí ´®Ωèπ◊ Ö†o N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo -Ê°®Ì\-†-úøç)
married. ¶µ«®Ω-û˝†’ È®çúø’ ¨¡û√-¶«l-© - a) He had been here till his father called him.
†’ç-* §ƒL-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.) M. SURESAN
(°RxéÀ ´·çü¿’ -öÃ-˝í¬ °æE îËÆœçC)
Doctor: What's your complaint?
(¢√∞¡x Ø√†o °œLîË ´®Ωèπ◊ Åûª-E-éπ\úË ÖØ√oúø’.)
c) We know that he had passed.
(Öçúøôç had been - í∫ûªç™, ûª®√yûª his father
(
-§ƒÆˇ Åߪ÷u-úøE ´÷èπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC) Subash: I have a pain in the side, doctor. I
called- °œ©-´ôç)
Had + PP
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬-EéÀ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’. É°æ¤púø’ have had the pain since this morn-
b) Abdul Kalam had been a space scientist until
had been + ing
(Åçõ‰ Past ing. I had been taking my morning
he took over as President
Perfect Continuous tense)
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç. walk when I suddenly felt it.
(®√-≠æZ°æ-Aí¬ ¶«üµ¿uûª©’ Æ‘yéπ-JçîË ´®Ωèπ◊ éπ-™«ç ÊÆpÆˇ
✔
í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† È®çúø’ °æ-†’-™x äéπöÀ ´·çü¿’ v§ƒ®Ωç- (§Òü¿’löÀ †’ç* úÌéπ\™ ØÌ°œpí¬ ÖçC.
¶µº¢Á’i È®çúÓ °æE ïJÍíü∆é¬ continue
Å®·ûË Øˆ’ §Òü¿’l† †úø’-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ ØÌ°œp -´-*aç- ÂÆjç-öÀÆˇdí¬ (ÖØ√o®Ω’)
c) I thought till this morning that he had been
Å°æ¤púø’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo had been + ing form C)
here.
™ îÁ§ƒhç. Doctor: I remember that you came to me last
Compare the following sentences. month with a similar complaint.
(§Òü¿’l† ´®Ωèπ◊ Åûª-E-éπ\úË ÖØ√o-úøE ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o)
ÉD had been, had been + ing ¢√ú≈-Lq† B®Ω’. ûÁ©’-
a) She had worked as a teacher before she got (O’®Ω’ í∫-ûª ØÁ© ÉüË éπç°æx®·ç-ö¸-ûÓ ´*a-
married. †ô’d Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h) í∫ ’™™« é¬èπ◊çú≈, English ™ time of action, time
of state of being †’ •öÀd ´’†ç ¢√úË verb forms
(°RxéÀ ´·çü¿’ Ç¢Á’ -öÃ-˝í¬ °æE îËÆœçC.) Ééπ\- Subash: Yes, doctor. You gave me some
úø verb- had + PP tablets and I felt all right after two
éπ*aûªçí¬ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’ç-ö«®·. Å™« correct í¬ Å®·†
verb forms †’ ¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûË Â°úø-®√n-©èπ◊, -Aéπ-´’éπ©èπ◊ ü∆J-
b) She had been working as a teacher until- days. Since then I hadn't been having
when she got married. any problem till this morning.
B- ≤ƒh®·.
friend got an idea that we start a soft-
Tarun: -´®Ω’-ù˝ , î√™«-é¬-©-¢Á’içC E†’o îª÷Æœ, áéπ\- PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ware company in Hyderabad.
úø’-Ø√o´¤? àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? Tarun: It's good. When are you starting it?
Varun: v°æÆæ’hûªç ؈’ -´·ç-¶-®·™ ÖØ√o. ´·ç-¶- Tarun: Best of Luck. Varun: In two or three months.
®· ™ Å´-鬨¡ç ´îËa-°æp-öÀéÀ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛™ Answers Tarun: Best of luck.
°æE-îË-Ææ’hØ√o. Tarun: Hi Varun, long since I saw you. Where Ñ game ÇúøçúÕ. Ñ éÀçC sentence †´‚Ø√™
Tarun: -´·ç-¶-®·éÀ ´÷Í®-´-®Ωèπ◊ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ ™ áçûª- are you and what are you? sentences
O™„j-†Eo ®√ߪ’çúÕ. ®√Æœ Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ îªü¿-
é¬©ç °æE-îË-¨»´¤. Varun: I am at present in Mumbai. I had been ´çúÕ,Not ûÓ†÷, Questioní¬†÷, Dialogue form
áç.- Varun: v§Ú-ví¬-´ ’®˝í¬ °æE-îËÆæ ÷h Ñ Å´-鬨¡ç working in Hyderabad when I got the ™†÷ ®√ߪ’çúÕ.
§Òçü∆†’. opportunity in Mumbai. They laughed at him Ééπ\úø †´‚Ø√.
Tarun: £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛èπ◊ ´·çüÁ-éπ\úÓ ÖØ√o´¤ éπü∆? Tarun: How long had you been working in sub verb Preposition Noun or pronoun
Varun: Å´¤†’. îÁØÁj o™ ÖØ√o 6 ØÁ©©’. Hyderabad when you got the opportu- a) She looked at me.
Tarun: É°æ¤p-úÁ-éπ\-úÕéÀ? nity in Mumbai? b) They did not come for him
Varun: ؈’ Ø√ -v°∂ç-ú˛-ûÓ, ( í∫-ûª ØÁ© ņ’-èπ◊çö«) Varun: I had been working as a programmer c) Why do you stare at her?
´÷ö«xúø’ûª’çõ‰, ÅûªúÕ -v°∂ç-ú˛ ´î√aúø’. ã - when I got the opportunity. (Stare- ÅüË °æEí¬ îª÷úøúøç)
í∫çô ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊-ØË-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ Ñ È®çúÓ -v°∂ç- Tarun: Hadn't you (had you not) been some a) Prem: Why do you look at your watch (so
ú˛èπ◊ -äéπ -Ç-™-îª-† ´*açC. ¢Ë’ç ´·í∫’_®Ωç where before you were in Hyderabad? often) ?
éπLÆœ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«--ü˛™ ã -≤ƒ°∂ˇd-¢Ë®˝ éπç°-F Varun: Yes. In Chennai for six months. Karim: I must talk to my uncle immediately
°ö«d-©-E. Tarun: Where now? Prem: You wait for a few minutes.
Tarun: ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. á°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Varun: When I was talking to my friend, I think Karim: I have waited for half an hour already
Varun: È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ØÁ©™x. it was last month, his friend came. As
we had been talking for an hour, this
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II
Pramod: Hi Prasanth, when are you starting
for Bangalore?
(á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?)
Prasanth: Tomorrow by the evening train.It
arrives here at 6 and leaves at 6.10
(≤ƒßª’çvûªç Train™. ÅC-éπ\-úÕéÀ ÇJç-öÀ-éÀ-
´*a, 6.10éÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ûª’çC.)
Pramod: I'll be at the station even before 6 to
see you off.
(Fèπ◊ OúÓ\-L-´y-ö«-EéÀ ÇJç-öÀéÀ ´·çüË
station ™ Öçö«)
See off= OúÓ\-L-´yôç
Prasanth: O that's good of you. Thank you.
(î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. ü∑∆çé˙ ߪ‚. á´-È®j-Ø√
´’†èπ◊ ´’ç*-í¬F, ÆæçûÓ≠æç éπL-TçîËCí¬F
îËÊÆh, that's (that is) good of you,
That's Kind of you Åçö«ç. good/
Kind ´·çü¿’ very îË®Ωa-´îª’a)
Pramod: You remember our friend vinod is
there too. He is into software.
(´’† v°∂çú˛ NØÓü˛ èπÿú≈ Åéπ\úË
ÖØ√oúø’. Åûªúø’ èπÿú≈ ≤ƒ°∂ˇd-¢Ë®˝ (éπç°æ‹u-
ô®˝q)™ ÖØ√oúø’. 'into' Ñ ´’üµ¿u Ñ
Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.
He was into business for some time
Åûªúø’ éÌçûª-é¬©ç ¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ ÖØ√oúø’/
¢√u§ƒ®Ωç î˨»úø’)
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 2 -´÷-Ja 2006
Pramod: It's for him and for his dad to settle.
Meet you at the station tomorrow.
Bye.
(ÅC ¢√úø÷, ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o ûË©’a-éÓ-¢√-Lq†
N≠æߪ’ç. Í®°æ¤ E†’o station ™ éπ©’≤ƒh.
´≤ƒh-´’J)
Prasanth: Bye.
Ñ Conversation ™, look at the following
expressions.
1) starting for Bangalore
At home, at college, at school, at that place,
2) by the evening train
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
at the village, at 6.00 pm, at 12 noon, at a
3) arrives here at 6 and leaves at 6.10 stage/ a certain stage/ at that stage, (stage = Subha:
àçöÀ ¨¶µ«, Vizag †’ç* á°æ¤púø’
4) before six ü¿¨¡) AJ-íÌ-î√a-´¤?
5) good of you at the theatre, at the station etc. Sobha: E†o, §Òü¿’l-öÀ train ™
6) into software 2) to = äéπîÓöÀéÀ, äéπ-JéÀ, äéπîÓô’¢Áj°æ¤ - to Subha: ¢Á ∞Ï-xô-°æ¤púø’ car ™ -¢Á-∞«}-´¤í∫-ü∆, 鬮ÓxØË ´≤ƒh-
7) close to Hyderabad, to Vijayawada, to Tirupathi to my ´- †’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.
father, to the CM, etc. Sobha: Car repair ™ ÖçC. ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁçôØË
8) talked to him over phone
3) äéπJ†’ç*, äéπ v°æü˨¡ç†’ç* = from. from ®√¢√Lq ´îËa-¨»†’.
9) the day before sivarathri
Hyderabad, order from the CM, etc. Subha: F O’ü¿ Ø√èπ◊ î√™« éÓ°æçí¬ ÖçC.
10) his father is angry with him at his postpon-
4) By- éπ°æ¤p Ö†o ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©-®·ûË - by bus, by car, Sobha: áçü¿’èπ◊?
ing his marriage.
by train, by ship, by lorry, etc - D†®Ωnç Ñ ¢√£æ«- Subha: E†oöÀ†’ç* Éçöx ÖçúÕ äéπ\-≤ƒJ èπÿú≈
11) differs with his father over who he should
Ø√™x ÅE. phone îËߪ’-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊
marry.
a) I go to school by bus = Sobha: ؈’ ´îËa-Ææ-JéÀ É©xçû√ ´·JéÀ. É™xçû√
12) Particular about
School èπ◊ bus ™ ¢Á∞«h†’. clean îËÆæ÷h busy í¬ Ö-Ø√o. Sorry.
13) Outside the family circle
b) Goods arrived by lorry = ANSWER
14) The reason for
Subha: Hi Sobha, when did you come back?
15) It's for him and for his dad to settle. ≤ƒ´÷†’x ™«K™ ´î√a®·.
Sobha: Yesterday, by the morning train.
16) At the station c) He travelled by train =
Subha: While going you went by car. I thought
Words like for, by, at, before, of, into, to, over, Train
™ v°æߪ÷ùç î˨»úø’.
you would return by car again.
with, about, outside etc. are prepositions. 5) Top ™‰E (scooter, bike, cycle, horse) ™«çöÀ-

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 120
prepositions í∫’Jç* Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ lessons ™
éÌçûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
Sobha: The car was under repair. I came back
´-®·ûË on. because I had to come back urgently.
a) He goes to college on bike.
Subha: I am very angry with you
Sobha: What for?

By the evening train

Subha: You have been at home and haven't
called me even once.
Sobha: By the time I came back, the house
was dirty. I was busy cleaning it. Sorry.

Prasanth: Yea. My office in Bangalore is close
to his. I talked to him over phone this
morning, He said he would be at the
station to receive me' (Bangalore ™
Ø√ office ÅûªúÕ Ç°∂‘Æˇèπ◊ ü¿í∫_Í®. ؈-ûª-úÕûÓ
Ñ®ÓV Phone ™ ´÷ö«x-ú≈†’. Ø√éÓÆæç
station èπ◊ ´≤ƒh†Ø√oúø’.)
Pramod: He was here the day before
sivarathri it seems his father is angry
with him at his postponing his mar-
riage.
(¢Á·†o P´-®√vAéÀ ´·çü¿’-®ÓV Ééπ\-úø’-
Ø√oúø’. Åûªúø’ °Rx-¢√-®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’h-Ø√o-úøE
¢√∞¡x Ø√†oèπ◊ éÓ°æçí¬ Ö†o-ô’dçC)
It seems- Å™« ÅE-°œç-îªôç/ éπE-°œç-îªôç
Prasanth: He differs with his father over who
he should marry. His father insists
that he marry his uncle's daughter.
He is particular about marrying a girl
outside the family circle. That's the
reason for his coming rarely.
(Åûª-úÕéÀ, ¢√∞¡x Ø√†oèπ◊, ÅûªúÁ´JE °Rx
îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©ØË N≠æߪ’ç™ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ’-¶µ‰-ü∆-©’-
Ø√o®·. ¢√∞¡x Ø√-ØËo¢Á÷ ÅûªúÕ ´÷´’ߪ’u
èπÿûª’-JE °Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E °æô’d-•-úø’-ûª’-
Ø√oúø’. ÉûªúË¢Á÷ ü¿í∫_®Ω ö«d-©-¢√-∞Îx-´-JE
îËÆæ’-éÓ-†E °æô’d-ü¿-©í¬ ÖØ√oúø’. ¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ
®√´ôç Åçü¿’Íé Å®Ω’ü¿’)
≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ preposi- b) She moves about on a scooter -
tions ´’†’-≠æfl©, ´Ææ’h-´¤©, Ç¢Á’ scooter O’ü¿ A®Ω’í∫’ûª’çô’çC.
ïçûª’-´¤© Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ c) Travel was on horseback in the olden days =
Ææn©ç, ÆœnA, time, °æü¿l¥A §ƒûª ®ÓV™x v°æߪ÷-ù«©’ í∫’v®√© O’ü¿.
v°æ¨¡o: Spoken
ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç ÅE
English, Grammar ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´-
6) äéπ îÓöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç = go to a place;
-É-C-´®Ωéπ-öÀ lessons ™
îª÷¨»ç. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ´÷ô© M. SURESAN Å®·ûË äéπ-îÓ-öÀéÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç = leave for a place, ú≈-EéÀ ûÁ©’-í∫’™, ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ω ÖçúË °æ¤Ææh鬩
ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ preposi- depart for a place; be bound for a place. N´-®√©’ îÁ°æp-í∫-©®Ω’.
tions ´≤ƒh®·. a) He is going to Delhi tonight. – >. Í騡-´¤©’, §ƒ´·- π◊çô
î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç. à preposition áéπ\úø b) She has left for Kolkata
-ï-¢√-•’: O’®Ω’ Ö†oC *†o °æ™„xô÷®Ω®·-†ç-ü¿’-´©x
¢√ú≈-©ØË rule à-O’™‰ü¿’. ´÷ö«x-úøôç, îªü¿-´ôç ´™‰x c) This train is bound for Chennai O’èπ◊ English ´îËa Å´-é¬-¨»©’ ûªèπ◊\´ ÅØË
Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-ûª’çC. (îÁØÁj o ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’çC) ¶µºßª’ç Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. *†o °æ™„x-ô÷-®Ωx-†’ç-*
The correct use of prepositions is just a mat- d) The train is ready to depart for Lucknow. ´îËa-¢√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ v•£æ…tç-úøçí¬ English
ter of practice. 7) äéπJéÓÆæç, äéπ N≠æߪ’çéÓÆæç = for ´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’, O’®Ω’ èπÿú≈ ´÷ö«x-
English ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’†oéÌDl, îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’†oéÌDl a) This book is for Ramesh = úø-í∫-©®Ω’ ÆæÈ®j† serious practice îËÊÆh.
prepositions Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-û√®·. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ´’†ç Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ éÓÆæç. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ N´-®Ωù ÖçúË spoken English
books ™ Rapidex, English in 30
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçô÷çö«ç: ¢√úÕ O’ü¿ Ø√èπ◊ éÓ°æç. b) I am taking a lot of trouble for you =
days ™«çöÀ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ îª÷úøçúÕ. ¢Á’-©xí¬
Ééπ\úø éÓ°æç ´·çü¿’ 'O’ü¿— áçü¿’èπ◊ ¢√ú≈L ÅØË
O’ éÓÆæç ØËEçûª trouble BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.
v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ ï¢√-•’ç-úøü¿’ éπü∆. Ç ¶µ«≠æ ©éπ~ùç, ¢√úø’éπ English news paper îªü¿-´ôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-
ÅçûË. English ™ preposition ¢√úø’éπ èπÿú≈ 8) a) Angry with = äéπ ´uéÀh O’ü¿ éÓ°æç îªçúÕ. Å®Ωnç Å®·Ø√ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, interest
b) Angry at/about = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ éÓ°æç. ÖØ√o ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ îªü¿-´çúÕ. ´’ç* dic-
ÅçûË. à ´÷ô´·çü¿’ à preposition, ûª®√yûª à
preposition ÅØËC éÌçîÁç éπç®∏ΩÆæhç îËߪ’ôç èπÿú≈ i) My father is angry with me = Ø√ O’ü¿ éÓ°æç. tionary (English to Telugu) ü¿í∫_®Ω Öç-
´’ç*üË. äÍé-´÷ô ûª®√yûª ¢√úË preposition ™ ii) My father is angry at/about my low marks. éÌE àüÁjØ√ °æü¿ç O’èπ◊ Å®Ωnç é¬èπ◊ç-õ‰ ûÁ©’-
ûËú≈´ÊÆh Å®Ωnçèπÿú≈ ´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE (Ø√éÌ*a† ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\-©èπ◊ Çߪ’-†èπ◊ éÓ°æçí¬ ÖçC) Ææ’-éÓçúÕ. *†o *†o story books, *†o
classes English nondetailed books
prepositions N≠æߪ’ç-™  î√™« ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. 9) Particular about = äéπ N≠æߪ’ç™ °æô’d-ü¿-©í¬
Å®·ûË éÌEoîÓôx Åçûª confusion ®√ü¿’. í∫’®Ω’hç-- TV
îªü¿-´çúÕ. Å®Ωnç Å®·Ø√ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√
Öçúøôç. English news
éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: ûÁ©’-í∫’™, English ™, ´·çü¿’ Many members of TRS are particular about
N†ç-úÕ. O’èπ◊ ûÓ*-†N ®√Æœ
é¬ÆæhEnglish ûÁL-Æœ† ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ îª÷°œç-îªçúÕ.
¢Á†’éπ Å´¤-ûª’ç-ö«®·. KCR's resignation = OöÀûÓ§ƒô’ ´÷ Spoken English
Eg: To Mumbai = ´·ç¶„jéÀ KCR ®√@-Ø√´÷ N≠æߪ’ç™ î√™« ´’çC TRS îªü¿-´ôç practice îËߪ’ôç ´©x O’èπ◊ ã
1) äéπ-îÓô, äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç™, äéπ time èπÿ, äéπ ü¿¨¡™  – Æ涵º’u©’ °æô’d-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ØÁ© ®ÓV™x î√-™« ûËú≈ éπE°œÆæ’hçC.
É™«çöÀ Å®√n©’ ´îËa preposition, at. É™«çöÀN îªC-¢Ë-ô-°æ¤púø’ í∫´’-EÆæ÷h îªü¿-´çúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 4 -´÷-Ja 2006
Yamini: Hi Salini, when exactly do you expect I a) at 11.30 II a) by 12.30
Malini? b) at the age of 22 b) by then
(´÷LE éπ*a-ûªçí¬ á°æ¤púø’ ´Ææ’hç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’- c) at breakfast c) by chance
Ø√o´¤?) d) at a distance of d) by your watch
expect = ÉÈéqpé˙d– 'Èéqp— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç =
ÇPç-îªôç/ áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøôç/ ņ’-éÓ-´ôç e) at 50 to 60 KMPH e) fast by/ slow by 5 min.

Salini: At 11.30. I am sure she will be here f) good at calculations f) by 11.45

atleast by 12.30 Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E Éûª®Ω prepositions:
(11.30 éÀ. éπFÆæç 12.30 éπ™«x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ô’ç- a) from the US b) leave for
ü¿E éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) c) age of d) in a short time
sure = ≠æ‡uÅ = éπ*a-ûªçí¬ I) At
áéπ\-úÁ-éπ\úø ¢√ú≈¢Á÷ îª÷úøçúÕ. ii) Planes Ñ ®ÓV™x í∫çôèπ◊ 700 ¢Á’i∞¡Ÿx ü∆öÀ ii) ´÷ ÉçöÀ-éπØ√o ´÷ °æéÀ\©’x 10 Åúø’-í∫’©’ áûª’h=
Yamini: So she is returning from the US. When
a) at 11.30. éπ*a-ûªçí¬ °∂晫Ø√ time èπ◊ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ v°æߪ÷ùç îËߪ’-í∫-©´¤. Our next building is taller than ours by 10 feet.
did she actually leave for the states?
at ¢√úøû√ç. Planes today can travel/ fly at more than iii) ü∆EéÀ DEéÀ ûËú≈ 10 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’=
(Åçõ‰ Ç¢Á’ US †’ç* AJ-íÌ-Ææ’hç-ü¿-†o-´÷ô. 700 miles per hour. This differs from that by Rs 10/- (This is
i) I show 6.15 èπ◊ ¢Á·ü¿-©-´¤-ûª’çC.
ÅÆæ-™„-°æ¤p-úÁ-RxçC Å¢Á’-J-é¬èπ◊?) f) Good at calculations costlier than that by Rs 10/-)
Salini: She left at the age of twenty two, two The first show begins at 6.15
™„éπ\©’ ¶«í¬ ûÁLÆœ Öçúøôç iv) He is taller than his brother by 4 cms
years ago. By then she had completed ii) ´÷ classes 4.30 éÀ Å®·§Úû√®·.
i) Maths ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©-í∫ôç= brother éπØ√o Åûªúø’ 4 cms §Òúø´¤.
¢√∞¡x
her software training here. Our classes end/ close at 4.30
good at/ clever at/ bright at Maths ÉO at, by
© Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’. É°æ¤púø’–
(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ 22 à∞¡x-°æ¤púø’, È®çúË∞¡x éÀçü¿ô. Å°æp-öÀ- iii) Ç time èπ◊ Ø√éà Ææçí∫A ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ 1) From: -D-E-E– '†’ç*— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.
鬢Á’ Ééπ\úø ûª† software training °æ‹Jh-îË- ii) English ¶«í¬ ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç=
I did not know this at that time. Kumar: Srikanth is coming from Chennai today
ÆœçC). poor at/ bad at English
iv) ¢√úÁ°æ¤púø’ ´≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? iii) Kesav: How do you know?
Yamini: I was at breakfast when you called to ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç Ç©-Ææuçí¬/ Eü∆-†çí¬= (FÈ陫 ûÁ©’Ææ’)
tell me that she wanted to see me. I am At what time do you expect him? slow at learning- Kumar: I had it from his brother. (Ñ ¢√®Ωh Ø√èπ◊
surprised that Malini still remembers (Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø At what time •ü¿’©’, when, iv) ûªy®Ωí¬ ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç= ÅûªúÕ brother †’ç* ûÁL-ÆœçC)
me and told you to phone me. better) Kesav: You know, Srikanth and I are from
quick at learning.
Nellore.
(Ç¢Á’ ††’o îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o N≠æߪ’ç II) Now let us look at by
îÁ°æp-ú≈-EéÀ F´¤ Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ ؈’ (Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ, Xé¬çû˝, ؈÷ Éü¿l®Ωç ØÁ©÷x®Ω’
a) By 12.30= 12.30 éπ™«x= 12.30 ü∆ô-èπ◊çú≈= ¢√∞¡x¢Ë’). Ééπ\úø From †’ à ÜJéÀ îÁçC†
v¶‰é˙-§∂ƒÆˇd îËÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. ´÷LE É°æp-öÀéà ††’o 12.30èπ◊ í¬F, Åçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’-í¬E. ÉC time Íé
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 121
ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.
í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊, Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËߪ÷-©E é¬èπ◊çú≈, date èπ◊, month èπÿ year èπÿ à time Sankar: Where are you from? (O’üË Ü®Ω’?)
Fèπ◊ îÁ°œp-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ǩ¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçC) ™ Å®·Ø√ ´Jh-Ææ’hçC. Sukumar: I am from Vizag (´÷C Vizag)
Ééπ\úø Sentence ™ from Å®Ωnç îª÷úøçúÕ. O’üË

I will be there by 6.30

Salini: She is that type. She never loses
friendship.
(ûª†™«çöÀüË. friendship ´ü¿’-©’-éÓü¿’).
Yamini: We met only once, that too by chance,
a year ago. After that we have met just
once or twice. Good of her to remem-
ber me.
(á°æ¤púÓ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç éÀçü¿ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ éπ©’-
Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ. Ç ûª®√yûª äéπöÀ
È®çúø’-≤ƒ-®Ωx-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Eïçí¬
´’ç*üË– ††’o éπ©-¢√-©-†’-éÓ-´ôç)
Salini: What's the time by your watch?
( watch time
F áçûª?)
Yamini: It is 11.15
Salini: Mine shows 11.20. My watch is fast by
five minutes or your watch is slow by 5
minutes. Doesn't matter. She will be
here in a short time.
(Ø√ watch 11.20 îª÷°œ-≤ÚhçC. Ø√ watch 5
EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´·çüÁjØ√ †úø’-Ææ’hç-ú≈L, ™‰ü∆ F
watch 5 EN’-≥ƒ©’ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ †úø’-Ææ’hç-ú≈L.
°∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰. éÌCl-ÊÆ-°æöx ûªE-éπ\-úø’ç-ô’çC.)
Yamini: How is she coming?
Salini: She is driving. When she last called
me she was at a distance of 80 Kms.
Suppose she is driving at 50 to 60
KMPH, she will be here by 11.45 at the
most.
(Ç¢Á’ Car ™ ´≤ÚhçC. Ç¢Á’ Ø√èπ◊ Phone
îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ 80 Kms ü¿÷®Ωç™ ÖçC. í∫çôèπ◊
50/ 60 Km ¢Ëí∫çûÓ ´≤Úhç-ü¿-†’éÓ.
11.45éπ™«x Ééπ\úø Öçô’çC.)
Yamini: You are good at calculations.
´’†ç last lesson ™ prepositions discuss
(îªJaç-îªôç) î˨»ç éπü∆. Let's (let us) know
something more. (´’J-éÌçûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç).
°j Conversation ™ We have used the two
prepositions 'at' and 'by'. Let's look where we
have used them:
Ü®Ω’? ÅE Å®Ωnç= Ñ Å®Ωnç-ûÓØË Where do you
come from? Åçö«ç– Åçõ‰ O’È®-éπ\-úÕoç* ´Ææ’h-
Ø√o®Ω’ ÅE é¬ü¿’, O’üË-´‹®Ω’ ÅE. I come from
Hyderabad Åçõ‰ ´÷C Hyderabad ÅE.
(Å®·ûË Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd äéÓ\-≤ƒJ– O’È®-éπ\-úÕoç*
´≤ƒh®Ω’ v°æA ®ÓW – ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, where do you
b) at the age of come from? ņ-´îª’a. Where are you com-
i) ؈’ 6.30 éπ™«x Åéπ\úø Öçö«†’=
äéπ-JéÀ °∂晫Ø√ ´ßª’-Ææ- ing from Åçõ‰ ´÷vûªç, O’®Ω’ É°æ¤púø’ áéπ\-úÕoç*
I will be there by 6.30 (I will be there at
°æ¤púø’– 6.30= 6.30 èπ◊ correctí¬, by 6.30= 6.30 èπ◊ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’? ÅE.)
i) Children in India are í¬F, Åçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’-í¬-F) PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH:
put to school at the
ii) 20 à∞¡xÍé Tendulkar tests Çúøôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç- Sasikanth: ´÷´‚©’í¬ †’¢Áy-°æ¤p-úø’ç-ö«-N-éπ\úø?
age of 3. Ravikanth: 9.30 éπ™«x Ééπ\-úø’ç-ö«†’. Éçöx correct
î√úø’=
¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ °œ©xLo ´‚úÓ M. SURESAN Tendulkar began playing tests by his twen- í¬ 8.45 èπ◊ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-û√†’.
àôØË School èπ◊ tieth year Sasikanth: 8.45èπ ◊ ؈’ breakfast ™ Öçö«†’.
°æç°æ¤-û√®Ω’. iii) 2003 èπ◊ Åûª†’ ©é~¬-Cµ-é¬J Å®·-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’= Ravikanth: Ç time èπ◊ ؈’ ≤ƒo†ç, breakfast
ii) Åûª-úø’ 11´ àôØË Chess grand master Åçû√ °æ ‹ Jh îË≤ƒh.
He became a lakhier by 2003.
Åߪ÷uúø’ Sasikanth: ᙫ ´≤ƒh´¤ †’´¤y?
b) By then= Å°æp-öÀÍé
He became a Chess grand master even at Ravikanth: Bus™, ´÷ Office ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ 10 éÀ.O’
the age of 11/ even at 11 i) I went there at 11.30. By then the match
ü¿÷®Ωç. Åçü¿’-éπE 45E. ´·ç-ü¿’ •ßª’-™‰l-
c) at break fast = breakfast îËÆæ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’. É™«Íí had begun=
®Ω’û√.
at lunch; at dinner; at bath, etc... Çߪ÷ Ææ´’- ؈-éπ\-úÕéÀ 11.30èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x†’. Å°æp-öÀÍé match Sasikanth: ؈’ bike ™ ´≤ƒh. Traffic jam ™‰éπ-
ߪ÷™x ÅE. v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’içC. §ÚûË 40-50 kmph ¢Ëí∫çûÓ ´ÊÆh ØËE-éπ\-
i) ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¶µçîË-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ jokes ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. ii) ؈’ ¢Á∞Ïx-Ææ-JéÀ ÅûªEo ¢√∞¡Ÿx B-Ææ’Èé-∞«}®Ω’= úÕéÀ correct í¬ 9.30éÀ îË®Ω’-èπ◊çö«.
They had jokes at their meals/ lunch/ din- By the time I reach there, they had taken Ravikanth: E†o ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Xé¬çû˝ éπL-¨»úø’.
ner etc... him away. Åûª†’ lift Éî√aúø’. ´÷´‚-©’-éπØ√o 10
ii) Åûªúø’ ≤ƒo†ç îËÆæ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ phone ¢Á÷TçC. c) By chance= ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈= by accident. EN’- ≥ƒ©’ ´·çü¿-®Ω’Ø√o.
i) ¢Ë’´· ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ éπ©’Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç= We met Sasikanth: ¶«í¬ drive îË≤ƒhúø’.
He heard the phone ringing when he was
Xé¬çû˝
ANSWER
at bath. by chance/ by accident (accidentally).
Sasikanth: When/ At what time are you here
É™«Íí - at that height = Ç áûª’h™ ÅE èπÿú≈ Å™«Íí by mistake= §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’†. usually?
Åçö«ç. ii) By mistake I posted the letter to him
Ravikanth: By 9.30. I start at home at 8.45
d) at a distance of = ... ü¿÷®Ωç™ instead of to his sister=
Sasikanth: I am at breakfast at 8.45
i) Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛èπ◊ 300 Km ü¿÷®Ωç™ §Ò®Ω-§ƒ-ô’† ¢√∞¡x îÁ™„x-LéÀ •ü¿’©’, Ç Öûªh®Ωç Ravikanth: By then I finish my both, breakfast,
ÖçC ÅûªúÕéÀ post î˨»†’. etc.
Vijayawada is at a distance of 300 Km from iii) Åûªúø’ àüÓ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ´©x ÅC î˨»úø’=
Sasikanth: How do you come?
Hyderabad. He did it by mistake. Ravikanth: By bus. My home is at a distance of
ii) Åçûªü¿÷®Ωç™ Öçúø-ôç-´©x Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ ûª®Ωîª÷ d) By your watch= O’ watch
v°æ鬮Ωç. 10 km from office. So I start 45 min-
®√™‰úø’ i) Ø√ watch ™ time 8 Å®·çC. utes earlier.
Being at such a distance (= so far off) he
It's 8 by my watch. Sasikanth: I come on bike. If there is no traffic
cannot come here frequently.
ii) O’ watch ™ time áçûª?= jam, I reach here exactly at 9.30,
e) at 50 to 60 KMPH driving at 40 to 50 kmph.
What's the time by your watch?
50/ 60 Km ¢Ëí∫çûÓ. ¢Ëí∫ç í∫çôéÓ, EN’-≥ƒ-EéÓ îÁÊ°p- Ravikanth: I met Srikanth by chance yester-
at
ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøû√ç. e) Fast/ slow by= Éô’-´ç-öÀ-îÓôx by 'áçûª¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊— day. He gave me a lift on his bike.
i) í∫çôèπ◊ 70 Km = at 70 KMPH; Second èπ◊
ÅØË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. So I was here earlier than usual by
1230 Åúø’-í∫’© ¢Ëí∫çûÓ = at 1230 feet per i) ´÷ ņo Ø√éπØ√o È®çúË∞¡Ÿx °ü¿l= 10 minutes.
second etc. My brother is my elder by two years. Sasikanth: He is good at driving.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Vighnesh: Hi Manikanth you appear very
happy today.
(Ñ ®ÓV †’´¤y î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ éπE-°œ-
Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤)
Manikanth: You are right. Dad called home this
morning. He is coming on the 10th,
that is, the day after tomorrow.
(§Òü¿’l† ´÷ Ø√†o §∂ÚØ˛ î˨»®Ω’. Åçü¿’éπØË on Jan 26th ÅØ√oç. Months (ØÁ©©’),
á©’xçúÕ Åçõ‰ 10´ ûËC† ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’) Ææç´-ûªq-®√© (years) ´·çü¿çû√ in.
Vighnesh: So he will be here on saturday.
That's good. Will he go back to the
states again?
(Åçõ‰ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ´≤ƒh-®Ω-†o-´÷ô.
´’Sx states èπ◊ ¢Á∞«h®√?)
Manikanth: Yes, he will be leaving again in a
month. He has to be back there in
April.
(Å´¤†’. äéπ ØÁ© ûª®√yûª ¢ÁRx-§Ú-û√®Ω’.
àv°œ-™¸™ Çߪ’† Åéπ\úø Öçú≈L.)
Vighnesh: Will he settle down there?
(Åéπ\úË Æœn®Ω°æúøû√®√?)
Manikanth: No, but he will be there for quite a
longtime.
(é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË éÌ-Ø√o-∞¡x-§ƒ-ô’ Åéπ\úË Öçö«®Ω’)
Vighnesh: When will you people join him?
(O’®Ωç-ü¿®Ω÷ Çߪ’† ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«h®Ω’?)
Manikanth: I have told you my sister is getting
married on the 4th of April. The
bridegroom is a software engineer
there. So she will be leaving on the
10th or so of April. Dad will leave a
week after that.Mother and I will
join him next year, after I finish my
studies.
(´÷ Åéπ\ °Rx àv°œ™¸ 4† ÅE îÁ§ƒp†’
éπü∆. °Rx-éÌ-úø’èπ◊ Åéπ\úø ≤ƒ°∂ˇd-¢Ë®˝ Éç>-
F®˝. Ç¢Á’ 10† ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’çC. -ûª®√y-ûª -
¢√®Ωç ®Ó-V-©èπ◊ -Ø√-†oí¬®Ω’ -¢Á-∞«h®Ω’.؈’,
Å´’t ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Ø√ îªü¿’´¤ °æ‹®Ωh-
®·† ûª®√yûª ¢Á∞«hç.)
Vighnesh: I have my visa interview on 18th
March. I have got admission into
MBA in one of the universities in
the US. The course will begin on
the 7th May. I propose to leave in
the 4th week of April.
(Ø√èπ◊ -O≤ƒ Éç-ô®Ω÷yu -´÷-Ja 18-† -
Öç-C. Å¢Á’-J-鬙-E ߪ‚E-´-Kq-öÀ™
áç.G.à. Æ‘ö¸ ´*açC. éÓ®Ω’q -¢Ë’ 7-†
v§ƒ®Ω綵º´’´¤-ûª’çC. ؈’ -àv°œ™ ¸
Ø√-™_ ¢√®Ωç-™ ¢Á∞¡-û√†’.)
Manikanth: Best of luck for you. During your
stay there you can meet dad. He
will be happy to be of help to you.
(Best of luck)
(†’´y-éπ\úø Ö†o-°æ¤úø’ ´÷ Ø√†o í¬Jo
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a. Çߪ’† Fèπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬
à ≤ƒßª’ç Å®·Ø√ îË≤ƒh®Ω’.
Vighnesh: Thank you. As soon as I go there, I
shall get in touch with him.
(ü∑∆çèπÿu. Åéπ\-úøéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-í¬ØË Çߪ’-†ûÓ 2. a) I met him on the 26th Feb.
touch ™ Öçö«†’.)
✓ At, by time èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† prepositions. Å™«Íí
in, on, during, for, from, to/till, since èπÿú≈ b) I met him last 26th. (§Ú®·† 26† éπ©’q-èπ◊Ø√o)
timeèπ◊ Åçõ‰ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† preps.
(prepositions)
Look at the following expressions from the
conversation at the beginning of this lesson:
a) This morning b) on the 10th c) on satur-
day d) in a month e) for quite a longtime
f) on the 4th of April g) on the 10th of April h)
on 18th March /the 7 th May i) in the 4th week
j) during your stay Days (sunday, monday,etc.)
dates (the 10th, the 18th April)èπ◊ ´·çü¿’, on
®√´-ú≈Eo í∫´’-Eç* Öçö«®Ω’. Å™«Íí months and
years in
´·çü¿’ ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆?
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 6 -´÷-Ja 2006
a) India became independent on the 15th
August 1947.
b) The college closed preparation holidays on
the 2nd March.
c) India became a republic on Jan 26th 1950.
°jSentence
™ date
îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ month
(January)
´·çü¿’ îÁ°œp ûª®√yûª ûËC îÁ§ƒpç éπü∆.
a) Ramu: When did Saran come here?
Raghu: He came here in February.
[every October / November 鬕öÀd on ®√ü¿’] ✓ Since = DE Å®Ωnç í∫ûªç™ äéπ time †’ç* ÅE.
(February ™ ´î√aúø’)
Ramu: When is he going to complete his
c) The child was born in August 2005. Åçõ‰ °∂晫-† time †’ç*, °∂晫-† ®ÓV †’ç*,
research project? (Gúøf August 2005 ™ °æ¤öÀdçC - in August) °∂晫E ØÁ© /Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç / Ææç°∂æ’ô† †’ç*
d) The child was born last August
ÅØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ since ¢√úøû√ç.
(Åûªúø’ ûª† -KÂÆ®˝a -v§ƒ-ñ„é˙d-†’ á°æ¤púø’ °æ‹Jh i) India has been independent since 1947
îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’?) (§Ú®·† August™ °æ¤öÀdçC–last ÖçC 鬕öÀd in
(1947 †’ç*)
Raghu: I think in another year; that is in 2007. ™‰ü¿’)
✓ Å™«Íí Last year, next year, that year, this ii) I have not met him since last January
(ÉçéÓ Ææç´-ûªq-®√-E-éπ-†’-èπ◊çö«, Åçõ‰ 2007™) January
year, every year ´·çü¿’ in ®√ü¿’ (í∫ûª †’ç* ؈-ûªEo éπ©’q-éÓ-™‰ü¿’)
Ramu: When did he begin it?
a) We had heavy rains last year Compare the following:
Raghu: In 2005
(
í∫ûª àú≈C ´®√{©’ ¶«í¬ °æú≈f®·.) a) India has been a republic since 1950.
b) There are only 28 days in February, except
✓ Last year ´·çü¿’ in ™‰ü¿’. b) India has been a republic for the past/ for the
once in four years.
b) There was an earthquake that year last 55 years.
(Ø√©’-Íí-∞¡xèπ◊ äéπ-≤ƒJ ûª°æp February ™ 28 ®ÓV™‰
(Ç Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ¶µº÷éπç°æç ´*açC.) ✓ a)™ 1950 †’ç* Republic í¬ ÖçC Åçô’Ø√oç.
Öçö«®·.) Åçõ‰ since, point of time ´·ç-ü¿’ ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç.
✓ That year ´·çü¿’ – in ™‰ü¿’)
✓ b) ™ 55 à∞¡Ÿxí¬ (Period of time) ÅE ´u´Cµ
c) He will return next year
(¢√úø’ ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhúø’) 鬕öÀd for ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç.
a) He has not seen a movie since January
✓ next year ´·çü¿’ in ™‰ü¿’)
-Ç-Ççí∫
çí∫x-¶x-¶µ«µ«-≠-≠æ-ùæ-ù 122 d) He goes to Ooty every year
b) He has not seen a movie for the past / for the
last two months.
During the training period...
c) There are 12 months
in a year. ( Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™ (v°æA Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Å-ûª-úø’ ÜöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡-û√úø’) a) ™ January †’ç* b) ™ È®çúø’ ØÁ©-©’í¬
✓ (Every year ´·çü¿’ in ™‰ü¿’.
12 ØÁ©-©’ç-ö«®·) Now practise the following
✓ Å™«Íí This week, that week, next week,
d) He was born on 10th Dheeraj: ØËFo-éπØ√o °ü¿l-¢√--úÕ-†-E áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-
every week, last week ´·çü¿’ in ®√ü¿’. (Week
September 1984.
´·çü¿’ á°æ¤púø÷ in) Ø√o´¤?
( ¢√úø’ 10th September Neeraj: †’´¤y July™ °æ¤ö«d´¤, ؈’
a) I saw him here three times last week
1984 ™ °æ¤ö«dúø’.) September™ °æ¤ö«d†’ é¬-•-öÀd.
Imp...
M. SURESAN (§Ú®·† ¢√®Ωç ؈-ûªEoéπ\úø ´‚úø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»)
Dheeraj: é¬F -´’-† -É-ü¿l®Ωç school™ June 12 †
(Last week ´·çü¿’ in ™‰ü¿’)
i) On – before dates and days;
e) For quite a long time: îË®√ç.
✓
in – before months and years.
'the'
For Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç... (for Åçõ‰ Éçûª-鬩çí¬ ÅE.) Neeraj: §Ú®·†¢√®Ωç ü∆é¬ ´’E-ü¿l®Ωç äÍé ´ßª’-Ææ-
-ûË-D-©èπ◊ ´·çüÁ-°æ¤púø’ ®√¢√L. i) (He was here for a week.) †’-èπ◊Ø√o ؈’. F date of birth áéπ\úÓ
On the 10th June; on the 15th of August, etc.
(¢√úÕ-éπ\úø ¢√®Ωç ÖØ√oúø’.) îª÷¨». Å°æ¤púø’ ûÁL-ÆœçC.
✓
Å®·ûË dates, days, months, years èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ Dheeraj:
ii) (I waited for two hours for you yesterday.) Ñ ØÁ© 12 Ø√ °æ¤öÀd† ®ÓV †’´¤y ûª°æpéπ
Next (´îËa), last (§Ú®·†), every (v°æA) this ®√. 2002 †’ç* Ø√ °æ¤öÀd† ®ÓV-Èé-°æ¤púø÷
(Ñ), that (Ç) ÅE-´ÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ dates and days E†o FéÓÆæç È®çúø’ í∫çô©’ îª÷¨»
iii) Any degree course is for three years
´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤ éπü∆. Ñ≤ƒJ èπÿú≈ ®√.
èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ on é¬F, months and years ´·çü¿’ Neeraj:
in é¬F ®√´¤. (à degree Course Å®·Ø√ ´‚úË-∞¡x-§ƒô’ Ñ ≤ƒJ ؈’ ®√™‰-ØË¢Á÷. Ø√ éÓÆæç Ü∞x
1. a) He will be here on Sunday. (Åûª†’ ÇC-¢√®Ωç Öçô’çC.) Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ ´÷ Åéπ\ߪ’u áü¿’-®Ω’-
✓
Ééπ\úø Öçö«úø’.) Sunday ´·çü¿’ on ®√´-ú≈Eo 鬩-´u-´Cµ (Period of time) ´·çü¿’ for ¢√úøû√ç. îª÷-≤ÚhçC. ´’Sx ؈’ ´îËa ≤Ú´’-¢√-®Ω¢Ë’
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ) a) He has been here for the past two days
®√í∫-©†’.
b) He will be here next Sunday (´îËa (next) ANSWERS
(È®çvúÓ-V-©’í¬ Çߪ’-E-éπ\úø Öçô’-Ø√oúø’)
Sunday ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø ´¤çö«úø’ - next Sunday Dheeraj: Why do you think I am older than
b) The train stops here only for 5 minutes
鬕öÀd on ¢√úøç] you?
( È®j©’ Ééπ\úø 5 EN’-≥ƒ©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Çí∫’-ûª’çC.
Neeraj: You were born in July and I was born
f) During your stay = (†’´¤y Ö†o 鬩ç™)
(؈’ ÅûªúÕo °∂œv•-´J 26† éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o). ûËC© in September.
✓ äéπ ´u´Cµ ™°æ© ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´îËa-ô’dí¬ Å®·ûË dur-
´·çü¿’ On ®√´-ú≈Eo í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Dheeraj: But we joined school on 12th June.
ing ¢√úøû√ç.
Neeraj: Till last week I had thought we were
i) During his visit here, he did not meet me
last Öçúøôç ´©x 'on' ®√ü¿’) the same age. I then saw your date of
(Åûª-†’ -ûª-† °æ®Ωu-ô-†-™ ††’o éπ©’q-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.)
c) Salaries are paid on the first of every birth some where I knew it then.
ii) During the training period, you do not get
month. [on the first - on] í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ any salary Dheeraj: My birth day is on the 12th this
d) Salaries are paid every 1st. (Péπ~ù« 鬩ç™ Fèπ◊ @ûªç ®√ü¿’) month. Do attend it. You have been
(v°æA ØÁ™« ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ûËC† @û√©’ îÁLx-≤ƒh®Ω’) iii) During the show there was some distur- attending (coming for) my birth day
Ééπ\úø every 1st 鬕öÀd on ™‰ü¿’. bance since 2002. Don't fail this time.
3. a) Deepavali comes in October or November. time Neeraj: I'm afraid I may not come/ I doubt if I
(Ç v°æü¿-®Ωz† ™ àüÓ Åçûª-®√ߪ’ç éπL-TçC.)
October
(D§ƒ-´R November
™ é¬F ™ é¬F iv) During his tenure as President, he visited can come - My sister has been wait-
month
´Ææ’hçC). Ééπ\úø in
´·çü¿’ ®√´-ú≈Eo many foreign countries. ing for me for the past four days at my
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. village. I can come back only next
(Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-úÕí¬ Çߪ’† °æü¿-O-é¬-©ç™ î√™« Nü˨»©’
b) Deepavali comes every October/November. îª÷¨»úø’. Tenure - õ„†÷uÅ = °æü¿-O -鬩ç) Monday.
II
Viswanath: When does the temple near your
place open?
(O’ ÉçöÀ ü¿í∫_®Ω temple á°æ¤púø’ ûÁ®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’?)
Lokanath: In the morning or in the evening?
(§Òü¿’lØ√o, ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª´÷?)
Viswanath: In the morning.
(§Òü¿’lØËo)
Lokanath: It opens at 5 in the morning and
closes at 12 noon.
(§Òü¿’l† 5 í∫çô-©èπ◊ ûÁ®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’. ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç
12èπ◊ ´‚≤ƒh®Ω’.)
Viswanath: In the evening?
(≤ƒßª’çvûªç?)
Lokanath: The temple is open from 4 in the
evening till 8 in the evening.
(≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ø√©’í∫’ †’ç* 8 ´®Ωèπ◊ ûÁJîË
Öçô’çC.)
Viswanath: I thought it opened from three in
the afternoon.
(´’üµ∆u£æ«oç ´‚úÕçöÀ †’ç* ûÁJ*
Öçô’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊Ø√o.)
She is very busy in the mornings
Lokanath: On festive days it is open till 2 in the
afternoon. For example it was
open at one on the afternoon of
Sivarathri and closed late at night.
(°æçúøí∫ ®ÓV™x ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç È®çúø’ ´®Ωèπ◊
ûÁJîË Öçô’çC. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ P´-®√vA
®ÓV ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç äçöÀ-í∫ç-ôèπ◊ èπÿú≈ ûÁJ*
Öç-*, ®√vA î√™« Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´‚¨»®Ω’.)
Viswanath: I visited the temple on the morning
of Saturday. I went to your place
too. You were out.
(؈’ í∫’úÕéÀ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç Öü¿ßª’ç ¢Á∞«x†’.
Å™«Íí O’ ÉçöÀéÀ ´î√a†’. †’´¤y •ßª’-öÀéÀ
¢Á∞«x´¤.)
Lokanath: On the morning of Saturday? Yea, I
went to my sister's. She was plan-
ing to go to Delhi on the evening of
Sunday. I was there to help her in
packing.
(¨¡E-¢√®Ωç §Òü¿’lØ√o? Å´¤†’. ´÷
Åéπ\ߪ’u ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x†’. ÇC-¢√®Ωç
≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ç¢Á’ úµÕMxéÀ -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’ç-úø-ôçûÓ
≤ƒ´÷†’x Ææ®Ωl-ôç™ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-ú≈-©E
¢Á∞«x†’.)
Viswanath: Do you go to your sister's frequent-
ly?
(O’ Åéπ\ߪ’u ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢Á∞«h¢√?)
Lokanath: Almost every evening. They live
very close to our place.
(ü∆ü∆°æ¤ v°æA ≤ƒßª’çvûªç.)
Viswanath: But I saw you at home last
evening.
(Å®·ûË E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç †’Nyçöx
Öçúøôç îª÷¨»†’.)
Lokanath: Yea, I was at home last evening.
My sister was away shopping.
(E†o ؈’ ÉçöxØË ÖØ√o, ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´÷
Åéπ\ߪ’u shopping èπ◊ ¢ÁRxçC.)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Viswanath: A few days ago our friend Trinath
met me. You know he had been
away for long. He said he would
meet me the next evening, but he
did not come.
(´’† v°∂çú˛ vAØ√ü∑˛, éÌCl®ÓV©éÀçü¿
éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. ´’®Ω’-ÆæöÀ®ÓV éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-
†-Ø√oúø’. é¬E ®√™‰ü¿’. Åûªúø’ î√™« 鬩ç
†’ç* Ééπ\úø ™‰úø’.)
Lokanath: Trinath is unreliable.
(vAØ√ü∑˛ Åçûª ´÷ô E©’-°æ¤-éÌØË¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’.
Unreliable = Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úø-ü¿-í∫-E)
Viswanath: Well then. Meet you again.
(´’ç*C. ´’Sx éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çö«.)
Lokanath: Bye.
´’†ç timeèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† prepositions
îªJa-Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆ éÌEo lessons †’ç*. This les-
son too deals with prepositions of time.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 123
deal with = îªJaç-îªôç/
äéπ N≠æߪ’ç îª÷Ææ’-éÓôç
etc.
Look at the following
expressions in the con-
versation above:
a) In the morning or in the M. SURESAN
evening.
b) at 12 noon
c) till 8 in the evening
d) in the afternoon
e) on the afternoon of Sivarathri
f) at night
g) on the morning of Saturday
h) every evening
i) last evening
j) the next evening
Ééπ\úø îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆: Åçû√ morning, evening,
night, noon ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√ú≈ç. É´Fo
°æ‹ô©’ (parts of the day)
°∂晫-†-°æ‹ô – morning, evening etc.
ïJ-T† N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç* îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, Ç °æ‹ô (part
of the day) ´·çü¿’, the °öÀd, ü∆E ´·çüÁ-°æ¤púø÷ e) At midnight = ®√vA 12 í∫çô-©èπ◊.
'in' ¢√úøû√ç.
é¬-™‰-ñ ¸ §Òü¿’l† 8éÀ ¢Á·ü¿-©-´¤-ûª’çC
The college starts at 8 in the morning.
鬙‰ñ ¸ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC. ii) The train arrive here at midnight
The college closes at 2 in the afternoon
a) In the morning, in the evening, in the
afternoon
i) My mother gets up at 5 in the morning
´÷ Å´’t Öü¿ßª’ç Å®·CçöÀéÀ ™‰Ææ’hçC.
ii) I saw him in the park at 8 in the evening.
؈’ ¢√úÕE E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç áE-N’-Cç-öÀéÀ îª÷¨»-†’.
í∫´’-Eéπ: English ™ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ®√vA °æúø’-èπ◊ØË´®Ωèπ◊,
≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ evening ÅØË Åçö«®Ω’. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ 9
´®Ωèπ◊ evening ÅØË Åçö«ç.
iii) She is very busy in the mornings.
§Òü¿’l-†-°æ‹ô Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÅÆæ©’ BJ-èπ◊ç-úøü¿’.
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
iv) She is at leisure in the evenings
≤ƒßª’ç-vû√©’ Ç¢Á’ BJ-éπí¬ Öçô’çC.
(leisure = ™„ï®˝ – measure ™ su ™«í∫ – '™„—
ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç)
b) at noon: ÆæJí¬_ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 12 í∫çô©’ noon.
DEéÀ Åçõ‰ noon èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ´÷vûªç at noon, the
®√ü¿’.
i) ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 12èπ◊ Ææ÷®Ω’uúø’ ´’† ØÁAh O’ü¿ Öçö«úø’
The Sun is exactly above our heads at noon.
ii) ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç °æØÁoç-úÕç-öÀéÀ Åûª†’ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’
He went out at 12 noon/at noon.
c) In the night or at night -
in
Ñ È®ç-úÕ-çöÀ™ àüÁjØ√ ņ-´îª’a. Å®·ûË,
the ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
i)
Åûªúø’ ®√vA Ç©-Ææuçí¬ Evü¿-§Ú-û√úø’
He goes to bed late in the night/late at night.
ii)
®√vA Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë’™Ô\E Öçúøôç éπ≠dçæ
It's difficult to be awake/keep awake so late
in the night/so late at night.
iii) Åûªúø’ ®√vA î√™« §Òü¿’l-§Ú-ߪ÷éπ ÉçöÀéÀ ´î√aúø’.
He came home very late at night/in the night.
≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ in the night éπØ√o at night
áèπ◊\´.
d) in the day = °æí∫-öÀ-°æ‹ô.
i) ®√vA-éπØ√o °æí∫-öÀ-°æ‹ô îªü¿-´ôç ¢Ë’©’
It is better to study in/ during the day than at
night. (during = Ç ´u´-Cµ™)
ii) We move about more during/ in the day than
at night
°æí∫-öÀ-°æ‹ô áèπ◊\´ A®Ω’-í∫’û√ç ®√vA-éπçõ‰.
iii) He worked day and night to educate his chil-
dren
ûª† °œ©x-©†’ îªC-Nç-îª-ö«-EéÀ ®√vAç-•-´-∞¡Ÿx/ -®√-vûª-†éπ
°æí∫-©-†éπ °æE-îË-¨»úø’.
Ééπ \ úø day and night ´·çü¿’ à preposition ¢√úøç.
i) You can wake me up even at midnight if you
want my help = Ø√ ≤ƒßª’ç éÓÆæç ´’üµ¿u-®√-vûª-®·Ø√
††’o ™‰°æ-´îª’a.
Train Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√vA 12èπ◊ ´Ææ’hçC.
The morning, the evening, the afternoon, the
night ´·çü¿’ in ´Ææ’hçC; Å™«Íí noon, mid day,
night, mid night ´·çü¿’ at ´Ææ’hçC.
Bhanu: You come here in the mornings; why?
(Ééπ\-úÕéÀ §Òü¿’lØËo áçü¿’-éÌ-≤ƒh´¤?)
Ramana: You see me on my morning walk up
to the river bank
(†C äúø’f ü∆é¬ §Òü¿’l† †úÕ-îË-ô°æ¤púø’ ؈’
Fèπ◊ éπE-°œ-≤ƒh†’.
Bhanu: But I didn't see you on the morning of
Saturday.
-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 8 -´÷-Ja 2006
Ramana: Well, let me see; that is the 4th Feb,
isn't it? That's right. On the morning
of the 4th Feb I left for Guntur. So I
didn't take the walk that morning.
(Åçõ‰... Ç®ÓV Ø√©’íÓ ûËD éπü∆. éπÈ®Íéd.
Ø√©’íÓ ûËC Öü¿ßª’ç ؈’ í∫’çô÷®Ω’
¢Á∞«x.)
Bhanu: When did you return?
(á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-î√a´¤)
Ramana: I returned on the evening of the 5th
(Å®·üÓ ûËD ≤ƒßª’çvûªç).
ûª®√yûª
The morning, the evening, the afternoon
´·çü¿’ in ´Ææ’hçC. Å®·ûË Â°j conversation ™
™«í¬ °∂晫-†-®ÓV, °∂晫† ûËC morning, after-
noon, evening Å®·ûË on ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
1) on the morning of the 4th
2) on the evening of the 5th
3) on the after noon of Sunday.
We met him on a Sunday afternoon
Ñ®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç, Ñ®ÓV ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç, Ñ®ÓV
≤ƒßª’çvûªç
This morning, this afternoon, this evening.
(today morning/ today afternoon, today
evening
ņç).
Ñ®ÓV ®√vA = tonight
(this night, today night
ņç)
¢√úø’éπ i) ØËF-®ÓV ®√vA Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o
I am leaving for Vijayawada tonight
2) Programme Ñ®ÓV §Òü¿’l† ¢Á·ü¿-™„jçC
The programme began this morning.
(Today morning é¬ü¿’.)
3) Ñ®ÓV ´’üµ∆u-£æ«o¢Ë’ ؈-ûªEo éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o
I met him only this afternoon
(Today afternoon é¬ü¿’)
4) Ñ®ÓV ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ¢√∞Ôx-≤ƒh®Ω’
They will come this evening
(Today evening é¬ü¿’)
Å™«Íí, E†o-®√vA = last night, E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç =
last evening. (yesterday night, yesterday
evening ņç).
That, this, every, last, next OöÀ™x à¢ÁjØ√ morn-
ing, evening, afternoon, night ´·çü¿-®Ω-¢√-úÕûË in,
on àO-®√´¤.
1) He came to me that morning (on ®√ü¿’)
2) I sent it to him that afternoon (on ®√ü¿’)
3) The doctor checks him up every morning
(v°æA-®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç doctor Åûª-úÕE °æK-éÀ~-≤ƒhúø’.)
(on/in ®√ü¿’)
4) He left for Bangalore that night (on ®√ü¿’)
5) He goes out 9 every night and comes back at
11.
(v°æA-®√vA ûÌN’t-Cç-öÀéÀ •ßª’-öÀ-éÀ-¢ÁRx 11 í∫ç-ô-©èπ◊
AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhúø’) (In/ on/ at àO-®√´¤)
6) I wanted to meet him the next morning but I
was busy.
(On the next morning é¬ü¿’)
II
Karthik: Kousik, have you seen Mallik?
( ´’Lxé˙†’ îª÷¨»¢√?)
Kousik: I haven't met him since the day before
yesterday. Well, What's the matter?
(¢Á·†oöÀ†’ç* éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’. àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç?)
Karthik: If you happen to see him, tell him to
call me or meet me. I need to see him
urgently.
(¢√úÕE †’´¤y îª÷ÊÆh ††’o éπ©-´´’ØÁjØ√
îÁ°æ¤p. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ §∂ÚØ˛ Å®·Ø√ îËߪ’-´’†’.
¢√úÕE ؈’ ¢ÁçôØË éπ©-¢√-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç
ÖçC)
Kousik: What is so urgent about it?
(àçôçûª Å´-Ææ®Ωç?)
Karthik: He has two books of mine with him. I
need the books for my assignment. If I
don't submit the assignment tomor-
row, I lose marks.
(Ø√ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ È®çúø’ ¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω’Ø√o®·. Ø√
assignment èπ◊ ÅN Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Í®°æöÀ
™°æ© submit îËߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË, ´÷®Ω’\©’
§Úû√®·.)
Kousik: Phone him or go to his place.
(¢√úÕéÀ phone Å®·Ø√ îÁ®·u, ™‰ü¿çõ‰
¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ})
Karthik: I've called his home twice already. He
is out. He will be back in an hour, his
mother told me. I have to go home
now urgently to take mother to hospi-
tal. If I do not go now, mother will be in
trouble.
(È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x §∂ÚØ˛ î˨». ¢√úø’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-
∞«xúø’. í∫çôûª®√yûª AJT ´≤ƒh-úøE ¢√∞¡x´’t
îÁ°œpçC. ØËEç-öÀéÀ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL. ´÷
Å´’t†’ hospital èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x-ú≈-EéÀ. É°æ¤púø’
؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§ÚûË Å´’t É•sçC °æúø’-ûª’çC.)
Kousik: If see him I'll definitely tell him about
the books.
(¢√úÕE îª÷ÊÆh books N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒh)
Karthik: If you go to his place, you can see
him.
(†’´¤y ¢√úÕç-öÀéÀ -¢Á-∞Ïh ¢√úÕE †’´¤y éπ©-´- 1) Ñ
í∫-©´¤)
Kousik: If I go now, how can I meet him? He
2) If Åçõ‰ 'Å®·-†-ôx-®·ûË— ÅE Å®Ωnç éπü∆.
will be back only an hour later.
(É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞Ïh ᙫ éπ©-´-í∫-©†’ ¢√úø’ í∫çô- 3) °j† ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† 7 clauses èπÿú≈ if clauses.
ÊÆ-°æöÀ ûª®√yûË éπü∆ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒhúø’)
Karthik: That's what I mean too. If you wait for
another 45 minutes, and go to his
place, you will find him. If he sends me
the books, I shall be happy.
(؈-ØËD ÅüË. ÉçéÓ ´·§ƒp´¤ í∫çô îª÷Æœ,
¢√úÕç-öÀ-Èé-∞«x-´çõ‰ ¢√úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a.
¢√úø’ books °æç°œÊÆh Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç)
Kousik: Don't you worry. You will get them.
(¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊ Fèπ◊ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Åçü¿’-û√®·)
Look at the following expressions from Sasir: ØËEC Books 'n Books ™ éÌØ√o†’. Åéπ\úø
the conversation above.
1) If you happen to see him
2) If I don't submit it tomorrow
3) If I do not go now
4) If I see him
5) If I go to his place
6) If I go now
7) If he sends me the books
°j expressions ÅFo èπÿú≈ groups of words Sasir: °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌØË-ô-°æ¤púø’, ü∆çûÓ §ƒô’ ÉîËa gift
(´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p©’) éπü∆. °j groups of words
v°æA ¢√öÀ™x verb Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
1) If you happen to see him -Ééπ\úø verb, happen
(To see = to+1st Regular doing word- DEo
infinitive Åçö«ç. ÉC verb é¬ü¿’. í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆)
– Å®Ωnç, Åûª-úÕE †’´¤y îª÷ÊÆh. (If - Å®·-†-ôx-®·ûË). Vidur: Thank you.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
2) If I don't submit it tomorrow - verb, do submit
(= submit) = submit
Í®°æ¤ ؈’ îËߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË.
3) If I do not go now - Verb, do go (=go)
؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§ÚûË.
4) If I see him - verb, see = ؈’ Åûª-úÕE
îª÷ÊÆh/éπLÊÆh
5) If I go to his place - verb, go= ؈’ ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ
¢ÁRûË
6) If I go now - verb - go, É°æ¤púø’ ؈’ ¢Á∞Ïh
7) If he sends me the books- verb, sends -
books
Ø√èπ◊ °æç°œûË
IMP: É™«çöÀ verb Ö†o group of words †’
clause Åçö«ç. (ÉC î√™« ´·êuç. í∫’®Ω’hç--
éÓçúÕ. Ééπ\úÕ†’ç* ´’†ç clauses ûÓ deal
îËÆæ’hçö«ç)
So a CLAUSE is a group of words with a verb.
Some more examples of clauses (Clauses
´’J-éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 124
If you happen to see him
1) Though she likes music (verb - likes, though
-Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ)
2) When he was here (verb- was)
3) He knows that... (verb- knows)
4) After he had done it.. (verb - had done)
É™« verb Ö†o group of words ÅEoç-öÀE
clauses
Åçö«ç.
É™« ´’†ç conversation (at the beginning of
this lesson) ™ç* BÆœ† clauses †’ °æJ-Q-Lü∆lç.
éπü
Clauses ÅFo èπÿú≈ if ûÓ begin Å´¤-ûª’-Ø√o®·
∆– É™« if ûÓ begin ÅßË’u clauses †’, if
clauses Åçö«ç.
If clauses á°æ¤púø÷ ≠æ®Ω-ûª’†’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-≤ƒh®·. Åçõ‰
Condition †’.
1) If you happen to see him -
†’´¤y ¢√úÕE îª÷úøôç ïJ-TûË
Tell him to call me -
Ø√èπ◊ Phone îË-ߪ÷-©-E îÁ°æ¤p
Vidur: Hi Sasir,Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø éÌØ√o´¤ †’´¤y? PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ALOUD IN ENGLISH
ØË † ’ î√™« shops ¢ÁA-鬆’. Ø√èπ◊ üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’.
èπÿú≈ áèπ◊\´ copies ™‰´¤. ¢ÁçôØË ¢ÁRûË é̆-
í∫-©´¤.
Vidur: †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ Å°œpÊÆh ¢ÁçôØË ¢Á∞«h. ØËEç-öÀéÀ
¢ÁR} úø•’s ûÁa-éÌ-ØË-Ææ-JéÀ Ç©Ææuç Å¢Ìya.
Sasir: ؈’ úøGsîËa ´·çü¿’ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°æ¤p. -Ø√
ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†oü¿çû√ Rs. 200/-. †’´¤y ≤ƒßª’çvûªç
AJ--TîËa-ôx-®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ FéÀ≤ƒh.
Vidur: Book é̆’-èπ◊\E ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-í¬ØË, ´÷ Ø√†o-†’
-ÅúÕT BÆæ’-éÌ*a FéÀ≤ƒh.
coupon ´’Ja-§Úèπ◊.
Vidur: Gift Coupon BÆæ’-éÓ-éπ§ÚûË à´’-´¤-ûª’çC?
Sasir: †’¢√y gift coupon BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ûª°æp Fèπ◊ II
Part of the book ®√ü¿’ free í¬.
É°æ¤púø’
¢√úø’ 7) If he sends me the books -
°æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊ °æç°œûË,
I shall be happy -
؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æú≈h
7) ™ îª÷úøçúÕ. ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úË-üÁ-°æ¤púø’– If he sends
me the books, Åçõ‰ ¢√úø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ °æç°œûË –
鬕öÀd Ø√ ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒ-EéÀ ≠æ®Ωûª’ (condition) ¢√úø’
°æ¤Ææh-鬩’ °æç°æôç. If clauses á°æ¤púø÷ É™«çöÀ
conditions †’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. É™« conditions †’
ûÁLÊ° clauses †’ conditional clauses Åçö«ç.
¢Á·ü¿öÀ conversation ™E clauses (1) to (7)
ÅFo èπÿú≈ conditional clauses. Ééπ\úÕ condi-
tional clauses ÅFo èπÿú≈ 'if' ûÓ begin Å´¤-ûª’-
Ø√o®·éπü∆. conditional clauses, if ûÓØË é¬èπ◊çú≈,
éÌEo Éûª®Ω ´÷ô-©-ûÓ†÷ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç 鬴a.
a) Unless he pays the
money, I will not give
him the book
(¢√úø’ úø•’s îÁLxÊÆh ûª°æp,
؈’ ¢√úÕéÀ °æ¤Ææhéπç
É´y†’.
Unless - Å®·ûË ûª°æp,
M. SURESAN
Unless you study well
= conditional
†’´¤y ¶«í¬ îªC-NûË ûª°æp...
clause
b) Before you pay the money, you cannot get
admission
(úø•’s îÁLxç-îª-éπ-´·çü¿’ Fèπ◊ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç ®√ü¿’. úø•’s
îÁLxç-îª-éπ-´·çü¿’ – úø•’s îÁLxç-îª-èπ◊çõ‰ – Before
you pay the money - conditional clause)
c) You come here, - only after you get the per-
If I get the prize (If I will get the prize é¬ü¿’
mission
éπü∆?) I shall be glad.
(Permission - ņ’-´’A §ÒçC† ûª®√yûË Ø√ ü¿í∫_-
Imp: Ñ will/ shall ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç conditional claus-
®Ωèπ◊ ®√. ņ’-´’A §ÒçC† ûª®√y-ûªØË – Only after es Íé, sentences ™ N’í∫û√ clauses èπ◊ ´Jhç-îªü¿’.
you get the permission - conditional clause)
Sasir: ÉCíÓ úø•’s. ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿx. †’Ny-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-
§ÚûË, Fèπ◊ °æ¤Ææhéπç üÌ®Ω-éπ\-§Ú-´îª’a.
Vidur: Bye.
ANSWER
Vidur: Hi Sasir, where did you buy the book? I
have searched/ enquired at a number of
shops, but I could not get/ find it.
Sasir: I bought it at Books 'n Books. There
aren't (are not) many copies either. If
you go now/ at once/ immediately you
can buy it.
Vidur: If you lend me the money, I will buy it. If
I go home now, get the money and go, it
might be too late. (By the time I go
home, take the money and go to the
shop, it might be too late)
-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 10 -´÷-Ja 2006
d) You get the books when you pay the money
(úø•’s îÁLxç-*-†-°æ¤púË Fèπ◊ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™Ô-≤ƒh®·. úø•’s
îÁLxç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ – when you pay the money -
conditional clause)
É™«çöÀ¢Ë´-®·Ø√ ÆæÍ®, conditions †’ ûÁLÊ° claus-
es - conditional clauses.
If I see him - Ñ conditional clause – ؈-ûª-úÕE
éπLÊÆh – Éçé¬ éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’. éπ©-¢√L – Åçõ‰ ÉC future
(¶µºN-≠æuûª’h)†’ ûÁLÊ° clause. Å®·ûË Éçü¿’™ verb
- 'see' future tense é¬ü¿’. Present tense ÅØËC
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Åçõ‰ àçöÀ? Conditional Clause
Future †’ ûÁLÊ°üÁjØ√, Åçü¿’-™ E verb future
tense ™ Öçúøü¿’.
Åçõ‰ conditional clause ™ shall/ will ®√´¤.
´’S} îÁ°æ¤ hØ√oç. conditional clause, future
N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo îÁ°œpØ√ èπÿú≈, Åçü¿’™ verb future
tense Öçúøü¿’. Åçõ‰ conditional clause ™
shall/ will ®√´¤. °j† îÁ°œp† ™«çöÀ conditions ™
present tense verbs ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´≤ƒh®·.
a) Doctor E†’o °æK-éÀ~ç-*† ûª®√yûª ´’çü¿’-L-≤ƒhúø’ –
The doctor will give you medicines, after he
examines you (will examine ®√ü¿’)
b) ÉçöÀéÀ ¢ÁR}† ûª®√yûª Nv¨»çA BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’ =
I will take rest after I go home (I will go home
é¬ü¿’)
c) ¢√úÕ-éÀC ûÁLÊÆh ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-û√úø’ –
If he knows this, (if he will know this é¬ü¿’), he
will be happy.
d) Ø√èπ◊ prize ´ÊÆh, ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-û√†’ =
Sasir: Before I give/ lend you the money, let me
tell you one thing. All the money I have
is Rs.200/- If you (can) return it by the
evening, I will give it to you.
Vidur: As soon as I buy the book, I will go
home, take the money from dad and
repay you.
Sasir: When you buy the book, don't forget to
take/ collect the gift coupon.
Vidur: What happens if I don't take the gift
coupon?
Sasir: Unless you take the gift coupon, you
cannot get the II part of the book free.
Vidur: Thank you.
Sasir: Here is the money. Hurry up. If you don't
go now/ unless you go now, you may not
get the book.
Vidur: Bye.
II
Neeraj: Shall we start? Unless we start now, we
cannot reach college on time.
(´’†ç •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-ü∆´÷? É°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-
üË-JûËûª°æp college éÀ time èπ◊ îË®Ω’-éÓ™‰ç)
Suraj: Have you taken the money? Before
you pay the fees they won't allow you
to attend classes.
(úø•’s BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√? úø•’s îÁLxç-îª-éπ-´·çü¿’
E†’o classes èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-F-ߪ’®Ω’)
Neeraj: I have the money ready.
(úø•’s ready)
Suraj: Have you all your certificates? They
will grant you admission after they a)
check up your certificates. b)
(certificates ÅFo ÖØ√oߪ÷? F certifi-
cates ÅFo °æJ-Q-Lç-*† ûª®√y-ûªØË ¢√∞¡Ÿx
admission É≤ƒh®Ω’)
Neeraj: The certificates are all ready, but I have
yet to fill in some columns in the appli-
cation.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 125
If you work hard, you will pass
(certificates
Æœü¿l¥ç. é¬F application ™
éÌEo columns 鬩çñ¸ – ï size ™ z
™«í¬, Éçé¬ °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷Lq ÖçC)
Suraj: They will accept the application after
you fill it completely.
(†’´¤y °æ‹Jhí¬ Eç°œ† ûª®√yûË F applica-
tion BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’)
Neeraj: I will complete it if you help me.
(†’´¤y ≤ƒßª’ç-îËÊÆh °æ‹Jh-îË≤ƒh)
Suraj: Fill it yourself. If I go on helping you,
your dependence on me will increase.
You will never be independent.
(†’¢Ëy fill îÁ®·u. ؈’ Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç-îËÆæ÷h complete é¬-ü¿’ é¬-•-öÀd.
Öçõ‰, Ø√ O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úøôç áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC. If he comes - ¢√úø’ ´ÊÆh - (conditional clause)
†’´¤y Ææyûªç-vûªçí¬ Öçúø-™‰´¤.)
go on doing something = äéπ °æE îËÆæ÷h Look at the following sentences from the
Öçúøôç = continue
Neeraj: I may make mistake if I do it on my
own. That's my fear.
(≤Òçûªçí¬ îËÊÆh ûª°æ¤p©’ îËßÁ·îª’a ؈’, ÅüË
Ø√ ¶µºßª’ç)
Suraj: Don't worry. Complete the application
and show it to me. Hurry up.
(àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Application °æ‹Jh-îËÆœ Ø√èπ◊
îª÷°œç. ûªy®Ωí¬ é¬F)
In the last lesson, ´’†ç conditional clauses
í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC–
1) A group of words with a verb is a clause.
(Verb clause)
Ö†o ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p
2) A clause stating a condition is a CONDI-
TIONAL CLAUSE: clause,
≠æ®Ω-ûª’†’ ûÁLÊ°
conditional clause.
3) Conditional clauses begin with if, unless,
before, after, when, where, provided, etc.
(Conditional clauses °j ´÷ô-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-
Gµç-îª-´îª’a)
Provided = if = Å®·ûË
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 12 -´÷-Ja 2006
I will pay the advance provided you begin
the work
†’´¤y °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-ÊÆhØË Øˆ’ advance É≤ƒh.
If, unless Ææç•çüµ¿ç
If = unless... not; unless = if ... not
Åçõ‰ if Ö†o clause †’, unless clause í¬ ´÷®Ωa-
´îª’a; ᙫ? If Ö†o sentence ™ not °öÀd.
eg. a) If you work hard, you will pass
(éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªC-NûË, †’´¤y §ƒÆæ-´¤-û√´¤)
I Clause: 1) He was an LIC agent when I last met him.
b) Unless you work hard, you will not pass
Before you pay the fees = Fees îÁLxç-îË-´·çü¿’; Ééπ\úø Subordinate clause - when I last met
(†’´¤y éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªC-NûË ûª°æp, pass 鬴¤) Å®Ωnç °æ‹Jh-é¬-™‰ü¿’, 鬕öÀd ÉC subordinate clause. him.
if clause Ö†o sentence ™ not ™‰ü¿’. (mean-
II Clause:
™ Åûª-úÕ-E ؈’ *´-Jí¬ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’...
Å®Ωnç, unless clause Ö†o sentence not ing not complete).
™ ÅüË They will not allow you to attend classes =
He was an LIC agent.
´©x ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆? E†’o classes èπ◊ ®√E-´y®Ω’ – DEéÀ Å®Ωnç
Å™«Íí unless clause Ö†o sentence ™ not °æ‹®Ωh-®·çC, 鬕öÀd ÉC main clause. Åûª†’ LIC agent í¬ ÖØ√oúø’. Main clause
™‰éπ-§ÚûË, ÅüË Å®Ωnç ´îËa-ô’xí¬ if clause Ö†o (complete meaning)
Exercise 1
2) I know where he is hiding.
sentence ™ not omit îËÆ œ îÁ§Òpa. Now, ¢Á·ü¿öÀ conversation ™E éÀçC sen-
subordinate clause - where he is hiding
a) Unless we start now, we cannot catch the tences ™ main clauses, subordinate claus-
Åûª-ØÁ-éπ\úø ü∆éÌ\E ÖØ√oúÓ, (incomplete mean-
train = ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-JûË ûª°æp train es í∫’Jhç-îªçúÕ.
ing)
Åçü¿’-éÓ™‰ç. 1) They will grant you admission after they
Main clause - I know
b) If we start now we can catch the train check up your certificates.
Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ – complete meaning.
´’†ç É°æ¤úø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-JûË, train Åçü¿’-éÓ-í∫©ç. 2) They will accept the application after you fill
Exercise 2
É™«çöÀ if, sentences if, unless äéπ-ü∆Eo äéπ-öÀí¬
´÷Ja practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
it completely.
3) I will complete it if you help me.
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH
Sriram: †’´¤y Kumar -†’ -*-´-Jí¬ -á°æ¤púø’ îª÷¨»´¤?
Raghu: äéπ ¢√®Ωç éÀç-ü¿-ô.
Sriram: ¢√úË-´’Ø√o ††’o éπ-©’Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†E îÁ§ƒpú≈?
Raghu: È®çvúÓ-V©’ Ü∞x Öçúø-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’.Åçûª-éπçõ‰
ÉçÍéç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.
Sriram: ¢√úø’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ´≤ƒh-úøE Ç-PÆæ’hØ√o.
Raghu: àçöÀ -Ææç-í∫A?
Sriram: ´’† film hero ü¿í∫_-JéÀ BÆæ’Èé-∞¡-û√-†-Ø√o-úø’.
4) Conditional clauses 4) If I go on helping you, your dependence on ¢Ë’ç Éü¿l®Ωç Çߪ’† fans í∫ü∆?
™
shall/ will ®√´¤. (Åçõ‰ me will increase. Raghu: ü∆E-éπçûª ûÌçü¿-Í®çöÀ?
future tense Öçúø-ü¿’ 5) I may make mistakes if I do it on my own. Sriram: next month †’ç* Çߪ’† busy, É°æ¤púø’
conditional clause Answer: éπ©-´-™‰-éπ-§ÚûË ûª®√yûª Çߪ’Eo éπ©-´™‰ç.
future ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ.) Answer:
Main clause Sub clause
ÉO conditional clauses Sriram: When did you see Kumar last?
(complete meaning) (incomplete meaning)
í∫’Jç* ´’†ç last Raghu: A week ago. (a week back
M. SURESAN 1. They will grant you after they checkup your
é¬ü¿’)
lesson ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. Sriram: Did he tell you (that) he would meet
admission. verb, certificates... Verb -
Very Important: me?
will grant. checkup
(¢√∞¡Ÿx Fèπ◊ (F certificates
Main clause: Å®Ωnç°æ‹®Ωh-®·† clause. admission É≤ƒh®Ω’). °æJ-Q-Lç-*† ûª®√yûª..) Raghu: He just told me (that) he would be out
of town for 2 days. He didn't tell me
Subordinate clause = Å®Ωnç °æ‹Jh-é¬E clause, 2. They will accept after you fill it complete-
anything more.
Conditional clause. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ-†-´Fo the application. ly... Verb - fill (°æ‹Jh îËÆœ†
Sriram: I hope (that) he will come soon.
subordinate clauses éπü∆? áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ¢√öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç verb - will accept. ûª®√yûª..)
(¢√∞¡Ÿx application Raghu: What's the matter?
BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’). Sriram: He said (that) he would take me to our
Å®Ωnç °æ‹®Ωh-´-™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd ÉC subordinate clause. 3. I will complete it. if you help me... verb - hero. We two are his fans, you know.
verb - will com- help (†’´¤y Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç Raghu: What's the hurry?
conversation above: plete. (؈’ °æ‹Jh îËÊÆh...) Sriram: He will be busy from next month. If we
i) Unless we start now, we cannot reach college îË≤ƒh†’). can't (can not) see him now, we cannot
on time. 4. your dependence If I go on helping you ... see him afterwards.
on me increases. verb - go (helping -
Éçü¿’™ áEo clauses ÖØ√o®·? í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ.
verb - increase; 'ing' from - verb
äéπ sentence ™ the number of clauses = Íé-´-©ç
-v°æ-¨¡o: Not
(Ø√O’ü¿ Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úøôç é¬ü¿’) (Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç- îËÆæ÷h
The number of verbs in it. Åçõ‰ sentence ™ only did
áEo verbs Öçõ‰ ÅEo clauses. áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC). Öçõ‰...)
5. I may make mis- If I do it on my own... He..... But also
In the sentence above, there are two verbs. .... subject
takes. verb - may verb - do. èπ◊
1) Start 2) Can reach. make. (؈’ ûª°æ¤p©’ (-Ø√ -Åçûªô ؈’ îËÊÆh...) ´·çü¿’ verb ´ÊÆh
So there are two clauses. îËߪ’-´îª’a). v°æ¨¡o Å´¤-ûª’çC
1) Unless we start now = ´’†ç É°æ¤úø’ •ßª’-©’- éπü∆?
í∫´’-Eéπ: °j† ´*a† – Ø√u©-°æLx °çôߪ’u,
- conditional clause, so subordinate
üË-JûË é¬E subordinates ÅFo condition-
clause. al clauses. Éûª®Ω ®Ω鬩 subordinates ÅL-ߪ÷-¶«ü¿’
2) We cannot reach college = ´’†ç college clauses èπÿú≈ î√-™« ÖØ√o®·. äÍé clause -ï-¢√-•’: Sentence not only ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀûÓ
îË®Ω’-éÓ™‰ç – Ñ clause èπ◊ meaning °æ‹®Ωh-®·çC ÖçúË sentences èπÿú≈ Öçö«®·. v§ƒ®Ωç-GµÊÆh, question é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ verb
éπü∆. 鬕öÀd ÉC main clause. I saw him yesterday . This sentence has only ´·çü¿®Ω ®√¢√L.
ii) Before you pay the fees, they won't allow one verb - saw. So it is a sentence with just a) Not only did he insult me, but also
(will not allow) you to attend classes.
one clause, and it is the main clause and it hit me.
Here again, there are two verbs = pay, will is the sentence. b) Not once has he helped me.
allow. sentences
鬕öÀd Ñ two
™ èπÿú≈
clauses (to attend - infinitive; verb
Öçö«®·. Éûª®Ω ®Ω鬩 subordinate clauses éÀçC sen- äéπ-≤ƒJ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç
tences ™ îª÷úøçúÕ: îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.
é¬ü¿’)
II Ðû¦è[ª- ÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 14 ÷«Ja 2006

Prabodh: Hi Subodh, (do) you know where
we can get good mangoes?
(óÀª ú£ªò˺ëÅÂ! ÷ªÙ# ÷«Nªè… í£üŒ‰x
ÓÚÛ\è[ ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛª-ê¦ó¶ª êµõªþ§?)
Subodh: Where else? At rythu bazaar.
Every one says that the quality is
good, and the prices moderate.
(ÏÙ·Ú-ÚÛ\è[? ·ôj꟪ ñâ°ôÁx. û¦éuêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ-
åªÙë]E, ëÅ]ô¢õª ú£ô¢-ú£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙæ°óŸªE ví£A-
î¦üŒ‰x ÍÙæ°ô¢ª.)
else = ÏÙÚÛ (Ô ÏêŸô¢ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ).
where else = ÏÙ·Ú-ÚÛ\è[
who else = ÏÙ·Ú-÷ô¢ª?
when else = ÏÙ·Ú-í£±pè[ª
how else = ÏÙ¸Ú-N-ëÅ]ÙÞ¥/ ÏÙ·Úö°?)
pretext = ví‡çµÚÂd q–‘çµ’ ûË•Ú¨\-í£-õª-ÚÛªê¦Ù = þ§ÚÛª
put on weight = ñô¢ª-îµ-ÚÛ\è[Ù/ ö°÷÷è[Ù
Subodh: Tell your wife that you are not a dia-
betie. Let her know that eating
mangoes within limits wouldn't
harm you.
(ìª÷±y ÷ªëÅ]ª---î¦uCÅ íˆè…-꟪-è…N Ú¥÷E
Oª ÎNè[êÁ àµí£±p. í£J-Nª-êŸÙÞ¥ ÷«Nªè…
í£Ùè[ªx Aìè[Ù ÷õx ví£÷«-ë]Oª ö¶ë]E
àµí£±p).
Diabetie = a person suffering from dia-
betes/sugar complaint
harm = E
He thinks he is great. Nù£-óŸ«õª Ïö°/ Íö° ÍE ÍÙåªÙæ°Ù ÚÛë¯. situ-
Prabodh: I keep telling her that but she
d) ÍêŸè[ª ÑëÁuޜ٠÷ú£ªhÙ-ë]E ÎPÙ-àŸ-è[Ù-ö¶ë]ª. ation conversationö˺ ÏC êŸô¢-àŸªÞ¥ ÷ú£ªhÙ-åªÙC.
doesn't listen.

ÍìªÚÛªû¦o.. ÎPÙ#û¦.. Íìª÷«EÙ#û¦..!

Prabodh: How about Sakala Supermarket? He does not hope (that) he will get the job. ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE say, know, think, hope, expect, sus-
(û¶ìª àµñªêŸ«û¶ ÑÙæ°. Ú¥F Î Nìë]ª.) e) ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ ÷« þ§óŸªÙ Ú¥î¦õE ٠Íìª-ÚÁ-÷è[Ù
(÷ªJ ú£ÚÛõ ú£«í£ô ÷«·ô\æ˺x?) Subodh: Wish you a sweet time with the pect, doubt, (be) sure, assure, admit, deny,
ö¶ë]ª. allow, agree (ÏN Ú•Eo. Ïö°Ùæ¨N à¦ö°
Ñû¦oô³.)êÁ ÷à¶a Main ClausesÚÛª That claus-
es join à¶óŸªè[Ù practice à¶óŸªÙè….
Now practise the following in English:
Vimal: ú£ªÚÛª-÷«-ôÂìª Ïî¦ü™÷ªû¦o ÚÛõª-þ§hî¦ ìª÷±y?
Kamal: ÔÙ? ÓÙë]ªÚÛª?
Vimal: î¦è…êÁ àµí£±p, ÷à¶a-î¦ô¢Ù ÷«uà ÑÙë]E.
Kamal: ÷à¶a î¦ô¢Ù ÷«uà ÑÙë]E ìª÷±y î¦è…êÁ
àµí£p-ö¶ë¯?
Subodh: The quality may be good there, but mangoes. Bye. Vimal: û¦ÚÛª Eìoû¶ ê¶D êµL-ú‡ÙC. ¸ôí£æ¨ ìªÙ#
the prices are prohibitive. I am sure ÷ªìÙ vð§Ú©dúà à¶óŸ«-õE ÚÛ«è¯ àµí£±p.
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 126
(ìª÷±y AóŸªuæ¨ ÷«Nª-è…í£Ùè[ªx Aû¦-õE
(that) it is not the place if you want ÚÁô¢ª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o. òµj) Kamal: î¦è… Ú ¨ êµõª-ú£E û¶ìªìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o. Eìo
reasonable prices. Ïí£pæ¨ ìªÙ# Ú¥ú£h advanced level conversation ·ôÙè[ª-÷´è[ª þ§ô¢ªx
practice à¶ë¯lÙ. â°vÞœ-êŸhÞ¥ follow Í÷Ùè…. Last ë¯E ÞœªJÙà¶
We do not think (that) he needs our help.
lesson ö˺ the things we have learnt. ÷«æ°x - è ¯è[ ª . ÷ªìÙ
f) ìª÷±y êµL-N-Þœõ î¦è…ìE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oî¦?
★ A clause is a group of words with a verb. · Þ LචÍ÷- Ú ¥-ø‹õª
Do you think (that) you are clever?
★ A main clause has complete meaning. ò°Þ¥û¶ Ñû¦o-óŸªE
★ A subordinate clause doesn't have com-
Ïí£±pè[ª look at the table - subordinate clauses Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª.
in the conversation at the beginning of the Vimal:
plete meaning. î¦è[ ö° ÍìªÚÁ÷è[Ù
lesson-
★ The number of clauses in a sentence = û¦ÚÛ ª ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥
The number of verbs in it. ÑÙC. M. SURESAN
★ That êÁ begin Íó¶ªu MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE û¶ìª
clauses- that clauses. ÚÛ«è¯ ÷ªìÙ ·Þõª-þ§h-÷ªE Þœæ¨dÞ¥
Ïö°Ùæ¨ that clauses ö˺that 1) Do you know Where we can get good mangoes. ÎP-ú£ªhû¦o.
ÚÛª meaning ‘ÍE’ ÍE. (FÚÛª êµõªþ§?) (÷ªÙ# ÷«Nªè… í£Ùèµx-ÚÛ\è[ ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛª-ê¦óµ«?) Kamal: ›ï°÷ªÙê ú£÷ª-óŸ«-EÚ¨
Conversation ö˺ ÓÚÛª\÷ î¦è¶ 2) Every one says a) That the quality is good.
ÒJÚ¨ AJ-Þ•-þ§h-è[Ù-
clauses ö˺ that clause ÖÚÛæ¨ (ví£A-î¦üŒŠx ÍÙæ°ô¢ª) (û¦éuêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ-åª-ë]E) æ°î¦?
Vimal: î¦è[ ª ¸ô›í ÷à¶a-þ§h-ì-
ÍE Íô¢nÙ Í÷±-꟫û¶ ÑÙC ÚÛë¯. b) (that) the prices are moderate.
ÖÚÛ-¸ôëÁ Íö°/ Ïö° ÍE û¦oè[ª û¦êÁ.
àµñªê¦ô¢ª/ àµð§p-ô¢ª/àµñªêŸª-
(ëÅ]ô¢õª ú£ô¢-ú£ÙÞ¥ ÑÙæ°-óŸªE) Kamal: î¦è[ª ÑÙç¶ ÷ªìÙ
û¦oô¢ª ÍE ÷ªìÙ Íìo-í£±pè[ö°x, 3) I am sure a) That is not the place. ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ ·Þõª-
ÖÚÛô¢ª/ û¶ìª/ ÷³ etc. Íö°/ (û¦ÚÛ ª êµ õ ªú£ ª ) (ÍC ú£ · ô j ì àÁåª Ú¥ë] E ) þ§h ÷ ªìªÚÁ- ÷ àŸ
ª a.
Ïö° ÍE Íìª-ÚÛªû¦o, ÎPÙ-#û¦, b) if you want reasonable prices. ÷þ§h!
Íìª-÷«-EÙ-#û¦, êµL-ú‡û¦, ÷ªìÙ (FÚÛª ú£·ôjì ëÅ]ô¢õª Ú¥î¦-õÙç¶) Answer:
î¦è¯-LqÙC that clause 4) I thought That I would serve them mangoes. Vimal: Are you meeting/
÷«vêŸî¶ª ÚÛë¯. Will you meet
Why? What's the matter? a) ÍêŸè[ª ÷þ§hè[ª ÍE, û¦ÚÛª
(Íìª-ÚÛª-û¦oìª) (î¦üŒxÚÛª ÷«Nª-è…í£Ùè[ªx šíæ°d-õE) Sukumar today?
êµõªú£ª. 5) They will know That you are a good host. Kamal: Why? What's the
(ÍÚÛ\è[ í£Ùè[x û¦éuêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ-è•àŸªa Ú¥F I know that he will come. (î¦üŒ ‰ x êµ õ ª- ú £ ª - Ú Û ª Ù- æ °ô¢ª ) (ìª÷±y ò°Þ¥ ÎAëÇ]uÙ Ïà¶aî¦è…÷E) matter?
ëÅ]ô¢õª ÷«vêŸÙ ÷ªìÙ òÅ¡JÙ-àŸ-ö¶-EN. ú£·ôjì ÏÚÛ\è[ àŸ«è[Ùè…. î¦è[ª-÷-þ§hè[ª 6) She fears That I may put on weight. Vimal: Tell him (that) we
ëÅ]ô¢õª Ú¥î¦-õÙç¶ ÍC ú£·ôjì àÁåª-Ú¥-ë]E = he will come (Î òÅ¡óŸªí£è[ªêÁÙC) (û¶ìª ö°÷-÷±-ê¦-ìE) have the match
ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ àµí£p-Þœ-õìª.) î¦è[ª ÷þ§h-è[E =that he will 7) Tell your wife next week/ That the
prohibitive = (ëÅ]ô¢õª) Íè[ªf-ÚÛªû¶. That you are not a diabetie
come. match is next week.
prohibitive = Ú•ì-è¯-EÚ¨ Íè[ªfí£-è¶ÙêŸ ëÅ]ô¢õª. û¦ÚÛª êµõªú£ª =I know. (Oª ÎNè[êÁ àµí£±p) (ìª÷±y ÷ªëÅ]ª---î¦uCÅ íˆè…-꟪-è…N Ú¥ë]E) Kamal: Have n't you (=
Prabodh: Perhaps you are right. I expect b) ÷«Nªè… í£Ùè[ª Î-Ú¨-ù£d-÷ªE 8) Let her know That eating mangoes within limits wouldn't Have you not) told
some guests tomorrow. I thought ÍÙæ˺ÙC. harm you. him (that) the
(that) I would serve them man- ÷«Nªè… í£Ùè[ª Î-Ú¨-ù£dÙ/-Î (Îîµªìª Íô¢nÙ à¶ú£ª-ÚÁE) (í£J-Nª-êŸÙÞ¥ ÷«Nª-è…-í£Ùè[ªx Aìå٠E à¶óŸª-ë]E) match is next
goes. Ïù£d-í£-è[ª-êÁÙC. week?
(ÍóŸ³uÙ-è•àŸªa. ¸ôí£± ÷« ÏÙæ¨Ú¨ ÍA- She likes the mango. Vimal: I knew the date, only yesterday you
Oªô¢ª ç¶ñªöËÀö˺ Þœ÷ª-EÙචÑÙæ°ô¢ª. ÖÚÛ sen-
tell him too (that) we have to practise
ëÇ]ªõª ÷þ§h-ô¢-ìª-ÚÛªÙåªû¦o. î¦üŒxÚÛª ÷«Nªè… ÷«Nªè… í£Ùè[ª Î Ïù£d-í£-è[ª-êÁÙ-ë]E tenceö˺ ·ôÙè[ª ÷´è[ª sub. clauses ÑÙè[è[Ù.
í£Ùè[ªx šíè[ë¯-÷ªE Íìª-ÚÛªû¦o.) that she likes the mango. from tomorrow.
Subodh: Go ahead. They will know that you Íö°¸ Þ main clauses Óûµjoû¦ ÑÙè•àŸªa.
ÍÙæ˺ÙC = she says/ is saying. šíj sentences ÍEoÙ-æ¨ö˺ main clause ÷³Ùë]ª, Kamal: I think he knows the date. He
are a good host. She says that she likes the mango.
subordinate clause êŸô¦yêŸ ÷à¦aô³. Íö° ô¦î¦- referred to it/ talked about it two or
(Ú¥F ÷ªJ. ìª÷±y ÷ªÙ# ÎAëÇ]uÙ Ïà¶a-î¦- c) î¦è[-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°è[ª î¦è[ª Þ•í£p ÍE.
õE rule ö¶ë]ª. ÔC ÷³Ùë]ª, ÔC îµì-·Újû¦ íÆ£ô¦yö¶ë]ª. three times yesterday. He thinks
è…-÷E êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª.) î¦è[ª-Þ•í£p = he is great; (that) we have good chances of win-
host = ÎAëÇ]uÙ Ïà¶a-î¦è[ª î¦è[ª Þ•í£p ÍE = that he is great. Every body knows that he plays well.
That he plays well, every body knows. ning.
Prabodh: It just gives me a pretext to enjoy He thinks that he is great.
(refer = (ÏÚÛ\è[) ví£þ§h-NÙ-àŸè[Ù)
mangoes. Otherwise my wife Íô³ê¶ conversation ö˺ that ÷C-ö¶-óŸª-÷àŸªa. ÷ªìÙ daily conversation ö˺ ÖÚÛô¢ª ൛íp, Íìª- Vimal: I am glad (that) he thinks. I strongly
wouldn't let me. She fears that I He thinks that he is great. ÚÛªû¶, ÎPÙà¶, Îö˺-#Ùà¶, ÚÛ#a-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙè¶ (be sure) hope too that we will win.
may put on weight if I eat man-
Kamal: Do you say (that) Hemanth will
goes.
(û¶ìª ÷«Nªè… í£üŒ‰x Aû¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª ÍA-ëÇ]ªõª Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…... return in time for the match?
Vimal: He has told me (that) he will come
ÖÚÛ þ§ÚÛª ÷«vêŸî¶ª. ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ ÷« ÎNè[
back tomorrow itself.
ììªo ÷«Nªè… í£üŒ‰x Aì-F-óŸªë]ª. û¶ìª
ö°îµj-ð¼-ê¦-ìE ÎNè[ òÅ¡óŸªÙ.) URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm Kamal: If he is there we can be sure (that)
we will win the match. Bye.
II
Brahmam: (Do) you know when the train
arrives here?
(Train Ééπ\-úÕ-Èé-°æ¤púø’ ´Ææ’hçüÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
Vishnu: I do not know exactly when, but I
am sure that it arrives between 8.30
and 9.00 in the morning.
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ á°æ¤púÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’, é¬E §Òü¿’l†
8.30, 9.00 ´’üµ¿u ´Ææ’hç-ü¿-ØËC ´÷vûªç
éπ*aûªç)
Brahmam: That suits us fine then. Find out
where Eswar is. Ask him whether
he is coming with us or not. Tell him
we have to reserve tickets.
(ÅC ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ≤˘éπ®Ωuç. Ѩ¡y®˝ áéπ\-
úø’-Ø√oúÓ îª÷úø’. ¢√úø’ ´’†ûÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúÓ
™‰üÓ éπ†’éÓ\. ´’†ç tickets reserve
îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E îÁ°æ¤p.)
Vishnu: (I have) no idea how I can meet
him. I called his home twice but
there was no response. He has-
n't/he doesn't have a cell phone.
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 16 -´÷-Ja 2006
8. (that) He doesn't have a cell
(¢√úÕéÀ cell ™‰ü¿E).
9. Whose number it is (ÅC á´J †ç•®Ó).
10. (that) he has no cell (¢√úÕéÀ cell ™‰ü¿E).
OöÀ™x subordinate clauses no. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7
and 9 îª÷úøçúÕ. É´Fo 'Wh' words (When,
Where, How, How many, Why and Whose)ûÓ
begin Å´¤-ûª ’-Ø√o®· éπü∆? É´Fo When,
Where, How ™«çöÀ 'Wh' wordsûÓ begin Å®·-
†-°æp-öÀéÃ, questions 鬴¤. ´’† ¢Á·ü¿öÀ lessons a) lesson beginning conversation
¢√úÁ-éπ\úø îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ = Ééπ ™E ™
™ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊-†oC í∫’®Ω’hç-C-éπü∆. Question Å®·ûË I do not know where he studies. clauses 5, 8 and 10 that clauses.
¢√öÀ í∫’Jç*
'Wh' word ûª®√yûª verb ´·çü¿÷, ûª®√yûª subject
b) ¢√úÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ time waste îË≤ƒhúÓ Ø√éπ-®Ωnç-é¬-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oç-í∫ü∆.
´≤ƒh®·. Clauses No. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7 and 9™
I do not understand why he wastes time EXERCISE:
'Wh' word ûª®√yûª subject ´·çü¿÷, verb
ûª®√yû√ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. Åçü¿’-éπE É´Fo (sub + c) ¢√úÕéπçûª úø•’s ᙫ ´≤ÚhçüÓ á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ – NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING IN
verb) form ™ ÖçúË subordinate clauses. No body knows how he gets/ is getting all ENGLISH.
¢√öÀ Å®√n©’ èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ: questions ™«í¬ that money.
Vani:
Hi Durga, Lakshmi áéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁR}çüÓ
®√´ôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆. d) ¢√úÁ-°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhúÓ ´÷èπ◊ îÁ°æpçúÕ.
ûÁ©’≤ƒ?
Please tell us when he will come/ comes/ is
Durga: ûª†ûÓ Fèπ◊ Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Ë’çö îÁ°æ¤p, ´·çü¿’.
coming.
Vani: ûª† †’ç* Ø√èπ◊ úø•’s Å´-Ææ-®Ω-´’E îÁ§ƒp†’
e) function á´®Ω’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ-≤ƒh®Ó ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ =

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 127
(Åûª-ØÁo™« éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√™ ûÁL-ߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’. éπü∆?
They do not know who will inaugurate the
È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x ¢√∞¡x ÉçöÀéÀ phone î˨», é¬E Durga: Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’sçüÓ ™‰üÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ Fèπ◊?
á´®Ω÷ áûªh-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÕéÀ cell phone function.
™‰ü¿’.)

Whether he is coming or not

Brahmam: How can we know how many berths
we have to reserve?
Vishnu: Hi... I remember. He and his people
are away in Eluru. They will be back
tomorrow.

Look at the difference between 'wh'

(Ç... É°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ìh-*açC. Åûª†’, ¢√∞¡x
f) Åûª-EüËÜ®Ó Åûª†’ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ Vani:
©éÀ~ t ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÉçÈé-´-J-
¢√∞¡Ÿx à©÷®Ω’ ¢Á∞«x®Ω’. Í®°æ¤ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’.) subordinate clauses and 'wh' questions.
Brahmam: I now understand why he hasn't met
îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ = ü¿-í∫_-®Ω’ç-ô’çC? †’¢Ëyç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Ó Fèπ◊
Subordinate Clause Question He hasn't told them
us. ûÁL-ߪ’-ôç-™‰ü¿’.
(With Wh words) (With Wh words) where he is from. Durga: Ç¢Á’ ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’sç-úÌa. é¬F FéÀ-Ææ’hçüÓ ™‰üÓ
(¢√úø’ ´’†-™„oç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰üÓ É°æ¤púø’
1) ... when the train 1) When does the g) ÅC ¢Ë’¢Á’™« îËߪ÷™ FÈ陫 ûÁ©’Ææ’?
Ø√éπ®Ωnç Å´¤-ûÓçC).
arrives (train á°æ¤p-úÌ- train arrive? (Train ´÷èπ◊ teacher explain
I think I have his cell number in my Vani: ؈’ ûª†E éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ E†o ņ’-èπ◊çö«–
Ææ’hçüÓ... sub clause á°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’hçC?)–
M. SURESAN
pocket book. Let met see.
îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’ = É≤ƒh-†E promise îËÆœçC.
No. 1) Not a ques- question Our teacher hasn't
(ÅûªE cell no. Ø√ pocket book ™ tion.
Durga: FÈéçûª 鬢√™ îÁ§ƒp¢√ Ç¢Á’èπ◊?
explained to us how we should do have to do
Öçü¿-†’-éÌçö«. îª÷úøF.) Vani: Féà N´-®√-©Fo áçü¿’éÓ Øˆ’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´î√a?
2) ... Where Eswar is- 2) Where is Eswar? it.
Vishnu: I am telling you he doesn't have a Durga: Sorry. Ø√èπ◊ áéπ\úÕéÀ ¢ÁR}çD ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
(Ѩ¡y®˝ áéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ– (Ѩ¡y®˝ áéπ\-úø’- h) ÅC á´-J™x á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ –
cell.
subordinate clause Ø√oúø’?)– question Whose house it is no one knows. áéπ\-úø’çüÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. á°æ¤p-úÕç-öÀéÀ ´Ææ’hçüÓ
(¢√úÕéÀ cell ™‰ü¿E îÁ•’-ûª’-Ø√o†’ éπü∆?) No. 2) - not a ques- í∫´’-Eéπ: Ééπ\úø where, when ûÓ begin ÅßË’u ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
Brahmam: Then whose is this cell no. here?
tion. clauses conditional clauses 鬴¤ éπü∆– Å¢Ëç Vani: ûª†’ AJ-íÌÊÆh Ø√èπ◊ îÁ§ƒh¢√?
(Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø Ñ cell no. á´-JC?) 3) ... How I can meet 3) How can I meet condition †’ ûÁ©-°æ-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE will/ shall Durga: OK.
Vishnu: I do not know whose number it is,
him- ( Åûª-ØÁo™« éπ©’- him? (؈-ûªEo ᙫ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ¢√úøû√ç.
but I am sure he has no cell. ANSWER:
Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©ØÓ) – subor- éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’?)– É™«çöÀ clauses O’ conversation ™ ¶«í¬
(ÅC á´J †ç•®Ó Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’, é¬E dinate clause No. 4 question Vani: Hi Durga, (Do) you know where
practice îËߪ’ôç î√™« ´·êuç.
¢√úÕéÀ cell ™‰ü¿-ØËC ´÷vûªç éπ*aûªç) 4) ... how many berths 4) ... how many Lakshmi has gone?
In our earlier lesson we have seen the uses
É°æ¤púø’ Ñ lesson beginning ™E clauses E
we have to reserve berths have we to îª÷úøçúÕ – Whether he is coming or not = Durga: Tell me first why do you need her?
of that clauses. There are some more sub-
(´’†ç áEo berths reserve ( ´’†ç áEo Åûª†’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúÓ ™‰üÓ.. ask him - ÅûªEo Åúø’í∫’. Vani: I've told you that I need money from
ordinate clauses. ¢√öÀE ´’†çdaily conver-
reserveîËߪ÷™) – berths reserve ´’†-éÌéπ N≠æߪ’ç Å´¤ØÓ é¬üÓ Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ- her.
sation ™frequent Real life
í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. subordinate clause îËߪ÷L?)- Question §ÚûË, Å°æ¤púø’ whether é¬F, if é¬F ¢√úøû√ç. if Durga: Do you know whether/ if she has money
situations ™ OöÀ ¢√úøéπç î√™« áèπ◊\¢Ë. ¢√öÀE no.6 Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø conditional clause if (Å®·ûË ÅØË or not?
main clauses ûÓ join îËÆœ ᙫ ¢√ú≈-©-ØËC 5) Why he hasn't met 5) Why hasn't he met
É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç: Å®Ωnç) é¬ü¿’. Vani: If Lakshmi doesn't have/ has no money,
us (´’†-™„oç-ü¿’èπ◊ us? a) Åûª†’ ¢Á∞«xúÓ ™‰üÓ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ =
Let us look at the subordinate clauses in the
(´’†-™„oç-ü¿’èπ◊ who else has? You do not understand
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰üÓ)– éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’?)-– She does not know whether/ if he has gone what you are talking.
conversation between Brahmam and
Subordinate Question or not.
Vishnu: Durga: She may have money, but how do you
Clause No.7
1. When the train arrives (Train á°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’hçüÓ). 6) Whose number it is 6) Whose number is
b) Ç¢Á’ fees éπöÀdçüÓ ™‰üÓ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ – know/ how are you sure whether she
2. Where Eswar is (Eswar áéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ.) ( it? num-
We do not know whether/ if she has paid the
fees (or not)
will give it to you or not?
3. Whether he is coming or not
ÅC á´J †ç•®Ó) – (ÅC á´J Vani: When I met her- I think it was yester-
Subordinate clause ber? - Question c) Chief Guest ÅÆæ©’ ´î√aú≈ ™‰ü∆ ÅØËC á´®Ω÷ day, she promised to give it.
(Åûª†’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúÓ ™‰üÓ). No. 9.
4. How I can meet him
îÁ°æp-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o®Ω’ = Durga: Did you tell her how much you need?
No one is able to say whether/ if the Chief
ÉD wh words begin
ûÓ subordinate
ÅßË’u Vani: May I know why you need all these
(؈-ûªEo ᙫ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©ØÓ). guest has arrived (or not)
5. (that) We have to reserve tickets clause wh word
èπÿ, begin
ûÓ ÅßË’u
d) ÅC êK-üÁj-†ü∆, -Èéj-†ü∆ ÅØËC Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? – details?
Question èπÿ ÖçúË ûËú≈. Ñ ûËú≈ ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Durga: Sorry. I do not know where she has
(´’†ç tickets reserve îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E). English
Do you know whether/ if it is expensive or
6. How many berths we have to reserve gone, where she is and when she will
´÷ö«x-úÕûË ´’†èπ◊ ÆæJí¬ ®√ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.
cheap?
®√†õ‰x èπÿú≈. Ñwh word subordinate clause return home/ will be back home.
(´’†ç áEo berths reserve îËߪ÷™). main clause join sentence ÉC whether/ if¢√ú≈-Lq† B®Ω’. ÉC èπÿú≈ real
7. Why he hasn't met us Vani: Will you let me know when she returns?
†’ ™ îËÊÆh ´’†èπ◊
form life situations ™ ´’†èπ◊ conversation ™
Durga: OK
Å´¤-ûª’çC.
(´’†Lo áçü¿’èπ◊ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰üÓ). Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ. î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç éπü∆. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Sridhar: Who do I see here? Giridhar! what a
surprise! (I have) been thinking you
are still in Dubai. What brings you
here so suddenly?
(á´®Ω÷? TJ-üµ¿®√ Ǩ¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçüË!
†’Nyçé¬ ü¿’¶«-ß˝’™ ÖØ√o´-†’-èπ◊ç-
ô’Ø√o. Ö†oô’xçúÕ É™« ÜúÕ°æ-úø-ö«-EéÀ
鬮Ω-ù-¢Ë’çöÀ?)
Giridhar: Because dad wanted me here
urgently for my sisters wedding
engagement. Though he wanted me
yesterday morning itself, I could be
here only last night. I tried my best,
but I could not get the ticket for the
earlier flight.
sister
(´÷ EPa-û√-®√n-EéÀ ´÷ Ø√†o
††’o ¢ÁçôØË ®Ω´’t-Ø√oúø’. Çߪ’† ††’o
E†o §Òü¿’lØËo Ééπ\-úø’ç-úø-´’-†o-°æp-öÀéÀ, E†o
®√vAéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Ééπ\-úø’ç-úø-í∫-L-í¬†’.
Åçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ flight èπ◊ áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç-
*Ø√ ticket üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 128
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 18 -´÷-Ja 2006
Giridhar: You and I have known him since our
College days. He was our junior at
college by two years. He is Eswar. He
is a software man in the US. As he
has to be back in the states by the
month end, he is in a hurry.
Sridhar: It is Eswar. Is it? A good choice. A
nice young man.
Giridhar: Since my sister too a B.Tech, he
hasn't demanded any dowry. yet the
marriage is going to cost us a lot, as Clause 7: as they want the marriage to be a Since/ Ever since he came here, he has
they want the marriage to be a grand grand affair been good to me.
affair, ÉO because/ as/ since clauses, since claus-
¢√∞¡Ÿx °Rx °∂æ’†çí¬ ï®Ω-§ƒ-©-Ø√o®Ω’ 鬕öÀd.
sister B.Tech es í∫’Jç-*† N≠æߪ’ç. Practice them thor-
(´÷ èπÿú≈ 鬕öÀd, éπôoç O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. É´Fo 鬮Ω-ù«©’ ûÁLÊ°
oughly.
àç Åúø-í∫-™‰ü¿’. é¬E °RxéÀ ´÷èπ◊ ¶«í¬ØË clauses éπü∆. Oô-Eoç-öÀE, because/ as/ since
PRACTICE THE FOLLOWING IN ENGLISH
ê®Ωa-´-¶-ûª’çC, ¢√∞¡Ÿx °Rx °∂æ’†çí¬ îËߪ÷- ûÓ ¢ËöÀ-ûÓØÁjØ√ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-´îª’a. Oô-EoöÀ Å®Ωnç
©-Ø√o®Ω’ 鬕öÀd) Å®·-†ç-ü¿’-´-©x/-áç-ü¿’-îË-ûª-†ç-õ‰/-é¬-•öÀd ÅE. Vasanth:
àçöÀ †’´¤y E†o ®√™‰ü¿’?
A Grand affair = íÌ°æp N≠æ-ߪ’ç/- °∂æ’†çí¬ ïJÍí 1) áçúøí¬ Öçúøôç ´©x •ßª’öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡}™‰ü¿’. Hemanth:
®√¢√-©E v°æߪ’-Aoç-*-†-°æpöÀéà ®√™‰-éπ-§Ú-
N≠æߪ’ç. Affair: ÅÊ°∂Å – Ê°∂ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = I haven't gone out because it is hot (as it is
ߪ÷†’. ´÷ ´÷´’-ߪ’u-¢√∞¡Ÿx ´Ææ’hç-úøôç
N≠æߪ’ç. hot/ since it is hot)
´©x ÉçöxØË ÖçúÕ-§Ú-¢√Lq ´*açC.
Sridhar: When is the marriage? Vasanth: Phone îËÆ œ ®√´ôç ™‰ü¿E îÁ°æp-™‰üËç?
2) As he did not start on time, he missed the
Giridhar: The 17th this month. only 12 days Hemanth: ؈’ î˨»†’, é¬F †’¢Áy-ûªh-™‰ü¿’. †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊
bus
left. îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’?
(Ñ ØÁ© 17†. 12 ®ÓV™‰ N’T-©’-Ø√o®·) Time èπ◊ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd bus Åçü¿’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Vasanth: Ø√ cell out of order Å®·-†ç-ü¿’-´©x
Last Lesson ™ wh words ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u sub- (Ééπ\úø, as •ü¿’©’, because/ since ¢√úø-´îª’a) îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷. E†o §Òü¿’l† éÀçü¿ °æúÕ-†-
ordinate clause îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Éûª-®Ω -®Ω-鬩 sub- 3) Since/
is
as/ because
successful
he knows English well he
Hemanth:
°æpöÀ †’ç* ÅC ÆæJí¬ °æE îËߪ’-õ‰xü¿’.
Land phone †’ç* áçü¿’èπ◊ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’?
ordinate clauses É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç.
Vasanth: ¢Ë’ç bill îÁLxç-îª-†ç-ü¿’-´©x ÅC discon-
nect Å®·çC.
Hemanth: Öü¿ßª’ç ´’≤ƒ© üÓÂÆ A†o-°æp-öÀoç*, Ø√èπ◊

Although Ganguly
ry...scored a centu-
´’ûª’hí¬ ÖçC. ÉçöÀ-ÈéRx Evü¿-§Úû√. Bye.
ANSWER
Vasanth: Why didn't you come yesterday?
Hemanth: Though I tried to come, I could not
(come).
Study the following
Because dad wanted... engage-
í∫´’-Eéπ: English ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ é¬•öÀd, Åûª†’ Nïߪ’ç I had to be/ to stay at home since /
subordinate clauses
ment - sentence
ÉC clause
é¬ü¿’ éπü∆, §Òçü¿’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. as/ because my uncle was coming.
from the conversation
conversation
´÷vûª¢Ë’ clause
™ Éô’-´çöÀ Now look at clause 2: Vasanth: Why didn't you phone me (that) you
above:
writing
¢√úø-´îª’a, because
™ clause
ûÓ Though he wanted me here yesterday itself were not coming?
1) Because dad wanted
begin main clause
îËÆœ, ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úøç. E†o ØËEéπ\úø Öçú≈-©E Çߪ’† ņ’-èπ◊-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ. Hemanth: I called you, but you didn't respond.
me here urgently Why didn't you phone?
Wedding engagement = °Rx -E-Pa-û√-®Ωnç/- Though = although = even though Å®·-†-°æp-
2) Though he wanted me öÀéÃ, ÉC èπÿú≈ conversation™ common. Vasanth: Because/ as/ since my phone is out
flight =
û√ç-•÷-™«©’ °æ¤îª’a-éÓ-´ôç. N´÷†ç. M. SURESAN
here yesterday itself. a) Åûªúø’ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ °æúø’-èπ◊-†o-°æp-öÀéà ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿-™‰-≤ƒhúø’ of order. Ever since/ since it fell
3) What he is, where he is from and whether he
(°æéÀ~ áí∫-®Ωôç èπÿú≈)
Though/ although/ even though he goes to down yesterday morning it hasn't
Sridhar: When is the engagement? is in India or abroad bed late, he gets up early. been working well.
(Engagement á°æ¤púø’?) clauses; wh subor-
(ÉN ´‚úø’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ È®çúø÷ b) bus
Åûªúø’ °æ-®Ω’-Èí-Ah-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Åçü¿’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ Hemanth: Why didn't you phone from/ use your
Giridhar: The day after tomorrow. Dad has dinate clauses, whether clause.
*´-JC OöÀE Though he ran, he could not catch the bus. land phone?
none to help him, so he asked me last lesson
í∫’Jç* ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆) c) Although/ though/ even though Ganguly Vasanth: As/ since/ because we had not paid
here urgently. 4) since we met the bill they disconnected it.
scored a century, his team lost the match
(á©’xçúÕ Ø√†oèπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ 5) as he has to be back in the states by the í∫çí∫÷M century team
éÌöÀd-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Çߪ’† ãúÕ- Hemanth: Since/ Ever since I ate masala dosa
á´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’, Åçü¿’-éπE †Eo-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁçôØË month end. §Ú-®·çC. in the morning I've been drowsy. I'd
®Ω´’t-Ø√o®Ω’) 6) since my sister too is a B.Tech Look at clause no. 4 now. go home and sleep. Bye.
Sridhar: Happy to hear that she is getting
engaged. Congrats to her. But why
7) as they want the marriage to be a grand
affair.
Since we met - Ñsince èπ◊ Å®Ωnç as/ because v°æ¨¡o: 1) -O’®Ω’ -äéπ Lesson The Wife and
™
since
ÅE é¬ü¿’. Ééπ\úø èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, í∫ûªç™ ã Ææç°∂æ’- husband have a good understanding
this hurry? Ñ subordinate clauses ÅFo èπÿú≈daily real
life situation
ô† ïJ-T-†-°æpöÀ †’ç*, í∫ûªç™ °∂晫Ø√ time †’ç* for each other grammat-
ÅØ√o®Ω’. é¬F
sister
O’ EPa-û√®Ωnç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ™ Å´-Ææ-®Ω¢Ë’ éπü∆. ÉN ï®Ω-í∫ôç
´©x, Åü¿™« Å®·†-°æp-öÀéÀ, °∂晫† N≠æ-ߪ’ç/-Ææç-°∂æ’- ÅE. icalí¬ Man and Wife ÅØ√-L-éπü∆!
î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ø√ ¨¡Ÿ¶µ«- Since we met = ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æpöÀ†’ç* 2) ™„ô®˝™ *´®Ω Yours faithfully ÅE
é¬ç-éπ~©’. Å®·ûË Éçûª £æ«ú≈-N-úËçöÀ?) ô† ïJT†°æpöÀ †’ç*, Åü¿™« Å®·Ø√ èπÿú≈ a) If not even minute since we met (Giridhar
É™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√©ûÓ Ö†o Ñ clauses †’ ´’†ç ®√≤ƒhç-éπü∆! DE Å®Ωnç N´JçîªçúÕ.
And you haven't told me who the
Eûªuç conversation ™ ¢√ú≈-Lq† °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©’ ņôç) –¢ÁØ√o *-ôd-¶«s®·, é¬éÀ-Ø√úø
bride groom is, what he is, where he
is from, and whether he is in India or
áØÓo. Åçü¿’-éπE practice them well and fill ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æp-öÀ-†’ç*/ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E EN’-≥ƒ- -ï-¢√-•’:
your conversation with ideas. ©Ø√o Å´-™‰ü¿’. 1) Husband and wife/ wife and husband ņôç,
abroad Look at the clauses No 1, 5, 6 and 7 b) Since India became independent 58 years
accepted usage - Éçü¿’™ ûªÊ°p癉ü¿’. Man
Observe that they begin with because, as, have passed
(°Rx-éÌ-úø’-Èé-´®Ó, àç îËÆæ’hç-ö«úÓ, à Ü®Ó, and wife èπÿú≈ correct, Å®·ûË -É-C éÌçîÁç for-
India ™ Öçö«ú≈, NüË-¨»™x Öçö«ú≈ and since. ¶µ«®Ω-ûª-üË-¨»-EéÀ ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç ´*a 58 à∞¡Ÿx í∫úÕ-î√®·. mal. áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-éπ™ Ö†oC husband and wife.
†’´¤y Éçûª-´-®ΩÍéç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ ) É™«çöÀ clauses - because/ as/ since
Åçõ‰, c) Hi Arun, it is ages since we met 2) Yours faithfully; Ñ expression, formal letters
Giridhar: O you are too impatient. It is not even clauses ™because = as = since = Å®·-†ç-ü¿’- (°æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ ´÷ô) Ê°®Ω’ûÓ é¬èπ◊çú≈, (Dear) Sir/ Madam ÅE Ææç¶-
minutes since we met, you shoot ´©x. ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æp-öÀoç*/ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E ߪ·í¬©’ CµçîË î√-™« formal letters ™ ´·Tç-°æ¤í¬
question after question. Will you let Clause 1: Because dad wanted me here (ages) Åߪ÷u®·. ¢√úøû√ç éπü∆. DEéÀ §ƒûª ®Ω÷°æç: I am/ I remain.
me talk? urgently d) Since the time he came here, he has been Your faithful servant xxx. v°æñ«-≤ƒy´’u
(Fèπ◊ ã®Ω’p-™‰ü¿’. ´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E Ø√†o ††’ourgent í¬ Ééπ\úø 鬢√-©-†oç-ü¿’-´©x. troubling me v°æ¶µ«´ç ´©x, servant ÅØËC §Ú®·, faithfully
EN’-≥ƒ-©-®·Ø√ Å´-™‰ü¿’. v°æ¨¡o© ¢Áçô Clause 5: as he has to be back in the states by ¢√úÕ-éπ\úÕéÀ ´*a-†-°æpöÀ †’ç< Ø√èπ◊ É•sçC éπLT-Ææ’h- yours, O’ N¨»yÆ槃vûª’-úÁj†/ O’èπ◊ ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’
the month end. Ø√oúø’. (faithful) Ö†o-ü¿’-†o-ô’xí¬ ûÁ©’p-èπ◊ç-ô’†o O’¢√úø’–
v°æ¨¡o -èπ◊-J-°œç-îË-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. ††’o ´÷ö«x-úø-
Åûª†’states (America) ™ ØÁ™«-ê-®Ω’éÀ Å®·ûË since Åçõ‰ because/ as Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÖçúËC. É°æ¤úø’ faithfully yours,
E-≤ƒh¢√?)
Sridhar: Ok, Go ahead.
AJT Öçú≈-Lq-†ç-ü¿’-´©x ¢√úøôç ´©x confusion Öçô’çC 鬕öÀd, since yours faithfully í¬ ´÷JçC. éÌçûª´’çC faith-
Clause 6: Since my sister too is a B.Tech (Å°æpöÀ †’ç* ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ever since ÅE èπÿú≈ fully yours faithfully
( ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. Ééπ\úø
sister B.Tech
ÆæÍ®...é¬F) ´÷ èπÿú≈ 鬕öÀd. Åçö«®Ω’. ņôç ®√Æœ†N Eï¢Ë’ ÅE ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II
Shantan: Hi Vineet, Sunil was here yesterday.
He suggested we see a movie but
dropped the idea. He suddenly
remembered he had to take his
mother to temple.
(Ææ’F™¸ E†o Ééπ\úø ÖØ√oúø’. ´’†ç ÆœE-
´÷-Èé-∞«l-´’-Ø√oúø’ é¬F -Ç Ç™- ´÷†’-èπ◊-
Ø√oúø’. ¢√∞¡}-´’t†’ í∫’úÕéÀ BÂÆ\-∞«x-©E
¢√úÕéÀ Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ í∫’®Ìh-*açC)
Vineet: Though I wanted to see you both, I
could not come. My bike had trou-
bled, so I took it to the mechanic. He
took an hour to repair it.
(E†o N’´’tLo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√o é¬F 6) Since
®√™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Ø√ ¶„jé˙èπ◊ -àüÓ Ææ-´’Ææu
´*açC.Åçü¿’-éπE -¢Á’é¬-Eé˙ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’Èé-∞«x. (Å°æ p öÀ †’ç* ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)
-JÊ°®˝ -îË-ߪ’-ú≈--EéÀ -Å-ûª-úø’ í∫çô Ææ-´’-ߪ’ç
BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’)
Shantan: How much did it cost you?
(áçûª-®·çC)
Vineet: He billed me Rs.200/- But I offered
him only Rs. 150/-. He accepted it.
(¢√úø’ ®Ω÷.200 ÅúÕ-í¬úø’/È®çúÌç-ü¿©’
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© G™¸ ¢Ë¨»úø’. ؈’ †÷ô ߪ÷¶µ„j
Éî√a†’. BÆæ’\-Ø√oúø’)
Shantan: These mechanics are smart guys .
They demand more than What is
right because we bargain for less.
(O∞¡Ÿx î√™« ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx. ÆæÈ®j† ü∆E-éπçõ‰
áèπ◊\-´-úø’-í∫’-û√®Ω’. ´’†ç ᙫí∫÷ ûªèπ◊\-´èπ◊
¶‰®Ωç îË≤ƒhç 鬕öÀd)
Smart = ûÁL-¢Áj†/ ´’ç* •ôd-©ûÓ îªéπ\í¬ éπE-
°œçîË
bargain = ¶«í∫Ø˛= -¶‰®Ωç/ ¶‰®Ωç îËߪ’ôç
Vineet: That's true, but my mechanic is n't
that type.
(éπÈ®Íéd. é¬-F ´÷- ¢Á’é¬-Eé˙ Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√úø’
é¬ü¿’)
Shantan: Every one thinks so about their
mechanics
(v°æA ¢√úø’ ûª† ¢Á’é¬-Eé˙ í∫’-Jç-* Å™«Íí
ņ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’)
Vineet: OK. Will Sunil be coming here today?
(ÆæÍ®. Ææ’F™¸ Ñ¢√∞¡ ´≤ƒhú≈)
Shantan: He hasn't even called me since he
left me yesterday. I don't know if he
will come. As I am going back to
College tomorrow, how about a
movie this evening?
(E†o †ØÌo-CL ¢ÁRx†°æpöÀ †’ç* Ø√èπ◊ -
§∂Ú-Ø˛ èπÿú≈ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÌ-≤ƒhúÓ ™‰üÓ
ûÁMü¿’. Í®°æ¤ ؈’ é¬-™‰-ñ ¸èπ◊ ¢ÁR}§Úûª’-Ø√o†’
鬕öÀd Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«l´÷?)
Vineet: That's a good idea. When are you
starting for your Engineering College
in Anantapur?
(¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. ņç-ûª-°æ‹®˝-™ -E
Engineering College Èé°æ¤p-úÁ-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤)
Shantan: Tomorrow After noon
(Í®°æ¤ -´’--üµ∆u£æ«oç -¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o-†’)
Vineet: Let's call Sunil then
(Sunil èπ◊ §∂Ú-Ø˛ îËü∆lç)
Shantan: Let's go to his place -
(¢√úÕç-öÀ-Èé∞«lç)
Vineet: OK
´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ω π◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- π◊†o Subordinate
Clauses.
1) That clauses
(He says that he saw you yesterday)
(ÅE ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)
2) Wh clauses
(á°æ¤púø’ ïJTçüÓ, à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ó, ¢Á·ü¿-
Spoken English
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 20 -´÷-Ja 2006
™„j†ô’´çöÀ Å®ΩnçûÓ),
He has agreed to what I have said.
3) Whether / if clauses
(Å´¤Ø√/é¬ü∆ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)
I don't know whether/ if he has come
(¢√úÌ-î√aúÓ ™‰üÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’)
4) Because/ as/ since clauses (Åçü¿’-´©x/鬕öÀd
ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)
As the book is expensive, I cannot buy it.
(°æ¤Ææhéπç êK-üÁj†C Å´ôç ´©x ؈’ é̆-™‰†’) Clause so
5) though/although/even though clauses
Ñ ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ Ö†o- -¢√é¬u-Eo °æ-J-Q-L-ü∆lç •ü¿’©’ ¢√úÕ îª÷ü∆l´÷?
✒ He suggested that we see a movie but Clause 4:
Though it is raining he has gone out
dropped the idea. ✓ They demand what is more than right
(´®Ω{ç èπ◊®Ω’-Ææ’h-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞«xúø’)
DØÓx but BÊÆÆœ though ¢√úø-´îª’a éπü∆. (áçü¿’- because we bargain for less.
/ ever since clauses
éπçõ‰ though (Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ), but È®ç-úÕç-öÀ Å®Ωnç ✓ We bargain for less, so they demand what is
äéπõ‰ Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, sentence structure ´÷®Ω’- more than right.
Ever since he came here, he has had health
ûª’çC) Clause 7:
problems
✒ Though / Although / Even though he sug- As I am going back to College tomorrow.
gested the movie he dropped the idea.
(Ééπ \-úÕéÀ ´*a-†-°æpöÀ †’ç--< ¢√úø’ èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ™‰úø’) Ñ clause ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ Ö†o- -¢√é¬u-Eo °æ-J-Q-L-ü∆lç...
✒ Though / Although / Even though He is ✒ As I am going... tomorrow, how about a
weak, he works hard movie this evening?
(or) ✒ I am going back to college tomorrow, So how
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 129 ✒ He is Weak, but works hard. about a movie tonight.
(•©-£‘«†çí¬ ÖØ√o éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-≤ƒhúø’.) ✓ É™« Though / Although / Even though
Let's go to his place...
✒ Though he is rich, he Clauses But Clause
†’ , But Clauses †’
É´Fo í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√oß˝’ éπü∆. OöÀE Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd- is not proud Though Clause í¬ ´÷®Ωa-´îª’a.
straight í¬ main clause ûÓ join îËÊÆh O’ con-
(or) ✓ Å™«Íí,Because / As / Since Clauses 'So' †’
versation î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.
✒ He is rich, but he is Clauses So Clause Because Clause
Practise îËߪ’çúÕ.
, í¬ †’
not proud ´÷®Ωa-´îª’a éπü∆.
Now look at the following clauses from the (Å-ûª-úø’ -üµ¿-†-´ç-ûª’-úÁj†-°æp- O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’.
conversation at the beginning of this les- öÀéÃ, Åûª-úÕéÀ í∫®Ωyç- -™‰-ü¿’) M. SURESAN ✓ Though Clause †’ But Clause í¬ ´÷Í®a-ô-
son. ✓ Clause No.3 ™ èπÿú≈ °æ¤púø’ though ™‰E clause -èπ◊ but °úøû√ç.
1) ... but (he) dropped the idea. but •ü¿’©’ though / ✓ Because / as / since clauses †’, so clause í¬
(Ç Ç™- N®Ω-N’ç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’) although / even though ûÓ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’ because / as /since ™‰E clause
2) ... So I took it to the mechanic. ✓ Clause No.2, ... so, I took it to the ´·çü¿’ so ´Ææ’hçC.
3) ... but I offered him only Rs.150. mechanic Though she is beautiful, she is not proud
4) ... because we bargain for less. Ñ clause ™ ¶µ«í∫çí¬ Ö†o- -¢√é¬u-Eo °æ-J-Q-L-ü∆lç (or)
5) ... but my mechanic isn't that type. ✒ My bike had trouble, so, I took it to the She is beautiful but she is not proud
6) ... Since he left me yesterday. mechanic. (
-Ç-¢Á’ -Åç--ü¿çí¬ -Ö-†o°æp-öÀéà -Ç-¢Á’èπ◊ í∫®Ωyç -™‰-ü¿’)
7) As I am going back to college tomorrow. Ééπ\úø 'so •ü¿’©’ because / as / since ¢√úø- (Though, but Ö†o Clause í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.)
( 4, 6 , 7 ´’†èπ◊ ûÁLÆ- †œ clauses éπü∆. ´îª’a éπü∆. Because She is good, every one likes her
✓ Clause No.4 鬮Ω-ù«Eo ûÁ™‰pC. ✒ Because / Since / as my bike had trouble I (or)
✓ clause No. 6 °∂ 晫Ø√ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† †’ç* ÅE îÁÊ°pC. took it to the mechanic. She is good, so every one likes her.
✓ Clause No. 7 èπ ÿú≈ 鬮Ω-ù«Eo ûÁ™‰p-C ✒ My bike had trouble. So I took it to the (
-Ç-¢Á’ -´’ç-* -´uéÀh é¬-•-öÀd -Åç-ü¿®Ω÷ -
É°æ ¤ p úø ’ look at Clause NO. 1 mechanic. Ç-¢Á’-†’ -Å-Gµ-´÷-E≤ƒh®Ω’)
... but (he) dropped the idea ✓ Clauses 4, 7 ™ èπÿú≈ as / since / because
once?
Sailesh: ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ, ؈’ ¶«í¬ØË ®√ÆœØ√ °æ-Kéπ~-™x Ø√èπ◊ PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING Sailesh: I will do that. I tried to meet the
´÷®Ω’\-©’ ÆæJí¬ ®√™‰-üËçöÀ?
Aoç-*Ø√ èπ◊ü¿-®Ω-ô癉ü¿’. Maths Lecturer Yesterday. But he
Ramesh: F -îË-A®√ûª ¶«í∫’ç-úøéπ§Ú´úøç ´©xØË Fèπ◊ -
Ramesh: Don't worry. Çߪ’-†çûª busy Å®·-†-°æp- was not available.
´÷®Ω’\-©’ ÆæJí¬ ®√´-ôç-™‰ü¿’.
öÀéÃ, Çߪ’Eo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫© ´÷®Ω_ç Fèπ◊ Ramesh: He is always busy with tuitions. So it
Sailesh: ؈’ Ææ÷\-™¸™ -ñ«®·-Ø˛ Å®·-†-°æpöÀ †’ç*
îÁ§ƒh. is difficult to meet him.
Ø√ -îË-A®√-ûª É™«Íí ÖçöçC. Ææ÷\-™¸ ™
Sailesh: Thank you Sailesh: Ever since he returned our answer
Ø√èπ◊ ´÷®Ω’\-©’ ¶«í¬ØË ´î√a®·. ´’J
Answers: books, I have been trying to meet
é¬--™‰-ñ ¸-™ ®√´-ôç-™‰-üËçöÀ?
him, but could not.
Ramesh: †’´¤y -™„éπa®Ω®˝qûÓ ã≤ƒJ ´÷ö«x-úø-èπÿ-úøü∆? Sailesh: Ramesh, I did well in the exam. But
Ramesh: Don't worry. Though he is busy, I will
Sailesh: Ç °æE îË≤ƒh. -´÷u--ü∑˛q -™„éπa®Ω®˝q†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ- I got low marks. Why?
tell you a way to meet him.
¢√-©E v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√†’ E†o, é¬F Çߪ’† Ramesh: You are not getting good marks
Sailesh: Thank you.
üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’. because your hand writing is bad.
Ramesh: Çߪ’† tuitionsûÓ á°æ¤púø÷ busy. Åçü¿’- Sailesh: My handwriting has been like this (In the sentence above, change but into
éπE Çߪ’†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç éπ≠dçæ . since I joined School.. But I got/used although/though/even though, and
Sailesh: Çߪ’† ´’† Answer books AJT É*a-†- to get good marks at school. How is as/since/because into so, and vice versa.
°æpöÀ †’ç* Çߪ’†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©E v°æߪ’- it I don't get such marks in College?
Ramesh: Why don't you talk to the lecturers
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II
Anand: Before you start, check up your lug-
gage.
(•ßª’-™‰lÍ® ´·çü¿’ ≤ƒ´÷†’ ÆæJ-îª÷-Ææ’éÓ)
Achyut: I will do that after I complete packing.
(؈C Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´úøç °æ‹®Ωh-®·† ûª®√yûª îË≤ƒh)
Anand: OK, then, I am leaving. I will collect
from the shop on my way those books
you need. I will be at the station twenty
minutes before the train arrives. I will
have the lunch packed for you at the
station.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 130
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 22 -´÷-Ja 2006
3) Whether/ If clauses -
Å´¤ØÓ, é¬üÓ ÅØË ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo, v°æ¨»o-®Ωn-é¬Eo ûÁL-Ê°N.
4) Because/ as/ since clauses -
鬮Ω-ù«© clauses- OöÀE so clauses í¬
´÷®Ωa-´îª’a.
5) Though / although / even though clauses-
Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà ÅØË Å®Ωnç ûÁLÊ° clauses - OöÀE
but, yet, still clauses í¬ ´÷®Ωa-´îª’a.
(But = yet = still = é¬F/ Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ) 3) ... before the train arrives
c) Çߪ’† class èπ◊ ®√í¬ØË §ƒ®∏Ωç ¢Á·ü¿©’
6) Since (°∂晫† Æ洒ߪ’ç/ Ææç°∂æ’-ô† †’ç* ÅE train´îËa ´·çü¿’ °úø-û√úø’. Ü°œJ °‘©’a-èπ◊ØË Æ洒ߪ’ç èπÿú≈
ûÁLÊ° clauses. Since •ü¿’©’ ever since ÉN ´’†ç conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úË claus- É´yúø’
¢√úø-´îª’a. from the time ÅE èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. es éπü∆.
He begins the lesson as soon as he
É¢Ëé¬èπ◊çú≈ Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o condition- a) India was under British before it became
enters class; he doesn't give us even the
independent
al clauses. (if/ unless/ before etc. ûÓ time to breathe.
v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº¢Á’i will/ shall ¢√úø-EN) ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç §Òçü¿-éπ-´·çü¿’ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ vGöÀ≠ˇ §ƒ©-†™
(even = Åçü¿’èπ◊ èπÿú≈)
ÖçC.
d) As soon as he saw the police, he ran

As soon as he saw the police..

away
§ÚMÆæ’©†’ îª÷úø-í¬ØË Åûª†’ §ƒJ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.
5) By then I shall be on my way to the station
ǧƒ-öÀéÀ / Ç Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ / Å°æp-öÀéÀ ؈’
station èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-ü∆-J™ Öçö«.
b) ؈’ station èπ◊ ¢ÁRx† ûª®√yûª train ´*açC
(ØË ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o. ü∆J™ Fé¬\-¢√-Lq† °æ¤Ææh鬩’ Now look at the fol- a) By then he had finished his lunch
Shop™ BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«. Train ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ The train arrived after I (had) reached the
lowing clauses used
É®Ω¢Áj EN’-≥ƒ© ´·çü¿’ Station éÌ≤ƒh. Fèπ◊ station Å°æp-öÀéÀ Åûªúø’ lunch °æ‹Jh-îË-¨»-úø’/- A-ØË-¨»úø’.
in the conversation
lunch èπÿú≈ pack îË®·≤ƒh. c) ´®Ω{ç ÇT† ûª®√yûª ¢√∞¡Ÿx Çô ´’Sx ¢Á·ü¿©’°ö«d®Ω’ b) By then he had gone
at the beginning of
Achyut: Thank you. Call me as soon as you They resumed the game after the rain (had)
this lesson. Ç Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ Åûªúø’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.
reach the station. I think by then I shall stopped (resumed - ´’Sx v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√®Ω’)
1) Before you start c) for clause:
be on my way to the station. My pack- 2) after I complete pack-
M. SURESAN d) ¢√úø’ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√éπ-´·çü¿’ ¢√úÕÍéç Job ™‰ü¿’
Ééπ\úø for èπ◊ Å®Ωnç Åçü¿’-´©x, 鬕öÀd ÅE–
ing is almost complete. I will be start- He had no job/ He was jobless before he
ing because/ since/ as ™«í¬.
ing in ten minutes. came here.
3) ... before the train arrives
Anand: You must hurry for there isn't much e) O’Í®ç îËÊÆ-¢√®Ω’. Lecturer é¬éπ-´·çü¿’? (Åçõ‰ àç You must hurry for there isn't much time
4) .... as soon as you reach the station
time left? ÖüÓu-í∫-´’E) left
5) ... by then I shall be on my way to the station
(ûªy®Ωí¬ ûÁ´’-™«L †’´¤y. time áèπ◊\´ What were you, before you became a lec- time áèπ◊\´ ™‰†ç-ü¿’-´©x †’´¤y ûªy®Ω-°æ-ú≈L.
6) ... for there isn't much time left.
™‰ü¿’) turer? a) He can play well for he is tall
Take clauses 1, 2 and 3. Ñ ´‚úø÷ èπÿú≈
Achyut: Bye. See you at the station What were you (í∫ûªç™) O’ ÖüÓuí∫ç àN’öÀ?
before, after ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©-´¤-ûª’-Ø√o®· éπü∆. OöÀE
Åûª†’ §Òúø’í¬_ Öçúøôç´©x ¶«í¬ Çúø-
(´≤ƒh. ÊÆd≠æØ˛™ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç) ÉO before, after clauses. Ñ before, after í∫-©úø’.
before, after clauses Åçü∆ç. É¢ËçöÃ? äéπöÀ clauses †’ î√™« ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
Anand: Bye
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o subordinate time èπÿ, Ææç°∂æ’-ô†èπÿ, ´·çü¿’, ¢Á†é¬ ïJÍí 4) As soon as clauses b) Let's stand in the shade of the tree for
it is very hot here
clauses, ¢√öÀ Ææy¶µ«´ç èπ◊x°æhçí¬... ¢√öÀE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. Ñ N≠æߪ’ç O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË DE Å®Ωnç ¢ÁçôØË ÅE.
1) That clause : 'ÅE— ÅE ûÁL-Ê°C ÖçC éπü∆. a) Call me as soon as you reach the station
Ééπ\úø ¶«í¬ áçúøí¬ Ö†oç-ü¿’-´©x ´’†ç
îÁô’d Fúø† E©’açü∆ç.
2) 'Wh' clause: What, When, Where, Who, 1) Before you start - station îËJ† ¢ÁçôØË/ îË®Ω-í¬ØË Ø√èπ◊ Phone
Whom, Which, Why and how ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº- †’´¤y •ßª’™‰lÍ® ´·çü¿’ îÁ®·u. c) I need water for I am thirsty

´’-ßË’uN– ã ´uéÀh, Ææç°∂æ’-ô††’ í∫’Jç-*† N´-®√©’ 2) After I complete packing b) ¢√úø’ ®√í¬ØË ´’†ç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµü∆lç Ø√èπ◊ ü∆£æ«çí¬ ÖçC 鬕öÀd F∞¡Ÿx 鬢√L.
ûÁL-Ê°N. Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´ôç °æ‹®Ωh-ߪ÷uéπ We will begin as soon as he comes.

PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING O’®Ω’ next lesson ÆæJí¬_ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊
Eswar: Hi Govind, †’´¤y •ßª’-™‰l-Í®-´·çü¿’ ANSWER éÀçC table ¶«í¬ study îËÆœ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ.
Eswar: Hi Govind, did you meet Sriram
Sriram -†’ -à´’Ø√o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?
before you started? TENSE VERB FORMS
Govind: ™‰ü¿’. ؈’ •ßª’-™‰lJ† ûª®√yûª ¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊
Govind: No. He called me after I (had) start- PRESENT a) am, is, are I RDW a) have, has may
§∂ÚØ˛î˨»úø’. ed. b) am, is, are ûÓ II RDW b) have ûÓ, has ûÓ can
Eswar: ¢√úÕE ؈’ ¢ÁçôØË éπ©-¢√L, ¢√úÕ †’ç* Eswar: I have to meet him. I need some ´îËa-´Fo. do ´îËa-´Fo
Ø√èπ◊ éÌçûª Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç urgent í¬ é¬¢√L. information urgently from him.
does
Govind: ¢√úÕ-éπ\-úÕÍé ´Ææ’hØ√o†Ø√oúø’ é¬F á°æ¤p-úÌ- Govind: He told me (that) he would be com-
PAST a) was, were a) Past doing a) had might
≤ƒhúÓ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. ing here, but when exactly, he did not
say. b) was, were ûÓ word b) had ûÓ ´îËa-´-Fo could
Eswar: Sekhar èπÿú≈ Ééπ\-úÕ-éÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. ¢√úø’
Eswar: Sekhar too is coming here. I have to ´îËa-´Fo. b) did -´÷-´‚-©’í¬
´îËa-´·çüË Øˆ’ Sriram ûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈L. take to Sriram before Sekhar comes FUTURE a) Shall/ Will
Govind: ¨Ïê®˝, X®√ç éπçõ‰ ´·çü¿’´ÊÆh ؈-ûªEo
here. b) Shall/ Will ûÓ ´îËa-´Fo
•ßª’-ôèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«h†’. Å°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y Govind: If Sekhar comes here before Sriram
X®√çûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-´îª’a. comes I will take him away. You can I RDW = Ist Regular Doing Word (come, go, eat, etc)
Eswar: Fèπÿ ûÁL-N-ûË-ô-©’-Ø√o®·, Åçü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á’a- then talk to Sriram. II RDW = IInd Regular Doing Word (comes, goes, eats, etc)
èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. Eswar: I appreciate you for you too are Past Doing Word = came, ate, went, etc.
Govind: F friendship ´™‰x Ø√éà ûÁL-N-ûË-ô©’ smart/ clever.
Ñ Table ™ îª÷°œ† verbs Ç tenses ™ Öçö«®·. ÉC O’®Ω’ correct í¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çõ‰ ÅFo Ææ’©¶µºç.
Govind: That's because of my friendship with
´î√a®·.
you.
™‰èπ◊çõ‰ v°æAD confusing í¬ Öçô’çC.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 24 -´÷-Ja 2006
Sugandhi: I thought (that) you were not in Now look at the clauses in the conversation at
town. the beginning of the lesson.
(†’´¤y Ü∞x ™‰´-†’-èπ◊Ø√o) Subordinate clause Main clause
Supushpa: True; I phoned you yesterday that 1. (that) you were not in town I thought
we were going to our village, but
(†’´¤y Ü∞x-™‰-´E) (؈-†’-èπ◊Ø√o)
we dropped the idea because we
2. (that) We were going to I phoned you
had relatives coming suddenly.
our village Fèπ◊ phone
(Eï¢Ë’. E†o Fèπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆœ† ´÷ô
¢√Ææh-´¢Ë’– ¢Ë’ç ´÷ ÜJéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o-´’E, (¢Ë’ç ´÷ ÜÈ®-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o-´’E) î˨»†’.
é¬F ´÷ØË-ߪ÷Lq ´*açC, sudden í¬ 3. because we had relatives But we dropped
´÷ ö«d©’ ®√´ôç ´©x). coming. the idea. III. a) †’´¤y ÉçúÕߪ÷ Èí©-´-í∫-©-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√? ÉO ´÷ö«x-úË-ô°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-´-©-Æœ† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’.
Sugandhi: In fact surekha was about to start ö«d-™Ô-Ææ’h-†oç-ü¿’-´©x Ç Ç™- Do you think (that) India can win the ´’† practice †’ •öÀd Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-û√®·.
for your place yesterday. I told her ´÷†’-èπ◊Ø√oç match ? (b)
éÀçü¿ îª÷úøçúÕ. PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
(that) you were away and she 4. (that) you were away I told her b) India
†’´¤y Èí©-´-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√? Ravikanth:
Féπ®Ωnç Å´¤-ûÓçü∆ ÅûªØËç ÅØ√oúÓ?
stopped. She said (that) she did not Did you think (that) India could win the Sreekanth:
ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC. ûª†’ E†o Ééπ\-úÕéÀ
O’®Ω’ Ü∞x ™‰®ΩE ؈’ -Ç-¢Á’-ûÓ îÁ§ƒp†’ match?
know about your plan to go to your
®√™‰-ü¿E -Å-ûª-úø’ -îÁ-§ƒp-úø’.
5. (that) you would be Why didn't you
IV. a) Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’çîËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´-îªaE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o Ravikanth: Å®·ûË †’´y-ØËC Åûª-E-éπ\úø E†o
village. away tell them? I think (that) he may not help me. ÖØ√o-úøØ√?
(ÅÆæ©’ E†o Ææ’Í®ê O’ ÉçöÀÍé •ßª’-™‰l- O’®Ω’ç-úø-®ΩE ¢√∞¡xûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ b) Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´-îªaE ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Sreekanth: Åûª-úÕ-E E†o Ééπ\úø îª÷Æœ-†-ô’xí¬ Ø√èπ◊
JçC. O’®Ω’ ™‰®ΩE ؈’ îÁGûË ÇT-§Ú- îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’? ¶«í¬ í∫’®Ω’h.
Ravikanth: ´’†ç Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒhç. ¢√∞¡xèπÿ
®·çC. O’®Ω’ Ü®Ω’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh†o Ææçí∫A 6. (that) he would talk Father told them
ûª†èπÿ ûÁLߪ’ü¿çC).
to the boy's father Ø√†o- ¢√∞¡xûÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC Åûª†’ E†o Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o-úøE.
Supushpa: We were sorry (that) we missed a
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 131
é¬E Åûª†’ ´÷vûªç í∫çô éÀçü¿ô
few days of quiet at our village.
Ŷ«s®· ûªçvúÕûÓ ÅØ√o®Ω’. ÅØ√oúø’ ûªE-éπ\-úÕéÀ ®√™‰-ü¿E.
(v°æߪ÷ùç ÇT-§Ú-ßË’-Ææ-JéÀ, éÌCl-®Ó-V© ´÷ö«x-úø-û√-†E Sreekanth: O.K. Å®·ûË á´®Ω’ †´·t-û√®Ω’?
°æ™„x-ô÷J v°æ¨»ç-ûªûª éÓ™p-ߪ÷-´’E

He knows (that) she has come

¶«üµ¿-°æú≈fç.)
(quiet = v°æ¨»ç-ûªûª)
Sugandhi: Why didn't you tell your relatives
that you would be away?
(O’®Ω’ç-úø-®ΩE O’ •çüµ¿’-´¤-©ûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊
îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’?) I thought (that) he ANSWER
Supushpa: They were coming with an alliance
É°æ¤púø’ î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: °j sentences might not help me. Ravikanth: Do you understand what he has
for my elder sister. The boy is a
™ Main Clause Verb, Subordinate Clause V. a) ¢√úø’ §ƒ-ÂÆj-ûË Øˆ’ said?
Verb í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Main Clause Verb past
bank officer. ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh-†ç-ô’Ø√o Sreekanth: It is clear - he says that he did not
tense Å®·ûË, subordinate Clause Verb èπÿú≈
(¢√∞¡Ÿx ´÷ Åéπ\-éÓÆæç Ææç•çüµ¿ç BÆæ’-éÌ- I say (that) I shall be come here yesterday.
past tense éπü∆. îª÷úøçúÕ: happy if he passes
Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Ç Å¶«s®· ¶«uçé˙ Ç°∂‘-Ææ®˝) Ravikanth: (Do) you mean he was here yester-
Main Clause Verb Sub Clause Verb b)
Alliance = Å©-ߪ’Ø˛q = (marriage alliance)
¢√úø’ §ƒÂÆjûË Øˆ’ day.
Sentence 1 Thought were ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh-†E ÅØ√o†’ M. SURESAN
= °Rx Ææç•çüµ¿ç; Sreekanth: I remember well that I saw him
- past tense I said (that) I should be happy if he passed.
political alliance = ®√ï-éÃߪ ’ èπÿôN’/ - Past tense here yesterday.
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? Main Clause said, knew,
™
Ææç•çüµ¿ç. Sentence 2 Phoned were going thought ™«çöÀ past tense verbs ´*a†°æ¤púø’ Ravikanth: Let us tell others too. They will
Eg: UPA (v°æÆæ’hûªç Íéçvü¿ç™ ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç™ Ö†o subordinate clause would, should, could, know that he was here yesterday.
- Past tense - past tense ™
èπÿôN’) = (United People's Alliance.) might ®√´ôç. But he told me an hour ago that he
Sugandhi: Then of course you must welcome Sentence 3 dropped had Å™«Íí Main clause verb past tense Ö†o had not come here yesterday.
them. - Past tense - past tense subordinate clause verb
-îÓ-ô™«x past
èπÿú≈ Sreekanth: OK, but who will believe it?
tense
v°æ¨¡o: 1. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ á´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’? Ç¢Á’ á´-JéÀ
(Å™« Å®·ûË ¢√∞¡x†’ ≤ƒyí∫-Aç-î√-LqçüË) Sentence 4 told were ™ØË Öçô’çC.
- Past tense - past tense I a) Ç¢Á’ ´*aç-ü¿E Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ (í∫ûªç™)
Supushpa: Father told them that he would talk
He knew (that) she had come. -ûÁ-©’Ææ’?, -F-´¤ á´J ´ü¿lèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡-û√´¤?,
to the boy's father and took their Sentence 5 did tell (told) would be -Past
b) Ç¢Á’ ´*aç-ü¿E Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ É°æ¤púø’ Ç¢Á’ F ´ü¿lèπ◊ ´Ææ’hçü∆?, -Ç-¢Á’ á´J
address. - Past tense (future from the past)
He knows (that) she has come. ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ´Ææ’hç-C?, Ç¢Á’ á´J °æéπ\†
Sentence 6 told would talk - Past
(´÷ Ø√†o ¢√∞¡x address BÆæ’-èπ◊E II a) Ç¢Á’ Åçü¿-í∫ûÁh ÅE ņ’-éÌç-öçC E-©’-çC?, Åûªúø’ E†’o áçü¿’èπ◊
Ŷ«s®· Ø√†oûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøû√-´’-Ø√o®Ω’). - Past tense (future from the past) She thinks (that) she is beautiful
¢Á∞¡x-´-ü¿lE ÅØ√oúø’?– OöÀE ÉçTx-≠ˇ™
b)
ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?
Sugandhi: That's good news (¨¡Ÿ¶µº-¢√®Ωh) In all the sentences above, the
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆: Ç¢Á’ Åçü¿-í∫ûÁh ÅE ņ’-éÌ-ØËC (í∫ûªç™) 2. I alone can do it. I can do it alone.

Last lesson *´®Ω É*a† tense table main clause verb is in the past tense, so the She thought (that) she was beautiful.
III a)
Ñ È®çöÀéà ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ àN’öÀ?
subordinate clause verb too is in the past ¢√úÕéà N≠æߪ’ç ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿E ÇPç-î√†’ =
í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆. ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. 3. She was tired with riding.
tense. That is the rule we have to follow in I hope (that) he doesn't know about it.
She was tired of riding. ûËú≈ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.
– - >. Ææ÷®Ωu-ûËï, ®√´’-îªç-vü∆-°æ¤®Ωç
conversation. If the main clause verb is in b) ¢√úÕéà N≠æߪ’ç ûÁL-ߪ’-ü¿E ÇPç-î√†’.
PRESENT TENSE
the past tense, the subordinate clause verb I hoped (that) he did not know about it.
a) am is are b) am is are -ûÓ- c) I RDW 1. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ á´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’? = Who (whom) does
too must be in the past tense. So, remember: If the main clause verb is in
combinations II RDW she know? (whom É°æ¤púø’ Åçûªí¬ ¢√úøôç
2) Main clause past tense verb
™ ¢√ú≈-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ: past tense, the subordinate clause verb is
d) have, has e) have, has f) can could subordinate clause
Å°æ¤púø’ will, shall, can,
™ also in the past tense. Main clause verb ™‰ü¿’). Ç¢Á’ á´-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ = Who knows her?
combinations may would, should, could, might
èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ present tense future tense
í¬F í¬F Å®·ûË, F´¤ á´J ´ü¿lèπ◊ ¢Á∞«h´¤? = Who do you go
´®Ω-Ææí¬ ´≤ƒh®·. ÉC conversation ™ §ƒöÀç-î√- subordinate clause tense to?/ Who will you go to? (É™«çöÀîÓôx èπÿú≈
PAST TENSE (Å®Ωnç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈) à
Lq† Å稡ç. Å®·Ø√ ÖçúÌa. conversational English ™ whom ¢√úøéπç ûªT_-
a) was were b) was were -ûÓ- c) past doing
I. a) Åûªúø’ ´’®Ω’-Ææ-öÀ-®ÓV ´≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’ a) Åûªúø’ E†o ´î√a-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ = §Ú-ûÓçC). Does/ Will she come to you?
combinations word
He said (that) he would come the next day. I know that he came yesterday (does ´÷´‚-©’í¬/ will future ™). Who
d) had e) had ûÓ f) could would (b)
DEo éÀçü¿ ûÓ §Ú©açúÕ: b) O’®Ω’ E†o éÌûªh 鬮Ω’ éÌØ√o-®ΩE Åûª-†ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ = does/ will she come to? Who did she stand
combinations b)Åûª†’ Í®§Ò-≤ƒh-†ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ He says that you bought a new car yesterday. by?/ Stand next to?/ Whose side did she
FUTURE TENSE He says (that) he will come tomorrow. c) E†o †’´¤y absent ÅE O’ Ø√†oûÓ îÁ§ƒh†’ stand by?/ Who did she stand beside?
shall, will forms -Å-Fo II. a)¢√∞Ôx-≤ƒh-®ΩE Åûª-E-éÀ-°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? I will tell your father that you were absent Why did he tell you not to go?
Does he know (that) they will come yesterday. 2. I alone can do it = ؈’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îËߪ’-í∫-©†’.
Main clause, subordinate clauses í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√o®· (b)
-É°æ¤p-úø’ ûÓ §Ú©açúÕ: îª÷úøçúÕa) b)
™, Main clause - present,
™ I can do it alone =
(ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ îËߪ’-™‰®Ω’) ؈C
éπü∆. (Main clause - meaning complete; sub- b) ¢√∞Ôx-≤ƒh-®ΩE Åûª-E-éÀç-ûª-èπ◊-´·çüË ûÁ©’≤ƒ? subordinate clause - past c) Main clause
™ äçô-Jí¬ (Éûª-®Ω’© Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈) îËߪ’-í∫-©†’.
ordinate clause - meaning incomplete). Did he know (that) they would come. - future, subordinate clause - past. 3. She was tired of riding, correct.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 26 -´÷-Ja 2006
Madhav: Hi Mahesh, come in. Have a seat. I 2. If the main clause verb is in the present or the
called your home twice yesterday, but future tense, the subordinate clause verb can
you were out. be in any tense.
(®√ èπÿ®Óa, E†o È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x O’ ÉçöÀéÀ §∂ÚØ˛ Last lesson rules
™ °j †’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆.
î˨», †’´¤y ™‰´¤) Éçé¬ ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷¨»ç.
Mahesh: I was away at college to apply for my Main clause verb past tense ™ -Öçõ‰ subor-
certificates. dinate clause ™ will, shall, can, may ®√´¤.
(Certificates applyèπ◊ îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ 鬙‰-ñ ¸èπ◊ ¢√öÀ-•-ü¿’©’ ´®Ω-Ææí¬ would, should, could,
might ´≤ƒh®·.
¢Á∞«x.) °j points ÅFo conversation ™ î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬
Madhav: When are you going to get them.
(á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒh®·?) §ƒöÀç-î√L. (É™« í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊E practice îËÆœ-†-éÌDl d) Åûªúø’ v°æA-®ÓV ¢√uߪ÷´’ç îËÊÆ-¢√-úøE ¢√∞¡x-Ø√o®Ω’ a) He tells me that he sees her here everyday.
Å©-¢√-ô-®·-§Ú®· ´’† v°æߪ’ûªoç ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË cor- - Main clause verb tells - present tense;
Mahesh: The clerk told me that they would be They said that he did exercise everyday.
rect í¬ ´÷ö«xúË ÆœnAéÀ îË®Ω’-èπ◊çö«ç) Sub clause verb sees - present tense.
ready in two days. Look at the following sentence in the con- e) Ç ®ÓV ؈-éπ\-úø’-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’
ready He was not happy that I was there yesterday.
Å®Ωnç: Ç¢Á’-E-éπ\úø v°æA-®ÓW îª÷≤ƒh-†E Åçô’-Ø√oúø’.
(È®çúø’®ÓV™x í¬ Öçö«-ߪ’E versation at the beginning of the lesson. b) He tells me that he saw her here yesterday
í∫’´÷≤ƒh îÁ§ƒp®Ω’.) 1) I called your home twice yesterday, but you 鬕öÀd English ´÷ö«x-úË-°æ¤púø’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’h- Main Clause Verb - Tells- Present tense
were out. (Called, were - past tense)
È®çúø÷ °-ô’d-éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’. Subordinate clause Verb - Saw- past tense
2) a) The clerk told me that they would be ready Main clause verb past tense Å®·ûË, sub ordi-
in 2 days. (Main clause told past tense
™ nate clause ™ ¢√úø-EN. will, shall, may , can,
Å®Ωnç: Ç¢Á’-E-éπ\úø E†o îª÷¨»-†E Åûª-†ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.
sub-ordinate clause verb-
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. ´’†ç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo •öÀd
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 132
éπü∆, 鬕öÀd ™ Ist RDW, IInd RDW, have, has, do and does.
MC (Main Clause) ™ Present tense Öçõ‰, SC
would be) - sentence sentence
†’ éÀçC ûÓ OöÀ •ü¿’©’ ¢√úËN: Would, should, might,
(Subordinate Clause) ™ à tense Å®·Ø√ Öçúø-
§Ú©açúÕ. could, past doing word, had and did.
´îª’a. Å™«Íí, future tense èπ◊ èπÿú≈.
I will tell him that you are present

I called ..., but you were out (†’´¤y ´î√a-´E Åûª-EûÓ îÁ§ƒh†’.
MC Verb - will tell - future tense,
SC verb - are - present tense.)
I will tell him that you were here yesterday
(†’´¤y E†o Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o-´E Åûª-EûÓ îÁ§ƒh†’.
Clerk - Pron. (bird MC Verb - will tell - future; SC Verb - were -
é¬xé˙ ™ '•—™«) b) The clerk tells me ¶ Main clause present tense, future tense
past tense)
™
Madhav: And when is your interview? that they will be ready sub ordinate clause tense
conversa-
Öçõ‰ à ™ Å®·Ø√ É™« Ñ ¢√úø-é¬Eo í∫’®Ω’h °ô’d-èπ◊E O’
Éçô®Ω÷yu á°æ¤púø’? in 2 days
Mahesh: On the 22nd. I received the call letter
Öçúø-´îª’a– Å®Ωnç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈, Å®√n-Eo-•öÀd. tion™ practiceîËߪ’çúÕ.
îª÷¨»®√–b) main
™
yesterday. clause verb, tells- ANSWER:
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
(22 Call letter
†. E†oØË Call let-
´*açC. present tense éπü∆– Subhash: Vinod,
؈’ éπ†’-èπ◊\ç-ö«†’. E†o ¢√úÕ-éπ\- Subhash: Vinod, I will find out whether he
ter - Interview, exam sub clause M. SURESAN came here yesterday or not.
™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ ´îËa Åçü¿’-éπE úÕéÀ ´î√aú≈, ™‰ü∆ ÅE.
°œ©’°æ¤) ™ verb will be Vinod: Ø√èπ◊ éπ*aûªçí¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. E†o ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø Vinod: I know surely that he was here yes-
Madhav: I met Madhu yesterday. I told him a) Å®Ωnç– È®çvúÓ-V-©èπ◊ ready Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E clerk terday.
ÖØ√o-úøE.
about your interview. He knows about îÁ§ƒpúø’. ÉC past (í∫ûªç) Subhash: Å®·ûË †ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπ©-´-™‰üÓ Ø√èπ◊ Å®Ωnç Subhash: Then I do not understand why he did
the company. He says it is a good b) Å®Ωnç – È®çvúÓ-V-©èπ◊ ready Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E clerk 鬴-ôç-™‰ü¿’. not meet me.
company and pays its staff well. Åçô’-Ø√oúø’– ÉC É°æ¤púø’ (present) Vinod: E†’o Ñ ®Óñ Í®§Ú éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†E Vinod: He said he would meet you today or
(E†o Ø√èπ◊ ´’üµ¿’ éπE°œç-î√úø’. F Éçô®Ω÷yu 2) He says that it is a good company, and pays ÅØ√oúø’. tomorrow.
Subhash: ؈’ ¢√®Ωç éÀçü¿õ‰ ÅØ√o†’ ¢√úÕûÓ. Subhash: I told him a week ago that he could
Ææçí∫A îÁ§ƒp†’. Åûª-Eé¬ éπç°F í∫’Jç* its staff well.
ûÁ©’Ææ’. ÅC ´’ç* Company ÅE, ´’ç* meet me (on) any day between 5
Ééπ\úø main clause verb, says- present tens- ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 5–7 ´’üµ¿u †ØÁo-°æ¤p-úøØ√o éπ©’-
and 7 in the evening.
@û√-L-≤ƒh-®ΩE Åçö«úø’) es, subordinate clause verbs, 1) is 2) pays.
Ææ’-éÓ-´-îªaE.
Mahesh: Happy to hear that. Dad doesn't both- Vinod: E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË v°æߪ’-ûªoç-™ØË ÖØ√o-†E, Vinod: He told me too, that he was trying to
(Company ´’ç*-ü¿F, Æœ•sç-CéÀ @û√©’ ¶«í¬ meet you and give you the books he
er what pay I will get. He first wants É≤ƒh-®ΩE Åçô’-Ø√oúø’– É°æ¤púø’– present ™)
FéÀ-¢√y-Lq† °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ É¢√y-©E v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’h-
had to give you.
me to join the company, as experi-
†oô’x èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒpúø’ Ø√ûÓ.
3) Dad doesn't bother about what pay I will get Subhash: Phone îËü∆l-´’çõ‰ Ééπ\úø Åûª-EéÀ Phone Subhash: He doesn't have a phone, even if I
ence in the company will be of great Main clause- Dad doesn't bother about. Verb ™‰ü¿’. want to phone him.
value for my career. does bother- present time, so subordinate Vinod: I have already told him twice that you
Vinod: ؈’ É°æp-öÀÍé È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x îÁ§ƒp-†-ûª-úÕûÓ
(ÆæçûÓ≠æç. @ûªç áçûªØË N≠æߪ’ç ´÷ Ø√-†o clause - will get. †’´¤y Åûª-úÕE éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´E. have been wishing to see him
°ü¿lí¬ °æöÀdç--éÓ--´ôç-™‰ü¿’). Ç Company °j sentence™E verb in the Main clause, Subhash: Í®°æ-®·Ø√ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-úøE ÇPü∆lç. Subhash: Let's hope we will meet him atleast
™ experience ÅØËC Ø√ ¶µºN-≠æu-ûª’hèπ◊ î√™« past tenseèπ◊ (Åçõ‰ didn't bother ÅE ´÷®√a- tomorrow.
N©’-¢ÁjçC 鬕öÀd ü∆çöx ÖüÓuí∫ç ´ÊÆh ´’-†’-éÓçúÕ) Å°æ¤púø’ sentence à´’-´¤-ûª’çC? v°æ¨¡o: 1) Inurn - -á-™« °æ-©é¬-L? 1. ´™„, ™«í¬:
î√©’.) Dad didn't bother about what pay I would get. 2) To be Form à tense ™ a) He works as hard as his father
Madhav: You will certainly be lucky if you get - didn't (main clause), would get - subordinate Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? (father ™« éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE îË≤ƒhúø’.)
the job. People do talk lot about the clause. 3) As = want, As = intentioned b) talks as his father does.
company. Wish you all luck.
¶ Main clause verb past tense Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ sub ÅØË Å®√n©’ ¨¡çéπ-®Ω-Ø√-®√-ߪ’ù (¢√∞¡x Ø√†o™«í¬ØË ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’)
(Fé¬ ÖüÓuí∫ç ´ÊÆh Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-úÕ¢Ë. Ç ordinate clause ™ will, shall, can, may ®√´¤– úÕéπ{-†-K™ ÖØ√o®·. I as apple ÅØÌî√a? 2. as Åçõ‰ because/ since (鬕öÀd)
company íÌ°æp-ü¿ØË Åçö«®Ω’.) As E áEo Nüµ∆-©’í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-´îª’a? a) As he is tall he can bowl well =
would, should, could, might
– Èé. ÅE-™¸- π◊-´÷®˝, °æçîª-©-´®Ωç
¢√öÀéÀ ´÷®Ω’í¬ ûÓ
Mahesh: Thank you. Any tips you wish to give bowl
-ï-¢√-•’: 1) ‘Inurn’ ÅØË ´÷ô Ø√èπ◊ ûÁLÆœ ™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd
sentences practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Åûª†’ §Òúø’í¬_ -Öç-úø-ôç´©x ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’.
me? b) As it is hot, I don’t want to go out = áçúøí¬
¶ Main clause verb past tense Å®·ûË, subordi-
(FNîËa Ææ©-£æ…-©’/- Ææ÷-îª-†©÷ (interview) èπ◊ ü∆E Öî√a-®Ωù N≠æߪ’ç out of the question. Öç-C 鬕öÀd, •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’.
nate clause ™– 2) ‘To be’ form ÅØËC form of the verb. ‘to be’/ 3. As Åçõ‰ 'í¬— –
à¢Á’iØ√ ÖØ√oߪ÷?)
1) am, is ¢√úøç, ¢√öÀ •ü¿’©’ was ¢√úøû√ç ‘be’ forms am, is, are, was, were, shall be a) As a doctor, I advise you to eat less -
Madhav: Let's meet this evening, when I am at
2) are ¢√úøç, ü∆E •ü¿’©’ were ¢√úøû√ç etc., ™«í¬ î√™« ÖØ√o®·. à ‘be’ form, am, is, Doctor í¬ E†’o ؈’ ûªT_ç* A†-´’ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.
leisure
3) have, has ¢√úøç, ¢√öÀ •ßª’©’ had ¢√úøû√ç are ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x àD ÅØË-ü∆Eo •öÀd ‘Tense’ b) As a player, Ram has no equal =
(≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’ü∆lç. Å°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ BJéπ) ‘Be forms’ Spoken English Ram
4) do, does ¢√úøç ¢√öÀ-•-ü¿’©’ did ¢√úøû√ç. Öçô’çC. †’ véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’-úÕí¬, èπ◊ Ææ-´÷-†’©’ ™‰®Ω’.
Mahesh: Bye. lessons
¢Á·ü¿öÀ explain
™ î˨»ç. îª÷úøçúÕ. 4. As Åçõ‰ Åçûª:
In the last few lessons we have been dis- a) E†o ¢√úø-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’
‘to be’
Íé-´-©ç infinitive.
Å®·ûË tense
DEéÀ 1) He is not as good as you think =
cussing clauses. We have seen the fol- I knew that he was there yesterday.
Åçô÷ Öçõ‰ present Past
Å´¤-ûª’çC. äéÓ\-≤ƒJ -Å-ûª-†’ †’´y-†’-èπ◊-†oçûª ´’ç*-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’.
lowing. b) †’¢Áy-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o¢Ó Ø√Èé-´®Ω÷ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ To be =
èπÿú≈ Å´¤-ûª’çC. Öçúøôç. Ñ Å®√n©’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ÖØ√o®· ‘As’ èπ◊. DEo•öÀd
1. If the main clause verb is in the past tense, No one told me where you were. 3) As want, intentioned
èπ◊ -Ö†o Å®√n™x ÅØËN N’í∫-û√N follow Å´¤-û√®·. I as pen, I as
the subordinate clause verb should also be in c) She was proud that she had so much of gold Dictionary
™‰´¤. O’®Ω’ ¨¡çéπ-®Ω-Ø√-®√-ߪ’ù ™ ÆæJí¬ apple- Å®Ωnç ™‰ü¿’.
the past. (-ûª-†èπ◊ î√™« •çí¬®Ωç ÖçúË-ü¿E Ç¢Á’ í∫®Ωy-°æ-úËC) As
îª÷Ææ’ç-úø®Ω’. èπ◊ -Ö†o Å®√n©’:

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 28 -´÷-Ja 2006
Jagan: I met our schoolmate Prasad yesterday. Look at sentence 1.
(E†o, ´’† Ææ÷\-™¸-¢Ë’-ö¸ -v°æ-≤ƒ-ü˛ -†’ éπ©’-Ææ’- He said (that) he is doing Engineering.
èπ◊Ø√o.) Ééπ\úø Main Clause, He said; verb - said -
Sekhar: Did you? Long since we saw him. How past tense. yesterday
(ÉC ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æù)
is he? What did he say? (that) he is doing Engineering - ÉC
(Å´¤Ø√? î√©-鬩-¢Á’içC Åûª-úÕE îª÷Æœ. Subordinate Clause - Verb - is doing - pres-
ᙫ ÖØ√oúø’? à´’-Ø√oúø’?) ent tense.
Jagan: He said he is doing Engineering in So, in this sentence the Main Clause verb is
Hyderabad. in the past tense and the Subordinate
(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™  Éç>-F-Jçí˚ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-†E Clause is in the present tense. 3rd year' ÅØËüË correct. tense ™ ÖçúË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ´’J-éÌEo.
îÁ§ƒpúø’.) Rule v°æ鬮Ωç É™« Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’ éπü∆. é¬F Ééπ\úø 鬕öÀd É™«çöÀ îÓôx, Å®Ωnç éπÈ®é˙dí¬ ´îËaç-ü¿’èπ◊ Sentence No. 4 îª÷úøçúÕ.
Sekhar: I think he is in his second year. rule ´Jhç-îªü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ É°æ¤p-úÕçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o MC verb past tense Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, SC verb He read that boiled water is free from bac-
(present ™ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o) N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo E†o -v°æ≤ƒ- present tense ™ Öçô’çC. teria.
(ÂÆéπçú˛ Éߪ’®˝ ņ’-èπ◊çö«.) ü˛ -ïí∫-Ø˛èπ◊ îÁ§ƒpúø’. îÁ°œpçC past. é¬E N≠æߪ’ç MC verb past tense ™ Öçõ‰ SC verb èπÿú≈ past MC- He read - read (È®ú˛) – past tense
Jagan: No. He said he is in his 3rd year. Éçé¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûÓçC– Åçü¿’-éπE MC verb past tense™ØË Öçú≈-©ØË rule ´Jhç-îªE Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ´’J- SC - that boiled water is free from bacteria
(é¬ü¿’. ÅûªØË îÁ§ƒpúø’, -ü∑¿®˝f -É-ߪ’®˝ ÅE) Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà SC verb É™«çöÀ îÓôx present éÌEo ÖØ√o®·. Verb is present tense.
Sekhar: Remember? At school the teacher tense ™ØË Öçô’çC.
Sentence No. 3 îª÷úøçúÕ: Éçü¿’™SC verb present tense ™ Öçúøôç,
once said that truth wins, he then
The teacher once said that truth wins. (MC verb past tense ™ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’) ûª°æ¤p
picked up an argument with her. He
told her that was correct in the olden (äéπ-≤ƒJ teacher îÁ°œpçC Ææûªuç ï®·-Ææ’hç-ü¿E). é¬ü¿’– ÆæÈ®j-†üË. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ îªC-N-†-°æ¤púË
é¬èπ◊çú≈ á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ÆæÍ® ´’J-T† F∞¡x™ véÀ´·-©’ç-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 133
days, and that truth had no place in the Éçü¿’™
úø´¤. ÉC fact of science. Åçõ‰ ¨»ÆæY v°æ´÷-ù-
modern world. MC verb - said - past tense ¢Á’i† Ææûªuç. Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ MC verb
(í∫’®Ω’hçü∆? Ææ÷\™¸™ ´’† öÃ˝ Ææûªu¢Ë’
Èí©’-Ææ’hç-ü¿E îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√ú≈-¢Á’ûÓ ¢√ü∆-EéÀ

can't achieve anything without hardwork

Cí¬úø’. Ææûªuç Èí©-´ôç §ƒûª ®ÓV™x ÅE,
v°æÆæ’hûª v°æ°æç-îªç™ Ææû√u-EéÀ û√´¤ ™‰ü¿E.)
Jagan: Yes, I do. I remember too his drinking
only boiled cooled water from the day
he read that boiled water is free from
bacteria.
(Å´¤†’. ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ é¬* «x-Ja† F∞¡x™
¶«uéÃd-Jߪ÷ Öçúø-ü¿E îªC-N-†-°æpöÀ †’ç* Å¢Ë
û√í∫ôç èπÿú≈ Ø√èπ◊ í∫’Í®h.)
Sekhar: He is a peculiar type, isn't he?
(N*-vûª-¢Á’i† ®Ωéπç éπü∆ Åûªúø’?)
(Peculiar = °èπÿu-Lߪ’ – 'èπÿu— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-
èπ◊û√ç = ´÷´‚-©’-éπçõ‰ Gµ†oçí¬ Ö†o)
Jagan: Yes. He doesn't believe others easily.
(Åûªúø’ Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ †´’túø’.)
(Rule v°æ鬮Ωç SC Verb past tense ™ Öçî√-´’-
†’-éÓçúÕ; He said he was doing Engineering
ÅE sentence Å´¤-ûª’çC– Å®Ωnç? Åûª†’
Engineering îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-†E was doing = í∫ûªç™
ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC, Åçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ é¬ü¿E éπü∆?
é¬F Åûª-úø’ É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ Engineering îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-
úøE éπü∆ ¶µ«´ç! Åçü¿’-éπE verb present tense
Sentence No. 2 èπÿú≈ ÅçûË:
He said (yesterday) that he is in his 3rd
year.
MC Verb - said, Past tense; SC verb - is
present tense.
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ MC verb past tense 鬕öÀd, SC
verb èπÿú≈ past tense ™ Öçú≈-©ØË rule ´Jhç-
îªü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ rule v°æ鬮Ωç sentence †’
´÷®√a-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ: Å°æ¤púø’ sentence:
He said (yesterday) that he was in his 3rd
year 3rd year
Å´¤-ûª’çC. Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, Åûª†’ ™
Öçúøôç, í∫ûªç™ (was), é¬F, É°æ¤púø’ é¬ü¿ØË
´Ææ’hçC. é¬F îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púË (E†o) é¬èπ◊çú≈ É°æ¤púø’
èπÿú≈ III year éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø 'he is in his
SC verb - wins -
past tense Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà SC verb present
present tense
tense
™ØË Öçô’çC.
Rule v°æ鬮ΩçSC verb EûªuÆæû√u-© (universal truths) N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈.
èπÿú≈ past tense MC verb, past tense Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, SC Verb
(won) ®√¢√L. Å™« present tense ™ØË Öçô’çC.
´÷®√a-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ– The eg: Galileo discovered that the earth goes
teacher once said round the sun.
Å´¤- M. SURESAN
that truth won
(¶µº÷N’, Ææ÷®Ω’uúÕ îª’ô÷d A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ÈíM-LßÁ÷
ûª’çC– Å®Ωnç: Eïç í∫ûªç™ ÈíL-îËC (Åçõ‰ éπE-°-ö«dúø’) Subordinate clause- universal
É°æ¤púø’ Èí©-´-ôç-™‰-ü¿E) -Å-ØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. ÉC truth ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûÓçC 鬕öÀd, MC verb past tense
é¬ü¿’ éπ-ü∆ ¶µ«´ç? ÅÆæ©’ ¶µ«´ç Ææûªuç á°æ¤púø÷ Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ. SC verb present tense.
Èí©’-Ææ’hç-ü¿E. Å™« Å®Ωnç ®√¢√-©çõ‰ Truth wins MC verb past tense Å®·ûË, SC verb èπÿú≈
ÅE present tense ™ØË ¢√úøû√ç. 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø past tense Öçú≈-©ØË rule ´Jhç-îªE îÓô’x:
SC verb present tense ™ØË ÖçC. MC Verb
If the subordinate cluase states
past Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ
1) a universal truth (Eûªu Ææûªuç)
'Truth wins', 'Goodness is rewarded'
2) a fact of science (¨»ÆæY v°æ鬮Ωç ûÁL-Æ œ†
(´’ç*éÀ °∂æLûªç Öçô’çC), Justice prevails N≠æߪ’ç)
(Ø√uߪ÷-EüË Â°jîË®· – É™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u-©†’ gener- 3) a generalisation (Truth wins, etc) and
alisations Åçö«ç.
4) a regular/repeated action continuing
N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, MC verb past tense Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, SC into the future
Verb prsent tense ™ØË Öçô’çC.
Ñ Ø√©’í∫’ èπÿú≈ Ñ rule èπ◊ N’†-£æ…-®·ç-°æ¤©’.
MC Verb past Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, SC verb present

´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC– Main Clause Answer:

(MC), Subordinate Clause (SC)©†’ í∫’Jç*:
1) MC verb, past tense Å®·ûË, SC verb èπÿú≈
Practise the following in English Sasikanth: Do you know, Vinai now is a big officer in a bank?

past tense
2) MC verb, present or future tense
SC verb, any tense.
Å®·ûË Â°j† îÁ°œp† rule no. 1, MC - past tense,
SC also past tense ÅØË rule éÌEo éÌEo Ææçü¿-
®√s¥™x ´Jhç-îªü¿’. Å¢Ë-N’ö É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç:
Look at the following sentences from the
dialogue above:
1) He said (that) he is doing Engineering.
2) He said (that) he is in his 3rd year.
3) The teacher once said that truth wins.
4) ..... from the day he read that boiled
water is free from bacteria.
Sasikanth: Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ. N†ß˝’ É°æ¤púÓ Â°ü¿l bank officer ÅE?
Å®·ûË,
Yaswanth: Ø√Èé-°æ¤púÓ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ØËØË éπü∆ Fèπ◊ îÁ°œpçC. §Ú®·-†-¢√®Ωç,
¢√úø’ Ç -¶«uçé˙-™ ´’ç* -§Ò->-≠æ-Ø˛-™ Mumbai ™ ÖØ√o-
úøE?
Sasikanth: Å´¤†’. í∫’®Ìh-*açC. ؈’ E†oÊ°°æ®˝-™  èπÿú≈ îªC¢√. Åûªú≈
bank èπ◊ ¢ÁjÆˇ v°Ɯ-úÁçö¸ ÅE.
Yaswanth: ¢√úŒ ®ÓV Ç-- §Ò->-≠æ-Ø˛ position ™ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úø’ î√™«
v¨¡´’-°æ-ú≈fúø’. á°æ¤púø÷ Åçô÷ç-úË-¢√úø’. éπ≠d-°æ æ-úø-E-üË àD ≤ƒCµç-
îª-™‰-´’E. î√™« éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æK-éπ~©’ §ƒÆˇ Åߪ÷uúø’. °jéÌ-î√aúø’.
Sasikanth: Å´¤†’. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈, àC îªC-NØ√ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ö«EéÀ îªC-
¢Ë-¢√úø’. äéπ-≤ƒJ ÅEo ´Ææ’h-´¤©÷ ¶µº÷O’t-ü¿éÀ äÍé ¢Ëí∫çûÓ °æúø-
û√-ߪ’E Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ äéπ •’é˙, Â°Ø˛ éÀçü¿ °æúË-¨»úø’.
Yashwant: Éçé¬ Â°jéÌ-≤ƒhúø’ ¢√úø’.
Yashwant: I knew it long ago. Isn't it I who told you last week
that he is in a good position in a bank?
Sasikanth: Yes, it is you; I remember. I read in the papers too,
Yesterday, that he is the vice president of the bank.
Yashwant: You know that he worked very hard to be in that posi-
tion now. He always used to say that we can't
achieve anything without hardwork. He worked hard
and passed exams, and he came up that way.
Sasikanth: That's right. Moreover, he always studied things to
understand them. Once, to understand all objects
fall to the ground at the same speed, he let fall a
book and a pen on the ground.
Yashwant: He will come up further.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Akhilesh: (Do) you know when the matches
begin?
(Matches á°æ¤púÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
Avinash: Hemanth is the man who can give
the information.
(Fé¬ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç É´y-í∫-L-TçC Hemanth)
Akhilesh: I wish to know the date of the match
which they play here.
(Ééπ\úø ÇúË match date ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©E
ÖçC). I am not interested in the
matches at the other venues. (Éûª-®Ω-
îÓôx matches ™ Ø√èπ◊ interest ™‰ü¿’)
Avinash: Hemanth is out of town now.
(Ê£«´’çû˝ É°æ¤púø’ Ü∞x ™‰úø’)
Akhilesh: Who is the person that can tell us
about it?
(´’†èπ◊ ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* îÁ°æp-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-È®-´®Ω’?
Avinash: Here is the phone number which you
can call for the information
(Fé¬\-´-©-Æœ† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç éÓÆæç §∂ÚØ˛
îÁߪ÷u-Lq† number ÉCíÓ)
Akhilesh: Why don't you call?
(†’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’?)
Avinash: Cricket is a game which does not
interest me
(††’o interest
îËߪ’E (-ÇÆæéÀh éπ-L-Tç-îª-E)
game cricket = Ø√èπ◊ cricket ™ inter-
est ™‰ü¿’)
Akhilesh: You seem to be the only one who is
not interested in it.
(Åçü¿’™ interest ™‰E-¢√-úÕN †’¢Ìy-éπ\-úÕ-
™«Íí ÖØ√o´¤).
Avinash: When I see people who show interest
in cricket, I think they are mad.
(cricket ™ interest Ö†o-¢√-∞¡x†’ îª÷Æœ-
†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ø√èπ◊ °œîÓa-∞¡x-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC)
Akhilesh: OK, OK. Tastes differ.
(ÆæÍ®, ÆæÍ®, äéÌ\-éπ\-JéÀ äéÓ\ ÅGµ-®Ω’*).
Let's not argue about it. (ü∆Eí∫’Jç*
¢√Cç-îÌü¿’l ´’†ç).
´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ î√™« ®Ω鬩 sub ordinate
clauses í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. Ñ conver-
sation ™ ¢√úÕ† subordinate clauses
îª÷úøçúÕ. Ñ conversation ™ Ö†o sub ordi-
nate clauses ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ we can carry on con-
versation. O©-®·-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ñ sub ordinate
clauses †’ ¢√úø-èπ◊çõ‰ ´’ç*C. Å®·ûË ÉC ¶«í¬
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç Å´-Ææ®Ωç, Å´-ûª-L-¢√∞¡Ÿx OöÀE ¢√úÕ-†-
°æ¤úø’ ´’†-éπ®Ωn-´’-¢√yL éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE OöÀE ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
èπ◊çü∆ç. Åûªuçûª Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤púË ¢√úøü∆ç. ¶«í¬
study îËü∆lç:
Look at these following SCs (Subordinate
clauses) in the conversation:
1) ... the man who can give the information
2) ... the match which they play here
3) ... the person that can give the information
4) The phone number which you can call
5) ... a game which doesn't interest me.
6) .... the only one who is not interested in it
7) .... people who show interest in cricket.
°j SCs ÅEoç-öÀ™ who, which, that ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®·
éπü∆. OöÀF îª÷úøçúÕ.
8) a) She is the one whose voice is good.
b) He is the hero whom I like.
a), b) ™ SCs a) the one whose voice is good
b) ... the hero whom I like
whose, whom ûÓ èπÿú≈, who, which, that Ö†o
SCs (Subordinate Clauses) †’ îËߪ’-´îª’a
éπü∆?
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 30 -´÷-Ja 2006
Let us now study the SCs having who,
whom, which, whose and that, and the MCs
(Main Clauses) they are joined to.
éÀçC v°æA SC E ü∆Eo join îËÆœ† MC ûÓ éπL°œ
îªü¿-´çúÕ– ÅN Ö†o sentences Å®Ωnç easy í¬
Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. (î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x English
™ MC, SC, order, ûÁ©’-í∫’™ reverse
(´uA-Í®éπç) Å´¤-ûª’çC– ´·çü¿’C ¢Á†éπ, ¢Á†-éπC
´·çü¿’í¬..)
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
NOW SIMPLIFY THE FOLLOWING:
(éÀçC-¢√-öÀ™ who, whom, which, etc., ûÓ ´îËa
1 ..... the man who can give you Hemanth is 6 ... the only one who is not You seem to
clauses †’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ simple í¬ ´÷ö«x-úøçúÕ.)
the imformation. Ê£«´’çû˝ interested in it = be
eg: The book which I bought yesterday is
= .... Fé¬ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç É´y-í∫© ´uéÀh I wish to know Åçü¿’™ ÇÆæ-éÀh-™‰E äÍé ´uéÀh †’¢Ìy-éπ\-úÕ-™«Íí here = I bought this book yesterday.
2 ..... the date of the match 7 ... people who show interest in
؈’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√- ÖØ√o´¤ 1) He is the man who tore the book.
which they play here ©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. cricket = I think = 2) They are the people whose houses look
= ¢√Rx-éπ\úø ÇúË match ûËC Cricket ™ ÇÆæéÀh îª÷°œç-îË-¢√-∞¡x†’ Ø√éπ-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC beautiful.
3) We are the students whom they admitted.
3 ..... the person that can tell us Who is? ... When I see
4) These are the books which are interesting
about it = á´®Ω’? = ؈’ îª÷Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’
but expensive.
..... ü∆E í∫’Jç* îÁ°æp-í∫-©-´uéÀh ... (that) they are mad 5) Those who play cricket think they are great.
4 ..the phone number which you Here is. = ¢√∞¡Ÿx °œ*a-¢√-∞¡xE
6) This is a problem which is easy enough to
can call for the information = (3 SCS Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ)
ÉCíÓ solve.
Fé¬\-´-©-Æœ† Ææ´÷-î √®Ωç éÓÆæç 8. a) ... the one whose voice is She is = 7) Can you show me a man who dislikes cricket?
phone îËߪ÷-Lq† †ç•®Ω’ good Ç¢Á’ 8) This is a question to which no one knows the
5 ... a game which does not Cricket is = íÌçûª’ ¶«í¬ Ö†o äéπ®Ω’ answer.
interest me Cricket b) ... the hero whom I like He is = 9) A man who is poor should not waste money.
10) These are all sentences which we can
= Ø√èπ◊ ÇÆæéÀh éπL-Tç-îªE game ؈’ É≠æd-°æúË hero Åûª†’
simplify.
Cricket...does not interest me
5) Cricket is a game which does not interest me = ANSWERS:
Cricket/ The game cricket does not interest me.
1) He took the book.
6) You seem to be the only one who is not inter-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 134 ested = 2) Their houses look beautiful.
3) They admitted us conversation
You seem to be the only one not interested = (ÉC ™
You alone seem to be not interested/ unin- ´÷vûª¢Ë’)
ÉD Ñ ®Ωéπç terested (alone = only = ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà 4) Those books are interesting but expensive.
Subordinate Clauses you only you alone, better.) 5) Cricket players/ cricketers think they are
Ééπ\úø éπçõ‰
†÷, ÅN éπLÆœ ÖçúË 7) People who show interest in cricket = People great.
Main Clauses †÷ interested in cricket. 6) This problem is enough to solve.
8) She is the one whose voice is good =
Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-Lq† 7) Can you show me a hater of cricket? hater (
Her voice is good.
N-üµ∆-†ç. = 'who'
üËy≠œ– äéπ-°æ¤púø’– î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ É*a†
9) He is the hero whom I like =
(É™«çöÀ Clauses èπ◊ M. SURESAN I like that hero.
clause sentence ¢√úøôç ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ Ŵa. é¬F
Å®Ωnç àN’-ôE î√™«- îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? Who, Whom, Whose, Which,
O©-®·-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç ´’ç*C.)
´’çC §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊©’ ´÷èπ◊ ®√Æœ† questions ÅEoç-öÀéà that clauses †’ ᙫ Ææ®Ω∞¡ç (simple)
í¬, 8) No one knows the answer to this question.
Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç ÉüË). direct
í¬ îËߪ’-´îÓa! ´’† conversation
á°æ¤púø÷ 9) A poor man should not waste money.
´’Sx í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çü∆ç: O©-®·-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ É™«çöÀ simple
í¬, direct
í¬ Öçõ‰ natural
(Ææ£æ«ïç) í¬ 10) We can simplify all these sentences.
SCs †’ ´’† conversation ™ ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ Öçô’çC.
´’† conversation, simple í¬, direct í¬, -v°æ-¨¡o: ought be, dare be, need be Meaning and use no.2. Used to warn some
interesting í¬ Öçô’çC. é¬E OöÀE ¶«í¬ one against doing some thing/ tell someone
– Èé.†Jqç£æ…È®úÕf, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü.˛
©†’ à Nüµ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√-L?
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç Å´-Ææ®Ωç – Éûª-®Ω’© conversation strongly not to do something. Eg: a) Don't
correct í¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ. -ï-¢√-•’: 1) Ought be - ought be you dare talk to me like that again! (= I warn
implies an obligation - it more or you not to talk to me like that again.) b) How
ÉN ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈, ÉüË Å®Ωnç ´îËa *†o *†o dare you to talk like that to me?
less means, 'must be'. But 'ought'
sentences ¢√úøôç É™«: Meaning and use no.3: To persuade someone
always expresses a moral obli-
1) Hemanth is the man who can give you the gation - some thing a person is to do some thing. Eg: They dared him to
information = expected to do as a moral obligation. eg: climb up the mountain = They persuaded
a) you ought to be respectful to elders. (Morals him to climb up the mountain.
Hemanth can give you the information.
require that you should be respectful) Imp: 'Dare' is used mostly with 'not' if it is used
2) I wish to know the date of the match they
b) Humans ought to be kind to animals with the meaning of 'be brave enough'
play here = c) A youngster like you ought not talk like that 3) Need be: 1) 'Need' is used as a 'main' verb,
I wish to know the date of the match here. to elders. as well as a 'model'.
2) Dare: Meaning and use no.1. Be brave eg: a) I need some money - here 'need' with the
3) Who is the person that can tell us about it? =
enough to do something. He doesn't dare meaning of 'being in need' is a main verb.
Who can tell us about it?
(to) talk to another woman in his wife's pres- b) He needs her help - needs is a main verb.
4) Here is the phone number which you can call 2) Followed by not, it is used in the following
ence = He isn't brave enough to do it. In this
for the information = manner.
sense, 'dare' is usually used with 'not'. He
You can call this phone number for the infor- dare not do it = He doesn't dare to do it. 'He a) You need not go now. (It is not necessary)
dare not do it' is more common. b) He need not come here again (It is not nec-
mation.
essary)
II
Susanth: Here's good news for you. Vishal has
achieved what he set out to achieve.
He has got the 5th rank in the
entrance exam
(FéÓ ¨¡Ÿ¶µº-¢√®Ωh. N¨»™¸ ņ’-èπ◊†oC
≤ƒCµç-î√úø’. áçvôØ˛q áí¬b-¢˛’™ 5th rank
ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’)
Prasanth: That's news to me. I haven't known
it. Vishal's is an achievement
indeed. I am eager to see him and
congratulate him.
(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. É°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y îÁGûË
ûÁL-ÆœçC. N¨»™¸C íÌ°æp Nï-ߪ’¢Ë’. ¢√úÕE
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌE congrats îÁ§ƒp-©E Ç--ûª%-ûªí¬
ÖçC)
Susanth: I met him accidentally this morning.
He told me of it then. He was accom-
panying his dad to some place. His
dad was very happy.
(Ñ®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç ؈’ Åûª-úÕE ņ’-éÓ-
èπ◊çú≈ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Å°æ¤púø’ îÁ§ƒp-úø-ûª†’.
¢√∞¡x Ø√†oûÓ éπLÆœ áéπ\-úÕéÓ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’.
Çߪ’† èπÿú≈ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 135
People who work hard achieve success
Prasanth: Which father won't be? I admire the
way Vishal worked hard to get such
a good rank.
(à ûªçvúÕ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçúøúø’? N¨»™¸
Å™«çöÀ rank ûÁa-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ °æúøf v¨¡´’†’
؈’ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’)
Susanth: Vishal himself wasn't happy. He was
a bit ashamed of not getting one of
the 1st three ranks.
(Vishal ´÷vûªç Åçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ™‰úø’.
¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´‚úø’ ®√uçèπ◊™x àD ®√™‰-ü¿E
Æœí∫’_-°æ-ú≈fúø’)
Prasanth: What about you then? You are going ii) Indeed: ÉØ˛-úŒú˛– 'úŒ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. DE Å®Ωnç–
to take the exam next year, aren't
you? What is your target?
(F Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ ´’J? ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç
†’´¤y èπÿú≈ áçvôØ˛q áí¬b¢˛’ ®√ߪ’-¶-ûª’-
Ø√o´¤ éπü∆! F ©éπ~uç àçöÀ?) Bhavan: Do you like it?
Susanth: My target is one of the first ten ranks.
But I am not sure. Our college isn't as
good as Vishal's
(¢Á·ü¿öÀ 10 ®√uçèπ◊™x Öçú≈-©ØËC Ø√
©éπ~uç. é¬F Åçûª †´’téπç ™‰ü¿’. ´÷
鬙‰ñ ¸ N¨»™¸ ¢√∞¡x 鬙‰ñ ¸™« Åçûª ´’ç*C
é¬ü¿’)
Prasanth: Why didn't you join that college,
then?
(´’J Ç é¬™‰-ñ ¸™ áçü¿’èπ◊ îË®Ω-™‰ü¿’?)
Susanth: The fees there are too high. I can't
afford that.
(Åéπ\úø fees î√™« áèπ◊\´. ؈’ Åçûª
¶µºJç-îª-™‰†’)
Prasanth: I understand. Do try your best. You
will get it.
(Å®Ωnç Å®·uçC. F ¨¡éÀh-éÌDl v°æߪ’Aoç.
®√uçé˙ ûÁa-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Susanth: Thanks for the encouragement. I am
on my way to college. See you.
(F v§Úû√q-£æ…-EéÀ ü∑∆uçé˙q. ؈’
鬙‰ñ ¸Èé∞¡ŸhØ√o, ´’Sx éπ©’ü∆lç)
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™E Ñ ´÷ô©’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
1) Vishal has achieved
2) Vishal's is an achievement indeed
3) I am eager to see him
4) I met him accidentally
5) He was accompanying his father
6) I admire the way he worked hard.
7) He was a bit ashamed
8) What's your target.
9) I can't afford it.
English conversation ™ high frequency
words (ÅA ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úË ´÷ô™x) ÉN éÌEo.
OöÀ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç.
1) achieve - Å'<¢˛—, '<— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.
Å®Ωnç: ≤ƒCµç-îªôç – DEéÀ past tense, past par-
ticiple - achieved.
a) Our freedom fighters
Independence for us:
´’† ≤ƒyûªç-vûªu-ßÁ÷-üµ¿’©’ ´’†èπ◊ ≤ƒyûªç-vû√uEo
≤ƒCµç-î√®Ω’.
b) People who work hard achieve success
éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx Nïߪ’ç ≤ƒCµ-≤ƒh®Ω’.
c) Tendulkar achieved the highest number of
test centuries
Tendulkar
Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰
áèπ◊\´ test centuries
≤ƒCµç-î√úø’.
2) Achievement: á´-È®jØ√
≤ƒCµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç.
a) Åûªúø’ ≤ƒCµç*çC íÌ°æp
M. SURESAN
N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’
His achievement is
really great.
b) Anand's achievement makes India proud
džçü˛ (Chess ™) ≤ƒCµç-*† °∂æ’†ûª ´’†èπ◊
í∫®Ωyç éπL-T-Ææ’hçC.
Eïç-í¬ØË ÅE: Å®·ûË äé𠶵«¢√Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-†o-
°æ¤púø’, ü∆Eo Éçé¬ ØÌéÀ\-îÁ-°æp-ö«-EéÀ indeed
¢√úøû√ç. ÉC conversation ™ î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬
Öçô’çC.
(FéπC †*açü∆?)
Sravan: (I like it) verymuch indeed
(î√™« †*açC– ÅE ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç.
I like it ´C-™‰Æ œ îÁ°æ¤ hç-ö«®Ω’ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬.)
Indeed ÉçéÓ ¢√úøéπç, ´’†ç †´’t-™‰EüËüÁjØ√ á´-
È®jØ√ îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’, †´’t-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´-ö«Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-îÁ-°æpôç
(Eïç-í¬Ø√? Å´¤Ø√? ™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©ûÓ ´’† Å°æ-
†-´’téπç ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰ÊÆ Å®ΩnçûÓ Indeed ¢√úøû√ç)
Praveen: I met the CM today and talked to him
for an hour.
(؈’ Ñ®ÓV ´·êu-´’çvAE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E
í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ ´÷ö«x-ú≈†’)
Prakash: Indeed?
(Eïç-í¬Ø√?)–
Å°æ-†-´’téπç (disbelief) ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îªôç.
3) Eager: Ç-ûª%-ûª (-Çvûªçí¬ Öçúøôç)
Kiran: I am not coming to college today.
(ØËF-®ÓV 鬙‰-ñ ¸èπ◊ ®√´-ôç-™‰ü¿’.)
Kishore: Why?
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Kiran: The great cricketer is coming to
town. I am eager to see him and take
his autograph.
íÌ°æp véÀÈé-ô®˝ Ü∞x-éÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Åûª-úÕE
îª÷Æœ, Çö-ví¬°∂ˇBÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E Ç-ûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçC.
4) accidentally = by accident = ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈
a) Newton discovered the law of gravita-
tion accidentally/ by accident =
†÷uôØ˛ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ¶µº÷´÷u-éπ-®Ω{ù Æœü∆l¥çûªç
éπE-°-ö«dúø’.
b) As I raised my hand, it hit him acci-
dentally =
achieved
؈’ îÁßÁ’u-ûËh-Ææ-JéÀ, ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ÅC Åûª-úÕéÀ
ûªT-LçC.
c) I stepped on his shoes accidentally =
ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ÅûªúÕ ≠æ‡Æˇ O’ü¿ ؈-úø’-í∫’-
°-ö«d†’.
ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈, ´’†ç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úø-èπ◊çú≈
ïJÍíN 鬕õ‰d Road v°æ´÷-ü∆©’, °æúøôç
™«çöÀ v°æ´÷-ü∆-©†’ accident Åçö«ç.
5) Accompany = á´-J-ûÓ-ØÁjØ√ éπL-Æœ-¢Á-∞¡xôç.
(past tense, past participle - accompanied)
a) The President's wife accompanied him
on the tour =
Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊úÕ °æ®Ωu-ô-†èπ◊ Çߪ’† ¶µ«®Ωu Çߪ’†ûÓ
¢ÁRxçC.
b) His dog always accompanies him =
ÅûªúÕ èπ◊éπ\ á°æ¤púø÷ Åûª-úÕûÓ ¢Á∞¡ŸhçC.
c) The client accompanied the lawyer to
the court =
lawyer client court
ûÓ èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xúø’.
äéπ ÆæçU-ûª-¢√ü¿uç, ÉçéÓ ÆæçU-ûª-¢√ü¿uç éπL°œ
¢√®·ç-*Ø√, äéπ®Ω’ §ƒúø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’, ã ¢√ü¿uç
ņ’-Ææ-Jç-*Ø√, ÅC accompany Å´¤-ûª’çC.
The fluit accompanied him =
ÅûªE §ƒôèπ◊ ¢Ëù’´¤ ûÓúø-®·çC.
6) admire = ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç. (äéπJ íÌ°æpü¿Ø√Eo,
achievement †’, ÅGµ-´÷-†çûÓ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç)
a) I admire MS Subbulakshmi's voice
MS Subbulakshmi íÌçûª’-†’ ؈’
¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.
b) Everyone admires Tendulkar's great
achievement =
Tendulkar ≤ƒCµç-*† °∂æ’†-ûª†’ Åçü¿®Ω÷
¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.
7) ashamed = Æœí∫’_-°æ-úøôç.
a) He is ashamed of his low marks
ûª† ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\-©èπ◊ ÅûªØÁçûÓ Æœí∫’_-°æ-úø’-
ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
b) The father is ashamed of his son's
behaviour
éÌúø’èπ◊ v°æ´-®Ωh-†èπ◊ ûªçvúÕ Æœí∫’_-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
To be Ashamed of Åçõ‰ Æœí∫’_-°æ-úøôç éπü∆?
DEéÀ ´uA-Í®éπç– í∫Jyç-îªôç– to be proud of.
8) Target = ©éπ~uç. (Pronunciation= ö«Tö¸)
a) The company has set a target of 20%
increase in sales =
Ç company ©éπ~uç Å´’t-é¬-©™ 20]
°®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿©)
-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 1 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
b) My target is to be a computer profes-
sional
Ø√ ©éπ~uç computer professional
Å´ôç.
©éπ~uç -EÍ®l-Pç-éÓ-´ôç = Set a target
©éπ~uç ≤ƒCµç-îªôç = achieve the target/
clear the target/ hit the target.
´’†ç í∫’J-îª÷ÊÆ ©éπ~uç èπÿú≈ target
(shooting ™)
9) Afford = àüÁjØ√ é̆-í∫©/ §Òçü¿-í∫© ≤Ún´’ûª.
a) I cannot afford a car = 鬮Ω’-éÌØË ≤Ún´’ûª
Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’.
b) He can afford a number of such build-
ings =
Å™«çöÀ É∞¡Ÿx áØÁj oØ√ é̆í∫© ≤Ún´’ûª Åûª-úÕ-
èπ◊çC.
c) With the exam tomorrow you can't
afford to go to bed so early =
Í®°æ¤ °æK-éπ~-°-ô’d-éÌE Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿-§ÚßË’
Å´-鬨¡ç Fèπ◊ ™‰ü¿’.
ÉO Ñ ´÷ô© N´-®√©’. ´’† daily conversa-
tion ™ OöÀE ¢√úË Å´-é¬-¨»©’ áèπ◊\´. Practice
îËߪ’çúÕ.
EXERCISE
Ram: Hi Shyam, 鬮Ω’ á°æ¤púø’ éÌçô’-Ø√o´¤?
Shyam: Bike éÌØË ≤Ún´’ûË ™‰ü¿’. Éçéπ é¬È®-éπ\úø
é̆†’?
Ram: Å™«í¬?/ Eïç-í¬Ø√? O’ Ø√†o °ü¿l
Shopping Complex owner éπü∆?
Shyam: ÅC Çߪ’† complex. Ø√C é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?
؈’ Ææ秃-Cç-îª-í∫-L-TçüË Ø√ úø•’s. ü∆çûÓ
car é̆-ô¢Ë’ Ø√ ©éπ~uç.
Ram: O’ Ø√†o úø•’sûÓ é̆-´-a-éπü∆?
Shyam: ÅC ؈’ ≤ƒCµç-*çC é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? ´÷ Ø√†o
≤ƒCµç-*çC.
Ram: E†o ؈’ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Venu †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-
Ø√o†’. ¢√úÕ Ø√†o ¢√úÕéÀ bike éÌE-î√a-úøE
îÁ§ƒpúø’.
Shyam: ´÷ Ø√†o úø•’s-©ûÓ ´îËa car †’ ņ’-¶µº-Nç-
î√-©ØË Çûª%ûª Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’.
Ram: F °æü¿l¥A ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.
ANSWER
Ram: Hi shyam, when are you buying a car?
Shyam: I can't afford even a bike. How can I
buy a car?
Ram: Indeed? Isn't your father the owner of
a big shopping complex?/ Doesn't he
own a big shopping complex?
Shyam: That is/ belong to dad. What I earn is
my money. My target is to buy a car
with my money.
Ram: You can buy it with your father's
money, can't you?
Shyam: That is not what I have achieved. It's
dad's achievement.
Ram: I met Venu Yesterday by accident/
accidentally. He told me his father had
bought him a bike.
Shyam: I am not eager to enjoy a car bought
with dad's money.
Ram: I admire your policy.
II
Susanth: Here's good news for you. Vishal has
achieved what he set out to achieve.
He has got the 5th rank in the
entrance exam
(FéÓ ¨¡Ÿ¶µº-¢√®Ωh. N¨»™¸ ņ’-èπ◊†oC
≤ƒCµç-î√úø’. áçvôØ˛q áí¬b-¢˛’™ 5th rank
ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’)
Prasanth: That's news to me. I haven't known
it. Vishal's is an achievement
indeed. I am eager to see him and
congratulate him.
(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. É°æ¤púø’ †’´¤y îÁGûË
ûÁL-ÆœçC. N¨»™¸C íÌ°æp Nï-ߪ’¢Ë’. ¢√úÕE
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌE congrats îÁ§ƒp-©E Ç--ûª%-ûªí¬
ÖçC)
Susanth: I met him accidentally this morning.
He told me of it then. He was accom-
panying his dad to some place. His
dad was very happy.
(Ñ®ÓV Öü¿ßª’ç ؈’ Åûª-úÕE ņ’-éÓ-
èπ◊çú≈ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o. Å°æ¤púø’ îÁ§ƒp-úø-ûª†’.
¢√∞¡x Ø√†oûÓ éπLÆœ áéπ\-úÕéÓ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’.
Çߪ’† èπÿú≈ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 135
People who work hard achieve success
Prasanth: Which father won't be? I admire the
way Vishal worked hard to get such
a good rank.
(à ûªçvúÕ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçúøúø’? N¨»™¸
Å™«çöÀ rank ûÁa-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ °æúøf v¨¡´’†’
؈’ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’)
Susanth: Vishal himself wasn't happy. He was
a bit ashamed of not getting one of
the 1st three ranks.
(Vishal ´÷vûªç Åçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ™‰úø’.
¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´‚úø’ ®√uçèπ◊™x àD ®√™‰-ü¿E
Æœí∫’_-°æ-ú≈fúø’)
Prasanth: What about you then? You are going ii) Indeed: ÉØ˛-úŒú˛– 'úŒ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. DE Å®Ωnç–
to take the exam next year, aren't
you? What is your target?
(F Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ ´’J? ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç
†’´¤y èπÿú≈ áçvôØ˛q áí¬b¢˛’ ®√ߪ’-¶-ûª’-
Ø√o´¤ éπü∆! F ©éπ~uç àçöÀ?) Bhavan: Do you like it?
Susanth: My target is one of the first ten ranks.
But I am not sure. Our college isn't as
good as Vishal's
(¢Á·ü¿öÀ 10 ®√uçèπ◊™x Öçú≈-©ØËC Ø√
©éπ~uç. é¬F Åçûª †´’téπç ™‰ü¿’. ´÷
鬙‰ñ ¸ N¨»™¸ ¢√∞¡x 鬙‰ñ ¸™« Åçûª ´’ç*C
é¬ü¿’)
Prasanth: Why didn't you join that college,
then?
(´’J Ç é¬™‰-ñ ¸™ áçü¿’èπ◊ îË®Ω-™‰ü¿’?)
Susanth: The fees there are too high. I can't
afford that.
(Åéπ\úø fees î√™« áèπ◊\´. ؈’ Åçûª
¶µºJç-îª-™‰†’)
Prasanth: I understand. Do try your best. You
will get it.
(Å®Ωnç Å®·uçC. F ¨¡éÀh-éÌDl v°æߪ’Aoç.
®√uçé˙ ûÁa-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Susanth: Thanks for the encouragement. I am
on my way to college. See you.
(F v§Úû√q-£æ…-EéÀ ü∑∆uçé˙q. ؈’
鬙‰ñ ¸Èé∞¡ŸhØ√o, ´’Sx éπ©’ü∆lç)
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™E Ñ ´÷ô©’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
1) Vishal has achieved
2) Vishal's is an achievement indeed
3) I am eager to see him
4) I met him accidentally
5) He was accompanying his father
6) I admire the way he worked hard.
7) He was a bit ashamed
8) What's your target.
9) I can't afford it.
English conversation ™ high frequency
words (ÅA ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úË ´÷ô™x) ÉN éÌEo.
OöÀ Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç.
1) achieve - Å'<¢˛—, '<— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.
Å®Ωnç: ≤ƒCµç-îªôç – DEéÀ past tense, past par-
ticiple - achieved.
a) Our freedom fighters
Independence for us:
´’† ≤ƒyûªç-vûªu-ßÁ÷-üµ¿’©’ ´’†èπ◊ ≤ƒyûªç-vû√uEo
≤ƒCµç-î√®Ω’.
b) People who work hard achieve success
éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx Nïߪ’ç ≤ƒCµ-≤ƒh®Ω’.
c) Tendulkar achieved the highest number of
test centuries
Tendulkar
Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰
áèπ◊\´ test centuries
≤ƒCµç-î√úø’.
2) Achievement: á´-È®jØ√
≤ƒCµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç.
a) Åûªúø’ ≤ƒCµç*çC íÌ°æp
M. SURESAN
N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’
His achievement is
really great.
b) Anand's achievement makes India proud
džçü˛ (Chess ™) ≤ƒCµç-*† °∂æ’†ûª ´’†èπ◊
í∫®Ωyç éπL-T-Ææ’hçC.
Eïç-í¬ØË ÅE: Å®·ûË äé𠶵«¢√Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-†o-
°æ¤púø’, ü∆Eo Éçé¬ ØÌéÀ\-îÁ-°æp-ö«-EéÀ indeed
¢√úøû√ç. ÉC conversation ™ î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬
Öçô’çC.
(FéπC †*açü∆?)
Sravan: (I like it) verymuch indeed
(î√™« †*açC– ÅE ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç.
I like it ´C-™‰Æ œ îÁ°æ¤ hç-ö«®Ω’ ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬.)
Indeed ÉçéÓ ¢√úøéπç, ´’†ç †´’t-™‰EüËüÁjØ√ á´-
È®jØ√ îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’, †´’t-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´-ö«Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-îÁ-°æpôç
(Eïç-í¬Ø√? Å´¤Ø√? ™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©ûÓ ´’† Å°æ-
†-´’téπç ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰ÊÆ Å®ΩnçûÓ Indeed ¢√úøû√ç)
Praveen: I met the CM today and talked to him
for an hour.
(؈’ Ñ®ÓV ´·êu-´’çvAE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E
í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ ´÷ö«x-ú≈†’)
Prakash: Indeed?
(Eïç-í¬Ø√?)–
Å°æ-†-´’téπç (disbelief) ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îªôç.
3) Eager: Ç-ûª%-ûª (-Çvûªçí¬ Öçúøôç)
Kiran: I am not coming to college today.
(ØËF-®ÓV 鬙‰-ñ ¸èπ◊ ®√´-ôç-™‰ü¿’.)
Kishore: Why?
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Kiran: The great cricketer is coming to
town. I am eager to see him and take
his autograph.
íÌ°æp véÀÈé-ô®˝ Ü∞x-éÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Åûª-úÕE
îª÷Æœ, Çö-ví¬°∂ˇBÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©E Ç-ûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçC.
4) accidentally = by accident = ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈
a) Newton discovered the law of gravita-
tion accidentally/ by accident =
†÷uôØ˛ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ¶µº÷´÷u-éπ-®Ω{ù Æœü∆l¥çûªç
éπE-°-ö«dúø’.
b) As I raised my hand, it hit him acci-
dentally =
achieved
؈’ îÁßÁ’u-ûËh-Ææ-JéÀ, ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ÅC Åûª-úÕéÀ
ûªT-LçC.
c) I stepped on his shoes accidentally =
ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ÅûªúÕ ≠æ‡Æˇ O’ü¿ ؈-úø’-í∫’-
°-ö«d†’.
ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈, ´’†ç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úø-èπ◊çú≈
ïJÍíN 鬕õ‰d Road v°æ´÷-ü∆©’, °æúøôç
™«çöÀ v°æ´÷-ü∆-©†’ accident Åçö«ç.
5) Accompany = á´-J-ûÓ-ØÁjØ√ éπL-Æœ-¢Á-∞¡xôç.
(past tense, past participle - accompanied)
a) The President's wife accompanied him
on the tour =
Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊úÕ °æ®Ωu-ô-†èπ◊ Çߪ’† ¶µ«®Ωu Çߪ’†ûÓ
¢ÁRxçC.
b) His dog always accompanies him =
ÅûªúÕ èπ◊éπ\ á°æ¤púø÷ Åûª-úÕûÓ ¢Á∞¡ŸhçC.
c) The client accompanied the lawyer to
the court =
lawyer client court
ûÓ èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xúø’.
äéπ ÆæçU-ûª-¢√ü¿uç, ÉçéÓ ÆæçU-ûª-¢√ü¿uç éπL°œ
¢√®·ç-*Ø√, äéπ®Ω’ §ƒúø’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’, ã ¢√ü¿uç
ņ’-Ææ-Jç-*Ø√, ÅC accompany Å´¤-ûª’çC.
The fluit accompanied him =
ÅûªE §ƒôèπ◊ ¢Ëù’´¤ ûÓúø-®·çC.
6) admire = ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç. (äéπJ íÌ°æpü¿Ø√Eo,
achievement †’, ÅGµ-´÷-†çûÓ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç)
a) I admire MS Subbulakshmi's voice
MS Subbulakshmi íÌçûª’-†’ ؈’
¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.
b) Everyone admires Tendulkar's great
achievement =
Tendulkar ≤ƒCµç-*† °∂æ’†-ûª†’ Åçü¿®Ω÷
¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.
7) ashamed = Æœí∫’_-°æ-úøôç.
a) He is ashamed of his low marks
ûª† ûªèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\-©èπ◊ ÅûªØÁçûÓ Æœí∫’_-°æ-úø’-
ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
b) The father is ashamed of his son's
behaviour
éÌúø’èπ◊ v°æ´-®Ωh-†èπ◊ ûªçvúÕ Æœí∫’_-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
To be Ashamed of Åçõ‰ Æœí∫’_-°æ-úøôç éπü∆?
DEéÀ ´uA-Í®éπç– í∫Jyç-îªôç– to be proud of.
8) Target = ©éπ~uç. (Pronunciation= ö«Tö¸)
a) The company has set a target of 20%
increase in sales =
Ç company ©éπ~uç Å´’t-é¬-©™ 20]
°®Ω’-í∫’-ü¿©)
-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 1 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
b) My target is to be a computer profes-
sional
Ø√ ©éπ~uç computer professional
Å´ôç.
©éπ~uç -EÍ®l-Pç-éÓ-´ôç = Set a target
©éπ~uç ≤ƒCµç-îªôç = achieve the target/
clear the target/ hit the target.
´’†ç í∫’J-îª÷ÊÆ ©éπ~uç èπÿú≈ target
(shooting ™)
9) Afford = àüÁjØ√ é̆-í∫©/ §Òçü¿-í∫© ≤Ún´’ûª.
a) I cannot afford a car = 鬮Ω’-éÌØË ≤Ún´’ûª
Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’.
b) He can afford a number of such build-
ings =
Å™«çöÀ É∞¡Ÿx áØÁj oØ√ é̆í∫© ≤Ún´’ûª Åûª-úÕ-
èπ◊çC.
c) With the exam tomorrow you can't
afford to go to bed so early =
Í®°æ¤ °æK-éπ~-°-ô’d-éÌE Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿-§ÚßË’
Å´-鬨¡ç Fèπ◊ ™‰ü¿’.
ÉO Ñ ´÷ô© N´-®√©’. ´’† daily conversa-
tion ™ OöÀE ¢√úË Å´-é¬-¨»©’ áèπ◊\´. Practice
îËߪ’çúÕ.
EXERCISE
Ram: Hi Shyam, 鬮Ω’ á°æ¤púø’ éÌçô’-Ø√o´¤?
Shyam: Bike éÌØË ≤Ún´’ûË ™‰ü¿’. Éçéπ é¬È®-éπ\úø
é̆†’?
Ram: Å™«í¬?/ Eïç-í¬Ø√? O’ Ø√†o °ü¿l
Shopping Complex owner éπü∆?
Shyam: ÅC Çߪ’† complex. Ø√C é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?
؈’ Ææ秃-Cç-îª-í∫-L-TçüË Ø√ úø•’s. ü∆çûÓ
car é̆-ô¢Ë’ Ø√ ©éπ~uç.
Ram: O’ Ø√†o úø•’sûÓ é̆-´-a-éπü∆?
Shyam: ÅC ؈’ ≤ƒCµç-*çC é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? ´÷ Ø√†o
≤ƒCµç-*çC.
Ram: E†o ؈’ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Venu †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-
Ø√o†’. ¢√úÕ Ø√†o ¢√úÕéÀ bike éÌE-î√a-úøE
îÁ§ƒpúø’.
Shyam: ´÷ Ø√†o úø•’s-©ûÓ ´îËa car †’ ņ’-¶µº-Nç-
î√-©ØË Çûª%ûª Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’.
Ram: F °æü¿l¥A ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.
ANSWER
Ram: Hi shyam, when are you buying a car?
Shyam: I can't afford even a bike. How can I
buy a car?
Ram: Indeed? Isn't your father the owner of
a big shopping complex?/ Doesn't he
own a big shopping complex?
Shyam: That is/ belong to dad. What I earn is
my money. My target is to buy a car
with my money.
Ram: You can buy it with your father's
money, can't you?
Shyam: That is not what I have achieved. It's
dad's achievement.
Ram: I met Venu Yesterday by accident/
accidentally. He told me his father had
bought him a bike.
Shyam: I am not eager to enjoy a car bought
with dad's money.
Ram: I admire your policy.
II
Ramesh: Hi Naresh, you are late by half an
hour. I have been waiting and waiting.
(†’´¤y Å®Ω-í∫çô Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´î√a´¤.
FéÓÆæç é¬îª’-éÌE ÖØ√o†’)
Naresh: I would have been here on time, but
my train was late.
(ØËE-éπ\-úÕéÀ õ„j¢˛’èπ◊ ÖçúË-¢√-úÕØË, é¬E Ø√
train Ç©Ææuç Å®·çC)
Ramesh: I would have gone away, but I
thought I would wait for another half
an hour. That's why I am here.
Otherwise you would have missed
me.
(؈’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ßË’-¢√-úÕØË. é¬F ÉçéÓ Å®Ω-í∫çô
îª÷ü∆l-´’-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. Åçü¿’-éπØË Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o.
™‰èπ◊çõ‰ †’´¤y ††’o éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌE ÖçúË-¢√-úÕN
é¬ü¿’)
Naresh: That's good of you. Thank you. I
wouldn't have been late but for the
train.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 136
You would have missed me
ÅC ´’ç* °æØË. Thank you. Train
´™‰xûª°æp ØËØ√-©Ææuç ÅßË’u-¢√-úÕ-E-鬆’)
Ramesh: Where is Jagadish?
(ïí∫-D≠ˇ áéπ\úø?)
Naresh: I would have brought him along, but
he was busy.
(¢√úÕE BÆæ’-èπ◊-´-îËa-¢√-úÕØË é¬F ¢√úø’ busy
í¬ ÖØ√oúø’)
Ramesh: OK. By the way what happened to
the cricket match?
(ÅC ÆæÍ®. Cricket match à¢Á’içC?)
(by the way =Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ N≠æߪ’ç ´÷Í®aç-ü¿’èπ◊
¢√úË ´÷ô)
Naresh: Don't you know? India won the match
by four wickets. It would not have won
the match but for Suresh Raina and
Dhoni.
(ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆. 4 NÈéôx ûËú≈ûÓ ÉçúÕߪ÷ ÈíL-
*çC. Suresh Raina, Dhoni ™‰éπ-§ÚûË
India ÈíL-îËC é¬ü¿’)
Ramesh: Happy to hear that. I would have
watched the match yesterday, but I
had important work.
(ÆæçûÓ≠æç. E†o ؈’ match îª÷ÊÆ¢√úÕØË
é¬F î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æE ÖçúÕçC)
Now, look at the following sentences from
the conversation above:
1) I would have been here on time.
2) I would have gone away.
3) You would have missed me
4) I wouldn't (would not) have been late
5) I would have brought him along.
6) It wouldn't have won the match.
7) I would have watched the match.
The verbs in the sentences above are:
1. Would have been
2. Would have gone
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
3. Would have missed
4. Would have been
5. Would have brought
6. Would have won
7. Would have watched
Verbs no. 1 and 4 are would have been. ÉC 'be'
form. N’í∫û√ verbs form îª÷úøçúÕ.
2. Would have gone - would have + past par-
ticiple (of go)
3. Would have missed - would have + past par-
ticiple (of miss)
5. Would have brought - would have + past par-
ticiple (of bring)
6. Would have won - would have + past partici-
ple (of win)
7. Would have watched - would have + past
participle (of watch)
verbs 1 and 4 - be forms.Åçõ‰ ÉN Öçúø-ö«Eo
(state of being)†’ ûÁLÊ°N éπü∆.
Verbs 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 ÅFo èπÿú≈ à form ™
ÖØ√o®·? Would have + past participle.
ÉN action words éπü∆. Åçõ‰ ÉN °æ†’-©†’ ûÁLÊ°
verbs.
É™«çöÀ verbs î√™«
ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç* Å®Ωnç
îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰
Ñ verbs 1) would
have been, 2) would
have + pp (past par-
ticiple) conversation M. SURESAN
™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç.
®ÓV î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ´’†ç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çö«ç. äéπ
N≠æߪ’ç Å™« ÖçúÕ ÖçúËC, é¬F ™‰ü¿’. (í∫ûªç™)
äéπ N≠æߪ’ç Å™« ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’, é¬E ÖçúÕçC, äéπ
N≠æߪ’ç Å™« ïJT ÖçúËC, é¬E ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’, äéπ
N≠æߪ’ç Å™« ïJT ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’, é¬F ïJ-TçC
ÅØË É™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√-©ûÓ ´’†ç ®ÓW áØÓo-≤ƒ®Ω’x
ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çö«ç, ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Å™«çöÀ ¶µ«¢√-
©†’ ûÁL-Ê°¢Ë Ñ would have been, would
have + pp verbs.
Look at sentence No. 1:
I would have been on time
؈’ time èπ◊ ÆæJí¬_ ÖçúË-¢√-úÕØË. (é¬E ™‰†’)
Sentence No. 4:
I wouldn't (would not) have been late
؈’ Ç©Ææuç ÅßË’u-¢√-úÕ-E-鬆’ (é¬E Åߪ÷u†’)
´’®Ó example: ≤ÚE-ߪ÷-í¬çDµ prime minister Sudhakar: Ééπ\úË ÖØ√oúø’. US èπ◊ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ßË’-¢√úË.
í¬ ÖçúËC (é¬E ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆)
Sonia Gandhi would have been the prime
minister.
îª÷¨»®√, would have been èπ◊ Å®Ωnç – ÖçúËD/ Damodar: Çߪ’† î√™« ´’ç* lecturer. Çߪ’†
ÖçúË-¢√úË é¬E ™‰ü¿’/ ™‰úø’ (ÉC í∫ûª N≠æߪ’ç)
Wouldn't (would not) have been = ÖçúËC
é¬ü¿’/ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’ (é¬E ÖØ√oúø’) – í∫ûªç™ Sudhakar: Çߪ’† Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Çߪ’†
She wouldn't have been here
Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’ (é¬F ÖçC)
He would have been the CM
Åûªúø’ CM í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úË (é¬F ™‰úø’)
ÉD would have been/ wouldn't have been Sudhakar: É°æ¤púø’ time Å®·-§Ú-®·çC éπü∆.
Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç.
Next, would have + past participle

I would have gone =
¢Á∞¡ŸxçúË¢√-úÕØË (é¬F ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’)

India would have last the match=
India ãúÕ-§Ú-ßË’üË (é¬F ãúÕ-§Ú-™‰ü¿’, ÈíL-*çC)

She would not have attended the marriage=
Ç¢Á’ °RxéÀ ´*a ÖçúË-C-é¬ü¿’. (é¬F ´*açC)

He wouldn't have seen me=
Åûªúø’ ††’o îª÷Ææ’ç-úË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. (é¬F îª÷¨»úø’)

They would have won=
¢√∞¡Ÿx ÈíL* ÖçúË¢√∞Ïx (é¬E Èí©-´-™‰ü¿’).

؈-éπ\úø È®çúÕç-öÀÍé ÖçúË-¢√-úÕE=
I would have been there at 2. (é¬F ™‰†’)

But for = Åçü¿’-´©x é¬èπ◊çõ‰

But for my help, he would not have
passed= Ø√ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’ç-´©x é¬èπ◊çõ‰, ¢√úø’ pass
ÅßË’u¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. (Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ÖçúÕçD, ¢√úø’
pass Åߪ÷uúø’.)

British §ƒ©-†-™‰-èπ◊çõ‰, India áçûÓ °æ¤®Ó-Gµ-´%Cl¥
îÁçC ÖçúËC=
But for the British rule, India would have pro-
gressed a lot.
É™«çöÀ sentences
™E Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’ imagi-
nary past (Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ØË – Eïç-é¬E í∫ûªç)
Åçö«ç. ÉC Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-´-ô¢Ë’ éπü∆ – Å™« ïJT
Öçúøü¿’, É™« ïJT ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’, Å™« ÖçúÕ
ÖçúËC, É™« ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’... É™« ņ’-éÓ-´ôç.
EXERCISE
Damodar: Hi Sudhakar, Éçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ áéπ\úø’Ø√o´¤?
Sudhakar: College †’ç* ´Ææ’hØ√o. Å®Ω-í∫çô
éÀçü¿ô ´îËa-¢√-úÕØË. é¬F ´’† Maths
lecturer éπE-°œç-îË-Ææ-JéÀ Çߪ’-†ûÓ ´÷ö«x-
úø ’ûª÷ ÖçúÕ-§Úߪ÷.
Damodar: Çߪ’† ûª´·túø’, ´’† v°∂çú˛ áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o-
úÕ-°æ¤púø’?
é¬F Visa ®√™‰ü¿’. Visa áçü¿’èπ◊ ®√™‰-
ü¿E ÅúÕ-í∫’ç-úË-¢√-úÕE é¬F Éçûª-™ØË
Çߪ’† topic ´÷®√aúø’.
™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Maths paper Åçûª ¶«í¬
answer îËÊÆ-¢√-úÕ-E-é¬ü¿’.
ûª´·túø’ èπÿú≈ Åçûª-´’ç* ´÷®Ω’\©’
ûÁa-èπ◊-ØË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’.
Damodar: †’´¤y é¬Ææh ´·çüÌ-≤ƒh-´-†’-èπ◊Ø√o. ´’†ç
ÆœE´÷Èé∞¡Ÿxç-úË-¢√∞¡xç.
II show èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç.
-≤Ú-´’-¢√®Ωç 3 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çü∆ç
I a) Would have been -
ÖçúËüË é¬F Öçúø-™‰ü¿’.
b) Would not have been - ÖçúË-C-é¬ü¿’ é¬E
ÖçC.
II) a) would have + pp -
äéπ °æE ïJT ÖçúËüË é¬E
ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’.
(He would have gone= ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úË-¢√úË,
¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’).
b) wouldn't have + pp= äéπ °æE ïJ-ÍíCé¬ü¿’
é¬F ïJ-TçC.
He wouldn't have gone=
Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞Ïx-¢√úø’
é¬ü¿’, é¬F ¢Á∞«xúø’.
ÉO imaginary past forms. Eûªu @N-ûªç™ ÉN
¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ î√™« áèπ◊\´ éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE
¶«í¬ practice îËü∆lç.
Ñ Vocabulary practice îËߪ’çúÕ
affect: Å°∂é˙d – °∂ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Å®Ωnç– v°æ¶µ«´ç
éπL-Tç-îªôç, v°æ¶µ«´ç éπLT Öçúøôç.
a) Rain or the lack of it affects crops=
´®Ω{ç, ÅC-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´ôç °æçô© O’ü¿ v°æ¶µ«´ç
éπLT Öçô’çC.
b) Climate affects our health
¢√û√-´-®Ωùç ´’† Ç®Óí∫uç O’ü¿ v°æ¶µ«´ç-
îª÷°œÆæ’hç-C.
c) Our parent's opinion affects our deci-
sions=
´’† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’© ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ ´’† E®Ωg-ߪ÷-©-
O’ü¿ v°æ¶µ«´ç -îª÷°æ¤-û√®·.
d) ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úË-B®Ω’ ´’†-O’ü¿ Éûª-®Ω’-©-èπ◊†o
ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©†’ v°æ¶µ«-Nûªç îËÆæ’hçC=
The way we talk affects other's opinion of us.
Affect
Åçõ‰ v°æ¶µ«-Nûªç îËߪ’-í∫-©-í∫ôç – Åçõ‰
simple í¬ ´÷®Ω’p ûË´ôç, ´÷®Ωa-í∫-©-í∫ôç ÅE.
´’† Ç£æ…-®Ω-°æ¤-ô-©-¢√ô’x ´’† Ç®Ó-í¬uEo
´÷®Ωa-í∫-©´¤.
Our food habits can affect our health.
ANSWER
Damodar: Hi Sudhakar, where have you
been all along?
Sudhakar: I'm returning from college. I would
have come half an hour ago, but I
met our Maths lecturer. I was talk-
ing to him.
Damodar: Where is his brother, our friend?
Sudhakar: He is here. He would have left for/
gone to the US. But he hasn't got
his visa. I would have asked him
why he hasn't got the visa, but he
changed the topic.
Damodar: He is a great lecturer. But for him I
wouldn't have answered the Maths
paper so well.
Sudhakar: But for his help his brother wouldn't
have got such high marks either.
Damodar: I thought you would come a little
earlier. We would have gone to a
movie.
Sudhakar: It is too late now, isn't it? Let's go
the 2nd show.
II
Karuna: Sumana, where were you yesterday?
I couldn't see you anywhere.
(Ææ’´’Ø√, E†o áéπ\úø ÖØ√o´¤? áéπ\ú≈
éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’)
Sumana: I was at Valli's. You would have met
me if you had come there.
(؈’ ´Lx ¢√Rxçöx ÖØ√o. †’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ
´îª’açõ‰ ††’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-ü∆-EN)
Karuna: I would have taken you to a movie if
we had met.
(´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’çõ‰ E†’o ÆœE-´÷èπ◊
BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ï}-ü∆Eo)
Sumana: So I have missed a movie. If you had
told me earlier I would have waited
for you at home.
movie chance
(Åçõ‰ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o-†-†o-
´÷ô. †’´¤y ´·çüË îÁ°œp Öçõ‰ F éÓÆæç
Éçöx áü¿’®Ω’îª÷ÊÆ-ü∆Eo.)
Karuna: If I had thought of it earlier, I would
have called you. I got the idea about
5 in the evening. I had nothing else to
do. So I felt like seeing a movie. If I
had got you over the phone, we
would have seen the movie.
Phone
(´·çüË Å†’-èπ◊E Öçõ‰ Fèπ◊ îËÊÆ-
ü∆ØËo. Ø√èπ◊ ÆœE´÷ idea âCç-öÀéÀ
´*açC. °æØËç-™‰ü¿’. ÆœE´÷ îª÷ú≈-©-E-°œç-
*çC. †’´¤y Phone ™ üÌJ-èπ◊çõ‰ ÆœE-´÷-
Èé-∞Ïx-¢√-∞¡x¢Ë’.
Sumana: Which movie did you think of?
movie
(à éÀ ¢Á∞«x©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o-Nç-ûªèπÿ?)
Karuna: Neetone Unta
(FûÓØË Öçö«)
Sumana: Don't worry. We didn't miss much.
miss
(°∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ´’†ç °ü¿l Å®·ç-üËç-
Suguna has seen it and says it
™‰ü¿’)
is awful.
(Ææ’í∫’ù îª÷ÆœçC. ÅC ü∆®Ω’-ùçí¬ Öçü¿E
îÁ°œpçC.)
awful = ü∆®Ω’ùç/ ¶µºßª’ç-éπ®Ωç
Karuna: That's OK, Then.
lesson
éÀçü¿öÀ Would have been,
™ ´’†ç 1)
2) Would have + Past Participle (Would have
gone, Would have seen, etc) verbs
ÅØË
í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆?
1) a) Would have been = ÉC 'be' form ÖçúËüË/
ÖçúË-¢√úË (é¬E ™‰ü¿’/ ™‰úø’)
i) He would have been here = ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø
ÖçúË-¢√úË (é¬F Öçúø-™‰ü¿’)
(í∫ûªç™ ÖçúË-¢√úË é¬E Å°æ¤púø’ ™‰úø’)
ii) She would have been here yesterday
= Ç¢Á’ E†o Ééπ\úø ÖçúËüË (é¬F ™‰ü¿’)
iii) He would not have been the Prime
Minister PM
(Åûª†’ í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’
– é¬F ÖØ√oúø’)
b) Would have + Past Participle (PP) – DE
Å®Ωnç – í∫ûªç™ ã °æE ïJ-ÍíüË é¬E ï®Ω-í∫-™‰-ü¿E;
DçûÓ not ´ÊÆh – äéπ °æE ïJ-ÍíC é¬ü¿’, é¬F
ïJ-TçC ÅE.
i) I would have met him =
؈-ûªEo éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√-úÕØË; é¬F éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.
ii) He wouldn't (would not) have passed
Pass ÅßË’u-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’, é¬F Åߪ÷uúø’.
°j Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’– would have been, would
have + PP, verbs last lessons
èπ◊ ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆.
Ñ lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç-™E conversation ™ Ñ
sentences í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:
1) You would have met me, if you had come
there.
2) I would have taken you to a movie, if we had
met
3) If you had told me earlier, I would have wait-
ed for you.
Spoken English
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 5 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
4) If I had thought of it earlier, I would have
called you.
5) If I had got you over the phone, we would
have seen the movie.
sentences
ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: °j ÅEoç-öÀ™,
1) Would have + PP Verb main clause,
ÖçúË
2) if clause
ÖØ√o®·. would have + PP Ææçí∫A
´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. In all the sentences above,
observe the form of the verb in the 'if' clause:
Sentence 1: ... if you had come.
(If clause verb - had + pp; main clause verb -
verb - had come (had + PP) Important: If clause verb- had been/ had +
™
would have + pp)
pp, Main clause verb- would have been/
™
would have + pp combination
Ñ ´÷®Ω- 3) ¢√úø-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰, ¢√∞¡x friend †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-
sentence right
èπÿ-úøü¿’ – Å°æ¤púË Å´¤-ûª’çC. èπ◊-ØË-¢√-úø’-é¬ü¿’.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 137 Some more examples:
1)؈-éπ\úø Öçúø’çõ‰, ÅC ï®Ω-í∫-E-îËa-¢√úÕEé¬ü¿’.
If he had not gone there, he would not have
met his friend
If you had told me earlier..
2. ... if we had met. verb If I had been there, I would not allowed it. (Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’, friend †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.)
- had met (had + PP) (؈-éπ\-úø-™‰†’, ÅC ïJ-TçC) (If clause verb - had + pp; main clause verb -
3. If you had told me. (If clause verb - had been; main clause verb - would have + pp).
verb - had told (had + would have + pp). É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©-Eoç-öÀ™ èπÿú≈, If clause verb:
PP) 2) If he had participated, he would have got the had been/ had + pp, main clause verb:
4. If I had thought of it. prize would have been/ would have + pp. ÉC î√™«
verb - had thought combination of
M. SURESAN ¢√úø’ §ƒ™Ô_E Öçõ‰, ¢√úÕéÀ prize ´îËaüË. ´·êuç. É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Ñ
(had + PP) verbs ´÷®Ωü¿’.
(Åçõ‰ §ƒ™Ô_-†-™‰ü¿’, prize ®√™‰ü¿’).
5. If I had got you over phone.
verb - had got (had + PP)
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ANSWER
°j 'If clauses' ÅEoç-öÀ™, verb form îª÷¨»®Ω’ Yamuna: Ñ chain á°æ¤púø’ éÌØ√o´¤? Yamuna: When did you buy this chain?
éπü∆: Kanchana: éÌE î√™« ®ÓV-©-®·çC. Kanchana: Long since I bought it.
had + PP 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø would have been/ Yamuna: I haven't seen it before.
Yamuna: Å®·ûË Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-üÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’
would have + PP main clause í¬ Öçõ‰, if Kanchana: If I had worn it earlier, you would
have seen it. I am wearing it for the
؈’.
clause ™ had + PP verb ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆. ÉC Kanchana: Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-üÁ-°æ¤p-úø-®·Ø√ ؈’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÌ-
first time now.
á°æ¤púø÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: Å°æ¤púø’ Å®Ωnç †’çõ‰ †’´¤y îª÷ÊÆ-ü∆-EN. ÉüË ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ- Yamuna: I saw a chain like this a month ago
É™« Öçô’çC. ≤ƒJ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç. in a jewellry show room. If I had
If clause ™ îÁ°œpçC ïJT Ö†o-ôx-®·ûË, Main Yamuna: ØÁ© éÀçü¿ †í∫© show room ™ had / If I had got the money, I
clause ™ N≠æߪ’ç ïJT ÖçúËC ÅE. (Main would have bought it. I would have
É™«çöÀ chain ØË îª÷¨». úø•’sçõ‰ worn it immediately.
clause, if clause à order ™ Å®·Ø√ ®√´îª’a. éÌØË-ÊÆ-ü∆ØËo. ¢ÁçôØË ¢ËÆæ’-éÌ-ØË-ü∆Eo. Kanchana: If I had not waited till my birthday, I
äéπöÀ ´·çü¿÷, äéπöÀ ûª®√yûª) Kanchana: ؈’ é̆o°æ¤púË ¢ËÆæ’-éÌ-ØË-ü∆Eo, Ø√ birth- would have worn it too when I
day éÓÆæç Çí∫-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰. bought it/ soon after I bought it.
If clause If clause
Yamuna: Å®·ûË É¢√∞¡ F birthday ņo-´÷ô. Yamuna: Oh, today is your birthday. Many
(had been/ had + pp) (had been/ had + pp)
Many happy returns of the day. Ñ happy returns of the day. If I had
1. If you had come you would have met known it, I would have brought you
Ææçí∫A ´·çüË ûÁL-Ææ’çõ‰ àüÓ é¬†’éπ
there [ me. [
†’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ ††’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË a present.
ûÁîËa-ü∆-Eo-í∫üË. Kanchana: That's why I didn't tell you. I don't
].
(†’´¤y ü∆EN (éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’)
´îª’açõ‰ Kanchana: Åçü¿’-éπØË îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’. Ø√èπ◊ 鬆’-éπ©’ BÆæ’-
®√™‰ü¿’)] like gifts.
éÓ-´ôç É≠ædç-™‰üË. Yamuna: Would you give/ throw at least a
2. If we had met = I would have taken Yamuna: Å®·ûË party Å®·Ø√ É≤ƒh¢√? party?
[ you to a movie. [
´’†ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E E†’o Kanchana: éπ*a-ûªçí¬. Åçü¿’Íé °œ©-´-ö«-E-éÌî√a. Kanchana: Sure. I came to invite you.
moive
-v°æ-¨¡o: äéπ sentence ™ ´îËa °æü∆©’ (words) à -ï-¢√-•’: î√-™«
Öçõ‰ (é¬F éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ- éÀ BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ïx-ü∆Eo
]
™‰ü¿’) ]
(é¬F BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x-™‰ü¿’) °æü∆© parts of speech Å®√nEo
3. If you had told me I would have waited parts of speech èπ◊ îÁçü∆ßÁ÷ í∫’Jhç-îª-úø- •öÀd ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a. Å™« ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC
earlier [ [
†’´¤y ´·çüË Øˆ’ áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-ÊÆ-ü∆Eo ¢Á’™«? (sentence meaning ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç èπÿú≈. Å®·ûË O’®Ω-†oô’x word endings
]
îÁ°œp Öçõ‰ (é¬F îÁ°æp- (é¬F Å™« îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) ™‰èπ◊çú≈) †’ •öÀd, suffices †’ •öÀdèπÿú≈ parts of
Beauty (root word)
™‰ü¿’)] Öü∆: speech ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.
Parts of Speech O’J-*a† Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù-™xØË, ful ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô-
4. If I had thought of it I would have called
beautiful (adj), beau-
earlier [
´·çüË Å†’- you. [phone ©Fo èπÿú≈ adjectives; - ious, eous, *´®Ω
îËÊÆü∆Eo teous (adj), beautifully
]
èπ◊E Öçõ‰ (é¬F ņ’-éÓ- (é¬E îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) ´îËaN èπÿú≈ adjectives; ‘-ly’ *´®Ω ´îËa °æü∆©’
(adv), beautify (vt),
™‰ü¿’) ]. 90 ¨»ûªç adverbs, costly ™«çöÀ N’†-£æ…-®·ç-°æ¤-
beautification (abs.n)
5. If I had got you over We would have seen
©ûÓ. ‘-fy’, ‘-ise’ ™«çöÀ suffices (*´®Ω ´îËa
beautician (n).
phone [phone ly
¨¡¶«l©’) ÅFo verbs. ‘-sion’, ‘-ssion’, ‘-tion’, ‘-
™the movie. [ ´’†ç à °æü∆-E-ÈéjØ√ *´®Ω ´ÊÆh ation’, ‘-ment’, ‘-ness’, ‘-ty’, ‘-th’ *´®Ω ´îËa-
†’´¤y üÌJ-èπ◊çõ‰ (é¬F ÆœE´÷ îª÷ÊÆ-¢√-∞¡x¢Ë’ (é¬E ÅC adverb Å´¤-ûª’çü∆?
üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’)]. îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’)]. part of speech -´÷-vûª-¢Ë’ ´Fo nouns. à ´’ç* grammar °æ¤Ææh-éπ-ç-™-ØÁj-Ø√
é¬èπ◊çú≈ N’í∫û√¢√öÀE í∫’®Ω’h- Ñ N´-®√©’ç-ö«®·. English fluent í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-
OöÀE îª÷úøçúÕ: If clause ™ N≠æߪ’ç ïJT Öçõ‰ °æ-ö«d-©çõ‰ à¢ÁjØ√ í∫-©-í∫-ö«-EéÀ parts of speech Åçûª thorough í¬
Main clause ™ N≠æߪ’ç ïJT ÖçúËC. Åçõ‰ If °æü¿l¥-ûª’©’Ø√oߪ÷? -ûÁ-L-ߪ’†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤úø’ Ñ
clause N≠æߪ’ç ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE main clause lessons ™ parts of speech í∫’®Ω’h-°æõ‰d °æü¿l¥A
N≠æߪ’ç èπÿú≈ ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’, ÅE. – °œ.éπ%≥ƒgÈ®úÕf, -îÁ-ØËo éÌûªh-°æLx (-Å-†ç-ûª°æ¤®Ωç ->-™«x) N´-J≤ƒhç.
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II
Gagan: Why was your little daughter crying so
long this morning?
(O’ Å´÷t®· §Òü¿’l† Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ àúø’-≤Úhç-
üËçöÀ?)
Jagan: Her mother did not give her the sweet it
wanted.
(ÅC ÅúÕ-T† sweet ¢√∞¡x´’t É´y™‰ü¿’)
Gagan: She should have given it. Then you
should not have let the child cry so
long.
(Å®·ûË Éaç-ú≈-LqçC. Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ Ç -§ƒ°æ-†’
àúÕ-°œç-î√-LqçC é¬ü¿’.)
Jagan: If the doctor had not advised us against
it, we would have given it.
(Doctor É¢Ìy-ü¿lE Ææ©£æ… É´y-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰,
ÉîËa-¢√-∞¡x¢Ë’)
Gagan: Why, has she been ill?
(àçöÀ, §ƒ°æèπ◊ ï•’sí¬ Öçü∆?)
Jagan: Yea, she has been ill for a few days
now. Only yesterday I took her to doc-
tor.
(éÌCl-®Ó-V-©’í¬ äçöx ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. E†oØË
doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé∞«x.)
Gagan: You should have been more careful.
You should have taken her to the doc-
tor as soon as she fell ill. You should
not have neglected it.
(ï•’s-°æúøf ¢ÁçôØË O’®Ω’ doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-
Èé-∞«}-LqçC.ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-î√-LqçC é¬ü¿’)
Jagan: True, but she has improved. Today she
is much better than she was yesterday.
(Eï¢Ë’ ņ’éÓ. é¬E §ƒ°æ °æJ-ÆœnA ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫-
®·çC. E†oöÀéπØ√o Ñ®ÓV ¶«í∫’çC)
Gagan: If the doctor had seen her earlier, she
would have recovered earlier.
(´·çüË doctor îª÷Ææ’çõ‰, ´·çüË éÓ©’-
éÌ-ØËC éπü∆)
Jagan: That's true. (Eï¢Ë’)
Gagan: Wish her a speedy recovery.
(ûªy®Ωí¬ éÓ©’-éÓ-¢√-©E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.) 4) have neglected [should have + past partici-
Spoken English 137 ™, Åçûª-èπ◊´·çü¿÷, Ñ
N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç:
a) Would have been Åçõ‰ äéπ ´uéÀh, äéπ N≠æߪ’ç
í∫ûªç™ ÖçúË-¢√úø’/ ÖçúËüË é¬F ™‰úø’/ ™‰ü¿’ ÅE. a) should have been ÅØËC 'be' form éπü∆.
Wouldn't (would not) have been Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™
äéπ ´uéÀh/ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ÖçúË-¢√úø’ é¬úø’/ ÖçúËC i) Öçúø-´-©-Æœ† ´uéÀh/ N≠æߪ’ç ™‰úø’/ ™‰ü¿’ ÅE.
é¬ü¿’ é¬E ÖØ√oúø’/ ÖçC ÅE.
b) Would have + past participle (PP) Åçõ‰
í∫ûªç™ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ïJ-ÍíüË é¬E ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’ ÅE. i) Å®Ω-í∫çô éÀçü¿õ‰ †’Ny-éπ\úø Öçú≈-LqçC (é¬F ™‰´¤)
wouldn't (would not) have + past participle
(PP) Åçõ‰ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ïJ-ÍíC é¬ü¿’, é¬E
ïJ-TçC ÅE.
2) Ñ would have been/ would have + PP ÅØË
main clause èπ◊ combination, If clause ™
had been/ had + Past Participle verbs ®√´ôç.
a) If she had been here, I would have consulted
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
c) If he had not been careful, he would have
lost the money
ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, úø•’s §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-ØË-¢√úË.
(ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ÖØ√oúø’, úø•’s §Ú™‰ü¿’)
d) If he had not met her at the party, he would
not have fallen in love with her.
(Ç party ™ Ç¢Á’†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, Ç¢Á’†’
vÊ°N’ç-îË-¢√-úø’-é¬úø’– éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’– vÊ°N’ç-î√úø’)
Very important:
If clause: had been / had + pp
1) should have been = Öçú≈-LqçC (é¬F ™‰ü¿’)
Main Clause: would have been /
2) would have been = ÖçúËüË (é¬F-™‰ü¿’)
would have + pp
Ñ combination î√™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. 3) should not have been = Öçú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’ (é¬E
Now, look at these sentences in the conver- ÖçC).
sation at the beginning of the lesson: 4) would not have been = ÖçúË-C-é¬ü¿’ (é¬E ÖçC)
1) Then she should have given it. Ñ conversation ™ N’í∫û√ verbs should have +
2) You should have seen the doctor much ear- pp, should not have + pp form ™ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆.
lier. 1) She should have given it
Ç¢Á’ É*a Öçú≈-LqçC/ É¢√y-LqçC (í∫ûªç™) (é¬F
É´y-™‰ü¿’) Rajitha: ´îËa-ü∆ØËo, ´÷ cousin ®√éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰.
2) You should have seen the doctor much ear-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 138
lier
Hiranya: Ç¢Á’†’ èπÿú≈ BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-¢√-LqçC.
Doctor †’ ´·çüË îª÷ú≈-LqçC. (îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’)
He would have done it
3) You should have taken her to the doctor as 3) You should have taken
soon as she fell ill. her to doctor
4) You should not have neglected it. doctorü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«}-
5) You should have been more careful. LqçC (BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x-™‰ü¿’).-
Ñ sentences ™ verbs îª÷ü∆lç. 4) You should not have
1) should have given [should have + past par- neglected it
ticiple (of give)] ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-î √-LqçC é¬ü¿’ M. SURESAN
2) should have seen [should have + past par- (ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-î√´¤).
ticiple (of see)] ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ:
3) should have taken [should have + past par- 1) Karuna: †’Oy E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË´·çü¿’, O’
ticiple (of take)] Ø√†oûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-LqçC.
(Before taking the decision, you
ple (of neglect)] should have consulted your father)
5) should have been. Kavya: ´÷ Ø√†o Ü∞x Öçõ‰ ´÷ö«x-úË-ü∆ØËo.
Ñ≤ƒJ, verb forms °j† îª÷°œ-†ô’x, (I would have consulted him, if he had
a) should have been b) should have + pp. been in town).
Karuna: Çߪ’† AJ-íÌ-*aç-ü∆é¬ Çí∫’çú≈-LqçC.
DE Å®Ωnç: (You should have waited until he
returned.)
ii) not (should not have been) Å®·ûË, Öçúø-èπÿ-úøE Kavya: ؈’ wait îËÊÆ-ü∆ØËo, é¬E Å°æp-öÀÍé ´’K late
´uéÀh/ N≠æߪ’ç Öçü¿E. Å®·-§Ú-ßË’C.
(I would have waited, but it would have
you should have been here half an hour ago. been too late by then.)
ii) ¢√∞¡Ÿx E†o Åéπ\úø Öçú≈Lq† ¢√∞¡Ÿx鬮Ω’ (é¬F 2) Åûªúø’ Ç car é̆’ç-ú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’
ÖØ√o®Ω’) He should not have bought the car.
They should not have been there yesterday. a) îËߪ’-´-©-Æœ† ã °æE îËߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË=
iii) I should have been there at that time, I You should have done it.
would have taught him a lesson b) îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøE °æE-îËÊÆh=
Ç time èπ◊ ؈-éπ\úø Öçú≈-LqçC; ¢√úÕéÀ •’Cl¥ îÁÊ°p- you should not have done it.
-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 7 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
She should have bought the sari =
<®Ω-éÌ-†’ç-ú≈-LqçC, é̆-™‰ü¿’. (´’ç* Å´-鬨¡ç
§Ú®·çC.)
ÉO should have been, should have + pp
N´-®√©’.
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
Hiranya: Hi Rajitha,
†’´¤y E†o ´÷ûÓ ÆœE-´÷èπ◊
´îª’açú≈-LqçC. Eïçí¬ ´’ç* ÆœE´÷
miss Åߪ÷u´¤.
Ç¢Á’ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷ èπÿ®Ω’aØ√o.
Rajitha: ÅC ¢Á∞«xL, ¢Á∞«xL ÅE ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æ-úø-éπ-§Ú--
ߪ·çõ‰, Éü¿l®Ωç éπLÆœ ´îËa-¢√-∞¡x¢Ë’.
Hiranya: †’´¤yçõ‰ Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ enjoy îËÊÆ ¢√∞¡x¢Ë’.
Å®·ûË E†o holiday é¬èπ◊çõ‰ ¢Á∞Ïx-¢√∞¡xç
é¬ü¿’. O’ cousin ¢ÁR}-§Ú-®·çü∆?
Rajitha: E†oØË ¢ÁRx-§Ú-®·çC. ûªEçéÓ È®çúø’
®ÓV©’ç-ú≈-LqçC. N’´’tLo Åçû√ °æJ-
îªßª’ç îËÊÆ-ü∆Eo. ÆæÍ®. ؈’ ´≤ƒh. Time
Å®·çC.
Hiranya: Bye.
ANSWERS
Hiranya: Hi Rajitha, you should have come
with us to the movie. Really you
missed a good movie.
Rajitha: If my cousin had not visited me
(come), I would have definitely (éπ*a-
ûªçí¬) come. I spent time talking to
her.
Hiranya: You should have brought her along.
Rajitha: If she had not been in a hurry, I would
have brought her along.
Hiranya: If you had come we would have
enjoyed still more. But if yesterday
had not been a holiday we would not
have gone to the movie. Has your
cousin gone/ left ?
Rajitha: She left yesterday itself. She should
have been here/ should have stayed
here for another two days. I would

her ¢√-úÕE. Would have been, would have + pp éÃ, should have introduced her to you all. OK.
É°æ ¤ p úø’ sentence (a), sentence (b) §Ú©açúÕ: have been, should have + pp éà ûËú≈ îª÷ü∆lç. Time is up. I must be going, bye.
Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø ÖçúÕ Öçõ‰, ØËØ√-¢Á’†’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-îË-¢√-úÕØË.
a) She should have been more careful 1) He would have done it = Hiranya: Bye.
(Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø ™‰ü¿’– ØËØ√-¢Á’†’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-îª-™‰ü¿’)
b) If he had answered one more question, he
Ç¢Á’ Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ Öçú≈-LqçC (é¬F-™‰ü¿’). Åûªúø’ îËÊÆ-¢√úË (îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) Spoken English 137 Column
™ È®ç-úÓ ™E
b) She would have been more careful He should have done it = Åûªúø’ îËߪ÷-LqçC Table column col-
would have got 100% ™ – ¢Á·ü¿öÀ (Åçõ‰ áúø-´’-¢Áj°æ¤
Ç¢Á’ Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ÖçúËüË (é¬F-™‰ü¿’). (NCµí¬/ Å´-Ææ-®Ω¢Á’i, Éûª-®Ω’© Çïc §ƒöÀçîË Ææçü¿- umn) heading If clause (had been/ had
´÷vûª¢Ë’
ÉçéÌéπ\ question answer
ûËú≈
îËÆœ Öçõ‰, ¢√úÕéÀ + PP). column column) heading–
Should have been, would have been ®√s¥™x) (îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’). È®ç-úÓ- (èπ◊úÕ
question ´C-™‰-¨»úø’, ¢√úÕéÀ
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 2) She would have bought the sari =
100] ´îËaüË. (Ç Main clause (would have been/ would have +
100] ®√™‰ü¿’) <®Ω-éÌ-ØËüË, é̆-™‰ü¿’. PP) ÅE Öçú≈L.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 9 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Surendra: We missed you at the picnic last Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o Imaginary
weekend. past forms:
(§Ú®·† ¢√®√çûªç picnic ™ †’´¤y I a) Would have been
™‰E ™ô’ éπE-°œç-*çC ´÷èπ◊)
Mahendra: So did I miss the fun too. I now feel
(ÖçúË-¢√úË/ ÖçúËüË é¬E ™‰úø’/ ™‰ü¿’)
I should have joined you. I should- b) Would have + Past participle (PP)
n't (should not) have stayed back eg: Would have gone, Would have seen,
for the meeting. What a bore it was! etc)
But for the dinner at the end of the (ã °æE ïJ-ÍíüË é¬F ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’ ÅE.
meeting, it would have been
Not ûÓ Å®·ûË ïJ-ÍíC é¬ü¿’, é¬E ïJ-TçC ÅE)
unbearable. All clauses beginning with EXERCISE
II a) Should have been= Öçú≈-LqçC/ Öçú≈-Lq†
(؈’ èπÿú≈ Ç Ææ®Ωü∆ §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. a) who, whom, whose, where, when, which, Govind: Sir, Ø√èπ◊ ´’®Ó È®çvúÓ-V©’ time É´yçúÕ,
O’ûÓ ´îª’aç-ú≈-Lqç-ü¿E É°æ¤púø†’-èπ◊ç- ¢√úø’– é¬F ™‰ü¿’/ ™‰úø’) why and how.
assignment submit
ô’Ø√o. Meeting éÓÆæç Ééπ\úø ÖçúÕ b) Should have + Past Participle (PP) b) 'that' clauses.
îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊.
§Ú¢√-Lqç-C-é¬ü¿’. Ŷs áçûª bore Lecturer: È®çvúÓ-V™«? †’´¤y ¢Á·†oØË submit îËߪ÷-
(eg: should have gone, should have seen, c) before.., after.., soon after, as soon as, since,
éÌöÀdçüÓ! Meeting ûª®√yûª dinner ™‰éπ- etc.)
LqçC. Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç™í¬ submit îË®·.
because, though, although, even though Govind: ¢Á·†o Ø√èπ◊ ïy®Ωç ®√éπ-§ÚûË E†oØË îËÊÆ-
§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, ü∆Eo ¶µºJç-îª-ûª-®Ω-´’-ßË’u-C- (ã °æE) îËÆæ’ç-ú≈-LqçC é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. begin
é¬ü¿’.) ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀûÓ ¢√-úÕE, Sir,
Not ûÓ– (ã °æE) îË-ߪ’éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-ú≈-Lqç-C, é¬F ÅßË’u clauses.
fun (Ééπ\úø) = Ææ®Ωü∆; But for Åçõ‰– ÅüË ™‰éπ- Lecturer: †’´¤y E†o submit îËÆæ’çõ‰, marks list
§ÚûË. unbearable = ¶µºJç-°æ-¨¡éπuç é¬E. î˨»-´¤/ -îË-¨»-†’/ -îË-¨»®Ω’) d) If clauses. ѧƒ-öÀéÀ ؈’ office ™ ÉîËa-ÊÆ-¢√-úÕE.
Surendra: I thought of pressing you. But I Rules: ÅÆæ©’ marks lists ÅFo ¢Á·†oØË sub-
thought that it was an important 1) Main clause verb - mit îËߪ÷-LqçC ؈’. F äéπ\úÕ ´©x Åçû√
meeting. So I didn't force you. past tense, subordi- Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·çC.
(E†’o •©-´ç-ûª-°-úø-ü∆-´’-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, é¬F
ÅüËüÓ ´·êu-¢Á’i† meeting ņ’-èπ◊- -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 139 nate clause verb - also
past tense.
Govind: Ø√èπ◊ äéπ\-®ÓV time É´yçúÕ sir.
M. SURESAN Lecturer: Í®°‘ time èπ◊ submit îË®·.
Ø√o†’. Åçü¿’-éπE •©-´çûªç îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.)
press = äAhúÕ ûË´ôç, •©-´ç-ûª-°-ôdúøç = force
Mahendra: But you should have told me earli-
er. The time you gave me was
short. If you told me earlier of it, I
would have thought of an excuse to
skip the meeting. I would have
I would have been happy
been happy. ANSWER
Let's look at the verbs of imaginary past
(†’´¤y (picnic í∫’Jç*) é¬Ææh ´·çü¿’ Exceptions: (N’†-£æ…-®·ç-°æ¤©’ – °j rule èπ◊)
situations above. Govind: Sir, please give me two days time to
subordinate clause ™ universal truths, facts submit the assignment.
1. should have joined -
îÁ§ƒp-LqçC. †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ ´’K ûªèπ◊\´
time Éî√a´¤. é¬Ææh ´·çü¿’í¬ îÁ°œp of science, generalisations, repeated Lecturer: Two more days? You should have
Öçõ‰, meeting áíÌ_-ôd-ú≈-EéÀ àüÓ ≤ƒèπ◊ éπ©¢√LqçC (†’´¤y). é¬E éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’. submitted it the day before (yester-
actions of the present continuing into future-
2. I shouldn't have stayed back - day). Submit it by the evening.
Ç™-*ç-îË-¢√-úÕE. ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçúË-
Ééπ\úø ÖçúÕ-§Ú-¢√-Lqç-C-é¬ü¿’ – é¬F ÖØ√o†’ OöÀ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ main clause verb past tense Govind: If I had not had a fever/ had not been
¢√-úÕE) Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÀ sub clause verb, present tense down with a fever, I would have sub-
Excuse = ≤ƒèπ◊. Lame excuse = èπ◊çöÀ-≤ƒèπ◊. 3. Would have been unbearable -
™ Öçú≈L. mitted it yesterday itself.
Lame = èπ◊çöÀ ¶µºJç-°æ-¨¡éπuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËC – é¬E ¨¡éπu-´’-®·çC Lecturer: If you had submitted it yesterday, I
Surendra: You were out of town for me to tell (Dinner ´©x) 2) Main clause verb, present/ future tense, sub
would have given the marks lists to the
you earlier. So I couldn't. 4. You should have told me - clause verb - any tense. office yesterday. I should have submit-
Mahendra: OK. That's past. How about a îÁ§ƒp-LqçC – îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ °j points ÅFo á°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çõ‰ O’ con- ted them the day before (yesterday).
movie this evening? 5. would have thought - The whole delay is because of you.
versation and communication, perfect í¬ Govind: Give me just a day's time, sir.
(OK, Ç™-*ç-îË-¢√-úÕØË é¬F Ç™-*ç-îª-™‰ü¿’. Practise, practise and practise. Lecturer: Submit tomorrow by this time.
ÅC Å®·-§Ú-®·çC í∫ü∆. É¢√y∞¡ Öçô’çC.
≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«l´÷?) 6. would have been happy -
Surendra: I am game for it. ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçúË ¢√úÕØË é¬F ™‰†’.
v°æ¨¡o: Past tense ™ sentence ‘The teacher liked all over the college’
(O’èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’hØ√oç):
(؈’ ready ØË.) ®√ÊÆh, ÅD-èπÿú≈ Åçõ‰
Reminding you - regular verbs 2nd
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TÊÆh ´’†èπ◊ àC Å®Ωnç, college ¢Á·ûªhçîË ÅGµ-´÷-Eç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’†o
game for = Æœü¿l¥ç
Main clause verbs- would have been, would form Å®·†simple past Å´¤-ûª’çC, Å™«Íí teacher...ÅE Å®Ωnç. é¬F °æ‹Jh Å®Ωnç ®√´ôç ™‰ü¿’
˜ ˜ ˜ have + pp subordi-
Å®·ûË 3rd form Å®·† past participle ÅE 鬕öÀd ÉC sentence é¬-ü¿’.
nate clause verbs- had regular verbs
example: a) He repaired the car.
Look at the following clauses in the con-
ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC? Å™«Íí Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç- ÉçéÓ
been, had + pp. îË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´·êuçí¬simple past tense ™
versation above: b) The car repaired yesterday..
Å®·ûË, ´’†-èπ◊†o3 forms of verb past
©™
1. ... I should have joined you If you had told me earlier of it, I would have a) repaired- repair Car
form, P.P. form confusion í¬ ™ üËEo î˨»úø’? †’.
2. I shouldn't have stayed back thought of some excuse to skip the meeting. b) The car repaired... - car repair
P.P form
ÖØ√o®·. î√™« °æ¤Ææh-é¬-™x üËEo
3. ... it would have been unbearable Main clause: I would have thought of some answer
-Å®·-ûËPast modification, pre- îËÆœçC? Åçõ‰ ®√ü¿’ éπü∆.
4. But you should have told me earlier. excuse to skip the meeting ‘The car repaired yester-
modification ™passive voice 鬕öÀd
5. I would have thought of an excuse (meeting áíÌ_-ôd-ú≈-EéÀ ≤ƒèπ◊ Ç™-*ç-îË- í¬ à®Ωp-úø-û√®· ÅE ®√-¨»®Ω’. ÉN day...’ Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç, E†o repair îËߪ’-•-
verb: would have thought
¢√-úÕE.
6. I would have been happy. éÌçîÁç N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ. úÕ† car, ...ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÅÆæç-°æ‹-Jhí¬
Look at the verbs in the clauses above:
- would have + pp)
– >.N.Ææûªuç, N¨»-ê-°æôoç sentence
-ï-¢√--•’: Regular verbs past tense,
Sub. clause: If you had told me of it earlier.
Öçúøôç ´©x Å´ü¿’. í∫’®Ω’hç-
1. Should have joined -éÓçúÕ.Past participleèπ◊ -á°æ¤p-úø÷
(†’´¤y ü∆E í∫’Jç* ´·çüË îÁ°æ¤pçõ‰ past participle,
2. Shouldn't have stayed back äÍ陫 Öçö«®·. Å®·ûË '•úË— ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.
– verb- had told - had + pp) past tense, á°æ¤úø’ past partici- The paper bought by millions =
3. Would have been (unbearable) á°æ¤-úøC
This lesson is a revision of the points of the ple ÅE ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ, Ç verb form èπ◊,
4. Should have told earlier lessons: practice
©éπ~-™«C v°æï-©îË é̆-•úË °ævAéπ –
5. Would have thought
¶«í¬ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊E á´-JE, üËEE ÅE question ¢Ë≤Ú\çúÕ. Answer
5, 6 lessons
îËߪ’çúÕ. í∫ûª ™ É*a† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ´ÊÆh ÅC past simple. Answer ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ÅC past
(ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ©éπ~-™ v°æï©’ éÌØË °ævAéπ Åçö«ç.)
6. Would have been. The book read by millions = ©éπ~-™«C v°æï-©îË îªü¿-
é¬Ææh éπ≠dçæ 鬕öÀd éÀçC N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ O’èπ◊ ´’S} participle. eg: ‘like’ BÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç. DEéÀ past
Ñ Verbs ÅFo èπÿú≈ Imaginary past situa- í∫’®Ω’h îËÆæ’hØ√oç. tense, past participle - liked. She liked the ´-•úË °æ¤Ææhéπç (©éπ~-™ -´’ç-C îªC¢Ë °æ¤Ææhéπç)
tions ™ ¢√úË-´E ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. í∫ûª 4, 5 les- IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER sari. liked what?
Ééπ\úø (üËEElike îËÆœçC?) àüÁjØ√ ‘be’ form °æéπ\† past participle ´ÊÆh Å°æ¤úø’
sons OöÀ í∫’JçîË éπü∆. ÉN conversation ™ Åçõ‰ answer sari ÅE ´Ææ’hçC 鬕öÀd Ééπ\úø verb, passive.
Ææ®Ωy ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i-†-°æp-öÀéÀ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ correct µ Clause - A group of words with a verb
liked, past simple. The book is liked by all- verb, is (be form) +
µ Main clause has complete meaning. The teacher liked all over the college,
í¬ ¢√úø-í∫-©-í∫ôç éÌçîÁç éπ≠d¢æ Ë’. áçûª áèπ◊\´ Ééπ\úø liked (pp) - °æ¤Ææhéπç ÅGµ-´÷Eç-úø’-ûª’çC.
Practice îËÊÆh Åçûª ¶«í¬ Å©-¢√õ„j, correct í¬ µ Subordinate clause has no complete mean- liked what like / liked whom?
(üËEE îËÆœçC?) (•úø’-ûª÷çC). á°æ¤p-úø÷ ‘be’ form °æéπ\† past sim-
¢√úø-í∫©ç. Åçü¿’-éπE Ñ lesson èπÿú≈ Imaginary ing.
like
(á´-JE îËÆœçC?) Åçõ‰ answer ®√´ôç ™‰ü¿’ ple ®√ü¿’.
past forms †’ í∫’JçîË.. Examples of subordinate clauses. éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø liked past participle.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Rama Rao : Why do you keep so much money
at home, son? It isn't safe.
(Åçûª úø•’s áçü¿’-éÀçöx Öçîªôç?
Åü¿çûª Íé~´’ç é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?)
Kumar : I know it isn't safe, dad, but I
haven't found the time to put it in
the bank. Moreover such a lot of
money in my account in the
bank... That's worrying me.
(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ Ø√†o ÅC Íé~´’ç é¬ü¿E.
é¬E úø•’s bank ™ ¢Ëߪ’ö«-EéÀ õ„j¢˛’
üÌ®Ω-éπôç ™‰ü¿’. ÅçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈ Ø√ äéπ\úÕ
ë«û√™... ÅD Ø√ worry).
Rama Rao : I have the time, so let me deposit
it then. I'll (I will) open an account,
and let's have an account opened
in mother's name too. Then you
can put the money in three differ-
ent accounts. That'll solve your
problem.
(Ø√èπ◊time ÖçC éπü∆, ؈’ ï´’
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 140
He
He would
would have deposited...
deposited...
îË≤ƒh†’bank ™– Ø√ Ê°®Ω’ûÓ äéπ
account open îË≤ƒh†’, Å´’t Ê°®Ω
èπÿú≈ äéπ account v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµü∆lç.
Å°æ¤pú≈ úø•’s ´‚úø’ accounts ™
éÌçûª éÌçûª-¢Ë-ßÁ·îª’a. F Ææ´’Ææu BJ-§Ú-
ûª’çC.)
Kumar : That's an idea. You apply for the
ATM cards too. You need not go to
the bank every time you want to
withdraw money.
(¶«í¬ØË ÖçC Ñ idea. ATM
O’®Ω’
Cards apply
èπ◊ èπÿú≈ îËߪ’çúÕ.
Å°æ¤púø’ úø•’s BÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©†’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤p-úø™«x
bank èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.
Rama Rao : But we have to use cheques till we
get the cards.
(Cards cheques
´îËaç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊
¢√úøü∆ç.)
Kumar : Credit some of the money into my
account. Open SB accounts in
your name and mother's name. I'll
sign as the introducer. Let's go.
(éÌçûª úø•’s Ø√ ë«û√™ ï´’-îÁ®·u. F
Ê°®Ω, Å´’t Ê°®Ω SB Accounts v§ƒ®Ωç-
Gµü∆lç. ؈’ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊
Ææçûªéπç °úøû√. ¢Á∞«lç °æü¿.)
Rama Rao : What about the Rs. 45000/- broth-
er Ramu wants for the bike? We'll
take a D.D. and send it to him.
(Bike é̆’-éÓ\-´-ö«-EéÀ ûª´·túø’ ®√´·-
45000/-
Å-úø’í∫’-ûª’-†o ®Ω÷. ´÷õ‰-N’öÀ.
D.D.
Ç ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ BÆœ °æç°œü∆lç.)
Kumar : D.D. means delay. We have to
send it by post and even then he
can't have it immediately. Our
bank has online transfer facility.
Let us send it that way.
(DD post
Åçõ‰ Ç©-Ææu¢Ë’. ´’†ç ™
°æ秃L. Å°æp-öÀéà ¢ÁçôØË ¢√úø’ BÆæ’-éÓ-
™‰úø’. ´’† bank ™ online transfer
≤˘éπ®Ωuç ÖçC. ´’†ç online -™
°æç°œü∆lç. facility = ≤˘éπ®Ωuç)
Spoken English
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 11 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Rama Rao : Let's put a part of the money in
term deposit. That gets us a high-
er interest.
term deposit
(éÌçûª úø•’s ™ ¢Ëü∆lç.
áèπ◊\´ ´úŒf ´Ææ’hçC.)
Kumar : How about investing in shares?
(Shares ™ °úø-ü∆´÷?
invest = °ô’d-•úÕ Â°ôdôç)
Rama Rao : I am not for it. It is risky.
Risk
(Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. ÖçC ü∆ØÓx.)
Kumar : O.K. Dad, as you say.
¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç BÆæ’-éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úËC. Now practise the following:
(ÆæÍ®.. F É≠ædç )
You see the whole conversation above is
2) Credit Card: ´’† balance ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Siva: £æ…ß˝’ ¢√Ææ’ àçöÀ Ææçí∫A?
about money and banks. Most words used
™‰èπ◊çú≈, éÌçûª °æJ-N’A ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ úø•’s §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÀ Vasu: E†o ´÷ °æéÀ\çöx üÌçí∫-ûª†ç ïJ-TçC.
Advance í¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úËC. DEéÀ éÌçûª ¨»ûªç ¢√R}çöx ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ üÌçí∫©’ ñÔ®Ω-•úÕ- úø-•’s -
are banking words.
bank
ØÁ©-ØÁ™« ´úŒf, service charges °æúø-´îª’a. á-ûª’hÈé-∞«x®Ω’.
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™E ´÷ô©’ î√™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ èπ◊ DD= Demand Draft= ´’†ç Éûª-®Ω’-©-éÀ-¢√y-Lq† Siva: áçûË-N’öÀ?
Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N éπü∆. ¢√öÀE í∫’Jç* N´-®Ωçí¬ Â°jéπç, bank ™ éπöÀd Ç ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ DD BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«ç, Vasu: ©éπ~
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
1) Bank ™ ë«û√ ûÁ®Ω-´-ôç/-v§ƒ-®Ωç-Gµç-îªôç = Ç DD E ´’†ç á´-JéÀ úø•’s éπö«d™ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ °æç°œûË, Siva: ü∆Eo Çߪ’† ¶«uçé˙ ™ -¢ËÆœ -Öçú≈-LqçC.
Open an account. Account†’ A/c ÅE
¢√∞¡x-éπ\úø Ç bank ¨»ê™ úø•’sí¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. DD Vasu: §ƒ°æç -¢ËÊÆ¢√úË. E†o sudden í¬ áéπ\-úÕéÓ
®√Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’ èπÿú≈. E ¢√∞¡x A/c ™ credit îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. ¢Á∞«xLq ´*a -¶«uçé˙ èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’.
(Cheques, DDs, crossed, uncrossed ÅE È®çúø’ Siva: ¶«í¬ Ö†o-¢√-úËØ√?
2) Bank ™ úø•’s ¢Ëߪ’-ôç/-ï-´’-îË-ߪ’-ôç/-E-©y-îË- Nüµ∆©’– Cheque/DD éÀ áúø-´’-¢Áj-°æ¤† °j† È®çúø’ Vasu: Ç ¢Á·†oØË á´-JéÓ îÁLxç-î√Lq ´*a ã ©éπ~
ߪ’ôç = put money in/credit money Uûª©’ UÆœØ√ Account Payee ÅE ®√ÆœØ√ ÅC ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© DD B¨»úø’. -™‰éπ-§Ú-ûË ÅC èπÿú≈
into/deposit money in, the bank.
3) Bank deposit
crossed cheque / crossed DD - Crossed §ÚßË’üË. á°æ¤púø÷ bank ™ úø•’s ¢Ëߪ’-ô¢Ë’
™ ´’† E©y = Å®·ûË †í∫ü¿’ îÁLxç-Ω’– Cheque / DD §ÒçC-†-¢√∞¡x é¬F Bߪ’ôç Öçúøü¿’.
He is quite rich. He has a lot of bank
A/c ™ ï´’ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. uncrossed Å®·ûË †í∫ü¿’ Siva: Å®·ûË É°æ¤púËç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√oúø’?
deposits.
Vasu: ¢Á·†oØË á´-JéÓ cheque Éî√aúø’. ÅC Åûªúø’
bank ™ ¢ËÊÆ ™°æ© Ñ úø•’s éπõ‰dÊÆh,
cheque èπ◊ ûªT† ≤Ò´·tç-ô’ç-ü¿F, AJT °æç°æ-
®ΩE Ñ ®ÓV ï´’ îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. É°æ¤púø’
balance ™‰ü¿’-éπü∆, ÅC AJT °æç°æ¤-û√®Ω’.
Siva: †’´¤y ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-™‰¢√? F bank E©y-™ xç*
BÆœ Çߪ’-†-éÀ´¤y.
Vasu: ØËØ√! ØËØËç èπ◊¶‰-®Ω’-úø-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√? Ø√èπ◊†o éÌCl
Åûªúø’ üµ¿E-èπ◊úø’. ¶«í¬ îÁLxç°æ¤ Öçô’çC.) úø•’s ÅFo term deposits ™ ÖØ√o®·.
On line transfer = DD/Cheque ´©x éπLÍí Ç©Ææuç,
Bank E©y-©’-Ø√o®·. †’´¤y É´¤y. ؈’í¬u®Ωç-öà Öçö«.
4) ¢Ëߪ’ôç, Bߪ’ôç Å≤˘-éπ®Ωuç ™‰èπ◊çú≈, computer, electronics ߪ·í∫ç™ Siva: ØËØËüÓ Ææ®Ω-ü∆éÀ ÅØ√o†’™‰.
ûª®√yûª, Account ™ ´’†-èπ◊†o °ü¿l ≤˘éπ®Ωuç. ü˨¡ç ¢Á·ûªhç™ áéπ\úÕÈ- éØj √ Answer
Ö†o E©y = balance. á´-JÈ- éØj √, áçûª¢- ·Á û- hª¢- Á’Øi √ (éÌEo Ççéπ~©- ûÓ) éπ~ù«™x Siva: Hi Vasu, What's new?
5) Bank ™ úø•’s BÆæ’-éÓ-
ÅçüËô’x °æç°æí- ©∫ ≤˘éπ®Ωuç. úø•’s §ÒçüË¢- √∞¡x A/c Vasu: There was a theft/burglary in my neigh-
number ™ ´’†ç áéπ\úø ï´’-îÆ -Ë Øœ √, éπ~ù«™x ÅC bour's. When they were out, thieves
´ôç = withdraw
He withdrew Rs.
M. SURESAN ¢√∞¡x A/c ™ ¢√∞¡Ÿçx úËîÓô Ç bank branch ™ ï´’ entered the house and took away cash
10,000/- yesterday=
Å´¤û- ª’çC. ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢ÁçôØË withdraw îËÆæ’é- Ó-´îª’a. (theft = ´÷´‚©’ üÌçí∫ª-ûª†ç. burglary =
E†o ®Ω÷. 10,000 B¨»úø’. Å®·ûË Ñ ≤˘éπ®Ωuç ÅEo bank ™,x ÅEo ¨»ê™x ™‰ü¿’. û√∞«©’ ™«çöÀN °æí∫’-©-íÌöÀd, éπØ√o©’ ¢ËÆœ Éçöx
Term deposit/Fixed deposit: á°æ¤púø’ 鬢√- ñÔ®Ω-•úÕ üÌçí∫-ûª†ç îËߪ’ôç. Burglar -
☛ You credit money into the bank and withdraw
©çõ‰Å°æ¤púø’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, äéπ EKgûª 鬩ç (fixed term)
money from the bank. Å™«çöÀ üÌçí∫-ûª†ç îËÊÆ-¢√úø’)
(´‚úø’ ØÁ©© †’ç* áEo Ææç´-ûªq®√™„jØ√) bank ™ Siva: How much?
☛ äéÓ\-≤ƒJwithdraw draw
•ü¿’©’ ÅE-èπ◊ú≈
úø•’s ÖçîË-ߪ’ôç – withdraw îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈– DEéÀ Vasu: One lakh
Åçö«ç. bank ÉîËa ´úŒf, SB A/c O’ü¿ ´úŒf éπØ√o áèπ◊\´.
I don't draw money on Fridays and Siva: Why didn't he put/deposit it in the bank.
鬩ç °J-T† éÌDl -´-úŒf áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC. Vasu: He would have deposited but they had
Tuesdays.
Current Account: ¢√u§ƒ®Ω ÆæçÆæn-©èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç
(¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç, ´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç úø•’s©’ Bߪ’†’.) to go suddenly somewhere, and could
®ÓVèπ◊ áEo≤ƒ®Ωx-®·† BÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ O©’í¬ -Öç-ô’ç-C. not go to bank.
☛ SB Account = Savings bank A/c = ¢√u§ƒ®Ω
– ´úŒf Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Siva: Is he rich/well to do?
Interest = ´úŒf
ÆæçÆæn©, v°æ¶µº’ûªyç EN’ûªhç -™‰èπ◊ç--ú≈ ´uéÀh-í∫-ûªçí¬
(well to do = ¶«í¬ úø•’s-†o-¢√úø’)
Payee = úø•’s §ÒçüË-¢√úø’
úø•’s ü∆-èπ◊ØË ë«û√.
Bank transactions = Bank ™«¢√-üË-O©’. (úø•’s Vasu: Yea. He bought a DD the other day, for
Debit = ´’†ç withdraw îËÊÆ úø•’s, ´’†ç
BÆæ’-éÓ-´-ôç/-¢Ë-ߪ’ôç ™«çöÀN) a lakh rupees to make some payment/to
Cheque/DD ü∆y®√ ÉîËa úø• ’s†’, ´’†
☛ úø•’s withdraw/draw îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ EçÊ°-°ævûªç = pay someone. Otherwise he would have
Account ™ ê®Ω’a ®√ߪ’ôç (BÊÆ-ߪ’ôç)
withdrawal form lost it/that amount too. He always
The Cheque amount has been debited =
☛ úø•’s ï´’-îË-ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úË °ævûªç = credit chal- deposits money into the banks and
cheque balance
never withdraws.
lan.
O’J-*a† ¢Á·ûªhç O’ ™ BÊÆ-
☛ úø•’s withdraw îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ cheque èπÿú≈ ߪ’ôç ïJ-TçC. Siva: What's he going to do?
¢√úøû√ç. ´’† A/c O’ü¿ ´’†èπ◊ cheque book ´’†-Èé-´-È®jØ√ É*a† cheque †’ ´’†ç credit Vasu: He gave/issued a cheque to some one.
Öçõ‰, pay self ÅE ®√Æœ ´’†ç úø•’s withdraw îËÊÆh í¬F, ÅC uncrossed cheque Å®·, He wanted to credit this amount into
îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. ≤Ò´·t BÆæ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ Ç bank ™ É´yôç pre- bank, so that even if he presented the
☛ äéπ®Ω’ ÉçéÓ-éπ-JéÀ É¢√y-Lq† úø•’s†’ cheque ®√Æœ senting the cehque. cheque there would be enough balance,
¢√∞¡x-éÀÊÆh, ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ç cheque †’ ¢√∞¡x A/c èπ◊ cred- äéπJ Account ™ Ö†o Balance éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ and the cheque would not be
it -îËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. cheque Ç bank O’ü¿ é¬éπ-§ÚûË ¢Á·û√h-EéÀ ÉçéÌ-éπ-JéÀ cheque ®√ÆœÊÆh, Ç cheque returned/dishonoured/bounce. Now
cheque úø•’s credit Å´-ö«-EéÀ Ç©Ææuç Å´¤- †’ bank ¢√∞¡Ÿx ûªT-†çûª balance ™‰ü¿E, return there isn't enough balance. So he is
ûª’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE ¢ËÍ® bank O’C cheques †’ -îËÊÆh Å°æ¤púø’ Cheque bounce Å-´¤-ûª’ç-C. worried that the bank might
Cheque bounce Å®·ûË ÅC cheque ®√Æœ-*a† dishonour/return the cheque.
´uéÀh-í∫ûª ™«¢√-üË-O-©èπ◊ í¬F, °æJ-îª-ߪ’ç-™‰E ¢√∞¡x
¢√∞¡x-ØË®Ωç. Å™« ®√Æœ*a† ¢√∞¡x O’ü¿ case Siva: Can't you help him? you draw from your
ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* BÆæ’-éÓ®Ω’. ®Ìéπ\ç É´y-´’ç-ö«®Ω’.
deposits and give him the money.
☛ ATM= Automatic Teller Machine = Bankèπ◊
°öÔda. Péπ~ áèπ◊\¢Ë.
´’†ç ¢Á∞¡x-†-´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰èπ◊çú≈, Bank business Bounce Å®·† cheque †’, dishonour Vasu: Me? (Do) you think I am Kubera. The lit-
hours ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈, Bank Card ü∆y®√, Å®·çC Åçö«®Ω’. tle money I have is in term deposits you
úø•’s §ÒçüË Ææü¿’-§ƒßª’ç. Ñ Cards È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩’. ÉO ´’†ç ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ bank transactions -™ give him; I'll stand guarantee.
1) Debit Card: ´’† Account ™ Ö†o balance ¢√úË ´÷ô©’. Siva: I just joked. Don't worry.
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II
Praveen: Congrats on your high score. Keep
it up.
áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ≤ƒCµç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊
éπçví¬ö¸q.
Naveen: Thank you. But I left out two ques-
tions. If had answered them, I could
have scored still higher.
È®çúø’ questions ´C-™‰-¨»†’. ¢√öÀE
answer îËÆæ’çõ‰, ØËEçé¬ áèπ◊\´
´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-LÍí¢√úÕE.
Praveen: Don't worry. Your marks are high
enough. Better luck next time.
Worry
Å´èπ◊. F ´÷®Ω’\©’ É°æ¤púø’ áèπ◊\-
´-í¬ØË ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. ´îËa-≤ƒJ F Åü¿%≠ædç
¶«í∫’ç-ú≈L ÅE Ø√éÓ-Jéπ.
Naveen: Thank you. But for your help I could-
n't (could not) have scored so high.
Thank you for all your help.
ü∑∆uçé˙q.. F Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ؈çûª
áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁaéÓí∫LÍí¢√úÕE
鬆’.
Score = marks. Score high = áèπ◊\´ marks
ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç. High score = áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’
Praveen: You are welcome. It is your hard
work more than my help that got you
these marks.
Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’çéπØ√o F éπ%Ê≠ FéπEo
´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁ*a-°-öÀdçC.
Naveen: The college is a good college too.
The teaching is good. Had it not
been for the teachers, many could
not have passed.
College èπÿú≈ ´’ç*üË.
Teachers
¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.
Teaching
Ééπ\úø íÌ°æp-¢√∞¡Ÿx
pass
é¬éπ-§ÚûË î√™«-´’çC -Å-ßË’u¢√∞¡Ÿx
é¬ü¿’.
Praveen: True. The college can be proud of
its Lecturers. The college wouldn't
have become so famous without
them.
college Lecturers
Eï¢Ë’. Ñ éÀ í∫®Ωy-
College
é¬-®Ωùç. ¢√∞¡x-´©x é¬éπ-§ÚûË, èπ◊-
Åçûªfame ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’ (é¬F ÖçC)
Naveen: If I had not advised your father, he
would have put you in some other
college and you would have faced
problems.
؈’ O’ Ø√†o-èπ◊ Ææ©£æ… Éaç-úø-éπ-§ÚûË O’
Ø√†o- EEoçéÓ College ™ îËÍ®a-¢√®Ω’.
Å°æ¤púø’ -†’-´¤-y éπ≥ƒd-™„-ü¿’-®Ó\-¢√-™Ôq-îËaC.
Praveen: O.K. I must be leaving. I should
have been at college by 10 for the
certificates. I am late. Bye.
College
ØË-†’ ¢Á-∞«xL. ™ certificates
10
BÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ í∫çô-©èπ◊ Öçú≈-LqçC.
Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC. ´≤ƒh.
Naveen: Bye.
µ In the last few lessons we studied the uses
of Would have been, Would have + Past
Participle, should have been, should have
+ pp.
a) would have been = ÖçúË ¢√úË/ ÖçúËüË (™‰ü¿’)
would have + pp = ïJ-ÍíüË é¬F ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’.
wouldn't (would not) have been = ÖçúËC
é¬ü¿’ (é¬F ÖçC)/ ÖçúË¢√úø’é¬ü¿’ (é¬F ÖØ√oúø’)
Wouldn't have + pp = (ã °æE) ïJ-ÍíC é¬ü¿’
(é¬F ïJ-TçC)
b) should have been = Öçú≈-LqçC (NCµí¬)/
Öçú≈-Lq† ¢√úø’ (NCµí¬) é¬E ™‰ü¿’/-™‰úø’
shouldn't (should not) have been =
Öçú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’ (é¬F ÖçC) / Öçú≈-Lq-†-¢√úø’
é¬ü¿’- (é¬E ÖØ√oúø’)
should have done =
îËߪ÷-LqçC (NCµí¬) é¬F îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.
should n't (should not have done)
îË-ߪ÷-Lqç-C é¬-ü¿’ -é¬-F îË-¨»®Ω’.
ÉD Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬ ´’†ç imaginary past forms †’
í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’.
Spoken English
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Now look at the following sentences from the
conversation at the beginning of the lesson:
1) I could have scored still higher marks.
2) I couldn't (could not) have scored so high
3) Many couldn't have passed
4) The college wouldn't have become so
famous
5) He would have put you in some other college
6) You would have faced problems
7) I should have been at college by 10
Look at the underline verbs in the sen-
tences above:
1) Could have scored 2) couldn't have
scored, 3) couldn't have passed 4) wouldn't
have become 5) would have put 6) would
have faced 7) should have been.
We know the uses of verbs No. 4, 5, 6 and 7.
Now let's look at verbs No. 1, 2, and 3.
We see that the verb form is could have +
past participle.
Could have been / could have + PP are two
more imaginary past forms.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 141
She could have been the PM
could have been = Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-C/- Öç-úø-í∫-LÍí¢√úË
(é¬E ™‰ü¿’/ ™‰úø’)
a) She could have been the Prime Minister=
ÇNúø v°æüµ∆-†-´’çvAí¬ Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíüË (é¬E ™‰ü¿’)
[could Åçõ‰ past ability E ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC éπü∆–
Åçõ‰ í∫ûªç™ Öçúø-í∫-©í∫ôç/ îËߪ’-í∫-©í∫-ö«Eo
ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC– í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆]
b) Mrs Sonia Gandhi could have been the PM
if she had wanted =
PM
Ç¢Á’ ņ’-èπ◊-†o-ôd-®·ûË, í¬ Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíüË.
PM
(ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’, í¬ ™‰ü¿’)
c) I could have been there even at 10-
if the
Åéπ\úø ؈’ °æCç-öÀÍé Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕØË,
train hadn't been late.
train Train
Ç©Ææuç Å´-èπ◊çú≈Öçõ‰. ( ´©x – ™‰†’)
d) How could she have been here?=
Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø ᙫ Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíC? (Åçõ‰ ™‰ü¿E éπü∆)
Krishna: She should have been here at 10.
(Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø 10éÀ Öçú≈-LqçC) (é¬F ™‰ü¿’)
Vishnu: How could she have been here when
she had a class.
class
(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Öçõ‰, ᙫ Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíC?)
(Åçü¿’-éπE ™‰ü¿’)
e) If I had not given her a lift, she couldn't have
been here on time =
lift time
؈’ É´y-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰ Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø èπ◊ Öçúø-
lift
í∫-L-ÍíC é¬ü¿’– Éî√a†’, Ç¢Á’ Öçúø-í∫-L-TçC, ÖçC)
f)≤ÚEߪ÷ PM í¬ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ -Åç-Uéπ-Jç-ç-õ‰,
Manmohan Singh, PM í¬ Öçúø-í∫-LÍí¢√úø’é¬ü¿’.
If Sonia Gandhi had agreed to be the PM,
Manmohan Singh couldn't have been the PM.
°j´Fo could have been/ couldn't have been
sentences.
¢√úÕ†
conversation could have
É°æ¤púø’ ™E
Éûª®Ω verbs îª÷ü∆lç.
1) I could have scored still higher marks=
Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕØË (ûÁa-
éÓ-™‰éπ§Úߪ÷)
Åçõ‰ could have + past participle Å®Ωnç, äéπ
°æE á´-È®jØ√ îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√∞Ïx, Å®·ûË îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-
§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’ ÅE.
Å™«Íí couldn't (could not) have + past
participle Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç– (á´-È®jØ√) äéπ °æE-îËߪ’™‰éπ-
§Ú-ßË’-¢√Í® é¬E îËߪ’-í∫-L-í¬®Ω’ ÅE.
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 13 - -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
2) I couldn't have scored so high If he had been there, he could have got a
Åçûª áèπ◊\´ marks ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ßË’-¢√-úÕE (é¬F share. (If clause verb - had been; Main
clause verb could have got)=
ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-L-í¬-†’/ -ûÁ-a-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.)
3) Many couldn't have passed ¢√úø-éπ\úø Ö†o-ôx-®·ûË, ¢√úÓ ¶µ«í∫ç §Òçü¿-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË.
(™‰úø’, §Òçü¿-™‰-ü¿’)
î√-™«-´’çC pass 鬙‰-éπ-§Ú-ßË’-¢√Í® (é¬E Å-ߪ÷u®Ω’) a) †’¢Ìyéπ\ EN’≠æç ´·çü¿’ ´îª’açõ‰, Fèπ◊ ®Ω÷.
Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ.
But for my help, he couldn't have got the
1000 é¬ü¿’, ®Ω÷. 10000 É´y-í∫-LÍí¢√úÕØË =
If you had come a minute earlier, I could
job.
have given you not just Rs 1000, but even
Ø√ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’¢Ë’ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Åûªú≈ ÖüÓuí∫ç §Òçü¿-™‰-éπ-
Rs 10000.
§Ú-ßË’-¢√úË. (Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ´©x §Òçü¿-í∫-L-í¬úø’). (†’¢Ìyéπ\ EN’≠æç Ç©Ææuç Åߪ÷u´¤,
But for the timely rains, we couldn't have
ØËØËO’ É´y-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.)
b) British §ƒ©† ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ î√™« ÅGµ-´%Cl¥ -
had such a harvest=
îÁçü¿-í∫-L-ÍíüË–
Ææ鬩ç-™ ´®√{©’ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´’†-N’çûª ´’ç* India could have progressed a lot if the
°æçô©’ §Òçü¿-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ßË’-¢√∞¡xç British had not ruled it.
(Ææ鬩 ´®√{© -´-©x – °æçô ¶«í¬ §Òçü¿-í∫-Lí¬ç) c) ††oߪ’ îªE-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û√Eo °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-
(Harvest = £æ…¢ÁÆˇd = °æçô éÓûª/- °æçô)
í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË=
If Nannaya had not died he could have com-
If I had answered two
pleted the Mahabharatam.
more questions, I could
have got 100%= d) ¢√∞¡Ÿx car ™ ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çõ‰ ü¿®Ωz†ç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-L-Íí-¢√∞¡Ÿx
ÉçéÓ È®çúø’ v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ ï¢√- 鬮Ω’=
•’©’ ®√Ææ’çõ‰ †÷öÀéÀ If they had not taken the car, they could not
†÷®Ω’ ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕØË. have had the darsanam. (Could not have +
(Two questions ´C-™‰-
pp of have - had)
¨»†’– 100 èπ◊ 100 ûÁa-éÓ- M. SURESAN
e) ´çô éπ~ùç™ °æ‹Jh îËߪ’-í∫-LÍíü∆ØËo gas î√L-†çûª
™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷.) Öçõ‰=
°j sentence ™ If clause verb had answered I could have completed cooking in a jiffy, if
-had + PP there had been enough gas
Would have been/ would have + PP, main in a jiffy = éπ~ùç™
clause verb Å®·ûË if clause verb, had been/ ÉD could have been/ could have + pp, mean-
had + PP Öçú≈-©E Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç, ing and use
í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆. Could have been/ could have a) would have been, would have + pp
+ PP, main clause very Å®·ûË èπÿú≈ ü∆EéÀ b) should have been, should have + pp
combination, If clause verb - had been/ had c) could have been, could have + pp
+ PP ØË. °j verbs ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E ¢√úøôç î√™« ´·êuç.
IMAGINARY PAST FORMS
IF CLAUSE
VERB FORMS MAIN CLAUSE
(verb-forms)
ÖçúË-üË/ -Öç-úË-¢√∞Ïx é¬F ™‰ü¿’/- ™‰®Ω’.
been not ûÓ ÖçúËC é¬ü¿’/ -Öç-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx 鬮Ω’
Had been
é¬F ÖçC/ -Ö-Ø√o®Ω’
Would have Had + pp
äéπ °æE ïJ-Íí-C/- ä-éπ®Ω’ -äéπ °æE-îË-ÊÆ-¢√®Ω’
Past
é¬F ï®Ω-í∫-™‰-ü¿’/- îË-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’.
participle
Not ûÓ äéπ °æE ïJ-ÍíCé¬ü¿’/ -ä-éπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE
îËÊÆ¢√®Ω’é¬ü¿’ é¬E ïJ-Tç-C/- îË-¨»®Ω’.
been
Öçú≈-LqçC é¬F ™‰ü¿’/- ™‰úø’
Not ûÓ Öçú≈-LqçC é¬ü¿’, é¬F ÖçúÕçC/ Ö-Ø√o®Ω’
Should have
ûÓ Ö†o
Past äéπ °æE ï®Ω-í¬-Lqç-C/ äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE îËߪ÷-LqçC -
(NCµí¬) participle é¬E ï®Ω-í∫-™‰-ü¿’/ -îË-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’
Not ûÓ ï®Ω-í∫-èπÿ-úø-E-C/ -îË-ߪ’-èπÿ-úø-EC
ïJ-Tç-C/- îË-¨»®Ω’.
been
Öçúø-í∫-LÍíüË/- Öç-úø-í∫-LÍí-¢√úË é¬F ™‰ü¿’/- ™‰úø’
not ûÓ Öçúø-í∫-LÍíC é¬ü¿’/- Öç-úø-í∫-LÍí¢√úø’é¬ü¿’,
Had been
Could have é¬E Öçúø-í∫-L-Tç-C/ -Öç-úø-í∫-Lí¬®Ω’
Had + pp
(Ability) Past
Å´-í∫-LÍíüË/- îË-ߪ’-í∫-LÍí¢√∞Ïx, é¬EÅ´-™‰-ü¿’/-îË-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’
participle Not ûÓ Å´-í∫-LÍíCé¬ü¿’/- îË-ߪ’-í∫-LÍí¢√∞¡Ÿxé¬ü¿’/
-é¬F Å®·ç-C/- îË-ߪ’-í∫-Lí¬®Ω’.
II
Pramod: Prakash didn't attend our party yes-
terday. What might have been the
reason?
(v°æ鬨¸ E†o ´’† §ƒKdéÀ ®√™‰ü¿’. 鬮Ω-ù-¢Ë’¢Á’i
ÖçúÌa?)
Prabhat: He might have been out of town or
he might have forgotten. When did
you last tell him of the party?
(Åûªúø’ Ü∞x ™‰éπ-§Ú®· ÖçúÌa. ™‰éπ-§ÚûË
§ƒKd N≠æߪ’ç ´’J-*-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa. Åûª-úÕéÀ
†’´¤y §ƒKd N≠æߪ’ç *´-Jí¬ á°æ¤púø’
îÁ§ƒp´¤?)
Pramod: I think last saturday
(§Ú®·† ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç ņ’-èπ◊çö«)
Prabhat: That's it. He is very busy. You should
have reminded him of it after that.
So, he might have forgotten.
(ÅD Ææçí∫A. Ç ûª®√yûª †’´y-ûª-úÕéÀ í∫’®Ω’h
îËߪ÷-LqçC. Åçü¿’-éπE Åûªúø’ ´’Ja-§Ú®·
Öçö«úø’.)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 142
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 15 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Prabhat: Wait for an hour. The bank might not
have been open by now. It is only 9.
(í∫çö«í∫’. Bank É°æ¤púË ûÁJ-ç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.
Time É°æ¤púø’ ûÌN’tüË.)
Pramod: O.K.
We have seen so far the three imaginary
past forms:
1) would have been/ would have + past par-
ticiple (PP),
2) should have been/ should have + pp, and
d) If it had not been money, what might have
3) could have been / could have + pp. Might have been = Öçúø’ç-úÌ-a/- Öç-úË-üË¢Á÷–
stopped him from coming
Would have been = ÖçúËüË / ÖçúË-¢√úË é¬F ÆæçüË£æ«ç. Öçúø†÷´îª’a/ -™‰-éπ-§Ú†÷´îª’a – ÆæçüË£æ«ç.
™‰ü¿’/ -™‰úø’. Might have + pp = (äéπ N≠æߪ’ç) ï-JT ÖçúÌ-a/-
úø•’s-´©x é¬éπ-§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, üË-E-´©x ®√éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-ö«-
úø-ûª†’?
Would have + pp = ïJ-ÍíüË / îËÊÆ-¢√úË é¬F ï-®Ω-í∫-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa– ÆæçüË£æ«ç. ÉD, might have been, might have + PP
ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’/ îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Ñ ûËú≈©’ îª÷úøçúÕ.
N´-®√©’.
Should have been = Öçú≈-LqçC é¬F ™‰ü¿’ 1) He would have gone
Now Practise the following, using all
Should have + pp = îËߪ÷-LqçC (îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’) ¢Á∞Ïx-¢√úË (é¬F ¢Á∞¡x™‰ü¿’)
the four imaginary past forms you
Could have been = Öçúø-í∫-L-ÍíC/ Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’ 2) He should have gone
have learnt so far.
(™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC/ ™‰éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’) Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞«x-LqçD (é¬F ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’)
Could have + pp = îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË/ îËߪ’-™‰-éπ- Rahul: †’´¤y E†o £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ¢Á∞¡Ÿxçõ‰, ¨Ïê-®˝†’
3) He could have gone =
§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË (é¬E ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’) éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕN.
°j -¢√-öÀéÀ not îËJÊÆh, ü∆EéÀ opposite Å®Ωnç Kousik: Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’. E†o Åéπ\-úÕéÀ ¢ÁRxØ√
4) He might have gone = ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa – Åçõ‰
´Ææ’hç-ü¿-E í∫ûª ´‚úø’, Ø√©’í∫’ lessons ™
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆.
Åçûª éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ô癉ü¿’ – ¢Á∞«xú≈, ™‰ü∆ ÅE. Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa.
Rahul: áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´™«?
Kousik: Åûªúø’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ ØË Öçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛

He might have gone

Pramod: I myself have been very busy this
week. Otherwise I might have
reminded him.
(؈’ èπÿú≈ Ñ ¢√®Ω-´’çû√ busy
™‰èπ◊çõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hîËÊÆ-¢√-úÕE.)
Prabhat: He was talking to me of going to
Mumbai. So my other doubt is he
might have left for Mumbai.
(Ø√ûÓ àüÓ ´·ç-¶«®· ¢Á∞¡xôç í∫’Jç*
îËÊÆ¢√úË. Ø√Íéç §∂ÚØ˛®√™‰-ü¿-ûª-úÕ†’ç*.
Rahul: †’´¤y §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ’ç-ú≈-Lqç-ü¿ûªúÕéÀ.
Kousik: Åûª-†-éπ\úø éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÖØ√o-úøE ûÁLÊÆh îËÊÆ-
¢√úÕo. Åûª†’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛èπ◊ ¶«í¬ §Òü¿’l-§Ú-
ߪ÷éπ îË®Ω’ç-úÌ-îªaE Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç.
Rahul: äéπ-¢Ë∞¡ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ’çõ‰ àç §ÚßË’C Fèπ◊?
In this lesson we îª÷úøçúÕ, °j sentences from No 1 to No 11
¢√úø’-Ø√oú≈ ™‰ü∆ ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓí∫L-Íí-¢√-úÕN.
are going to study ÅFo èπÿú≈ ÆæçüË-£æ…ØËo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®· éπü∆, 1)
Kousik: ††o-ûªúø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË Æ洒ߪ’ç èπÿú≈
the fourth imaginary Öçúø’ç-úÌa, 2) ™‰éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa, 3) ´’Ja-§Ú-
í¬ ÖØ√o. Öçúø’ç-úø-üË-¢Á÷?
past form: ߪ·ç-úÌa, 4) í∫’®Ω’hîËÆæ’ç-úÌa, 5) ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌa, 6)
Miss Å´-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa, 7) Éçé¬ Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª¢Á’i Rahul: ´’Sx á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-îªaØË N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√
Might have been; ûÁL-Ææ’çúËC éπü∆?
ÖçúÌa, 8) Åߪ·uç-úÌa, 9) áèπ◊\´ ê®Ωa®·
Might have + past Kousik: ÅC Eï¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ´÷ cousin
participle (PP)
M. SURESAN ÖçúÌa, 10) Åçîª-Ø√-©†’ N’çç-úÌa,
11) ûÁJ-ç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌa. §∂ÚØ˛îËÆœ éπ†’-èπ◊\çö«.
Would have been, have + pp - Rahul: Åü¿çû√ áçü¿’èπ◊? †’¢Ëy sekhar èπ◊

´÷ö«x-ú≈úø’. 鬕öÀd Ø√éÓ ÆæçüË£æ«ç
´·ç-¶«®· ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-úÌ-îªaE.)
Pramod: I now feel that we might not have
missed him if we had reminded him
of it.
(´’†ç äéπ-≤ƒJ ¢√úÕéÀ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’çõ‰ ´’†ç
¢√úÕE miss ÅßË’u-¢√∞¡xç 鬢˒¢Á÷ ÅE É°æ¤púø’
Ø√éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC.)
Prabhat: Any way, past is past. What do peo-
ple say about the party?
(Å®·-§Ú-®·ç-üËüÓ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´’† party
í∫’Jç* Åçü¿®Ω÷ à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’?)
}
Oô-Eoç-öÀéÀ
Should ÅN Ææ ÷ *çîË states of being
Could actions
èπ ÿ ´uA- Í ® - é ¬®Ω n ç ´Ææ ’ h ç C.
é¬F might have been, might have + pp èπ◊
Å™« ®√ü¿’. ÉC ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. °j Ææ綵«-
≠æ-ù™ might have been, might have + pp
verbs Ö†o sentences äéπ-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç.
1) What might have been the reason?
(鬮Ωùç à¢Á’i Öç-úø’çúÌa?)
2) He might have been out of town
(Ü∞x ™‰éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa).
3) So he might have forgotten
鬕öÀd í∫ûªç™ Ö†o/ ïJ-T† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ (ÖçúÕ
èπÿ, ÖçúÌ-îËa¢Á÷/ ïJ-Tç-üË¢Á÷ ™«çöÀ Å®ΩnçûÓ) ÆæçüË-£æ…- phone îÁ®·u.
Ææp-ü¿¢Á’i í∫ûªç™ ÖçüÓ, ™‰üÓ, ïJ-TçüÓ, ï®Ωí∫-™‰üÓ Kousik: Ok.
Ææp-≠d-çæ í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË verb forms - might ANSWER
have been, might have + past participle.
1) E†o £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ î√™« áçúøí¬ ÖçC, Nï-ߪ’- Rahul: If you had gone to Hyderabad yester-
¢√-úø™  èπÿú≈ î√™« áçúøí¬ Öç-úø’ç-úÌa day, you could have met Sekhar.
(ÖçüË¢Á÷) Kousik: I doubt. Even if I had gone there I
It was very hot in Hyderabad; so might it might not have met him.
have been in Vijayawada (Vijayawada too
(Even = Å®·Ø√)
might have been hot)
Rahul: Why do you think so?
2) Åûªúø’ Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËÆæ’ç-úÌa (Åûª-úÕE †’´y-úÕT
Öçõ‰)=He might have helped you (if you had Kousik: If he had been in Hyderabad, he

Pramod: They are all happy. A good number
still feel that the party might have
been a greater success if Prasad
had been there to entertain us with
his jokes.
(Åçü¿®Ω÷ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’. Å®·ûË ûª† jokes
ûÓ ´’†èπ◊ NØÓü¿ç éπL-Tç-îª-ö«-EéÀ Prasad
èπÿú≈ Öçúø’çõ‰ party Éçé¬ Nï-ߪ’-´ç-ûª¢Á’i
ÖçúË-üË¢Á÷ -Å-E -î√-™«-´’ç-C -¶µ«-NÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.)
Prabhat: What about the expenses?
(ê®Ω’a© Ææçí∫-ûË-N’öÀ?)
Pramod: We have yet to get the bill. It might
have come to around Rs. 10,000/-.
We have paid an advance of Rs.
5000/-. It might have cost us more if
it had been any other hotel.
Prabhat: True. It might have gone beyond our
estimation.
(Eï¢Ë’ ´’† Åçîª-Ø√-©èπ◊ N’ç*-§Ú-ߪ·ç-
úÌa.)
Pramod: Let's settle the bill at once.
Åûªúø’ ´’Ja-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa. asked him) (îËÊÆ¢√úË¢Á÷). would have called me. I didn't have
4) I might have reminded him = 3) She might have become the PM any call from him.
؈’ Åûª-úÕéÀ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’ç-úÌa. Ç¢Á’ PM Åߪ·uç-úÌ-îËa¢Á÷. Rahul: You should have phoned.
5) He might have left for Mumbai = 4) They might not have seen him Kousik: If I had known definitely that he was
¢√∞¡xûª-úÕE îª÷Ææ’ç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. there, I would have phoned him. But
Åûªúø’ ´·ç-¶«®· ¢ÁRx ÖçúÌa.
Imp: Might have been, Might have + pp, main my opinion is that he might have
6) We might not have missed him =
clause verbs 'if clause' combi-
Å®·ûË, DE reached Hyderabad late in the night.
Åûª-úÕE ´’†ç miss Åߪ·uçúË ¢√∞¡xç 鬢˒¢Á÷. nation verbs - had been, had + pp.
Rahul: What might you have lost, If you had
7) ... the party might have been a greater suc- a) If you had taken his book, he might have
phoned? You could have known if he
cess = been very angry
was there or not.
Party -Éçé¬ Nï-ߪ’-´çûªç Å®· ÖçúË-üË-¢Á÷/- †’¢Ëy ÅûªúÕ °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’-èπ◊-†’çõ‰ Åûªúø’ î√™«
Kousik: He might not have had the time to
Å-ߪ·uç-úÌa. éÓ°æp-úø’ç-úÌa.
b) He might have made her very happy if she meet me.
8) It might have come to around Rs 10000/-
had married him Rahul: At least you would have known/ found
ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ®Ω÷. 10000 Åߪ·uçúÌa.
Ç¢Á’ Åûª-úÕE °∞«x-úø’çõ‰, Åûªúø’ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ- out when you might meet him again.
9) It might have cost us more =
°-ô’dç-úÌa. (°õ‰d-¢√-úË-ØË¢Á÷). Kousik: That's true. But my cousin might have
´’†-éÀçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ê®Ω’a Åߪ·uç-úÌa. c) If the mob had not become violent the police gone. I'll ring up and find out.
10) It might have gone beyond our estimation might not have opened fire = Rahul: Why all that? you call sekhar
´’† Åçîª-Ø√-©†’ N’ç*-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa. ï†ç üˆ®Ω†b uç îËߪ’éπ§Ú-ߪ·çõ‰, police 鬩’p©’ Kousik: Ok.
11) The Bank might not have opened by now = ïJ°œ Öçúøéπ-§Ú-´îª’a. (ÆæçüË£æ«ç – üˆ®Ωb†uç é¬éπ-
Bank ûÁJ-ç-úø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. §Ú-®·Ø√ 鬩’p©’ ïJT ÖçúÌa.)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Mrinal: Hi Kripal, how did you do in the exam
yesterday?
(E†o exam ᙫ ®√¨»´¤?)
Kripal: Well, Of course, but I could have
done better.
(¶«í¬ØË ®√¨»†’. é¬F Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-í∫-L-
Íí-¢√-úÕØË.)
Mrinal: Why? What was wrong?
-(à¢Á’içC?)
Kripal: The noise from a workshop nearby the
exam centre disturbed me a lot. I
couldn't concentrate.
(exam centre ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o workshop íÌúø´
††’o ¶«í¬ disturb îËÆœçC. concentrate
îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Úߪ÷.)
Mrinal: Sorry to hear that. Sorry that you
couldn't get a better centre.
(Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´’ç* centre- †’ †’´¤y §Òçü¿-
™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Nî√-J-Ææ’hØ√o)
Kripal: If I had chosen some other town, I
would have got a better centre. I could
have done certainly much better.
(ÉçÍé ÜÈ®jØ√ ؈’ áç°œéπ îËÆæ’èπ◊E Öçõ‰
Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ´’ç* centre ´îËaüË. Å°æ¤púø’
؈’ Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’í∫LÍí ¢√úÕE)
Mrinal: You should have thought of it before
indicating the centre.
(°æKé~¬ Íéçvü∆Eo áç°œéπ îËÆæ’-èπ◊ØË ´·çü¿’, Ñ
N≠æߪ’ç Ç™-*ç-î√-LqçC)
(indicate= ÉçúÕ-Èé-ß˝’ö¸ – 'É— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-
èπ◊û√ç = Ææ÷*ç-îªôç)
Kripal: That's true. I chose the place
because my uncle advised it.
(ÅC Eï¢Ë’. ´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u Ææ©£æ… ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊
Ñ Íéçvü∆Eo áç°œéπ -îËÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o.)
Mrinal: What about your cousin? She took the
exam too, didn't she?
(O’ cousin
´÷õ‰-N’öÀ? ûª†’ èπÿú≈ Ñ
exam ®√ÆœçC éπü∆?)
Kripal: She is very good at the subject. She
did very well and is sure of selection. If
I had taken help, I could have pre-
pared much better.
(Ç¢Á’èπ◊ subject ¶«í¬ ´îª’a. î√™« ¶«í¬
®√ÆœçC, éπ*a-ûªçí¬ select Å´¤ûª’çC. ؈’
Ç¢Á’ ≤ƒßª’ç BÆæ’èπ◊E Öçõ‰ Éçé¬ ¶«í¬
prepare ÅßË’u-¢√-úÕØË.)
Mrinal: OK. All the best then. Don't worry.
You'll get the Job
(Fèπ◊ Job ´Ææ’hçC. Worry Å´èπ◊).
Kripal: OK. Hope so. Thank you.
(Å™«Íí ÇPü∆lç. Thanks)
Would have been/would have + past partici-
ple (PP) èπ◊, could have been / could have +
PP èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈†’ N´-Jç-îª-´’E î√™« ´’çC
§ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊©’ éÓ®Ω-úøçûÓ ´’Sx ÉÆæ’hØ√oç. ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-
Eç-îªçúÕ.
Look the following sentences from the
conversation above.
1) I could have done better
2) I would have got a better centre
3) I could have done certainly much better
4) You should have thought of it
5) I could have prepared much better.
Look at the verbs in the sentences above:
1) Could have done .. Could have + past par-
ticiple ( PP)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 17 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
2) Would have got (would have + PP)
3) Could have done (could have + PP)
4) Should have thought (should have + PP)
5) Could have prepared (could have + pp)
1) I could have done better.
¶«í¬ ®√ߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√-úÕØË, é¬E ®√ߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.
could ÅØËC áèπ◊\-´í¬ past ability (í∫ûªç™
≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç)†’ -ûÁ-©’°æ¤-ûª’ç-C. Å™«Íí,
2) Could have prepared better.
Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ prepare ÅßË’u-¢√úÕØË, pp ¢√úÕûË Å®Ωnç Öçúøü¿’. Kavya: á´-®Ω-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o-®ΩC ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E?
鬙‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷.Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ prepare Å´-í∫LT b) without my recommendation, he couldn't Lasya: Å´¤ØËx. ÅC áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøç-C -éπü∆.
(≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç ÖçúÕ) èπÿú≈ prepare 鬙‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. have got the job. Kavya: Éçé¬ éÌç-îÁç áèπ◊\´ ûËú≈ûÓ Èí©’açõ‰ ´÷
ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Could have been/could (Ø√ recommendation ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Åûª-úø’ Job §Òçü¿-í∫-L- coach ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-îËüË.
have + PP ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, Öçúø-í∫LÍí ™‰ü∆ îËߪ’- Íí-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. (§Òçü¿-í∫-L-T† ability Ø√ ´©x). Lasya: Åçü¿-®Ω÷†÷. †’¢Áy-°æ¤púÓ Car †’ prize í¬
í∫LÍí ≤ƒ´’®√n uEéÀ (ability) v§ƒüµ∆†uç Öçô’çC. Ééπ\úø wouldn't have got èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a. §Òçü¿-í∫-L-Íí-ü∆-EN.
ÅüË I would have got a better centre Å®·ûË Å®Ωnç éÌClí¬ ´÷®Ω’-ûª’çC. §ÒçüË-¢√úø’ Kavya: ÆæÍ®. better luck next time
ņo-°æ¤púø’... Åçõ‰ would have + pp ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ é¬ü¿’, §Òçü∆úø’ ÅE. Ééπ\úø ïJ-T† Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†èπ◊
Answer:
v§ƒüµ∆†uç.
Lasya: Hi kavya, you are again in the news,
O’®Ω’ regular í¬ English ´÷ö«x-úøôç, ®√ߪ’ôç
congrats.
îËÆæ÷h Öçõ‰ O’Íé Å®Ωn¢Á’i§Ú-ûª’çC. à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 143
could have been / could have + PP, should Kavya: I don't think much of it/I don't think it's
have been/should have+PP ¢√ú≈™ ûÁ©’- a great achievement. If I had
won/defeated my rival with a greater
He would have escaped...
margin (If I had had greater lead over
Ææ’hçC. §Ú†’-§Ú†÷,
≤ƒ´’-®√n u-E (ability)éÀ v§ƒ´·êuç Öçúøü¿’. äéπ correct í¬ ¢√úøôç, my rival) I would have been happier.
N≠æߪ’ç ïJ-Tçü∆ ™‰ü∆ ÅØË-ü∆EÍé Ééπ\úø v§ƒüµ∆†uç. (Rival = v°æûªuJn)
Ç™-*ç-îª-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË
1 a) He would have become the PM. Lasya: If You had played more carefully you
Å©¢√õ„j §Úûª’çC.
Ééπ\úø verb, would have + pp 鬕öÀd O™„j†Eo sen- could have won by a greater
Å®Ωnç - PM ÅßË’u-¢√úË é¬E é¬-™‰ü¿’. tences practice margin/lead.
(ability v°æÆæéÀh ™‰C-éπ\úø) îËߪ’çúÕ. Ææ´’Ææu M. SURESAN Kavya: If I hadn't had a pulled muscle in my
b) The train would have run over the boy. Öçúøü¿’. leg, I could have played well. Oh my! It
(Ç èπ◊v®√úÕ O’ü¿’í¬ train ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ßË’üË, é¬F ¢Á∞¡x- practise the following pained me a lot. That affected my
™‰ü¿’. Ééπ\úø Could have+ pp †’ -¢√-úÕ-ûË, ÆæÈ®j† Lasya: Hi Kavya, ´’Sx ¢√®Ωh™ xéÀ ´î√a´¤. game.
meaning ®√ü¿’. áçü¿’éπçõ‰ ability v°æÆæéÀh Ééπ\úø Congrats. (affect = v°æ¶µ«´ç îª÷°æúøç pulled muscle
Kavya: ÅüË-´’çûª íÌ°æpE ؈-†’-éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’. Ø√ =
™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd. éπçúø-®√©’ °æô’d-éÓ-´-ôç/-G-í∫’-Ææ’-èπ◊-§Ú-´ôç)
2 a) He would have escaped. v°æûªu-Jn-°j† ÉçéÌçîÁç áèπ◊\´ ûËú≈ûÓ ÈíL- Lasya: If you had told the coach of it earlier,
ûª°œpç--èπ◊ØË ¢√úË (Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†èπ◊ v§ƒ´·êuç– ûª°œpç- çõ‰ Éçé¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úË-ü∆Eo. she would have helped you.
Lasya: †’´¤y Éçé¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ÇúÕ Öçõ‰, áèπ◊\´ Kavya: Who expected it?
-éÓ-™‰ü¿’– °æô’d-•-ú≈fúø’)
b) He could have escaped - ûËú≈ûÓ Èí©-´-í∫-L-Íí-ü∆-E¢Ë. *´-J EN’-≥ƒ™x Lasya: True, It is unexpected.
ûª°œpç-éÓí∫-L-Íí-¢√úË, ûª°œpç--éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’, °æô’d- Éçé¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ÇúÕ Öçú≈-LqçC. Kavya: If I had won by a wider margin, my
•-ú≈fúø’– ability ÖçúÕ èπÿú≈ *éÀ\-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Kavya: Ø√ é¬L-éπç-úø®Ωç °æô’dèπ◊E Öçúø-éπ-§ÚûË, ÆæJí¬_ coach would have been happy.
✓ would have been/would have + PPèπ◊,
Çúø-í∫-L-Íí-ü∆ØËo. é¬F äéπõ‰ ØÌ°œp. Åçü¿’-´©x Lasya: Every one, of course you could have
could have been/could have + PP èπ◊
Çô üÁ•s-AçC. then won a car too as a prize.
Lasya: †’´¤y ´·çüË îÁ°œp-Öçõ‰ Coach Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç
°∂æLûªç äéπ\õ‰. ÅC ņ’-èπ◊-†oC -ï®Ωí∫éπ-§Ú-´- Kavya: O.K.Hope for better luck next time
ôç. notûÓ Å®·ûË Å†’-éÓ-EC ï®Ω-í∫ôç. îËÊÆ-üË-éπü∆.
✓ would have been/would have + pp ¢√úÕ-†-
°æ¤púø’ ability v°æÆæéÀh ™‰ü¿’. Could have v°æ¨¡o: Åûªúø’ E†o ®√™‰ü¿’ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ He did not
ii) was (‘be’ form)+ ‘come’ (Past Participle of
been/could have + PP ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ abili- ‘come’)
Åçõ‰ Ñ verb, beform + Past participle
come here yesterday
tyèπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uç. í¬ - B Ææ ’ èπ ◊ ç-õ‰, verb form correct. DE ¢√úøéπç î√©
Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ!
Åçö«ç. Å™«Íí Åûªúø’ E†o
Å®Ω ’ ü¿ ’ . Åçü¿ ’ ™was/were past forms
™«çöÀ ™
´*a Öçúø-™‰ü¿’ ņ-ú≈-EéÀ He
✓ He couldn't have done it without my help. was not come here yester-
î√™« Å®Ω ’ ü¿ ’ . áçü¿ ’ - é π ç õ‰ Ææ ç ü¿ - ® √s¥ E o •öÀ d í¬E ü∆EéÀ
(Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰éπ-§ÚûË -Å-ûª-úø’ îËߪ’-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’ day ÅØÌî√a?
ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç ®√ü¿’. Ééπ OöÀéÀ not îËJa was not
é¬ü¿’. Åçõ‰ Ø√ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ´©x) – áÆˇ.ü∆†-éÀ-¨®˝,©éÀ~t-°æ¤®Ωç come/were not come ÅØËC ´’K Å®Ω’ü¿’. Å®Ωnç
He was not come yester-
ÆæJí¬ ®√ü¿’. É™«çöÀ îÓôx, had come ¢√úøôç bet-
✓ He was able to do it. ter, clarity èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ Öçô’çC. Had come
day - Ñ sentence ™ verb:
Ééπ\úø wouldn't have done it Åçõ‰...Ø√ ¢√úøôç correct èπÿú≈†’.
Was come - ÉC Ñ éÀçC
È®çúø’ ®Ω鬙x àüÓ äéπ-öÀí¬ I went there at 3 yesterday. He had not come
Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰éπ-§ÚûË îËÊÆ-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’ Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç
ÆæJí¬ ®√ü¿’ éπü∆. by then. ؈éπ\-úÕéÀ ´‚úÕç-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞«x†’. Å°æp-öÀ-éÀ-ûª-†’-®√-
a) Without the boss's orders he wouldn't have
Öçú≈L.
i) was (‘be’ form) + ‘come’ (1st Regular Doing
™‰ ü¿’ (´*a Öçúø-™‰ü¿’) was come/were come;
done it . am/is/are come ™«çöÀ verbs -¢√-úøèπ◊ç-ú≈ Öçúø-ô¢Ë’
word). - ÉC ûª°æ¤p – É™«çöÀ verb form English ™
(Boss orders ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√úøC îËÊÆ-¢√úø’ é¬ü¿’. ™‰ü¿’, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ ‘be’ form °æéπ\†, 1st Regular ´’ç*C. Å®Ωnç clear í¬ Öçúøü¿’ 鬕öÀd.
Ééπ\úø ability v°æÆæéÀh ™‰ü¿’.) 鬕öÀd could have+ Doing word á°æ¤púø÷ ®√ü¿’.
II
Vipula: Hi Charitha, have you seen Archana
anywhere?
(îªJû√, †’´¤y Å®Ωa-†-ØË-´’Ø√o îª÷¨»¢√?)
Charitha: Yes, she was here till 20 minutes
ago. She was getting ready to go
home. She must have gone.
(Ç. É®Ω¢Áj EN’-≥ƒ-©-éÀç-ü¿öÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ Ééπ\úË
ÖçC. ÉçöÀÈé∞Ï}ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥-¢Á’içC. É°æp-öÀéÀ
¢ÁR}-§ÚßË’ Öçô’çC)
Vipula: (Are) you sure?
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
Charitha: Yes. I saw her about to leave 20 min-
utes ago. It hardly takes her 10 min-
utes to walk home. So she must
have reached home by now.
(Å´¤†’. 20 EN’-≥ƒ© éÀçü¿ô •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-¶-
ûª’ç-úøí¬ Øˆ’ îª÷¨»†’. ¢√Rxç-öÀéÀ †úø-´-ö«-EéÀ
10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ èπÿú≈ °æôdü¿’. 鬕öÀd ѧƒ-öÀéÀ
îËÍ® Öçô’çC)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 144
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
4) She must have been very angry with me
(Ø√O’ü¿ î√™« éÓ°æç ÖçúË Öçô’çC)
5) She must have told you of it
(FûÓ îÁÊ°p Öçô’çC)
You must have seen that the verbs in the
sentences above are:
1) Must have gone (Must have + past participle
(pp) of go.)
2) Must have reached (must have + pp of
reach)
3) Must have waited (must have + pp of wait)
4) Must have been (be form)
5) Must have told (must have + pp of tell)
So the verb forms in the conversation are:
Must have been/ must have + past participle
(pp) -
Must have been/ must have + PP is also an
imaginary past form like the other four imag-
inary past forms we have seen in the les-
sons past:
[1. Would have been/ Would have + PP
2. Should have been/ Should have + PP
3. Could have been/ Could have + PP
4. Might have been/ Might have + PP]
-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 19 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Pavan: He must have got the news from
í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆! Imaginary past forms, 1, 2
Madhav. Madhav called him this morn-
and 3 éÀ opposite meanings ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®·.
ing. He must have been happy about it.
Imaginary past form 4 èπ◊ doubtful ņo Å®Ωnç.
Imaginary past form 5 (Must have been/ (¢√úÕéÀ ´÷üµ¿¢˛ ´©x ûÁL-Ææ’ç-ô’çü∆ N≠æߪ’ç.
Madhav ¢√úÕéÀ phone î˨»úŒ Öü¿ßª’ç.
must have + PP) í∫ûªç™ éπ*aûªçí¬ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç
¢√úø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æúÕ Öçö«úø’).
ÖçúË Öçô’ç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ØËü∆Eo ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hçC.
a) Mohan: Did Madan pass? Kumar: Yes. He was
(´’ü¿Ø˛ pass Åߪ÷uú≈?) (Å´¤†’)
Manoj: He must have passed. Otherwise he
ÉD must have been, must have + PP
would not have applied for the job
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’.
(¢√úø’pass ÅßË’u Öçö«úø’. ™‰èπ-§Ú-ûË (oth-
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
erwise) job
pass
èπ◊ apply îËÆæ’ç-úË-¢√-úø’-é¬ü¿’.
Åߪ÷uúø’ 鬕öÀd apply î˨»úø’). Manasa: Congrats™«©≤ƒ, Fèπ◊ prize ´*aç-ü¿-
ôí¬?
Lalasa: á´®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’ Fèπ◊?

She must have told you of it Manasa: Ü£œ«ç-éÓ îª÷ü∆lç.

Lalasa: ™«Ææu îÁ°æ¤pç-ô’çC.
Manasa: ؈’ ™«Ææu†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’çõ‰, F Ü£æ« cor-
rect ÅßË’uüË. ÉçéÌçîÁç ¶«í¬ Ç™-*ç-ç-
Vipula: I told her I would meet her here at 4.00. ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’, would Mohan: Did he tell you so? ú≈-LqçC †’´¤y.
There was a traffic jam because of a have, should have, (FûÓ Å™« îÁ § ƒpú≈?) Lalasa: Å®·ûË, Ç... ûÁ©’Ææ’. †’´yC College
procession. So I couldn't be here on could have ûÓ ´îËa notice board ™ îª÷Ææ’ç-ö«´¤.
Manoj: He would have told me if we had met.
time. She must have waited long for
imaginary past forms Manasa: ؈-Ææ©’ È®çúø’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ College éÀ
me. She must have been very angry (¢Ë’ç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’çõ‰ îÁÊ°p-¢√úø’).
with me at the delay. She must have
ÅEoç-öÀéÀ Å®Ωnç, ´uA-Í®- Mohan: Who told you then?
®√™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.
told you of it.
éπçí¬ ´Ææ’hç-ü¿E. Lalasa: †’´¤y ´÷ îÁ™„x-LéÀ phone î˨»-´-ôí¬
(؈’ ûª†-E-éπ\úø Ø√©’-Tç-öÀéÀ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†E Might have been/ M. SURESAN
(Å®·ûË FÈé´®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp®Ω’?)
Öü¿ßª’ç ؈’ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’. ûª†’ îÁ°æ¤pç-ô’çC
îÁ§ƒp†’. àüÓ ÜÍ®Tç°æ¤ ´©x traffic ÇT- might have + PP Manoj: My brother told me. Madan must have
Fèπ◊.
§Ú®· Ø√èπ◊ Ç©Ææu-¢Á’içC. Åçü¿’-´©x time èπ◊ N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´ÊÆh, ÅC ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hçC– told my brother.
ÅC ïJ-Tç-üË¢Á÷, äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE-îË-Ææ’ç-úÌa. Manasa: Correct. ´·çüË E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’çõ‰ Féπç-
Ééπ\úø Öçúø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Åçü¿’èπ◊ ûª†èπ◊ (´÷ brother îÁ§ƒpúø’. Madan ´÷ broth- ûª-èπ◊-´·çüË Congrats ûÁLÊ°ü∆Eo.
Now, the imaginary past form we are
î√™« éÓ°æç ´îª’aç-ú≈L. FûÓ èπÿú≈ îÁÊ°p er èπ◊ îÁ°æ¤pç-ö«úø’).
Öçô’çC.) going to study in this lesson is: Lalasa: Thanks again. §Òü¿’l† ®√¢√-LqçC †’´¤y.
b) ®√vA ´®Ω{ç èπ◊JÊÆ Öçô’çC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ roads §ÒúÕí¬
Charitha: She did tell me that she was waiting a) Must have been (be form) ´’ç* breakfast miss Åߪ·uç-úË-ü∆-E-N-
for you, but she didn't appear angry. b) Must have + past participle (action)
ÖçúË ¢ Ë . é¬-ü¿’.
She said she would call you after a) Must have been= It must have rained last night. Otherwise the Manasa: Don't worry. Fèπ◊ Prize ®√´-ô¢Ë’ Ø√èπ◊
reaching home. roads would have been dry.
(í∫ûªç™ éπ*a-ûªçí¬) ÖçúË Öçô’çC/ ÖçúË treat (Nçü¿’).
(FéÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o-†E îÁ°œpçC. é¬F Åçûª Öçö«úø’/ ÖçúË Öçö«®Ω’ c) Something must have gone wrong, other-
éÓ°æçí¬ àç éπ†-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’. É©’x îËJç-ûª-®√yûª ANSWER
b) Must have + past participle= wise he could have been here an hour ago=
Fèπ◊ Phone îË≤ƒh-†çC). Manasa: Congrats Lalasa. It seems you have
Vipula: Yes, my cell is ringing. It must be her.
(í∫ûªç™ éπ*a-ûªçí¬) äéπ °æE ïJÍí Öçô’çC/ àüÓ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ ïJÍí Öçô’çC, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ í∫çô got a prize.
(Å´¤†’. Ø√ cell ¢Á÷í∫’-ûÓçC. ûªØË Å®·-´¤ç-ú≈L) äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE-îËÊÆ Öçö«®Ω’. éÀçü¿õ‰ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úø’.
Must ûÓ ´îËa Imaginary past forms èπÿ, Lalasa: Who told you?





d) Kumar: Kesav was talking about your for-
N’í∫û√ Imaginary past forms èπÿ ûËú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- Manasa: Just guess
eign trip.
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† Imaginary past forms: éÓ-´ôç î√™« ´·êuç. Ç ûËú≈ àN’ö îª÷ü∆lç: Lalasa: Lasya must have told you.
Verb 'go' èπ◊ different Imaginary past forms (Í騡¢˛ Éçü∆éπ F foreign trip í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-
1) Would have been, would have + pp Manasa: Your guess would have been correct
™ ´îËa different meanings °æöÀd-éπ™ îª÷úøçúÕ: ûª’-Ø√oúø’)
2) Should have been, should have + pp if I had met Lasya. You should have
3) Could have been, could have + pp Verb: Go thought better/ guessed better.
4) Might have been, might have + pp. No. Sentence Verb form Meaning Nature Lalasa: Then... ah... I know. You must have
¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´‚úÕç-öÀéÀ Opposite meanings ´≤ƒh- 1 a) He would have been there would have been Åûª-úø-éπ\úË ÖçúË-¢√úË é¬E ™‰úø’ (Opposite) seen it on our college notice board.
ߪ’E èπÿú≈ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. verb No. 4, might b) He would have gone would have + PP Åûª-úø’ ¢Á∞Ïx-¢√úË ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’ (opposite) Manasa: I haven't attended college for the past
have been, might have + pp, ÆæçüË-£æ…Eo ûÁL-ߪ’- 2 a) He should have been there should have been ™‰úø’ (opposite)
Åûª†’ Åéπ\úø Öçú≈-LqçC two days.
°æ-®Ω’-≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Éü¿çû√ ´’†ç last lessons ™ b) He should have gone should have + PP ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’ (opposite)
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈-LqçC Lalasa: You phoned my sister this morning
3 a) He could have been the CM could have been Åûª-úø’ CM í¬ Öçúø-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË é¬F ™‰úø’ (opp.) when I was away, didn't you? She
Let's now look at the following sentences
b) He could have gone could have + PP Åûªúø’ ¢Á∞¡x-í∫-L-Íí-¢√úË é¬F ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’ (opp.) must have told you.
from the conversation at the beginning of
4 a) He might have been there might have been Åûªúø’ Åéπ\úø Öçúø’ç-úÌa Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa Manasa: Correct. If I had met you I would have
the lesson:
(doubt) congratulated you earlier.
1) She must have gone.
b) He might have gone might have + PP Åûª-úø’ ¢Á∞ÔxçúÌa ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§Ú-ߪ·ç-úÌa
(¢ÁR}-§ÚßË’ Öçô’çC) Lalasa: Thanks again. You should have come
(doubt) to my place this morning, you would
2) She must have reached home by now.
5 a) He must have been there must have been Åûª-úøéπ\úø éπ*aûªçí¬ ÖçúË ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’ not have missed a good breakfast.
(ѧƒöÀéÀ É©’x îËÍ® Öçô’çC)
3) She must have waited long for me Öçö«úø’ (í∫ûªç™) Manasa: Don't worry. Your getting the prize is
(Ø√éÓÆæç î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ áü¿’®Ω’îª÷ÊÆ Öçô’çC) b) He must have gone must have + PP Åûª-úø’ ¢Á∞Ïx Öçö«úø’ (í∫ûªç™) ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’. itself a treat.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Udai: These books are really wonderful. Where
are they sold?
(Ñ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Eïçí¬ ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. áéπ\úø
üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√-ߪ’N?)
Vijai: Where else? At Books, Books 'n Books.
Name the book you need, and it is found
there.
(ÉçÈé-éπ\úø?Books, Books 'n Books ™.
Fé¬\-¢√-Lq† °æ¤Ææhéπç îÁ°æ¤p, ÅC Féπ-éπ\úø
üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çC)
Udai: Yes. Now I remember. Certain varieties of
books were offered by them last month at
discount of 15% to 50%.
(Å´¤†’. í∫’®Ìh-*açC. §Ú®·†ØÁ© ¢√∞¡Ÿx
éÌEo ®Ω鬩 °æ¤Ææh-鬩 O’ü¿ 15% †’ç*
50% ´®Ωèπ◊ discount Éî√a®Ω’)
Vijai: Such discounts will be given next month
too. They have all varieties of books.
Infact all books in our college library have
been supplied by them.
(Å™«çöÀ discounts ´îËa ØÁ© èπÿú≈ É´y-
¶-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_®Ω ÅEo ®Ω鬩 °æ¤Ææh-
鬩÷ üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√®·. ÅÆæ©’ ´’† college
library ™ Ö†o books ÅFo ¢√∞¡Ÿx sup-
ply îËÆ œ-†¢Ë)
Udai: A book exhibition is going to be held in
town next month. A wide variety of books
will be on display and sold at discount.
(´îËa ØÁ© °æ¤Ææhéπ v°æü¿-®Ωz† Öçô’çC ´’†
Ü∞x. î√™« ®Ω鬩 °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ v°æü¿-Jzç-îª-ô¢Ë’
é¬èπ◊çú≈, discount èπÿú≈ É≤ƒh®Ω’)
Vijai: OK, let's start for college now.
(college éÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’ü∆ç °æü∆.)
Udai: Vijai, what are you talking? Don't you
know that college is closed today?
(àç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? É¢√∞¡
™‰ü¿E ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆ Fèπ◊?)
Vijai: Really I don't know. But what for?
(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. áçü¿’èπ◊?)
Udai: The college cricket team has won the
finals of the cricket tournament, and our
classmate Vinai has been declared Man
of the Match.
(´’† college team cricket tourna-
ment finals friend
™ ÈíL-*çC. ´’†
Vinai Man of the Match
†’ í¬ v°æéπ-öÀç-
î√®Ω’.)
Vijai: So no classes today. How happy I am!
May our college win many more matches.
(Å®·ûË É¢√∞¡ classes ™‰´-†o-´÷ô. áçûª
ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçüÓ! É™«Íí ´’† college
î√™« matches Èí©¢√L.)
t t t t t
Ñ lesson †’ç* ´’†ç English conversation
™ éÌûªh N≠æߪ’ç îª÷úø-¶-ûª’Ø√oç. Ééπ\úÕ †’ç*
é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç.
°j conversation ™ Ñ sentences îª÷úøçúÕ:
1) Where are they sold?
2) ... and it is found there.
3) Certain varieties of books were offered by
them...
4) Such discounts will be given next month too.
5) ... all books in our college have been sup-
plied by them.
6) A book exhibition is going to be held in town.
7) ... the college is closed today?
8) ... our classmate Vinai has been declared the
Man of the Match.
Look at the verbs in the sentences above.
No. verb verb form
1. are sold are (be form) +
past participle (PP) of sell
2. is found is (be form) + PP of find
3. were offered were (be form) + PP of offer
4. will be given will be (be form) + PP of give
Spoken English
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 21 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
No. verb verb form
5. have been supplied have been (be form) +
PP of supply
6. is going to be held is going to be
(be form) + PP of hold
7. is closed is (be form) +
PP of close
8. has been declared has been (be form) +
PP of declare
í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆, °j verbs ÅFo èπÿú≈ 'be' form
+ past participle (PP) í¬ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. (be
1) Where are the books sold? í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: Verb, 'be' form + pp
Å®·ûË ÅC Passive voice. ´’†ç, Ñ Spoken
forms Åçõ‰ í∫ ’®Ω’hç-C-éπü∆. ´’®Ó≤ƒ-J í∫ ’®Ω’h
áéπ\úø Å´’t-•-úø-û√®·?
2) ... It is found there English course ™ -¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC –
-îË-Ææ’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç. am, is, are, was, were; *´®Ω 'be'
´îËa shall be, should be, will be, would be, Åéπ\úø îª÷úø-•-úø’-ûª’çC. English ™ Verb èπ◊ 6 Forms Öçö«-ߪ’E, ¢√öÀ™ x
can be, could be, may be, might be, must 'be' from + pp, passive voice ÅE, N’í∫û√ 5
3) Certain varieties of books were offered at
forms active voice ÅE.
be, *´®Ω been ´îËahave been, has been, discounts
had been, will have been, would have been,
Discount offer English ™ Passive voice ¢√úøéπç áèπ◊\¢Ë
shall have been, should have been, can
éÌEo ®Ω鬩 °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ O’ü¿
îËߪ’-•-ú≈f®·. 鬕öÀd ü∆E í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç
have been, could have been, may have áçûª-®·Ø√ ÖçC.
been, might have been, must have been 4) Such discounts will be given next month too
English ™ passive voice ´·êuçí¬ newspa-
™«çöÀN– É´Fo 'be' forms. ) ´îËa ØÁ© èπÿú≈ Å™«çöÀ Discounts É´y-•-úø-û√®·.
pers reports ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. (ûÁ©’-í∫’™
5) ...all books in our college have been supplied
passive voice ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC 鬕õ‰d, Ñ
by them
lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç-™ E conversation ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’-
ÅEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ¢√∞¡x-îËûª Ææ®Ω-°∂æ®√ îËߪ’-•-ú≈f®·. ¢√ü¿ç active voice ™ îª÷°œçî√ç.)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 145 6) A book exhibition is going to be held
(Future)
English ™ passive voice, äéπ °æE á´®Ω’ îËÆœçD
°æ¤Ææhéπ v°æü¿-®Ωz† E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’çC. ûÁL-ߪ’-†-°æ¤púø÷, îÁ°æpôç É≠æd癉†-°æ¤púø÷ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.
When was this road laid?
All the verbs above are 'be' form + past par- 7) The College is closed = 1) The college has been closed
college ticiple. ´‚ߪ’-•-úÕçC college ´‚ÊÆ-¨»®Ω’ (English - college ´‚ߪ’-
Important: Verb, 'be' form + past participle 8) Vinai has been •-úÕçC. á´®Ω’ ´‚¨»®Ó îÁ°æp™‰ç é¬-•-öÀd)
Å®·ûË Å°æ¤púø’ ÅC PASSIVE VOICE ™ declared the man of
2) The man was killed yesterday (Passive)
Öçô’çC. Åçõ‰ °j† list ™E 8 verbs èπÿú≈ the match
Åûªúø’ E†o îªç°æ-•-ú≈fúø’. (á´®Ω’ îªç°œçC
passive voice ™ Ö†o-õ‰x-éπü∆? (English ™ Man of the match í¬
ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’, So passive)
î√™« verbs èπ◊ past tense, past participle v°æéπ-öÀç-îª-•-ú≈fúø’.
M. SURESAN 3) He was elected MP
English Passive
äéπõ‰ éπü∆. Åçü¿’-´©x be form °æéπ\† Ö†oC past ™
tense ™ Öçü∆, past participle Å´¤-ûª’çü∆ ÅØË voice Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωùç. Å®·ûË ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´·êuçí¬ á†’o-éÓ-•-ú≈fúø’ (á´-È®-†’o-èπ◊-Ø√o-®Ω-ØËC ´·êuç é¬ü¿’)
Conversations Passive voice
ÆæçüË£æ«ç ®√´îª’a. äéπõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. English ûÁ©’í∫’ ™ ¢√úøç. 4) Students will be given bus passes
™ be form °æéπ\† -á°æ¤p-úø÷ èπÿú≈ past tense ´’†ç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Ñ Road á°æ¤p-úË-¨»®Ω’? Åçö«ç é¬F Students èπ◊ bus passes É´y-•-úø-û√®·.
form ®√ü¿’. 鬕öÀd be form °æéπ\† ´îËa-üÁ-°æ¤púø÷ Ñ Road á°æ¤púø’ ¢Ëߪ’-•-úÕçC ņç éπü∆? Å™«Íí (á´-J-≤ƒh®Ω’ ÅØËC ´·êuç é¬ü¿’)
past participle ´÷vûª¢Ë’.) ´’† Éçöx, ņoç ´çúø-•-úÕçü∆? ÅE Åúøí∫ç éπü∆? Active voice ™ verb ûÁLÊ° °æE á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-TçC
Å®·ûË English ™ ÅC î√™« Common. ÅØË-ü∆Eo •öÀd tense (verb form) ´÷J-†ô’x, pas-
Verb passive voice ™ Öçõ‰, Åçõ‰ verb be
form + pp Å®·ûË ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç '•úø’— ÅE i) When was this road laid? sive voice ™ èπÿú≈ verb form ´÷®Ω’-ûª’ç-ô’çC.
´Ææ÷hç-ô’çC. îª÷úøçúÕ: ii) Has the food been cooked.
EXERCISE Varun: Only the Inter Board and the University ANSWER
Ñ éÀçC sentences ™ passive voice verbs, can say that. They are usually declared
Active passive Telugu Translation
active voice verbs, identify îËߪ’çúÕ /
in the 1st week of May. This time too,
was closed?
they can be expected about the same
í∫’®Ω’h-°-ôdçúÕ; passive voice verbs èπ◊
´‚ߪ’-•-úÕçC?
time.
ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªçúÕ. will be reopened? ûÁ®Ω’-´-•-úø’ûª’çC?
(Inter board, University ´÷vûª¢Ë’ îÁ°æp-í∫- will be held E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-•-úø-û√®·?
Tarun: When was your college closed? ©´¤. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË May ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-¢√-
will start Ç®Ω綵º-´’´¤-û√®·
(O’ college á°æ¤púø’ ´‚¨»®Ω’)
®Ωç™ ÅN ¢Á©’-´-úø-û√®·. Ñ≤ƒJ èπÿú≈ ÅüË college reopens AJT v§ƒ®Ω綵º-´’´¤-ûª’çC
Varun: On 15th March Time ™ ¢Á©’-´-úø-û√-ߪ’E ÇPç-îª-´îª’a) will be declared v°æéπ-öÀç-îª-•-úø-û√®·
Tarun: And when will it be reopened? Tarun: Seats in your college are said to be in can say îÁ°æp-í∫-©´¤
demand
(á°æ¤púø’ ûÁ®Ω’-≤ƒh®Ω’?) are declared v°æéπ-öÀç-îª-•-úø-û√®·
Varun: In the 3rd week of June (O’ college ™ seats èπ◊ T®√éà áèπ◊\-´ç-ö«®Ω’) can be expected ÇPç-îª-•-úø-´îª’a
Tarun: So no classes will be held till then. Varun: That's why they are offered on merit, (possibility)
When will the admissions start? so only merited students are admitted are said to be îÁ°æp-•-úø-û√®·
into the college.
(Åçõ‰ Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ classes Öçúø-´-†o- are offered
É´y-•-úø-û√®·
´÷ô. Admissions á°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç?) (Åçü¿’-éπØË v°æA¶µº Çüµ∆-®Ωçí¬ seats É≤ƒh®Ω’, are admitted
îË®Ω’a-éÓ-•-úøû√®Ω’
Varun: As soon as the college reopens. 鬕öÀd v°æA-¶µº-í∫© Nü∆u-®Ω’n™‰o îË®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’) wants
éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’
(college ûÁJ-*† ¢ÁçôØË.) Tarun: My cousin wants to join let him apply apply îËߪ’F
Tarun: Any idea when the results will be cousin
(´÷ îË®√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’) Passive voice ûÁ©’-í∫’™ (ņ’-¢√-ü¿ç™) áçûª
declared? Varun: Well, let him apply ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬, äéÓ\-≤ƒJ Å®Ωnç鬴ôç -áç-ûª éπ≠dçæ í¬
(°∂æL-û√©’ v°æéπöÀçîËüÁ-°æ¤úÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) (apply îËߪ’-´’†’) Öçô’çüÓ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II
Laxman: Now that the building has been paint-
ed it looks beautiful.
(Paint ¢Ëߪ’ôç ´©x building î√™«
Åçü¿çí¬ éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC.)
Bharat: It is painted regularly.
(véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ®Ωçí∫’©’ ¢Ë≤ƒh®Ω’)
Laxman: When was it last painted?
(*´-Jí¬ á°æ¤púø’ paint î˨»®Ω’?)
Bharat: I think two years ago. The painting is
done once every two years.
(È®çúË∞¡x éÀçü¿ô ņ’-èπ◊çö«. È®çúË-∞¡x-éÓ-≤ƒJ
®Ωçí∫’©’ ¢Ëߪ’ôç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC)
Laxman: So it will be painted again two years
from now.
(Åçõ‰ ´’Sx È®çúË-∞¡xèπ◊ ®Ωçí∫’©’ ¢Ë≤ƒh-®Ω-†o-´÷ô)
Bharat: Certainly. The house was built
decades ago. Still it looks new
because it has been maintained well.
Every care has been taken to keep it
in good condition.
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. Ñ É©’x ü¿¨»-¶«l© éÀçü¿ éπöÀdçC.
Å®·Ø√ éÌûªh-Cí¬ éπEp-Ææ’hçC áçü¿’-éπçõ‰
ü∆Eo ¶«í¬ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’ 鬕öÀd. Ç
¶µº´-Ø√Eo ´’ç* ÆœnA™ Öçîª-ö«-EéÀ ÅEo
ñ«ví∫-ûªh©÷ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 146
I am seen here every evening..
(Decade = úÕÈé-ß˝’ú˛
= ü¿¨»•lç)
Laxman: Who owns the
building?
(á´-JC build-
ing?)
Bharat: My cousin's.
He is an engi-
M. SURESAN
neer in the states.
(Ø√ cousin C. Çߪ’† US ™ Engineer)
Laxman: But who takes care of it here?
(Ééπ\úø ü∆Eo á´®Ω’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’?)
Bharat: His father. He was also an engineer -
very famous. Unfortunately he is not
in good health now. Only a few days
ago he was discharged from hospital.
He had been treated for knee trouble.
(¢√∞¡x Ø√†o. Çߪ’Ø√ engineer í¬ ÖçúË-
¢√úø’. î√™« Ê°®Ω’çC. ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h
Çߪ’† Ç®Óí∫uç É°æ¤púø’ ÆæJ-í¬-™‰ü¿’. éÌCl
®ÓV© éÀçü¿-õ‰ ¢Á÷é¬LéÀ *éÀûªq îË®·ç--èπ◊E
ÇÆæpvA †’ç* ´î√a®Ω’.)
Laxman: A nice piece of work, this building. I
think I'll take it for my office.
(GLfç-í˚†’ î√™« ¶«í¬-éπ-ö«d®Ω’. Ø√ office
éÓÆæç DEo ؈’ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.)
§ § § §
í∫’®Ω’hûÁa-éÓçúÕ: Verb, 'be' form + participle
Å®·ûË, PASSIVE VOICE Å´¤-ûª’çC. O’®Ω’ í∫´’-
EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. °j conversation ™ î√™«
verbs, passive voice ™ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. (é¬F
ûÁ©’í∫’ ņ’-¢√ü¿ç passive ™ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç èπÿú≈
í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ passive voice î√™«
ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬, ņ-´-Ææ®Ω §ƒçúÕ-ûªuç-™« Öçô’çC
鬕öÀd ´÷´‚©’í¬ ´÷ö«xúË ûÁ©’Íí ¢√-ú≈ç.)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Now let's study the verbs in the conver-
sation above.
1) has been painted (has been - be form + past
participle (PP) of paint)
2) is painted (is - be from + PP of paint)
3) was painted (was - be form + PP of paint)
(This is in a question)
4) is done (is - be form + PP of do)
5) will be painted (will be - be form + PP of
paint)
6) owns - II RDW (Active Voice)
7) takes - II RDW (Active Voice)
8) was discharged - (was - be form + PP of dis-
charge)
9) had been treated - (had been - be form + PP
of treat)
10) think - I RDW (Active Voice)
11) will take - will + I RDW (Active Voice)
Verbs No. 6, 7, 10 and 11 are in active voice.
The rest of the verbs are all be form + PP
Åçõ‰ passive voice ™ ÖØ√o-ߪ’-†o-´÷ô. Åçõ‰
éπÈ®-é˙dí¬ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™ éÀ translate îËÊÆh '•úø’—
ÅØË ´÷ô combination ûÓ Å®√n©’ ´≤ƒh®·
¢√ô-Eo-öÀéÀ.
Important: Active voice ™ Ö†o v°æA verb èπÿ
passive form Öçô’çC.
I RDW (see, take, etc) and II
Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊
RDW (sees, takes, etc) - regular
-É-N ´’†ç
actions active voice verbs
èπ◊ ¢√úË éπü∆. Å™«Íí
regular actions passive voice verbs
†’ ûÁLÊ°
Åçõ‰ I RDW / II RDW am +
èπ◊ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i-†N,
past participle, is + past participle, are + past
participle.
Ñ éÀçü¿ îª÷úøçúÕ.
Verb No 2: The building is painted regularly
(Regular í¬ ïJÍí action, passive form ™
ᙫ îÁ°æ¤hØ√o¢Á÷ îª÷úøçúÕ – is + PP ûÓ.
(Building paint îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çC– véπ´’ç
ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈)
Verb No 4: The painting is done once every
two years.
(®Ωçí∫’-™‰-ߪ’ôç v°æA È®çúË-∞¡xèπÿ îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çC–
ÉC èπÿú≈ is + PPûÓ regular action éπü∆?)
Regular actions Passive ™ Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ–
ÅN am + PP / is + PP / are + PP ™ ´Ææ’hçC.
1) I am seen here every evening -
ØËE-éπ\úø v°æA ≤ƒßª’çvûªç îª÷úø-•-úø-û√†’.
2) Pooja is done every day
v°æA®ÓW °æ‹ï îËߪ’-•-úø’-ûª’çC (°æ‹ï îË≤ƒh®Ω’).
3) Lakhs of copies of the Eenadu are sold
everyday
(v°æA®ÓW ©éπ~-™ copies Å´’t-•-úø-û√®· =
Å´·t-úø-´¤-û√®·)
鬕öÀd Regular actions passive ™ Å®·ûË, am
+ pp / is + pp / are + pp ¢√úøû√ç– ÅüË active
voice ™ Å®·ûË I RDW / II RDW ¢√úøû√ç.
1) The doctor checks me once in two months
(II RDW - Active) = I am checked once in
two months by the doctor.
(Doctor îËûª ؈’ °æK-éÀ~ç-°æ-•-úø-û√†’ –
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 23 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
2) They play the game twice a week (I RDW -
2) Nü∆u-®Ω’n©èπ◊ Hall tickets É´y-•-ú≈f®· =
active) = The game is played twice every
Hall tickets have been issued to students
week (is + pp - passive - regular)
(passive) = The college has issued hall tick-
3) The school holds weekly tests (II RDW -
ets to students.
active - Regular action) = Weekly tests are
3) ÅûªúÕ îË®· é¬LçC =
held (are held - passive voice - Regular
His hand has been burnt
action)
Passive voice ™ regular actionsîÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ Å™«Íí future actions èπ◊ passive ™ will be +
pp
am + pp / is + pp / are + pp ¢√ú≈L ´’†ç.
¢√úøû√ç.
i) Hall tickets Í®°æöÀ †’ç* É≤ƒh®Ω’ (É´y-•-úø-û√®·)
Active ™ time ûÁ©-°æE past actions èπÿ,
éÌçûªé¬©çí¬ ïJ-T† action èπ◊, É°æ¤púË complete Hall tickets will be issued from tomorrow.
Å®·† action èπ◊ have + pp / has + pp ¢√úøû√ç. ii) °æK-éπ~©’ May ™ E®Ωy-£œ«-≤ƒh®Ω’ (•úø-û√®·)
OöÀE passive ™ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ have been + pp / The exams will be held in May.
has been + pp ´≤ƒh®·.
Time past actions Passive
ûÁL-Æœ† èπ◊ ¢√úË
1) The building has been painted (has been + verb = was + pp / were + pp
pp) - Passive (îËߪ’-•-úÕçC) 1) YSR §Ú®·† Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç áEo-éπ™x CM í¬ áEo-
= They have painted the building. (Active)
éπ-ߪ÷u®Ω’
(î˨»®Ω’) YSR was elected CM in the elections last
year.
(ᆒo-éÓ-•-ú≈f®Ω’) (was + pp)
2) í∫ûª ØÁ© ÅTov°æ´÷-ü¿ç™ ¢Ë-© É∞¡Ÿx üµ¿yçÆæç
Åߪ÷u®· .
Thousands of houses were destroyed in the
fire last month (were + pp).
EXERCISE ANSWER
Practise the following in English, using Arjun: Where is this paper published from?
passive forms where necessary. Pavan: Hyderabad
Arjun: Ñ news paper áéπ\úÕ †’ç* ¢Á©’-´-úø’- Arjun: Where else is it printed?
ûª’çC? (Publish ¢√úøçúÕ) Pavan: Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam.
Pavan: £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ †’ç*.
Arjun: How many copies are sold every
Arjun: ÉçÈééπ\úø print Å´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿C? day?
Pavan: Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø, N¨»-ê-°æôoç. Pavan: Some lakhs.
Arjun: ®ÓW áEo copies Å´·t-úø-´¤-û√®· ? Arjun: When was it started?
Pavan: éÌEo ©éπ~©’?
Pavan: In 1980
Arjun: á°æ¤púø’ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î √®Ω’ ü∆Eo? Arjun: It has been delivered a little late for
Pavan: 1980 ™ the past four days, hasn't it?
Arjun: Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV-©’í¬ éÌClí¬ late deliver Pavan: Yes. Some problem with their machin-
Å´¤-ûÓçC éπü∆? ery.
Pavan: Å´¤†’. ¢√∞¡x ߪ’çvûªç™ àüÓ Ææ´’Ææu. Arjun: Politics get a lot of importance in
Arjun: Newspapers ™ ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™‰ áèπ◊\´ papers/ politics are given a lot of
v§ƒüµ∆†uç §Òçü¿’-û√®·. importance.
Pavan: Eï¢Ë’! ´’†ç éÌØËC Åçü¿’-Íéí¬! Pavan: Correct. We read them only for that.
v°æ¨¡o: ÖüÓuT •CM Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ ÉîËa
Relieving Certificate ™ éÌçü¿®Ω’ is/ was/
has/ has been relieved ÅE ®Ωéπ-®Ω-é¬-©’í¬ ®√Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’. ¢√öÀ™ àC éπÈ®é˙d?
ᙫ? N´JçîªçúÕ.
– °æ¤†-®ΩyÆæ’, ØÁ©÷x®Ω’
-ï-¢√-•’: a) ÖüÓuT °∂晫Ø√ ûËC †’ç* (≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ DEE
official language ™
with effect from such and such a date relieve
ÅE Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’)
Å®·-†ô’x ®√ߪ÷-Lq-´ÊÆh – Mr X has been relieved of his duties in
this office with effect from 4th April 2006.
b) ÖüÓuT °∂晫Ø√ ûËD† relieve Åߪ÷uúø’ ÅE Å®·ûË –
Mr X was relieved of his duties here on 4th April 2006.
c) ûËD©’, ®ÓV©’, Å™«çöÀN àç îÁ°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Å®·ûË is relieved, has been relieved ņ-´îª’a.
He is relieved of/ He has been relieved of his duties here. DE Å®Ωnç Çߪ’† relieve Å´ôç
Regular). has been relieved, better.
ïJ-Tç-ü¿E. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈
II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 25 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Damodar: Hi Divakar, you know my favourite
Çߪ’-†èπ◊ v°æA¶µº ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd.)
hero was awarded Padmabhushan.
Prabhakar: Will you stop it. You and your
(Ø√ ÅGµ´÷† †ô’-úÕéÀ °æü¿t-¶µº÷-≠æù˝ heroes. You are both silly
G®Ω’ü¿’ ´*açC.)
was awarded (passive) = É´y-•-ú≈fúø’.
(Éçéπ Ç°æ¤-û√®√? O’®Ω’, O’ heroes.
Award= Å¢√-ú˛–'¢√— ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç = (G®Ω’-
O’®Ω’ î√™« °œ©x-ûª-®Ω-£æ…í¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’.)
ü¿’©’, •£æ›-´’-ûª’©’, °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®√-©’ -™«ç-öÀN) [ [ [
v°æü∆†ç îËߪ’-ôç/-É-´yôç. You must have observed that most of the

Award = •£æ›-´’A, °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\®Ωç, G®Ω’ü¿’ ÅØË
Å®√n©’ èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o®·.
Divakar: The title was conferred on many oth-
ers too.
(Éçé¬ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Ç G®Ω’ü¿’ Éî√a®Ω’.)
Title = õ„jöÀ™ ¸ = G®Ω’ü¿’.
Confer = äéπ-JE G®Ω’-ü¿’ûÓ, °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®ΩçûÓ
Ææûª\-Jç-îªôç.
They conferred on him the title = Åûª-
verbs in the conversation above are in the
passive voice because every one of them is
a 'be' form + past participle (PP)
The verbs are:
1. was awarded (was + pp of award)
2. was conferred (was + pp of confer)
3. were awarded (were + pp of award)
4. was (not even)
considered (was + pp of consider)
5. were given (were + pp of give)
6. will be honoured (will be + pp of honour)
7. are given (are + pp of give)
Exercise: Practise the following aloud in
Åûªúø’ °æü¿t-¶µº÷-≠æù˝ É´y•-ú≈fúø’. (á´-J-îËûª – ÉC
îÁ°æpôç éπ≠dçæ – Åçü¿’-éπE passive. Government English.
Spandana : Hi Chandana, Ç fan É°æ¤púø’ ready
îËûª ÅE îÁ§Òpa. é¬E Åü¿çûª v§ƒ´·êuç é¬ü¿’
éπü∆. ßË’Ø√?
English ™ èπÿú≈ O™„j-†çûª ´®Ωèπÿ passive ¢√úø- Chandana : Ç... E†oØË ÅC repair Å®·uçC.
èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç î√™« ´’ç*C. O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Spandana : ®Ωçí∫’ èπÿú≈ ¢Ë¨»®√?
Öçö«®Ω’ – Spoken English 144 lessons
Chandana : Ç... ¢Á·ûªhç E†o ´’üµ∆u-£æ…o-EéÀ °æ‹®Ωh-
´®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç áéπ\ú≈ passive voice ¢√úø-™‰ü¿’.
Åçõ‰ passive ¢√úË Å´-Ææ®Ωç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿-†o- ®·çC.
´÷ô. passive voice (English ™ èπÿú≈) Spandana : E†oØË Lights ÅFo Å´’-®√a®√?

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 147
úÕE ¢√∞«x G®Ω’-ü¿’ûÓ Ææûª\-Jç-î√®Ω’.
Was conferred (passive) = É´y-•-ú≈fúø’.
Damodar: I am happy that only deserving peo-
ple were awarded the title.
(Å®Ω|ûª éπL-T-†-¢√∞Ïx Ç Ææû√\-®√Eo
§Òçü¿úøç Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒEo éπL-T-Ææ’hçC.
Deserving = úÕï-Nçí˚ = Å®Ω|ûª éπL-T†.
Deserve =úÕï¢˛ = Å®Ω|ûª éπLT Öçúøôç.
He deserves the award = Ç award
BÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ Åûª-úÕéÀ Å®Ω|ûª ÖçC.)
Divakar: You say all this because your
favourite hero got it.
(F ÅGµ-´÷† †ô’-úÕéÀ ´*açC 鬕öÀd É™«
´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤.)
Damodar: Your favourite hero was not even
considered for the award. That's
why you talk like that.
(F ÅGµ-´÷†- †-ô’-úÕ-E Ç °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®√-EéÀ (was+pp) / were+pp.
éπ-FÆæç °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd †’´y™« í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T-§Ú-®·† (time ûÁL-Æœ†) actions †’
´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. passive ™ was + pp / were + pp ™ ûÁ©’-°æ¤û√ç.
Consider = 'éπEqúø— = °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îªôç
1) ... hero was awarded Padmabhushan
was not considered (passive) =
°æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îª-•-úø-™‰ü¿’.) 2) ... the title was conferred
Divakar: You feel as if you were given the
award.
(Ç •£æ›-´’-ûËüÓ F éÌ*a-†ô’x ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-
Ø√o´¤. were given (passive)= É´y-•-
ú≈f´¤.)
Damodar: Yes, I do feel so.
(Å´¤†’ Å™«Íí ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.)
Divakar: Just wait and see. My favourite hero
will be honoured with
Padmavibhushan next year.
(îª÷Ææ÷h Öçúø’. ´îËa Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ´÷ ÅGµ-
´÷† †ô’-úÕéÀ °æü¿t-N-¶µº÷-≠æù˝ ´Ææ’hçC.)
will be honoured (passive) = Ææûª\-Jç-îª-•-
úø-û√úø’.
Damodar: Such honours are given only to the
talented.
(v°æA¶µº Ö†o-¢√-JÍé Ç Ææû√\®Ωç ©Gµ-
Ææ’hçC. are given (passive) = É´y-•-úø’-
ûª’çC.)
Divakar: True. Your hero will not get it,
because he lacks talent.
(Eï¢Ë’. ÅC O’ £‘«®Óèπ◊ ®√ü¿’, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰
In the last lesson we have seen that we use the
ûª°æpEÆæJ Å®·ûË ûª°æp ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öç-úøôç
´’ç*C. Å°æ¤púø’ ´’† English conversation
Chandana : ÅC èπÿú≈ °æ‹®Ωh-®·çC E†oØË.
workers Åçü¿Ko °æç°œçîËߪ’ôç èπÿú≈
passive verbs am + pp/is+pp /are+pp for regu-
lar actions í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆! simple í¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC.
The title was conferred
REGULAR ACTION
ACTIVE PASSIVE í∫-´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ: Å®·çC. Payment èπÿú≈ Å®·-§Ú-®·çC.
1st Regular Doing am+pp/is+pp/ are+pp He was awarded Spandana : Very good.
Word (give, take, like, am given/taken/liked Padmabhushan- -D-Eo Answer:
etc) etc., Active Voice ™ É™«
Spandana : Hi Chandana, is the fan ready?
2nd Regular Doing is given/taken/liked simple í¬ îÁ§Òpa. He
Word (gives, takes, etc., Chandana : It was repaired yesterday.
got Padmabhushan. M. SURESAN
likes. etc) are given/taken/liked Spandana : Was it painted too?
ÉC èπÿú≈ Simple í¬ -™‰-
etc. Chandana : Yes. Everything was completed
ü¿÷, He was awarded Padmabhushan
Yesterday.
The verbs (in the conversation above) éπçõ‰? Å™«Íí was + PP/ were + PP ¢√úÕ†
from verbs No. 1 to 5 are: was+past participle N’í∫û√ Sentences †’ èπÿú≈ îª÷ü∆lç. Spandana : Were the lights also fixed
2) The title was conferred on many others too = Yesterday?
Chandana : That was completed too.
Many others got the title too / Many others
The Workers were sent away too.
received the title too/ Many others had the Even the payments were made.
honour/ Distinction.
É™« îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´îª’a éπü∆. Spandana : Good
3) Were awarded (Passive) = got the award
°æü¿t-¶µº÷-≠æù˝ É´y-•-ú≈fúø’.
(active)
1. Sachin is to play the cricket.
G®Ω’ü¿’ v°æü∆†ç îËߪ’-•-úÕç-C/-É-´y-•-úÕçC. 4) ... Hero was not even considered = They did
2. Sachin has to play cricket.
3) ... people were awarded
not even consider him for an award. 3. Sachin was to play cricket.
î√™«-´’çC É´y-•-ú≈f®Ω’.
(Ééπ\úø They Åçõ‰ á´®Ó ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’ 鬕öÀd 4. Sachin had to play cricket.
4) ... hero was (not even) considered.
passive ¢√úÌa) °j ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ Å®Ωnç N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. 1,2 – 3,4 ¢√é¬u©’
°æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îª-•-úø-™‰ü¿’. 5) ... you were given an award = Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ äÍé Å®Ωnç éπL-T ÖØ√oߪ÷ ûÁL-
5) ... you were given
you got an award, simple éπü∆? passive
ߪ’-îË-ߪ’çúÕ.
(†’´¤y) É´y•-ú≈f´¤. avoid îÁ-ߪ’-´-a.
– N†-ß˝’- π◊-´÷®˝, E®Ωt™¸
Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. Active ™
past doing 1) Sachin is to play cricket
6) Will be honoured = will receive the honour =
word (gave, took, liked, talked, etc) †’ Ææ*Ø˛ Çú≈Lq ÖçC, NCµ-
ÅØÌa. passive avoid îËÊÆçü¿’èπ◊– í¬/-ûª-°æp-éπ/-Å-†’-èπ◊†o v°æé¬-®Ωç/-
í∫ûªç™ Å®·-§Ú-®·† °æ†’-©èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç – ´·êuçí¬
time ûÁLÊÆh. 7) ... honours are given to the talented (PV) = îË-Ææ’èπ◊-†o ä°æpç-ü¿ç/-à-®√pôx
1) She took the book yesterday Only the talented get such honours (Active v°æ鬮Ωç– Ç-úø-û√úø’ èπÿú≈.
2) Sachin has to play cricket = Çú≈L. äéπJ
Expression)
E†o Ç¢Á’ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç BÆæ’-èπ◊çC. Çïc ´©x/duty/ÅûªE Å´-Ææ®Ωç ´©x-é¬E– Çúø-
2) He liked the movie (last night) 鬕öÀd past doing word active Å®·ûË ü∆EéÀ û√úÓ ™‰üÓ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’.
Ç *vûªç Åûª-úÕéÀ †*açC. passive equivalent was + past participle/ 3) Sachin was to play cricket - í∫ûªç™
3) They gave us the information (last week) were past participle. Çú≈Lq ÖçúÕçC. Çú≈úø’. Dhoni was to
´÷é¬ Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ¢√Rx-î√a®Ω’. Past actions at a time Known. score 66 not out. (üµÓE 66 éÌúø-û√úø’ Ç
É™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË passive ™ ûÁ©-§ƒ-©çõ‰ was ACTIVE PASSIVE
ûª®√yûª – Åçõ‰ éÌö«dúø’ ÅE).
Rama was to go to forest - Åúø-NéÀ
+ PP or were + PP ¢√úøû√ç. ´·êuçí¬ Ç °æEE Past Doing Was+PP/ Were+PP ¢Á∞«húø’– í∫ûªç™ äéπ ü¿¨¡™, Å°æp-öÀ-†’ç* ïJ-
îËÆœçüÁ´®Ó -ûÁ-L-ߪ’éπ-§Ú®·-Ø√, îÁ°æpôç éπ≠d-¢æ Á’iØ√, Åçûª word (took, Was taken/ Were taken T† °æE.
´·êuç é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Å°æ¤púø’ passive ¢√úøû√ç. gave, liked Was given/ Were given 4) Sachin had to play - Çú≈Lq Öç--úÕçC–
1) He was awarded Padmabhushan etc.,) Was liked/ Were liked etc. Çú≈úÓ ™‰üÓ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 27 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Ram: You are late again. You are expected to 1. You are expected to be here by 10.
be here by 10, and it is now 10.20. (O’J-éπ\úø 10éÀ Öçú≈-©-†’èπ◊ç-ö«. Ééπ\úø are
(O’®Ω’ ´’Sx Ç©Ææuçí¬ -´-î√a®Ω’. O’J-éπ\úø 10éÀ expected (ņ’-éÓ-•-úø-û√®Ω’) ÅØËC must èπ◊
Öçú≈L. É°æ¤púø’ 10.20 Å®·çC.) •ü¿’©’ éÌçîÁç ûªèπ◊\´ B-v´ûªûÓ, é¬Ææh
Sita: Sorry sir. The bus was late. The bus is -Ææ’-Eoûªçí¬ üµ¿yEç-îËô’d ¢√úË expression.
supposed to pick us up at 9.45. It was 10
English language ™ manners èπ◊
minutes late. Some trouble on the way.
v§ƒüµ∆†uç áèπ◊\´. Åçü¿’-éπE Çñ«c-°œç-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊
(Bus late Å®·çC. 9.45 èπ◊ ´’´’Lo áéÀ\ç-- must î√-™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’, Å™« ¢√úÕûË
éÓ-¢√-Lq† bus 10 EN’-≥ƒ©’ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC. ´’-K E®Ωç-èπ◊-¨¡çí¬, bossy í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E.
ü∆J™ ü∆E-ÍéüÓ trouble ´*açC.) I.
(iii) Trespassers will be prosecuted = £æ«ü¿’l-O’-J†
Must ¢√ú≈-Lq† ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Å-Eo-îÓ-ö«x É™« expect, Verb: Give
Ram: OK, OK. Let's get down to work. Only a ¢√®Ω’ Pé~¬-®Ω’|©’ (PéÀ~ç-°æ-•-úø-û√®Ω’)
few files were cleared yesterday. Many suppose, require ™«çöÀ verbs passive forms ACTIONS ACTIVE PASSIVE
É™«çöÀ E•ç-üµ¿-†©’, E≠œ-ü∆l¥©’ ûÁ-LÊ°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Regular 1st RDW (give) am+PP=am given
more have to be cleared today. We are ¢√úøû√®Ω’.
≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ passive voice ¢√úøû√®Ω’.
required to clear at least 15 files a day. Actions 2nd RDW (gives) is+PP=is given
(ÆæÍ®, ÆæÍ®, °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµü∆lç. E†o- éÌEo files N’í∫û√ sentences (conversation ™) îª÷ü∆lç. are+PP=are given
´÷vûª¢Ë’ °æ‹Jh î˨»ç. -É¢√∞¡ î√-™« files clear 3) Only a few files were cleared (by us) = éÌEo Past actions Past doing was+pp=was given
îËߪ÷L. ®ÓVèπ◊ éπFÆæç 15 files Å®·Ø√ °æ‹Jh
îËߪ÷L.) -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 148 files ´÷vûª¢Ë’ °æ‹Jhî˨»ç = We cleared only a
few files.
time known word-gave were+pp=were given

II. Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may,

might, must 1st RDW
– OöÀûÓ form
©’ éπ-L°œûË
verb - (shall give, should give, will give,

You are expected to be here..

ÅßË’u
would give, can give, could give, may give,
might give, must give, etc) passive form
èπ◊
shall, should, etc,
鬢√-©çõ‰, ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ °æéπ\†
be past participle
îËJa passive
îËJÊÆh ÅC
Sita: When are we 1) You are expected to be here by 10. (passive) 4) Many more have to be cleared today (by us) Å´¤-ûª’çC.
expected to com- = We have to clear many more files today = eg: They will give the book [verb- will give-
The superiors ( expect you to be
ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’©’)
plete them, sir? files clear will + 1st RDW- active]=
here by 10 (Active) = you must be here by Éçé¬ î√™« îËߪ÷L.
10. (Must †’ É™«çöÀîÓôxavoid îË≤ƒh®Ω’.) The book will be given (by them) [verb- will
(¢√-ô-Eoç-öÀF ´’†ç 7) They should have been sent (by us) = we
be- be form+given (Past participle)- Passive]
°æ‹Jh îËߪ÷-Lqç-üÁ- 2) The bus is supposed to pick us up by 9.45 should have sent them = ´’†ç °æ秃-LqçC He can give it - verb, can do- can + 1st
(passive) = We (office staff = sup-
°æ¤púø’, sir.) Æœ•sçC) Ééπ\úø
(á°æ¤púÓ) RDW passive can + be
pose the bus to pick us up by 9.45 (active) =
Ram: They should have
éπü∆– 鬕öÀd à´’-¢√yL–
M. SURESAN The bus must pick us up by 9.45 =
8) We have been given (by the superiors) = + pp of give = can be given. should
Å™«Íí
been sent last ´’´’tLo
They have given us = time give - active - passive- should + be +
must
week itself. But we have been given 9.45 éπ-™«x áéÀ\ç--éÓ-¢√L. Ééπ\-úø èπÿú≈ ´’†èπ◊ Éî√a®Ω’. DEéÀ
given (PP of give)
some more time because we did not avoid
îË≤ƒhç. 9) It will be done (by you) = You will do it =
have the necessary information. 5) We are required to clear files (passive) = The †’´¤y îË≤ƒh´¤. 鬕öÀd °j† îÁ°œp† verbs ÅEo-öÀéà passive form,
superiors require us
Ç shall, should, etc... ¢√ô-Eo-öÀ °æéπ\Ø√ be °öÀd
(í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç °æç°œ-ç-î√-LqçC. é¬E ´’† ü¿í∫_®Ω (ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’©’) (Åúø’-í∫’-û√®Ω’) Éçé¬ passive voice Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ î√™« ü∆E-°æ-éπ\† past participle îËJÊÆh ÅC passive
information ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç ´©x, ´’†-èπ◊ -é¬Ææh time to clear files (active) = we must clear files. ÖØ√o®·. ÅN ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-´·çü¿’ Ñ éÀçC active
(Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ must avoid îË≤ƒh®Ω’). Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆.
Éî√a®Ω’.) verbs èπ◊ - passive equivalents îª÷úøçúÕ. They may give it - (active)
Sita: That's ok, sir. I won't take much time. The 6) When are we expected to complete them Active †’ç* passive èπ◊, passive †’ç* active It may be given (by them) - (passive)
files will all be on your table a little after (passive) = When do our superiors expect us
èπ◊ ´÷®Ωaôç äéπ exercise (Ŷµ«u-Ææç) í¬ prac- III. have + pp end active verbs
to complete them? (active) = When must we ûÓ ÅßË’u ÅEo-öÀéÃ,
lunch break. tice îËߪ’-éπçúÕ. Å™« îËÊÆh O’®Ω’ English (spoken
complete them? (Ñ sentence must
™ èπÿú≈ have past participle
èπÿ been
èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u °úÕûË
(ÆæÍ® sir, -ØË-ØÁèπ◊\´ time -BÆæ’éÓ†’. Lunch time form) free í¬, fluent í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰®Ω’. Å™« passive Å´¤-ûª’çC.
¢√úø®Ω’) ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-éπ-§Úí¬ O’èπ◊ ™‰E§ÚE doubts èπÿú≈ ´*a
Å®·† é¬ÊÆq°æ-öÀéÀ Ç files ÅFo O’ table O’ü¿ They have given the books - verb have
É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ ´’JéÌEo îª÷ü∆lç. ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-éπ-§Ú--û√®Ω’.
Öçö«®·.) given (active)- passive have given
(i) Smoking °æ‹Jhí¬ E≠œü¿l¥ç. Smoking is strictly
DEéÀ èπÿ,
Ram: Go ahead. When you say something, I ûª°æpE °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x impersonal (´uèπ◊h-©ûÓ been have been given.
prohibited (passive)
èπÿ ´’üµ¿u™ °ôd-ô¢Ë’–
know it will be done. Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰E) occasions (Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x) ´÷vûªç
(ii) Strict silence should be maintained in the They have given the books (Active)
(O’®Ì-éπ\-≤ƒJ à´’-Ø√o -Å-Ø√o-®Ωçõ‰, ÅC ï®Ω’-í∫’- library (passive). (You should maintain strict
¢√úøçúÕ. Å®·ûË passive forms ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç The books have been given (by them) -
ûª’ç-ü¿E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’.) silence in the library) = Library ™ E¨¡z•lç ´÷vûªç Å´-Ææ-®Ω¢Ë’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Å´-ûª-L-¢√∞¡Ÿx (Passive).
Let's continue our study of the passive §ƒöÀç-î√L. Passive ¢√úÕûË ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓí∫-©-í¬-L-éπü∆?
forms. The sentences with verbs in pas-
sive voice in the dialogue are:
Now practise the following in English ANSWER
1) You are expected to be here by 10.
use passive forms where necessary Venkat: Hi Prabhas, you are not supposed to
2) The bus is supposed to pick us up.
(conversation O©-®·-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπÿ passive ™‰èπ◊çú≈ keep your things there.
3) Only a few files were cleared yesterday.
practise îËߪ’çúÕ.)
v°æ¨¡o: 1. ؈’ ®ÓW ôé˙ îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’
Prabhas: Where else should I keep then?
4) Many more have to be cleared today.
Venkat: Hi Prabhas, †’´y-ô’--¢Áj°æ¤ F ≤ƒ´÷†’x Venkat: Anywhere else except there. The
5) We are required to clear.
boss keeps his things there.
°ôd-èπÿ-úøü¿’. (™‰ü∆) ؈’ ®ÓW ÉØ˛-≠æ®˝d îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.
6) When are we expected to complete them?
Prabhas: ´’È®éπ\úø °ö«dL? Prabhas: How long are you expected to be
2. Féπçõ‰ ؈’ Å®·ü¿’ Íé@© •®Ω’-¢Á-èπ◊\´.
7) They should have been sent. Ñ ¢√é¬u-©†’ ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp™
Venkat: Åéπ\úøûª°æp ÉçÈé-éπ\-úøØ√o. Åéπ\úø boss ûª† here?
8) We have been given. ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ.
Venkat: Till 5 in the evening. Again at 10
– Æœ.¨Ïyûª, È®j™‰y-éÓ-úø÷®˝
≤ƒ´÷†’x °ô’d-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.
9) ... it will be done.
Prabhas: †’¢Áyçûª´®Ωèπÿ Öçú≈-L-éπ\úø? tomorrow morning.
Let's look at verbs No. 1, 2, 5 and 6:
are expected, is supposed, are required,
Venkat: ≤ƒßª’çvûªç 5 ´®Ωèπÿ. ´’Sx Í®°æ¤ 10éÀ Ééπ\úø Prabhas: Can the work be completed tomor- -ï-¢√-•’:
are expected. Öçú≈L. row? 1. I tuck my shirt in. In shirt ÅØË ´÷ô
Ñ verbs ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ passive ™ official and Prabhas: Í®°æ¤ °æE °æ‹®Ωh-´-í∫-©ü∆? Venkat: How can the whole work be complet- English ™ ¢√úø®Ω’.
formal Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. Official lan- Venkat: Åçûª °æE ͮ°™« Å´¤-ûª’çC? á©’xçúÕ ed tomorrow? It might be completed 2. I am heavier than you by 5 Kgs/
guage ™ passive voice ¢√úøéπç ᙫ ≤ƒßª’ç-vû√-EéÀ °æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷? by the evening of the day after. I weigh 5 Kgs more than you/
Öçô’çüÓ -Ééπ-´·ç-ü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çö«ç. Prabhas: ≤ƒßª’ç Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’iûË, ؈’ ready. Prabhas: If help is needed, I am ready. I weigh more than you by 5 Kgs.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 29 -à-v°œ-™¸ 2006
Ravikanth: Hi Prakash, who is this book meant
for? I found it here.
(Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç á´J éÓÆæç? Ø√éÀ-éπ\úø
éπ-E°œç-*ç-C.)
Prakash: It was left here by someone. I don't
remember.
(-ü∆-Eo á´®Ó Ééπ\úø ´CL ¢Á∞«x®Ω’. Ø√èπ◊
í∫’®Ω’h-®√-´ô癉ü¿’ ´’J)
Ravikanth: Who does it belong to?
(ÅC á´-JC?)
Prakash: No name is written on the book. Only
the bill of the book is found in the
book. No name in the bill either.
(°æ¤Ææhéπç O’ü¿ à Ê°®Ω÷ ®√Æœ™‰ü¿’. °æ¤Ææhéπç
é̆o-ô’dí¬ Bill ÖçC. ü∆E™ èπÿú≈ Ê°®Ω’-
™‰ü¿’.)
Ravikanth: Ok. Let's no more worry about the
book. Were you, by any chance, in
college last evening?
(ÆæÍ®, Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç í∫’Jç* ´C-™‰ü∆lç. E†o
≤ƒßª’çvûªç †’-¢Ëy-´’Ø√o college ™
ÖØ√o¢√?)
Prakash: I was asked to be there for the selec-
tions for the debate team. Someone
was invited to select the college
team. I have been picked up as a
reserve member.
(college debate team selections
èπ◊
††o-éπ\-úøèπ◊ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o®Ω’. College team †’
select îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ á´-JØÓ °œL-î √®Ω’. ††’o
reserve member í¬ BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.)
Debate = ´éπh %ûªyç.
Pick up = choose. áç°œ-éπ-îË-ߪ’ôç.
Ravikanth: Where will the contest be held?
(§ÚöÃ áéπ\úø?)
(Contest = éπçõ„Æˇd = §ÚöÃ)
Prakash: It is going to be held this month end
at Rajamundry.
(®√ï-´’ç-vúÕ™ Ñ ØÁ™«-ê®Óx Öçô’çC)
Ravikanth: Wish you should be include in the
final team.
(final team
™ †’´¤yçú≈-©E Ø√ éÓJéπ)
Prakash: Thank you.
lllll
Last lesson ™ principles of changing verbs
from active to passive îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Ææ÷n©çí¬
´’®Ì-éπ\-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
-Ñ °æ-öÀdéπ -îª÷-úøç-úÕ.
ACTIVE
1. 1st RDW/ 2nd RDW (give, take, etc/
gives, takes, etc)
2. Past Doing Word
(gave, took etc)
3. shall/ should/ will/ would/ can/
could/ may/ might/ must etc + 1st
RDW
(shall take, will take, would take etc)
Shall have/ should have/ will have/
would have/ can have, etc + past
participle (would have taken, could
have taken etc)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -I
Now let's take a look at the verbs in the
passive form, used in the conversation
at the beginning of the lesson.
1) who is this meant for?
(verb- is meant- passive)
2) It was left here..
(verb- was left- was + pp -passive)
3) No name is written..
(verb- is written- is + pp -passive)
Last lesson ™ îÁ°œp-†ô’x ã °æE á´-J-´©x
4) I was asked..
ïJ-TçüÓ îÁ°æpôç É≠ædç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, éπ≠d-´æ ’-®·Ø√, Let's remember once again:
(verb- was asked- was + pp -passive) ü∆E-éπçûª v§ƒ´·êuç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Passive Voice
Å´-Ææ®Ωç Å´¤-ûª’çC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ active always 1) Passive voice to be used only
5) Was invited...
preferable. when absolutely necessary.
(verb- was invited- was + pp -passive)
Passive voice questions practice îËü∆lç: 2) Question structure to be followed
1) Who is it meant for? in passive voice too.
(ÉC á´JéÓÆæç ÖüËl-Pç-îª-•-úÕçC? – Old usage - 3) In most cases where whom was
for whom is it meant?) used in the past, we now use
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 149 2) Where are these shirts sold? 'Who'.
(ÉN áéπ\úø Å´’t-•-úø-û√®·?)
When was the letter posted?
6) I have been picked up 3) How was he killed? EXERCISE
(verb- have been picked - have been + pp -
(ᙫ îªç°æ-•-ú≈fúø’?= éÀçC¢√öÀéÀ passive forms ®√ߪ’çúÕ:
ᙫ îªç§ƒ-®Ω-ûªEo?) 1) Åûª-úø’ †÷ûª† Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-úÕí¬ áEo-éπ-ߪ÷uúø’.
passive) 4) Who were you seen
2) E†oöÀ accident ™ -†-©’í∫’®Ω’ îªE-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’.
7) When will the contest be held? by?
(verb- will be held- will be + pp -passive) (By Whom were you
°æ-C ´’çC í¬ßª’-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’.
3) ´®Ω-éπôoç EÊ≠-Cµç-î √®Ω’.
seen - old use
8) you should be included 4) í∫ûª Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç -Ø√-©’í∫’ éÌûªh È®j™‰y -™„j†’x ¢Ë¨»®Ω’.
=á´-JîË îª÷úø-•-ú≈f´¤? M. SURESAN
(verb- should be included- should be + pp - 5) Date of Interview ûªy®Ω-™ ØË Å¶µºu-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-
á´®Ω’ îª÷¨»®Ω’ -E†’o?)
passive) 5) What were you told? ñ‰-ߪ’ôç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.
= ANSWERS
°j °æöÀd-éπ™ É*a† transformation principles èπ◊ †’¢Ëyç îÁ°æp-•-ú≈f´¤? (FÍéç -îÁ-§ƒp®Ω’?)
6) When was the letter posted? = 1) He has been elected the new president.
Ñ 8 verbs in passive ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o®· Öûªh®Ωç á°æ¤púø’
post Post
îËߪ’-•-úÕçC? (á°æ¤púø’ î˨»®Ω’?) 2) Four were killed and ten injured in the acci-
éπü∆?Åçõ‰ dent yesterday.
Active voice passive
™ ™«ØË, ™ èπÿú≈ ques-
a) Active ™ RDWs Öçõ‰, passive, am/ is/ tion ™verb subject
´·çü¿÷, ûª®√yûª ´≤ƒh®·. 3) Dowry has been abolished.
are + past participle. Helping verb
™‰èπ◊çõ‰ main verb
èπ◊, èπÿ ´’üµ¿u™ 4) Four new rail lines were laid last year.
b) Active ™ PDW Öçõ‰, passive, was/ were subject ´Ææ’hçC. ÉC î√-™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç- 5) Candidates will soon be informed of the
+ past participle. î√Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. date of interview.
-ØË-öÀ
-áçÂÆ-ö¸
c) shall/ should/ will/ would, etc + 1st RDW
active Å®·ûË, OöÀ™ shall/ should, etc èπ◊
be îËJa, past participle îËJaûË passive.
-ví¬ç-ú˛-õ„Æˇd
-™
d) shall be/ should be/ will be/ would be,
etc + 1st RDW active Å®·ûË, shall be/
should be/ can be, etc + past participle -
passive.
-Ñ -Ø√-©’í∫’ patterns í∫’®Ω’hç-èπ◊ç-õ‰ passive
-î√-™« easy. Now practise the following in English use Bhramara: Not yet. some more work is left.
passive forms only where necessary: Lavanya: When will it be completed too?
Lavanya: °æ†çû√ °æ‹®Ωh-®·çü∆? Bhramara: It may be completed by tomorrow
PASSIVE
Bhramara: Éçé¬ ™‰ü¿’. Éçé¬ éÌçûª N’TL ÖçC. afternoon.
1. am + pp / is + pp / are + pp. Lavanya: ÅC èπÿú≈ á°æ¤púø’ °æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’çC? Lavanya: Have all the invitations been post-
(am given, is given, are given etc) Bhramara: Í®°æ¤ ´’üµ∆u-£æ…o-EéÀ °æ‹-Jh鬴a. ed?
2. Was+pp/ Were+pp Lavanya: Invitations ÅFo post Å-ߪ÷uߪ÷? Bhramara: Yes, most of them. But then there
(was given / were given) are invitations for which the
Bhramara: Yes î√-™« ´’ô’èπ◊. Å®·ûË O’®Ω’
addresses have to be written by
3. É™«çöÀ verbs N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ shall/ should/ will/ would... addresses ®√ߪ÷-Lq-†N éÌEo ÖØ√o®·.
you/ you have to write the address-
°æéπ\† be °öÀd, ü∆EéÀ Past Participle îË®Ωaôç. ¢√öÀE O’È®-°æ¤púø’ °æ‹JhîËߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’? es. When can you complete it?
shall be taken (shall + be + past participle) / will Lavanya: éÌEo addresses Éçé¬ ®√¢√L. ÅN
Lavanya: Some addresses are yet to be
be taken, etc. ®√í¬ØË ®√ÊÆ-≤ƒh†’. received, once they are received, I
verbs N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ shall have/ should have/ Bhramara: ÅN O’®Ω’ °æ‹JhîËÊÆh ÅFo éπL°œ post
É™«çöÀ will write the addresses.
will have, etc °æéπ\† been °öÀd, ü∆EéÀ past partici- îËߪ’-´îª’a. Bhramara: If you complete them, all of them
ple (would have been taken, could have ANSWER
îË®Ω’≤ƒhç. may be posted together/ we may
been taken, etc) Lavanya: Has the work been completed? post all of them together.
-I-I
Pranav: Hi Prabhat, you look quite smart in
your clothes today. Are they new?
(v°æ¶µ«û˝, -Ñ •ôd™x -F-´¤ î√™« Åçü¿çí¬
ÖØ√o´¤. ÅN éÌûªh¢√?)
Prabhat: They are, of course. But I'm afraid I
don't look smarter than you, in spite of
my new clothes. Any way, I thank you
for the compliment.
(ÅN éÌûªh¢Ë. Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Féπçõ‰ ØËØËç
smarter Åçü¿çí¬/ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ éπE-°œç-
îªúøç ™‰ü¿’™‰. àüÁj-ûËØËç, F´¤ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-
†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ thanks.)
Pranav: Mine are sincere compliments, prab-
hat. They aren't mere flattery.
(؈’ Eïç-í¬ØË ´’†-Ææ÷p¥-Jh-í¬ØË E†’o ¢Á’a-
èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o, Å-¢Ëç ¢Á’®Ω-¢Á’a ´÷ô©’/
§Òí∫úøh é¬ü¿’)
Prabhat: I have no doubt about that. But really
I don't like these clothes very much.
Dad bought me them from
Hyderabad. I wear them because I
don't want to offend him.
(-Ç N≠æߪ’ç-™ Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’.
Eïçí¬ Ñ •ôd©’ Ø√éπçûª É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. ´÷
Ø√†o OöÀE £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü¿’ †’ç* ûÁî√a®Ω’
Ø√èπ◊. -Çߪ’† ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø-û√-Í®-¢Á÷-†E ¢ËÆæ’-
éÓ-´-úø¢Ë’)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 150
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
äé𠶵«≠æ™ ÖçúË ´÷ô-©-Eo-öÀF Ç ¶µ«≠æ vocabu-
lary Åçö«ç. É°æ¤púø’ °j sentences ™E
Underline îËÆœ† ´÷ô-©Fo ´’† appearance
(éπE-°œçîË B®Ω’) èπÿ, ´’† •ôd-©èπÿ (´·êuçí¬ ´’í∫-
¢√∞¡x •ôd-©èπ◊) Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†´E ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC
éπü∆? Ñ ´÷ô-©Fo èπÿú≈ ´’† daily life situa-
tion ™ spoken english ™ ¢√úË ´÷ô™‰ 鬕öÀd
practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
1) You look quite smart in your clothes. Look
Åçõ‰ ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’ – éπE-°œç-îªôç/ Åí∫’-°œç-
îªôç. smart = Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬, Åçü¿çí¬ Öçúøôç/
éπE-°œç-îªôç. ´’†ç ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊†o •ôd©’ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬
suit Å®·ûË Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç smart. tip top í¬
Öçúøôç ÅØ√o smart.
a) The army officer is really smart in his uni-
form. Army officer,
Ç Uniform
Ç ™ î√™«
Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.
b) The students were all smartly dressed for the
college anniversary = College ¢√J{-éÓ-ûªq´ç 3) In spite of: Å®·-†-°æpöÀéÃ. (though/ although/
Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i† ü¿’Ææ’h™x
ÖØ√o®Ω’.
Dress and clothes: Dress ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËC Çúø-¢√∞Ïx.
´’í∫-¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËN clothes. Åçõ‰ ´’í∫-¢√∞¡x •ôd- a) In spite of her greatness, she is not conceit-
©†’ dress/ dresses ņç. Å®·ûË He is
always dressed in good clothes ™«çöÀ sen-
tences ™ dress Åçõ‰ •ôd©’ ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈
•ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. -Å-C
ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’.
´’†ç ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊†o •ôd©’ î√™« Neat í¬ Å´’-J-éπí¬
Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç smart.
c) She smarted up for the interview
Interview èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ îªéπ\í¬ ´·≤ƒh-•®·çC.
b) Sulochana: Are you coming for the picnic?
Picnic
(†’¢Ìy-Ææ’h-Ø√o¢√ èπ◊?)
Sunayana: I'am afraid I can't because dad
isn't well
(Ø√†oèπ◊ äçöx ¶«í∫’-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd ؈’
®√™‰-†E, ¶«üµ¿í¬ îÁ°æpôç)
I'm afraid/ we're afraid ™«çöÀ expressions
O’ conversation ™ ûª®Ω ¢√úøçúÕ.
even though/ but/ yet ûÓ Ææ´÷†ç. Å®·ûË ¢√úø’-
éπ™ OöÀ-éÌ-éπ-ü∆-E-éÌ-éπ-öÀéÀ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. Åçü¿’-éπE
ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ practice îËߪ÷L.
ed (Ç¢Á’èπ◊ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÀ, Ç¢Á’èπ◊ í∫®Ωyç
™‰ü¿’. Conceit= í∫®Ωyç)
= Though/ Although/ Even though she is
great, she is not conceited (Ç¢Á’ íÌ°æp-ü¿-®·Ø√,
í∫®Ωyç ™‰ü¿’)
= She is great, but/ yet she is not conceited
= Ç¢Á’ íÌ°æpC, é¬E Ç¢Á’èπ◊ í∫®Ωyç ™‰ü¿’/ í∫Jy-é¬ü¿’)
b) Inspite of his fever, he is able to walk= ïy®Ωç Ö†o-
°æp-öÀéà (ïy®ΩçûÓ èπÿú≈) Å-ûª-úø’ †úø-´-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 1 -¢Ë’ 2006
7) Offend= (´’†Ææ’q, ¶µ«¢√©’) ØÌ°œpç-îªôç.
a) I don't want to offend him=
Çߪ’†’o ØÌ°œpç-îªôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’.
b) The book has been banned because it
offends the sentiments of the minority com-
munity =
¢Á’iØ√-JöÀ ´®√_© ¶µ«¢√-©†’ ØÌ°œpç-îËCí¬
ÖçC 鬕öÀd Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo EÊ≠-Cµç-î√®Ω’.
c) You offend me if you talk badly about my
favourite hero= Ø√ ÅGµ-´÷† †ô’úÕo í∫’Jç*
îÁúø’í¬ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË ††’o ØÌ°œp-ç-*-†-õ‰x.
8) tire= ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, Å©-Ææô éπL-Tç-îªôç/ Å©-Æ œ-
§Ú-´ôç. Å®·ûË, bore éÌôdôç/ NÆœ-Tç-îªôç ÅØË
Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ÉC É°æ¤púø’ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-éπ™
ÖçC.
a) The movie is tiring= Ç ÆœE´÷ NÆæ’-í∫-E-°œç-*çC.
b) I don't want to go to him. He tires me by talk-
ing of his greatness = ¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡}ôç
Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÕ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúÕ
NÆœ-T-≤ƒhúø’.
Now practise the following in English
Nimisha: Hi Lipta, àçöÀ éÌûªh-•-ôd™«? áçûª Çéπ-®Ω{-
ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ÖØ√o¢Ó! áéπ\-úø-éÌ-Ø√o´¤?

I don't want to offend him

Pranav: I don't see why you think they aren't
good. They really suit you well.
(ÅN ¶«í¬™‰-´E †’´¤y áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-
Ø√o¢Ó Ø√éπ®Ωnç鬴ô癉ü¿’. ÅN Fèπ◊ î√™«
¶«í¬ †§ƒp®·.)
Prabhat: Do they, really? Then I am happy.
(Eïç-í¬Ø√. Å®·ûË Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’)
Pranav: You are always well dressed. I don't
have the patience to choose what
clothes I wear.
(F¢Á-°æ¤púø÷ •ôd©’ ¶«í¬ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤.
•ôd© áç°œ-éπ-éπçûª ã°œéπ™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊)
Prabhat: Still you look stylish. There is some
charm about you that makes your
appearance attractive.
(Å®·Ø√ †’´¤y é¬Ææh stylish í¬ØË éπE-°œ-
≤ƒh´¤. F™ àüÓ Çéπ-®Ω{ù ÖçC. ÅC E†’o
Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ îËÆæ’hçC)
Pranav: Enough. You are tiring. Let's talk of
something else.
(Ééπ î√©’. NÆœ-T-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. ÉçÍé N≠æ-ߪ’-
¢Á’iØ√ ´÷ö«x-úøü∆ç)
v v v v v
Look at the following sentences from the
dialogue above.
1) you look quite smart in your clothes
2) .... I'm afraid I don't look smarter than you, in
spite of my new clothes
3) Anyway I thank you for the compliment.
4) Mine are sincere compliments. They aren't
mere flattery
5) ... because I don't want to offend him.
6) I don't see why you think...
7) ... you are always well dressed
8) still you look stylish
9) Enough. You are tiring.
In the lesson, lets learn a few items of
vocabulary. Vocabulary
Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆.
simpleí¬ ü∆†®Ωnç ´÷ô©’ °æü∆©’ ÅE éπü∆?
áçûª?
Lipta: F¢Á’-°æ¤pèπ◊ thanks. Eïçí¬ ¶«´¤çü∆ -Ñ
combination?
Nimisha: ´’†-Ææ÷p¥Jhí¬ îÁ°æ¤p-Ø√oØË. †´’t¢√?
Lipta: àüÓ §Òí∫-úøh-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o-†’™‰.
Smart èπ◊ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i† = Though/ Although/ Even though he has a Nimisha: Å®·ûË áéπ\úø, áçûª-éÌ\-Ø√o¢Ó îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.
Éûª®Ω °æü∆©’; Stylish, fever, he is able to walk. Lipta: é̆-™‰üË. ÅüÁ-™«íÓ ´*açC Ø√èπ◊. Åü¿çû√
trendy. Å®·ûË Ñ = He has a fever, but/ yet he is able to walk. îÁ°œp E†’o NÆœ-Tç-îªôç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’.
È®çúø’ ´÷ô™x éÌClí¬ 4) Compliment = ¢Á’°æ¤p-´÷ô, ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿†/ ¢Á’a- Nimisha: Åçõ‰ ؈ ’ èπÿú≈ é̆’-èπ◊\ç-ö«-†E
fashion v°æ¶µ«´ç éÓ-´ôç, ÅGµ-†ç-Cç-îªôç. ÅÆæ÷ߪ÷?
áèπ◊\´. •ôd©’ neat í¬, Lipta:
á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ´’†ç ¢Á’aéÌØË ´÷ô-©’-í¬F, á´-J-ÈéjØ√ áçü¿’Íé Ç ´÷ô©’? †ØÁoç-ûª- ØÌ-°œp-Ææ’h-
Å´’-J-éπí¬ Öçúø-ôç-ûÓ- ´’†ç ûÁLÊ° ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†-©’-í¬F compliments. Ø√o¢Ó Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Ø√éπ-üËüÓ gift í¬
§ƒô’, é¬Ææh fashion- á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç, ÅGµ-†ç-Cç-îªôç, to com-
M. SURESAN
able í¬ Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤p-úøN, pliment.
´*açC ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈.
stylish, trendy. a) My compliments to you on your high marks in Nimisha: ÅüË îÁ§Òp--aí¬. Åçü¿’™ NÆœ-Tç-îË-
Smart Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç ûÁL-¢Áj†, ®Ω’-Èéj†. the exam= üË-´·çC?
a) The boy is smart. You can't cheat him= marks
°æK-éπ~™ F´¤ ûÁa-èπ◊†o íÌ°æp èπ◊ Ø√ Lipta: O.K.
(Clever).
Ç èπ◊v®√úø’ ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√úø’ †’´¤y ¢√úÕo ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’. ANSWER
compliment ûª®√yûª on ´Ææ’hçC. Nimisha: Hi Lipta, new dress? How smart you
¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’-™‰´¤.
b) It was smart of her to give such an answer b) He sent his compliments to the actor on his look in the dress! Where did you
Ç Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç Ç¢Á’ ûÁL-N-í¬ØË É*açC. action in the movie= Ç †ô’úÕ íÌ°æp †ô-†èπ◊ buy it and how much is it?
É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x smart Åçõ‰ î√™« ûÁL-Ní¬ Çߪ’† ûª† ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’ °æ秃úø’. Lipta: Thank you for your compliment. Is
ûªy®Ωí¬ Ç™-*ç-îª-í∫© ¨¡éÀh Ö†o ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. c) Everyone complimented Dhoni on his won-
the combination really good?
c) Don't try to be smart with me= derful play = üµÓE Çô†’ v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x ¢Á’a-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.
d) He complimented her on her taste in the Nimisha: I am sincere in my compliments.
Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω F ûÁLN îª÷°æèπ◊.
choice of her dress = Dress Don't you believe me?
A smart restaurant = a fashionable áç°œ-éπ™ Ç¢Á’
restaurant= ÅGµ-®Ω’-*E Åûª-úø’ éÌE-ߪ÷-ú≈úø’. Lipta: I thought you were flattering me/ I
Food prices are high at this smart restaurant. 5) Compliment èπ◊ é¬Ææh Ææç•çüµ¿ç Ö†o ´’®Ó-´÷ô thought it was flattery/ I took it for
(Ñ fashionable £æ«Ùô™x A†’-•ç-ú≈-®√© üµ¿®Ω áèπ◊\´). flattery. Flattery ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ ¢Á’Ê°p, é¬E flattery flattery.
2) I'm afraid= I am afraid. Afraid èπ◊ ´÷´‚©’ Åçõ‰ Éûª-®Ω’-©îË °æE-îË-®·ç--éÓ-´-ö«-EéÓ, ¢√∞¡x-´©x Nimisha: But you haven't told me where and
Å®Ωnç ´’†ç-ü¿-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’– ¶µºßª’-°æ-úøôç/ ¶µºßª’çûÓ àüÁjØ√ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÓ îËÊÆ §Òí∫úøh. how much you bought it for.
Öçúøôç. é¬F Ñ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç™ I'm afraid Åçõ‰ §Òí∫-úøh©’ flattery. Lipta: I didn't buy it. I got it some how. I
a) He flatters the minister to get his help.
؈’ *çA-Ææ’h-Ø√o-†ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. don't want to tire you by telling you
I'm afraid I am not smarter than you= ´’çvA Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç éÓÆæç, Çߪ’Eo §Òí∫-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«úø’. of it.
FéπØ√o ؈’ smart í¬ ™‰ØË-¢Á÷-†E *çA-Ææ’hØ√o. b) Everyone in the world falls for flattery =
Nimisha: (Are) you jealous that I too will buy
Åçõ‰ ´’†-éÀ≠dçæ ™‰E N≠æߪ’ç é¬Ææh ¶«üµ¿ûÓ îÁ°æp- v°æ°æç-îªç™ v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x §Òí∫-úøhèπ◊ ™ÔçÍí-¢√∞Ïx. it?
ö«-EéÀ I'm afraid ÅE ¢√úøû√ç/ I'm afraid ûÓ 6) sincere= ´’†-Ææ÷p¥JhßÁi’†, *ûªh-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥-í∫©.
Lipta: Why such words? You don't know
v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. a) I am sincere in my wish to help you =
a) Nishant: Has Prashanth passed? how much you offend me. I got it as
Fèπ◊ ؈’ Eïç-í¬ØË (´’†-Ææ÷p¥-JhûÓ) Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç
pass a gift unexpectedly.
(v°æ¨»çû˝ Åߪ÷uú≈?) îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç--ô’-Ø√o.
Susanth: I'm afraid, no. b) No politician is sincere about servicing Nimisha: You could have told me so. What is
Pass
(v°æ¨»çû˝ Å´-™‰-ü¿E ¶«üµ¿í¬/ people. = politicians èπ◊ -v°ææñ«-ÊÆ-´™ *ûªh-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥-™‰ü¿’. there in to tire me?
Å®·-≠dçæ í¬ îÁ°æpôç) c) She is sincere student= -Ç-¢Á’ *ûªh-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥-í∫© Nü∆uJn-E Lipta: That's OK.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Devanath: I bought this shirt for Rs 350/-. A
good bargain, isn't it?
(Ñ shirt ؈’ 350 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ éÌØ√o.
´’ç* ¶‰®Ω¢Ë’ éπü∆?)
Raghunath: I'm afraid that it is too much for it.
I have a similar shirt. It cost me
just around Rs 250/-
(†’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ °ö«d-´-†’-èπ◊çö«.
Ø√éÀ-™«çöÀ shirt ÖçC. ü∆Eo ؈’ 250
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ éÌØ√o.)
Devanath: You mean I have been cheated?
(Åçõ‰ ؈’ ¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-ߪ÷-†Ø√?)
Cheat = ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’ôç/ ¢Á÷Ææ-í¬úø’
Cheater ÅØË ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’
Raghunath: If its price is Rs 350/-, you were
charged Rs 100 more. Where did
you buy it?
(†’´y-†oô’x ÅC 350 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™„jûË, 100
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ áèπ◊\´ °ö«d´¤. áéπ\úø
éÌØ√o´¤?)
Devanath: At the Fitwell readymade shop.
Raghunath: It is often called the cheatwell
shop. Didn't you know that?
(ü∆Eo cheatwell shop Åçö«®Ωçü¿®Ω÷.
Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆?)
Devanath: You should have told me of it earli-
er. Then I wouldn't have been
cheated.
(†’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüË îÁ°æ¤pç-ú≈-LqçC. ¢Á÷Ææ-
§Ú-ßË’-¢√úÕo é¬ü¿’.)
Raghunath: I would have, if I had been asked,
and if I had known that you were
going to that shop. Can't it be
returned or exchanged now?
(††o-úÕ-í∫’çõ‰, †’¢√y shop èπ◊ ¢Á∞«h´E
ûÁLÊÆh ؈’ îÁÊ°p-¢√-úÕØË. ü∆Eo°æ¤púø’ AJ-T
-É´y-ö«-E-éÀ-í¬F ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’-èπ◊-í¬F ™‰ü∆?)
Devanath: How can it be, after it has been
used?
(ᙫ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç, ¢√úË-¨»†’ éπü∆?)
Raghunath: Then stop worrying about it. Be
careful in future.
(Å®·ûË Éçéπ-ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊.
Future ™ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçúø’)
Devanath: The shop fellow should be taught a
lesson.
(Ç shop ¢√úÕéÀ ¶«í¬ •’Cl¥ îÁ§ƒpL.)
Raghunath: In that attempt, don't be cheated
once more.
(Ç v°æߪ’-ûªoç™ ´’Sx ¢Á÷Ææ-§Úèπ◊)
Devanath: No; I will take you this time. You act
smart in these matters.
(Ñ≤ƒJ E†’o BÆæ’-Èé∞«h. †’Oy N≠æ-ߪ÷™x
ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úÕN)
Raghunath: It will be taken care of, don't worry.
(؈’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«™‰. ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊)
Observe the use of passive forms in the
conversation above:
1) You mean I have been cheated?
2) You were charged Rs 100/- more
3) It is often called the cheatwell shop.
4) I wouldn't have been cheated.
5) ... if I had been asked.
6) How can it be (returned/ exchanged) after it
has been used.
7) The shop fellow should be taught a lesson
8) ... don't be cheated once more
9) It will be taken care of
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Ñ Sentences ™E passive verb forms É°æp-öÀ-
´®Ωèπ◊ îª÷Æœ† verb forms (passive) èπ◊ Åü¿†ç.
1) ... I have been cheated =
¢Á÷ÆæTç-°æ-•-ú≈f†’ = ¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.
2) Were charged = ´Ææ÷©’ îËߪ’-•-ú≈f´¤ =
F ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* ´Ææ÷©’ î˨»®Ω’.
3) is called =
°œ©-´-•-úø’-ûª’çC/ °œ©’-≤ƒh®Ω’.
4) Wouldn't have been cheated = ¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-°æ-•-úË-
¢√úÕo é¬ü¿’ = ¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-ßË’-¢√úÕo é¬ü¿’
5) ... had been asked =
Åúø-í∫-•úÕ Öçõ‰/ ††o-úÕT Öçõ‰.
6) a) can be returned/ exchanged =
AJT É´y-•-úø-í∫©/ ´÷®Ωa-•-úø-í∫© = AJT ÉîËaߪ’/
´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-í∫©
b) has been used =
¢√úø-•-úÕçC/ ¢√ú≈ç.
7) should be taught a lesson =
§ƒ®∏Ωç ØË®Ωp-•-ú≈L = §ƒ®∏Ωç ØË®√pL.
8) don't be cheated =
¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-°æ-•-úøèπ◊/ ¢Á÷Ææ-§Úèπ◊
9) will be taken care of =
ñ«--ví∫-ûªh BÆæ’-éÓ-•-úø’-ûª’çC/ ñ«ví∫ûªh BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 151
... I have been cheated?
(°j ņ’-¢√-ü¿ç™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀC passive translation
ûÁ©’-í∫’™, ü∆E °æéπ\† Ö†oC normal
(´÷´‚©’) ûÁ©’-í∫’™)
All the verbs above, you notice, are in the be
form + past participle (pp), so they are all in
the passive voice.
passive voice
í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’
lessons ™ îÁ°œp† Ñ points:
have/ has/ had/ shall have/ etc + past par-
ticiple, form ™ Ö†o active voice verbs
Passive form: have/ has/ had/ shall have,
etc èπ◊, ü∆E ûª®√yûª ´îËa past participle
´’üµ¿u™ been °ôd-úø¢Ë’.
1) (Do) you mean I have been cheated.
passive. DEéÀ active- have/ has cheated
Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆? =
(Do) you mean that the shop fellow has
cheated me?
ÅüË shop people (≥ƒ°æ¤-¢√∞¡Ÿx) ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰, Å°æ¤púø’
(Do) you mean the shop fellows have cheat-
ed me?
2) you were charged Rs 100/- more: Ééπ\úø pas-
sive, were + pp. DEéÀ active- past doing word
éπü∆? -Å°æ¤p-úø’ sentence, active ™ à´’-´¤-ûª’çC?
The shop fellow charged you Rs 100/- more.
3) It is often called the cheatwell shop =
ü∆Eo cheatwell shop Åçö«®Ω’ (v°æï©’). Ééπ\úø
Passive- is called, 鬕öÀd DEéÀ Active,
I RDW/ II RDW éπü∆? (Past lessons ™E
tables îª÷úøçúÕ) É°æ¤púø’ DEéÀ active - people
call it the cheatwell shop.
4) I wouldn't have been cheated =
؈’ ¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-°æ-•-úË-¢√-úÕo-é¬ü¿’. Ñ verb, ÉüË list
™ °j† verb No 1 äÍé class éπü∆-– have/ has/
had/ would have, etc + PP - Passive, DEéÀ
active ᙫ Öçô’çC? ´’üµ¿u™ been BÊÆ-ߪ’çúÕ.
I wouldn't have been cheated = He/ they (the
shop fellow/ the shop fellows) would not
have cheated me.
Ñ form of the verb Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ†
Imaginary past form éπü∆.
5) If I had been asked -
ÉC èπÿú≈ verb No 4, verb No 1 ™«Íí ÖçC,
passive ™. DEéÀ active- had been asked ™,
´’üµ¿u been BÊÆ-ߪ’-ô¢Ë’. If I had been asked
(by you) = (Passive) = If you had asked me
(Active)
6) Verb b) has been used.
îª÷úøçúÕ:
verb No. 1, verb No. 4 Passive
™«í¬ØË,
ÖçC. ÉC active has been used
鬢√-©çõ‰
been BÊÆ-ߪ’-ô¢Ë’.It has been used (by me)=
I have used it (active)
7) Verbs no 6 (a) can be
returned, No. 7 should
be taught, No. 9 will
be taken. ÉN ´‚úø’
èπÿú≈ shall/ should/
can/ could/ may/
might/ must etc + 1st
M. SURESAN
RDW passive form
èπ◊
éπü∆.
Verb No. 6 (a) can be returned/ exchanged
èπ◊ (by me)/ Passive - I can return/ exchange it
(Active)
èπ◊ Verb No. 7: Should be taught (by us) -
passive - We should teach him (the shop fel-
ÉC low)- Active.
Verb No.9: Will be taken care of (by me) -
Passive - I will take care of it (Active)
˜ ˜ ˜ d) Only half of the road has been repaired.
In the case of the verbs above, we have
seen the active equivalents of passive
forms.
Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Passive sentences ™, °j† ´’†ç îª÷Æœ†
sentences ™ 'äéπ °æE á´-J-îËûª îËߪ’-•-úÕçC?—
ÅØËC ûÁL-ߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? eg: I have been
cheated (¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’) á´-J-îËûª ÅØËC clear
í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’. Å™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx ´’†ç Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo
•öÀd Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-¢√L. Ñ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x, Shop fellow
ÅE Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-´îª’a. Å°æ¤púø’, Passive †’ç*
active èπ◊ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ shop fellow ûÓ sen-
tence begin îË≤ƒhç. Å™« î˨»ç éπü∆ Ééπ\úø?
Å™«Íí If I had been asked - passive ™ ÖçC.
-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 3 -¢Ë’ 2006
by whom (á´J îËûª) ÅØËC Ééπ\úø ûÁL-ߪ’-ôç-
™‰ü¿’. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ´’†Íéç ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC– FîËûª =
by you ÅE. 鬕öÀd Active- You ûÓ begin
Å®·u, If you had asked me Å´¤-ûª’çC.
É™«Íí passive ™ by whom/ by what (á´J
îËûª/ üËE îËûª) ÅØËC ´’†ç Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-¢√L.
Passive ÆæJí¬ ¢√úÕ-†-îÓôx, by so and so, °∂晫-Ø√-
¢√∞¡x îËûª ÅØËC omit îËÆæ’hçö«ç. ÉC í∫´’-Eç*
practice îËÊÆh, passive ™ èπÿú≈ ´’† conver-
sation effective í¬ Öçô’çC.
Practise the following in English.
Express the passive equivalents of the
following:
a) Xé¬∞¡-£æ«-ÆœhE ü¿éÀ~ù é¬Qí¬ °œ©’-≤ƒh®Ω’.
b) D§ƒ-´R ®ÓV† buildings †’ D§ƒ-©ûÓ Å©ç-éπ-
ÉC èπÿú≈ J-≤ƒh®Ω’.
™ c) ´’†ç *†o °œ©x-©†’ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°-ôd-
™ í∫©ç. (passive ™ îÁ§ƒpL).
d) Ñ road Ææí∫¢Ë’ repair î˨»-Jç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊.
e) ؈’ select Å®· ÖçúË-¢√úÕo 鬆’, time èπ◊
ÆæJí¬ Ø√ application ¢√∞¡}èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰.
f) Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç X Class èπ◊ text book í¬ pre-
scribe 鬴a.
g) ÉC ¢ÁçôØË îËߪ÷L.
h) Åûªúø’ select 鬢√LqçC
i) Ñ road á°æ¤púÓ ¢Ëߪ÷-LqçC.
j) ÉC î√™« Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ îËߪ’-´îª’a.
ANSWERS
a) Srikalahasti is called Dakshina Kasi/ The
ÉC Kasi of the south.
b) Buildings are decorated with lamps on
the day of Deepavali/ on the Deepavali
day/ on the occasion of Deepavali.
c) Children can be made happy easily
e) I would not have been selected, if my
application had not reached in time. (This
is imaginary past, isn't it?)
f) The book may be prescribed as a text
book for X class.
g) This should be/ must be/ has to be done
at once.
h) He should have been selected (Imaginary
past)
i) This road should have been laid long ago
(Imaginary past)
j) This can be done easily.
II
Spandana: Oh, Chandana, what a relief? I'm
off. I'll be seeing you only after 10
days.
(Chandana, áçûª relief í¬ ÖçüÓ! ؈’
¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o. ´’Sx 10 ®ÓV© ûª®√yûª E†’o
éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çö«.)
relief= N´·éÀh / ØÁAh-O’-ü¿-†’ç* °ü¿l •®Ω’´¤
Cç*-†-ô’xç-úøôç
Chandana: What are you so excited about?
(Are you) on a holiday or what?
(üËE í∫’Jç* Åçûª Öû√q-£æ«çí¬ ÖØ√o´¤?
ÂÆ©´¤-O’ü¿ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o¢√ à´’Ø√o?)
On a holiday= ÂÆ©´¤-O’ü¿ ¢Á∞¡xôç
Spandana: Happy that I am (on a holiday). I
am going home, sweet home. All
these days I have been dying to be
back home, and I've the chance
now. I've packed up and am leav-
ing.
(ÂÆ©-´¤-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o-†E ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC.
ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞¡ŸhØ√o. ÉçöÀ-Èé-°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«h´÷
ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çõ‰, É°æ¤p-úÌ-*açü∆ Å´-鬨¡ç.
≤ƒ´÷-†xEo Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’.)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 152
What a relief! I'm off
Chandana: I am eager to go home too, but I
can't get leave until next month.
How I envy you!
(Ø√èπÿ ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞«x-©E Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçüË, é¬E
´îËa ØÁ©-ü∆é¬ ÂÆ©´¤ üÌ®Ω-éπü¿’. E†’o-îª÷ÊÆh
áçûª Ñ®Ω{uí¬ ÖçüÓ!)
Spandana: I called mom and told her. She is
anxious to see me back. So is dad.
Still two hours for the train and I
feel it's too long. I can't wait any
longer.
(Å´’tèπ◊ phone îËÆœ îÁ§ƒp. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ èπÿú≈
††’o îª÷ú≈-©E Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçC. Ø√†oèπ◊
èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. Train ®√´-ö«-EéÀ Éçé¬ È®çúø’
í∫çô-©’çC. áçûª-ÊƧÚ!)
Chandana: I see how impatient you are! So
would anyone be when they have a
chance. How are you going to
spend the days?
3) On a holiday= You are on a holiday, if you
(áçûª ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Ó Å®Ωnç
have break from your work for a few days.
îËÆæ’éÓí∫©†’. á´-È®jØ√ ÅçûË™‰ Å´-鬨¡ç
îË Ê Æ
´ÊÆh. àç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤ Ñ 10
NØÓ- ü ¿ ç í¬ í∫ ú Õ - ° œ û Ë , You are on a
®ÓV©÷?/ ᙫ í∫úø-°æ-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?)
Spandana: Just laze about. I don't want to do Holiday= ÂÆ©´¤, Holidays= ÂÆ©´¤©’– ´·êuçí¬
anything. This nine month grind Nü∆u-®Ω’n© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™
has taken the life out of me. No a) They are on a holiday/ they have gone on a
holiday= (éÌEo®ÓV©§ƒô’) °æE †’ç* N®√´’ç/
leisure. I am fed up with work. Just
eat, sleep, watch the TV and go to Nv¨»çA §Òçü¿ôç. Ü∞¡Ÿx A®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ NØÓ-ü¿çí¬ iv) ÅÆæ
movies. That's what I am going to í∫úø-°æôç.
do.
(àO’ îËߪ’†’. îËߪ÷-©E ņ’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’.
Ñ ûÌN’tC ØÁ©© °æE Ø√ v§ƒù«Lo ûÓúË-
ÆœçC, Nv¨»çA ÅØËC ™‰èπ◊çú≈. NÆœ-T-§Ú-
ߪ÷†’. A†ôç, Evü¿-§Ú-´ôç, TV îª÷úøôç,
ÆœE-´÷-©-Èé-∞¡xôç– ÉD ؈’ îËߪ’-¶-ßË’C.)
Chandana: Next month I am likely to get my
break. I'll get even with you then.
Bye then. See you.
(´îËa ØÁ© Ø√èπÿ ´Ææ’hçC break. Å°æ¤púø’
FûÓ Ææ´÷-†-´’-´¤û√. ¢ÁRx®√ Å®·ûË)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Look at the following words and expres-
sions from the dialogue between
Spandana and Chandana.
1) What a relief! I'm off; 2) excited; 3) on a
holiday; 4) I've been dying to be back home;
5) I've packed up; 6) I am eager; 7) envy;
8) anxious; 9) can't wait; 10) how impatient
you are!; 11) laze about; 12) the nine month
grind; 13) get even with you.
Learn and practise these expressions
when you speak. Your English will be
very effective.
1) relief:
DE Å®Ωnç ´’†™ î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’–
(¶«üµ¿ †’ç* Å®·ûË) Ö°æ-¨¡-´’†ç. (¶«üµ¿u-ûª©’, •®Ω’-
´¤© †’ç* Å®·ûË) Núø’-ü¿©, Åçü¿’-´©x ´îËa
£æ…®·. What a relief!. Å•s, áçûª £æ…®·í¬ ÖçüÓ!
äéπ éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† °æE °æ‹®Ωh-®·ûË, äé𠶫üµ¿uûª †’ç*
N´·éÀh §ÒçCûË, ´’†-éπ-E-°œçîË £æ…®·, relief. (Also,
relief from headache, fever, etc.)
I'm off= I am off= I am going= ؈’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’-
Ø√o†’– ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-†o-°æ¤púø÷, ¢Á∞¡x-¶-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË-´÷ô– Öçúøôç.
èπ◊x°æhçí¬ áèπ◊\´ Å®√nEo îÁ°æ¤hçC.
He's off. If you want to tell him anything,
hurry up= ¢√úø’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. àü¿Ø√o îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-
èπ◊çõ‰ ¢ÁçôØË îÁ°æ¤p.
2) excited= you are excited when some thing
good happens to you/ when you are very
happy about something.
´’ç* ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’,
ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊
éπLÍí ÆæçûÓ≠æç, Öû√q£æ«ç.
a) They were excited
when their favourite
hero talked to them=
¢√∞¡x ÅGµ-´÷† hero
¢√∞¡x†’ °æ©-éπ-Jç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ M. SURESAN
¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’.
b) He felt excited when he got the prize=
¢√úÕéÀ prize ´*a-†°æ¤p-úø’ î√™« Öû√q-£æ«çí¬
ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.
c) The movie is exciting/ It's an exciting movie=
movie.
î√™« ÇÆæ-éÀhE ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒEo éπL-TçîË
d) Nothing exciting about the movie. It's dull=
Ç movie ™ Öû√q-£æ«-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’iç-üË-D-™‰ü¿’. î√™« ÅØ√-
Ææ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. (Dull= unexciting)
e) Exciting news= ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ®Ω N≠æߪ’ç.
°æ E †’ç* éÌEo ®ÓV- © - § ƒô’ Nv¨»ç- A í¬,
holiday.
b) I haven't been on a holiday for the past one
year=
àú≈-Cí¬ Nv¨»çA/ N®√´’ç á®Ω-í∫†’.
Expression No 4: I've been dying, No. 6: I
am eager, No.8: Anxious, No. 9: Can't wait,
and No. 10: How impatient you are. Oô-Eo-öÀéÀ
Å®√n©’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰ – Çûª%ûª °æúøôç, Çûª%-ûªûÓ
áü¿’®Ω’ îª÷úøôç, ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úøôç, ûªy®Ω-°æ-úøôç.
Dying= Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs ¥ç™ Dying èπÿ, ü∆E
´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– ´’®Ω-ù«-EéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’.
Ééπ\úø dying Åçõ‰ ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úøôç.
-¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 6 -¢Ë’ 2006
He is dying to become a minister=
5) I've packed up= ≤ƒ´÷†’x Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´ôç– v°æߪ÷-ù«-
´’çvA 鬢√©E ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ EéÀ, É©’x ´÷®Ω-ö«-EéÀ, etc.
He is very eager to become a minister= He
a) Pack up and get out= ≤ƒ´÷†’x Ææ®Ω’l-éÌE ¢ÁRx§Ú.
is anxious to become a minister= He can't
wait to become a minister= He is impatient b) He was packed up and is about to leave=
to become a minister. É´Fo äÍé Å®√n-Eo-≤ƒh®·. ≤ƒ´÷†’x Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊E ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.
Çߪ’† ´’çvûª-´-ö«-EéÀ áçûÓ Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖØ√oúøE/ c) Time for us to pack up=
ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-úøE. ´‚ö«--´·™„x Ææ®Ω’l-éÌØË time ´*açC.
Ñ ´÷ô-© π◊ Éûª®Ω Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å®√n©’ îª÷ü∆lç. 7) envy= áEy– 'á— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= Ñ®Ω{u, äéπ-J-èπ◊†o
i) Dying - Éü¿ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’ – î√´-¶-ûª’†o ü¿¨¡™ 
´Ææ’h´¤ ´’†èπ◊ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ´îËa ¶«üµ¿– °æéπ\-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊
鬮Ω’çC, ´’†èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’– Å°æ¤púø’ We envy them.
Dying to do something= ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úø-ôç. (¢√∞¡xçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊ Ñ®Ω{u).
The child is dying to see its mother= a) She envies her sister because she has more
ûªLxE îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ Gúøf ûª£æ«-ûª£æ«™«úø’-ûÓçC. jewellery= sister
Ç¢Á’ èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ †í∫©’çúøôç
ii) eager= Çûª%-ûªí¬ Öçúøôç= anxious. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ñ®Ω{uí¬ ÖçC.
a) The hero is eager to see/ anxious to see his b) I envy your health=
son also as an actor= hero
actor
Ç èπ◊ ûª† éÌúø’-èπ◊†’ Fèπ◊ Ç®Óí∫uç ÖçC, Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’– Åçü¿’-´©x Ñ®Ω{u.
èπÿú≈ í¬ îª÷ú≈-©E Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçC. 11) Laze (about)=
à °æF îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ lazy (≤Ú´’-J)í¬ Öçúøôç.
a) I like to laze about on the weekend=
¢√®√çûªç °æE-îË-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ≤Ú´’-Jí¬ í∫úø-°æôç
Ø√éÀ≠dçæ .
b) He wastes money and time. He Lazes about:
Time, úø•’s ´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒhúø’. ≤Ú´’-Jí¬ Öçö«úø’.
b) The patient is eager/ anxious to see the doc-
c) Don't laze about. Do some work =
tor=
®ÓT doctor †’ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ Çûª%ûª °æúø’-ûÓçC. ≤Ú´’-Jí¬ Öçúøèπ◊, àüÓ °æE-îÁß˝’.
Å®·ûË eager èπ◊ ™‰E Å®Ωnç, anxious èπ◊ Ö†o 12) The nine month grind:
ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç– ´÷†-Æœ-éπçí¬ ÇçüÓ-∞¡†-îÁç-ü¿-ôç. grind Åçõ‰– °œçúÕ-îË-ߪ’ôç ÅØËC ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç.
c) The mother is anxious about the child's con- a) We grind wheat into fine powder (flour) for
dition making chapathis =
Ç ûªLx ûª† Gúøf °æJ-ÆœnA (Ç®Óí∫uç) í∫’Jç* íÓüµ¿’-´’†’ ´’†ç ƒ-B© éÓÆæç °œçúÕ îË≤ƒhç.
ÇçüÓ-∞¡†-îÁç-ü¿’-ûÓçC. grind èπ◊ past tense, past participle- ground.
Ééπ\úø anxious èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ eager ¢√úøç. Å®Ωnç b) He ground the wheat into flour =
äéπõ‰ Å´ü¿’. anxious èπ◊, worried ¢√úÌa. íÓüµ¿’-´’-©†’ °œçúÕ î˨»úø’ (´’®Ω™)
d) The MD (Managing Director) is anxious flour = flower pronounce
™« îËߪ÷L– °∂æx-Å=
about the loss in the profits of the company. °œçúÕ. wheat flour = íÓüµ¿’´’ °œçúÕ.
Company ™«¶µ«© ûªí∫’_-ü¿© í∫’Jç* MD ÇçüÓ-∞¡†
é¬E Ééπ\úø grind èπ◊ Å®Ωnç – v¨¡´’, éπ%≠œ.
îÁçü¿’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’= Çü¿’®√l °æúø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Nine month grind - ûÌN’tC ØÁ©© v¨¡´’
Anxiety= ÇçüÓ-∞¡† (´÷†-Æ œéπç)
c) I need at least a week's break after this grind
e) She wants to see a psychiatrist about her
Éçûª v¨¡´’°æúÕçûª®√yûª -Ø√èπ◊ éπFÆæç ¢√®Ωç Nv¨»çA
anxiety= ûª† ´÷†-Æœéπ ÇçüÓ-∞¡† N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç*
Å´-Ææ®Ωç.
Ç¢Á’ ´÷†-Æœéπ ¢Ájü¿’uúÕo Ææçv°æ-Cç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC.
d) Put him through the grind =
iii) Can't wait= ¢Ë* îª÷ÊÆ ã®Ω’p ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç.
¢√úÕo éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ’F.
(wait ´÷´‚-©®Ωnç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøôç)
e) Every trainee has to go through daily grind of
a) He can't wait to go to the US=
six hour =
Å¢Á’-J-é¬èπ◊ á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«l´÷ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. v°æA trainee (Péπ~ù §ÒçüË-¢√úø’) ®ÓVèπ◊ Ç®Ω’-
b) He can't wait to meet his lover= ûª† v°œßª·-®√Lo í∫ç-ô© v¨¡´’ îËߪ÷Lq Öçô’çC.
á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷ ÅE ÖØ√oúø’.
13) get even = °æí∫ B®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç/ ÆæJ-Ææ-´÷†´’´ôç.
impatient= ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, ã®Ω’p ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç,
-£æ«-†çí¬ Öçúøôç (opposite of patient)
a) In most Indian movies the hero gets even
with the villain =
a) He doesn't want to wait. He is impatient to
î√™« Indian movies ™ *´-®Ωèπ◊ hero, villain
go=
O’ü¿ °æí∫ B®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.
Åûª-úø’ Çí∫ô癉ü¿’/ Çí¬-©E ™‰ü¿-ûª-úÕéÀ – ¢ÁRx-§Ú-¢√-©E b) In the 1st match India defeated Pak; but in
ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. the next match, Pak got even with India.
b) He was impatient at my replies=
¢Á·ü¿öÀ match ™ ãúÕ† Pak, È®çúÓ match ™
Ø√ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√-©-éπ-ûª-úø’ ã®Ω’p éÓ™p-ߪ÷úø’/ ÅÆæ-£æ«†ç India ûÓ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’içC.
v°æü¿-Jzç-î√úø’. c) Next month when I go on a holiday, I get
ÉO Ñ Ø√©’í∫’ expressions NNüµ¿ Å®√n©’, even with you =
¢√úø’éπ. OöÀE O’ conversation ™ practice
îËߪ’çúÕ. Å®Ωn-´ç-ûªçí¬ Öçô’çC. Ééπ N’í∫û√ ´îËa ØÁ© Ø√èπ◊ holiday ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ FûÓ ÆæJ-
´÷ô© Ææçí∫A îª÷ü∆lç. Ææ-´÷-†-´’-´¤-û√†’.
II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 8 -¢Ë’ 2006
Vikranth: Any idea when Vijai is coming?
éπE î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ.
(Nïß˝’ á°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Now look at the following sentences
Prasanth: Not in the least. I don't know where from the conversation above.
he is now.
1) Any idea when Vijai is coming?
(ÅÆæ©’ ûÁMü¿’. ÅûªúÁéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ èπÿú≈ 2) Not in the least. I don't know where he is
ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’) now.
Vikranth: I do not know what he wants from 3) I do not know what he wants from me.
me. He suddenly rang up yester-
4) He didn't make clear why he would see me.
day to tell me he was coming. He
5) I don't see why you didn't ask him when
didn't make clear why he would d)
exactly he wanted to come. ¢Á∞«x™ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. Åûª-ØÁ°æ¤púÌÆæ’h-Ø√oúÓ FÈé-´-®ΩØ√o îÁ§ƒp®√? =
see me.
6) We do not know whether to wait for him (Whether N’í∫û√ 'wh' words ™«çöÀC é¬ü¿’ Has any one told you when he will be com-
¢√úÕéÀ Ø√†’ç* àç 鬢√™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL- here or go about our work. choice express îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË ´÷ô) ing?
ߪ’-úø癉ü¿’. Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ E†o Phone 7) I insisted that he tell me the purpose of his 8) I don't know why = Å™«Íí Ñ éÀçC 2 sentence èπÿ ûËú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ:
îËÆœ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’. †ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ meeting. áçü¿’éÓ ûÁMü¿’ 1 a) why did he go there? I want to know
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúÓ Ææp≠ædçí¬ 8) I don't know why 9) Did you atleast ask him how he would be Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †÷ éπL°œ ņçúÕ:
îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ 9) Did you at least ask him how he would be coming = b) I want to know why he went there.
Prasanth: I don't see why you didn't ask him
coming. ᙫ ´≤ƒhúÓ ÅØÁjØ√ ÅúÕ-í¬¢√? a) sentence question 鬕öÀd why
™E ¢Á·ü¿öÀ
when exactly he wanted to come.
10) I don't see how you could be so indifferent = did he go?
Åçö«ç.
We have work now. We don't know
Åçûª E®Ωx-éπ~uçí¬ á™« Öçúø-í∫-L-í¬¢Ó Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴- b) È®çúø’ sentences éπL°œ Åçô’Ø√oç 鬕öÀd
whether to wait for him here or to go
úøç-™‰ü¿’ I want to know why he went there Åçö«ç.
about our work.
(ûª†’ correct í¬ á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhúÓ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 153 11) I didn't know which phone he was calling
from =
2 a) where did he buy it?
I wish to know
†’¢Áyçü¿’èπ◊ Åúø-í∫-™‰üÓ Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴ôç
™‰ü¿’. ´’†-Íé¢Á÷ °æ†’ç--C. ¢√úÕ éÓÆæç

Who knows what he has in his mind?

´’†N’éπ\úø wait îËߪ÷™ ´’† °æE O’ü¿
¢Á∞«x™ ûÁMúøç ™‰ü¿’)
Vikranth: I insisted that he tell me the pur-
pose of his meeting, but he would-
n't. I don't know why.
Prasanth: Did you atleast ask him how he 10) I don't see how you could be so indifferent à phone †’ç* îËÆæ’h-
would becoming? 11) I didn't know which phone he was calling Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁM-™‰ü¿’. Ñ È®çúø’ sentence†÷ éπL°œ äéπ sen-
(éπFÆæç ᙫ ´≤ƒhúÓ ÅúÕ-í¬¢√?) from. 12) I am not able to say tencesí¬ Åçõ‰ Å°æ¤p-úË-´’-´¤-ûª’çC? I wish to
Vikranth: No. 12) I am not able to say whose fault it is. whose fault it is = know where he brought it Åçö«ç.

Prasanth: I don't see how you could be so
indifferent. you could have fixed a
time for his meeting us.
(Åçûª E®Ωx-éπ~uçí¬ á™« Öçúø-í∫-L-í¬¢Ó Å®Ωnç
鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’. Åûªúø’ ´’†Lo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌØË
time Å®·Ø√ E®Ωg-®·ç* ÖçúÌa éπü∆?)
Vikranth: Look here, Prasanth. Not that I
could not ask him all that. I was
about to. But then he disconnected.
(Åü¿çû√ Åúø-í∫-™‰Íéç é¬ü¿’. Åúøí∫¶ßË’-
™í¬ Phone °õ‰d-¨»úø’.)
Prasanth: Why didn't you call him again?
(´’Sx †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Phone îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’?)
Vikranth: I didn't know which Phone he was
calling from. I saw the number on
my cell and called. He called from a
public Phone.
(à Phone ™ç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúÓ
Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Cell ™ Ç number
îª÷Æœ phone î˨»†’. ÅC Public
Phone)
Prasanth: I am not able to say whose fault it
is.
(ÅC á´J §Ò®Ω-§ƒö ؈’ îÁ°æp-™‰-èπ◊çú≈
ÖØ√o†’)
We are unable to decide what we
have to do now.
(É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç àç îËߪ÷™ ûË©’a-éÓ-™‰-
èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oç)
Vikranth: Ah here he is! He has come.
(Ç.. ´î√aúËx)
Prasanth: What a relief!
(Å•s ´î√aúø’ éπü∆!)
Ñ≤ƒJ †’ç* é¬Ææh advanced level of
conversational skills îª÷ü∆lç. Åçü¿’-
´’†ç Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ clauses †’ í∫’Jç*
ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
A clause is a group of words with a verb.
(verbÖçúË group of words clause†’
Åçö«ç éπü∆.)
In most sentences above, they are clauses
beginning with 'wh' words (why, what,
when, where, which, who, whom, whose,
and how)
Ñ 'wh' clauses ´’† daily conversation ™
very common. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’
áçü¿’èπ◊, á´-JûÓ, áçûÓ, á´-JüÓ, ᙫíÓ, ÅØË -¢√-
öÀ-E sentences ™ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç éπü∆. ÅC
English ™ ´÷ö«xúËô°æ¤púø÷ Öçô’çC. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-
ùèπ◊ °j ¢√öÀ™x I don't know where he is now
ÅØËC BÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç = ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊
ûÁMü¿’. Where he is Åûª-ØÁ-éπ\úø ÖØ√oúÓ.
let us take the clauses which begin
with 'wh' words in the other sentences:
1) Any idea when vijai is coming =
Nïß˝’ á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhúÓ FÍé-´’Ø√o idea Öçü∆?
3) I do not know what he wants from me =
¢√úÕéÀ Ø√†’ç* àç 鬢√™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’.
4) He didn't make clear why he would see me
¢√úø’- †-ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúÓ Ææp≠ædç
îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.
5) a) I don't see why you didn't ask him =
†’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åúø-í∫-™‰üÓ Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’.
(see = îª÷úøôç, éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-
´ôç)
b).... when exactly he wanted to come =
á°æ¤púø’ correct í¬ ®√¢√-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúÓ
6) We do not know whether to wait him for or
to go about our work =
´’†ç ÅûªúÕ éÓÆæç îª÷ú≈™ ™‰ü∆ ´’† °æE-O’ü¿
ÅC á´J ûª§Úp ؈’ É™«ç-öÀC ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ÷L ´’† con-
versation ¶«í¬ freeí¬, fluentí¬ Öçú≈©çõ‰
îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’.
°j† underline îËÆœ† M. SURESAN ´·êuçí¬ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-
clause ©Fo èπÿú≈ LqçC 'wh' words ûÓ v§ƒç¶µº-´’-ßË’uN á°æ¤púø÷
questions Å´-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿F, wh word ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-
'wh' word clauses. Å®·ûË äéπ ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç
ÉN 'wh' words ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’-´¤-ûª’Ø√o, ques- ¶µº-´’ßË’u clauses statement structure™
èπÿú≈ Öçö«-ߪ’E.
tions 鬴¤ ÅE í∫´’-Eç-î √L. Åçü¿’-éπØË ÅN
exercise: practise the following in English
question structure (wh+verb+subject/wh
Vilas: †’¢Áy-°æ¤úø’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh¢Ó Ø√èπ◊ correctí¬ îÁ°æp-
word + Helping verb + Sub +Main verb)
™
™‰´¤, Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. ÉN'wh' word ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’i- ™‰ü¿’.
†-°æpöÀéÃ, statement ™ ¶µ«í¬™‰ éπü∆ Åçü¿’-éπE Kailas: á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhØÓ Ø√Íé correct idea ™‰ü¿’
statement structure. statement ™ á°æ¤púø÷ Vilas: kumar FûÓ îÁ°æp-™‰ü∆ Ç°æ-EéÀ áçûª time °æúø’-
´·çü¿’í¬ subject verb
ûª®Ω¢√ûª ´≤ƒh®·. ûª’çüÓ †E?
Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ wh word claus-
ûÓ ´îËa Kailas: ¢√úÕéÀ phone îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
esÅEoç-öÀ™ wh word sub+verb
ûª®Ω¢√ûª ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. ¢√úË Ø√èπ◊
structure ™ Öçú≈L. phone îË≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ áçü¿’èπ◊
eg: Åûªúø’ É°æ¤p-úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. phone îËߪ’-™‰üÓ Å®Ωnç 鬴-ôç-™‰ü¿’.
O’éÃ-§ƒ-öÀéÀ ûÁLÊÆ Öçô’çC. english™ word Vilas: ÆæÍ®. ¢√úÕéÀ phone îËÆ œ ´’Sx †’¢Áy-°æ¤púø’ ®√í∫-
order °æü∆© Å´’-Jéπ sentence™ ûÁ©’í∫’ word ©¢Ó Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æ¤p. ´’†ç á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™
order èπ◊ î√™«-´-®Ωèπ◊ oppositeí¬ Öçô’çC.
E®Ωg-®·ç-î√¢√?
èπ◊úÕ áúø´’ Å´¤ûª’çC. 鬕-öÀd °j sentence ᙫ Kailas: ØËØÁ™« E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-í∫-©†’ ØËØÁ-°æ¤p-úÌ≤ƒhØÓ Ø√Íé
begin îË≤ƒhç? I dont know ûÓ ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË?
I dont know when he will be here. (when will Vilas: Å®·ûË kumar èπ◊ ¢ÁçôØË phone îËÆ œ
decide îÁ®·u.
he be here é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?) Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ.
Answer:
a) á´-J-E °œ©’-≤ƒh-úø-ØËC ¢√úÕéÀ Ææç•çCµç*† N≠æߪ’ç
Vilas: you haven't (have not) told me correct-
= who he is going to invite (whom - old fash- ly when you will return.
ioned) is his business. Kailas: I dont my self/ I myself have a
(Ø√Íé)
correct idea when I will return
b) ¢√úÕ ´’†-Ææ’™ à´·çüÓ á´-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’?
Vilas: Hasn't kumar told you how much time
who knows what he has in his mind?
it will take?
who knows question.
(Ééπ\úø ¶µ«í∫ç Åçü¿’-éπE Kailas: I want to call him. I don't know where
question mark.) he is. He said he would call me. I don't
c) Ç °æ¤-Ææhéπç áéπ\-úø’çüÓ Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? = see why he hasn't phoned me.
Vilas: OK. Phone him and tell me when you
Do you know where the book is?
can come back again. Have you decid-
(´’Sx í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ where the book is = °æ¤Ææhéπç ed when we should return.
Kailas: when I don't know myself when I will
áéπ\úø ÖçC? ÅE é¬ü¿’ Å®Ωnç. '°æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø
ÖçüÓ— ÅE return
Vilas: Then phone kumar and decide.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Saran: Congrats Varun. I really felt very happy
when I heard that our team had won the
match yesterday. I shall be delighted if I
hear more such news.
(´’† team E†o ÈíL-*ç-ü¿E N†-í¬ØË,
î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æú≈f†’. É™«çöÀ ¢√®Ωh©’
Éçé¬ Nçõ‰ ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh†’.)
Varun: Thank you, sir. We are glad that we
always have your encouragement.
(O’ v§Úû√q£æ«ç ´÷èπ◊ç-úøôç ´÷Èé-°æ¤púø÷
ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’)
Saran: Boys, I was telling you all along that you
should not lose confidence.
(O’èπ◊ ؈’ îÁ•’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o†’ éπü∆, Çûªt- 2) °∂晫† °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç (to go = ¢Á∞¡xôç)
N-¨»yÆæç éÓ™p-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E.)
Varun: Thank you again sir. In fact we didn't
expect that we would win. But we
played to our capacity. The other team's
mistakes helped us.
(´’Sx thanks. ÅÆæ©’ ¢Ë’ç Èí©’-≤ƒh-´’-†’-éÓ-
™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË ´÷ ¨¡éÀh-éÌDl Çú≈ç, Å´-ûªL
team §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’x ´÷èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç î˨»®·.)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 154
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Clause Åçõ‰– Verb Ö†o group of words.
´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´’† sentences ™
O™„j-†çûª´®Ωèπÿ clauses ûªT_ç--èπ◊çõ‰ sentences
Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬ Åçü¿-Jéà ŮΩnç ÅßË’u-ô’xç-ö«®·. Å®·ûË
é¬xV©’ ᙫ ´C-Lç--éÓ-´ôç? Infinitives ¢√úÕ.
Infinitive Åçõ‰? Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ È®çúø’, ´‚úø’
≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jç-î√ç -éπü∆? ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’hØ√oç.
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Infinitive Åçõ‰, to + Ist RDW
(Regular Doing Word)- to go, to come, to
walk, to learn, etc. infinitives.
É´Fo
Infinitive
èπ◊ Å®Ωnç-–
1) °∂晫† °æE-îÁ-ߪ÷u-©E (to go = ¢Á∞«x-©E)
3) °∂晫† °æE-îË-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ (to go = ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ)
a) I want to go =
Ø√èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©E ÖçC.
b) To go now is not safe =
É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡xôç Íé~´’ç é¬ü¿’.
c) He stood up to go -
¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ™‰* E©’--Ø√oúø’.
î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x °ü¿l-°ü¿l clause ©èπ◊ •ü¿’©’,
Infinitive ¢√úÕ Ææç-¶µ«-≠æù Ææ®Ω∞¡ç îËߪ’-´îª’a.
How we can do it is the matter of this lesson.
Let's now look at the following sentences
from the conversation above.
í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 1 1 -¢Ë’ 2006
2) I shall be delighted if I hear more such news
4) É™«çöÀ P©pç îª÷Æœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ °æ¤©-éÀçûªí¬ ÖçC.
= (delighted = ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçúøôç)
I am thrilled that I have seen such a beauti-
3) We are glad that we always have your
ful statue =
encouragement =
I am really thrilled to have seen...
We are glad to have your encouragement
É™«çöÀ examples †’ O’®Ω÷ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
4) I was telling you all along that you should not
Infinitive ´©xØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, ü∆çûÓ-§ƒô’ ÉçÍé
lose confidence =
Nüµ¿çí¬ØÁjØ√ sentences †’ Ææ®Ω∞¡ç îËߪ’-ö«Eo
I was telling you not to lose confidence
practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
5) We didn't expect that we would win the
match =
... expect to win
6) I warned you that you shouldn't take things
lightly and that you should be aggressive = EXERCISE
I warned not to take things lightly and to be Practise the following aloud in
aggressive. English. Use only infinitives.
7) We.. that we have such encouragement and
Komal: †’´¤y foreign ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o-´E NE
advice from you =
Ø√èπ◊ î√™« džçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.
Syamal: †’´¤y èπÿú≈ ûªy®Ω™ØË Åéπ\-úÕ-éÌ-Ææ’h-

We are glad to have your.. Komal:

Saran: I warned you too that you should not
take things lightly, and you should be
aggressive.
(-N’-´’t-Lo £«îªa-Jç-î√†’ èπÿú≈, üËFo ûËL-
éπí¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-èπÿ-úø-ü¿F, ü¿÷èπ◊-úø’í¬ Öçú≈-©F.)
aggressive= ü¿÷èπ◊-úø’í¬, îÌ®Ω-´í¬ Öçúøôç
Varun: True sir. We are delighted that we have
such encouragement and advice from
you. We are thrilled that we have won
this difficult match.
(Eï-´’çúÕ. Å™«çöÀ v§Úû√q£æ«ç, Ææ©£æ…
O’®Ω’ ´÷éÀ-Ææ’h-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√-™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬
ÖçC. Éçûª éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† match ÈíL-î√-´’E
°æ¤©-éÀç-ûªí¬ ÖçC.)
Saran: My only desire is that I should not hear
about the defeat of our college team in
any match.
Varun: You can be sure that we will always do
our best sir.
(¨»ßª’-¨¡-èπ◊h™« ¢Ë’ç v°æߪ’ûªoç îË≤ƒh´’E
O’®Ω’ †¢Á·ta)
Saran: I was a bit hurt when I heard some of
the lecturers talking low of our team.
(´’† lecturers ™ éÌçü¿®Ω’ ´’† team
í∫’Jç* ûªèπ◊\-´ -îËÆœ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-®ΩE ¶«üµ¿-
°æ-ú≈f†’).
Varun: Let them sir. They will be surprised
when they hear our team too can win
matches.
(
´÷ö«x-úø-E-´yçúÕ, sir, ´’† team èπÿú≈
matches Èí©-´-í∫-©-ü¿E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’
Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-§Ú-û√®Ω’).
Saran: OK boy, keep it up. ( Å™«-Íí-é¬F).
English conversation, simple í¬, direct í¬ Öçõ‰
î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-†’ç* îÁ°æ‹hØË
ÖØ√oç. Ñ lesson ™ ÉC ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç.
1) I really felt happy
when I heard that our
team had won the
match.
2) I shall be delighted if I
hear more such news.
M. SURESAN
3) We are glad that we
always have your encouragement.
4) I was telling you all along that you should not
lose confidence.
5) ...We didn't expect that we would win the
match.
6) I warned you that you should not take things
lightly and that you should be aggressive
7) ... We are delighted that we have such
encouragement and advice from you
8) We are thrilled that we have won this difficult
match
9) My only desire is that I should not hear about
the defeat of our college team
10) I was a bit hurt when I heard some of the
lecturers talking low...
11) They will be surprised when they hear our
team too can win matches.
All the parts of sentences underlined
above are clauses, aren't they? We are
now going to simplify them by using
infinitives in their places.
clauses ≤ƒn†ç™ infinitives ¢√úÕ sentences
†’ É™« Ææ®Ω∞¡ç îËߪ’çúÕ.
1) I really felt happy when I heard our team had
won the match.
I really felt happy to hear that our team had
won the match... to hear about our team's
success.
îª÷úøçúÕ áçûª simple Å®·-§Ú-®·çüÓ to hear
ûÓ infinitive ´©x.
Ø√o-´E ûÁLÆœ ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-Ææ’h-
Ø√o†’.
ØËØ√ v°æߪ’ûªoç O’ü¿ ÖØ√o-†E
ûÁLÊÆh ´÷ Å´÷t, Ø√Ø√o Eïçí¬
¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ؈’
We are delighted to have such encourage-
™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç éπ≠ædçí¬
ment and advice from you =
Öçô’çC.
...to have your encouragement and advice.
Syamal: ††’o ¢Á∞¡x-E-´yôç ´÷ Å´’tèπÿ
8) We are thrilled that we have won this difficult
É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. é¬F ØËØË †îªa-ñ„§ƒp†’.
match =
Komal: ´÷ Å´’t ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬
We are thrilled to have won this difficult
AJT ´îËa-≤ƒh-†E ´÷ô É≤ƒh.
match
¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ûªy®Ω™ ÅC Å©-¢√-õ„j-
9) My only desire is that I should not hear about §Ú-ûª’çC.
the defeat of our college team =
Syamal: Å®·ûË ´÷ Ø√†o ´÷vûªç î√™«
My only desire is not to hear the ... of our Ö§Òpç-T-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ Ø√éà Ŵ-鬨¡ç
college teams
´*aç-ü¿E N†-ö«-EéÀ.
10) I was a bit hurt when I heard some of our Komal: ؈÷ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh.
lecturers talking low ... to hear some of our
lecturers ... ANSWER
11) They will be surprised when they hear our Komal: I am very happy to hear that
team... = They will be surprised to hear... you are going abroad/ about
So, you have seen how an infinitive can your travel abroad.
make your speech shorter, simpler and
Syamal: I am happy too that to know
direct.
that you too are coming.
°j† ´’†ç infinitive ûÓ replace îËÆœ† ¢√öÀ™x Komal: Mom and dad will be sorry to
áèπ◊\´ that clauses. (that ûÓ begin ÅßË’u know about my trials. It will
clauses éπü∆) OöÀE ´·êuçí¬ infinitive ûÓ
be difficult for them to be
replace îËÆ œ, short îËߪ’-´îª’a.
without me.
Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ.
Syamal: Mom didn't like to hear it first,
1) †’´¤y exam ™ fail Åߪ÷u-´E Nçõ‰ ؈’ ¶«üµ¿-
but I convinced her.
°æ-úø-û√†’ =
Komal: I will promise to mom and
I shall be sorry if I hear that you have failed
dad to return early. Soon they
the exam =
will get used to it.
I shall be sorry to hear that you have...
2) ( get used = be used =
Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xLq ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ î√™« ¶«üµ¿-
°æ-ú≈f†’ = Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úøôç)
I was sorry that I had to leave so early =
Syamal: Dad was happy to hear that I
I was sorry to leave so early
got this opportunity.
3) É™«çöÀ v°æ¨»çûª v°æüË-¨¡ç™ Ø√éÓ É©’xçõ‰ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-
°æ-úø-û√†’ = Komal: I'll try too.
I'd (I would) love it if I had a house in such
a peaceful place = I'd (I would) love to have
a house in...

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 13 -¢Ë’ 2006
Sampurna: Here is the book you asked for yes-
terday
É°æpöÀ (present day) ¢√úøéπç (usage) ™ whom
(E†o †’´y-úÕ-T† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉCíÓ) ¢√ú≈-Lq†îÓô who ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
Who? = á´®Ω’?; whom? = á´-JE?
Prapurna: Happy it's here. Where did you find
a) Who did this? = ÉC á´®Ω’ î˨»®Ω’?
it?
b) Who sees such movies? =
(ÆæçûÓ≠æç. Fèπ◊ áéπ\úø éπE-°œç-*çC?) Å™«çöÀ ÆœE-´÷©’ á´®Ω’ îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’?
Sampurna: It was among the books you kept in
c) Whom do you know? = O’Èé-´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’?
the shelf.
d) With whom did you come?=
(shelf – Å™«t-®√™ †’´¤y °öÀd†
°æ¤Ææh鬙x ÖçC.) †’´¤y á´-JûÓ ´î√a´¤?
So we know the difference between who and
Prapurna: Oh I forgot to look for it there. b) He is a doctor. He charges high fees. (The books which you kept - old usage) =
whom, don't we?
Nirmala wanted it. fees shelf
Modern English ™ á´®Ω’? á´-JE? ÅØË È®çúø’ Çߪ’ØÓ ¢Ájü¿’uúø’. Åûªúø’ áèπ◊\´ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. †’´¤y ™ °öÀd† °æ¤Ææh-鬙x Öçü¿C.
(Åéπ\úø ¢Áü¿-éπôç ´’®Ω-*-§Úߪ÷. E®Ωt-©èπ◊ Å®√n-©-ûÓ†÷ who correct
¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ÅüË éπ©-°æçúÕ: 3) The girl I introduced to you
ÅC 鬢√Lq ´*açC.) èπÿú≈. He is a doctor who charges high fees. ؈’ Fèπ◊ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÆœ† Å´÷t®·
Sampurna: Which Nirmala? c) She is a great doctor. Everyone likes her. (The girl whom (wrong)/ Who (right) I intro-
Study (°æJ-Q-Lç-îªçúÕ) the following:
Prapurna: The girl I introduced to you, the doctor. duced to you)
1. O’J-éπ\úø á´-JE éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? Ç¢Á’ íÌ°æp v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x Ç¢Á’E É≠æd°æ-úø-û√®Ω’.
other day, on our way to the shop. 4) ... the girl you call college beauty? =
a) Whom do you want to meet here? éπ©-°æçúÕ:
(´’†ç ¢Á·ØÓo®ÓV† shop Èé∞¡Ÿh-†o-°æ¤púø’ She is a great doctor whom everyone likes. college beauty
(Old fashioned and incorrect. §ƒûª ¢√úø’éπ – ûª°æ¤p) †’´¤y ÅØË Å´÷t®·
Fèπ◊ ؈’ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÆœ† Å´÷t®·.) b) Who do you want to meet here? 'whom'
Ééπ\úø correct,
äéπ-°æ¤púø’ whom É°æ¤púø’ ( the girl whom (wrong) / who (right) you call
The other day = ¢Á·ØÓo-®Ó-V† who college beauty?)
(Modern usage and correct. right).
É°æp-öÀ-¢√-úø’éπ – •ü¿’©’ ¢√úøû√ç.
Sampurna: Isn't that the girl you call the col- She is a great doctor who everyone likes. 5) ... but that (she) is also one you find to be
2. O’éÀ-éπ\úø á´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’? =
lege beauty? d) He is the person who I consult before taking very simple and humble =
a) Whom do you know here. (old fashioned
(†’´¤y college beauty ÅØËC Ç a decision. simple
and wrong) -E®Ωg-ߪ’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-´·çü¿’ ؈’ í¬ Eí∫-Jyí¬ éπE-°œçîË Å´÷t®· èπÿú≈ ûªØË
Å´÷tßË’ éπü∆?) consult whom
îËÊÆC Çߪ’ØËo. (Ééπ\úø §ƒûª-•-úÕ- (she is also the girl whom (wrong)/ who
Prapurna: That she is. But that's also one you §Ú-®·çC.who correct.) (right) you find simple and humble)
find to be very simple and humble whom
Å®·ûË ã ´·êu¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx 6) She is the one who all like =
too. ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ who ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æúË Å´÷t®· =
(Å´¤†’. Å®·ûË ÅüË Å´÷t®· î√™«
simple, Eí∫Jy èπÿú≈.)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 155 É°æ¤púø’ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àD ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ö«x-úøôç
Ç¢Á÷-ü¿-ßÁ÷í∫uç.
She is the one all like (who
ûª°æ¤p)
Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’, whom

humble= í∫®Ωyç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç

Sampurna: She is the one who all like, you
said.
(Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á’a-éÌ-ØËC Ç Å´÷t-®·ØË
ÅØ√o´¤ éπü∆ †’´¤y?)
Prapurna: She is getting married. Who do
Who do you know here?
you think she is going to marry?
(ûªy®Ω-™ØË Â°Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-¶-ûÓçC. á´-JE b) Who do you know here? (Modern and correct) a) v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x É≠æd-°æúË doctor 7) Who, do you think, she is going to marry? =
ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) 3. Ç¢Á’ á´JE Ææçv°æ-Cç-*çC? Ç¢Á’. Ç¢Á’ á´-JE °Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-¶-ûÓç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?
Sampurna: Who do you take me for? Am I an (á´-JE ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ whom ®√ü¿’)
a) Whom did she consult? (Old fashioned She is a doctor every-
astrologer? How do I know unless 8) Who do you take me for? =
and wrong) one likes.
you tell me?
b) Who did she consult? (Modern and correct) îª÷¨»®√? Ééπ\úø every-
ØËØÁ-´-®ΩoE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?
(ØËØÁ-´-®Ωo-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ñÆæ’u-úÕØ√ Now observe the following: (whom ®√ü¿’ – 'á´Jo— ņo-°æp-öÀéÃ)
one ´·çü¿’ who/
àN’öÀ? †’´¤y îÁ°æp-éπ-§ÚûË Ø√È陫 ûÁ©’- 1. 9) He is the one we sent pickles to =
O’®Ω’ ÆœE´÷èπ◊ á´-JûÓ ¢Á∞«}®Ω’? whom M. SURESAN (to whom
Ææ’hçC?) ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç. ÉD
Who did you go to the movie with? present usage.
´’†ç Ü®Ω-í¬-ߪ’©’ °æç°œ-†-ûª†’. ®√ü¿’)
Prapurna: My cousin Sravan.
(Old form and incorrect with whom did you b) EXERCISE
Sampurna: Do I know him? E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-´·çü¿’ ؈’ Ææçv°æ-CçîË ´uéÀh
go to the movie?)
(Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) 2.
Çߪ’†. Practise the following aloud in English
Prapurna: Yea. You met him last summer.
O’èπ◊ Ç Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç á´J †’ç* ´*açC? He is the person I consult before taking a
Who did you get the information from? Vasanth:E†o †’´¤y ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-üÁ-´-JûÓ?
Software engineer in the US. He is decision. (the person who/ whom I consult
(From whom did you get the information? Hemanth: †’´¤y ¢Á·†o chess ÇúÕ† ¨¡P-®˝ûÓ
the guy we sent pickles to, last who
ņ-ôç-™‰-C-°æ¤púø’. ¢√úÕûË ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’)
wrong -old usage) Vasanth:´’ç* game Çúø-û√úø’. ؈’ ¢Á’a-éÌØË
month. Don't you remember? c) Secretary student
í¬ ¢√∞Îx-†’o-èπ◊-†oC Ç ØË.
3. †’´¤y á´-JE í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢˛? He is the student they have elected secretary
¢√∞¡x™ Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’.
summer
(ûÁ©’Ææ’. §Ú®·† †’´y-ûª-úÕE Who are you talking about? Hemanth: î√™« ®Ω’èπ◊. Åûª†’ ÇúË game Å®Ωnç
îª÷¨»´¤. í∫’®Ω’hçü∆, éÀçü¿-öÀ-ØÁ© ÅûªúÕéÀ (student who/ whom who é¬ü¿’) ¢√úÌa.
(Old form and incorrect: About whom are d) teacher
îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç î√™« éπ≠dçæ . Å™«çöÀ game
´’†ç pickles = Ü®Ω-í¬-ߪ’©’ °æ秃ç) you talking?/ Whom are you talking about?)
؈’ ÅGµ´÷EçîË Çߪ’†
Çúø-û√-úø-ûª†’.
Sampurna: I remember him. He is the teacher I admire.
English con- Vasanth: †’´¤y î√™« ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-í∫© ¢√∞¡x™  Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’.
´ ´ ´
ÉC î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L (who/ whom who
é¬ü¿’. ¢√úø-´îª’a.)
versation ™. á´-JE ÅEquestions ÅúÕ-Íí-ô-III. Which Which
؈’ î√™« É≠æd-°æ-úË-¢√-∞¡x™ Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’.
English conversation ™ whom, which Ö°æ- whom who
N≠æߪ’ç èπÿú≈ ÉçûË. èπÿú≈
Hemanth: ÅûªE ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ͮ°-∞«l´÷?
ßÁ÷-í¬©’ î√™« interesting í¬ Öçö«®·.
°æ¤púø’ ™‰†õ‰x. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ ¢√úøôç È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ sentences äéπ-öÀí¬ éπ©-°æú≈EéÀ
correct. Vasanth: ÅûªE ´÷´’ Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ØË íÌ°æp
´·êuçí¬ questions. OöÀûÓ questions ÅúÕÍí a)
¢√úøû√ç.
lawyer. Çߪ’† Í®§Ò-Ææ’hØ√oúø’. ´’†ç
N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ î√™« ´÷®Ìp-*açC. ´’† conversa-
E†o †’´¤y á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? eg: He bought a car. It is blue.
Who were you talking to yesterday? Çߪ’† car éÌØ√oúø’. ÅC blue á©’xçúÕ ¢Á∞«lç.
tion, modern í¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰ OöÀE áéπ\úø ¢√úø- (with/ to whom were you talking The car which he bought is blue. ANSWER
é¬ü¿’)
èπÿ-úøüÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç î√™« ´·êuç. b) Åûªúø’ á´-JE °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’? b) I gave you a book. It is my sister's.
I. Whom = á´-JE, á´-JéÀ (to ûÓ) – ÉC ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà Who is he marrying? (FéÓ °æ¤Ææhéπç Éî√a†’. ÅC ´÷ sister C) Vasanth: Who were you talking to, yesterday?
ûÁ©’Ææ’. (Whom is he marrying? é¬ü¿’) The book which I gave you is my sister's. Hemanth: Sasir, you played chess with the day
1. Whom do you want to meet here? =
c) †’¢Áy-´-JéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? Modern conversation ™ °j sentences ™«çöÀ before.
O’J-éπ\úø á´-JE éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? Who are you helping?
2. Whom do you know here? = ¢√öÀ™x whom ™«í¬, which èπÿú≈ °æ‹Jhí¬ ´C-™‰- Vasanth: He plays a good game. He is among
(Whom are you helping é¬ü¿’) Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. those I admire.
O’éÀ-éπ\úø á´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’? II. Who, whose, whom and which- ques-
3. Whom did she consult? =
OöÀE a) The car which he bought is blue = Hemanth: Quite smart/ sharp. Difficult to
tions sen-
understand the game he plays. He
Åúø-í∫-ö«-EÍé é¬èπ◊çú≈, È®çúø’ ´‚úø’
Ç¢Á’ á´-JE Ææçv°æ-Cç-*çC?
°j questions ™ ´’†Íéç N*vûªç ÅE-°œç-îªúøç tences sentence
†’ äéπ í¬ éπ©-°æ-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ b) The car he bought is blue.
The book I gave you is my sister's plays such a game.
™‰ü¿’-éπü∆? Å´Fo questions. á´-JE ņ-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.
sentences ØË Ñ lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ Vasanth: He is one you can learn a lot from,
a) I saw a man. He was taller than six feet.
É™«çöÀ
English ™ whom ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË Â°j Nüµ¿çí¬ and I like a lot.
Ææç°æ‹-®Ωgèπ◊, v°æ°æ‹-®Ωgèπ◊ ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ îª÷úøçúÕ.
whom ûÓ questions Åúø-í∫ôç/ begin îËߪ’ôç ØËØÌéπ ´’E-≠œE îª÷¨»†’. Åûªúø’ Ç®Ωúø’-í∫’-©-éπçõ‰
Hemanth: Shall we go to him tomorrow?
áûª’h (í¬ ÖØ√oúø’). Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †’ äéπ- 1) Here is the book you asked for yesterday
°æ‹Jhí¬ old fashioned. English ÆæJí¬_ ´÷ö«x-úø’- Vasanth: His uncle is a lawyer everyone prais-
(The book which you asked for - old usage)
ûª’-†o-¢√-È®-´®Ω÷ Å™«çöÀ questions Åúø-í∫®Ω’. öÀí¬ îËü∆lç.
es. He is coming tomorrow. We will
á´-È®jØ√ Å™«çöÀ questions ÅúÕ-TûË Nçûªí¬ I saw a man who was taller than six feet = †’´¤y E†o-úÕ-T† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉCíÓ.
(Ç®Ω-úø-í∫’-©-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ áûªh-®·† ´’E-≠œE ؈’ îª÷¨»†’) 2) It was among the books you kept in the shelf. go the day after.
NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC speakers of modern English èπ◊.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Tarun: No bus is coming. No auto (is) in sight.
eg. a) To walk
So what are we going to do?
(Bus àD ®√´ôç ™‰ü¿’. Auto Å®·Ø√ éπE-°œç-
îªôç ™‰ü¿’. àç îËü∆l-´’ç-ö«´¤?)
Kiran: Let's start walking. If we chance upon an
auto on the way we'll take it, or else I
don't mind walking the whole distance.
(Å®·ûË †úø’ü∆lç. ´’üµ¿u™ Auto üÌJ-éÀûË
ü∆E™ ¢Á∞«lç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢Á·ûªhç ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´-ö«-
Eéà Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.)
On the way = ü∆J™
Chance upon = ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ éπE-°œç-îªúøç
Tarun:You talking of walking! That's surprising
since when did you start liking walking,
buddy?
(†’´¤y †úø’-ü∆l-´’ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√! Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’! á°æp-öÀ-
†’ç* †úøéπ O’ü¿ É≠ædç éπL-TçC Fèπ◊?)
buddy = v°œßª’ N’vûª’-úÕE Ææç¶-CµçîË Nüµ∆†ç
(American)
Kiran: Stop it. I've always liked walking. I avoid
walking only in hot sun or when I don't
have the time.
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 15 -¢Ë’ 2006
(†úø-´ôç) is good for health
(Ç®Ó-í∫u-éπ®Ωç) = walking (†úø-´ôç) is good
for health
b) To get up so early is not easy = getting
up so early is not easy =
Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿-™‰-´ôç Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’.
c) I hate to get up late =
Ç©-Ææuçí¬ Evü¿-™‰-´ôç ØËE-≠d-°æ æ-úø†’ =
I hate getting up late.
d) He likes to swim in cold water = 6) I shall appreciate your walking =
2) I don't mind walking - verb mind ü∆E ûª®√yûª
îªFo-∞¡x™ Ñü¿ôç Åûª-E-éÀ≠dçæ =
walking, '-ing' form. Mind Åçõ‰ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç †’´¤y †úø-´ôç ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh†’/ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.
He likes swimming in cold water. appreciate + your walking ('-ing' form)
îÁ°æpôç.
í∫´’-Eçî√ç éπü∆ – Infinitive ¢√úË îÓôx '-ing'. I don't mind walking = She will appreciate your help =
°j sentences ™ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ´·êuçí¬ †úø-´ôç Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. F Ææ£æ…-ߪ÷Eo Ç¢Á’ £æ«J{-Ææ’hçC.
í∫´’-E≤ƒhç. sentences a), b) ™x Infinitive †÷, appreciate + help (noun)
Mind ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ '-ing' form ´Ææ’hçC.
'-ing' form †÷ independent í¬ Åçõ‰ sen-
™‰éπ-§ÚûË noun ´Ææ’hçC. Appreciate ûª®√yûª 'If' clause èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.
tence èπ◊ subject í¬ ¢√ú≈ç.
eg: I don't mind the expenditure = a) I shall appreciate if you walk
ÅüË, c), d) ™x Infinitive †÷, '-ing' form †÷ b) I shall appreciate if you help me.
hate, like ™«çöÀ verbs ûª®√yûª ¢√ú≈ç éπü∆. Ç ê®Ω’a Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’ / ê®Ω’a N≠æߪ’ç
؈’ °æöÀdç--éÓ†’. Expenditure, noun éπü∆. a), b) ™x appreciate + 'if' clause.
a), b) ™x ™«í¬ independent í¬ ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’
infinitive †’ '-ing' form †÷ äéπ-ü∆E •ü¿’©’ '-ing' form ûÓ: I don't mind spending the 7) I hate backing out -
ÉçéÌ-éπöÀ á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ¢√úÌa. money = ¢Á†-éπ-úø’í∫’ ¢Ëߪ’ôç Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’ =
a) To waste time/ wasting time is never Ç úø•’s ê®Ω’a-°-ôdôç Ø√Íéç ¶«üµ¿-é¬ü¿’. I hate to back out (hate + infinitive). hate
good Mind °æéπ\† 'if' clause ´Ææ’hçC. ûª®√yûª È®çúø÷, Åçõ‰ Infinitive, '-ing' form

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 156
b) To walk alone/ walking alone at midnight He doesn't mind if I use his bike = ¢√úø-´îª’a—
is not always safe = ÅûªúÕ bike ؈’ ¢√úø’-èπ◊çõ‰ ÅûªØËç ņ’-éÓúø’. 8) You waste time talking - Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ waste
ûª®√yûª àC waste îË≤ƒh¢Á÷ ü∆Eo îÁ°œp, Ç ûª®√yûª
'ing' form´Ææ’hçC.
a) He wastes time talking about others =

She likes dancing Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷

îË≤ƒhúø’.
b) He wastes money indulging in luxuries =
time waste

N™«-≤ƒ™x §ƒ™Ô_çô÷ üµ¿†ç ´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒhúø’.

Ééπ\úø infinitive ®√ü¿’.
(Ééπ Ç°æ¤. Ø√èπ◊ †úø-éπçõ‰ á°æ¤púø÷ É≠æd¢Ë’. Å®Ωl¥-®√-vA-°æ‹ô äçô-Jí¬ é¬•öÀd 'mind'
°æéπ\† '-ing' form / noun/ 'if'
clause ´≤ƒh®·. infinitive ´÷vûªç ®√ü¿’. Practise the following aloud in English
¶«í¬ áçúøí¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’, Ø√èπ◊ time ™‰†-°æ¤úø’ †úø-´ôç Íé~´’ç é¬ü¿’.
´÷vûª¢Ë’ †úøéπ ´÷†-û√†’.) Å®·ûË (c), (d) © Sentence No 3 ™ 'avoid' ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ 'ing' form Laxman: Hi Arjun,
àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©÷?
Avoid = ´÷†ôç!/ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç ™«çöÀ sentences ™ é¬F, noun é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. infinitive ®√ü¿’. [avoid Arjun:
àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC. F îËA™ Ç
Tarun:Ok. Let's stop arguing. Come, let's enjoy éÌEo verbs °æéπ\ØË = (àüÁjØ√ °æE) îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç] °æ¤Ææhéπç àçöÀ?
walking. As you said I shall appreciate infinitive, '-ing' form a) I avoid walking ('-'ing' form) = Laxman: àüÓ detective novel. Åô’-´ç-öÀN îªü¿-
your walking the whole distance. ´÷Ja ¢√úø-í∫©ç. éÌEo ؈’ †úø-´ôç ´÷†’-èπ◊çö«. ´ôç FéÀ-≠dçæ -™‰-ü¿’-éπü∆?
(ÆæÍ®x. ´’†ç ¢√Cç-îªúøç Ç°œ †úøéπ†’ enjoy Éûª®Ω verbs, expres- M. SURESAN b) He avoids Govind because he owes him Arjun: Correct. †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å™«ç-öÀN îªü¿’-´¤ûª÷
îËü∆lç. †’´y-†oô’d Åçûª ü¿÷®Ω´‚ †úÕÊÆh sions °æéπ\† Infinitive money. time waste îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤? ¢√öÀ-éπçõ‰
Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’/ E†’o ¢Á’a-èπ◊çö«.) †’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬F, '-ing' form †’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬E (Åûªúø’ Govind èπ◊ Å°æ¤p-Ø√oúø’ 鬕öÀd îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ ´’ç* novels î√™« ÖØ√o®· éπü∆?
Appreciate = ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-îªôç/ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç ¢√úø-í∫©ç. éÀçC verbs °æéπ\† È®çúø÷ ¢√úø-í∫©ç. ûª°œpç-èπ◊ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’) Laxman: Eï¢Ë’. é¬F OöÀE îªü¿-´-ö«-EÍé ؈’ áèπ◊\´
Kiran: Come on. Let's start. I hate backing out. 1) Start 2) begin 3) like 4) dislike 5) love Ééπ\úø avoid = äéπ-JE îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ / éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ- É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√†’. Serious novels îªü¿-´ôç
6) hate 7) remember 8) forget 9) propose, etc. èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç. ؈’ avoid îË≤ƒh†’. Åçûª concentrate
(°æü¿, •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωü∆ç. ¢Á†éÀ\ ûªí∫_ôç Åçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊
É≠ædç Öçúøü¿’.) 1) He started to sing/ started singing Why are you avoiding me? = îËߪ’-™‰†’ ؈’.
Tarun:You waste time talking. Show it in action. §ƒúøôç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ö«dúø’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ††’o îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o´¤? Arjun: Åçû√ Å©-¢√-ô’†’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. îªü¿-
Start walking 2) She began to run = she began running = Ééπ\úø avoid ûª®√yûª Govind ÅØËC noun éπü∆. ´ôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç. ¢√öÀE É≠æd-°æ-úøôç ¢Á·ü¿-
(´÷ô-©ûÓ time ´%ü∑∆ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤. Ωu™ °æ®Ω’í∫’ ¢Á·ü¿™„-öÀdçC Avoid ûª®√yûª '-ing form'/ noun ´≤ƒh®·. infini-
©-´¤-ûª’çC.
3) She likes to dance = She likes dancing = Laxman:
tive ¢√úøç.
îª÷°œç. †úøéπ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç) ÅD v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√†’. é¬E É≠æd-°æ-úø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-
Kiran: Ok. I am off. Whoever first stops walking Ø√ôuç îËߪ’ôç Ç¢Á’-éÀ≠dçæ c) she always avoids classes (noun) in the
ߪ ÷ †’.
shall stand the other a drink, ok? 4) She loves to cook = She loves cooking = Arjun:
after noon =
´’S} v°æߪ’-Aoç.
(ÉCíÓ •ßª’-™‰l-®√†’. †úøéπ á´®Ω’ Ç°æ¤-û√®Ó ´çô îËߪ’ôç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ î√™« É≠ædç Ç¢Á’ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç ûª®Ω-í∫-ûª’-©èπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷ ®√ü¿’. ANSWER
¢√∞¡Ÿx Å´-ûª-L-¢√-JéÀ drink É°œpç-î√L, ÆæÍ®Ø√?) Å™«Íí N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀûÓ èπÿú≈ Åçõ‰ 4) dislike Sentence 4) Stop arguing - stop ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ Laxman: Hi Arjun, what news? / what's new?
stand a drink/ a dinner/ party, etc. = drink, 6) hate 7) remember 8) forget and 9) pro- noun/ ing form ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´≤ƒh®·. infinitive ®√ü¿’.
Arjun: Just getting on. What's that book in
dinner, party, etc É°œpç-îªúøç) pose (v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-îªôç). Ç verbs °æéπ\† infini- a) He stopped singing - §ƒúøôç ÇÊ°-¨»úø’ your hand?
Tarun:I am game for it. tive, '-ing' form È®çúø÷ ´≤ƒhßË’¢Á÷ îª÷úøçúÕ. stopped + singing ('-ing' form) Laxman: Some detective novel. (Some= àüÓ).
(؈ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’.) Now look at the following sentences from b) He stopped the song in the middle = You don't like reading such books, do
J J J the conversation between Tarun and Kiran §ƒô ´’üµ¿u™ ÇÊ°-¨»úø’ you? / You don't like to read such
English verbs
™ ÅEo ¢√úøéπç äÍ陫 Öçúøü¿’. at the beginning of the lesson. stopped + the song (noun) books, do you?
éÀçü¿öÀlesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆– Infinitive ¢√úÕ 1) Let's start walking. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ 'stop' ûª®√yûª infinitive ®√ü¿’. Arjun: Correct. Why do you waste time
clauses †’ ´C-Lç--èπ◊çõ‰ ´’† conversation 2) I don't mind walking... Sentence No. 5 reading them? Aren't there better
î√™« simple natural
í¬, í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E. Å™«Íí 3) I avoid walking 'Enjoy' too is followed either by the '-ing' form books than they?
éÌEo éÌEo verbs ûª®√yûª '-ing' form ¢√úÕûË 4) Let's stop arguing or a noun, but not by the infinitive. Laxman: True. But I love reading / I love to
conversation, bookish (ví¬çC∑-éπç)í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈ 5) Let's enjoy walking Let's enjoy walking - enjoy + walking ('-ing' read these. I avoid reading serious
¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬ N†-≤Òç-°æ¤í¬ Öçô’çC. form) novels. I cannot concentrate so
6) ... I shall appreciate your walking
éÌEo éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x infinitive •ü¿’©’ '-ing 7) I hate backing out a) I enjoy music = ؈’ ÆæçU-û√Eo enjoy îË≤ƒh†’ much.
form (going, coming, walking ™«çöÀN) Arjun: It's all a matter of habit. Begin reading
enjoy + music (noun)
¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ÉN èπÿú≈ sentence §ÒöÀd îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ 8) You waste time talking b) She enjoys reading books =
them/ Begin to read them. You begin
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√®·. Infinitive (to + 1st RDW) èπ◊ Look at sentence No 1. The verb 'start' has 'ing' liking them./ You begin to like them.
Ö†o Å®√n™x äéπöÀ ®√ߪ’ôç, A†ôç, ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç after it. °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ îªü¿-´ôç Ç¢Á’-éÀ≠dçæ Laxman: I tried but I could not like them.
(to write, to eat, to learn) éπü∆. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'start' ûª®√yûª infinitive Å®·Ø√, '-ing' form Å®·Ø√ enjoy + reading ('-ing' form). enjoy ûª®√yûª Arjun: Try once again.
'-ing' form ¢√úÌa. ¢√úÌa ÅE îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. infinitive ®√ü¿’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Raghav: Hi Madhav, how are you? You appear
much better than last week. There is
surely some improvement in your
health.
(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤? í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_
éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. éπ*aûªçí¬ F Ç®Óí∫uç °æ¤çV-
èπ◊-†o-ô’dçC)
Madhav: You can say that. I feel much better
now.
(Eï¢Ë’. É°æ¤púø’ î√™« ¶«í∫’-Ø√o†’, Éçûª-èπ◊-
´·ç-ü¿’-éπçõ‰)
You can say that = Å™« †’´¤y îÁ§Òpa =
†’´¤y éπ®ΩÍéd
Raghav: What's that due to? I don't recollect
seeing you earlier as fit as you are
today.
(àçöÀ 鬮Ωùç? É¢√∞¡ éπ†p-úø’-ûª’†oçûª
Ç®Óí∫uçí¬ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-üÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷Æœ-†ô’x
í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü¿’.)
recollect = í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç.fit = Ç®Óí∫uçí¬
Öçúøôç
Madhav: Thanks to my doctor. He insisted on
my giving up smoking, and I gave up
smoking, though I found it difficult in
the beginning.
(Åçû√ ´÷ ú≈éπd®˝ ´©x. ؈’ smoking
´÷ØË-ߪ÷-©E °æô’d-•-ö«dúø’. ¢Á·ü¿öx éÌçîÁç
éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i-†-°æp-öÀéà ´÷Ø˨».)
Thanks to my doctor = ´÷ doctor ´©x.
'´©x— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Thanks to ¢√úÌa, ´’ç*
ïJ-TØ√, îÁúø’ ïJ-TØ√. He died, thanks to
the doctor's negligence - ¢√úø’ îªE-§Ú-
ߪ÷úø’, doctor -E®Ωxéπ~uç ´©x
Raghav: So (do) you deny smoking anymore?
(Å®·ûË, †’´¤y smoking îËߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿ç-ô’-
Ø√o¢√?)
deny - é¬ü¿-†ôç/ ™‰ü¿-†ôç
Madhav: Do you think I'm a fool to go on doing
something that costs my life?
(Ø√ v§ƒù«-EÍé £æ…E éπL-TçîË °æE îËÆæ÷hç-úø-
ö«-EéÀ ØËØË-´’Ø√o ´‚®Ω’^-úÕØ√?) I don't
fear death but I don't like dying of
cancer. ( ؈’ î√´¤èπ◊ ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø†’, é¬E
cancer ûÓ î√´ôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’)
Raghav: Happy to hear that. Whenever I saw
lighting a cigarette I couldn't help feel-
ing you were burning out your life
(ÆæçûÓ≠æç. †’´¤y á°æ¤púø’ cigarette
´·öÀdç-îªúøç îª÷ÆœØ√, †’´¤y F v§ƒù«Lo
ûªí∫-©-¶„-ô’d-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´ØË ¶µ«´ç Ø√™
ûªÊ°p-C-é¬ü¿’)
Madhav: I now practise swimming too. Every
morning I go swimming.
(É°æ¤púø’ Ñûª èπÿú≈ practise îËÆæ’hØ√o.
®ÓW ÑûªÈé∞¡ŸhØ√o)
Raghav: Good. Though late you've given up
smoking. Better late than never.
(¶«í∫’çC. Ç©Ææuçí¬ØÁjØ√ smoking ´÷†’-
èπ◊-Ø√o´¤. ÅÆæ©’ ´÷†-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç éπØ√o
Ç©Ææuçí¬ ´÷†ôç †ßª’ç éπü∆.)
Better late than never = ÉC English™ ≤ƒüµ∆-
®Ωùçí¬ Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. Å®Ωnç: äéπ °æE ÅÆæ©’
îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË-éπØ√o Ç©Ææuçí¬ îËߪ’ôç
´’ç*C éπü∆ ÅE.
[[[
í∫ûª È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ lessons ™ ´’†ç infinitives,
'-ing' forms í∫’Jç* îªJa-Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. We have
seen how certain verbs are always followed
by an Infinitive/ -ing form /noun/ an if clause,
or just by an '-ing' form.
Now let's see some more verbs followed by
the '-ing' form/ noun.
Look at these following sentences from the
conversation between Raghav and Madhav.
1) I don't recollect seeing you earlier as fit as
you are now.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
2) ... and I gave up smoking.
3) So (do) you deny smoking any more?
4) Do you think I am a fool to go on doing some
thing...
5) ... I couldn't help feeling...
6) I now practise swimming too.
O’®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. °j sentences ™E
verbs ÅEoçöÀ °æéπ\Ø√ '-ing' form ®√´ôç. ÉC
conversation ™ ®Ωéπ-®Ω-鬩 ¶µ«¢√-©†’ simple í¬
express îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. O’ con-
versation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
1) I don't recollect seeing you = E†o™« îª÷úøôç
Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ®√´ôç ™‰ü¿’.(Remember = ´’†èπ◊
í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ®√´ôç. Recollect/ recall = ´’†ç v°æߪ’-
Aoç* í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç.)
a) I remember seeing him somewhere = Åûª-úÕ-E
ØËØÁ-éπ\úÓ îª÷Æœ-†ô’x í∫’®Ìh-≤ÚhçC. (´’† v°æߪ’ûªoç
™‰ü¿’)
b) Let me recollect where I saw him = áéπ\úø
îª÷¨»ØÓ í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-éÓF (´’† v°æߪ’ûªoç).
c) He recalled later that she owed him money =
ûª†-鬢Á’ ¶«éà ֆoô’x Çߪ’† í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’
(Çߪ’† v°æߪ’ûªoç)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 157
Let me recollect where I..
Å®·ûË 'Try to remember' ņôç ¢√úø’éπ, í∫’®Ω’h
ûÁa-éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç, ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ Å°æ¤p-úø-
°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç èπÿú≈ ÉC ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç éπü∆? Try
as I might, I am unable to remember if he
came here that day =
áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√
ñ«c°æéπç ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o, Åûª-Ø√-®ÓV Ééπ\-úÕ-éÌ-
î√aú≈, ™‰ü∆ ÅE.
Recollect ûª®√yûª noun èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. '-ing'
form ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈.
I recollected the events of the day =Ç ®ÓV
Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†©’ ؈’ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-èπ◊Ø√o. events =
Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†©’ - Noun.
2) ... and I gave up smoking = ؈’ smoking
´÷†’-èπ◊Ø√o.
give up = ´÷ØË-ߪ’ôç/ ´ü¿-©’-éÓ-´ôç (°æü¿-´¤©’,
Å©-¢√-ôx-™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE)
give up ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-ing' form é¬F, noun é¬F
¢√úøû√ç. (noun Åçõ‰ ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-èπ◊çü∆ç..
à Ê°È®jØ√ noun.)
a) I gave up smoking = smoking ´÷†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.
smoking '-ing' form
b) I gave up cigarettes = cigarettes ´÷†’-èπ◊Ø√o.-
cigarettes - noun.
c) Harischandra gave up his throne for the sake
of truth : £æ«J-¨¡aç-vü¿’úø’ Ææûªuç éÓÆæç Æœç£æ…-Ææ-Ø√Eo
´C-™‰-¨»úø’.
Throne = Æœç£æ…-Ææ†ç - Noun.
d) He was a fool to give up the job = job
Job - noun.
´ü¿’-©’-èπ◊-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’ – ´‚®Ω’^úø’.
3) (Do) you deny smoking anymore?
= †’´¤y Ééπ smoke îËߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿ç-ö«¢√?
deny + smoking. '-ing' form.
deny = é¬ü¿-†ôç/ ™‰ü¿-†ôç. DE ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-
ing' form é¬F, noun é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. That clause
èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC.
a) He denied stealing the pen = ûª†’ Ç pen
üÌçT-Lç-îª-™‰-ü¿-Ø√oúø’.
denied + stealing - stealing '-ing' form.
-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 17 -¢Ë’ 2006
b) Dushyanta denied seeing Sakuntala or lov- b) She cannot help spending this money, if she
ing her = ü¿’≠æuç-ûª’úø’ ¨¡èπ◊ç-ûª-©†’ îª÷úøôç é¬F, wants to learn music = Ç¢Á’ ÆæçUûªç ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-
vÊ°N’ç-îªôç é¬F îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿-Ø√oúø’. ©çõ‰ ê®Ω’a-°-ôdúøç ûª°æpü¿’. (Spending
ê®Ω’a-
denied + seeing or loving - '-ing' forms. °-ôdúøç – '-ing' form).
c) She denied the truth in his statement = Ç¢Á’ c) They cannot help the trip if they want to have
ÅûªE ´÷ô™x Eïç ™‰ü¿çC. a darsanam = ü¿®Ωz†ç 鬢√-©çõ‰ ¢√∞¡xéà v°æߪ÷ùç
denied + truth - noun. ûª°æpü¿’. (cannot help + the trip (noun))
d) The minister denies his statement = ´’çvA d) They cannot help going on the trip if they
ûª† ´÷ô©†’ é¬ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’ (ņ-™‰-ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’). want a darsanam = ü¿®Ωz†ç 鬢√-©çõ‰ v°æߪ÷ùç
e) The minister denies the media reports = îËߪ’ôç ûª°æpü¿’. (cannot help + going on the
trip (-ing form))
O’úÕߪ÷ ¢√®Ωh©†’ ´’çvA é¬ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.
denied + the reports (noun) 6) Practise
èπÿú≈ ÅçûË: Practise Åçõ‰ Ŷµºu-Æœç-îªôç.
DE ûª®√yûªèπÿú≈ noun/ '... ing' form ´Ææ’hçC.
4) Do you think I am a fool to go on doing some-
thing... = ÅC îËÆæ÷h Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ ؈’ ´‚®Ω’^-úøo-†’- I practise swimming = Ñûª practise îË≤ƒh†’.
èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√? (practise + swimming - '-ing' form)
to go on = (ã °æE) îËÆæ÷h Öçúøôç. go on a) She practises running everyday = Ç¢Á’ ®ÓW
practise
ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈, îËÆæ÷h Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ '–ing °æ®Ω’í∫’ îËÆæ’hçC.
form' ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. (practises + running - '-ing' form)
a) Though defeated, he b) She practises music = ÆæçUûªç Ŷµºu-Æœ-Ææ’hçC.
(practises + music - noun)
goes on arguing ãúÕ-
So, É™«çöÀ verbs ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
§Ú-®·Ø√, ¢√C-Ææ÷hØË
EXERCISE
Öçö«-ú≈-ߪ’†.
b) In spite of the doc-
tor's advice, he goes Practise the following aloud in English:
on smoking = Doctor Mithun:
Åûª-EûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√´¤? Åûª†’
smoke
´ü¿lØ√o, Åûª†’ M. SURESAN á´®Ω’ îÁ°œpØ√ N†úø’.
îËÆæ÷hØË ÖØ√oúø’. Sachin: Ø√èπ◊ ûª°æpü¿’. ¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω Ø√ books
c) He goes on talking, whether others listen to ÖØ√o®·. ÅN ´îËa-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¢√úÕûÓ friendly
him or not = Åûª†’ îÁÊ°pC Éûª-®Ω’©’ Nçô’Ø√o
í¬ØË Öçú≈L.
N†-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª÷ØË Öçö«úø’. Mithun: Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√-úøE ûÁLÆœ èπÿú≈ †’´¤y ¢√úÕéÀ
a) goes on + arguing ('-ing' form)
°æ¤Ææh-é¬-™„ç-ü¿’-éÀÆæ÷h Öçö«´¤?
b) goes on + smoking ('-ing' form)
Sachin: °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ AJ-T-´y-úøØË ´÷ô é¬ü¿-
c) goes on + talking ('-ing' form)
d) They went on shouting and throwing stones
†ôç ™‰ü¿’. é¬F ¢√∞¡x†o Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* friend.
Mithun: †’´¤y ¢√úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´÷†’-èπ◊çõ‰ °æ¤Ææh-
at the police = ¢√∞¡Ÿx Å®Ω’-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√o®Ω’, Police
© O’ü¿ ®√∞¡Ÿx ®Ω’´¤y-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o®Ω’. (Past) é¬-L-´y-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿’í¬. (give up ¢√úøçúÕ)
Went on (past of go on) + shouting and Sachin: ¢√∞¡x†o BÆæ’-èπ◊†o °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-´y-ôç™ Éçûª
throwing ('-ing' forms) Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’ôç Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü¿’.
Å®·ûË go on ûª®√yûª 'with' ¢√úÕûË noun ´Ææ’hçC. Mithun: Éü¿l-Jéà §ÚL-Íé-™‰ü¿’.
a) She went on with her studies in spite of dis- ANSWER
turbances = Disturbances
Ö†o-°æp-öÀéà ûª†
îªü¿’´¤ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-*çC. Mithun: Why do you talk to him? He never lis-
ten to anyone.
b) They go on with their work whatever the trou-
ble = àtrouble ÖØ√o ¢√∞¡x °æE ¢√∞¡Ÿx îËÆæ’-èπ◊- Sachin: I can't help talking to him. He has my
books. Until I get them back, I have to
§Ú-û√®Ω’.
a) Went on with + studies (noun) be friendly with him.
Mithun: Why do you go on giving him books,
b) go on with their work [with + work (n)]
Ç 5) I could not help feeling... = ņ’-éÓ-´ôç ûª°æp- when you know that he is that type?
™‰ü¿’. Ñ expression é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Sachin: I don't deny his not returning the books
I cannot help going now = É°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xéπ he takes, but his brother is a good
ûª°æpü¿’. (Ééπ\úø ¢√úÕ† help èπÿ, Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ÅØË friend of mine. (I don't deny that he
cannot help
Å®√n-EéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’– Ééπ\úø éπL°œ does not return the books he takes...)
¢√úøû√ç– Å®Ωnç – 'ûª°æpü¿’— ÅE). Mithun: If you give up talking to him you need
I could not help feeling = ņ’-éÓ-´ôç ûª°æp-™‰ü¿’. not lend him books.
Ñ cannot help °æéπ\† èπÿú≈ '-ing' form é¬F, Sachin: I don't remember his brother delaying
noun é¬F ´Ææ’hçC.
the return of books.
a) She cannot help the expenditure if she wants
Mithun: They are very unlike each other.
to learn music = ÆæçUûªç ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ Ç¢Á’éÃ
(expenditure =
ê®Ω’a ûª°æpü¿’. noun).
ê®Ω’a –
II
Pranuthi: Hi Sumathi, (it's a) pleasure seeing
you, though after a long time. How's
everybody?
(î√™«-鬩ç ûª®√yûª®·Ø√ E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-
èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç. Åçû√ èπ◊¨¡-©-¢Ë’Ø√?)
Sumathi: Everybody is OK. (It's) nice seeing
you too.
(Åçû√ Íé~´’ç. E†’o îª÷úøôç èπÿú≈ Ø√èπ◊
džçü¿çí¬ ÖçC)
Pranuthi: What's (What has) kept you away so
long?
(†’Ny-Eo-®Ó-V©’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ††’o éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’/
îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’/ à¢Á’içCEo ®ÓV©’?)
Sumathi: You know I'd been very busy prepar-
ing for the civils. I sat the last exam
the day before (yesterday). It's off my
mind now. Oh, what a relief!
(Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬ Øˆ’ civils (= IAS, IPS,
etc., exams) ûÓ BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o†’.
¢Á·†o *´J exam ®√¨»†’. Å®·-
§Ú-®·çC. áçûª £æ…®·í¬ ÖçüÓ!)
Pranuthi: I think you delayed taking the exams.
You should have attempted them last
year itself.
(†’´¤y Ç©Ææuç î˨»´¤. †’´¤y §Ú®·†
Ææç´-ûªq-®Ω¢Ë’ ®√Ææ’ç-ú≈-LqçC.)
(last year itself = í∫ûª Ææç´-ûªq-®Ω¢Ë’)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 158
It's a pleasure seeing you
Sumathi: True. But I felt I needed time. It's not
easy preparing for that kind of
exams, is it?
(Eï¢Ë’. é¬F Éçé¬Ææh time 鬢√-©-E-°œç-
*çC Ø√èπ◊. / é¬-F time î√©-ü¿-E-°œç-*çC.
Å™«çöÀ exams èπ◊ prepare 鬴ôç
Åçûª Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’-éπü∆.)
Pranuthi: So how did you in the exams?
Sumathi: To my satisfaction of course. But then
there is no knowing what happens
until the results are out.
(Ø√ ûª%°œh ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ®√¨»†’. Å®·Ø√ °∂æL-û√©’
¢Á©’-´-úË-´-®Ωèπ◊ àO’ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’/ îÁ°æp™‰ç)
Pranuthi: Happy that you leave fared well.
Civils are always worth trying.
(†’´¤y ¶«í¬ ®√Æœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç. civils
á°æ¤púø÷ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-ü¿-í∫_¢Ë.)
(worth trying = v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-ü¿-T†)
Sumathi: They are, undoubtedly. But they are
quite tough. Even brilliant candidates
have difficulty making it to the top
ranks.
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. Å®·ûË Ñ exams î√™«
éπ≠dçæ . î√™« ûÁL-N-í∫© Ŷµºu-®Ω’n©’ èπÿú≈ °j
ranks ûÁa-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ éπ≠d-°
æ æ-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.)
tough = éπ≠dç æ (exams N≠æߪ’ç.)
quite = °æ‹Jhí¬/ ¶«í¬.
brilliant = î√™« ûÁL-¢Áj†. (ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç = î√™«
v°æé¬-¨¡-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†)
Pranuthi: Still there is nothing wrong in hoping
for the best, you see. Sometimes the
results are long coming.
(Å®·Ø√ ´’ç*E ÇPç-îª-ôç™ ûªÊ°pç-™‰ü¿’.
äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ results ®√´-ö«-EéÀ time
°æúø’-ûª’çC)
J J J J
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
We have been discussing the use of the
'-ing' form for some time now, haven't we?
We have seen so far the verbs which are
followed by the '-ing' forms.
äéπ verbs ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, éÌEo Éûª®Ω expres-
sions ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-ing' forms ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.
ÉC ´’† conversations ÆæçéÀ~-°æhçí¬ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ
≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.
Ç expressions éÌEo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
Now, Look at the following sentences from the
dialogue between Pranuthi and Sumathi above.
1. (It's a) pleasure seeing you, though after a
long time.
2. (It's) nice seeing you too
3. I've been very busy preparing for the civils
4. I think you delayed taking the exams
5. It's not easy preparing for the exam
6. ... there is no knowing what happens..
7. Civils are always worth trying
8. ... candidates have difficulty making it to the top.
9. Sometimes the results are long coming.
1. It's a pleasure seeing you, though after a
long time.
2. It's nice seeing you
too. pleasure/
Ééπ\úø
nice °æéπ\†'-ing' form
¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆,
pleasure meeting
you, nice meeting
you °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤
´÷ô-©E. M. SURESAN
É™« °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x pleasure, nice ™«çöÀ
´÷ô© ûª®√yûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ glad ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-ing'
form ¢√úøôç í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’.
Glad meeting/ seeing you. (°æJ-îª-ߪ’-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤púø’,
Åçõ‰ introduction Å°æ¤púø’)
Glad knowing you - (ÉC-èπÿú≈ introduction
Å°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË expression.
(Å®·ûË Ñ ´÷ô-©-EoöÀ ûª®√yûª, °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤,
°æJ-îªßª’ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ '-ing' form •ü¿’©’, infini-
tive èπÿú≈ ¢√úø´îª’a.
Pleasure/ nice/ glad seeing you/ knowing
you/ meeting you = pleasure/ nice/ glad to
see/ to know/ to meet you.
3) I'd been busy preparing for the civils =
؈’ civils èπ◊ prepare Å´¤ûª÷ busy í¬ ÖØ√o/
BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o.
Ééπ\úø busy °æéπ\†, à 鬮Ωùç ´©x busy
ņo-°æ¤púø’ ÅC '-ing' form ™ ¢√úøû√ç.
a) She is busy making arrangements for the
dinner =
dinner
Ç¢Á’ à®√p-ôxûÓ BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçC.
b) They are busy inviting people to their daugh-
ter's marriage =
busy
¢√∞¡x-´÷t®· °Rx-°œ-©’-°æ¤-©ûÓ ¢√∞¡Ÿx í¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’.
c) I was busy the whole of last week moving to
our new home.
í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç Åçû√ É©’x ´÷®Ω-ôçûÓ
BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o/ É©’x ´÷®Ω-ôçûÓ ÆæJ-§Ú-®·çC.
Å®·ûË busy with ûª®√yûª noun ´Ææ’hçC.
a) I was busy with the arrangements for the
meeting. (meeting busy
à®√p-ôxûÓ í¬ ÖØ√o–
arrangements - noun.)
b) She is busy with the exams = °æK-éπ~-©ûÓ BJ-éπ-
[busy with + the exams (noun)]
™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçC.
4. delayed taking the exams. Exams
èπÿ®Óa-´ôç Ç©Ææuç î˨»´¤.
-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 19 -¢Ë’ 2006
b) She had a lot of difficulty understanding what
a) He delayed taking a decision = E®Ωgߪ’ç
he had said =Åûª†’ îÁ°œpçC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç
taking - '-ing' form
BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç™ ñ«°æuç î˨»úø’.
Ç¢Á’èπ◊ î√™« éπ≠d-´æ ’-®·çC.
b) They delayed coming to an agreement =
ä°æpçü¿ç èπ◊ü¿’-®Ω’a-éÓ-´-ôç™ ñ«°æuç î˨»®Ω’. É™« difficulty ûª®√yûª '-ing' form ´Ææ’hçC.
í∫ûªç™ îª÷¨»ç, delay ûª®√yûª noun èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌ-îªaE. (äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ difficulty + in + ing form èπÿú≈
c) The government delayed the project =
´Ææ’hçC. é¬F É°æ¤p-úÕC Å®Ω’ü¿’, 'in' ´C-™‰-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’)
9) ... the results are long coming =
v°æ¶µº’ûªyç project †’ Ç©Ææuç îËÆœçC. long + coming ('-ing' form) = Ç©-Ææu-´’-´¤-û√®·.
d) They delayed the completion of the bridge =
a) He was long/ He took long buying a house =
Bridge °æ‹-Jh-îË-ߪ’-ö«-Eo ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ç©Ææuç î˨»®Ω’.
É©’x é̆ôç ñ«°æuç î˨»úø’.
(c), (d) ©™ delayed ûª®√yûª, project, com-
b) I won't be long coming = ؈’ ®√´ôç Ç©Ææuç
pletion, È®çúø÷ nouns éπü∆.
îËߪ’†’. (long + coming -ing form)
5. It's not easy preparing for the civils =
c) He took long deciding what to do àç îËߪ÷™
civils èπ◊ prepare Å´ôç Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’.
E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ î√™« time BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.
Preparing- 'ing' form)
ÉC modern English conversation ™ î√™«
a) It is easy convincing mother = Å´’tèπ◊ †îªa-
common.
îÁ-°æpôç Ææ’©¶µºç= It is easy to convince moth- d) She wasn't long/ didn't take long marrying
er Åçõ‰ easy ûª®√yûª '-ing' form Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa, the young man she loved. ûª†’ vÊ°N’ç-*-†-ûª-úÕ-E
infinitive Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa.
°Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ôç™ Ç¢Á’ Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.
b) It wasn't easy operating the machine = Ñ expressions ÅEoçöÀ °æéπ\† '-ing' form
Ç machine †’ †úø-°æôç Ææ’©¶µºç ÅE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’ =
¢√úøôç É°æpöÀ ¢√úø’éπ. ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
It wasn't easy to operate the machine.
EXERCISE
Pranav: Hi Ramana, á°æ¤púø÷ àüÓ îËÆæ÷h BJéπ
™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçö«´¤
Ramana: àç îËߪ’†’? ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®ÓW á´®Ó
äéπ®Ω’ ÅA-ü∑¿’-©’í¬ ´≤ƒh®Ω’. ¢√∞¡}-é¬\-¢√-Lq†
à®√p-ôxûÓ Ø√ time Åçû√ Å®·-§Ú-ûÓçC.
Pranav: Å®·ûË îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ time á°æ¤púø’
üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çüÓ?
c) It's always easy cheating an innocent man =
Ramana: ÅüË Ø√ Ææ´’Ææu. îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ äéπ\
Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊úÕo ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’ôç á°æ¤púø÷ Ææ’©-¶µº¢Ë’. EN’≠æç time üÌ®Ω-éπôç éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçöçC.
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ cheating •ü¿’©’, to cheat ¢√úÌa.
Pranav: É¢√Ld guests á°æ¤-úÁ-∞«h®Ω’?.
6. There's no knowing what happens. Ramana: ÅC á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’– ¢√∞Îx-°æ¤p-úÁ-∞«h®Ó?
àç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çüÓ á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’/ ûÁLÊÆ O©’-™‰ü¿’. Pranav: Exams ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆. ¢√öÀéÀ prepare
There is no knowing-
Å´ôç Åçûª Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’éπü∆?
ÉC English conversation frequent
™ î√™« Ramana: é¬Ææh ÉçöÀéÀ ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ room BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«.
There is no knowing = No
í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.
one knows/ No one can know.
Å°æ¤púŒ íÌúø´ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ îªü¿-¢Ìa.
a) That will happen, no doubt, but there is no
Pranav: ´’ç* idea. ÅC îËߪ’-ü¿-í∫_üË.
Ramana: ´÷ Ø√†o ÜJ-†’ç* AJT ®√í¬ØË Ç °æE
knowing when = ÅC ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC, ÆæçüË£æ«ç
îË≤ƒh. ´÷ Ø√†o Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈
™‰ü¿’. é¬E á°æ¤púø-ØËC á´®Ω÷ îÁ°æp-™‰®Ω’.
AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh-úøØË ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o.
b) There was no knowing why he did it at all =
ÅÆæ©’ ¢√úøC áçü¿’èπ◊ î˨»-úø-ØËC á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ANSWER
c) Ram: When is Laxman coming?
Pranav: Hi Ramana, you appear busy doing
Syam: There's no knowing when he will
something or the other.
come. (ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’) Ramana: What can I do? We have some
7. Civils are worth trying= civils v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-ü¿-í∫_¢Ë. guests or the other everyday. I spend
worth = îËߪ’-ü¿-T†/ N©’´í∫©/ N©’´ îËߪ’ôç. the whole time attending on them. I
worth ûª®√yûª '-ing' form noun
é¬F, é¬F am busy arranging for their stay.
´Ææ’hçC. Pranav: When do you find the time for study?
a) The movie is worth watching =
Ramana: That's my problem. I have difficulty
ÆœE´÷ îª÷úø-ü¿-í∫_üË (watching - ing form) finding a minute's time for study.
b) It is not worth spending so much time =
Pranav: When do today's guests go away?
Åçûª time ¢Á*aç-îËçûª N≠æߪ’ç é¬ü¿C.
Ramana: There's no knowing when they go
c) This second hand car is not worth Rs. 1 lakh
away.
second hand car
Ñ ©éπ~ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© N©’´
îËߪ’ü¿’. (Rs 1 lakh = Noun) Pranav: Exams are fast approaching. It's not
easy preparing for them.
d) The book is worth its weight in gold =
Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç ü∆E •®Ω’-´çûª •çí¬®Ωç N©’-´-í∫-©C. Ramana: I want to take room some distance
from home. I'll then be free from the
(worth its weight - noun)
disturbance.
8. Candidates have difficulty making it to the top
rank
ûÁL-¢Áj† Ŷµºu-®Ω’n©’ èπÿú≈ Ö†oûª ©’ §Òçü¿- Pranav: A good idea. worth trying.
ö«-EéÀ éπ≠d-°æ æ-úø-û√®Ω’. Ramana: I'll do that after my father comes
difficulty + making ('-ing' form) back. Hope he won't be/ take long
coming.
èπ◊ a) I had difficulty finding the address =
Ç address ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ éπ≠d-´æ ’-®·çC.
II
Chandan: Have you seen Pradhan, by any
chance?
(†’¢Ëy-´’Ø√o Pradhan
†’ îª÷¨»¢√?
By any chance = à¢Á’i-Ø√/- à-´’Ø√o îª÷úøôç
ûªô-Æœnç-*çü∆ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.
Nandan: I think yes. I saw him driving some
where an hour ago. I could have
stopped him, but I didn't like to.
(Å´¤-†-†’-èπ◊çö«. í∫çô éÀçü¿ô car ™
áéπ\-úÕéÓ ¢Á∞¡xôç îª÷¨»†’. ÅûªúÕE Ç°œ
ÖçúÌ-a -é¬F É≠ædç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC.)
(driving = car ™ ¢Á∞¡xôç)
Chandan: Is that so? He said he would see me
today.
(Å™«í¬? †Fo-®ÓV éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†-Ø√oúø’.)
Nandan: Not just today. In fact I see him drive
down our road everyday at that time.
(Ñ ®Óñ‰ é¬ü¿’. ÅÆæ©’ v°æA-®ÓW ÅüË time
èπ◊ car ™ ÅüË ¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á∞¡⁄h éπE-°œ-≤ƒhúø’
Ø√èπ◊/ car ™ ¢Á∞¡xúøç îª÷≤ƒh†’ ؈’.)
Chandan: You are right. I heard Pradhan say
that he would go at that time every-
day to attend yoga classes.
(†’´¤y îÁ°œpçC Eï¢Ë’. v°æA-®ÓW Ç
time èπ◊ ßÁ÷í¬ ûª®Ω-í∫-ûª’-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡-û√-†E
Åûªúø’ îÁ°æpí¬ NØ√o†’.)
Nandan: O... perhaps that's why I find him
becoming more and more active
nowadays.
(ÅD Ææçí∫A. Åçü¿’-éπØË Åûªúø’ Ñ ´’üµ¿u
active 鬴ôç í∫´’-E-Ææ’hØ√o.)
Chandan: He observed his nephew losing
weight after attending the yoga
classes. So he thought, 'why should-
n't I as well?' and joined the classes.
But I notice him gaining weight. He
is more active as you have said, but
has he lost any weight?
(ÅûªúÕ nephew (= son of a brother or
a sister) yoga classes èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç ûª®√yûª
•®Ω’´¤ ûªí∫_ôç í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’. Åûª-†-†’-
èπ◊-Ø√oúø’, '؈÷ áçü¿’èπ◊ ûªí∫_-èπÿ-úøü¿÷?—
ÅE. Yoga classes ™ îË®√úø’. é¬F
؈’ í∫´’-Eç-*ç-ü¿-ûª†’ •®Ω’´¤ °®Ω-í∫ôç.
†’´y-†oô’d ®Ω’í¬_ Å®·ûË Åߪ÷uúø’ é¬F,
•®Ω’-¢Ë-´’Ø√o ûªí¬_-úøç-ö«¢√?)
Nandan: Come now Chandan; Yoga might
not have slimmed down, but he has-
n't certainly put on weight. Be fair to
him.
(Chandan, Ééπ Ç°æ¤. ßÁ÷í¬ ÅûªúÕE ûªT_ç-
îª-™‰-üË¢Á÷ é¬F, ™«´¤ ´÷vûªç °®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’.
ÅûªúÕ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ é¬Ææh Ø√uߪ’çí¬ Öçúø’.)
come now = Informal conversation ™
come now= Ééπ Ç°æ¤.
fair= äéπ-J-°æôx Ø√uߪ’çí¬ Öçúøôç
Chandan: Do you mean he hasn't put on
weight?
(Å®·ûË ¢√úø’ ™«´´™‰ü¿ç-ö«¢√?)
put on weight= ™«´¤/ -•-®Ω’-¢Á-éπ\ôç
Nandan: No, certainly not. I have noticed you
having a dig at him whenever you
find a chance.
(-à-´÷-vûªç -™‰-ü¿’. Å´-鬨¡ç üÌJ-éÀ-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x
ÅûªúÕE Çô-°æ-öÀd-≤ƒh-´E ØËØÁ-°æ¤púÓ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’.)
have a dig at= Çô °æöÀdç-îª-úøç/- ÍíL îËߪ’ôç
Chandan: Nothing of the sort. I like him a lot.
(ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. ¢√úøçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ î√™« É≠ædç.)
Nothing of the sort = ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’
'-ing' forms ¢√ú≈-Lq† ´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x,
´’J-éÌEo verbs ÖØ√o®·. Ñ verbs °æéπ\†
á°æ¤púø÷ '-ing' forms é¬F, 1st RDW (go,
come, walk, etc) é¬F ´≤ƒh®·.
Now look at the following sentences from
the conversation between Chandan and
Nandan:
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
1) I saw him driving an hour ago =
í∫çô éÀçü¿ô Åûªúø’ car ™ ¢Á∞¡xôç ؈’ îª÷¨»†’.
2) In fact I see him drive down the road at this
time every day=
ÅÆæ©’ v°æA ®ÓW ÉüË time èπ◊ Ñ ®ÓúÓx car ™
¢Á∞¡xôç ؈’ îª÷≤ƒh†’.
3) I heard Pradhan say that he would go at that
time every day... =
ûª†’ ÅüË time èπ◊ Å™« ¢Á∞«h-†E Pradhan îÁ°æpí¬
NØ√o†’.
4) ... that's why. I find Pradhan becoming more
and more active nowadays=
active
ÅD. É°æ¤púø’ v°æüµ∆Ø˛ í¬ Öçúøôç í∫´’-
E-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.
5) He observed his nephew losing weight...
(ÅûªúÕ nephew •®Ω’´¤ ûªí∫_ôç Åûªúø’ í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’)
6) I have noticed you having a dig at him=
†’´y-ûª-úÕE Çô °æöÀdç-îªúøç ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’.
Look at the verbs in the sentences
above: 1 & 2. saw 3. heard 4. find
5. observed 6. have noticed.
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: °j† verbs ÅFo πÿú≈ îª÷úøôç/
éπE°œç-îªôç, N†ôç, í∫´’-Eç-îªôç, °æJ-Q-Lç-
îªôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 159
I noticed her humming
Åçõ‰ É´Fo éπ∞¡Ÿx, îÁ´¤©’ ™«çöÀ ñ«cØËçvCߪ÷-©èπ◊
Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N.
OöÀ ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ '-ing' form é¬F, 1st
Regular doing word (go, come, etc) é¬F,
that clause é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. àüÓ °æE-îË-Ææ’hç-úøôç/
îËÆæ’hç-úøí¬ îª÷úøúøç, í∫´’-Eç-îªúøç, °æJ-Q-Lç-îªúøç
ïJ-Tç-ü¿ØÓ, àüÓ Åçô’ç-úøí¬/ Åçô’-çúøôç N†ôç
ïJ-Tç-ü¿-ØÓ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.
(Ñ see, hear, find, observe, notice- Oö-Eoç-
öÀE verbs of sense perception Åçö«ç.)
(´’† ñ«cØËçvCߪ÷©’– sense organs- eyes,
nose, ear, tongue, skin – OöÀéÀ Ææç•ç-
Cµç-*-†N.)
1&2) saw: a) I see him always watching /
watch the TV / I see that he
always watch the TV =
Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ TV îª÷úøôç/ îª÷Ææ’hç-úøí¬ îª÷≤ƒh-ØËo†’/
Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ TV îª÷Ææ÷h éπE-°œç-îË-¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊.
b) Åûªúø’ 11 í∫çô© Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ®√´ôç/
police ©’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»®Ω’/ Åûªúø’ 11 í∫çô©
Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ •ßª’-ôéÀ ´Ææ÷h éπE-°œç-î√úø’ police ©èπ◊=
The police saw him coming out/ come out at
11 a number of times. A number of times the
police saw that he was coming out at 11.
c) Ç restaurant Åçõ‰ Åûª-E-éÀ-≠dçæ í¬ Ö†o-ô’xçC.
Åéπ\úø A†ôç î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»†’=
He seems to like the restaurant a lot. I saw
him eat/ eating there quite often.
Å™«Íí hear ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-ing' form / I RDW
´≤ƒh®·. äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ that clause ®√´îª’a.
3) heard: a) I heard her sing / singing =
Ç¢Á’ §ƒúø’-ûª’ç-úøôç ؈’ NØ√o†’.
b) We heard them quarrelling / quarrel about
something-
¢√∞¡Ÿx üËE N≠æ-ߪ’¢Á÷ §Úö«x-úø’-éÓ-´ôç ¢Ë’ç NØ√oç.
c) She heard him say / saying that he was
going to buy a house = É©’x é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-†E
îÁ°æ¤hç-úøôç / îÁ°æ¤hç-úøí¬ Ç¢Á’ N†oC.
4) find:
a) The teacher found him working hard =
Åûªúø’ éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç (îªü¿-´ôç) teacher
îª÷¨»úø’.
b) We always find him sleeping =
¢Ë’ç á°æ¤púø÷ Åûªúø’ Evü¿-§Ú-ûª’ç-úøí¬ îª÷≤ƒhç.
c) The engineer has found the machine going
out of order often=
ûª®Ωîª÷ Ç machine îÁúÕ§Ú-´ôç Ç engineer
îª÷¨»úø’.
Ñ find °æéπ\† 1st RDW ®√ü¿’. That clause
®√´îª’a.
5) observe:
a) The invigilator has
observed the student
taking/ take a slip out
of his pocket=
Åûªúø’ ñ‰•’-™ç* slip
•ßª’-ôèπ◊ Bߪ’úøç invig-
ilator í∫´’-Eç-î √úø’. M. SURESAN
(Invigilator= °æKéπ~ rooms ™ 鬰‘-™«ç-öÀN
ï®Ω-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ îª÷ÊÆ teachers)
Observe ûª®√yûª 'that' clause ´Ææ’hçC=
The invigilator observed that the student
was taking out a slip from his pocket.
b) I have observed him bunk/ bunking classes
quite often:
ûª®Ωîª÷ Åûªúø’ classes áíÌ_-ôdúøç ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. Namratha: Ç¢Á’ ÆœE-´÷-©èπ◊ §ƒúøôç ûªy®Ω-™ ØË
c) She observed him looking/look at her =
Åûªúø’ ûª†-¢Áj°æ¤ îª÷úøôç Ç¢Á’ í∫´’-Eç-*çC.
6) notice: í∫´’-Eç-îª-úøç/- ü¿%-≠œd™  °æúøôç
a) Suddenly I noticed them going/ go out
together=
¢√∞¡Ÿx éπLÆœ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç -Ø√ -éπçô °æúÕçC.
b) I often notice her talking / talk to him=
Ç¢Á’ Åûª-úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ؈’ ûª®Ωîª÷
í∫´’-E-≤ƒh†’./ Ç¢Á’ ûª®Ωîª÷ Åûª-EûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷
Ø√ éπçô °æúÕçC.
c) The police have noticed him visiting/ visit one
house in the old town at midnight=
Ç ´uéÀh Å®Ωl¥-®√vA¢Ë∞¡ old town ™ äéπ ÉçöÀéÀ
¢Á∞¡xôç í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’/ ¢√∞¡x éπçô-°æ-úÕçC.
É™«çöÀ verb ÉçéÓöÀ 'watch' (í∫´’-Eç-îªôç)
a) She watched him water / watering the garden
patiently =
Åûªúø’ ã°œí¬_ ûÓôèπ◊ F®Ω’-°-ôdúøç Ç¢Á’ í∫´’-Eç-*çC.
b) They have watched her dancing/ dance for
an hour=
Ç¢Á’ í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ Ø√ôuç îËߪ’ôç ¢√∞¡Ÿx A©-éÀç-î√®Ω’.
c) The thief watched the inmates of the house
going out/ go out, waited for some time,
broke the lock and entered the house =
Ç üÌçí∫ Éçöx-¢√∞¡Ÿx (inmates) •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç
í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’. é¬ÊÆ-§ƒT û√∞¡ç •ü¿l-©’-éÌöÀd ™EéÀ
v°æ¢Ë-Pç-î√úø’.
-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 21 -¢Ë’ 2006
É™« Ñ see, hear, find, observe, notice,
watch ™«çöÀ verbs °æéπ\-†-™«x '-ing' form/ 1st
RDW/ that clauses (éÌEoîÓôx) ´≤ƒh®·. Å®·ûË
OöÀ ûª®√yûª ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ 'that' clause ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈
Öçúøôç better. '-ing form'/ I RDW effective í¬
Öçô’çC.
NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
ALOUD IN ENGLISH:
Namratha: Ææ’F-ûÁ-°æ¤púø÷ äÍé-®Ωéπç •ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç
؈’ îª÷≤ƒh†’. ûª† •ôd© fashion ™
´÷Í®pç Öçúøü¿’.
Charitha: ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. ûª†’ ûËú≈í¬ ÖçúË •ôd©’
¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ؈’ äéπöÀ È®çúø’≤ƒ®Ω’x
í∫´’-Eç-î√†’.
Namratha: OK, ûª† N≠æߪ’ç áçü¿’-èπ◊™‰.
†’¢Áy-°æ¤-úøØ√o Ææ’v°œßª’ §ƒúøí¬ NØ√o¢√?
Charitha: áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?
Namratha:
î√™« ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC. í∫ûª ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç
cinema music director Ç¢Á’ §ƒúøôç
í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÆœE-´÷™x §ƒúË
Å´-鬨¡ç ®√´îª’a.
Charitha: ûª †’ èπÿE-®√-í¬©’ §ƒúøôç ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-
î√†’. é¬F Åçûª íÌ°æp í¬ßª’-èπ◊-®√-©-†’-éÓ-
™‰ ü ¿ ’ .
Nçö«ç.
Charitha: ûª †’ ¨»Æ‘Yߪ’ ÆæçUûªç CD ©’ N†ôç
ØË † ’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. (watch ¢√úøçúÕ)
Namratha: ûª † èπ◊ Åü¿%≠ædç éπ-LÆœ ®√¢√-©-E ÇPü∆lç.
ANSWER
Namratha: I see Sunitha wear/ wearing the
same style of dress/ dress of the
same cut always. No change in the
fashion of her clothes.
Charitha: No. I have observed her wear dress-
es of different style once or twice.
Namratha: OK. Why talk of her now?/ Let's not
talk of her now. Have you ever
heard Sunitha sing/ singing?
Charitha: Why do you ask?
Namratha: She sings very well. A film music
director observed her sing/ singing.
Very soon she may get an opportu-
nity to sing for movies.
Charitha: I noticed her hum/ humming (èπÿE-
but I
®√-í¬©’/ ûª†-™-ûªØË §ƒúø’-éÓôç)
didn't think that she was a good
singer.
Namratha: We can soon hear her sing/ singing
for movies.
Charitha: I've watched her listening/ listen to
classical music CD's.
Namratha: Let's wish her best of luck.
II
Anand: Hi Milind, congrats on your new bike.
How much is it?
bike
(éÌûªh congrats.
é̆oç-ü¿’èπ◊ áçûª-®·çC?)
Milind: The on road cost is Rs. 47250/-. How
do you find it?
(Road O’C-éÌ-îËa-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ 47,250 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™„jçC.
ᙫ ÖçC?)
Anand: I find it quite sleek. Congrats on your
choice of colour. She is gleaming and
is a real beauty. What do you feel about
its performance?
colour
(î√™« †’†oí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-≤ÚhçC. F áç°œ-éπèπ◊
ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’. ÅC î√™« v°æé¬-¨¡-´ç-ûªçí¬,
Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC. °æ-E-B®Ω’ -á-™« -Å-E°œ-≤Úh-ç-C?)
Sleek = †’†’-°æ¤í¬, polish îËÆ œ-†ô’x Öçúøôç =
sleek. ´·êuçí¬ vehicles èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. A sleek
bike/ a sleek car, etc. Vô’d Åçü¿çí¬ Eí∫-E-í∫-™«-
úø’ûª÷ †’†’-°æ¤í¬ ü¿’Ny Öçõ‰ ÅC èπÿú≈ sleek
hair. English ™ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©†’ 'she' Åçö«®Ω’. 'I
bought the car last week. Isn't she a real
beauty? =ØËØ√ 鬮Ω’†’ §Ú®·-†-¢√®Ωç éÌØ√o†’.
Eïçí¬ ÅC Åçü¿çí¬ ™‰ü¿÷?
Milind: I feel it is a good buy. It gives 75 kmph,
and carries a two year warranty. What
do you think?
Litre
(´’ç* ¶‰®Ω¢Ë’ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.
75 km. war-
´Ææ’hçC. ü∆E-ûÓ-¶«ô’ È®çúË∞¡x
ranty
èπÿú≈ ÖçC. à´’ç-ö«´¤?)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 160
How do you find it?
Anand: Can't say. Long since I bought a bike. I
don't know much about the recent
brands. But, if you don't mind, I have a
feeling that nearly Rs. 50,000/- is rather
on the high side for a two wheeler.
bike
(îÁ°æp-™‰†’. ؈’ éÌE î√™« 鬩-´’-
®·çC. Ñ´’üµ¿u ´*a† ®Ω鬩 í∫’Jç* Ø√éπç-
ûªí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. é¬F †’¢Ëy´’†’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË, ü¿í∫_®Ω
ü¿í∫_®Ω ®Ω÷.50,000 é¬Ææháèπ◊\¢Ë ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.)
Can't say - ´’†ç àD îÁ°æp-™‰-†-°æ¤púø’/ à Yamuna: You went to the movie yesterday.
ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË ´÷ô.
I have a feeling = I feel = Ø√éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC,
rather on the high side = é¬Ææh áèπ◊\¢Ë. On the
high side = áèπ◊\¢Ë. rather = ´’†-éÀ≠dç æ ™‰EN
é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´, ņ-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. The movie is
rather dull = Ç ÆœE´÷ é¬Ææh NÆæ’Íí. She is
rather short = Ç¢Á’ é¬Ææh §Òõ‰d. rather costly
= é¬Ææh êKüË.
´’ç*-¢√-öÀF ´’†-éÀ-≠d-¢æ Á’i† ¢√öÀF, °∂æ®√y™‰ü¿’, ¶«í¬ØË
ÖçC ņ-ö«-EéÀ, fairly ¢√úøû√ç.
The movie is fairly good. Ç ÆœE´÷ °∂æ®√y™‰ü¿’.
¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. The movie is rather dull. She is
fairly tall. (°∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’. §Òúø’Íí). She is rather
short (é¬Ææh §Òõ‰d).
Milind: You can't get any other brand at that
price for that mileage.
(Åçûª ¢Á’i™‰@ ÉîËa à Éûª®Ω v¶«çú˛ èπÿú≈ Ç
üµ¿®Ωèπ◊ ®√ü¿’)
Anand: I Think you're right. My opinion is out-
dated. You change bikes often. You
must know.
(†’´¤y correct ņ’-èπ◊çö«. Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒ- b) Find out= éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç.
bikes
ߪ÷©’ é¬-©ç -îÁ-Lx-†N. †’´¤y ûª®Ω i) The police have find out important information a) Dhiraj: Well, you have seen the arrange-
´÷®Ω’-Ææ’hç-ö«´¤ FÍé ûÁL-ߪ÷L.)
Milind: Why don't you go for a new bike? For
one like mine?
(éÌûªh bike äéπöÀ BÆæ’-éÓ-èπÿ-úøü¿÷ Ø√™«ç-öÀüË?)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 24 -¢Ë’ 2006
Anand: I feel happy with the one I have. My
impression is that the new ones are a
bit difficult to handle, because of their
pickup.
bike
(Ø√èπ◊†o Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. É°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’h†o
bikes
éÌûªh ¢Ëí∫ç ûªy®Ωí¬ °æ¤çVéÓ-´úøç ´©x
¢√öÀE Eߪ’ç-vAç-îªúøç éπ≠d-´æ ’E Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç)
Milind: Nothing of the sort. Ride one and feel
for yourself. You'll get rid of your bike,
I'm sure.
bike
(ÅüËç-™‰ü¿’. äéπ drive
†’ îËÆœ îª÷úø’, ii) I am unable to find out where he has gone
ņ’-¶µº-´çûÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ. F §ƒûª bike †’ (¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. é¬F †’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ trouble
Åûªúø’ áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«xúÓ Øˆ’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’. BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-´-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC/ Ø√Íé-®Ωp-úÕ† ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç
iii) Find out where she was hidden the money
´C-Lç--èπ◊ç-ö«´¤)
Nothing of the sort = ÅüËç-/ Å™«ç-öÀüËç ™‰ü¿’.
†’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ trouble BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†E.
(Ç¢Á’ úø•’s áéπ\úø ü∆*çüÓ éπ†’éÓ\) c) His impression is that he was not treated
get rid of = ´ü¿-Lç--éÓ-´ôç – Å©-¢√-ôxèπ◊ èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒhç
Be careful, you find her difficult to deal with properly.
English ™ äéπJ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ûÁLÊ° °æü¿l¥-A™
Ææ’Eoûªç áèπ◊\´. ؈-†’-éÌçö«, à¢Á÷ îÁ°æp-™‰†’, ñ«ví∫ûªh. ÇNúøûÓ deal îËߪ’ôç Fèπ◊ éπ≠dçæ í¬ ûª††’ ÆæJí¬ îª÷úø-™‰-ü¿ØË ¶µ«´ç Åûª-E™ ÖçC.
†’¢Ëy-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? É™«çöÀ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ ÅE-°œç-îª-´îª’a). ÉD find èπÿ, find out èπÿ ûËú≈. °j´Fo ´’†-éπ-E-°œç-*-†N, ´’†-Íé-®Ωp-úÕ† ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË ´÷ô©’ î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®·. ÅN ᙫ Let's come back to 'find'. í∫’Jç* Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ, îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’.
¢√ú≈™ É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç. 2) I find it quite sleek = (´’†ç éπ*aûªçí¬ É™« ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´’E îÁÊ°pç-
Look at the following sentences from the î√™« polished í¬ Åçü¿çí¬ éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC/ ü¿’èπ◊, I am/ he is/ they are sure/ certain
dialogue between Anand and Milind
ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC Ø√èπ◊. Åçö«ç ÅE ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’)
1) How do you find it? a) -Ç movie Ø√Íé-´’çûª ûª%°œhí¬ -™‰-ü¿’ = I don't find äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ´’† ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Eo éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-
2) I find it quite sleek it satisfactory (ûª%°œhí¬ ÅE-°œçîªúø癉ü¿’.)
‰ç; ¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç ´©x 鬴a, ã N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo
3) What do you feel b) That's OK for me, but my friend doesn't find
í∫’Jç* ´’†èπ◊ °æ‹Jhí¬ Å´-í¬-£æ«† ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-ôç-´™«x
it acceptable=
鬴a. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’, I can't say Åçö«ç.
èπ◊ about its perform-
5) I can't say.
ance? Ø√éπC ûª%°œh-í¬ØË ÖçC/ †*açC. ´÷ friend èπ◊
Kumar: What do you feel about Mallik? (Do
4) What do you say?
you) think he is good?
´÷vûªç Ç¢Á÷-ü¿-ßÁ÷-í∫uçí¬ ÅE-°œç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’.
5) Can't say ÉD find ¢√ú≈-Lq† Ææçü¿-®√s¥©÷, B®Ω÷. (´’Lx-é˙†’ í∫’Jç* à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ¢√úø’
6) ... I have a feeling ... 3) What do you feel about its performance? = ´’ç*-¢√-úËØ√?)
7) I think you are right Kesav: Can't say. I've known him for just two
ü∆E °æE-B®Ω’ ᙫ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC?
8) My impression is that... find = feel about = ÅE-°œç-îªôç/ éπE-°œç-îªôç. days
9) I'm sure. M. SURESAN
(îÁ°æp-™‰†’/ ᙫ îÁ°æp†’? Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ È®çúø’
®ÓV-©’-í¬ØË ûÁ©’Ææ’).
b) Murali: Do you think he can do the job?
(¢√ú≈ °æE îËߪ’-í∫-©-úøç-ö«¢√?)
Pramod: Difficult to say. He hasn't done this
type of job before.
(îÁ°æpúøç éπ≠dçæ / îÁ°æp™‰ç. É™«çöÀ °æE Éçûª-èπ◊-
´·ç-üÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿-ûª†’.)
´’†ç àüÁjØ√ Ææp≠æd-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω-îª-™‰-†-°æ¤púø’, Kundan: What do you feel about the food in the So, can't say, difficult to say- Åçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊
èπ◊çúø-•-ü¿l©’ éÌöÀd-†ô’x Eïç îÁ°æpôç ¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç ´©x hostel? Ææp≠æd-¢Á’i† ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ™‰ü¿-†o-´÷ô.
É≠ædç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Å´-ûª-L-¢√-∞¡x†’ ØÌ°œpç-îªôç É≠ædç-™‰-éπ- (Hostel food ᙫ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC?/ ᙫ ÖçC?) Now practise the following aloud in English
§Ú-®·Ø√ °j expressions ¢√úøû√ç. Madan: I feel/ find it OK. Can get on. Mahesh: Hi Ganesh,
´·ç¶„j †’ç* á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-î√a´¤?
1) How do you find it? ÉC üËE í∫’Jç-îÁjØ√ äéπJ ÅGµ- (°∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-´îª’a = ¶«üµËç-™‰ü¿’) Ganesh:
E†oØË.
v§ƒßª’ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅúÕÍí ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† v°æ¨¡o. I feel it/ find it OK= I feel (that) it is OK/ I find Mahesh:
Åéπ\úø áçúø-™„™« ÖØ√oß˝’? (feel/ find
What do you think of/ about it? / what's your (that) it is OK.
opinion? éπçõ‰ How do you find it? ÅØËüË
¢√úøçúÕ.)
4) What do you say? = †’¢Ëy-´’ç-ö«´¤?/ O’Í®-´’ç- Ganesh: £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™  éπçõ‰ Åüµ∆y-†oçí¬ ÅE-°œç-
áèπ◊\-´í¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. ö«®Ω’? ÉC äéπJ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ *çC. Ø√ ¶µ«´†, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ áçúø-™„-èπ◊\-
¢√úË Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† v°æ¨¡o. ´-®·Ø√ îÁ´’ô °æôdü¿’. ®√vûª’∞¡Ÿ} xí¬ ÅE-
How did you find it? = What do you say / does your father say? °œ-Ææ’hçC.
E†o †’´¤y îª÷Æœ† movie ᙫ ÅE-°œç-*çC Fèπ◊? – ÉC î√™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ Nçô’çö«ç éπü∆? Mahesh: Åéπ\úø Nü∆u-´-Ææ-ûª’©’ Ééπ\-úÕ-éπçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-ö«ßª÷?
(Éçûª-éπçõ‰ simple, how was the movie yes- What do the students say / feel about/ How Ganesh: îÁ°æp-™‰†’, ØËF N≠æߪ’ç Åçûª °æJ-Q-Lç-îª-
terday? ÅØÌa, é¬F How did you find? ÅØËüË do the students find the new teacher? ™‰ü¿’. Ø√ ¶µ«´† Ééπ\úË ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫E.
ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.) = éÌûªh teacher í∫’Jç* students ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç Mahesh: áçü¿’-éÌ-*açC Fé¬ ÅGµv§ƒßª’ç?
Ganga: I found it very good/ very exciting. àN’öÀ? à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? Ganesh: ؈’†o ®ÓV™x Åéπ\úø Ø√èπ◊ ûªT-L† ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷
(6) & (8): I have a feeling/ My impression that:
(î√™« ¶«í∫’-†oô’d, Öû√q-£æ«-éπ-®Ωç-í¬†÷ ÅE-°œç-*çC. business ûª°æp ÉçéÓöÀ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰ü¿’. Education
(Ø√ ņ’-¶µº´ç) 6) I have a feeling = Ø√éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. èπ◊ Åçûª v§ƒüµ∆†uç É´y-†-ôd-E-°œç-*çC.
Mom to saw it. She finds it good too. I have a feeling that Rs. 50,000 is too high Answer
(´÷ Å´’t èπÿú≈ îª÷ÆœçC. Ç¢Á’ èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ØË for a two wheeler = Mahesh: Hi Ganesh, When did you return from
Cyîªvéπ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-EéÀ 50000 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™„-èπ◊\-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†E Mumbai?
Öçü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC) Ø√éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. Ganesh: The day before (yesterday).
Ééπ\úÕ 'find' èπ◊ éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç ÅØË Å®√n-Eéà a) She had a feeling that the doctor wasn't Mahesh: How did you find/ feel the summer/
Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. Find out= éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- treating her properly = heat there?
éÓ- ´ôç.'Find' èπ◊ ÅE-°œç-îª-ôç-ûÓ-¶«ô’ éπE-°œç-îª-ôç/- ú≈éπd®Ω’ ûª††’ ÆæJí¬ îª÷úø-ôç-™‰-ü¿E Ç¢Á’-éÓ-¶µ«´ç Ganesh: I found it worse than in Hyderabad.
üÌ- ®Ω-éπôç ÅE èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç. ÖçúËC/ ÅE-°œç-*çC. My feeling is that though Hyderabad
a) Where did you find the book? = b) Why do you have the feeling we don't like you? is hot, we don't sweat here. We feel
†’´yçõ‰ ´÷èπ◊ É≠ædç-™‰-ü¿E áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? the nights are cool.
Fé¬ °æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø éπE-°œç-*çC? Mahesh: Did you find educational facilities bet-
I had been searching for it. I couldn't find it= ÉN What's you feeling? ÅØË question èπ◊
answers Å´¤-û√®·. ter there than here?
ü∆E-éÓÆæç ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o†’. Ø√èπ◊ éπE-°œç-îª- Ganesh: (I) can't say/ difficult to say. I didn't
8) My impression is that... Ø√èπ◊†o/ Ø√Íé-®Ωp-úÕ†
™‰ü¿’/ üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’. pay attention to it I have a feel that
ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç... ÅE Å®Ωnç. they are better here.
Mahesh: Why did you/ do you feel so?
ments. What do you feel? Ganesh: All those I met there during my stay
about the thief=
(à®√p-ôxFo îª÷¨»-´¤í¬) à´’-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC? talked only of business. My impres-
üÌçí∫†’ í∫’Jç* police î√™« ´·êu N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Niraj: OK. But my impression is that you have sion was that they didn't give impor-
éπ †’-íÌ-Ø√o®Ω’/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. taken too much trouble. tance to studies.
II
Prasanth: Meena, You remember Sekhar. don't
you?
Fèπ◊ Sekhar í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√oúø’ éπü∆?
(sentence *´®Óx don't you? ÅØËC
question tag. ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? î√™«-鬩ç
éÀçü¿õ‰ ´’†ç Ñ columns ™ OöÀE
í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. éπü∆? é¬ü∆?
åØ√? ™‰ü∆? ÅØË Å®√n-©ûÓ ´Ææ’hçC.)
Meena: Of course. Isn't he that police offi-
cer? He helped us a lot when we
had an accident last year?
í∫’®Ω’h ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-ô-¢Ë’çöÀ? (= ofcourse). Ç
police officer éπü∆? ´’†èπ◊ í∫ûª Ææç´-
ûªq®Ωç accident Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ î√™«
Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç î˨»úø’.
Prasanth: That's he. My cousin Govind is a
good friend of his. He has phoned
me Mr. Sekhar has come here. So I
went and invited him.
´÷ cousin Govind Åûª-úÕéÀ ´’ç*
friend. Sekhar Ééπ\úÕéÀ ´î√a-®ΩE
Phone î˨»úø’. ØË-†’ ¢ÁRx dinner èπ◊
°œL-î√†’.
Meena: You've done a good thing.
Mr.Sekhar had a doctor friend in the
hospital. That doctor friend attended
on us immediately, because of
Mr.Sekhar. Mr.Sekhar had been a
stranger to us till then. Surprising he
took such an interest in us.
î√™« ´’ç* °æE î˨»®Ω’. ¨Ïê®˝èπ◊ hospi-
tal ™ ã doctor friend ÖØ√oúø’. ¨Ïê®˝
´©x Çߪ’† ´’†èπ◊ ¢ÁçôØË ¢Ájü¿uç î˨»úø’.
Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊, ¨Ïê-®˝èπ◊ ´’†-¢Á’´®Ó ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
´’† -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ Çߪ’† Åçûª interest
BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’.
Prasanth: Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that
day. He saved our lives. But for him
there is no knowing what would
have happened to us.
Ç®ÓV ´’†èπ◊ ¨Ïê®˝ üË´¤úË °æç°œ-†ô’x
´î√a®Ω’. ´’† v§ƒù«Lo 鬧ƒ-ú≈®Ω’. Çߪ’ØË
™‰éπ-§Ú®· Öçõ‰ ´’†-Íé-´’-ߪ·uç-úËüÓ
ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
Meena: My brother has just sent us a basket
of mangoes from his garden. We
will serve Mr.Sekhar those man-
goes. We will serve him to Jangri.
I made it yesterday.
´÷ ņoߪ’u/ ûª´·túø’ É°æ¤púË ûÓô™
†’ç* ´÷N’-úÕ-°æç-úø’x °æç°œç-î√úø’. ¢√öÀE
¨Ïê-®˝èπ◊ ´úÕfü∆lç. Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ñ«çvT èπÿú≈
´úÕfü∆lç. E†oØË î˨».
Prasanth: He deserves all hospitality. He
saved our lives. Let's do our best to
satisfy him.
Çߪ’† áçûª-öÀ ÇA--ü∑∆u-E-ÈéjØ√ Å®Ω’|úË. ´’†
v§ƒù«©’ 鬧ƒ-ú≈úø’. Çߪ’Eo ûª%°œh-°æ-®Ω-îª-ö«-
EéÀ ÅEo v°æߪ’-û√o©’ îËü∆lç.
Meena: OK then. I will be on the job.
ÆæÍ® Å®·ûË– ØËØ√ °æE O’üË Öçö«.
J J J b) They will have come back by this time
O™„j-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ conversation simple í¬ easy í¬
Öçúøôç éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅGµ-©-≠æ-ùÃ-ߪ’¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ÅC
ÅEo≤ƒ®Ω÷x ≤ƒüµ¿uç é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a éπü∆. ÅDé¬èπ◊çú≈
Å´-ûªL¢√∞¡Ÿx é¬Ææh éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† sentences ´÷ö«x-úÕûË
´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©-í¬L éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE Ñ≤ƒJ
†’ç* conversation ™ èπÿú≈ é¬Ææh extended
sentences ¢√úøôç practice îËü∆lç. Åçõ‰ É°æp-
öÀ-†’ç* ´’†ç advanced level conversation/
Spoken English practice îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-´’-†o-´÷ô.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Clause Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? A group of words
with a verb. È®çúø’ sentences *†o *†oN
NúÕ NúÕí¬ ¢√úË •ü¿’©’ äÍé sentence é¬Ææh
°ü¿lC ¢√úÕ conversation effective í¬ îËÆæ’-éÓ-
´ôç ´’ç*C.
îª÷úøçúÕ: He is the same teacher. He taught
us this lesson. He taught us it interestingly.
Ñ sentences îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ *†o-Ní¬, Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬
ÖØ√o®·. é¬F ´÷öÀ-´÷-öÀéà He, repeat Å´ôç
ᶄs-ô’dí¬ ™‰ü¿÷. ÅüË Å®Ωnç ´îËaô’x éÀçC sen-
tence îª÷úøçúÕ.
He is the same teacher who taught us this les-
son interestingly.
(Ñ §ƒ®∏Ωç interesting í¬ îÁ°œpçC ÅüË teacher).
°j sentence ™ àç î˨»ç? Åçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’†o
´‚úø’ sentences †÷, 'who' ûÓ éπL-Ê°≤ƒç.
É°æ¤púø’ äÍé sentence Å®·uçC. so, éÌçîÁç
advanced level conversation ™, who,
which, that, whose ©ûÓ, Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ 'whom'
ûÓ éπ©-°æ-´îª’a.
ᙫíÓ îª÷ü∆l´÷?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 161
This is
. the book which I
Now look at the following sentences from
the dialogue above.
1) Isn't he the police officer? He helped us a lot
when we had an accident last year.
2) My cousin Govind is a good friend of his. He
has phoned me Sekhar is here.
3) Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend in the hospi-
tal. That doctor friend attended on us imme-
diately because of Mr. Sekhar.
4) Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that day. He
saved our lives that day.
5) My brother has just sent us a basket of man-
goes from his garden. We will serve them to
Mr. Sekhar.
Let's try to reduce the length of the each
group of sentences above. We can do so by
joining them with who, whose, which and
that.
But before that OöÀ Å®√n©’, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç:
a) The man who wrote the book is my friend.
á´®√ °æ¤Ææhéπç ®√¨»®Ó Åûªúø’ Ø√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ – Ñ
Å®Ωnç ÆæÈ®j-†üË. é¬F ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ É™« ņç-
éπü∆. Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’: Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç ®√Æœ-†-ûªúø’ Ø√
ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ – -Å-E -Åç-ö«ç.
DEo È®çúø’ sentences éπ©-®·-éπí¬ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç
îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a: The man wrote the book. He is
my friend - ÉC Åçü¿çí¬ Öçü∆? ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ The
man who wrote the book is my friend, ÅØËC
Åçü¿çí¬ Öçü∆?
The man wrote the book. He is my friend
ÉC éÌçîÁç Nçûª-í¬ØË ÅE°œ-Ææ’hçC NØËç-ü¿’èπ◊.
Åçü¿’-éπE The man who wrote the book is my
friend - ÉC £æ›çü∆í¬ NE°œ-Ææ’hçC.
b) His brother came here yesterday. He has just
left.
ÅûªúÕ brother E†o ´î√aúø’. Åûªúø’ É°æ¤púË ¢Á∞«xúø’
Ñ 2 sentences •ü¿’©’, É™« ņçúÕ.
-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 26 -¢Ë’ 2006
His brother who came here yesterday has
Conversation ™ç* BÆœ† sentence groups ™
just left.
1st group
E†o ´*a† ÅûªúÕ brother É°æ¤púË ¢Á∞«xúø’.
îª÷ü∆lç.
1) Isn't he the police officer? He helped us a lot
c) This is the book. I gave it to him yesterday.
when we had an accident last year.
ÉC °æ¤Ææhéπç. ÅC ؈-ûª-úÕéÀ E†o Éî√a†’ – ÉC
éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç: Isn't he the police officer who
áçûª ᶄs-ô’dí¬ ÖçC? Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©†’
helped us a lot when ...
äéπ-öÀí¬ 'which' ¢√úÕ éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç. (a) , (b) ™x
´’†’-≠æfl©’ 鬕öÀd who ¢√ú≈ç. °æ¤Ææhéπç ´Ææ’h´¤ 2) My cousin Govind is a good friend of his. He
éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE which ¢√ú≈L. has phoned me Sekhar is here =
My cousin Govind who is a good friend of his
This is the book which I gave him yester-
has phoned me ...
day=
3) Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend in the hospi-
E†o ؈-ûª-úÕ-éÀ-*a† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC.
d) Here is the dog. It tried to bite me. tal. That doctor friend attended on us imme-
Ç èπ◊éπ\ Ééπ\-úø’çC. ÅC ††’o éπ®Ω´ú≈EéÀ diately.
Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend who
v°æߪ’-Aoç-*çC. éπL-°œûË,
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ 'which' join îËߪ’çúÕ. attended on us immediately at the hospital.
Here is the dog 4) Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that day. He
which tried to bite saved our lives that day.
me. Mr. Sekhar who was really God sent helped
e) This is Hari. His par- us that day.
5) My brother has just sent us a basket of man-
ents are here.
goes. We will serve them to Mr. Sekhar.
Éûªúø’ £æ«J. ÅûªE ûªLx-
ü¿ç-vúø’-L-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o®Ω’. M. SURESAN Join the sentences: My brother has just sent
us a basket of mangoes which we will
éπ©-°æçúÕ. This is Hari whose parents are
here. Ééπ\úø ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©’-†o-ûª†’ £æ«J. served to Mr. Sekhar.
äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ who/ which •ü¿’©’ that èπÿú≈ É™« who, whom, whose, which and that ûÓ
éπLÊ° sentences N´-®√©’ î√™« ÖØ√o®·.
¢√úøû√ç.
Now practise the following aloud in English ANSWER
(OôEoöÀ™ who, whose, which and that ûÓ Pramila: Where is the book which/ that
éπL-°œ† sentences ¢√úøçúÕ.) you brought yesterday?
Pramila: Pratyusha: Are you talking of the book
†’´¤y EØÓo °æ¤Ææhéπç ûÁî√a´¤. ÅC àC?
Pratyusha: Åçõ‰ ØËEoØÓo °æ¤Ææhéπç v°æ´-Réπ ü¿í∫_®Ω which/ that I brought from
†’ç* ûÁî√a†’, ü∆Eo í∫’JçîËØ√ Pravalika.
†’´y-úÕ-ÍíC? Pramila: Pravalika gave you the book which
she borrowed
Pramila: v°æ´-Réπ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç v°æÆæ÷† ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* (Å®Ω’´¤ ûÁ*açC)
that book) from Prasuna.
ûÁ*açC. ÅC FéÀ-*açC. (
Pratyusha: v°æÆæ÷† Åçõ‰ Ç English novels Pratyusha: Is Pravalika the girl who always
reads English novels?
ûÁí∫ îªC¢Ë Å´÷t-ßË’Ø√?
Pramila: Å´¤†’. Ç Å´÷t-®·Íé Ñ ´’üµ¿u Pramila: Yea. That's the girl who got the
English essay writing ™ Ist prize Ist prize in English essay writing
competition.
´*açC.
-v°æ-¨¡o: i) Future perfect tense †’ à Nüµ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-
¢√úø’ É©’x îËJ Öçö«úø’ – Åçõ‰ í∫çô-™-°æ™‰ ¢√úÕ©’x
Tç-î√L?ii) Vocabulary & word power †’ îË®Ωôç Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC.
ᙫ °ç-éÓ-¢√L?iii) Helping verb
ûª®√yûª to infinitive Öçú≈™«? ™‰ü∆ tomorrow = Í®°‘-§ƒ-öÀéÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx AJ-íÌ-aç-
plain (bare) infinitive Öçú≈™« ? time
– ñ„.®√V, ñ„j†÷®˝, -Ç-C™«-¶«ü˛
ö«®Ω’. (Åçõ‰ Ñ èπ◊ – Í®°æ¤ – ´·çüË
-ï-¢√-•’: i) Future ™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ
AJ-T-®√-´ôç Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC)
ii) You can improve your vocabulary by
°æ‹®Ωh®· Öçô’ç-ü¿ØË °æEéÀ future regular reading - of English newspa-
perfect ¢√úøû√ç. shall have + pers, books, etc. That's the only way.
past participle/ will have + past iii) Help ûª®√yûª to infinitive/Plain infinitive
participle - àüÁjØ√ correct.
a) In an hour from now, he will/ have reached a) He helped me to get the tickets = He helped
home = äéπ í∫çô Ææ´’-ߪ÷-E-éÀ/- í∫çô í∫úÕ-îË-™°æ¤ me get the tickets - both right.
II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 28 -¢Ë’ 2006
Kedar: Isn't it Nikhil who called? Kailas: He is certainly a good one. His boys too
Phone îËÆœçC Nikhil éπü∆? are well trained.
Kailas: Yes. Our mechanic repaired my bike Åûªúø’ Eïçí¬ ´’ç* mechanic. ÅûªúÕ
last week, you know. Nikhil wants him. èπ◊v®√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ Péπ~ù Ö†o¢√∞Ïx.
Å´¤†’. §Ú®·-†-¢√®Ωç bike †’ ´’† Kedar: I have a number of friends. He has
mechanic repairî˨»úø’ í∫ü∆. Nikhil
èπ◊ repaired their bikes. They are all happy.
ûª†’ 鬢√-©ô. He repaired my cousin's bike six
Kedar: Why? (Is) something wrong with his months ago. It has not given him any
bike? trouble since then.
áçü¿’èπ◊? ÅûªúÕbike èπ◊ à´’Ø√o JÊ°®√? friends
Ø√ bikes
î√™«-´’çC repair
Éûª-úø’
Kailas: Obviously. But my surprise is he got it cousin bike
îËÊÆh Ææç-ûª%°œh -îÁç-ü∆®Ω’. ´÷ Ç®Ω’ 3) He got repaired the day before. It has trouble 6) He is sending his boy. He will fetch the bike.
repaired it only the day before. It has repair now.
ØÁ©© éÀçü¿ î˨»úø’. Å°æpöÀ†’ç* ÅüËç ûª† èπ◊v®√-úÕE °æç°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Åûªúø’ bike †’
trouble now again. Few mechanics are trouble É´y-™‰ü¿’.
sentences effective
¢√úø’ ü∆Eo ¢Á·†o repair îË®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. BÆæ’éÌ-≤ƒhúø’.
honest. Few know their job well. È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ †’ éπL°œ
sentence practice
í¬ ´÷®Ωaúøç îËÆæ’hØ√oç éπü∆ É°æ¤p-úøC trouble É≤ÚhçC. Ééπ\úø Ñ È®çúø’ sen- Fetch= äéπîÓôèπ◊ ¢ÁRx BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´ôç
ÅçûË-éπü∆. é¬F Ǩ¡a®Ωuç àN’ôçõ‰ Åûªúø’ tences †’ üËEûÓ éπ©-§ƒL? ´Ææ’h´¤ 鬕öÀd
ü∆Eo ¢Á·†oØË repair îË®·çî√úø’. ´’Sx Who, whom, whose, which and that ûÓ éπL°œ. bring = ´’†ç Ö†o îÓô’ †’ç* BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´ôç
practice conversation 'which'. îª÷úøçúÕ. = He is sending his boy who will fetch the
É°æ¤púø’ ü∆EéÀ trouble. Eñ«-ߪ’B Ö†o ÉC áçûª áèπ◊\´ îËÊÆh
mechanics ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰®Ω’. °æE ûÁL-Æ œ† ™ ´’K *†o *†o sentences repetition
ûÓ The bike (it) which he got repaired the day bike.
mechanics èπÿú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰®Ω’. ™‰èπ◊çú≈ é¬Ææh £æ›çü∆í¬ Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’Íé É°æ¤púø’ before has trouble now. 7) Our Mechanic does his job well. His knowl-
Obviously - evidently = clearly = ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË/ ´’†ç advanced level of conversation ™ ¢Á·†o repair îË®·ç--èπ◊†o bike èπ◊ É°æ¤púø’ edge of mechanism is sound.
éπE°œ-Ææ÷hØË/ îª÷ÊÆhØË Å®Ωnç ÅßË’u™« ÖçC. ÖØ√oç ÅE í∫’®Ω’hîËÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. trouble ÖçC. ´’† mechanic ¶«í¬ØË îË≤ƒhúø’. Åûª-úÕéÀ
Few = ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰®Ω’/ ™‰ü¿’ Look at the following sentences from the
4) His shop is next to the fast food joint. It is Mechanism ™ ´’ç* ñ«c†ç ÖçC.
A few - à éÌCl-´’çüÓ/ à éÌØÓo. dialogue above.
1) Isn't it Nikhil who called? close to his rooms. Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †’ È®çúø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬
ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. Few Mechanics are honest, éπ©-§Òa 'who', 'whose' ¢√úÕ.
fewer (mechanics) still know their job.. 2) Our mechanic repaired my bike last week. ÅûªúÕ shop, Ç öÀ°∂œØ˛ centre èπ◊ ü¿í∫_Í®. ÅC ÅûªúÕ
(È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ fewer ûª®√yûª mechanics îÁ°æp- Nikhil wants him. í∫CéÀ ü¿í∫_Í®. fast food joint - ÉC correct a) Our Mechanic who does his job well has
éπ\-®Ω™‰ü¿’. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ à mechanic èπÿ Eñ«-ߪ’B 3) He got it repaired the day before. It has trou- English, öÀ°∂œØ˛ English é¬ü¿’ ÅE Éçûªèπ◊ a sound knowledge of...
™‰ü¿’. Åçûª-éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\´ (Fewer) ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ °æE ble now. ´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. ¶«í¬ îËÊÆ ´’† Mechanic èπ◊ Mechanism
ûÁ©’Ææ’. É™«çöÀ expression ¶«í¬ practice 4) His shop is next to the
fast food joint. It is very
É°æ¤púø’ éπ©-°æçúÕ, °j È®ç-úÕçöÀF. which éπü∆, ñ«c†ç ¶«í¬ ÖçC.
îËߪ’çúÕ for effective conversation. ´Ææ’h´¤ 鬕öÀd. b) Our Mechanic whose knowledge of
close to his rooms.
His shop is next to the fast food joint which mechanism is sound does his job well
5) ... he is out with
another customer. He is close to his rooms. = Mechanism ™ ´’ç* knowledge Ö†o
is buying a bike. He ÅûªúÕ í∫CéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Ö†o fast food joint °æéπ\ØË Ç ´’† Mechanic ¶«í¬ îË≤ƒhúø’.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 162 wanted this mechan-
ic's opinion. M. SURESAN
shop. 8) I have a number of friends. He repaired their
bikes. They are happy.
Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ´’çC friends ÖØ√o®Ω’. Åûªúø’ ¢√∞¡x
bikes repair î˨»úø’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’.

He is sending his boy who will .. 'Whose' ¢√úÕ éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç. Å®Ωnç, á´J bikes
Å®·ûË Åûªúø’ repair î˨»úÓ... ņo-ô’xí¬ ´Ææ’hçC.
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å™« ņç.
I have a number of friends whose bikes he
6) He is sending his boy. He will fetch the bike 5) He is out with another customer. He is buy- has repaired, and they are all happy.
Kedar: But What happened to his mechanic?
to the shop. The mechanic will attend to it. ing a bike. He wanted this mechanic's opin- 9) He repaired my cousin's bike six months
His shop is next to the fast food joint. It
7) Our mechanic does his job well. His knowl- ion. ago, it hasn't given him trouble ever since.
is very close to his rooms.
é¬F ÅûªúÕ mechanic à´’-ߪ÷uúø’? Ç edge of mechanism is sound. Åûªúø’ ÉçéÓ customer ûÓ ¢Á∞«xúø’. Ç customer éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç – Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ which ûÓ éπ©’-§Ò-a-
öÀ°∂œØ˛ centre Shop. Nikhil
°æéπ\ØË ÅûªúÕ 8) I have a number of friends. He repaired their bike éÌçô’-Ø√oúø’. Åûª-úÕéÀ ¢Á’é¬-Eé˙ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç éπü∆?
¢√∞¡x rooms èπ◊ ü¿í∫_®Ω. bikes. They are all happy. 鬢√L. My cousin's bike which he repaired six
(Rooms = Bachelors ™«çöÀ-¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅüÁlèπ◊ 9) He repaired my cousin's bike. It hasn't given Combine the above. Use 'who' - ´’†’-≠æfl©’ months ago hasn't given him any trouble
BÆæ’èπ◊E ÖçúË í∫CE rooms Room
Åçö«®Ω’. ÅE him any trouble since then. 鬕öÀd. ever since.
Singular ™ ¢√úø®Ω’ Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ) Oô--Eoç-öÀF ´’†ç who, which, whose and that He is out with another customer who is buy- Åûªúø’ Ç®Ω’ ØÁ©© éÀçü¿ repair îËÆœ† ´÷ cousin
Kailas: It seems he is out with another cus- ûÓ éπL°œ *†o sentences í¬ ´÷®Ω’ü∆lç. ing a bike and wanted his opinion. bike Å°æpöÀ†’ç* à trouble É´y-™‰ü¿’.
tomer. He is buying a bike. He wanted 1) Isn't it Nikhil who/ that called? Bike éÌçô’†o ÉçéÓ customer ÅûªúÕ ÅGµ- Ever since = Å°æpöÀ†’ç*
this mechanic's opinion. ÉC ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ conversation ™ ¢√ú≈-Lq†/ ´’†èπ◊
customer
v§ƒßª’ç 鬢√-©-†-úøçûÓ ûª†’ (¢Á’é¬-Eé˙) Åûª-úÕûÓ ÉN ´÷ô™x ¶«í¬ practice -îË-ߪ’çúÕ.
Åûªúø’ ÉçéÓ ûÓ •ßª’-öÀéÀ NE-°œçîË expression - ¢Á∞«xúø’.
bike
¢Á∞«xúø’. Åûª-ØËüÓ éÌçô’-Ø√oúø’. Ñ E"™¸ é¬ü∆ °œL-*çC? ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ E"™¸ éπü∆
mechanic ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ °œL-*çC? = Is it Nikhil who/ that called? EXERCISE ANSWER
Åûª-úÕE BÆæ’-Èé-∞«xúø’. È®çúÕç-öÀéà not ûËú≈. Ééπ\úø who/ that È®ç-úÕçöÀ™ Practise the following aloud in English.
Kedar: So what are you going to do? Preethi: Hi Prema, how's your brother?
àüÁjØ√ ¢√úÌa. Å®·ûË v§ƒùç-™‰E ´Ææ’h-´¤© (éÀçC ¢√öÀ™xwho, which, whose, that ¢√úøçúÕ)
Å®·ûË †’¢Ëyç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Prema: OK. I took him to the doctor who
N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ who ®√ü¿’, that ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. Preethi: Hi Prema, O’ ûª´·t-úÁ™« ÖØ√oúø’?
Kailas: I've already called our mechanic and practises by the temple. The medi-
Which èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. Prema: ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’. í∫’úÕ °æéπ\†practice
told him of it. He is sending his boy. He cines which he gave had a good
eg. Isn't it the book that / which you want? îËÊÆdoctor ü¿í∫_-®ΩÍé BÆæ’-Èé-∞«x†’. Çߪ’†
will fetch the bike to the shop. The effect. He is better now.
mechanic will attend to it. (Fèπ◊ 鬴-©-Æœ† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC é¬ü∆?) Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø É*a† ´’çü¿’©’ ¶«í¬ °æE-îË-¨»®·. É°æ¤úø’
Preethi: He is the doctor who treats all of us.
mechanic Phone who, which etc ûÓ join îËߪ÷-Lq† Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. é¬Ææh èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.
The medicines which he prescribes
Ø√ èπ◊ îËÆœ îÁ§ƒp†’. ¢√∞¡x Preethi: ´÷Èé-°æ¤púø÷ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÊÆ ú≈éπd®Ω’ Çߪ’ØË.
èπ◊v®√-úÕE °æ秃úø’. Åûªúø’ •çúÕ BÆæ’-èπ◊-´ÊÆh 2) Our mechanic repaired my bike. Nikhil wants
Çߪ’† prescribe îËÊÆ ´’çü¿’©’ ¶«í¬ work. He is one of those whose diag-
mechanic ü∆Eo repair îË≤ƒhúø’. him
°æE-îË-≤ƒh®·. ¢√uCµ E®Ωgߪ’ç (diagnosis) nosis does not go wrong.
Kedar: Our mechanic does his job well. His ´’† mechanic §Ú®·† ¢√®Ωç Ø√ bike repair ûª°æ¤p-§ÚE doctors ™ Çߪ’-ØÌ-éπúø’ Prema: He was the only one who did not
knowledge of mechanism is sound. î˨»úø’, Nikhil èπ◊ ûª†’ 鬢√L. (whose ¢√úøçúÕ)
mechanic treat my brother till yesterday in this
´’† ¶«í¬ØË îË≤ƒhúø’. Ééπ\úø who/ that ¢√úÕ Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †’ Prema: ´÷ ûª´·túÕo E†oöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ treat îËߪ’E
Mechanism area. The others in the area have all
°æôx Åûª-úÕéÀ Ö†o Å´-í¬-£æ«† éπ©-°æ-´-a-éπü∆, É™« îª÷úøçúÕ. áçûª effective í¬ doctor Çߪ’-ØÌ-éπ\úË. Ñ area ™ N’í∫û√
´’ç*üË. treated my brother.
Öçô’çüÓ. Doctors Åçü¿®Ω÷ ´÷ ûª´·t-úÕE îª÷Æœ-†-
Sound = good; Sound Health - ´’ç* Ç®Óí∫uç Nikhil wants our mechanic who/ that ¢√∞Ïx. Preethi: You must take still greater care of
sound knowledge - ´’ç* knowledge repaired my bike last week. Preethi: ÅûªúÕ Ç®Óí∫uç °æôx Éçé¬ v¨¡ü¿l¥ ´£œ«ç-î √L him.
sound sleep - Prema: That's our worry.
´’ç* Evü¿ Ø√ bike †’ repair îËÆœ† ´’† mechanic Nikhil O’®Ω’.
sound financial position - ´’ç* ÇJnéπ °æJ-ÆœnA. Prema: ÅüË ´÷¶«üµ¿.
èπ◊ 鬢√L.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 30 -¢Ë’ 2006
Neeraj: What's wrong Suraj? Your head looks
rather odd. Let me see. Ah... it's your
ߪ’†ç îËÆæ’hçC.)
deal with/deals with (Present)
haircut.
dealt with (Past tense & past participle)
(àçöÀ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’? F ûª™‰üÓ N*vûªçí¬ éπ†- Neeraj: There are two or three books here. I
°æ-úø’-ûÓçC. îª÷úøF.. Ç Å®Ωn-¢Á’içC... †’´¤y find them interesting. Shall I take
îË®·ç--èπ◊†o hair cut) them? I promise to return them prompt-
(rather - ´’†-éÀ-≠dç æ -™‰E N≠æߪ’ç éÌClí¬ ly within ten days.
áèπ◊\´ ÅEpç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ rather Åçö«ç. Éçûª- (Ééπ\úø È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Ø√èπ◊ ÇÆæéÀh éπL-Tç-
èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lessons ™ DFo îªJaçî√ç. îË-Ní¬ ÖØ√o®·. ؈’ ¢√öÀE BÆæ’-éÓØ√?10
îª÷úøçúÕ. Odd-´÷´‚©’ éπçõ‰ ¢ËÍ®/ N*-vûª- ®ÓV™x ûª°æpéπ AJT ÉîËa≤ƒh†E ´÷öÀ-Ææ’hØ√o.)
¢Á’i† (Ééπ\úÕ Å®√n©’) Odd Number = ¶‰Æœ Sentence group No. 7: show me - You didn't show me the books you
Suraj: Who's (who is) stopping you?
Ææçêu Rs. Two thousand odd = È®çúø’ ¢Ë© This book is different. It deals with the bought yesterday.
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© *©x®Ω (üµ¿®Ω, ê®Ω’a ™«çöÀN ¢√úË- E-ØÁo´®Ω’ Ç°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’?(Åçõ‰ BÆæ’éÓ ÅE. future of Kashmir= (Ñlast sentence which
™ èπÿú≈ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç
°æ¤púø’) ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ é¬F éÓ°æçí¬ é¬F, E-ØÁo´®Ω’ Ç°æ- This book which deals with the future of correct - í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ).
Suraj: You are talking about my hair cut! My
õ‰xü¿’. àç îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢Ó îË®·, ÅE) Kashmir is different. 6) These are the books I bought them at a dis-
barber is an expert hair stylist. He O’ conversation™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. N’í∫û√Sentence groups who (whom
†’ •ü¿’- count of 30% to 40% each. = These are the
always gives me the latest in hair cut. Neeraj: Thank you.
©’í¬Who) lessons
¢√úø-û√-®ΩE í∫ûª ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- books which I bought at a discount of 30% to
Any thing looks odd if it is the latest lesson
éÀçü¿öÀ ™ ´’†ç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊†o who, èπ◊Ø√oç. 40% each =
hair cut what, whom, whose These are the books I bought at a discount
2) You should have gone to my barber.
(†’´¤y Ø√ †’ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’- ûÓ, N†-ö«-EéÀ é¬Ææh ᶄs-
Ø√o¢√? ´÷ barber î√™« E°æ¤-ù’úø’. Ø√Èé- -ôdE-°œçîË §ÒöÀd §ÒöÀd Sentences äéπ Everyone likes him. of 30% to 40% each.
latest hair cut Sentence í¬ éπ-©°æ-úøç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊Ø√oç. ´’J-éÌEo sentences which drop
°æ¤púø÷ îË≤ƒhúø’. éÌûªhüËüÁj† barber
(v°æA¢√∞¡Ÿx á´-JE É≠æd°æúøû√®Ó Ç ü¿í∫_-JéÀ *´J ™– î˨»ç.
¢Á·ü¿ô Nçûªí¬ØË éπ†-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.) N´-®√©’ É°æ¤púø’... †’¢Áy-∞«x-LqçC. ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ DEéÀ •ü¿’©’– Å®·Ø√ éπÈ®Íéd.
Hair stylist - barber Look at the following sentences from the v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x É≠æd-°æúË ´÷ barber ü¿í∫_-JéÀ... ÅE 8) The author is a great historian. All scholars
Neeraj: It does perhaps. But I still feel you conversation above. Åçö«ç. Å°æ¤púø’ á´-JE ņ-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ whom respect =
should have gone to my barber. Every 1) My barber is an expert hairstylist. He •ü¿’©’ who É™« ¢√-úø’û√ç.) The author is a great historian who all schol-
one likes him a lot. His shop is just always gives me the latest in hair cut You should have gone to my barber who ars respect=
across the road from your man's (£«®·®˝ éπöÀçí˚™ ´÷ barber î√™« E°æ¤-ù’úø’. everyone likes. The author is a great historian all scholars
(Å´¤-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷. Å®·Ø√ †’´¤y ´÷barber Hair cut™ latest fashion îË≤ƒhúø’.) 3) My barber gave me respect.
ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈-Lqç--C -Å-E -Å-†’-èπ◊ç--ô’Ø√o.) 2) You should have gone to my barber. a hair cut. I am satis- (who èπÿú≈ ™‰èπ◊Ø√o last sentence correct)
Suraj: Look here My barber gave me this hair Everyone likes him. fied with it. My bar- 9) There are two or three books here. - I find
cut. I am satisfied with it. I don't know (´÷ hair dresserü¿í∫_-JéÀ †’´¤y ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈-LqçC. ber gave me a hair them interesting =
your hair stylist.Why should I go to him v°æA äéπ\®Ω÷ ÇûªEo É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’.) cut which I am satis- There are two or three books here which I
at all? He is just across the road from your man's fied with. find interesting =
(îª÷úø÷. ´÷ barberÉ™« î˨»úø’. Ø√èπ◊ shop.)
(O’ ¶«®Ωs®˝ áü¿’-®Ω’-í¬ØË ÅûªúÕ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x There are two or three books here I find
3) My barber gave me a hair cut. I am satis- which èπÿú≈ ´C-™‰- M. SURESAN interesting. (which correct).
™‰èπ◊Ø√o
Ææçûª%-°œhí¬ ÖçC. O’¢√úÁ-´®Ó Ø√éπÆæ©’
fied with it. ߪ’ôç ¢√úø’-Èéj-§Ú-®·çC. É°æ¤p-úø’ ´’Sx îª÷úøçúÕ.
1) ؈’ †´’t-éπ-¢Á’i† ´uéÀh-éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ =

The author is a great historian who...

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 163
ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. ØËØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ?)
Neeraj: Come, Suraj. Don't be cross with me.
There are more interesting things to
talk about, aren't there? You bought
some books yester day.You didn't show
them to me at all.
(Ææ÷®Ωñ ¸ éÓ°æp-úÌü¿’l. Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†
N≠æ-ߪ÷-©’-Ø√o®· éπü∆? E†o †’´¤y é̆o
°æ¤Ææh鬩†’ Ø√èπ◊ îª÷°œç-îªØË ™‰ü¿’)
Suraj: These are the books. I bought at a dis-
count of 30% to 40% each at the book
fare. They are interesting books.
(Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬-LN. v°æ-B-C 30 †’ç* 40 ¨»ûªç
ûªT_ç°æ¤ üµ¿®Ω™ éÌØ√o†’)
Neeraj: What are they about?
( ÅN üËE í∫’Jç*?)
Suraj: All of them are fiction. But this book is
different. It deals with the future of
Kashmir. It's interesting. The author is a
great historian. Great Scholars respect
him
fictions -
(Å´Fo éπü∑∆ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’. éπü∑¿©’.
(éπLpç-*-†N 鬕öÀd) Fiction - éπLpûªç.
Å®·ûË ÉC ´÷vûªç ûËú≈. ÅC Kashmir
deal with =
¶µºN≠æuûª’h†’ îªJa-Ææ’hçC.
subject/
°æ¤Ææhéπç/ äéπ ã Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç/ã Ö°æ-
etc.
Ø√u-Ææ-èπ◊úø’ îªJaç-îªôç.)
Eg: Zoology deals with animals =
(ïçûª’-
¨»ÆæYç ïçûª’-´¤-©†’ í∫’Jç* îªJa-Ææ’hçC/ Åüµ¿u-
(؈’ á´-J-ØÁjûË †´’t-í∫-©ØÓ Å™«çöÀ ´uéÀh-éÓÆæç
îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.) =
I am looking for a person who (whom
•ü¿’©’) I can trust (trust = †´’túøç).
= I am looking for a person I can trust.
2) The man who (whom she wants is
•ü¿’©’)
here = The man she wants is here =
(Ø√ barber Ø√èπ◊ îËÆœ† éπöÀçí˚ Ææçûª%-°œhí¬ îª÷úøçúÕ!
★ My barber gave me a haircut I am satisfied
Ǣ˒ 鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊†o -Åûª†’ Ééπ\-úø’-Ø√oúø’.
3) Fèπ◊ ؈’ E†o É*a† pen áéπ\úø?=
ÖçC.) with.
4) I don't know your hairstylist. Why should I Where is the pen which I gave you yes-
(with it
ûª®√yûª ´’Sx ®√ü¿’).
go to him at all? terday? =
4) I don't know your hair stylist why should I go
hair dresser Where's the pen I gave you yesterday?
to him at all.
4) ؈’ ¢Áûª’èπ◊-ûª’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉüË =
(F (ÉC èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç) Ø√èπ◊ éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç:
Why should I go to your hair stylist who
ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ØËØÁç-ü¿’-Èé-∞«xL Åûª-E-ü¿-í∫_®Ωèπ◊?)
5) You bought some books yesterday. You This is the book which I've been searching
(whom é¬ü¿’) I don't know at all?
didn't show them to me. for=
(ÉC §Ú©açúÕ. Why should I go to a hair styl-
(E†o †’´¤y éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØ√o´¤. ¢√öÀE ist I don't know at all- who
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ´C-™‰- This is the book I've been searching for.
Ø√èπ◊ îª÷°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’.) ߪ’ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ). practice
鬕öÀd ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ who (whom),
îËÊÆh
6) These are the books. I bought them at dis- 5) You bought some books. You didn't show which sentences join
¢√úø-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË îËߪ’-´îª’a.
count of 30% to 40% each. them to me = Å™« îËÊÆh ´’† conversation î√™« Åçü¿çí¬,
(ÉO Ç °æ¤Ææh-鬩’. OöÀE ؈’ äéÓ\-ü∆Eo 30 You bought some books which you didn't modern í¬ Öçô’çC.
†’ç* 40 ¨»ûªç ´®Ωèπÿ Discount ™ éÌØ√o†’)
7) This book is different. It deals with the EXERCISE Answer:
future of Kashmir. Practise the following aloud in English. Saran: Who was the man I saw you with yes-
Kashmir terday? (whom who
(-Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç -v°æ-ûËuéπ-¢Á’i-†-C. ÉC ¶µºN- Saran: E†o FûÓ Ö†o ÅûªØÁ-´®Ω’? •ü¿’©’ ¢√úË ™‰èπ◊çú≈).
ûª†’ -N-¨Ïx-≠œç-*ç-C.) Varun: Åûªúø’ Ø√ friend Tarun. Majority students Varun: My friend Tarun. He is a student leader
8) The author is a great historian. All scholars majority of students support.
support îËÊÆ student leader Åûªúø’.
respect him. Saran: I read his article in
(°ævA-éπ™x ®√ÊÆ ¢√uÆæç)
Saran: ؈’ àüÓ °ævA-éπ™  Åûªúø’ ®√Æœ† ¢√uÆæç îªC-
some paper. I saw his photo in it. That's
(®Ωîª-®·ûª íÌ°æp îªJvûªé¬®Ω’úø’. °æçúÕ-ûª’-©-ûª-úÕE
íı®Ω-N-≤ƒh®Ω’.) ¢√†’ Åéπ\úø ؈-ûªúÕ photo îª÷¨». Åçü¿’-éπE why I am asking.
9) There are two or three books here. I find ÅúÕí¬.
Varun: The articles he writes are interesting
them interesting. Varun: Åûªúø’ ®√ÊÆ ¢√u≤ƒ©’ î√™« interesting í¬,
and thought provoking. (Thought pro-
(OöÀ™E È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Ø√èπ◊ ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-
Ç™- Í®Èé-Ahç-îË-Ní¬ Öçö«®·. voking = Ç™-îª-†©’ Í®Èé-AhçîË)
®Ωçí¬ ÖØ√o®·.)
Saran: ÅC ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-î √†’. Åûªúø’ Lecturers Saran: I've observed that. I think he is a student
Sentence groups No 1, and No 9 ©†’ äéπ-
öÀí¬ éπ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ, who and which ©†’ ûª°æp-E-Ææ- èπÿú≈ É≠æd-°æúË student ņ’-èπ◊çö«. the lecturers like too.
Jí¬ ¢√ú≈-LqçüË. Varun: ÆæçüË-£æ«´÷? ´’ç* book reader. Åûªúø’ Varun: Why doubt? He is a book reader too.
äéπ Sentence group No 1 îªC¢Ë books î√™« serious books. Ñ The books he reads are serious ones.
My barber is an expert hairstylist. He This is a book he has advised me to
°æ¤Ææhéπç Åûªúø’ îªü¿-´-´’E Ææ©£æ… É*açüË.
always gives me the latest in hair cut= read.
Saran: Å™«çöÀ students †’ Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ îª÷≤ƒhç
My barber is an expert hair stylist who gives Saran: Such students are rare, aren't they?
me...
éπü∆?

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 1 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Rajita: Hi Likhita, the bakery we buy our cakes 4) The time I told our friends to come at is 5.30
from is closed. What shall we do now. ؈’ ´’† friends †’ ®Ω´’t†o time 5.30
(´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ cakes éÌØË bakery 5) The time we are left with is rather short
´‚Æœ ÖçC. àç îËü∆lç?) (´’†èπ◊ N’T-L† time î√™« ûªèπ◊\´)
Likhita: I'm afraid. We have to make do with 6) Two of the guests we have invited have
the cakes we have at home. called...
(´’†ç Éçöx Ö†o cakes ûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË) ´’†ç °œL-*† guests ™ Éü¿l®Ω’ phone î˨»®Ω’.
Rajita: But are they enough for all the friends 7) ... The two girls you like so much.
we are going to have for the party? (†’¢ÁyçûÓ É≠æd-°æúË -É-ü¿l®Ω-´÷t®·-©’)
(é¬F party éÌîËa friends îª÷úøçúÕ, °j sentences ÅEoçöÀ™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ
Åçü¿-Jéà ÅN c) Ñ Channel ™ØË ØËØ√ programme É™« O™„j-†Eo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x, ´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úË-
îª÷ÆœçC=
ÆæJ-§Ú-û√ߪ÷?) ¶µ«í∫ç/ clause (English ™ *´J clause) Å®Ωnç This is the channel on which I saw the pro- ô-°æ¤púø’, whom ¢√úøéπç °æ‹Jhí¬ ´÷ØË-¨»®Ω’.
Likhita: Let's see if the bakery at the other end Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ á´-JE ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ 'who'
ᙫ ´Ææ’hçüÓ: gramme. (old fashioned). On which ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈-–
of the street is open. 1) ´’†ç cakes éÌØË bakery = (´’†ç à bakery This is the channel I watched the pro- 'that' ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Å™«Íí which èπÿú≈ drop
(OCµéÀ Ñ *´®Ω Ö†o bakery ûÁJ* ™ cakes éÌçö«¢Á÷ ÅC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) = gramme on. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-îª-ü¿í∫_ N≠æߪ’ç, îËÊÆ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
ÖçüË¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç) The bakery we buy cakes from = (the bakery preposition 'on' ´C-™‰-ߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Whom •ü¿’©’ who , that èπÿ-ú≈ ¢√úøôç
Rajita: The time I told our friends to come at is from which we buy cakes ÅE ÅÆæ©’ clause - d) Ñ room ™ØË Åûªúø’ £æ«ûªuèπ◊ í∫’È®jçC. = ™‰C-°æ¤púø’. Å™«Íí which èπÿú≈ ™‰ü¿’. ÉN
5.30. It's already 4.30. The time we are é¬F modern English spoken form ™ É™« This is the room in which he was murdered ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË, we can join two/ more sentences
left with is rather short. Let's hurry. ņúøç ™‰ü¿’.) É™«çöÀ îÓôx from which ™«çöÀ (in which- old fashioned) into one ÅE °j examples ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.
(´’† friends †’ ؈’ ®Ω´’t†o time 5.30 expressions ´÷ØË-¨»®Ω’.) Modern: This is the room he was murdered a) v°æA ¢√∞¡⁄x ¢Á’a-èπ◊ØË Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úø-ûª†’=
É°æp-öÀÍé 4.30 Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´’†èπ◊ 2) ´’† Éçöx Ö†o cakes ûÓ = in. ('In' sentence *´®Ω ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ) He is the leader every one admires.
N’T-L† time áèπ◊\´ ™‰ü¿’. ûªy®Ωí¬ °æü¿) With the cakes we have at home e) †’´¤y °æ∞¡Ÿx éÓÆœ† éπAh °æü¿’-ØÁjçC= (Who everyone admires é¬ü¿’).
Likhita: Two of the guests we've invited have (modern for with the cakes which we have at The knife with which b) v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x îª÷úø-ü¿í∫_ *vûª-´’C=
called to tell me they aren't coming. home - which present day English you cut the fruits is
™ ¢√úøôç That is a movie every one must see.
(´’†ç °œL-*† ¢√∞¡x™ Éü¿l®Ω’ ®√´-ôç-™‰-ü¿E ™‰ü¿’/ NE-°œç-îªü¿’) sharp. (with which - (Which every one must see é¬ü¿’)
Phone î˨»®Ω’.) 3) ... The friends we are going to have = old fashioned)
c) Åûªúø’ v°æߪ÷-ùÀçîË car î√™« êK-üÁjçC=
Rajita: Who are they? (¢√∞Îx-´®Ω’) friends (modern for Modern: The knife you
´’†èπ◊ ®√¶-ûª’†o Åçü¿-Jéà The car he travels by is expensive.
Likhita: Hasya and Lasya, the two girls you like 'the friends who/ that (whom = we •ü¿’©’) cut the fruits with is
(The car by which he travels,- old fashioned)
so much. One is down with a fever and are going to have - Spoken English
É°æpöÀ sharp. ('with' fruits
the other doesn't like to come alone.
Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø 'by' ÅØË preposition ´ü¿-©-èπÿ-úøü¿’.
™ who/ that drop whom
îËߪ’ôç °æJ-§ƒöÀ. ûª®√yûª ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-
(†’´¤y ¶«í¬ É≠æd-°æúË Éü¿l-®Ω-´÷t-®·©’ £æ…Ææu, îªçúÕ). M. SURESAN Åçü¿’-éπØË, the car he travels by ÅE by ¢√úøû√ç.
ÅÆæ©’ NE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’)
™«Ææu. äéπ-J-Íé¢Á÷ ïy®Ωç, ÉçéÌ-éπ-J-Íé¢Á÷ äçô-
Jí¬ ®√´ôç É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’)
Rajita: That's disappointing. How much more
cake do we need?
(ÅC E®√-¨»-éπ®Ωç. ´’†-éÀç-Èéçûª
鬢√L?)
cake
This is the pen I like a lot
Likhita: (It) depends on the number of guests
EXERCISE ANSWER
we expect. My estimate is atleast 40.
That means we need at least a Kg Practise the following aloud in English Praneeth: The fish I ate yesterday wasn't
more.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 164 Praneeth: E†o ؈’ A†o fish Åçûª ®Ω’*í¬ ™‰ü¿’.
Vineeth: áéπ\úø AØ√o´¤.
tasty.
Vineeth: Where did you eat?
(ÅC ´’†ç ´≤ƒh-®Ω-†’-éÌØË Ç£æ…y-E-ûª’©
Praneeth: †’´¤y ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢Á∞Ïx, †’´¤y á°æ¤púø’ Praneeth: The restaurant you frequently go
4) ؈’ ´’†
Ææçêu†’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. Ø√ ÅçîªØ√ éπFÆæç
40, Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ éÀ™ 鬢√L) friends time =
†’ ®Ω´’t†o ´÷ö«xúË restaurant ™. to, and talk so much about.
The time I told our friends to come at (the time Vineeth: Åéπ\úø complain îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Ø√Íéç Vineeth: I haven't found anything to com-
Rajita: Ah... here we are. Thank god. This bak-
at which I told them to come - at which ™«çöÀ plain about there.
ery is open. éπEpç-îª-™‰üË?
expressions old fashioned - 鬕öÀd Å™« ņç.
(Ç... Å´’tߪ÷u. Ñ bakery ûÁJîË ÖçC.) Praneeth: ؈’ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ î˨»†’. E†o ؈’ Praneeth: I made a mistake. I should have
The time I told our friends to come at ÅØË
Thank god = •AéÀ-§Úߪ÷ç = üË´¤-úÕéÀ üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆©’ E†’oèπÿú≈ BÆæ’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xLqçC. Å°æ¤úø’ taken you there yesterday. You
Åçö«ç.)
would then have known the quality
Likhita: They aren't good at making cakes 5) Two of the guests we have invited have †’´¤y ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’ç-úË-¢√-úÕN ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´úÕfçîË
called = of food they serve.
here. cakes
(Ééπ\úÕ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÆæJí¬_ îËߪ’®Ω’) ǣ慮Ωç íÌ°æp.
guests phone Vineeth: Ñ®ÓV BÂÆ\∞¡Ÿx. îª÷ü∆lç. Vineeth: Take me today and let's see.
Rajita: We have to buy here for now. No help- ´’†ç °œL-*† ™ Éü¿l®Ω’ î˨»®Ω’.
ing it. (Ééπ\úø É¢√-RdéÀ éÌØ√LqçüË. ûª°æpü¿’) (Two of the guests who/ that (whom •ü¿’©’) Praneeth: É¢√∞¡ Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o úø•’s î√©ü¿’. Praneeth: The money I have today isn't
we invited have called - who/ that old Ééπ\úø enough. Whose money do you
í∫ûª éÌEo lessons í¬ who (whom •ü¿’-©’í¬) fashioned -
Å®·Ø√ á´J úø•’s-†’¢√úÕ †’´¤y ®Ω’V´¤
É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’) wish to use to prove your point.
which ûÓ short sentence éπ©-°æôç practice
7) ... †’´¤y Åçûª É≠æd-°æúË Ç Éü¿l-®Ω-´÷t-®·©’
îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤.
Vineeth: †’¢Ëy-í∫ü∆ complain îËÆ œçC. Vineeth: It's you who complained.
= The two girls you like so much (The two
îËÆæ’hØ√oç éπü∆.
ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç. î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x who (whom Praneeth: Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Ç restaurant èπ◊ Praneeth: I'd rather stop going to the restau-
girls who/ that (whom •ü¿’©’) you like so
•ü¿’©’) & which ûÓ sentences join îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ rant.
much- old fashioned. Who/ that É°æ¤úø’ drop ¢Á∞¡xôç ´÷ØË-≤ƒh†’.
who (whom) and which E ´C-™‰Æ œ èπÿú≈ join îËÊÆ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.)
îÁßÁ·-uîªaE îª÷¨»ç– í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? ÉC ´’†-Ææ’™ °j† ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-*† N≠æߪ’ç – È®çúø’ ´‚úø’
Öç-éÌE °j conversation ™ Ñ sentences short sentences †’ äéπ-öÀí¬ îËJa ´÷ö«xúËô°æ¤púø’ -v°æ-¨¡o: i) The uses of adversity are sweet. verb - are Ñ sentence ™ object ™‰ü¿’.
modern spoken form ™ whom èπ◊ ≤ƒn†ç ™‰ü¿’. ii) âØ˛-Æ‘dØ˛ ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ Æœü∆l¥ç-û√Eo v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-î√úø’. Verb, 'be', form Å®·ûË object Öçúøü¿’ - 'are',
†’ study îËߪ’çúÕ.
ÅC ûª°æpéπ ¢√ú≈-Lq-´ÊÆh who/ that ¢√úøû√ç. -Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ subject, object, 'be' form.
1) The bakery we buy our cakes from is closed
a) Police ņ’´÷-Eç-îËC Åûª-úÕE= verb ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. (ûÁ©’í∫’, ÉçTx-≠ˇ™x) ii) Einstein propounded the theory of relativity
(´’†ç cakes éÌØË bakery ´‚ÊÆÆœ ÖçC) He is the man who/ that the police suspect. iii) simple, complex, compound a) subject - Einstein b) verb- pro-
2) ... We have to make do with the cakes we Å®·ûË É™« ņúøç Éçé¬ better. í∫’Jç* ´’Jçûª Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÅçCç-îª- pounded
have at home. He is the man the police suspect. (who/ that
í∫©®Ω’. c) object - the theory of relativity
cakes èπÿú≈ drop îËÊÆ-Ææ’hØ√oç). É™«Íí which èπÿú≈.
– ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇ-¶«•’, π◊´’-®Ω-üË-´®Ωç
(´’† Éçöx Ö†o ûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË)
3) ... are they enough for all the friends we are b) ؈’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ É≠æd-°æúË pen ÉC=
ûÁ©’í∫’ - subject - Einstein, verb - v°æA-
going to have for the party? = This is the pen which I like a lot (old fash- -ï-¢√-•’: §ƒ-Cç-î√úø’, object - ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ Æœü∆l¥çûªç.
iii) Simple, compound, complex sentence †’
´’† party éÀ ®√¶-ûª’†o friends ioned). Which É°æ¤púø’ ´·êuçí¬ spoken
Åçü¿-JéÀ ÅN i) The uses of adversity are sweet.
English ™ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’. Ç Ê°®Ω’x ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ N´-J-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oç, clause ™
ÆæJ-§Ú-û√ߪ÷? subject - the uses of adversity.
= This is the pen I like a lot (which ™‰èπ◊çú≈) Éçü¿’™ N´-Jç-*-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x – ¢√öÀE îª÷úøçúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Pranai: Are you going to meet Sekhar today?
(†’´¤y Ñ ®ÓV ¨Ïê-®˝†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¶-ûª’-Ø√o¢√?)
Vinai: If he is in town, I will meet him.
(Åûªúø’ Ü∞x Öçõ‰, ؈’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’)
Pranai: He is in town, ofcourse. He has been
here since yesterday.
(Åûªúø’ Ü∞xØË ÖØ√oúø’. E†oöÀ †’ç* Ééπ\úË ÖØ√oúø’)
Vinai: If I had known it, I would have met him
yesterday itself.
(ÅC Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-Ææ’çõ‰ E†oØË éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√-úÕE)
Pranai: If you want to go, I will tell him you want
to see him.
(†’´¤y ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, Åûª-úÕûÓ †’´¤y éπ©’-Ææ’-
éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´E îÁ•’û√.)
Vinai: If you do that, I will be happy.
(†’´yC îËÊÆh ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh†’)
Pranai: I'll ofcourse. But if I were you, I would-
n't try to meet him.
(ØËØ√-°æE îË≤ƒh†’. é¬F F ≤ƒn†ç™ ؈’çõ‰
-Å-ûªúÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-’.)
Vinai: Why wouldn't you? (áçü¿’èπ◊?)
Pranai: You are very hopeful of his help, but
I am afraid he is not the helping type.
(ÅûªúÕ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç éÓÆæç †’´¤y î√™« Ǩ¡ûÓ
ÖØ√o´¤, é¬F Åûªúø’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÊÆ ®Ωéπç é¬ü¿’)
Vinai: If I had his power, I would help every-
one that came to me.
(Ø√éπ-ûªúÕèπ◊†oçûª ¨¡éÀh Öçõ‰ Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-éÌîËa v°æA-
¢√-∞¡xèπÿ ØË-†’ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îË≤ƒh†’.)
If I could, I would
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 165
Pranai: If I didn't know him so well, I wouldn't
tell you all this.
(ÅûªúÕ í∫’Jç* Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË,
FéÀ-ü¿çû√ îÁ°æp†’)
Vinai: Thank you. Then I won't go to him. But
unfortunately he is the only man who
can help me.
(Å®·ûË Øˆ-ûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x†’. ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª’h
Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’çîËߪ’-í∫-©-¢√úø’ ûªØÌ-éπ\úË.)
Pranai: I know another friend of mine who can
help you. If only today were a holiday, I
would take you to him. Can't you wait
till tomorrow.
(Ø√éÀçéÓ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-úø’-Ø√oúø’. Fèπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-í∫-
©-¢√úø’. É¢√y∞¡ ÂÆ©´¤ ®Óï-®·ûË E†’o ؈-ûªúÕ
ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ïx-¢√-úÕØË. Í®°æöÀ´®Ωèπ◊ Çí∫-™‰¢√?)
Vinai: If I could, I would, but the matter is
urgent. If you take me to him today,
I shall be grateful.
(ÇÍí °æJ-ÆœnûË Öçõ‰/- Ç-í∫-í∫-L-TûË Çí∫’-û√†’. é¬F
î√™« urgent. †’Oy-®ÓV ††o-ûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊
BÆæ’èπ◊¢ÁRûË, ؈’ Fèπ◊ éπ%ûª-Vc-úÕí¬ Öçö«.)
Pranai: Ok. Let me see. If my boss grants me
leave, I will take you.
(Å®·ûË îª÷≤ƒh. ´÷ boss Ø√èπ◊ leave ÉÊÆh,
E†’o BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡û√.)
éÌçûª-鬩ç éÀçü¿ô ´’†ç Conditional Clauses
îªJaçî√ç, í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆. àüÁjØ√ ≠æ®Ω-ûª’†’ ûÁLÊ°
clause conditional clause éπü∆. ´’†ç
Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 conditional clauses
îª÷¨»ç. ¢√öÀ examples.
a) If he comes here, they will discuss the mat-
ter with him.
(Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´ÊÆh, ¢√-∞«xN≠æߪ’ç Åûª-úÕûÓ îªJa-≤ƒh®Ω’.)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Ééπ\úÕ È®çúø’ clauses:
1) If he comes here= Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ´ÊÆh (If clause)
2) They will discuss the matter with him =
Ç N≠æߪ’ç ¢√∞¡x-ûª-úÕûÓ îªJa-≤ƒh®Ω’. (Main clause)
b) If he walks fast, he will reach on time.
(Åûªúø’ ûªy®Ωí¬ †úÕÊÆh, Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ îË®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’)
Éçü¿’™E È®çúø’ clauses.
1) If he walks fast Åûªúø’ ûªy®Ωí¬ †úÕÊÆh –
('If' clause)
2) He will reach on time =
Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ îË®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’ – (main clause)
°j È®çúø’ sentences ™†÷, main clause
verbs: will discuss, will reach - Åçõ‰ ÉN
future tense. 'If clause verbs - comes, walks
- present tense.
É™«çöÀ verb combination Ö†o sentence îÁÊ°p
N≠æߪ’ç ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. (probable)
Sentence No.1 ™ Åûªúø’ ´îËa Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçD,
¢√∞¡x-ûª-úÕûÓ îªJaçîË Å´-é¬-¨¡´‚ ÖçC.
Sentence No. 2 ™ Åûªúø’ ûªy®Ωí¬ †úø-´-†÷-
´îª÷a, Ææé¬-™«-EéÀ îË®Ω’-éÓ--
†÷-´îª’a.
É™« ïJ-ÍíC Ææ綵º´ç
(probable) 鬕öÀd °j
È®çúø’ sentences ™E
situation, probable
present
Åçö«ç. ÉC
Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ lessons
™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. M. SURESAN
É™« îÁÊ°p sentences ™ verb combination.
If clause - Present tense,
Main clause - will/ shall/ can/ may
ÉC v°æÆæ’hûªç Ææ綵º´ç Ŵa. 鬕öÀd DEE prob-
able present Åçö«ç.
Look at the following:
a) If he had studied well, he would have
passed.
b) If he had come here, I would have told him of it
a) Å®Ωnç: ¢√úø’ ¶«í¬ îªCN Öçõ‰, (îªü¿-´-™‰ü¿’), pass
ÅßË’u-¢√úË (pass Å´-™‰ü¿’)
Ñ situation, í∫û√-EC (past) ïJ-TçC. ïJ-T-§Ú-
®·çC. ÅC Éçéπ ´÷®Ωü¿’, ´’†ç ÜJÍé ņ’-
èπ◊çö«ç– Å™« Å®· Öçõ‰, É™« Å®· -Öç-ô’ç-ü¿E.
b) Å®Ωnç: Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´*a Öçõ‰, ØËF N≠æߪ’ç
ÅûªúÕéÀ îÁÊ°p-¢√-úÕE (Åûªúø’ ®√™‰ü¿’, ؈’ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’)–
ÉC èπÿú≈ past. ´’†ç ´÷®Ωa-™‰-EC.
Ñ È®çúø’ situations, ´’†ç Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊ØË í∫ûªç–
Imaginary past Åçö«ç.
Ñ È®çúø’ (probable present, imaginary past)
situations ûÁLÊ° sentences †’ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’
lessons ™ N¨¡-ü¿çí¬ N´-Jçî√ç éπü∆.
Now look at the following sentences from
the dialogue between Pranai and Vinai:
1) If he is in town, I will meet him.
(Probable present)
2) If I had known it, I would have met him yes-
terday itself
(ÅC ûÁL-Ææ’çõ‰, E†oØË éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË¢√úÕo– Imaginary
past)
3) If you want to go, I will tell him you want to
see him.
(†’´¤y ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰, Ç N≠æߪ’ç Åûª-úÕûÓ îÁ§ƒh–
Probable present)
4) If I were you, I wouldn't try to meet him.
(؈’ †’´y-®·ûË, Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-
Aoç-’)
5) If I had his power, I would help every one.
6) If only today were a holiday, I would take you
to him.
7) If I could, I would. (îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË, îË≤ƒh†’ =
îËߪ’-™‰†’, îËߪ’†’)
8) If you take me to him, I shall be grateful.
(†’´y-ûªúÕ ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ ††’o BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-RûË, ؈’ éπ%ûª-Vc-úÕE)
9) If my boss grants me leave, I will take you.
(´÷ boss Ø√èπ◊ leave ÉÊÆh, E†’o BÆæ’èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡-û√)
Ééπ\úø Sentences No 1, 3, 8 and 9 É´Fo èπÿú≈
´’†ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îª÷Æœ† 'probable present'
situations- Åçõ‰ Ç sentences ûÁLÊ° N≠æ-ߪ÷©’
ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC.
Sentence No 2 ™ situation, Imaginary past
- DEo èπÿú≈ ´’†ç Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ îª÷¨»ç. ÉC
Å®·-§Ú-®·† N≠æߪ’ç, ´÷®Ωa™‰ç, ÜJÍé ņ’-
èπ◊çö«ç. É™«çöÀ sentences èπÿú≈ ´’†ç Éçûªèπ◊
´·çü¿’ îª÷Æœ ÖØ√oç.
Now, look at the sentences No 4, 5, 6 and 7
and notice the verbs in the 'if' clauses and
the main clauses in them.
4) If I were you, I wouldn't try to meet him. (ØË-ØË
†’´y-®·ûË, Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË v°æߪ’ûªoç îËߪ’†’)
5) If I had his power, I would help every one.
ÅûªúÕ ¨¡éÀh Ø√èπ◊çõ‰, ؈ç-ü¿-Jéà ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh†’.
6) If only today were a holiday, I would take you
to him. (É¢√y∞¡ ÂÆ©´¤ ®Óï-®·ûË, ؈’ E†o-ûªúÕ
ü¿í∫_®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ïx-¢√-úÕØË)
7) If I could, I would- îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË, îË≤ƒh†’.
°j Ø√©’í∫’ sentences èπÿú≈ v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫E
°æ†’-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-û√®·. Åçü¿’-éπE Ñ sentences
™E situation †’, improbable present (ï®Ω-í∫E
v°æÆæ’hûªç) Åçö«ç. ÉC ûÁ©’í∫’™ Å®Ω’ü¿’. Åçü¿’-
éπE ûªy®Ωí¬ English conversation ™éÀ ®√ü¿’.
é¬F English ™ î√™« frequent í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.
Åçü¿’-éπE Spoken English éÀC -î√™« ´·êuç.
´’Sx í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. Ñ sentences ™ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’
É°æ¤púø’ (present ™) ï®Ω-í∫-EN.
Sentence 4: If I were you = ؈’ †’´y-®·ûË
(É°æ¤púø’)– ؈’ †’´y-´úøç ï®Ω-í∫-ü¿’-í∫ü∆– ؈’ †’´y-
®·† °æJ-Æœn-A™, I wouldn't try to meet him =
Åûª-úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË v°æߪ’ûªoç îËߪ’†’.
1) ÉC present situation Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà 'If' clause ™
were ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
2) 'I' singular Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, plural verb were ¢√úøôç
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. (N’í∫û√ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x I was Åçö«ç)
v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫E °æEE îÁÊ°p-ô°æ¤púø’ á°æ¤púø÷, 'If'
clause™, were é¬F, past doing word (came,
went, sang, tried ™«çöÀ verbs) ´≤ƒh®·.
eg: a) If I were CM = ØËE-°æ¤púø’ CM Å®·ûË,
(ØËE-°æ¤púø’ CM ÅßË’u Å´-é¬-¨¡¢Ë’ ™‰ü¿’)
b) If she were here. (Ç¢Á’ É°æ¤p-úÕ-éπ\úø ™‰ü¿’/ ÖçúË O-™‰xü¿’)
c) If I bought a car = (ØËE-°æ¤púø’ car éÌçõ‰– éÌØË
°æJ-ÆœnA é¬ü¿’.)
´’Sx í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. É™«çöÀ situations ™–
N≠æߪ’ç v°æÆæ’hûªç (present) Å®·Ø√, If clause
™, past doing ¢√úøû√ç/ subject, singular
Å®·Ø√ èπÿú≈, were ¢√úøû√ç.
-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 3 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Verb Combination: If clause - were/ past
doing word.
Main clause, would/ should/ could/ might.
a) If I were the CM, I would make you the
Finance Minister.
(؈’ É°æ¤púø’ CM Å®·ûË, (鬆’) E†’o Finance
Minister îË≤ƒh†’. (îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’)
b) If he were here, I would consult him.
¢√úÕ-éπ\úø É°æ¤púø’ ™‰úø’, Öçõ‰ consult îË≤ƒh†’.
(îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’)
Look at sentence No 5:
If I had his power, I would help every one
(ÅûªúÕ ¨¡éÀh Ø√èπ◊ -Öçõ‰ – É°æ¤púø’ – Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’; Öçõ‰,
Åçü¿-Jéà ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh. If clause verb - had - past
tense, main clause verb - would help.)
eg: If he consulted me, I could advise him
(Åûªúø’ †Eo-°æ¤púø’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªúøç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË
(–ÅC ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’) ؈-ûª-úÕéÀ Ææ©£æ… É´y-í∫-©†’. = Åûª†’
††’o Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªúø÷, ؈’ Ææ©£æ… É´y†÷ ™‰†’.)
Sentence No 6
If today were a holiday - É-¢√y-∞¡ ÂÆ©´¤ ®Óï-®·ûË
(é¬E É¢√y∞¡ ÂÆ©´¤ é¬ü¿’.) I would take you to
him (ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡û√.) = É¢√y∞¡ ÂÆ©´‹
é¬ü¿’, ؈’ E†o-ûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx Å´-é¬-¨¡´‚
™‰ü¿’.
Sentence No 7
If I could, I would. ؈’ îËߪ’í∫-L-TûË (é¬F îËߪ’-
™‰†’), I would (îË≤ƒh†’– é¬E îËߪ’-™‰†’ 鬕öÀd îËÊÆ
Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’)
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ É°æpöÀ °æJ-ÆœnA (present situation)
í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, 'if' clause ™ 'could'
¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Å™«Íí main clause ™ would ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:
É°æ¤púø’ ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ:
Improbable Present:
'If' clause - verb - were/ Past Doing Word,
Main clause verb - would/ should/ could/
might.
Now Practise the following aloud in English
Raghu:
©éπ~ tù‰ í∫†éπ É°æ¤p-úÕ-éπ\úø Öçõ‰ ´’†ç ÅûªúÕE
Ææçv°æ-C≤ƒhç.
Ram: Å´¤†’. Ñ N≠æߪ’ç Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁLÊÆh ¢ÁçôØË
´≤ƒh-úÕ-éπ\-úÕéÀ.
Raghu: Å®·ûË Åûª-úÕéÀ F cellûÓ phone îÁ®·u.
Ram: Ø√èπ◊ cell Öçõ‰, F ü¿í∫_-®Ω-èπ◊- ®√†’éπü∆?
Raghu: F cell à¢Á’içC?
Ram: ÅC §Ú®·çC.
Raghu: ÉC ´‚úÓ cell †’´¤y §ÚíÌ-ô’d-éÓ-´ôç.
†’´¤y ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçõ‰, cells §Ú´¤ éπü∆?
Ram: v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ƒh†’.
Answer
Raghu: If Laxman were here, we would consult
him.
Ram: If he knew about this, he would imme-
diately come here.
Raghu: Call him over your cell then.
Ram: If I had my cell, I wouldn't come to you.
Raghu: What's happened to your cell?
Ram: I have lost it.
Raghu: This is the third cell you have lost. If
you were careful, you wouldn't lose
them.
Ram: I will try.
II
Ramesh: Look at the car parked there. How
nice the car is, but how poorly kept!
car car,
(Åéπ\-ú≈-°œ† îª÷úø’. áçûª ´’ç*
é¬E áçûª ÅÆæ-£æ«uçí¬ Öç-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ó!
poorly kept = badly maintained =
ÆæJí¬ Öç-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’)
Naresh: That's right. It's a very expensive car.
The owner doesn't seen to care a bit
about its upkeep. (Å´¤†’. î√™« êK-ü¿-
car.
®·† ü∆E owner car
éÌç-îÁç èπÿú≈ †’
í∫’Jç* °æöÀdç--èπ◊-†oô’x ™‰úø’)
Jagdeesh: If I were the owner, I would keep it
cleaner than I would keep my own
home. You wouldn't see even a
speck of dust on it. car
(ØËØË Ç ßª’ï-
´÷-E-ØÁjûË, ü∆Eo Ø√ ÉçöÀéπçõ‰ ¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬
Öç-èπ◊çö«. äéπ ü¿’´·t éπùç èπÿú≈
ü∆EO’ü¿ éπE-°œç-îªü¿’ O’èπ◊) (speck of
dust = ü¿’´·t-éπùç)
Ramesh: If I had enough money, I would first
buy such a car. (Ø√Íé î√L-†çûª úø•’sçõ‰,
car
¢Á·ü¿ô Å™«çöÀ éÌçö«)
Jagdeesh: Who wouldn't buy such a car, if they
had the money? (úø•’sçõ‰ Å™«çöÀ
car á´®Ω’ é̆®Ω’?)
Naresh: OK. Leave the car alone. Are you
attending Mahesh's birthday party this
weekend? car
(ÆæÍ® N≠æߪ’ç Åô’ç.
Mahesh birthday party
Ñ ¢√®√çûªç éÀ
leave alone =
O’®Ì-Ææ’h-Ø√o®√? Ç Ææçí∫A
Åô’ç-îªçúÕ)
Ramesh: I hear it's going to be a grand affair.
But I'm afraid I can't make it. I am tak-
ing mom to Hyderabad that day.
grand
(î√™« í¬ Öçúø-¶-ûª’ç-ü¿E NØ√o†’.
é¬F ؈’ ®√™‰†’. Ç®ÓV ´÷ Å´’t†’
£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’)
Naresh: What about you, Jagdeesh?
Jagdeesh: If I didn't attend, he would be disap-
pointed.
(؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§ÚûË Åûª†’ E®√-¨¡-
°æ-úø-û√úø’)
Ramesh: If he had told me earlier, I would have
postponed mother's journey. (Ø√èπ◊
´·çüË îÁ°œp Öçõ‰ ؈’ ´÷ Å´’t v°æߪ÷-
ù«Eo ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÊÆ-¢√úÕo.) What are you
going to do Naresh? (†’¢Ëyç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-
Ø√o´¤, †Í®≠ˇ)
Naresh: No idea as yet. If I have my interview
on saturday, I will come to the party on
sunday. (Éçé¬ àç îÁ°æp-™‰†’. Ø√èπ◊ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç
interview Öçõ‰, ؈’ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´≤ƒh†’)
Jagdeesh: If we present him something, he will
be happy. Let's buy the present
now. (´’†ç àüÁjØ√ 鬆’-éÀÊÆh Åûª†’
ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø-û√úø’. É°æ¤púË àüÁjØ√
éÌØËü∆lç.)
Naresh: That's right. Let's go. If we start now,
we will be able to finish off before it
gets late in the evening. (Å´¤†’. ¢Á∞«lç
°æü¿çúÕ. ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-JûË ®√vA
Ç©Ææuç ÅßË’u ™°æ© °æE ´·Tç--éÓ-´îª’a.)
Ramesh: If you had told me earlier, I would
have brought enough money. I don't
have the money now. (O’®Ω’ ´·çüË
îÁ°æ¤pçõ‰ úø•’s ûÁîËa-¢√-úÕE.. É°æ¤púø’ Ø√ a) If wishes were horses, beggars would ride =
ü¿í∫_®Ω úø•’s ™‰ü¿’.)
Jagdeesh: Don't worry. We have enough. You
can pay later. (°∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ´÷ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’- b) ¢√úø’ îªü¿-´ôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË (é¬E îªü¿-´úø’), éπ*a-
Ø√o®·. †’´¤y ûª®√yûª É¢Ìya.)
All: Ok. Let's go. (¢Á∞«lç °æü¿çúÕ)
éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ Improbable present Åçõ‰
v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ îÁÊ°p clauses ™
verbs ᙫ Öçö«ßÁ÷ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Improbable
present situation ûÁLÊ° sentences If clause,
main clause verb combinations ÖçúË Nüµ¿ç last
lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. ´’S} äéπ-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Main clause verb: would/ should/ could/ might.
'If' clause verb: were/ past doing word (went,
sung, took, gave, etc.)
Ééπ\úø ´·êuçí¬ í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ È®çúø’:
1. Subject singular Å®·ûË, verb, were
2. Sentence ´÷ö«x-úËC É°æpöÀ N≠æ-ߪ ’-¢Á ’iØ√,
verb, 'if' clause ™ past doing word.
Ñ È®çúø’ points, á°æ¤púø÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. ÅçûË-
é¬-èπ◊çú≈, main clause ™ would, should,
could, might.
ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç: v°æÆæ’hûªç ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË ÉC
îÁ°æ¤hçC. (ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†éà ¢√úø’é𠙉ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE
ÉEo ñ«ví∫-ûªh©’)
a) If you ate that kind of food, you would ask for
it again and again = †’´y-™«çöÀ ¶µï†ç É°æ¤púø’
A†ôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË (AØË Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’), ´’Sx
´’Sx ÅüË é¬¢√-©ç-ö«´¤. (†’´¤y A†-ô´‚ ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’ f) Thank God he isn't here. If he were here, he
– ´’Sx ´’Sx 鬢√-©-†-ô´‚ ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’)
Ñ sentence ™ 'if clause' verb 'ate' past
tense Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà ɰæpöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷ØËo îÁ°æ¤ hçC.
b) If I were a mouse, the cat would eat me. =
؈’ á©’éπ-ØÁjûË É°æ¤púø’ (ØËØÁ-©’éπ Å´†’ í∫ü∆?) °œLx mon í¬ ¢√úË expres-
††’o Açô’çC. (Note the use of were with the sion - O’®Ω’ Éûª-®Ω’©
singular subject 'I')
c) If he were here, I could consult him.Åûª-E-°æ¤púø’
Ééπ\úø Öçõ‰, ؈-ûªEo Ææçv°æ-Cç-îª-í∫-©†’/ ´îª’a. ÉO, improbable pres-
(Åûª-E-éπ\úø É°æ¤púø’ ™‰úø’)
Now look at the following sentences from
the dialogue between Ramesh, Naresh and
Jagdeesh:
If you were the CM...
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 166
1) If I were the owner, I would keep it cleaner
than ..., you wouldn't see a speck of dust on
it. owner
(ØËE-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E ØÁjûË, ü∆Eo ´÷ ÉçöÀ-éπçõ‰
¨¡Ÿv¶µºçí¬ Öçû√– †’´¤y ü∆E-O’ü¿ äéπ ü¿’´·t
éπùçèπÿú≈ îª÷úø´¤. é¬F ؈’ ü∆E owner †’ 鬆’.)
2) If I had enough money, I would buy such a
car = Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω É°æ¤púø’ î√L-†çûª úø•’sçõ‰ (é¬E
car
Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-™‰ü¿’), ؈’ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ Å™«çöÀ éÌçö«.
3) Who wouldn't buy such a car, if they had
enough money? = Åçûª úø•’s Öçõ‰ (É°æ¤púø’
car
™‰ü¿’) á´-®Ω-™«çöÀ é̆®Ω’?
4) If I didn't attend, he would be unhappy = ؈’
¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§ÚûË (¢Á∞«h†’) Åûª†’ E®√-¨¡-°æ-ú≈húø’.
(í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ – ÉC future - Å®·Ø√, if clause
verb - did attend = past tense)
Ñ Â°j sentences ÅFo èπÿú≈ improbable pres-
ent situations - Åçõ‰ ¢√öÀ-™xE 'if' clauses ™
îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷-™‰O èπÿú≈ v°æÆæ’hûªç (In the present)
ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. If clause N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ïJ-TûË,
éπLÍí °æ®Ωu-´-≤ƒ-†¢Ë’, Main clause ™ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’.
´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷úøçúÕ.
éÓJ-é𙉠í∫’v®√-™„jûË, ´·≠œd-¢√∞¡Ÿx ≤ƒyK îË≤ƒh®Ω’ – éÓJ-éπ©’
í∫’v®√-©ßË’u Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰ü¿’. (were.. would ride)
ûªçí¬ pass Å´¤-û√úø’ = If he studied well, he
would pass. (studied.. would pass)
c) Åçü¿ ®Ω÷ °æ†’o©’ Æævéπ-´’çí¬ îÁLxÊÆh (ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’ éπü∆?)
¶µ« ®Ω-û ª-ü˨¡ç Ææç°æ-†oçí¬ Öçúø-í∫-©ü¿’.
If everyone paid taxes properly, India could
be rich (paid.. could be)
d) What would your father think, if he saw you
here? =
É°æ¤púø’ O’ Ø√†o Ééπ\úø -E-†’o îª÷úøôç Åçô÷
ïJ-TûË, Çߪ’† à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’?– (Çߪ’† îª÷ÊÆ
Å´-é¬-¨¡ç-™‰ü¿’) (saw.. would)
e) †’Ny-°æ¤púø’ ´·êu-´’ç-vAí¬ Öçõ‰, ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô àç
îË≤ƒh´¤? = If you were the CM, what would
you do first?
would know our secret = ¢√úÕ-éπ\úø ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç
´’ç*-ü¿-®·çC, Öçõ‰ ´’† ®Ω£æ«Ææuç ¢√úÕéÀ ûÁ©’-
Ææ’hçC. (were.. would know)
If I were you - ØËØË †’´y-®·ûË – ÉC î√™« com-
conversation ™ í∫´’-
EçîË Öçö«®Ω’.
ent express îËÊÆ sen-
tences. N’í∫-û√-È®çúø’ i)
probable present, ii)
imaginary past. M. SURESAN
OöÀE í∫’Jç* Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ N¨¡-ü¿çí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç
éπ∫ü∆. Å®·Ø√ ´’®Ì-éπ\-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç.
Probable present: v°æÆæ’hûªç ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç Ö†o
Ææçü¿-®√s¥-©†’ îÁ°æ¤-ûª’çC.
Look at the following sentences from the
dialogue at the beginning of the lesson.
1) If I have my interview on saturday, I will
come. interview
(Ø√ í∫-†’éπ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç Å®·ûË Øˆ’
party éÀ ´≤ƒh†’.)
ÉC ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC. Interview ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç
Öçúø-´îª’a, Å°æ¤púø’ ؈’ sunday party éÀ ®√´îª’a.
2) If we present him something, he will be
happy ´’†ç 鬆’-Íé-üÁjØ√ ÉÊÆh ¢√úø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒhúø’.
ÉC ≤ƒüµ¿u¢Ë’ 鬴a.
Ñ 2 sentences talk of a situation probable
(ï®Ω-í∫-´îª’a) in the present or in the near
future.
a) If he knows this, he will feel happy = ÉC Åûª-
úÕéÀ ûÁLÊÆh, Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒhúø’.
b) If you walk a little faster, you can catch the
train = é¬Ææh ûªy®Ωí¬ †úÕÊÆh train Åçü¿’-éÓ-í∫-©´¤. ®Ω´’: Å®·ûË à N≠æ-ߪ’´‚ phone -îÁ®·u.
(probable = ï®Ω-í∫-´îª’a)
In the sentences above, Main clause verb -
will/ shall/ can/ may. If clause verb - am/ is/
are/ RDWs (go, goes, etc) and other present
forms.
a) If he talks to us, we shall be happy
b) If she comes here, I can help her
c) If they write to him, they may get some infor-
mation = Åûª-EéÀ ®√ÊÆh (Öûªh®Ωç) ¢√∞Ïx-Íé-üÁjØ√ Ææ´÷-
î√®Ωç ®√´îª’a.
É´Fo probable present.
II. É°æ¤púø’ Imaginary past ûÁLÊ° Ñ sentences
from the dialogue îª÷úøçúÕ.
1) If he had told me earlier, I would have post-
poned my journey = Åûª†’ ´·çüË îÁ°œp Öçõ‰
v°æߪ÷ùç ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√-úÕØË. (È®çúø÷ ï®Ω-í∫-
™‰ü¿’ – past ™)
-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 5 -W-Ø˛ 2006
2) If you had told me earlier, I would have
brought enough money = O’®Ω’ ´·çüË îÁ°œp
Öçõ‰, î√L-†çûª úø•’s ûÁîËa-¢√-úÕØË. (È®çúø÷ ï®Ω-í∫-
™‰ü¿’ – í∫ûªç™).
Ñ situation á°æ¤púø÷ past.
Éçü¿’™ verb combination îª÷úøçúÕ. Main
clause - would have been/ should have
been/ could have been/ might have been
OR
would have + pp (past participle)/ should
have + pp/ could have + pp/ might have + pp
a) If she had been here yesterday, he would
have talked to her =
Ç¢Á’ EEo-éπ\úø Ö†o-ôx-®·ûË,
Åûª†’ Ç¢Á’ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úË-¢√úË (È®çúø÷ í∫ûªç™ ï®Ω-í∫-
™‰ü¿’)
b) If they had taken him to the doctor, he would
have been alive.
(¢√∞¡x-ûªEo doctor ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆœ-Èé-Rx-†-ôx-®·ûË, Åûª†’
•AéÀ ÖçúË-¢√úø’)
ÉO Ñ ´‚úø’ situations.
a) If he studies well, he will pass =¶«í¬ îªC-NûË
pass
Å´¤-û√úø’ (ïJÍí Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC) 鬕öÀd
Probable present.
b) If he studied well, he would pass =
¢√úø’ É°æ¤púø’
îªü¿-´ôç Åçô÷ ïJ-TûË, pass Å´¤-û√úø’. (È®çúø÷
Improbable present.
É°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω-í∫´¤ 鬕öÀd)
c) If he had studied well, he would have passed
(í∫ûªç™) ¢√úø’ ¶«í¬ îªC-´¤çõ‰,pass Åߪ·uç-úË-
Imaginary past.
¢√úø’.(È®çúø÷ í∫ûªç™ï®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’) 鬕öÀd
PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING ALOUD IN ENGLISH
®Ω´’: Hi Suma, E†o ؈’ ÆœE-´÷-Èé∞«x. †’´¤y Éçöx
Öçúø’çõ‰ E†’o BÆæ’Èé∞Ïxü∆ØËo.
Ææ’-´’: E†o ؈’ Å´’tûÓ shopping èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x†’. ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-
§ÚûË, ؈’ O’ ÉçöÀéÀ ´*a E†’o BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ïx-ü∆Eo.
Éçûªéà á´-JûÓ ¢Á∞«x´¤?
®Ω´ ’: ´÷ ņoûÓ. †’´¤y ´ÊÆh Ñ ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç ØËØ√
- Æ œ - E ´÷ ´’Sx îª÷≤ƒh.
Ææ ’ - ´ ’: Ø√èπ ◊ °æ K-éπ~-©’-Ø√o®·. °æK-éπ~©’ ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ
Æœ ü ¿l¥¢ Ë’.
Ææ’-´’: Phone Ø√èπ◊ç-õ‰í¬ îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ. Ø√ cell
§Ú®·çC. ´÷ land phone out of order.
®Ω´’: Å®·ûË Øˆ’ E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«™‰.
ANSWER
Rama: I went to a movie yesterday. If you had
been at home I would have taken you.
Suma: I went shopping with mom. If I had not
gone, I would have come to your place
and taken you to the movie. Who did
you go with?
Rama: With my brother. If you are coming, I will
see it again this saturday.
Suma: I have exams. If I had no exams, I would
be ready to come.
Rama: Phone me and let me know.
Suma: If I were on Phone, I would call you. I've
lost my cell. Our land phone is out of
order
Rama: I will meet you then.
II
Pratap: The top hero on the telugu screen
and our favourite is in town for the
celebration to honour him and we
have this rotten class to attend. I
wish I were at the theatre.
(êŸì ú£ê¦\-ôÁ-êŸq-÷Ùö˺ ð§ö˹_-ì-è¯-EÚ¨ êµõªÞœª
êµô¢ ÑêŸh-÷ª-ì-åªè[ª, ÷ªì ÍGÅ-÷«-ì-ì-åªè[«
ÒüÉÁx Ñû¦oè[ª. ÷ªì Ïí£±pè[ª Ð
í£EÚ¨ ÷«Lì Ú¥xúÃÚ¨ îµü‹xL. û¦¸Ú Î
CÇó¶ª-å-ôÂö˺ ÑÙè¯-õ-E-í‡-þ¼hÙC.)
Rotten = ÷³J-T-ð¼-ô³ì
Ð í£ë¯Eo Óí£±pè[« Aådè¯EÚ¨ Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hô¢ª.
Sundeep: I wish too, we didn't have this
class now. I'd rather we were in
his presence than in this boring
class.
ÐôÁV šúõîµjê¶ ÓÙêŸò°ÞœªÙè¶C!
(û¦ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ Ð Ú¥xúà Ïí£±pè[ª ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶
ò°ÞœªÙåªÙë]E-í‡-þ¼hÙC. Ð Nú£ªÞœª í£±æ¨dÙà¶
Ú¥xúà ÚÛû¦o ΠôÁ ë]Þœ_ô¢ ÑÙç¶ ÓÙêŸ
ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙëÁ?)
Pratap: This is the second time for us to
miss the chance of meeting him.
When he came here last october for
the silver jubilee of his movie we had
exams. How I wish we hadn't had
those exams. We could have seen
him at least then.
(ÍêŸEo àŸ«›ú Í÷-Ú¥øŒÙ ÚÁö˺p-÷è[Ù ÷ªìÚÛª
ÏC ·ôÙèÁ-þ§J. ÞœêŸ ÍÚÁd-ñ-ôÂö˺ ÎóŸªì
#vêŸÙ ô¢á-êÁ-êŸq÷Ù áJ-T-ì-í£±pè[ª ÷ªìÚÛª í£K-
¤Ûõª. í£K-¤Ûõª ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-è¶C. Íí£±pè[ª
ÚÛ«è¯ ÎóŸª-ììª àŸ«è[-ö¶-ÚÛ-ð¼óŸ«Ù.)
Sundeep: All this because of this college. It's
very strict about exams and atten-
dance. We can't cut even a single
class. I wish I hadn't joined this
college. But for my father, I would-
n't have joined here.
(ÍÙê¦ Ð Ú¥ö¶@ ÷ö¶x! í£K-¤Ûõª,
áô¢ªö°Ùæ¨ Nù£-óŸ«ö˺x OüŒ‰x à¦ö° ÚÛJÈ-
ìÙÞ¥ ÑÙæ°ô¢ª. ÖÚÛ\ Ú¥xúà ÓÞ•_-åd-è¯-EÚ¨
ö¶ë]ª. ÏÚÛ\è[ à¶ô¢-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙç¶ ÓÙêŸ
ò°ÞœªÙ-è¶ëÁ! ÷« û¦ìo ÞœªJÙ# Ú¥ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶
û¶ìª ÏÚÛ\è[ මôî¦-è…E Ú¥ë]ª.)
Pratap: How I wish today were a holiday! Too
few holidays in this college.
Lecturers rarely go on leave here.
No class is let free.
(ÐôÁV šúõîµjê¶ ÓÙêŸ-ò°-ÞœªÙè¶C. Ð Ú¥ö¶-
@ö˺ šúõ-÷±õª ÷ªK êŸÚÛª\÷. öµÚÛa-ô¢ô¢ªx à¦ö°
Íô¢ª-ë]ªÞ¥ šúõ÷± šíè[-ê¦ô¢ª. ÖÚÛ\ Ú¥xúÃ
ÚÛ«è¯ ÷ë]-õô¢ª.)
Sundeep: We should have thought of all this
before joining this college.
(Ï÷Fo ÷ªìÙ Ú¥ö¶-@ö˺ à¶ô¢ÚÛ ÷³Ùë¶ Îö˺-#Ù-à¦L.)
Pratap: OK. OK. Now let's hope that our hero
will be here in the evening. I only
wish his programme were delayed.
We could then see him towards the
end of his celebrations.
(÷ªì ôÁ þ§óŸªÙvêŸÙ ÷ô¢ÚÛª ÑÙæ°-è[E
ÎPë¯lÙ. Ú¥ô¢u-vÚÛ÷ªÙ Îõú£uÙ Íô³ê¶
ò°ÞœªÙè[ª. #÷ôÁx Íô³û¦ ÎóŸªEo àŸ«›ú
Í÷-Ú¥øŒÙ ÑÙåªÙC.)
Sundeep: Let's hope so. I wish I were rather
at the function than here. But
there is no helping being in the
class.
(Íö°¸Þ ÎPë¯lÙ. ÏÚÛ\-è…-ÚÛû¦o Î íÆ£ÙÚÛ{-
ûËÂö˺ ÑÙç¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC. Ú¥F Ú¥xúÃö˺
ÑÙè[ÚÛ êŸí£pë]ª.)
No helping = êŸí£pë]ª
ÞœêŸ ·ôÙè[ª lessons ö˺ 'If clauses'ö˺ were
(Singular SubjectsêÁ ÚÛ«è¯)/ Past Doing
Words (came, gave, took, etc) î¦è¶ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄõª
Ðû¦è[ª-
àŸ«ø‹Ù– Íí£±pè[ª ÷ªìÙ ÔÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦o-÷ªÙ綖
★ 'If clauses' ö˺ were/ Past Doing Words
î¦è…ê¶ ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ áô¢-ÞœE (Íú£Ù-òÅ¡÷Ù) Nù£óŸ«õìª
êµLóŸª-â¶-þ§hô³.
÷ªì conversation correct Þ¥ ÑÙè[è¯-EÚ¨ ÏC
à¦ö° ÷³ÜuÙ. e.g.-
1) If he were here, he wouldn't allow this.
ÍêŸû¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙç¶ (ÍêŸ-E-ÚÛ\è[ Ïí£±pè[ª ö¶è[ª) ÏC
áô¢Þœ-E-÷yè[ª (ÍêŸ-E-ÚÛ\è[ Ïí£±pè[ª ö¶è[ª Ú¥ñæ¨d ÏC
áô¢ª-Þœª-êÁÙC). - 'If Clause'ö˺ he- singular,
verb- were- plural.
2) If I were the Chief Minister, I would appoint
you the finance minister.
û¶û¶ Ïí£±pè[ª ÷³Üu-÷ªÙ-vAÞ¥ (Ïí£±pè[ª ÷³Üu-÷ªÙvA
Ú¥ë]ª) ÑÙç¶, Eìªo ÎJnÚÛ ÷ªÙvAÞ¥ EóŸª-Nª-þ§hìª.
3) If he came here now, his mother would be
happy.
î¦è[ª Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ÷›úh (î¦è[ª Ïí£±pè[ª
ÏÚÛ\è[ÚÛª ô¦è[ª), î¦üŒx÷ªt ú£ÙêÁ-ù‡-ú£ªhÙC.
(î¦è[ªô¦è[ª– î¦üŒx÷ªt ú£ÙêÁ-ù£ÙÞ¥ ö¶ë]ª).
4) If she were here I could tell her of this.
Î ÏÚÛ\è[ ÑÙç¶ (Î Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÚÛ\è[ ö¶ë]ª), û¶F
Nù£óŸªÙ ÎÚÛª àµí‡p ÑÙè[÷àŸªa (Î ö¶ë]ª,
ÎÚÛª û¶ìª àµí£p-ö¶ìª).
Have you seen Suma's dress today?
Ïí£±pè[ª Ïö° 'If clause' ö˺ were (singular sub-
jects êÁ ÚÛ«è¯)/ Past Doing Words î¦è[åÙ
ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ ú£ÙòÅ¡÷Ù Ú¥E (present improbable) Nù£-
óŸ«-õìª êµLóŸª-â¶-þ§hô³.
Ð were (singular subjects êÁ)/ Past Doing
Words (gave, wrote etc) ìª ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x
ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Î ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄö˺x (If clause ö¶ÚÛªÙè¯
ÚÛ«è¯) ÍN ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ áô¢-ÞœE Nù£-óŸ«-õìª êµLóŸª-â¶-
þ§hô³. Oæ¨E àŸ«è[Ùè…:
a) I wish to be in the US.
(û¶ìª Í-J-Ú¥ö˺ ÑÙè¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oìª/ ÚÁô¢ª-ÚÛªÙ-
åª-û¦oìª.)
b) He wishes to be a collector.
(ÍêŸìª ÚÛöµ-ÚÛd-ôÂÞ¥ ÑÙè¯-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª/ ÚÁô¢ª-
ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª.)
Compare the sentences above with the fol-
lowing:
c) I wish (that) I were in the US.
d) He wishes (that) he were a collector.
sentences (c), (d) õö˺ I, he, singular Íô³-ì-í£p-
æ¨Ú© 'were' ô¦÷åÙ Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè…– Ð ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙö˺
ÏC êŸí£±p Ú¥ë]ª.
ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...
Spoken English
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
1) Compare sentences (a) and (c):
a) I wish to be in the US.
û¶ìª Í-J-Ú¥ö˺ ÑÙè¯-õE ÚÁJÚÛ. (ÏC û¦ ÚÁJÚÛ –
ÏC áô¢-Þœ-÷àŸªa)– ÏÚÛ\è[ wishes êŸô¦yêŸ 'to be'.
c) I wish (that) I were in the US.
û¶ìª Ïí£p-æ¨-Ú¨-í£±pè[ª (Ð ¤ÛéÙö˺) Í-J-Ú¥ö˺ ÑÙç¶
ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC. (Ïí£p-æ¨-ÚÛ-í£±pè[ª ‘û¶ìª’ Í-
JÚ¥ö˺ ÑÙè[è[Ù Íú£Ù-òÅ¡÷Ù ÚÛë¯)
– ÏÚÛ\è[ wish êŸô¦yêŸ 'I were'.
2) Compare sentences (b) and (d).
b) He wishes to be a collector.
ÍêŸè[ª ÚÛöµ-ÚÛdôÂÞ¥ ÑÙè¯L/ Íî¦y-õE ÚÁô¢ª-ÚÛª-åª-
û¦oè[ª. áJ¸Þ Í÷-Ú¥øŒÙ ÑÙC (áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪Ù-ë]E
àµí£pö¶Ù).
– ÏÚÛ\è[ wishes êŸô¦yêŸ 'to be'.
d) He wishes (that) he were a collector.
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 167
ÍêŸè[ª Ïí£p-æ¨-ÚÛ-í£±pè[ª, Ð ¤ÛéÙö˺ ÚÛöµ-ÚÛd-ôÂÞ¥ ÑÙç¶
ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙåªÙëÁ (Ô æ©àŸôÂÞ¥ûËÁ, ÏÙÚÁ Ô í£ë]-
Nö˺ûËÁÚ¥-ÚÛªÙè¯). Ïí£p-æ¨-Ú¨-í£±pè[ª ÍêŸè[ª ÚÛöµ-ÚÛdôÂ
Í÷è[Ù Íú£Ù-òÅ¡÷Ù.
– ÏÚÛ\è[ wishes êŸô¦yêŸ he were.
(c), (d) ö˺x were î¦è[è[Ù ÷ªì Bô¢E ÚÁJÚÛ êµLóŸª-
â¶-›ú-åªxÞ¥ ÑÙC ÚÛë¯.
Jayaram: What a beautiful building this is!
Who lives in it?
(ÓÙêŸ ÍÙë]ÙÞ¥ ÑÙëÁ Ð GLfÙÞÂ! Ó÷-
ô¢ªÙæ°ô¢ª ÏÙë]ªö˺?)
Janakiram: The forest officer.
(Íå-O-ø‹Ü ÍCÅ-Ú¥J)
Jayaram: How I wish I were a forest officer!
(û¶ìª Íå-O-ø‹Ü ÍCÅ-Ú¥J Íô³ê¶ ÓÙêŸ
ò°ÞœªÙåªÙëÁ– Íí£±pè[ª û¶ì« Ïö°Ùæ¨
òÅ¡÷ÙAö˺ ÑÙæ°ìª ÚÛë¯ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ– Ïí£±pè[ª
áóŸª-ô¦îª Íå-O-ø‹Ü ÍCÅ-Ú¥J Í÷è[ª ÚÛë¯!)
ÏD Singulars êÁ 'were' î¦è¶ ÏÙÚÁ ú£Ùë]ô¢sÄÙ.
Ïö°Ùæ¨ ú£Ùë]-ô¢sÄÙ-ö˺û¶ Past Doing Word ÚÛ«è¯
î¦è[ê¦Ù.
a) I wish to travel in such a car.
Íö°Ùæ¨ Ú¥ô¢ªö˺ ví£óŸ«éÙ à¶óŸ«-õE û¦ ÚÁJÚÛ.
– ÏÚÛ\è[ wish êŸô¦yêŸ to travel.
b) I wish (that) I travelled is such a car.
- travelled (Past Doing Word)
(Ïí£p-æ¨-Ú¨-í£±pè[ª) û¶ì-ö°Ùæ¨ Ú¥ô¢ªö˺ ví£óŸ«éÙ à¶ú£ªhÙ-
è¯-õE û¦ ÚÁJÚÛ/ ví£óŸ«é٠ඛúh ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ-
åªÙC! (Íú£Ù-òÅ¡÷Ù).
c) He wishes (that) he owned such a house.
Íö°Ùæ¨ Ïõªx êŸìÚ© ÑÙç¶ (Ïí£p-æ¨-Ú¨-í£±pè[ª) ÓÙêŸ
ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC– ÍE Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦oè[ª.
d) They wish (that) that they had a holiday
ñªëÅ]î¦ô¢Ù 7 WûË 2006
today.
î¦üŒ‰x Ð ôÁV šúõîµjê¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC Íìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-
û¦oô¢ª.
They wish (that) today were a holiday.
Íí£±p-è[-í£±pè[ª I wish ñë]ªõª, 'Oh'êÁ ÚÛ«è¯ begin
à¶óŸª-÷àŸªa.
I wish I were at home now!
Oh, I were at home now!
Ïí£±pè[ª û¶ìª ÏÙæ˺x ÑÙè¯-LqÙC/ ÏÙæ˺x ÑÙç¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-
åªÙC. (Ïí£±pè[ª ÏÙ·Ú-ÚÛ\èÁ Ñû¦oìª. ÍÚÛ\-è[ªÙ-è[è[Ù
Ïù£dÙ ö¶ë]ª)
Now look at the following sentences from the
dialogue at the beginning of the lesson.
1) I wish I were at the theatre.
û¶ìª Ïí£±pè[ª CÇó¶ª-å-ôÂö˺ ÑÙç¶ ï£„ô³Þ¥ ÑÙåªÙC
(Ú¥xúÃö˺ Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯).
2) I wish we didn't have (past tense) the class
now.
Ð Ú¥xúà Ïí£±pè[ª ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼ê¶
ò°ÞœªÙ-è¶C (÷ªìÙ CÇó¶ª-å-
ôÂÚÛª îµü™x-î¦üŒxÙ)
3) I wish we hadn't had
the exams.
÷ªìÚÛª Íí£±pè[ª (in the
past) í£K-¤Ûõª ö¶ÚÛªÙè¯
ÑÙç¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-è¶C– ÏC M. SURESAN
ÞœêŸÙö˺ Ïí£pè[ª Ú¥ë]ª. Íô³-
ð¼-ô³ì Nù£óŸªÙ– ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE had + past participle.
4) How I wish today were a holiday.
ÐôÁV šúõ÷± Íô³ê¶ ÓÙêŸ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC!
5) I only wish his programme were delayed.
ÍêŸè… Ú¥ô¢u-vÚÛ÷ªÙ Îõú£uiê¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC (Ú¥xúÃ
Íô³ì êŸô¦yêŸ ÷ªìÙ îµüÉ•xàŸªa).
6) I wish I were rather at the function than
here.
ÏÚÛ\è[ ÚÛû¦o Î íÆ£ÙÚÛ{-ûËÂö˺ ÑÙè[è[Ù Ïù£dÙ û¦ÚÛª.
Very important:
Ð ¤ÛéÙö˺ Bô¢E ÚÁJ-ÚÛìª êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ Ïö°
ÍÙåªÙæ°Ù:
a) I/we/you/they wish I/we/you/they were...
OR I/we/you/they + Past Doing Word (went,
came, etc).
b) He/She wishes he/she were... OR He/she
+ Past Doing Word.
(ÏÚÛ\è[ ÍEo àÁæ°x wish ñë]ªõª 'oh'... ÍE vð§ô¢Ù-
GÅÙ-àŸ-÷àŸªa.)
Practise the following aloud in English
Prema: ÐôÁV ú£ª÷ª vèµúÃ àŸ«ø‹î¦? û¦ÚÛ« Íö°Ù-
æ¨C ÑÙç¶ ÓÙêŸ-ò°-ÞœªÙ-åªÙëÁ! ...!
Hema: Íö°Ù-æ¨C îµ³ìo û¶ûË•ÚÛ ÿ§íÃö˺ àŸ«ø‹.
û¦ÚÛª ÍC ÍÙêŸÞ¥ ìàŸa-ö¶ë]ª.
Prema: û¦ v赚úúà ÍFo ÷« Ít šúöµÚÂd à¶ú£ªhÙC.
û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ú£h ú£yêŸÙvêŸÙ Ï›úh ò°ÞœªÙåªÙC.
Hema: ìª÷yC Öí£±p-ÚÁ-ÚÛªÙè¯ ÑÙç¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC.
Prema: ÷« Í÷ªt-ÚÛC Íô¢niê¶ ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙC. ììªo
šúöµÚÂd à¶ú£ªÚÁ-E›úh ÓÚÛª\÷ è[ñªsõª šíè[ê¦-
ìE Î òÅ¡óŸªÙ.
Answer:
Prema: Have you seen Suma's dress today?
How nice it is/ I wish/ How I wish/
Oh, I had a dress like that!
Hema: I saw the same kind of dress in some
shop. I didn't like it much.
Prema: The trouble is mom selects all my
dresses. How I wish/ I wish/ Oh, she
gave me the freedom to select my
dresses.
Hema: I wish you didn't agree to it.
Prema: I wish my mother understood it. Her
fear is that if I selected my dresses I
would spend more money.
II
Sharmila: I bought this book on Physics
Yesterday.
(E†o ؈’ Ñ Physics book éÌØ√o†’.)
Urmila: Oh, this one! I wish you hadn't
bought it.
(Éü∆? -†’-´y-C é̆-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-
úËC)
Sharmila: Why? (àç?)
Urmila: I have bought it too and I find it utter-
ly useless. It is very badly written.
(Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo ؈÷ éÌØ√o†’. ÅüËç ¶«í∫-
™‰ü¿’. ¶«í∫-®√-ߪ’™‰ü¿’.)
utterly = totally, °æ‹Jhí¬
Sharmila: Oh, I wish you had told me earlier of
it. I wouldn't have bought it.
(†’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüË îÁ°œp Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-
úËC éπü∆/ ´·çüË áçü¿’èπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.
؈’ °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo é̆’çúË ü∆Eo é¬ü¿’.)
Urmila: When I showed it to our lecturer she (Å™«çöÀ necklace
✓ é̆’-éÓ\-´îª’a – Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC
said I had made a mistake in buying
this book. I wish I had known you She wishes she bought such a necklace =
were going to buy it. I would have told (Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Å™«çöÀ necklace é̆’-èπ◊\çõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç- ©E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Sentence (a)
you not to. Can you return it and get ü¿E°œ≤ÚhçC.)
the money back? ✓ é¬F éÌØË °æJ-Æ œnA ™‰ü¿’/ Ç Å´-鬨¡ç É°æ¤púø’ ™‰ü¿’.
(؈’ DEo ´’† lecturer èπ◊ îª÷°œçî√†’. a) She wishes to have such a necklace
She bought such a necklace
Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌE ؈’ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ î˨»-†E
Ç¢Á’ ÅçC. †’´¤y é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-´E -ûÁLÊÆh
¶«í∫’ç-úËC. éÌØÌ-ü¿lE îÁÊ°p-ü∆Eo. ÅC
AJ-T-îËaÆœ úø•’s ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-©¢√?)
Sharmila: I wish I could. But no shop would
agree. At the most they may agree
to an exchange.
(Å™« °æ¤Ææhéπç AJ-T*a úø•’s
ûÁa-éÓ-í∫-L-T-ûË ÆæçûÓ≠æ¢Ë’. é¬F à shop
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 168
Åçü¿’èπ◊ ä°æ¤p-éÓü¿’ éπü∆? ´’£æ… Å®·ûË Ç
°æ¤Ææhéπç •ü¿’©’ ÉçÍéüÁjØ√ °æ¤Ææhéπç É´y-ö«-
EéÀ ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´îª’a)
(At the most = ´’£æ… Å®·ûË)
Urmila: The author doesn't appear to know
how to write a book useful for the stu-
dents. I think the poor sales would
make him wish that he had not written
the book.
(Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ Ö°æßÁ÷í∫-°æ-úË™« °æ¤Ææhéπç
®√ߪ’ôç Ç ®Ωîª-®·-ûªèπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ-†ô’x ™‰ü¿’.
Å´’t鬩’ ûªèπ◊\-´í¬ Öçõ‰... °æ¤Ææhéπç
®√ߪ’èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úË-üÁ-¢Á÷ -Å-E
Åûª-úÕéÀ -Å-E-°œÆæ’hç-C)
Sharmila: So what do I do now?
(Å®·ûË Øˆ’ àç îËߪ’†’?)
Urmila: Exchange it for Prof Bhoutik's
Manual of Physics.
( DEo ÉîËaÆœ Prof Bhoutik ®√Æœ†
Manual of Physics ûÁaéÓ)
lÉ°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω-í∫E N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ éÓ®Ω’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ 'If clause'
™ were/ past doing word ᙫ ¢√-
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
úøû√¢Á÷ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆ (í∫ûª È®çúø’
´‚úø’ lessons ™).
1) I wish I were not here =
(ØËE°æ¤púø’ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-èπÿ-úø-ü¿-E°œ-≤ÚhçC/ Öçúø-éπ-§ÚûË
¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC)
✓ É°æ¤p-úÕ-éπ\úø ÖØ√o†’
2) He wishes he were consulted =
(ûª††’ É°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ææçv°æ-CÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿E
éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ / Ææçv°æ-CÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿E ņ’-
èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.)
✓ ûª††’ É°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ææçv°æ-Cç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’
3) She wishes she bought such a necklace=
(ûª†’ É°æ¤púø™«çöÀ necklace é̆’-èπ◊\çõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-
ô’ç-ü¿-†’-éÌç-öçC)
✓ É°æ¤púø’ é̆’-éÓ\-´-úøç ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’
éÀçC ¢√öÀ ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
She wishes to buy such a necklace
é̆’- é Ó\- ¢ √- © - † ’- è π ◊ ç- ö çC) (É°æ ¤ p úø ’ BÆæ ’ éÓ- ´ - ô ç ™‰ ü ¿ ’ ) BÆæ ’èπ◊-†’çõ‰ (past))
(Å™«çöÀ necklace ûª†-èπ◊ç-ú≈-©E éÓ®Ω-èπ◊ç-öçC–
Ç¢Á’ é̆’-èπ◊\ØË Å´-鬨¡ç ÖçC)
b) She wishes she had such a necklace -
(ûª†é¬ necklace Öçõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çüÓ Å†’-
éÌç-öçC– É°æ¤p-ú≈-¢Á’-éπ-™«çöÀ necklace ™‰ü¿’.)
l(ÉC ÉEo≤ƒ®Ω’x repeat îËߪ’ö«EéÀ 鬮Ωùç...
I wish I were, She wishes she were ™«çöÀ
expression correct meaning and use §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊-
©èπ◊ ûÁL-ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊.)
É°æ¤púø’ ´’®Ó éÌûªh N≠æߪ’ç ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊çü∆ç.
Observe carefully.
Compare the sentences (a) and (b) below:
a) He is buying car. I wish he took an expert's
advice.
(鬮Ω’ éÌçô’-Ø√oúø’. á´-È®jØ√ E°æ¤-ùÀúÕ (expert)
Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ ´’ç*C)
Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’éÓ-´ôç ™‰ü¿’.
b) He has bought a car and it is giving him
trouble. He wishes he had taken an experts
advice.
(Åûª†’ 鬮Ω’ é̆’-èπ◊\-Ø√oúø’, ÅC
Prabha: Ñ¢√∞¡ ÂÆ©¢ÁjûË ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC?
Subha: Ñ §ƒúø’ college ™ holidays Öçúø´¤.
ØËE-éπ\úø student í¬ Öç-úøéπ-§Ú-ûË ¶«í∫’ç-
ô’çC.
Prabha: F ´™‰x ØËF college ™ îË®√†’. E†’o
ņ’-Ææ-Jç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úËC.
Subha: †’´¤y ´÷Ø√†o†’ Ææ©£æ… Åúø-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰
¶«í∫’ç-úËC.
Prabha: college N≠æߪ’ç °æéπ\-†-°ô’d. Ø√éà hos-
tel ™ Öçú≈-©-E°œç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’. Hosteller
í¬ Öçúø-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E Ø√ éÓJéπ.
Subha: ÆœE-´÷©’ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ free í¬ Öçú≈-©E
éÓJéπ. É°æp-öÀÍé î√-™« ÆœE-´÷©’ miss
Åߪ÷uç. Å´Fo îª÷Ææ’ç-ú≈-Lqç-ü¿E éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-
-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 9 -W-Ø˛ 2006
a) were/past doing word (came, went, etc)
É≤ÚhçC. á´-È®jØ√ E°æ¤-ù’úÕ Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’èπ◊-E- Öçõ‰
- present
¶«í∫’ç-úË-ü¿E ņ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’).
✓ é̆o-°æ¤púø’ BÆæ’éÓ™‰ü¿’. b) had been / had + past participle - past
Now look at the use of had been, and had +
Sentence (a) Sentence (b)
past participle in the dialogue between
1) He is buying He has bought Sharmila and Urmila.
(éÌØ√oúø’–past)
(éÌçô’-Ø√oúø’) 1) I wish you hadn't bought it - verb
2) He took He had taken
had+past participle
É°æ¤púø’ Ææ©£æ… BÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ é̆o-°æ¤púø’ Ææ©£æ…
(PP) - past -
(†’´¤y- éÌ-†-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰
lÉçûª ´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ îËߪ’E/ ï®Ω-í∫E °æ†’-©†’
í∫’-Jç-* îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ were/ past doing word ¢√ú≈- ¶«í∫’ç-úË-C/-éÌ-†’ç-ú≈-LqçC
é¬ü¿†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) .
lÅüË í∫ûªç™ ï®Ω-í∫E °æ†’©’ ïJT Öçõ‰/ ïJ-T† 2) I wish you had told me
°æ†’©’ ï®Ω-í∫èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰ ÅE îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ had been/ of it earlier - had+pp- M. SURESAN
had + PP (Sentence (b) ) ¢√-úøû√ç. past- Éçûª-èπ◊
´·çüË
îÁ°æ¤pç-ú≈-LqçC.
3) I wish I had known you were going to buy it
- had known - had+pp-
(
´·çüË (past ™) ûÁL-Ææ’çõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úËC – ´ü¿lE
îÁÊ°p ü∆Eo.
4) I wish I could - AJT ÉîËaߪ’í∫-L-TûË (É°æ¤púø’)
Study the following: ¶«í∫’ç--ô’ç-C...(past ™ Å®·ûË could have +pp)
5)... poor sales would
The mother wishes that her
1) The mother wishes that her
make him wish he
son had been present at the
son were here.
function last night. had not written the
(ûª† éÌúø’èπ◊ É°æ¤púø’ Ééπ\úø Öçõ‰
( í∫ûª-®√vA ïJ-T† function ™ ûª† book =
¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿E ûªLx ņ’-èπ◊ç-
éÌúø’èπ◊ ÖçúÕ Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-úË-ü¿-†’-éÌ- (-Åç-ûª û- èª π◊\-´ Å- ´- ’té¬-©’ -
öçC.) (É°æ¤púø’ Ééπ\úø ™‰úø’)
öçC ÅûªE ûªLx – past) Å-ûØ-ª √ °æ¤Æhæ éπç ®√-ߪ’éπ§- Ú®·ç-
2) He wishes that he were He wishes that he had been õ‰ ¶ - «í∫’ç-ú- ¢-Ë ÷Á Å- E- °œ≤ƒh®·)
selected- selected - °j´Fo past èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-
(É°æ¤púø’ -Å-ûª-úø’ áç°œÈéj Öçõ‰ ( ûª-†’ (í∫-ûªç-™ ) -áç°œ-Èéj -Öç-õ‰ -
*†N 鬕öÀd, had + past
¶«í∫’ç-úË-ü¿E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’/ ¶«í∫’ç-úË-ü¿-†’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o--úø’) participle form.
áç°œ-ÈéjûË ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿E ÅûªE (had been selected)
DEoÅçõ‰, I/ we / you / they
éÓJéπ.)
3) She wishes she did not see
She wishes she had not seen
him last monday. wish /He / she / it wishes
+ were/past doing word -
him. (í∫ûª ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç Åûªúø’ éπ†-°æ-úø-éπ-
present èπÿ, had
(Åûª-†-éπ\úø éπ†-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈-©E §Ú®· Öçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-ü¿E / éπ†-°æ-
úø-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈-Lqç-ü¿E ņ’-éÌç- been/had+past participle
Ç¢Á’ ņ’-èπ◊ç-öçC. É°æ¤púø’– éπ†-
- past
öçC) èπÿ.
°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’)
OöÀE ¶«í¬ practice îËÆœ
That's the difference between the use of
were/ the past doing word, and the use of
O’ conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ. ÉN ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’
î√™« Öçö«®·.
trouble had been / had + past participle-
Practise the following aloud in English
ô’Ø√o. (ÉC past 鬕öÀd – had+pp)
Prabha: ÉC ´’†èπ◊ ûª°æpü¿’. ÉçéÓ È®çúË∞¡Ÿx Ééπ\úË Subha: I wish you hadn't asked for my dad's
Öçú≈L. advice. (ÉC past 鬕öÀd had+pp)
Answer: Prabha: Let alone this College. I don't feel like
Prabha: (How) I wish today were a holiday being in the hostel. (feel like = Å-E°œç
Subha: No holidays at all in this rotten college -îªôç) Oh, I were not a hosteller!
- rotten = Subha: I wish to be free to see movies. We have
´·J-T-§Ú-®·†, Aô’dèπ◊ áèπ◊\-´í¬
I wish I were not a student already missed a number of movies. I
¢√-úø-û√®Ω’).
here. only wish we had seen all of them.
Prabha: I joined this college because of you. Prabha: (There is) no helping it (ûª°æpü¿’) we
I wish I hadn't (had not) followed you have to be here for two years more.
II
Nandan: Santan, I'm afraid that something is
seriously wrong with me. I'm unable
to concentrate on studies.
(Ø√ÍéüÓ Å´¤-ûª’-†o-ôd-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. îªü¿’´¤ O’ü¿
ü¿%≠œd °ôd-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’. Ø√èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿í¬
ÖçC.(I'm afraid.) (Ééπ\úø ¶µºßª’ç ÅE Å®Ωnç
é¬ü¿’.)
concentrate = ÍéçvD-éπ-Jç-îª-ôç/-v¨¡-ü¿l¥-îª÷-°æôç.
Santan: I've observed that. Of late you haven't
been as serious about studies as you
were in the past. Your scores too have
been low. Something wrong with your
health, perhaps.
(؈’ í∫-´’Eç-î√†’ ÅC. îªü¿’´¤ O’ü¿ Fèπ◊
Éç-ûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’†o v¨¡ü¿l¥ Ñ ´’üµ¿u éπ-E°œç-îª-ôç-
™‰ü¿’.-´÷®Ω’\-©’ èπÿú≈ ûªí¬_®·. F Ç®Óí∫uç
à´’Ø√o ¶«í∫ø-™‰-üË¢Á÷.)
Of late = lately = Ñ ´’üµ¿u.
home.
OöÀéÀ late = 'Ç©Ææu-¢Á’i†—èπ◊ àç Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’.
Nandan: My health is OK. I eat well and sleep
Éçöx Öçú≈Lq-† -õ„i-¢˛’ ÉC./Éçöx Öçú≈-Lq† -õ„i-¢˛’ Prabhas: †’´¤y ú≈éπd®˝éÀ -á°æ¤p-úÓ îª÷°œç-î √-LqçC.
well. No illness at all. Had there been
´*açC.
d) (It's) time (that) he were at home.
anything wrong, I would have know.
= Åûª†’ Éçöx Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-üË/-á-°æ¤púÓ Öçú≈-LqçC,
(Ø√ Ç®Ó-í¬u-EÍéç..¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. ¶«í¬
Éçé¬-™‰úø’.
Açô’Ø√o, Evü¿-¶-ûª’Ø√o, ﶉsç-™‰ü¿’. àüÁjØ√
éÓ°æç áèπ◊\-¢Áj†-éÌDl ûªèπ◊\´ Ç™-*≤ƒhç!
Öçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ÊÆC éπü∆?)
Santan: Still we can't say. It's time (that) you
saw a doctor.
(Å®·Ø√ ´’†ç àç îÁ°æp™‰ç. †’Nyç-ûªèπ◊
´·çüË -ú≈éπd®˝†’ Ææç-v°æ-Cç-î√-LqçC.)
Nandan: Shall I do that then?
(Å®·ûË Å™« îËߪ’Ø√?)
Santan: You had better. Exams are round the
corner, time we started serious prepa-
ration.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 169
(ÅüË ´’ç*C. °æK-éπ~©’ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-éÌ-îËa-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·.
´’†ç -v°œ°æÍ®-≠æ-Ø˛ á°æ¤púÓ ¢Á·ü¿©’ °ö«d-
LqçC.)
Nandan: It is time my father were here. He told
me a week ago that he would come
here in two or three days. If he were
here now, he could take me to a doc.
(´÷Ø√†o É°æp-öÀéà ™‰úÕ-éπ\úø, á°æ¤púÓ -Öçú≈-
Lq-Ø√-ߪ’†. È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©èπ◊ ´≤ƒh-†E
¢√®Ωç éÀç-ü¿-ô îÁ§ƒpúø’. Çߪ’E°æ¤-úø’ -Öç-úÕ
Öçõ‰ -†-†’o -ú≈éπd®˝ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞Ïx-¢√úø’.)
Doc = present day English ™ short
form for doctor.)
Santan: Call him and tell him of your problem.
Time you were free from all worries to
prepare for the exams.
(Ñ éπ©-ûª© †’ç* á°æ¤púÓ •ßª’-ô-°æúÕ °æ-Kéπ~-
©èπ◊ -v°œÊ°®˝ Å´¤-ûª÷ -Öç-ú≈-LqçC †’´¤y)
Nandan: I'll do it immediately then.
(¢ÁçôØË îË≤ƒh†’.)
Santan: The earlier, the better.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
(áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆh Åçûª- ´’ç-*C.)
, , ,
Look at the sentences (a) and (b) below.
a) It's time for him to start for college. The time
has come for him to start for college.
Åûªúø’ college éÀ •ßª’-™‰l-®√-Lq† time ÉC./-´-*açC.
b) It's (high) time (that) he started for college =
Time he started for college
(It's, high, that ÖØ√o äéπõ‰, ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ äéπõ‰)
College éÀ á°æ¤púÓ •ßª’-™‰l-®√-Lqç-ü¿-ûª†’.
(Éçé¬ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ ÅE Å®Ωnç)
He should have started for college before
now = Åûª†’ college Èé∞Ïx time
ü∆öÀ-§Ú-®·çC.
Sentences (a) (b) © π◊ -
áçûª ûËú≈ ÖçüÓ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
c) It's time/the time has come for him to be at
-àçöÀ î√-™« -G-@í¬ ÖØ√o´¤?
Subhash: àç îËߪ’†’. Å´’tèπ◊ äçöx ¶«í¬ ™‰ü¿’.
Ç©Ææuç î˨»´¤.-
Subhash: Ç °æE O’üË -G-@í¬ ÖØ√o. Ç -ÇÆæ’°æ-vA™ -
îµ√-Kb-©’ ´’K áèπ◊\´.úø•’s éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’hØ√o. 'You had better do it!
Prabhas: îª÷-úø’ Subhash .. Ééπ\úø Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç
Sentences (b), (d) ©™
verbs í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Verb in sentence (b) = started - past doing word
Verb in sentence (d) = were - plural verb,
though the subject 'he' is singular.
ÉD É™«çöÀ sentences ™ v°æûËu-éπûª – were, past
doing word ¢√úøéπç.
Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ.
e) Åûª†’ á°æ¤púÓ Â°Rx îËÆæ’éÌ-E -Öç-ú≈-LqçC.
(It's) (high) time he got married/he were mar-
ried (Åçõ‰ Éçé¬ îËÆæ’éÓ-™‰-üËçöÀ ÅE)
He should have been married before now.
f) Time he learnt manners.
Éçé¬ Åûª†’ manners ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-™‰-ü¿’/-Éç-ûª-°ü¿l ¢√úÁj-†-
°æp-öÀéà -Å-ûªúÕéÀ manners ûÁMü¿’.
g) Time (It's high time that) he consulted a doc-
tor.
á°æ¤púÓ -ú≈éπd®˝†’ Ææçv°æ-Cç-î√-LqçC, Éçûª ´®Ωèπ◊ îËߪ’-
™‰ü¿’.
He should have consulted a doctor much
earlier.
Now look at the following sentences
from the conversation between
Nandan and Santan
1) It's time you saw a doctor.
†’´¤y Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çüË -ú≈éπd®˝†’ Ææç-v°æ-Cç-î√-LqçC/
Ç©Ææuç î˨»´¤.
(Verb - saw - past doing word)
2) Time we started serious preparation.
°æ-Kéπ~-©èπ◊ Æ‘-J-ߪ’Æˇí¬ -v°œÊ°®˝ 鬴ôç Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çüÁ-
°æ¤púÓ Ç®Ωç-Gµç-î√-Lqç-C/-Ç-©Ææuç Å®·çC.
(Verb - started - past doing word)
3) It's time my father were here.
´÷ Ø√†o á°æ¤púÓ Ééπ\-úø’ç-ú≈-Lqç-C/-Ç-©Ææuç Å®·çC
(Verb - were)
4) Time you were free from all worries to pre-
pare for the exams.
-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 12 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Subhash: Time I repaid the money. I borrowed
(†’´¤y °æK-éπ~-©èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´-ö«-EéÀ Ñ éπ©-ûª©
from you already. How can I borrow
†’ç* á°æ¤púÓ •ßª’ô°æúÕ Öçú≈Lqç-C.)
again?
(verb - were)
Prabhas: Don't make me angry. Tell me how
Ñ sentences ™E Ñ construction ¶«í¬ practice
much you want.
îËߪ’çúÕ. O’ Spoken English, natural í¬ Öçô’çC.
Subhash: Rs. 10000/-
Exercise: Practise the following
Prabhas: Have it. come home to me.
aloud in English
Nandan, Varun conversa-
Prabhas:
tion ™E Ñ sentences †’
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
'Shall I do that then?' (shall
I see the doctor then?)
(ÅC îËߪ’ôç better.)
M. SURESAN
†’´yC îËߪ’ôç ´’ç*C ÅØË
Å®ΩnçûÓ you had better do it
Åçô’çö«ç.
It is better for you to do that ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a.
you had better do it better.
é¬F
He had better not go there now.
Åûª-†-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞¡}éπ §Ú´ôç ´’ç*C.
ÅØË-üË
îËߪ’-í∫© ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-úø’ ÖØ√o-úøE á°æ¤púÓ ûÁ©’- Ñ sentences èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.
Ææ’-èπ◊-†’ç-ú≈-LqçC -†’-´¤y. ؈’-Ø√o-†’í¬. áçûª Nandan: I'll do it immediately then.
Santan: The earlier, the better.
鬢√L?
The earlier, the better= áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆh Åçûª
Subhash: ´ü¿’l™‰. ᙫíÓ ûÁa-èπ◊çö«.
Prabhas: Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ü∆îªôç ǧƒ-Lq† -õ„i-¢˛’ ´*açC.
´’ç*C.
Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’èπ◊. -îÁ°æ¤p -áçûª 鬢√™? Ñ type of sentences èπÿú≈ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
Subhash: ØËEç-ûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ F ü¿í∫_®Ω BÆæ’èπ◊†o úø¶‰s áçûª §Òúø’-í∫-®·ûË, Åçûª ¶«í¬ bowl îËߪ’-í∫-©®Ω’.
á°æ¤púÓ AJ-T-¢√y-LqçC. ´’Sx ᙫ = The taller a person is, the better can they
bowl.
BÆæ’éÓ†’?
Prabhas: Ø√èπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îªèπ◊. áçûª 鬢√™ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC.
1) The use of the comparative.
îÁ§Òpa éπü∆?
Subhash: °æ-C-¢Ë-© ®Ω÷-§ƒ-ߪ’-©’ 2) The inversion of the verb.
Prabhas: B≤Ú\. ®√ ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ. a) The more angry you are, the less do you
ANSWER: think .
Prabhas: What makes you so busy? éÓ°æç áèπ◊\-¢Áj†-éÌDl, ûªèπ◊\´ Ç™-*≤ƒhç.
Subhash: What shall I do? Mom is not at all b) The hotter the sun is, the more tired one is.
well. áçúø áèπ◊\--¢Áj† éÌDl, Å©-Ææô áèπ◊\-´-´¤-ûª’çC/ áèπ◊\´
Prabhas: Time you took her to a doctor. Å©-Æœ-§Ú-û√®Ω’.
Subhash: That's what I am busy doing. The Ñ éÀçC sentences English™
practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
charges in the hospital are high. I
am looking for money. 1) °ü¿l ¢√∞¡x-®·-†-éÌDl, ņ’-¶µº´ç °®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC.
Prabhas: Look here, Subhash. Time you knew 2) áçûª Ç -vúÕçé˙ û√TûË, Åçûª Éçé¬ û√í¬-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC.
you have a friend who can help you. ANSWERS:
Subhash: Just don't worry. I will get it some 1) The older you are/ you grow, the more is your
experience.
how.
2) The more you drink it, the more you feel like
Prabhas: Time you stopped hiding things from
drinking it.
me.
-v°æ-¨¡o: What is the difference between "found" and "discovery"?
– ņ’-´÷©¨ÎöÀd éÀ≥Ú®˝, ®√-N-†÷-ûª-©
-ï-¢√-•’: 'Found' means to establish (≤ƒn°œç-îªôç). NTR founded the TDP. (NTR
TDP E ≤ƒn°œç-î √®Ω’.)
2) Found is the past tense of 'find'. ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, í∫´’-Eç-îªôç, îª÷úøôç ÅØË
Å®ΩnçûÓ. I found him working very hard = Åûªúø’ éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç í∫´’-Eç-
î√†’.
3) Discovery - the act of finding or learning about something for the first
time Åçõ‰ à N≠æ-ߪ÷-ØÁj oØ√ ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒ-Jí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç, ÅE.
Newton's discovery of the laws of gravitation changed out understanding
of nature. †÷u-ô-Ø˛ í∫’®Ω’-û√y-éπ-®Ω{ù ¨¡éÀhE éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç (Åçü¿-J-éπØ√o ´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-
´ôç /Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´ôç) v°æéπ%-AE í∫’Jç* ´’† Å´-í¬-£æ«-†™ ´÷®Ω’p ûÁ*açC. Find
out Åçõ‰ discover ÅØË Å®Ωnç-´-Ææ’hçC.-
II
I. Prasad: Your clothes look nice. Are they
new?
(F •ôd©’ ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·. ÅN éÌûªh¢√?)
Pramod: Yes. They are. (Å´¤†’)
Prasad: Perhaps they cost you a lot.
(ÅN ¶«í¬ êK-üÁj-†-´-†’-èπ◊çö«)
Pramod: Yes. They did.
Prasad: You look quite smart in them.
(†’¢√y •ôd™x Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤)
Pramod: Do I? Thanks for the compliment.
(Å´¤Ø√? F §Òí∫-úøhèπ◊ thanks)
Prasad: Then shall we start?
Pramod: We shall.
☯ ☯ ☯ ☯
II. Srikanth: Have you met suman?
Ravinder: Yes. I have.
Srikanth: Do you know where he is?
Ravinder: No, I don't.
Srikanth: Will you meet him again?
Ravinder: No, I won't. I've important work.
Srikanth: Do you expect him here today?
(Ñ®ÓV ´≤ƒh-úø-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√?)
Ravinder: I'm afraid no. (®√úø-†’-èπ◊çö«)
☯ ☯ ☯ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.)
III. Naresh: The shop hasn't yet opened today.
shop
(Ñ®ÓV Éçé¬ ûÁ®Ω-´-™‰ü¿’)
Mahesh: Yes, it hasn't. It is usually open by
this time.
(´÷´‚-©’í¬ Ñ time èπ◊ ûÁJ-ç-ô’çC)
May I come in? - Please do.
Naresh: So it is. But I don't know what's
happened today.
(Å´¤†’. Ñ®ÓV à¢Á’içüÓ ûÁL-ߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’)
Mahesh: There they are coming to open.
But I think it will be some time
before they start selling. I can't
wait.
(ÅCíÓ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ûÁ®Ω-´-ö«-EéÀ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
Å´’tôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îª-ö«-EéÀ éÌçûª time
°æúø’-ûª’çC. ؈’ wait îËߪ’-™‰†’.)
☯ ☯ ☯ °j conversation passages äéÌ\-éπ\öÀ ´‚úø’,
IV. Bhaskar: Why did you come so late yester-
day?
(E†o áçü¿’èπ◊ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ´î√a¢˛?)
Bhavani: Did I? I was here on time.
(-ØËØ√? ØËE-éπ\úø time èπ◊ ÖØ√o†’.)
Bhaskar: But you weren't. I noted the time.
It was 8.15.
Bhavani: But it wasn't 8.15. It was only 8.05.
(Å°æ¤púø’ 8.15 é¬ü¿’. 8.05 ´÷vûª¢Ë’)
Bhaskar: Even that makes you late.
(Å°æ¤púø®·Ø√ †’´¤y Ç©-Ææu-¢Ë’-éπü∆?)
Bhavani: So it does. (Å´¤-ØÁxçúÕ)
☯ ☯ ☯
V. Chetan: Madan, we have been here before.
(´’ü¿Ø˛, ´’†ç Ééπ\-úÕéÀ Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çüÌî√aç.)
Madan: But we haven't. You are mistaken.
(´’†ç ®√™‰ü¿’. †’¢ËyüÓ §Ò®Ω-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤)
Chetan: But I'm not. Some how the place
seems familiar to me.
(ØËØËç §Ò®Ω-•-úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπØÓ Ñ
v°æü˨¡ç Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îª÷Æœ†ô’d
ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 14 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Madan: But it doesn't to me.
(Ø√éπ™« àO’ ÅE-°œç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’)
☯ ☯ ☯
VI. Balu: I must start at once, or I'll be late for
office. ( -ØË-†’ -¢ÁçôØË •ßª’-™‰l-®√L. ™‰èπ-§Ú-ûË
office èπ◊ Ç©Ææu-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-C.)
Giri: So must I. I've to reserve tickets for
my journey. (؈÷ ¢Á∞«xL. v°æߪ÷-ù«-EéÀ
tickets reserve îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√L)
Balu: Have you the key to lock the room?
Giri: I have. 1) Ramu: Do you take coffee?
O’ English speech Å´’-J-†-ô’xç-ú≈-©çõ‰ ÉN ¶«í¬
Balu: Will you lock the room then? practice Somu: Yes, I do/ No, I don't (do not)
îËÆœ ûªúø’-´·-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úøí∫LT Öçú≈L.
Giri: I will. Don't worry. 2) John: Does she sing well?
ÉN ᙫ îËߪ÷™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç:
☯ ☯ ☯ ¢Á·ü¿-ôí¬ study the short responses in the short Eddy: Yes, she does/ No, she doesn't (does
°j short conversations îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? ¢√öÀ™ conversations at the beginning of this lesson. not)
O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ daily con- 1. Prasad: ... Are they new? 3) Sarala: Did he meet you yesterday?
versation ™ informal situations ™ ´’†ç ¢ËÊÆ Pramod: Yes, they are.
Vanaja: Yes, he did/ No he didn't (did not)
questions, Åçü¿’èπ◊ ´îËa answers °j´-Fo†÷. (Ééπ\úÕ response, î√™«-´’çC ÅØËô’x, yes, ÅEé¬E,
Carefully observe the questions and the yes, they are new ÅEé¬F ņ®Ω’. correct con-
Å™«Íí sentence ™ shall, will, can, could, may,
replies in the dialogues above. you find the might, need ´ÊÆh, responses ™ èπÿú≈ Å¢Ë
versation ™ ÆæÈ®j† response: Yes, they are.
responses (replies) very brief and expressed repeat Å´¤-û√®·, Yes, Å®·ûË not ™‰èπ◊çú≈, No
Answer é¬ü¿’ Å®·ûË, No, they aren't. Ééπ\úø
in a word or two. èπÿú≈, No ûÓ Ç°æ-ôç-é¬F, No, they are not new Å®·ûË, not îËJa.
(°j passage ™E ï¢√-•’-©Fo èπÿú≈ î√™« èπ◊x°æhçí¬ ÅE °æ‹Jhí¬ Ç°æôç ï®Ω-í∫ü¿’, standard spoken a) Kavya: Will you buy the book?
äéπöÀ È®çúø’ -´÷-ô© éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç English ™. Å™«Íí– Navya: Yes, I will/ No, I won't (will not)
Prasad: Perhaps they cost you a lot. b) Kiran: Can he walk?
Pramod: Yes, they did. (Yes ûÓ Ç°æôç é¬F, Shyam: Yes, he can/ No, he can't.
Yes, they cost me a lot é¬F é¬ü¿’)
c) Ram: could you understand that?
Prasad: Shall we start?
Das: Yes, I could/ No, I couldn't.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 170 Pramod: We shall. (short response) (We shall
start é¬ü¿’) 4) Have, has, had sentences ™ ´ÊÆh respons-
es ™ èπÿú≈ Å¢Ë ´≤ƒh®·.
a) Venu: Have you understood it?
Ramu: Yes, I have/ No, I haven't/ I'm afraid
I haven't.
b) Balu: Has he come?
Somu: Yes, he has/ No, he hasn't/ I'm afraid
he hasn't.
É™«çöÀ short respons- Passage II ™ short responses í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. 5) Kesav: He had seen me before he went out.
es English conversa- a) Yes, I have (met b) No. I don't (Know
™‰ü¿’) Kumar: Yes, he had/ No, he hadn't.
tion/ spoken English èπ◊ c) No I won't (meet
™‰ü¿’) d) I'm afraid no
™‰ü¿’) EXERCISE
Ææ£æ«-ï-û√y-Eo-≤ƒh®·. (Ééπ\úøexpect v°æ≤ƒh-´ØË ™‰ü¿’) Now practise short responses for the fol-
Spoken English ™ Passage III: a) Yes, it hasn't. (opened
™‰ü¿’) lowing aloud.
questions èπ◊, ´·êuçí¬ b) So it is. (open c) Nor can I (wait
™‰ü¿’) ™‰ü¿’)
non 'wh' word ques- Srinath: E†o †’´¤y ¢√úÕE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?
Passage IV: a) Did I? (Did I come late ™‰ü¿’
tions what, M. SURESAN Srikar: (¶«üµ¿í¬) ™‰ü¿’.
(Åçõ‰ éπü∆?) b) But you weren't (here ™‰ü¿’) c) So, it
when, why, where, who, whose ™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©ûÓ does (So it makes me late é¬ü¿’) Srinath: Ñ®Ó-ñ„jØ√ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?
questions)
v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç é¬E responses
èπ◊ î√™« Passage V: a) But we haven't (been îË®Ωa-™‰ü¿’) b) Srikar: éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ†’, Ø√èπ◊ °æ†’çC.
èπ◊x°æhçí¬ Öçö«®·. But I'm not. (mistaken îË®Ωa-™‰ü¿’) c) But it doesn't Srinath: ¢√úÕéÀ phone Å®·Ø√ îË≤ƒh¢√?
seem, to me (familiar repeat Å´ôç ™‰ü¿’) Srikar: îË≤ƒh†’. é¬F ¢√úø’ Ü∞x ÖØ√oú≈ ÅØËC
Ø√©’-í∫’-≤ƒ®Ω’x Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ îªCN practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Passage VI: a) So must I ('Start' repeat 鬴ôç ņ’-´÷†ç Ø√èπ◊.
short responses ᙫ Öçö«ßÁ÷ O’èπ◊ Å®Ωn-´’-´¤- ™‰ü¿’) b) I have ('the key' repeat 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’)
Srinath: †’´¤y ¢√úÕE last time éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’
ûª’çC. Look at the following exchanges. c) I will (lock it ņôç ™‰ü¿’)
†’Oy N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒp-´-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
I. Balaram: May I come in? °j passages ÅFo Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ 3, 4 ≤ƒ®Ω’x practice
Srikar: îÁ§ƒp†’. Ç N≠æߪ’ç Fèπ◊ îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆,
Rajaram: Please do. (Have a seat) îËߪ’çúÕ. Short responses Å©-¢√-ô-´¤-û√®·.
Short responses ¢Áçô ¢ÁçôØË ÅçCç-îª-ö«-EéÀ ÅC
í∫’®Ω’hç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊çö«.
Ééπ\úø come in ÅE é¬F, please come in Srinath: í∫’®Ω’hçC. äéπ-≤ƒJ ü∆Eo ´’Sx îÁ°æpôç FÍéç
ÅE é¬F reply ™ ®√éπ-§Ú-´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. form îËߪ’ôç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. Ç Ææ÷vû√-LN:
a) Are they students? DEéÀ short response - Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆?
II. Ramana: Australians play well.
¢√∞¡Ÿx students Å®·ûË, Yes, they are students Srikar: ÅüËç-™‰ü¿’. ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ îÁ§ƒh.
Kamala: Yes, they do/ No, they don't.
ÅE °æ‹Jhí¬ ÅØË •ü¿’©’, yes, they are ûÓ ANSWER
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ yes, they play well/ No, they ÇÊ°≤ƒhç. é¬éπ-§ÚûË, No, they aren't (are not) Srinath: Did you meet him yesterday?
don't' play well play
ÅE, ¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-´úøç í∫´’- Åçö«ç. Ééπ\úø easy short response ÉîËa-ô-
English natural practice. Srikar: No, I didn't/ I'm afraid I didn't.
Eç-îªçúÕ. ÉD ™ °æ¤púø’ ¢Á·ü¿ô sentence ™ verb îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L.
III. Teacher: Can you sing, Radha? ü∆Eo-•öÀd ´’† response Öçô’çC. sentence Srinath: Will you meet him at least today?
Radha: Yes, I can, Maam/ No I can't/ I'm ™ 'Are' ÖçC 鬕öÀd, So they are ÅE Srikar: I won't. I have work.
afraid I can't. response. Srinath: Will you at least call him?
b) Ramarao: Are you a student?
Ñ dialogue ™E response ™ èπÿú≈ sing Srikar: I will, of course. But I doubt if he is in
Balaram: Yes, I am/ No I'm not. Sentence town.
repeat é¬éπ-§Ú-´ôç í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆.
™E verb, Are, response
™E verb 'am'
äÍé
(I'm afraid; Ééπ\úø afraid èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ¶µºßª’ç ÅE Srinath: When you met him last, I think you told
tense
™ Öçú≈L.
é¬ü¿’. à N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¶«üµ¿-°æú≈f/ É≠ædç- him of it.
c) Sentence ™ 1st Regular Doing Word (go,
™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ I'm afraid Åçö«ç.) Srikar: I did. I told you that I had told him of it
come, sing..), 2nd Regular Doing Word
É™«çöÀ short responses ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´’† spo- too. Hope you remember it.
(goes, comes, sings..) and 3rd Regular
ken English èπ◊ Ææ£æ«-ï-û√yEo´yí∫-©´¤. É™«çöÀ Doing Word (went, came, sang..) ´*a-†- Srinath: I do. But would you mind repeating it?
short responses ™‰E conversation bookish do, does and did
°æ¤púø’, ¢√öÀéÀ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† Srikar: No, certainly not.
í¬, ÅA-éÀç-*-†ô’x Öçô’çC. ¢√úøû√ç.
II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 16 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Bhanu: Hi Sarat, how do you feel now? É°æ¤púø’ Question tags ᙫ form îËߪ÷™
(¨¡®Ωû˝, É°æ¤p-úÁ™« ÖçC?) îª÷ü∆lç.
Sarat: Certainly much better, though not all- She was here. DEéÀ Question tag form
right. îËߪ÷L.
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ ÖçC, °æ‹Jhí¬ éÓ©’-éÓ-éπ- 1) ¢Á·ü¿ô verb ®√ߪ÷L sentence *´®Ω (she
§Ú-®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ) was here, was ...)
Bhanu: You still feel week, don't you? 2) sentence ™ not ™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd verb ûª®√yûª not
(Éçé¬ F®Ω-Ææçí¬ ÖçC, éπü¿÷?) †’ verb ûÓ éπL°œ n't í¬ ®√ߪ÷L.
Sarat: Yes, I do. I look week, don't I? She was here, wasn't ...?
3) sentence subject, 'she' Kedar: I'm afraid so ... at least in that shop.
(؈’ F®Ω-Ææçí¬ éπ-E-°œÆæ’h-Ø√o†’, éπü∆?) ûª®√yûª îË®√aL. ûª®√yûª Narmada: Yes, it is (Å´¤†’)
Bhanu: That you do. The Doctor has treated Question mark question tag (ÅØË Å†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o (îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøôç–
Pramada: So you haven't forgotten what you
°ö«dL. Å°æ¤púø’
I'm afraid.) éπFÆæç Ç shop ™)
you well, hasn't he? wasn't she?
¢Á·ûªhç ... learnt at school. (†’´¤y school ™ Kesav: Then have I to go without such an
(Å´¤†’. Doctor E†’o ¶«í¬ØË îª÷¨»úø’ éπü∆?) sentence ¢Á·ûªhç, question tag ûÓ – she was ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊-†oC ´’J-*-§Ú-™‰-ü¿-†o-´÷ô) important book?
Sarat: Yes, he has, certainly. Otherwise I here, wasn't she?
Narmada: No, I haven't (™‰ü¿’) (Å®·ûË ØËF ´·êu-¢Á’i† °æ¤Ææhéπç ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË
couldn't have recovered so quickly, Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-¢√™«?)
could I?
îª÷úøçúÕ: -Ñ responses ™ áéπ\ú≈ èπÿú≈ yes,
Kedar: You have to, ... at least for the present.
no ©ûÓ Ç°æ-èπ◊çú≈, yes, I can; yes, it is; No, I
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ØËEçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ éÓ©’-éÓ- (Å´¤†’, ÅçûË. v°æÆæ’h-û√-E-éπçûË)
haven't ÅE sentences ™ Ö†o helping
í∫-L-í∫’ç-úË-¢√-úÕE 鬆’ éπü∆?)
Bhanu: You will resume duty next Monday,
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 171 verbs †’ repeat îËߪ’ôç í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’.
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? ´’† Ü£æ…-¨¡-éÀhE •öÀd Å®Ωn-´ç-ûªçí¬
áEo Short responses É´y-´îÓa, ´’†ç áçûª
Now observe the following short responses áèπ◊\-´í¬ Short responses ûÓ Ææ綵«-≠æù îËߪ’-í∫-
won't you?
(†’´¤y ´îËa ≤Ú´’-¢√®Ωç ´’Sx office éÌ≤ƒh´¤ (Sentence ™°æ© not from the conversation at the beginning of L-TûË English O’ü¿ Åçûª-°æ-ô’d-†oô’x.
Öçõ‰ tag ™ not (n't) the lesson. EXERCISE
éπü∆?) Madhukar: ؈’ °œL-ÊÆh-¢√úø’ ®√úøçö«¢√?
®√ü¿’. 1) Bhanu: You still feel week, don't you?
(resume = ´’Sx v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îªôç. Resume - Subhakar: Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’.
eg: She wasn't here, Sarat: Yes, I do.
pronunciation È®Wu¢˛’ (Wu – size ™ z Madhukar: ؈çõ‰ ¢√úÕéÀ íı®Ω´ç ÖçC éπü∆?
was she? sen-
™«í∫). ÅüË spelling ûÓ È®Vu¢Á’ (Vu – size ™ 2) Bhanu: The doctor has treated you well, Subhakar: ü∆EéÀ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’.
tence not
z ™«í∫) ÅE pronounce îËÊÆh biodata/ cv ÅE
™ hasn't he? Madhukar: Å®·ûË ¢√úø’ ®√´ôç ÆæçüË-£æ«-´’E áçü¿’-
tag
Å®Ωnç. Job applications ûÓ ïûª-°æ-®Ω-îËC) Öçúøôç ´©x, M. SURESAN Sarat: Yes, he has, certainly éπç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ¢√úÕ N≠æߪ’ç Fèπ◊ ¶«í¬
not
™ ™‰ü¿’.)
Sarat: I hope I well (Å™«ØË ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o) ûÁ©’≤ƒ?
Bhanu: Get well soon. I'll make a move then.

She wasn't here, was she?

You don't need anything more, do you?
(ûªy®Ωí¬ éÓ©’éÓ. (Get well soon - ÉC
ï•’s-°æ-úøf-¢√-∞¡x†’ éÓ©’-éÓ-¢√-©E Éûª-®Ω’©’
éÓÍ®C.) Å®·ûË ØË ¢Á∞¡-û√†’. FéÀçÍéç Å´-
Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆?)
Sarat: No. Thank you. You are going straight
to office, aren't you?
Bhanu: Yes, I am.
Sarat: Bye, then.
Bhanu: Bye.
☯ ☯ ☯ ☯
éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ English ™ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬
¢√úË short responses îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Ñ short
responses í∫’Jç* ´’J-éÌçûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-´·çü¿’
Question Tags í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√L. ÉC-´-®Ω™ 
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-ü∆Eo ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
´’†ç ûÁ©’-í∫’™ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç îÁ°œp, ü∆E *´®Ω,
éπü∆, é¬ü∆, åØ√, ™‰ü∆ Åçô’çö«ç éπü∆? Å™«
English ™ ÅØË ´÷ô-©ØË question tags
Åçö«ç.
eg: He is a great actor, isn't he?
= Åûª†’ íÌ°æp †ô’úø’, éπü∆?
Sentence *´®Ω Ö†o 'isn't he?' ØË question
tag Åçö«ç.
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ à sentence *´-È®jØ√, ´’†ç ¢√úË
question tag, éπü∆? é¬ü∆? åØ√? ™‰ü∆? – Ñ
Ø√©’-Tç-öÀ™ àüÁjØ√ ¢√úøû√ç. ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË
English ™ question tag, sentence subject
†’ •öÀd, verb †’ •öÃd sentence, sentence èπÿ
´÷J-§Ú-ûª’ç-ô’çC.
eg: 1) she is here, isn't she?
(Ç¢Á’ Ééπ\úø ÖçC éπü∆?)
2) He comes here, doesn't he?
(Åûª-E-éπ\-úÕ-éÌ-≤ƒhúø’ éπü∆?)
îª÷úøçúÕ: Sentence 1 ™, subject - she. verb -
is. Question tag: isn't she?
Sentence 2 subject - He, verb - comes.
™
Question tag - doesn't he? verb
(Ééπ\úø
comes, II RDW question tag
鬕öÀd 'does'
™
´Ææ’hçC)
Sentence verb, 1st Regular doing word
™E
(come, go, sing, etc), 2nd Regular doing
word (comes, goes, sings, etc), Past doing
word (came, went, sang, etc) Å®·ûË,ques-
tion tag
™ do (I RDW does (II RDW
èπ◊), èπ◊)
did (Past doing word) ´≤ƒh®·.
a) They study (I RDW) well, don't they?
(They do not study well, do they?)
b) She sings (II RDW) well, doesn't she?)
(She does not sing well, does she?)
c) They came (PDW) yesterday, didn't they?
(They did not come yesterday, did they?)
Ñ regular doing words, (I RDW, II RDW)
past doing words èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ É™« ¢Ëꨒ do,
does, did Question tags ™ ´≤ƒh®·. ÉN
éÌçîÁç Ü£æ«ûÓ practice îËߪ÷L. N’í∫û√ verbs Kedar:
Åçõ‰ will, would, shall, should, can, could,
may might, must èπ◊ Å¢Ë verbs question tags
™ repeat Å´¤-û√®·.
a) She will come, won't she? (won't = will not)
b) They would help me, wouldn't they?
c) I shall go, shan't I? (shan't = shall not)
d) He should know this, shouldn't he?
e) She can sing, can't she? (can't = cannot)
f) He could pass, couldn't he?
g) They may help you, mayn't they? (very rare)
h) The people might like it, mightn't they? (very
rare)
i) He must go, mustn't he?
Study the following:
Pramada: Can you speak English?
Narmada: I can, of course. (´÷ö«x-úø-í∫-©†’)
Pramada: Is your knowledge of English good?
Subhakar:
3) Bhanu: You will resume duty next week, Å´¤†’.
won't you? Madhukar:
¢√úÕéÀ †’´y †îªaîÁ-°æp-™‰¢√?
Sarat: I hope I will Subhakar:
îÁ°æp-í∫-©†’. é¬F ... †’´¤y Åûª-EûÓ
4) Sarat: You are going straight to office, ´÷ö«x-úø-´-©-Æœç-üËØ√?
aren't you? Madhukar: Å´¤†’
Bhanu: Yes, I am Subhakar: †’¢Ëy ÅûªE ü¿í∫_®Ω Èé∞Ôx-a-éπü∆?
à sentence éπ ® ·Ø√ ´îË a short response, Ç Madhukar: ¢Á∞¡x-™‰†’.
sentence ™E verb form †÷, tense †÷ •öÀd Subhakar: F ´’®√u-ü¿èπ◊ ûªèπ◊\-´-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√?
ÖçC ÅE í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆! Ñ Short respons- Madhukar: é¬ü¿’. Åéπ\úø ¢√∞¡x†o Öçö«úø’.
es ™, I'm afraid ..., I wonder ..., of course ..., Subhakar: Åûª-†çõ‰ FéÀ≠dç æ ™‰ü∆?
certainly, I doubt whether ..., ÅE èπÿú≈ Madhukar: ÅçûË. äéπ-≤ƒJ v°æߪ’ûªoç îÁ®·u.
ÅØÌa; äéπ\ I ûÓØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, we, you, they, he, Subhakar: OK. Å™«Íí.
she, it èπÿú≈ ®√´îª’a. Look at the following:
ANSWER
Kesav: Did you have enough money to buy the
Madhukar: Do you think he wouldn't come if I
book? (Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L-†çûª called him?
úø•’sç-úÕçü∆?) Subhakar: I doubt/ I'm afraid, so.
Of course, I had.
Kesav: You seen to have got it cheap. (FéπC
Madhukar: He respects me, doesn't he?
Subhakar: Ofcourse, he does.
î¯éπí¬ ´*a-†-ô’xçC)
Madhukar: Then why do you doubt his com-
Kedar: No, certainly not. (é¬ØË-é¬ü¿’)
ing? Do you know him well?
Kesav: Why? Did it cost you a lot?
Subhakar: Yes, I do.
(î√-™« êK-ü¿-®·çü∆,)
Madhukar: Can't you persuade him?
Kedar: Of course, it did. (ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’ç ™‰ü¿’)
Subhakar: Yes, I can, but must you talk to him?
Kesav: You should have bargained. (¶‰®Ωç îËߪ÷-
LqçC) You would have got it for a lower Madhukar: Yes, I must
price. (Féπç-ûª-éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ωèπ◊ ´îËaC) Subhakar: Then you can as well go to him.
Kedar: I did. But I doubt whether I could have Madhukar: No. I can't.
got it for a lower price. Subhakar: You feel it lowering yourself, don't
Kesav: I need two copies of the book, one for you?
me and another for my cousin. Can I Madhukar: No. I don't. But his brother will be
get them? copies
(Ø√èπ◊ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç È®çúø’ there.
cousin
鬢√L– äéπöÀ Ø√èπ◊, ÉçéÓöÀ ´÷ èπ◊. Subhakar: Don't you like him?
üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-û√ߪ÷?) Madhukar: No. I don't. Just try once to get him
Kedar: I wonder. (ÆæçüË-£æ«¢Ë’) here.
Kesav: You mean you got the last copy? Subhakar: OK. So I will.
(Åçõ‰ †’´y-†ôç, †’´¤y ûÁa-èπ◊-†oC, Åéπ\úÕ
*´J copy ÅØ√?)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 18 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Gowtham: How was the movie yesterday?
´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ È®çúø’ lessons ™†÷ short
(E†o ÆœE´÷ ᙫ ÖçC?) responsesᙫ É¢√y™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç í∫ü∆. Ñ
Uttham: I didn't like it one bit at all. You saw it lesson
™ èπÿú≈ äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp† ´÷ôèπ◊ ´’†ç
the day before. How did you find it? 冒 (yes)ÅØËç-ü¿’èπÿ, é¬ü¿’ (no) ÅØËç-ü¿’èπÿ,
(ÅÆæ©’ (äéπ\ °œÆæ-È®jØ√) †îªa-™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊. spoken form ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
†’´¤y ¢Á·†o îª÷¨»´¤. FÈ陫 ÅE-°œç-*çC?) a) Prakash: He appears to be worried.
Gowtham: I didn't like it either. It had too much Vikas: Yes, he does.
of violence and sex. (-Ø√èπÿ †îªa-™‰ü¿’. Ééπ\úø 1st sentence verb appears
™ 鬕öÀd,
ü∆çöx N’A-O’-J† £œ«çÆæ, ¨¡%çí¬®Ωç Vikas's response, 'yes, he does' ÅE ´Ææ’hçC
ÖçC.) appears (2nd RDW) = does +
– áçü¿’-éπçõ‰, Prakash: So what? So is mine.
He/ she/ it Yes/ ofcourse, he/ she/ it
Å®·ûË
Uttham: So have most movies nowadays. But appear. he does
Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø, 'yes'
Åçö«ç, (Å®·ûË àçöÀ? Ø√C èπÿú≈ foreign watch)
must/ should/ has to No
Åçö«ç. ÅE
unfortunately there are people who see ûª®√yûª. response response
Å®·ûË, needn't.
™ °j È®çúø’ dialogues îª÷úøçúÕ. Dialogue (a) ™
them. No wonder that only such movies b) Sunil: You see movies quite often, don't must/ should/ have to/ has to
(í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ– ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË, Klupta response, I am
are produced. ( ÅEoçöx ÅçûË. ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-¢æ Ë’- you? opposite- needn't (needn't = need not) -
èπ◊ also happy ÅE Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. Å™«Íí dialogue
N’-ôçõ‰ Å™«çöÀ ÆœE-´÷-©†’ îª÷ÊÆ-¢√∞¡⁄x Kiran: Yes, I do. you must do it you need not
(†’´y-C-îË-ߪ÷L $ (b) ™ Mine is also a foreign watch ÅE
ÖØ√o®Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπE Å™«çöÀ ÆœE´÷©’ Ééπ\úø Sunil verb, see. see (1st
´÷ô™x (needn't) do it (†’´yC îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’) Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. é¬F spoken form ™ Å™«-®√ü¿’.
®√´ôç (EJtç-îª-úøç)™ Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’ç ™‰ü¿’. RDW) = do + see. response, Yes, I
Åçü¿’-éπE Ramesh: Has he to start the work now? So ûÓØË response Ç®Ω綵ºç Å´¤-ûª’çC – also
Gowtham: The story line is very thin and do. ÅüË negative response ņ’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’, (Åûª-E-°æ¤púË °æE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√™«?) ®√-ØË®√-ü¿’.
dances and fights are a plenty in all Kiran's response No, I don't. Naresh: Yes, he has to/ yes, I'm afraid he has
a) Åûªúø’ ¶«í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’, ÅûªúÕ Å†o èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬
ᙫ Öçô’çC?
(do + not) to/ ofcourse, he has to/ so, he has to
of them. ( ¢√ô-Eoçöx éπü∑¿ î√™« ûªèπ◊\´, îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’=
c) Ganesh: You went to a movie yesterday, (OR) Oh, no, he needn't.
dances, fights áèπ◊\´) He studies well, so does his brother.
didn't you? (†’´¤y E†o ÆœE´÷ Èé∞«x´¤, Now look at the following sentences from the
Uttham: So they are. (His brother too studies well ņ®Ω’ - His broth-
éπü∆?) conversation at the beginning of the lesson:
Mahesh: Yes, I did/ No, I didn't. (Å´¤†’, 1) I didn't like it either! er studies well too ÅØÌa. Å®·ûË Åçûª com-
¢Á∞«x†’/ ™‰ü¿’, ¢Á∞¡x-™‰ü¿’) 2) So have most movies nowadays! mon é¬ü¿’)
Ganesh's sentence ™ verb, went (Past 3) So they are! b) ¢√úø’ Ç school ™ îË®√úø’, ¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ߪ’u ÅüË
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 172 doing word) = did + go. Åçü¿’-éπE response,
yes Å®·ûË, Yes, I did. no Å®·ûË No, I didn't.
4) So they do!
5) No, it doesn't.
School ™ îËJçC.
He joined that school, and so did his sister.
II a) Akash: Sunil doesn't study well.
(Ææ’F™¸ ÆæJí¬ îªü¿-´úø’)

I am not going - Nor am I Eswar: Nor does his brother/ Neither does
his brother/ His brother doesn't
either.
(ÅûªúÕ brother
èπÿú≈ ÆæJí¬_ îªü¿-´úø’)
Gowtham: Our heroes and heroines just dance É™«çöÀ Negative Sentences
èπ◊ negative
Sentences (b), (c) Spoken English ™ also (èπÿú≈) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ
in the movies. They act little. ( response
°j Nüµ¿çí¬ Öçô’çC. ´’Sx îª÷úøçúÕ.
´’† ©™ question tags Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úø-û√-®ΩF, ü∆E •ü¿’©’ too/ as well b) Sasi: 'The mother didn't come' (Ç ûªLx ®√™‰ü¿’)
heroes and heroines ÆœE-´÷™x ÖØ√o®·, (Don't you?
dance
¢√úø-û√-®ΩF, not ûÓ ÅÆæ©’ ¢√úø-®ΩE Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’
îË≤ƒh®ΩçûË. ¢√∞¡Ÿx †öÀç-îªôç ÅØËC and didn't you). Åçü¿’- Anil: (°œ©x©’ èπÿú≈ ®√™‰ü¿’)
lessons ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰ü¿’) éπE Ééπ\úø response eg: a) He knows English; he knows Telugu too/ Nor did the children/ neither did the children/
Uttham: So they do! The weak story line offers É´y-ö«-EéÀ, ¢√öÀ-™ xØË The children didn't either. (The children also
he knows Telugu as well. ( He also
Ééπ\úø
them no scope for action. ( Å´¤†’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†èπ◊ 鬴-©-Æœ† help- ..., spoken form ™ Å®Ω’ü¿’.) ÅüË not ûÓ did not come ņç. Not also
ûÓ ®√ØË-®√ü¿’).
ing verbs (do, did) M. SURESAN
îËÊÆ-ü¿üË. éπü∑¿™x •©ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-úøçûÓ ¢√∞¡Ÿx also ¢√ú≈Lq ´ÊÆh,not either (n't either) III a) Ramana: I didn't like the movie.
ûª´’ †ô† îª÷°œçîË Ç≤ƒ\-®Ω¢Ë’ ™‰ü¿’) ÖØ√o®·.
Verbs 1st Regular Doing Word (come, go,
¢√úøû√ç. (Ø√é¬-Æœ-E´÷ †îªa-™‰ü¿’)
Gowtham: No it doesn't. Nor do most of the He doesn't know Telugu; he doesn't know
sing, etc), 2nd Regular Doing Word (comes, Sumana: But I did. (é¬F Ø√èπ◊ †*açC)
audiences seem to expect anything Tamil either.
goes, sings, etc), Past Doing Word (came, b) Raghav: He has passed. (Åûªúø’ pass
other than that. ( Å´¤†’ Ç éπü∑¿-©çûË. went, sang, etc) responses
Å®·ûË, do, ™ (Åûª-úÕéÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ ®√ü¿’, Tamil èπÿú≈ ®√ü¿’) Åߪ÷uúø’)
vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊™x î√™«-´’çC Åçûª-éπçõ‰ àç éÓ®Ω’- does and did ´®Ω-Ææí¬ ´≤ƒh®·. ÉC ´’†ç I didn't like it ÅE Gowtham Åçõ‰,Uttam èπÿú≈
èπ◊-ØËô’x ™‰®Ω’) Sekhar: But I'm afraid his brother hasn't.
ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L. Ø√èπÿ †îªa-™‰ü¿’, ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ - I didn't like it brother pass
Uttham: What do you think of Hindi movies? either ņúøç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
(é¬F ÅûªúÕ Å´-™‰ü¿’)
Ééπ N’í∫û√ verbs N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ (will, shall, would,
(£œ«çC ÆœE-´÷-™„™« ÖØ√o-ߪ’ç-ö«´¤?) could, etc ...) ÅN éπE-°œ-Ææ÷hØË Öçö«®·. 鬕öÀd, N’í∫-û√-´Fo èπÿú≈: So have most movies îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. äéπ sentence ™ îÁ°œpç-ü∆-EéÀ ´uA-
Gowtham: (Do) you think they are better? All short responses ™ ¢√öÀØË ¢√úøû√ç. nowadays! so they are! So they do! No, it
Í®-éπ-¢Á’i† response É¢√y-©çõ‰ 'But' ûÓ begin
Indian movies are alike. Perhaps Now look at the following. doesn't èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. îË≤ƒhç.
the music in them is better. ( d) Srikanth: The milk is too hot to drink. Ñ three types of response ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç.
2) So have most movies nowadays.
Å¢Ë-´’†o
¢Á’®Ω’-í∫-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√? ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ *vû√- Vikranth: Yes, it is. (Å´¤†’, ÅüË, Ñ ®ÓV™x î√™« ÆœE-´÷™x ÅçûË I. Both positive
©Fo äÍé-B®Ω’. •£æ›¨» £œ«çD ÆœE-´÷™x Yes, it is ÅØËC Ééπ\úø ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´îËa short ÅE ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç) Prem: My watch shows the correct time.
ÆæçUûªç é¬Ææh ¶«í∫’ç-ô’ç-üË¢Á÷?) response. Å®·ûË Ç milk ´’†èπ◊ Ǩ¡a®Ωuç éπL- 3) So they are (-ØË-†’ èπÿ-ú≈) (Ø√ watch correct time îª÷°œ-Ææ’hçC)
Uttham: We don't hear people saying that a
hero's action in a movie is good. All that
TçîË Åçûª ¢ËúÕ (Å´¤ØË, ¢ËúÕí¬ ÖçüË! ÅØË Å®Ωnç (ÉC yes, so are they éÀ •ü¿’©’) ÉC èπÿú≈ Syam: So does mine. (Ø√C èπÿú≈)
´îËaô’x) Å®·ûË, Å°æ¤púø’ response: Yes, so it is! (Å´¤ †’, ÅçûË– ÅüË Øˆ÷ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’, ÅØË II. Both negative:
we hear them say is that the hero has
e) Vinai: Isn't he more than 6 feet tall?
Radha: I am not going
danced well in the movie and that his
Å®Ω n ç ûÓ) (ØË¢Á-∞¡xúøç ™‰ü¿’)
Vijai: Yes, so he is!/ ofcourse he is! 4) So they do (yes, so do they) - so they do Åçõ‰
steps are good. (ÆœE-´÷™ hero action Sneha: Nor am I/ neither am I/ I'm not either.
(ofcourse = ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC éπü∆) ´’†ç Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ ä°æ¤p-éÌç-ô’-†oô’x – Å´¤†’, ÅüË
¶«í∫’ç-ü¿E vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊-©-†ôç ´’†ç N†ç. ´’†ç III. Statement & response opposite each other.
f) Jayanth: Is he paying us today? Ø√éπ-E-°œç-îË-D†÷ – ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´îËaô’x.
NØËü¿çû√ Ç hero ¶«í¬ dance î˨»-úøF,
Çߪ’† 'steps' ¶«í∫’-Ø√o-ߪ’E.) (Ñ®ÓV Åûª ú ø ’ úø • ’s îÁ L x - Æ æ ’ h - Ø √oú≈?) 5) No, it doesn't – ÉC ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’
Hitesh: He is quite happy.

Gowtham: That's true. All that they care about

Ananth: No, I'm afraid he isn't. ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o short response. (Åûª†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æç-í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’)
g) Ram: Must I take the exam? t t t t Nitesh: But his brother isn't.
is the hero's ability to dance. (Eï¢Ë’
¢√∞¡Ÿx îª÷ÊÆ-ü¿çû√ dance ™ hero v°æA¶µº (؈ ’ exam ®√ߪ ÷ - L qç- ü Ë Ø √?) Now look at the following. ´’†ç Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-î√-LqçC So, nor, neither, ûÓ
´÷vûª¢Ë’) Raghu: Yes, you must./ Oh no, you needn't. I a) Santhi: I am happy about the results. (°∂æL- v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’ßË’u responses ™ verb ´·çü¿÷,
Uttham: So they do! OK. Let's hope for better Must, should, have to/ has to N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ é¬Ææh û√© N≠æ ߪ’ç™ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o) subject ûª®√yûª ®√´ôç.
days for our movies. (ÅçûË ¢√∞¡Ÿx-îË-ÊÆC. ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Response, 'yes' Å®·ûË Ææ´’- Klupta: So am I. eg: So do I, nor do I, neither do I. ÉC ´·êuç. Ñ
´’† *vû√-©èπ◊ ´’ç* ®ÓV-™ Ô-≤ƒh-ߪ’E Ææu-™‰ü¿’. áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç, Yes/ b) Prabhat: Mine is an imported watch. order ´÷JûË response ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.
ÇPü∆lç.) ofcourse you must/ should/ have to Åçö«ç. (Ø√C imported/ foreign watch).

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 20 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Archana: You were late to class yesterday.
(yes, it is ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’)
Rachana: But I wasn't
b) Sailaja: Bhramara's necklace must have
Archana: The day before? cost her a lot.
Rachana: The day before? yes, I was. But so (v¶µº´’®Ω necklace î√™« êKüÁj Öçú≈-L/-
were you too. ê-K-üÁjç-Cí¬ Öç-C.)
(¢Á·†oØ√? Å´¤†’ Ç©-Ææu-¢Á’içC. Å®·ûË - Viraja: Yes it must have/ So it must have
Fèπÿ\-ú≈ éπü∆!) (Å´¤†’, î√™« êKüÁj Öçú≈L)
Archana: I am not usually late. You are rarely
C) Rahul: One of your shirt buttons has come
on time.
off.
(؈’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Ç©Ææuçí¬ ®√-†’. †’´¤y Sasir: Yes, it has/so it has.
Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-E-éÌ-≤ƒh´¤) ®√™‰ü¿’) Suresh: a) Å´¤-†’/-Å-´¤ØË î√™« °ü¿lüË.
a) ™ Jalaja's response: yes it is/ so it is
Rachana: So would you be if you had to come Vinod: But I've been. Yes, it is/so it is!
b) ™ Viraja's response: yes, it musthave/ so it
from a long way off and depend on b) ÅüËç °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’ But it isn't
must have (ØËØÌ-î√a†’)
city busses. É™« opposite responses 'but' ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Do the following examples:
c) ™ sasir's response: yes, it has/ so it has
( O’ É©’x ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ -Öç-úÕ city bus O’ü¿
Oô-Eo-öÀ™ yes ûÓ begin ÅßË’u response äéπöÃ, ÉN í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. 1) Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç î√™« bore
Çüµ∆-®Ω°æú≈Lq-´ÊÆh †’-´‹u ÅçûË-™‰´÷t)
so ûÓ begin ÅßË’u response äéπöà ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· É°æ¤púø’ opposite responses ™, neither, nor, a) Å´¤-†’/-Å-´¤ØË, bore! b) ÅüËç é¬ü¿’
Archana: But I wouldn't. I would start early
enough to avoid being late.
éπü∆! È®çúø÷ correct Å®·ûË, so ûÓ bigin ÅßË’u n't either (not either) èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’. 2) Åûªúø’ ¶«í¬ Çúø-û√úø’:
responses, ( so it must have/so it is), yes ûÓ ( English ™ not ´ÊÆh also ÅüË sentence ™ a) Å´¤-†’/-Å-´¤†’, Eïç-í¬ØË Çúø-û√úø’:
(ÅüËç é¬ü¿’. Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊ begin ÅßË’u responses éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ éπ*aûªç, ®√ü¿E éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç –- (Not only, b) àç Çúøúø’:
but also Éçü¿’èπ◊ N’†-£æ…-®·ç°æ¤)
3) ؈’ î√™« Å©-Ææ-ôí¬ feel Å´¤-ûª’-Ø√o†’:
´·çüË •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-û√†’) éÌçûª Ǩ¡a-®√uEo èπÿú≈ ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω’-≤ƒh®·. (Å´¤ØË, éπÈ®-
Rachana: You can't do it (†’´¤y îËߪ’-™‰´¤) a) Lakshmi: Snakes don't fly
ÍédØË ÅØË Å®Ωnç üµ¿yEç-îËô’x) 鬕öÀd ä°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç a) Å´¤†’ Å™«Íí éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o-´¤/- Å-´¤ØË, Å™«Íí
Archana: But I can (îËߪ’-í∫-©†’) áèπ◊\´ Å®·†°æ¤púø’ so ûÓ begin ÅßË’u (§ƒ´·©’ áí∫®Ω´¤)
Rachana: You often tell me that you don't get
éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤:
response better. Lalasa: Neither do cats/Nor do cats/cats b) ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’, †’´¤y fresh í¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤
Passages a), b) and c) (°j† É*a-†N) ™
äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp-†-ü∆-EéÀ, 'Å´¤†’— ÅØË responses
don't (do not) either. (°œ©’x©÷ áí∫-®Ω´¤)
4) ¢√úø’ î√™« éÓ°æçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’:
b) Manasa: Suseela wasn't late
a) Å´¤-†’/-Å-´¤ØË, Å™«Íí éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’:
îª÷¨»ç. ´’J-éÌEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ù©’ îª÷úøçúÕ. (Ææ’Q© Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ®√™‰ü¿’) b) ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’
d) Lasya: Divya speaks English well.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 173 (C´u English ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çC)
Rajita: Nor was I/ Neither was I/ I wasn't
either. (؈÷ late é¬üË) 5) Fèπ◊ Coffee É≠ædç-™‰-ü¿E Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’:
a) Å´¤†’, É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’:
Priya: Yes, she does/ so she does.
b) Ø√éÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’:
6) E†o ؈’ E†’o îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’:

Yes, it has/so it has Lasya: In fact she speaks better than most of
a) ؈’ îª÷¨»†’:
b) ؈÷ E†’o îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’:
7) E†o †’´¤y áçü¿’èπ◊ Ç©Ææuçí¬ ´î√a´¤:
a) Å´¤†’, Ç©-Ææuç-í¬ØË ´î√a†’:
b) ØËØËç Ç©-Ææuçí¬ ®√™‰ü¿’:
8) ´†ï °æ¤Ææhéπç éÌçC:
up before 6 in the morning. Its possi-
ble for you to start early? us ÉC ´’†ç last lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. a) Å´¤†’ éÌEçC. b) ؈÷ éÌØ√o†’:
(Ø√ûÓ á°æ¤púø÷ Åçô’ç-ö«´¤, ÇJç-öÀ-éπçõ‰ (ÅÆæ©’ ´’†™ áèπ◊\-´-´’çC éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ î√™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç– not c) ؈’ é̆-™‰ü¿’:
´·çüË ™‰´-†E, ᙫ ≤ƒüµ¿uç Fèπ◊ ûÌçü¿- ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çC.) ûÓ also ®√ü¿’. 9) ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ teacher Åçõ‰ ¶µºßª’ç ™‰ü¿’:
Priya: Yes/of course she does/so she does Summary: É°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊
®Ωí¬ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωôç) a) Ø√èπ◊çC: b) Ø√èπÿ ™‰ü¿’:
Archana: But I would, if I had to start early (Å´¤†’, ÆæçüË-£æ«-¢Ë’çöÀ?) the points we have
learnt
10) ؈’ FéπØ√o î√™« ´·çü¿’í¬ Ééπ\úø ÖØ√o:
e) Prem: Australia has the best cricket team in
(´·ç-üË •ßª’-™‰l-®√Lq ´ÊÆh -ûªy®Ωí¬ ™‰≤ƒh†’) a) Å´¤†’: b) àç é¬ü¿’:
the world. a) Questions é¬èπ◊çú≈
Rachana: You sleep like a log, and you want Answers:
me to believe that you'd get up early. (v°æ°æç-îªç™ Australia èπ◊ Öûªh´’ crick- ´÷´‚©’ state-
ments 1) This book is a big bore
et team ÖçC) †’ ´’†ç
(†’´¤y ü¿’éπ\-™«í¬ Evü¿-§Ú-û√´¤. ††’o †´’t- a) Yes it is/so it is, b) But it isn't
´’ç-ö«´¤... †’´¤y ûªy®Ωí¬ ™‰≤ƒh-†çõ‰) Syam: Yes, it has/so it has (Å´¤†’) ä°æ¤pèπ◊ØËôôx®·ûË
Yes, it is/so it is. M. SURESAN 2) He plays well
Archana: My policy is sleep while you sleep, °j dialogues ™ responses ÅFoäéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC
ÅçU-éπJçîË responses. äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC é¬ü¿-†-ö«-EéÀ (Ééπ \ úø is èπ ◊ •ü¿ ’ ©’ sub- a) Yes, he does/so he does, b) But he doesn't
work while you work.
Åçõ‰ negative responses ᙫ Öçö«ßË’ ject †’•öÃd, time of action of the verb †’ •öÃd 3) I feel very tired
(Evü¿-§Ú-¢√-Lq-†-°æ¤úø’ Evü¿-§Ú-´ôç, °æE-îË- verb ´÷®Ω’-ûª’ç-ü¿ØË N≠æߪ’ç O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. a) Yes, you look so/you do look so
ߪ÷Lq†°æ¤úø’ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç, Ø√ °æ-ü¿l¥-A) îª ÷ü∆lç.
a) Bhanu: You know Tamil well. Can you So it is, ÅØË response, yes, it is éπØ√o èπÿú≈ éÌçîÁç b) But you don't look so/But you look fresh
Rachana: You can say all this, but action is dif-
explain this? stress áèπ◊\´ (ØÌéÀ\-îÁ-°æp-ôç/-éÌçûª Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω- 4) He looks very angry
ferent.
(Fèπ◊ Tamil ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆. ÉC N´-Jç) ôç – Å´¤ØË! ņoô’x) îª a) Yes, he does/so he does
(-É-´-Fo ´÷ô™‰, °æE-îË-ߪ÷Lq†°æ¤púø’ °æE-éÀ- b) äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpç-ü∆-EéÀ ´’†ç negative response
®√´¤) Suman: But I don't. b) But he doesn't
ÉÆæ’h†oôx®·ûË ´’†ç ÅC 'but' ûÓ begin îË≤ƒhç. 5) I know you don't like coffee:
Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ lessons ™ questions èπÿ, (é¬F Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’)
a) Keval: She appears fat
question tag Ö†o sentences èπÿ ´’†ç short b) Kesav: You go there everyday. Why don't a) Yes, I don't/so I don't, b) But I like coffee
you take me there today? Kesav: But she doesn't
responses ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆, ÅüËçöÀ? 6) I didn't see you yesterday
b) Kumar: She is not beautiful
a) Answer, yes Å®·ûË, short response, (†’´¤y ®ÓW Åéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«h´¤. É¢√y∞¡ - a) But I did
Krishna: But she is
i) yes,I/ we/ you/ they do/ did/ have/ can/ could/ †- Ø Á o ç- ü ¿ ’ èπ ◊ BÆæ ’ - È é - ∞ ¡ x - è π ÿ - ú ø ü ¿ ÷ ?) b) Neither did I see you/Nor did I see you/ I did-
may, etc. Kedar: But I don't c) äéπ®Ω’ îÁÊ°p negative statements èπ◊ ´’† neg- n't see you either
ative responses ™ Neither, nor, n't either
ii) yes, he/ she/ it does/ did/ has/ can/ could/ ؈’ (®ÓW) ¢Á∞¡xØË. (Åçõ‰ Ñ ®ÓV-؈’ 7) Why did you come late yesterday?
may, etc ¢Á ∞ ¡ x - é π - § Ú- ´ îª ’ a) ¢√úø ü∆ç. a) Yes I did/So I did, b) But I didn't
Dialogues a), b) ©™ responses Anand: I'm not hungry.
b) Answer, no Å®·ûË short response, äéπ®Ω’ 8) Vanaja has bought the book
i) No, I/ we/ you/ they don't/ didn't/ haven't/ îÁ°œp-†ü∆Eo ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ é¬ü¿-†ôç. Ééπ\úø negative Vikram: Neither am I / Nor am I/ I'm not either. a) Yes, she has/so she has.
can't/ could't/ may it etc. response, 'but' ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç Å´ôç O’®Ω’ í∫´’- (Neither, nor ûÓ begin îËÆæ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’, verb ´·çü¿’,
b) So have I
subject ûª®√yûª ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
ii) No, he/ she/ it doesn't/ didn't/ hasn't/ can't/ EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. c) But I haven't
c) Madhav: You can't understand this, I'm sure. Exercise: Now, practise the following aloud
couldn't/ mayn't etc. 9) They are not afraid of the teacher
in English, using short responses
É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç practise îËÆœ, conversation ™ (†’NyC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-´E Ø√ †´’téπç)
Translate each statement into English, and give a) But I am
¢√úø-¶-ûª’†o short responses, äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp-† - Mahesh: But I can/But I'm sure I can.
the response, both positive and negative. b) Neither am I/nor am I/I'm not either
ü∆-EéÀ (Question é¬èπ◊çú≈) Å´¤-†-†-ôç/-é¬-ü¿-†ôç (é¬F ؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©†’/ é¬F ؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’- 10) I have been here long before you
ᙫ ÅE. ÉC éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™ èπÿú≈ îª÷¨»ç. éÓ-í∫-©-†ØË †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊çC) Example: Ñ Öü∆-£æ«-®Ωù v°æ鬮Ωç îËߪ’çúÕ.
Ramesh: Ñ Table î√™« °ü¿lC. DEéÀ ¢Á·ü¿ô a) Yes, you have/so you have
É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌçûª N´-®Ωçí¬ îª÷ü∆lç. d) Anand: I haven't been here before.
English îÁ°æpçúÕ: b) But you haven't
a) Vanaja: Sujana's dress is good. (Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ
Jalaja: So it is This table is very big.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Himesh: Hi Mahesh, congrats.
Mahesh: What on? (áçü¿’èπÿ?)
Himesh: I hear that your score is better than all
the others' scores in the class. (class
score
™ Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ F-¢Á-èπ◊\´ -îË-¨»-´E
NØ√o†’)
Mahesh: Thanks a lot. But I feel happy that I've
got very good marks, and not
because my score is better than the
others. I don't like comparisons.
thanks.
(î√™« Å®·ûË Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç*
marks ´*a-†ç-ü¿’Íé ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-í¬F,
Éûª-®Ω’© éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü¿’.
Ø√èπ◊ §ÚL-éπ©’ É≠ædç Öçúø´¤).
(Comparison = §ÚLéπ, compare §Ú©aôç)
Himesh: They say you are the cleverest in the
class. Doesn't it make you happy?
(Åçü¿®Ω÷ E†’o class ™ -Å-ûªuç-ûª ûÁL¢Áj†
¢√úøç-ö«®Ω’. ÅC E†’o ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-®Ω-îªü∆?)
Mahesh: I am certainly happy to get a high
score, even a higher score than I've
got this time. But I don't care whether
my marks are better than those or
others or not. (Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* marks
®√´ôç ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’. É°æ¤p-úÌ-*a† marks
éπçõ‰ Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ®√´ôç èπÿú≈ ÆæçûÓ≠æ-
¢Ë’. Å®·ûË Éûª-®Ω’© éπØ√o áèπ◊\¢√, ûªèπ◊\¢√
ÅØËC -Ø√èπ◊ -Å-†-´-Ææ®Ωç).
Himesh: But Mahesh, comparisons are quite
common, aren't they? When we talk
of two or more things or people having
same similarity we compare them.
Comparisons are only natural. (Å®·ûË,
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 22 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Mahesh: OK. OK. We've had enough argu-
ment. Let's talk of something differ-
ent. (ÆæÍ®, ÆæÍ®, Ééπ Ñ ¢√ü¿ç î√™‰x. -´’Í®-
ü∆-E í∫’Jç-îÁjØ√ ´÷ö«x-úøü∆ç)
´Ææ’h-´¤-©†÷, ´’†’-≠æfl-©†÷, v°æüË-¨»-©†’, ïçûª’-´¤-©†’
§ÚLa ¢√öÀ™x/ ¢√∞¡x™x ûª®Ω-ûª´’ ¶µ‰ü∆©’ îª÷úøôç
´’†èπ◊ î√™« Ææ£æ«-ï-¢Á’i† üµÓ®ΩùÀ éπü∆!
The minute we see two or more things/ peo-
ple of the same nature, we compare them.
Comparisons are very common.
We usually compare the qualities of people 2) Your score is better than all the others'
Degrees of comparison ã grammar exercise
and things.
Åçõ‰ ´’†’-≠æfl©, ´Ææ’h-´¤© í∫’ù«-©†’, scores = F marks marks
Éûª-®Ω’-©ç-ü¿J éπçõ‰
©éπ~-ù«-©†÷ §Ú©’≤ƒhç. ´’†ç-ü¿-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’ – í∫’ù«- í¬ practice îËߪ’-ôç-´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç Öçúøü¿’. ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®·.(Better - good comparative.
èπ◊
©†’, ©éπ~-ù«-©†÷ ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’ 'Adjectives' ¢√öÀ N≠æߪ’ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-èπ◊E Å´-Ææ®Ω¢Á’i†-°æ¤púø’, Best, - good superlative)
èπ◊
precision (éπ*a-ûªûªyç) éÓÆæç Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT-†ô’x
ÅE. ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ Å®·†, Å®·-†-ô’-´çöÀ, éπ©, éπL- 3) I am happy to get a higher score.
T-†-ô’-´çöÀ ÅE Å®Ωnç ´îËa ´÷ô©’, adjectives. ¢√úø-ö«-EéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊çü∆ç.
Comparison Ñ adjectives Íé Öçö«®·. ´·êu- ¢Á’i† N≠æ-ߪ÷©’: (higher - comparative)
4) ... whether my marks are better than those of
≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ 'ᙫçöÀ—, 'áô’-´çöÀ?— ÅØË v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ 1) ´÷´‚- ©’í¬ à adjective Å®·Ø√ positive others
ï¢√•’ ´îË a °æ - ü ¿ ç , adjective. degree ™ Öçô’çC. tall (§Òúø’í∫’), short marks
(Éûª-®Ω’© éπçõ‰ Ø√N ¢Á’®Ω’í¬, é¬ü∆ ÅØËC...)
a) Kumar is tall = èπ ◊ ´÷®˝ §Òúø ’ í∫ ’ . (§ÒöÀ d) high (áûÁkh†), large (°ü¿l-üÁj†), etc. 5) ... my marks are higher than others' marks
èπ◊´÷®˝ ᙫç- öÀ-¢ √úø ’? – É™«çöÀ ´ Fo positive degree. Ñ positive marks
(Éûª-®Ω’© higher -
éπçõ‰ Ø√N áèπ◊\´.
Answer: §Òúø-¢Áj-†-¢√úø’ (tall) 鬕öÀd, tall, adjective. degree äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´’E≠œ í∫’ù«Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. comparative)
b) Tendulkar is a great cricketer = DEE §ÚLéπ ÖØ√o, ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ ¢√úøû√ç. äÍé ¶µ«¢√Eo positive, comparative, superla-
õ„ç-úø÷-©\®˝ íÌ°æp cricketer. a) Chandra is tall (positive degree - §Ú©a-ôç-™‰ü¿’) tive degrees ™ ᙫ îÁ§ÒpîÌa îª÷ü∆lç.
áô’-´çöÀ cricketer? ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊, great cricketer b) Surya is not so/ as tall as Chandra (positive AP is the biggest state in South India. ÉC
ÅE answer 鬕öÀd, 'great' Ééπ\úø adjective. degree - §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç – îªçvü¿†’, Ææ÷®Ωu†’) superlative. AP
ü¿éÀ~ù ¶µ«®Ω-ûªç™ Åûªuçûª °ü¿l
(The biggest - superlative
®√≠æZç. 'The').´·çü¿’
Positive degree ™E adjectives èπ◊, + er/ + r
AP is bigger than any other state/ all other
îË®Ωa-ôç-´©x, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢√öÀ-´·çü¿’ more îË®Ωa-ôç-´©x states in South India - bigger - comparative.
comparative degree Å´¤-û√®· (Éûª-®Ω’-©-
- Ç çí∫ x - ¶ µ « - ≠ æ - ù
ÅN
174
ü¿éÀ~ù ¶µ«®Ω-ûªç-™E à Éûª®Ω ®√≠æZç/ ÅEo Éûª®Ω
éπ ç õ‰ áèπ◊\´ ÅØË Å®Ωnç™). ®√≥ƒZ© éπçõ‰ °ü¿lC.

He works harder than...

´’Ê£«≠ˇ, §Ú©aôç ÅØËC Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ωù-¢Á’i-†
N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’ éπü∆? È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´Ææ’h-´¤-™x-
í¬F, ´uèπ◊h-™x-í¬F àüÁjØ√ ≤ƒ®Ω÷°æuç éπ†-°æ-úÕûË
§Ú©aôç Ææ£æ«-ï¢Ë’ éπü∆?)
Mahesh: So they are. But I don't see why I
should feel happy when my marks are
higher than the others' marks. I am
happy If I get marks that I deserve.
I don't like to be compared with oth-
ers. (Eï¢Ë’. Å®·ûË É-ûª®Ω’-©-éπçõ‰
marks
Ø√Èéèπ◊\´ ´ÊÆh ØËØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-
°æ-ú≈™ Ø√éπ®Ωnç é¬ü¿’. Ø√èπ◊ Å®Ω|-ûª -Ö†o
marks ´ÊÆhØË Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç)
Himesh: Then why do we have competitive
exams? Why ranking in exams? Isn't
the purpose of competitive exams,
choosing the best candidates? What
is it if not comparison? competi-
(´’J
tive exams–
§ÚöÃ °æK-éπ~©’ áçü¿’-èπ◊-†oô’x?
Ŷµºu-®Ω’n™x Öûªh-´·-©†’ áç°œéπ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-
ü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü∆? ÅC §Ú©aôç é¬éπ-§ÚûË
´’Í®çöÀ?)
Mahesh: Oh, Himesh, you are talking about
some thing entirely different. All that I
say is my marks make me happy and
not my being better than others.
(†’¢Ëyçö ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. ؈-ØË-üË-N’-
ôçõ‰, Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒ-Eo-îËaN Ø√ marks
´÷vûª-¢Ë’-é¬F, Éûª-®Ω’-©-éπØ√o ؈’ ¢Á’®Ω’-í¬_
ÖØ√o†ØË N≠æߪ’ç é¬ü¿’)
Himesh: But you said you were against com-
parisons. How can you escape com-
parisons? When you buy something,
for example, a shirt, don't you com-
pare a number of shirts, their quality,
their price etc. before you settle for
the 'cheapest and the best'? (§ÚL-éπ©èπ◊
´uA-Í®-éπ-´’E †’¢Ëy ÅØ√o-´¤í¬. §Ú©aôç
†’ç* ûª°œpç--éÓ-í∫-©´÷ @N-ûªç™? àüÁjØ√
´Ææ’h´¤ éÌØË-ô-°æ¤púø’, ã shirt ņ’-èπ◊çü∆ç,
two shirts †’, ¢√öÀ Ø√ùu-ûª†’, ¢√öÀ
üµ¿®Ω-©†’ §Ú™‰a-éπü∆, 'ÅA í¬_ ÅA ´’ç*—
shirt é̆-ö«-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úø-û√´¤?
(settle for = àüÁjØ√ ´Ææ’h´¤ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úøôç/
áç°œéπ îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç)
c) It is a foreign car.
-Å-üÁ-™«ç-öÀ car? Answer: for- a) Chandra is taller than Comparative ™ îÁ§ƒp-Lq†°æ¤púø’ í∫´’-Eç-î√-Lq†
eign car - 鬕öÀd 'foreign'ÅØËC adjective. Surya (Surya éπçõ‰ N≠æߪ’ç – Comparative ûª®√yûª than any other
Chandra (tall + + singular/ than all other + plural
d) Dravid is the Captain of the Indian team = §Òúø’í∫’) ®√´ôç.
Dravid Captain.
¶µ«®Ωûª (¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’) ïô’dèπ◊ er - comparative ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo Positive, Åçõ‰, 'big' ¢√úÕ îÁ°æp-´îª’a.
Indian - adjective. degree of tall) No other state in South India is as/ so big as
b) Surya is braver than AP. AP
e) A dark room = room?
(<éπöÀ í∫C). áô’-´çöÀ (ü¿éÀ~ù ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ à Éûª®Ω ®√≠æZç èπÿú≈
Chandra
M. SURESAN
Answer: dark room; so dark - adjective.
(îªçvü¿ éπçõ‰ Åçûª °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’.)
brave
Ææ÷®Ωu üµÁj®Ωu-Ææ’húø’ – Positive ™ í∫´’-Eç-î √-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: 1) No
f) A clever student: ᙫçöÀ student?
+ r - comparative degree of brave =
other ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Positive degree big
üµÁj®Ωuç-í∫©)
Answer- clever, so clever - adjective. c) Kashmir is more beautiful than any other
´·çü¿’, so é¬F, as é¬F, ü∆E ûª®√yûª, as ®√´ôç
°j´Fo – tall, great, foreign, Indian, dark, state in India.
clever - adjectives
í∫´’-Eç-î√L.
(í∫’ù«-©†’, ©éπ~-ù«-©†’ ûÁLÊ° (à Éûª®Ω ®√≠æçZ -éπØ√o é¬Qt®˝ Åçü¿-¢Á’içC)
verb
µ Ææ’´’çû˝ class ™ Åçü¿-J™ §Òúø’í∫’ – ÉC
´÷ô©’). Å™«Íí °æ†’-©†’ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC éπü∆– (more + beautiful - comparative of beautiful)
Superlative degree ™ -îÁ-•’-ü∆ç. §Òúø’-í∫’èπ◊
Ç °æ†’©’ ᙫ ïJ-í¬®·/ ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√®· ÅE ûÁLÊ° Å™«Íí adjective *´®Ω + est/ st îËJaØ√, ü∆E-´·çü¿’ superlative - tallest. ü∆E-´·çü¿’ 'the' ®√¢√L
´÷ô ADVERB. most îËJaØ√ superlative degree Å´¤-ûª’çC.
a) He walks slowly - verb - walks = †úø’-≤ƒhúø’.
éπü∆.Sumanth is the tallest (boy) in the class.
a) Chandra is the tallest in the class.
ᙫ †úø’-≤ƒhúø’ – Answer - slowly. (Class ™ Chandra Åçü¿-J-éπØ√o §Òúø’í∫’– µ °æèπ~◊-™x ØÁ´’L Åçü¿-¢Á’içC. ÉC Comparative ™
鬕öÀd – slowly, adverb. tall + est - superlative of tall)
-îÁ-•’-ü∆ç. Åçü¿-¢Á’i† - comparative - more beau-
tiful. Comparative ûª®√yûÁ°æ¤púø÷ than, any
b) She sings well - verb: sings = §ƒúø’-ûª’çC. b) Surya is the bravest in the class.
other singular/ all other plural ®√¢√L éπü∆–
ᙫ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC? Answer - well (¶«í¬) – (Class ™ Ææ÷®Ωu Åûªuçûª üµÁj®Ωu-Ææ’húø’ –
(than any other bird/ than all other birds). The
so, well - adverb. brave + st - superlative of brave)
peacock is more beautiful than any other bird
Ñ adjectives ûÁLÊ° í∫’ù-í∫-ù«-©†÷, adverbs c) Kashmir is the most beautiful state in India
(singular)/ than all other birds (plural).
(Kashmir Åûªuçûª Ææ’çü¿-®Ω-¢Á’i† ®√≠æZç.
ûÁLÊ° °æE Nüµ∆-Ø√-©†÷ §Ú©’-Ææ’hçö«ç. µ à Éûª®Ω Dictionary èπÿú≈ Ñ dictionary Åçûª
a) Kumar is taller than Kesav= Í騡¢˛ éπçõ‰ èπ◊´÷®˝ most + beautiful - superlative of beautiful)
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. DEo positive ™ -îÁ-•’-ü∆ç.
§Òúø’í∫’. Ééπ\úø Í騡¢˛, èπ◊´÷®˝© §Òúø’í∫’ ´’†ç ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’/ ´’†’-≠æfl-©†’ Å°æ¤púËç îËߪ÷L? No other dictionary ûÓ begin
§Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç – ÉC Comparison of an adjective §Ú©’-Ææ’h-†o-°æ¤púø÷ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd äé𠶵«¢√Eo, îËߪ÷L. Positive degree 'useful' ´·çü¿÷,
(í∫’ùç §ÚLéπ). positive, comparative, superlative degree ™x ¢Á†’éπ, so/ as ... as ®√¢√L. Å°æ¤púø’ sentence,
b) He works harder than Karim = éπKç éπçõ‰ ¢√úø’ üËE-™-ØÁjØ√ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. No other dictionary is so/ as useful as this.
áèπ◊\´ éπ≠d-°æ æ-úø-û√úø’ – ÉC ¢√Rx-ü¿l®Ω÷ îËÊÆ °æE Look at these sentences from the conversa- Ææçví∫-£æ«çí¬:
§ÚLéπ – Åçõ‰ comparison of an adverb. tion between Himesh and Mahesh. 1) Superlative degree ´·çü¿’, the.
´’† daily conversation ™ comparison (§ÚLa 1) ... you are the cleverest boy in the class.
2) Comparative degree than any other +
ûª®√yûª
cleverest - adjective.
Ééπ\úÕ est
DE *´®Ω + singular/ than all other + plural.
îª ÷úøôç) î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. 鬕öÀd
degrees of comparison (í∫’ù-í∫-ù«™x, °æ†’©’ ÖçC 鬕öÀd ÉC superlative degree. á°æ¤púø÷ 3) Positive degree: v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç – no other ûÓ.
superlative
Positive degree ´·çü¿’, so/ as, ûª®√yûª as.
ïJÍ í Nüµ¿ç™ ûª®Ω-ûª´’ ¶µ‰ü∆©’) ¢√úøôç ûª°æpü¿’. í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç – ´·çü¿’,
¢√öÀE correct í¬ ¢√úø-í∫-L-í¬-´’çõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ ´’† the ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Öçú≈L.
conversation èπ◊ precision (éπ*a-ûªûªyç) ÖçúÕ The Eenadu is the largest circulated Telugu
´’†ç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊†o ¶µ«´ç correct í¬ îÁ°æp-í∫©ç. Daily. (The + Largest - superlative)

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Pavan: Why all this excitement about football?
What's there in it?
(Ñ football í∫’Jç* -Éçûª Öû√q£æ«-
¢Á’ç-ü¿’èπ◊? -Éçü¿’™ à-´·çC?)
Suman: You know, it's the most popular game
in the world. Yes, people watch this
game more than any other game.
(v°æ°æç-îªç™ î√™« áèπ◊\-´-´’çC ÅGµ-´÷-EçîË
véÃúø -ÉüË. N’í∫û√ Çô-©-éπØ√o Ñ ÇôØË
áèπ◊\-´- ´’çC îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’)
Pavan: But we don't see many playing the
game in India. I often see more people
playing cricket than football in India.
(¶µ«®Ω-û˝™  áèπ◊\-´-´’çC football éπçõ‰
cricket Ç-úø-ô¢Ë’ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ éπ-E°œÆæ’hç-C.)
Suman: That's true. No other game is played
so much as cricket in India. But it is
surprising that in a poor country like
India people are more interested in
cricket than in football. Cricket is a
costlier game than football. Football is
much cheaper than cricket. All that it
needs is a football. It is not so expen-
sive as cricket- cricket equipment
costs a lot more than football.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 175
(Eï¢Ë’ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ cricket ÇúÕ-†ç-ûªí¬ N’í∫û√
à game Çúø®Ω’. NçûË-N’-ôçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝-™«çöÀ
Ê°ü¿üË-¨¡ç™ v°æï©’ football éπçõ‰ cricket ™
áèπ◊\´ ÇÆæéÀh îª÷°œç-îªôç. Football éπØ√o
cricket êKüÁj† véÃúø. Football, cricket éπçõ‰
ê®Ω’a ûªèπ◊\´ game. 鬢√-Lqç-ü¿-™«x ã foot-
ball. -D-EéÀ cricket Åçûª ê®Ω’a-é¬ü¿’. Cricket
Ææ®Ωç-ñ«´÷ football éπçõ‰ êKü¿’ îËÆæ’hçC)
Cricket is a costlier game than football
Pavan: In Bengal football is more popular than
cricket. Most of our great footballers
are from Bengal, particularly Kolkata.
There are more football fans than
cricket fans in Bengal.
(¶„çí¬-™¸™ cricket éπçõ‰ football Åçõ‰ØË 4) Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd à degree ¢√ú≈™ E®Ωg-®·ç--
ÅGµ-´÷†ç áèπ◊\´. ´’† íÌ°æp football véÃú≈-
é¬-®Ω’-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ ¶„çí¬-M™‰, ´·êuçí¬ éÓ™¸-éπ-û√
¢√∞¡Ÿx. Bengal ™ cricket ÅGµ-´÷-†’-©-éπçõ‰ Now, look at the following sentences from the
football ÅGµ-´÷-†’-™„-èπ◊\´.)
fan = ÅGµ-´÷E
Suman: Cricketers are the richest of Indian
sportsmen. The players of other
games do not earn as much. And our
cricket control board is the richest in
the world.
(¶µ«®Ωûª véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’™x cricketers Åûªuçûª üµ¿E-
èπ◊©’. Éûª®Ω véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’©’ Åçûª Ææ秃-Cç-îª-úøç-
™‰ü¿’. ¶µ«®Ωûª cricket control board
v°æ°æç-îªç™E ÅEo cricket boards éπçõ‰
üµ¿E-éπ-¢Á’içC.)
Pavan: That's true. Hockey is our national
game, but hockey players are not so
highly paid, unfortunately.
(Å´¤†’. ´’† ñ«Bߪ’véÃúø hockey. é¬F
ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª’h ¢√∞¡x-éπçûª úø•’s îÁLxç-Ω’.)
Spoken English
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 24 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Suman: I wish there were more encourage-
ment for football. The world cup foot-
ball is a mega event and India is no
where in it. With such a vast popula-
tion India is not able to have eleven
players.
(football èπ◊ éÌçîÁç áèπ◊\´ v§Úû√q£æ«ç Öçõ‰
¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Éçûª v•£æ…tç-úø-¢Á’i† world
cup matches ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çõ‰, ¶µ«®Ωûªü˨»-EéÀ
≤ƒn†ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ §Ú®·çC. Éçûª ïØ√¶µ« Ö†o g) Cricket equipment costs a lot more than a Now look at the following sentences:
´’†èπ◊ °æü¿-éÌç-úø’-´’çC Çôí¬∞¡Ÿx éπ®Ω- football. cricket football
Ææ®Ωç-ñ«´÷ äéπ éπØ√o a) Suman is not so/ as tall as Pavan.
´-ߪ÷u®Ω’.) êK-üÁ-èπ◊\´ –comparative degree. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ Éü¿l-JØË §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç. Å®·ûË Ñ
h) There are more football fans than cricket sentence ™ adjective 'tall' - positive degree
Pavan: OK. Let's watch this evening's match.
Bye. fans in Bengal = ™ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
¶„çí¬™x cricket ÅGµ-´÷-†’-©-éπØ√o football Positive degree ™ sentence:
(Ñ¢√∞¡ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç match îª÷ü∆lç. Bye)
ÅGµ-´÷-†’-™„-èπ◊\´ – comparative degree A is not so/ as (adjective... tall, short, etc.,)
éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ degrees of comparison i) Cricketers are the richest sportsmen in India as B.
í∫’Jç* éÌçûª ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆? -´’-JéÌ-Eo- véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’™x Åûªuçûª üµ¿†-´ç-ûª’©’ véÀÈé-ô®Ω’x. b) India is not as/ so rich as America- Positive
ØË-®Ω’aèπ◊-ØË-´·ç-ü¿’ Å-N ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ ÆæçéÀ~-°æhçí¬: - superlative degree (America is richer than India)- comparative
1) Three degrees: positive, comparative and j) Indian cricket control board is the richest in (¶µ«®Ωû˝, America Åçûª Ææç°æ†oç é¬ü¿’–posi-
superlative. the world = tive/ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ éπçõ‰ America Ææç°æ-†o-¢Á’iç-C)
2) Degrees of comparison - adjectives , -¶µ«®Ω-ûª véÀÈéö¸ éπçvö™¸ ¶®˝f v°æ°æç-îªç™ Åûªuçûª c) Kedar does not play as (so) well as Kesav
üµ¿E-éπ-¢Á’içC – superlative degree (Kedar,
adverbs èπÿ Öçö«®·. Í騡¢˛ Åçûª ¶«í¬ Çúøúø’)
k) ... but they are not so highly paid (as crick- d) Bhavan is as tall as Sravan-
a) formation of comparative: By adding + er/
eters are) = Positive degree.
er to, or more + (¶µº´Ø˛ v¨¡´ù˝ Åçûª §Òúø’í∫’)–
Hockey players (cricketers
èπ◊ Åçûª èπ◊ e) Sravan is not taller than Bhavan
before the adjective
îÁLxç-îËçûª) îÁLxç-Ω’. (Sravan ¶µº´Ø˛ éπçõ‰ §Òúø’í∫’ é¬ü¿’)
b) formation of
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆? Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd à degree ÉçéÓ ®Ωéπç comparative îª÷úøçúÕ.
superlative: By
¢√ú≈-©-ØËC, practice ´©x ÅüË ´’†èπ◊ ´Ææ’hçC. (È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© §ÚLéπ).
adding, + est / + st
îÁ§ƒp©†o ¶µ«-¢√Eo •öÀd, ´’†ç degree select Of Bangalore and Hyderabad, Bangalore is
to the adjective/ îËÆæ’-èπ◊çö«ç. the cooler.
adverb or most +
English ™ È®çúÕç-öÀ-éπØ√o, Éü¿l-J-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ (Bangalore, Hyderabad ™x Bangalore áèπ◊\´
before the adjec- M. SURESAN
¢√öÀE/ ´’çCE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤úø’ sentence con- xí¬ Öçô’çC)
tive/ adverb (Imp: °j sentence ™ comparative ûª®√yûª
structions èπÿ, È®çúÕç-öÀE/ Éü¿l-JF ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚLa-
Some irregular formations: than ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’, comparative
†-°æ¤púø’ sentence construction èπÿ ûËú≈
Good better best ´·çü¿’ 'the' ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.)
well } Öçô’çC.
Of the two, this is the better. comparative.
bad worse worst
´·êu-¢Á’i† Å稡ç: È®çúÕç-öÀE/ Éü¿l-JE ´÷vûª¢Ë’
ill } §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’, superlative Öçúøü¿’.
(Ç È®çúÕç-öÀ™x ÉC ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’)
É™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u©’ O’ conversation †’ î√™«
effective í¬ ÖçúËô’x îË≤ƒh®·.
Å™«Íí This is good, but not so (as) good as
the other. (Positive)- ÉC ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC, é¬F
ü∆†çûª ¶«í¬™‰ü¿’.
This is the best of the lot- superlative.
(comparison of more than 2 Ö†o ¢√öÀ™x ÉC
Åûª’u-ûªh´’ç)
3) a) Superlative degree 'the'
´·çü¿’, éπ*a-ûªçí¬
Look at sentences (c), (e), (f), (g) and (h).
É™«çöÀ sentences ØË®Ω’a-éÌE practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
¢√ú≈L
comparison Practise the following aloud in English
b) comparative than any other + sin-
OöÀ™x È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©èπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’–
ûª®√yûª cricket, football. superlative Pranav:
àçöÀ! Ç È®çúø’ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©†’ Åçûªí¬
gular/ than all other + plural
®√¢√L.
Åçü¿’-éπE OöÀéÀ
îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o¢˛?
Öçúøü¿’.
c) positive, no other ûÓ begin Å´¤-ûª’çC. Vinai:
c) I often see more people playing cricket than Ç È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àC ¢Á’®Ω’í¬ ÅE Ç™-*-Ææ’hØ√o.
Pranav: coverûÓ -Ö-†o -Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç îª÷úø’. ÅC,
football = áv®Ω
èπ◊çö«ç. ÅçûË-é¬F ÅüË-°æ-Eí¬ äéπ degree †’ç* football ÇúË-¢√-∞¡x-éπçõ‰ cricket ÇúË-¢√∞Ïx áèπ◊\´ Ç éÓ´èπ ◊ îÁçC† °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©-Eoç-öÀ-™ †÷
ÉçéÓ degree ´÷Í®a exercise ņ-´-Ææ®Ωç. éπE-°œ-≤ƒh®Ω’. Öûª h ´ ’ç.
Vinai: F ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç Åçûª íÌ°æpü∆?
e) People are more interested in cricket than in
conversation at the beginning of the lesson: football. Pranav: îÁ§ƒp-†’í¬. ÅEoç-öÀ™  ÉC íÌ°æp-ü¿E.
a) It's the most popular game in the world. f) Cricket is a costlier game than football. Vinai: ؈’ ´’† lecturer †’ Åúø’í∫’û√.
Pranav: Åçõ‰ Ø√ éπçõ‰ Çߪ’-ØÁo-èπ◊\´ †´·t-û√¢√?
v°æ°æç-îªç™ Åûªu-Cµéπ v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷†ç Ö†o véÃúø. g) Cricket equipment costs a lot more than foot-
Vinai: ÅçûË ´’J.
(superlative degree) ball.
b) People watch this game more than any other h) There are more cricket fans than football Answer
game - comparative degree fans in India Pranav: Why are you looking at those two
È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ superlative books?
c) I often see more people playing cricket than
Öçúøü¿’. °j ¢√é¬u-©Eo èπÿú≈ comparative™ Vinai: I am just wandering which of the two is
football.
the better.
d) No other game is played so much as cricket Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Cricket is more popular than football in India. Pranav: Look at that book... the one with the
in India - much - positive degree
È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’, comparative red cover; that is the best of all/ the
e) ... people are more interested in cricket than
ûª®√yûª than, ü∆E ûª®√yûª È®çúÓ N≠æߪ’ç (foot best of the books in its class/ category.
in football - comparative degree.
ball) ®√´ôç, í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. (... than any other/ Vinai: Is it as good as the one you have?
f) Cricket is a costlier game than football =
all other ®√ü¿’.) Pranav: I told you. That's the best of the lot.
football éπçõ‰ cricket êK-üÁj† Çô N’í∫û√ sentences ™ èπÿú≈ (È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ Vinai: I'll consult our lecturer.
Football is much cheaper than cricket. Pranav: (Do) you trust him more than me?
§ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’) than ûª®√yûª È®çúÓ N≠æߪ’ç ®√´ôç
Comparative degree. îª÷úøçúÕ (than any other/ all other é¬èπ◊çú≈). Vinai: Ofcourse.
-§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
II
Rupa: Hi Hema, did you meet your classmate
yesterday?
classmate
(£æ…ß˝’ Ê£«´÷, E†o †’´¤y O’
†’ éπL-¨»¢√?)
Hema: I did. We met yesterday after nearly five
years. She looked a little older than she is.
(éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Å®·üË∞¡x ûª®√yûª E†oØË ¢Ë’ç
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç. ûª†’ ´ßª’Ææ’ éπØ√o °ü¿l-C™«
éπE-°œç-*çC.)
Rupa: Are you the same age?
(O’Jü¿lJC äÍé ´ßª’≤ƒ?)
Hema: No, I am slightly older than her (she).
But now she looks older than me (I).
(ØËØË éÌçîÁç °ü¿l. Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ ûªØË Ø√éπçõ‰
°ü¿lí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.) a) Åûª†’ Ø√éπçõ‰ §Òúø’í∫’ (Comparative):
Rupa: What is she?
(Ç¢Á’ ÖüÓuí∫ç à´’Ø√o îË≤Úhçü∆?)
Hema: She is a government officer.
Rupa: That's it. She looks older than you
because of her responsibilities.
(Officer )
(ÅD Ææçí∫A. Ç¢Á’ ¶«üµ¿u-ûª© ´©x í¬
Féπçõ‰ é¬Ææh °ü¿l-Cí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC)
Hema: I have responsibilities as well, as the
President of the local women's club.
women's club president
(≤ƒnEéπ í¬ Ø√èπÿ
¶«üµ¿u-ûª-©’-Ø√o®·.)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 176
He was junior to me...
Rupa: But your responsibilities are not as seri-
ous, are they?
(Å®·ûË F ¶«üµ¿uûª©’ Ç¢Á’ ¶«üµ¿u-ûª-©çûª Bv´-
¢Á’i-†N é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?)
Hema: I wish I were in such a position.
(ûª†’†o ÆœnA™ ؈’çõ‰ áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-úø’†’
ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC)
Rupa: Why so?
Hema: A government officer's position is cer-
tainly superior to that of a home maker,
isn't it?
position govern-
(´÷´‚©’ í∫%£œ«ùÀ éπØ√o
ment officer position íÌ°æpC éπü∆.)
Rupa: But I prefer being a home maker to
being a job holder. A home maker is in
no way inferior to an officer.
(é¬E Ø√èπ◊ ´÷vûªç ÖüÓu-Tí¬ Öçúøôç éπçõ‰
í∫%£œ«-ùÀí¬ Öçúø-ô¢Ë’ É≠ædç. í∫%£œ«ùÀ officer
éπØ√o àç ûªèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’.)
Hema: Let's not talk of superior and inferior any
more. Everyone is great in their own way.
(áèπ◊\´ ûªèπ◊\-´© í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúøôç
ÇÊ°ü∆lç. á´J íÌ°æp ¢√∞¡xüË.)
Rupa: Ramu is coming this evening.
(®√´· Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.)
Hema: Who? Your brother?
Rupa: Yes. He returned from the states a few
days ago. He is coming to stay with me
for a few days.
(States †’ç* È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV© éÀçü¿ô
AJ-íÌ-î√aúø’. È®çvúÓ-V©’ Ø√ûÓ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ
´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.)
Hema: I've often wondered is he older or
younger than you?
(Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’E N≠æߪ’ç– ®√´· Féπçõ‰ *Ø√o,
°ü∆l?)
Rupa: He is my elder. Doesn't he look so?
(Åûª†’ Ø√éπØ√o °ü¿l/ ´÷ ņo. Å™«
éπE-°œç-îªú≈?)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 26 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Hema: Long since I saw him.
(îª÷Æœ î√™« ®ÓV©®·çC)
Rupa: Perhaps you saw him prior to his leaving
for the states.
states
(•£æ›¨¡ †’´y-ûªEo èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-´·çü¿’
îª÷¨»-¢Ë¢Á÷?)
Hema: Yes.
È®çúø’, ´‚úø’ lessons ™ ´’†ç degrees of
comparison N´-®√©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç éπü∆. Ñ
lesson ™ ´’J-éÌEo N´-®√©’ îª÷ü∆lç.
éÌEo éÌEo ≤ƒ®Ω’x comparative, positive a) My sister likes my younger brother more than I.
´’J-éÌEo comparatives ÖØ√o®·. ¢√öÀ ûª®√yûª
degrees ™ I, we, he, she, they ¢√ú≈™«, me, sister
´÷ ûª´·t-úøçõ‰ ØËE-≠d-°æ æúË ü∆E-éπØ√o ´÷ than ®√ü¿’. to ´Ææ’hçC. Å™«çöÀ comparatives,
us, him, her, them ¢√ú≈™« ÅØË confusion áèπ◊\´ É≠æd-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC (´÷ ûª´·t-úøçõ‰ Ø√éπçõ‰ ´÷ Superior (íÌ°æp), Inferior (ûªèπ◊\´), Senior
´Ææ÷h Öçô’çC. Look at the following: sister èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ É≠ædç). (´ßª’Ææ’™, ņ’-¶µº-´ç™ °ü¿l), Junior (´ßª’-Ææ’™
b) My sister likes my younger more than me = ņ’-¶µº-´ç™ *†o), Prior (time ™ ´·çü¿’) Oô-
He is taller than I/ me (?) ´÷ sister èπ◊ Ø√éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ´÷ ûª´·t-úøçõ‰ EoöÀ ûª®√yûª 'to' ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. than ¢√úøç.
b) Ç¢Á’-éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ *†o = áèπ◊\´ É≠ædç. a) Imported cars are superior to Indian cars
He is younger than she/ her (?) c) He likes the mango more than she = ¶µ«®Ωûª 鬮Ωx éπØ√o NüËQ 鬮Ω’x ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’
c) clever
¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†-éπçõ‰ é¬ü¿’ = Éü¿l-JéÃmango Åçõ‰ É≠ædç. é¬F Ç¢Á’-éπçõ‰ Åûª-E-éÀ b) A Collector is inferior to a Chief Secretary
They aren't cleverer than us/ we (?) -á-èπ◊\´ É≠ædç. ´·êu 鬮Ωu-ü¿Jz éπØ√o Collector ûªèπ◊\´ (£æ«Ùü∆™)
d) d) He likes the mango more than her =
Ç¢Á’-éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ °ü¿l = c) He is senior to the others in the group
He is older than she/ her (?) Ç¢Á’-éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈, ´÷N’úÕ °æçúøç-õ‰ØË Åûª-E-éÀ≠dçæ . Ç •%çü¿ç™ Åûª†’ ´ßª’-Ææ’q™/ ņ’-¶µº-´ç™ °ü¿l.
In the sentences above, sentence *´-®Ωx™ 鬕öÀd É™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. d) He was junior to me at College =
(a)
´’†-éÌîËa ÆæçüË-£æ…©’: ™ ¢√ú≈™«, me
I Positive™ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË.
College ™ Åûª†’ Ø√ éÀçCClass ™ ÖçúË-¢√úø’.
¢√ú≈™«, ™ ¢√ú≈™«, ¢√ú≈™«, (c) ™
(b) she her a) I don't like my brother as much as she =
e) Even prior to his marriage he knew the girl.
us ¢√ú≈™«, ¢√ú≈™«, ™ ¢√ú≈™«, her
we (d) she brother
Ç¢Á’ É≠æd-°æ-úøfçûªí¬ ؈’ ´÷ †’ É≠æd°æ-úø†’. (Åûª-EéÀ °R}éÀ °æ‹®Ωy¢Ë’ Ç Å´÷t®· ûÁ©’Ææ’)
¢√ú≈™« ÅE. b) I don't like my brother as much as I like her.
Correct í¬ Å®·ûË sentence Å®Ωnç v°æ鬮Ωç, Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷™‰ conversation at the beginning of
´÷ brother éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ Ç¢Á’ Åçõ‰ØË Ø√éÀ≠dçæ . the lesson ™ èπÿú≈ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
(a) taller than I, (b) ™ younger than she,
Positive Comparative Superlative a) I am slightly older than She/ her
(c) cleverer than we, and (d) ™ older than
Old Older Oldest b) A government officer's position is certainly
she ÅØË ®√¢√L.
Elder Eldest superior to that of a home maker.
c) A home maker is no way inferior to an official
d) He is my elder
äéπ N≠æߪ’ç: American English elder™
brother •ü¿’©’ older brother ûª®Ω-í¬
¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.
EXERCISE
Pratibha: O’ Éü¿l-J™ á´®Ω’ §Òúø’-í∫ç-ö«´¤, †’¢√y
a) He is taller than I (am)
Old has two comparatives and ÅEû√?
=
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆:
Pratima: ÅÆæ-©-®·ûË ÅEûË §Òúø’í∫’ Ø√éπçõ‰. é¬F
(؈’ §Òúø’í¬_ Ö†o-ü∆-E- two superlatives
éπçõ‰ Åûª-†’†o §Òúø’-Èí-
èπ◊\´ ÅE Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC Old èπ◊ È®çúø-®√n©’ éπü∆? ´ßª’ÂÆèπ◊\-´-®·†/ ûª†’ Ø√ éπçõ‰ ™«´-´ôç ´©x ؈’
English ™.) Å™«Íí §ƒûªü¿®·†. 鬕öÀd Older, Oldest ´ßª’ÂÆèπ◊\´ ûª†éπçõ‰ §Òúø’í¬_ éπE-°œ≤ƒh.
Pratibha: ´’E-ü¿l-J™ á´®Ω’ §Òúø’-í∫ç-ö«´¤?
(b), (c), (d) ©™ èπÿú≈: ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ´’†’-≠æfl-©èπÿ, §ƒûª ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ
Pratima: ÅüËç question? †’´¤y Ø√éπçõ‰ §Òúø’-í∫’-
b) He is younger than
´Ææ’h´¤©èπÿ ¢√úøû√ç.
she (is) 1) a) Janaki is older than Lalitha éπü∆!
M. SURESAN (Lalitha Pratibha: ÅEûª àüÓ Slimming machine
c) They aren't cleverer éπØ√o ñ«†éÀ °ü¿lC)
than we (are) b) Rama Rao is the oldest man in the village. é̆o-ô’xçC îª÷¨»¢√?
Pratima: îª÷¨»†’. é¬F Åü¿çûª ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’. Ææ’Fûª
d) He is older than she (is)- É™« ´≤ƒh®·. (Ç ví¬´’ç™ ®√´÷-®√´¤ Åçü¿-J™ °ü¿l)
ü¿í∫_®Ω’†o machine ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’-ÈíjçC.
≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ brackets verbs (a)- am,
™ ÖçúË Â°j È®çúø’ ´’†’-≠æfl-©†’ í∫’Jç*)
Pratibha: †’´‹y Ææ’Fûª î√™« ÆæEo-£œ«ûªçí¬
(b)- is, (c)- are, (d)- is omit
†’ îËÆæ’hçö«ç. c) This house is older than yours =
Öçö«®Ω’. O’®Ω’ classmates ņ’-èπ◊çö«.
Å®·ûË spoken English ™ É™«çöÀ sentences F ÉçöÀ éπØ√o Ñ É©’x §ƒûªC Pratima: é¬ü¿’. ؈’ ü∆E-éπØ√o äéπ class áèπ◊\´.
™ comparative ™ than ûª®√yûª me, us, him, d) This is the oldest building in the town -
´ßª’-Ææ’q™ èπÿú≈ äéπ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç °ü¿l
her, them ¢√úøôç É°æ¤púø’ Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i-§Ú- Ñ Ü®ÓxE buildings ÅEoç-öÀ™ ÉC §ƒûªC. ؈’.
®·çC. ÉC °ü¿l ûª°æ¤pí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’. (c), (d) ´Ææ’h´¤©†’ í∫’Jç* Pratibha: Å™«í¬. Å®·ûË Ñ Ü®Ω’ Féπçõ‰ ûª†èπ◊
´·êuçí¬, comparative ™ than ûª®√yûª both, 2. Old èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Comparative, Elder; ÉçéÓ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ´’J.
all ™«çöÀN ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, we, they ©èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Superlative eldest. OöÀ Å®Ωnç ´ßª’-Ææ’™ °ü¿l Pratima: ؈’ ®√éπ-´·çüË ûªE-éπ\-úÕéÀ ´*açC.
us, them áèπ◊\-´í¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hç-ö«®·. ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’. Åçõ‰ È®çúø’ ´÷ô-©†÷, ´’†’-≠æfl-©èπ◊ ANSWER
a) He is cleverer than all of us/ all of them. (Å°æ¤-úø-°æ¤úø’ ïçûª’-´¤-©èπ◊) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç. ÅC Pratibha: Who is the taller of you two? You or
b) He is cleverer than both of us/ both of them.
èπÿú≈ äéπ èπ◊ô’ç-¶«-EéÀ îÁçC† ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Anitha?
they, we
¢√úøû√ç.
É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx èπ◊ü¿-®Ω-ü¿’-í∫ü∆? Pratima: Actually she is taller than me (I), but
a) Sri Rama was the eldest of the sons of
Positive degree as I, we, he, because she is fatter than me, I look
™ èπÿú≈ ûª®√yûª, Dasaratha. ü¿¨¡-®Ω-ü∑¿’E éÌúø’èπ◊™x X ®√´·-úøç-ü¿-J™
she, they me, us, him, her, them- taller than her (she).
•ü¿’©’ É¢Ë Â°ü¿l –Same family ÅØËC îª÷úøçúÕ.
Pratibha: Who is the taller of us two?
áèπ◊\´ NE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. OöÀE á´®Ω÷ ûª°æ¤pí¬ b) Dharmaraja was the eldest of the Pandavas.
°æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’. Pratima: What question is that? You certainly
§ƒçúø-´¤-©ç-ü¿J™ üµ¿®Ωt-®√V °ü¿l are taller than me (I)
a) He is as tall as I am/ Elder ¢√úøéπç: Important: Elder ûª®√yûª than
Pratibha: Anita seems to have bought a slim-
He is as tall as me (both are correct) é¬F, to é¬F ¢√úøç. Comparative Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ
ming machine. Have you seen it?
b) She is as old as he/ éÀçC Nüµ¿çí¬ ¢√úøû√ç.
Pratima: Yes, I have. But it isn't that good.
She is as old as him. (both are correct) a) X®√-´·úø’ ©éπ~ t-ù’úÕ éπØ√o °ü¿l –
Sunita's machine is superior to it.
c) They are as clever as we/ they are as clever Sri Rama was Lakshmana's elder.
Pratibha: You and Sunitha are close. Were you
as us. (Elder than/ to Lakshmana é¬ü¿’) classmates at College.
(Ééπ\úø ´÷vûªç as clever as us éÌçûª Å®Ω’üË) b) My uncle is my mother's elder -
Pratima: No. I was senior to her by a year. I
Å®·ûË éÌEo éÌEo îÓôx than I/ we/ he/ she/ ´÷ ´÷´’ ´÷ Å´’t éπçõ‰ °ü¿l. am senior to her in age too by a year.
they èπ◊, than me/ us/ him/ her/ them èπÿ c) My brother is my elder by two years Pratibha: She knows this place better than you.
brother
Pratima: She came here prior to my coming
Å®√n©’ ûËú≈í¬ Öçö«®·. Å°æ¤púø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd ´÷ (ņo) Ø√ éπØ√o È®çúË∞¡Ÿx °ü¿l.
àC ¢√ú≈™ ûË©’a-éÓ-¢√L. ÉD elder ¢√úË Nüµ¿ç. here.
II
Sekhar: You are up so early. What's the mat-
ter?
(àçôçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ ™‰î√¢˛?)
(be up = ¢Ë’™\-´ôç/ ™‰´ôç)
Venkat: Yes, I am. Infact I got up earlier than
you by half an hour.
(Å´¤†’, ™‰î√†’. Féπçõ‰ Å®Ω-í∫çô ´·çü¿’
™‰î√-E-¢√∞¡)
Sekhar: But, why? (áçü¿’èπ◊?)
Venkat: Our lecturer is holding a special class
today. He insisted that everyone of us
turned up for the class.
(É¢√∞¡ ´÷ lecturer special class
°úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. v°æA äéπ\®Ω÷ ûª°æpéπ ®√¢√-©E
í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ§ƒpúø’.)
Insist = ÉEqÆˇd – 'Eq— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç =
°æô’d-•-ôdúøç/ ã N≠æߪ’ç™ í∫öÀdí¬ Öçúøôç
Sekhar: I don't know about you. But I am fedup
with these extra classes.
(F Ææçí∫A Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-ü¿’-í¬F, Ø√èπ◊
´÷vûªç Ñ extra classes Åçõ‰ NÆæ’í∫’
°æ¤úø’ûÓçC.)
be fed up = NÆæ’-í∫-E-°œç-îªôç
Venkat: Why so?
Sekhar: They rob us of our leisure.
(ÅN ´’†èπ◊ BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ îË≤ƒh®·.)
Venkat: I am not with you there. They are use-
ful. I like them.
(؈’ Ç N≠æߪ’ç ÅçU-éπ-Jç-’. ÅN î√™«
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. Ø√éÀ≠dçæ .)
Sekhar: Not me, any way. Why don't these lec-
turers leave us alone?
(àüË-¢Á’iØ√ Ø√èπ◊ ´÷vûªç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. ´’†
´÷Ø√† ´’†Lo äü¿-™Ô-aí¬.)
Venkat: Who is forcing you? I find our lecturer's
classes interesting. Infact everyone
does. They feel the classes worth
attending.
(EØÁo-´®Ω’ •©-´ç-ûª-°-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’? ´÷ lec- 1) Phrasal verbs ™ Ö†o verb, ü∆E ûª®√y-ûª
turer classes Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬
Öçö«®·. Ø√Íé-é¬ü¿’, ´÷ é¬xÆˇ™ Åçü¿-JéÃ
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-éπ®Ωç ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.)
Sekhar: When you attend special classes like
this, you are left with little time to study.
(É™« †’´¤y special classes èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡⁄hçõ‰
Fèπ◊ îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ time N’í∫-©ü¿’)
Venkat: You talk as though you didn't waste
time at all.
(†’¢Ëy-üÓ time waste îËߪ’-†ô’x ´÷ö«x-úø-
û√-¢ËçöÀ?)
Sekhar: Don't talk as if you were a sincere stu-
dent.
(†’¢ËyüÓ •’Cl¥í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ØË Nü∆u-Jn™«
´÷ö«x-úøèπ◊.)
Venkat: Far from that. All I wish to say is we
lose nothing if we attend extra classes.
(Å™« ÅE ØËØËç ņ-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ؈’
îÁÊ°p-ü¿™«x extra classes èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç ´©x
´’†ç §ÚíÌ-ô’d-éÌ-ØË-üËç-™‰-ü¿E.)
Sekhar: OK. OK. Have a good time in your
class. Do by all means attend all class-
es and get good marks. I shall be
happy.
(ÆæÍ®. ÆæÍ®. ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ¢ÁR}®√ class èπ◊.
ÅEo classes èπÿ îªéπ\í¬ ¢ÁRx ´’ç*
´÷®Ω’\©’ ûÁaéÓ. ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ≤ƒh.)
Venkat: Don't be cross with me, buddy, I just
like to attend the class, and you don't.
That's all.
(éÓ°æp-úøèπ◊ N’vûª´÷; Ø√Íé¢Á÷ class èπ◊
¢Á∞¡xôç É≠ædç, FéÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. ÅçûË.)
(buddy = friend)
Sekhar: OK.
Venkat: I am off (ØË ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o), Bye.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Clause Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆– a group of words
with a verb. (verb Ö†o ´÷ô© Ææ´‚£æ«ç).
DEo í∫’Jç* Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç î√™« ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
èπ◊Ø√oç. É°æ¤púø’ verb ™‰E group of words
í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
A group of words without a verb is a
PHRASE.
Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ ´’†ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq†
N≠æ-ߪ÷©’: Ñ éÀçCN verbs 鬴¤.
i) Infinitive (to + 1st RDW - to go, to come, to
sing, to walk, etc)
ii) '-ing form' (walking, singing, going, coming,
etc.) (- ing form ´·çü¿’ 'be' form be
Öçõ‰,
form + ing form éπLÆœ verb am
Å´¤-ûª’çC.
coming, was going, will be dancing, etc.)
iii) past participle (done, sung, seen, etc.) ÉN-
èπÿú≈ verbs 鬴¤. Å®·ûË be form + past par-
ticiple combination, verb (passive voice) Å´¤-
have/ has/ had/ will have/ shall
ûª’çC. Å™«Íí
have + past participle verb
èπÿú≈ Å´¤-ûª’çC.
English ™ î√™« phrasal verbs, verbs ûª®√yûª
prepositions îË®Ωaôç ´©x à®Ωp-úø-û√®·: sit on a
chair, get into a bus; put on shirt, put off an
event, etc.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 177
I am not with you there
É™«çöÀ phrasal verbs
È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩’:
preposition ´÷®Ω-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËN. (sit on a chair,
jump over the wall etc.)
2) verb + preposition ´©x à®Ωp-úÕ† phrasal verb
Å®√n-EéÃ, Åçü¿’™E verb, preposition Å®√n-EéÃ
áéπ\ú≈ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËN.
eg: He put off his trip.
(-Å-ûª-úø’ ûª† v°æߪ÷-ù«Eo ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.)
Ééπ\úÕ phrasal verb - put off. îª÷úøçúÕ. put Å®√n-
EéÃ, off Å®√n-EéÃ, ¢√öÀE éπL°œ put off ÅE ¢√úÕ-†-
°æ¤púø’ ü∆E Å®√n-EéÀ (¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ëߪ’ôç) áéπ\ú≈
Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. É™«çöÀ phrasal verbs Å®√n-©’
practice
´©x, Åçõ‰ ¶µ«≠æûÓ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç
°ç-éÓ-´ôç ´©xØË ûÁ©’-≤ƒh®·. ÅN ´’†ç
spoken English ™ ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ¶µ«≠æ î√™«
Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. ¢√öÀ™ éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç.
Now look at the following expressions
from the conversation at the beginning of
the lesson.
1) I got up earlier than you
2) You are up so early
3) I am fed up with these extra classes
4) They rob us of our leisure
5) I am not with you
6) Why don't these lecturers leave us alone?
7) You are left with little time
8) I am off
The word groups underlined are all
phrasal verbs:
1) I got up earlier than you =
Féπçõ‰ ؈’ ´·çü¿’
get up
™‰î√†’. î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ Evü¿-™‰-´ôç ÅØË
Å®Ωnç™ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. get up ¢Ë’™\-´ôç -Å-ØË
wake up
Å®ΩnçûÓ, éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç.
When do you wake up everyday éπçõ‰, When
do you get up everyday áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç.
5) I am not with you there =
Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ؈’ FûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-’.
ÉC î√™« simple and useful expression.
be with some one = äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp-†-ü∆-EûÓ
àéöµºNç-îªôç/ äéπJo Ææ´’-Jnç-îªôç. (äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC
Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç èπÿú≈)
a) I am with the government in ending child
marriages = ¶«©u N¢√-£æ…-©-†’ ÅJéπõ‰d
N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ؈’ v°æ¶µº’-û√yEo Ææ´’-Jn-≤ƒh†’.
b) He is totally with his friend on that issue =
Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Åûª†’ °æ‹Jhí¬ ÅûªE
ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úÕûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-N-≤ƒhúø’.
c) He is with her upto the point of marrying
her, but not without his parents consent
Ç¢Á’†’ °Rx-îË-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç-´-®Ωèπ◊ ä°æ¤p-éÌç-ô’-
Ø√oúø’ é¬E, ÅûªE ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’© Ææ´’tA ™‰èπ◊çú≈
´÷vûªç é¬ü¿’.
6) Why don't these lecturers leave us alone?
Leave alone ÅØËC English conversation ™
ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ NE-°œçîË ´÷ô. Å®Ωnç = ´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç,
disturb îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç, á´J ´÷Ø√† ¢√∞¡x†’
´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç ÅE.
a) Please leave me
alone. I am study-
ing. = †ØÌo-C-™„ß˝’.
؈’ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
(Don't disturb me.)
b) Leave movies
alone. Get going
with your studies M. SURESAN
ÆœE´÷© N≠æߪ’ç
´C-™‰ß˝’ (á°æ¤púø÷ ÅüËØ√?) îªü¿’´¤ Ææçí∫A
îª÷Ææ’éÓ.
c) Leave alone which party is good.
Let's talk of something else - à §ƒKd
´’ç*-ü¿ØË N≠æߪ’ç ´C-™„ß˝’. ÉçÍé N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Á’iØ√
´÷ö«x-úøü∆ç.
7) be left with/ leave with: N’í∫-©ôç (time,
money, food, etc. ™«çöÀN)
a) There is a little milk left in the glass = glass
™ é¬Ææh §ƒ©’ N’T-™«®·.
b) His work at office leaves him (with) little
time for his family
ÅûªE office °æE èπ◊ô’ç-•çûÓ í∫úø-°æ-ö«-EéÀ é¬Ææh
time èπÿú≈ N’í∫-©aü¿’.
c) Hurry up. We are left with just an hour to
finish this whole work =
ûªy®Ωí¬ é¬F. ¢Á·ûªhç-
°æE °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ äéπ í∫çô ´÷vûª¢Ë’
N’T-LçC.
d) That leaves you with the only option of
going = ¢Á∞Ï} äÍé E®Ωg-ߪ’¢Ë’ Fèπ◊ N’T-LçC.
8) I am off = ؈’ ¢ÁR}§Ú-ûª’Ø√o.
Phrase= to be off.
´’†ç ¢Á∞¡xôç éπ*a-ûª-¢Á’i†°æ¤púø’, Éçéπ ¢Á∞¡x-¶-ûª’-†o-
°æ¤púø’ Åçô’çö«ç. I am off. ؈’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-
ߪ÷†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.
É´Fo conversation ™ daily life ™ ûª®Ωîª÷
NE-°œçîË expressions. ÉN ¶«í¬ practice îËÆœ
O©-®·-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x ¢√úøçúÕ. ÉN î√™« simple
expressions. éπ≠dç æ é¬èπÿ-úøü¿’. It shouldn't be
difficult.
-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 28 -W-Ø˛ 2006
There are some other expressions in the
conversation between Sekhar and Venkat.
They are not phrasal verbs, but useful
expressions. Learn them as well.
1) Insist = °æô’d-•-ôdúøç – Know how to use it.
Insist ûª®√yûª on ´ÊÆh, ü∆E ûª®√yûª noun é¬F
'...ing' form é¬F ´Ææ’hçC.
a) The teacher insists on silence in the class
é¬xÆæ’™ E¨¡z•lç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ teacher °æô’d-ü¿©í¬
ÖØ√oúø’. (Insist + on + silence (n)
b) I insist on starting immediately
¢ÁçôØË •ßª’-©’-üË-®√-©ØËüË Ø√ °æô’d-ü¿©
(Insist + on + starting (ing form)
Insist ¢√úø-ôç™ °j È®çúø÷ (Nouns/ ...ing)
form é¬éπ-§ÚûË, that clause ¢√úÌa.
c) The teacher insists that the students
remain silent. Students silent í¬ Öçú≈-©E
Çߪ’† °æô’d-ü¿©. (... that the students remain
silent - that clause éπü∆?)
d) He insists that we follow his orders.
He insists on our following his orders. ÅûªE
Çïc©’ ´’†ç §ƒöÀç-î√-©E °æô’d-•-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
(He insists + that clause = He insists on +
ing form í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ)
2) As though/ as if =
DE Å®Ωnç, Å®·-†ô’x, é¬F é¬ü¿’.
You talk as if you didn't waste time at all =
†’¢ËyüÓ ÅÆæ©’ time waste îËߪ’-†õ‰x ´÷ö«x-úø-û√-
¢ËçöÀ? (†’´¤y time waste îË≤ƒh´¤)
Ééπ\úø 'as if' clause ™verb í∫´’-EçîªçúÕ. – did
waste (didn't waste) - past tense éπü∆. ÅD
important. ÉC-°æ¤púø’ ï®Ω-í∫-ôç-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd, past
tense ´Ææ’hçC. singular subject ûÓ èπÿú≈ were
´Ææ’hçC.
a) He feels as if I were responsible for his
troubles - ÅûªE éπ≥ƒd-©èπ◊ ØËØËüÓ é¬®Ω-ù-¢Á’i-†ô’x
(é¬F é¬ü¿’) ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.
b) He behaves as though he could not get on
without servants
servants
™‰éπ-§ÚûË •ûª-éπ-™‰-†-†oô’x v°æ´-Jh-≤ƒhúø’.
c) She talks as though she were born rich =
°æ¤ôd-úø¢Ë’ üµ¿E-èπ◊-®√-Lí¬ °æ¤öÀd-†ô’x ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çC.
3) Far from it: ÉC èπÿú≈ î√™« common expres-
sion. DE Å®Ωnç, ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ îÁÊ°pC correct é¬ü¿E.
Pranav: Is he a good player?
(
-Å-ûªúø’ ´’ç* -Ç-ôí¬-ú≈?)
Prabhat: Far from it.
(é¬ØË é¬ü¿’)
(Åçõ‰ äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°æ¤h-†oC, é¬ØË é¬ü¿’ ņ-ö«-EéÀ far
from it Åçö«ç.
'Is Vijayawada a cool place?
(Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø xöÀ v°æüË-¨¡´÷?)
far from it. (é¬ØË é¬ü¿’)
Ñ expressions ¶«í¬ practice îËÆœ O’ con-
versation ™ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøçúÕ. î√™« simple í¬
effective í¬ Öçô’çC.
II
Navya: I'm afraid I can't stay here any longer.
(ØËEçéπ Ééπ\úø Öçúø-™‰-†-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC.)
Divya: Why? What happened?
(áçü¿’èπ◊? à¢Á’içC?)
Navya: The food here doesn't agree with me.
(Ééπ\úÕ Ç£æ…®Ωç Ø√èπ◊ ÆæJ-°æ-úøôç ™‰ü¿’)
Divya: Anything again?
(´’S} à´’Ø√o Å®·uçü∆?)
Navya: Yea. Last night as I reached our rooms,
I threw up all the food I had eaten. The
food in the restaurant upset me.
(Å´¤†’. E†o-®√vA ´’† room èπ◊ AJT ®√í¬ØË,
Ç restaurant ™ A†oü¿çû√ ¢√çûª-®·-§Ú-
®·çC. Åéπ\úÕ AçúÕ Ø√èπ◊ éπúø’°æ¤ AÊ°p-ÆœçC)
Divya: So you want to pack up
(鬕öÀd ¢ÁR}-§Ú-û√-†ç-ö«¢√?)
Navya: Yes. I can't get on any more with this
kind of food. I am afraid of permanent
damage to my health.
(Å´¤†’. É™«çöÀ food ûÓ Øˆ’ í∫úø-°æôç
éπ≠dçæ . Ø√ Ç®Óí∫uç ¨»¨¡y-ûªçí¬ üÁ•s-Aç-ô’ç-
üË-¢Á÷-†E ¶µºßª’çí¬ ÖçC.)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 178
The food here doesn't agree with me
Divya: Does it mean you want to give up your
job, just because the food here is not to
your liking? Come now, Navya, you
can't be so silly as to throw a good job
up as yours and go away.
(Ééπ\úÕ AçúÕ ÆæJ-°æ-úø-†çûª ´÷vû√† ´’ç*
ÖüÓuí∫ç ´C-™‰Æœ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-û√-†ç-ö«¢√? Fèπ◊†o
Åçûª-´’ç* ÖüÓuí∫ç ´C-™‰Æœ ¢ÁR}-§Ú-ßË’çûª
ûÁL-N-ûª-èπ◊\´ °æ-E-îË-ߪ’èπ◊)
Navya: There's no use your keeping as telling
me to adjust with the food here. I've had
enough of it. I have to go.
(Ééπ\úÕ AçúÕûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊§Ú ÅE †’´¤y ´÷öÀ-
´÷-öÀéà ņôç ´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’. Ééπ
î√©’. ØË¢Á-Rx-§Ú-¢√-LqçüË)
Divya: I still don't understand why you wish to leave.
(†’´¤y ¢ÁR}-§Ú-¢√-©E áçü¿’éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢Ó
Éçé¬ Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴-ôç-™‰ü¿’)
Navya: If only you went through, what I have
been through, you wouldn't be here for
a minute, job or no job.
(Ø√ ņ’-¶µº-´¢Ë’ Fèπ◊çõ‰ †’¢Ìy-éπ\-éπ~ùç èπÿú≈
Ééπ\úø Öçúø´¤)
Divya: So you have made up your mind to
leave.
(Å®·ûË ¢Á∞¡}-ú≈EÍé E¨¡a-®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√o-´-†o-
´÷ô)
Navya: That's it. (ÅçûË)
Divya: You can cook for yourself and avoid eat-
ing out.
(†’´¤y ´çúø’-éÓ-´-a-éπü∆. Å°æ¤púø’ •ßª’ô
A†ôç ´÷ØË-ßÁ·îª’a)
Navya: That's impossible for me. (Ø√ ´©x é¬ü¿’)
Divya: Ok
´’†ç phrasal verbs í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç
éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEo îª÷ü∆lç. í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆ Ñ
Phrasal verbs Å®Ωnç, ¢√úøéπç practice ´™«x, îªü¿-
´ôç ´™«x ´Ææ’hçC. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ àüÁjØ√ ´’ç* dic-
tionary ™ àüÁjØ√ ´÷ôèπ◊/ ´·êuçí¬ verb èπ◊
Å®Ωnç îª÷Æœ-†-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E-éÀçü¿ Ç verb, ü∆E ûª®√yûª
´îËa preposition èπ◊ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Now look at the following phrasal verbs in
the conversation between Divya and Navya.
1) The food here doesn't agree with me.
2) I threw up all the food I had eaten.
3) So you want to pack up.
4) I can't get on any more.
5) Does it mean you want to give up your job?
6) You can't be so silly as to throw a good job up ...
7) There's no use keep on telling me.
8) If only you went through what I have been
through.
9) You have made up your mind.
°j† underline îËÆœ† ´Fo phrasal verbs. Let's
now know their meanings and uses.
1) The food here doesn't agree with me.
The phrasal verb here is agree with. we
know the usual meaning of 'agree with'.
D†®Ωnç, äéπJûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îªôç/ ÅçU-éπ-Jç-îªôç.
(The father doesn't agree with his son on the
type of house they want to buy - ᙫçöÀ É©’x
éÌØ√©ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ àé¬-Gµ-v§ƒßª’ç ™‰ü¿’)
Å®·ûË, Ééπ\úÕ expression: The food doesn't
agree with me - Ééπ\úø agree with èπ◊ Å®Ωnç 'ÆæJ-
°æ-úøôç ™‰ü¿’— (does not suit) ÅE.
a) The climate here doesn't agree with me -
Ééπ\úÕ ¢√û√-´-®Ωùç Ø√èπ◊ °æúø-ôç-™‰ü¿’.
b) Hot stuff doesn't agree with her
áèπ◊\´ 鬮Ω°æ¤ ´Ææ’h-
´¤©’ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ °æúø´¤.
°j expressions ÅEoç-
öÀ™ not agree with
®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
°æúøü¿’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓØË ÉN
áèπ◊\´ ¢√úøû√ç.
2) I threw up all the M. SURESAN
food I had eaten =
A†o-ü¿çû√ ¢√çA îËÆæ’-èπ◊Ø√o.
Ééπ\úÕ phrasal verb: throw up = ¢√çA îËÆæ’-éÓ-
´ôç = vomit. Å®·ûË vomit éπØ√o throw up
ÅØËC better, vomit é¬Ææh §ƒçúÕûªuç. throw up
ÅØËC ¢√u´-£æ…-Jéπç. Spoken English ™ throw
up ÅØËüË ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’.
a) She was sick after eating the cake. she
threw up = cake A†-í¬ØË Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ¢Áí∫ô’
°æ¤öÀdçC. ¢ÁçôØË ¢√çA îËÆæ’-èπ◊çC.
(sick = 'ï•’s— ÅE ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç. Sick Åçõ‰
¢Áí∫ô’/ ¢√çA éπLÍí feeling ÅE èπÿú≈ î√™«
ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç)
b) The child is throwing up the milk=
§ƒ©†’ éπÍé\-≤ÚhçC.
3) So you want to pack up = Ééπ\úÕ phrasal
verb, to pack up. D†®Ωnç v°æߪ÷-ù«-EéÀ/ ¢ÁR}§Ú´-
ö«-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥-°æ-úøôç. (°õ‰d ¶‰ú≈ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´ôç)
a) He has packed up =
¢ÁR}-§Ú-ßË’ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.
b) When are you packing up? =
†’´¤y á°æ¤p-úÁ-∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤?
c) We are waiting for him to pack up =
Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«hú≈ ÅE îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç.
4) I can't get on any more =
phrasal verb- to get on = ≤ƒT-§Ú-´ôç/ é̆-≤ƒ-
í∫ôç/ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-´ôç/ ïJ-T-§Ú-´ôç – É™«çöÀ Å®√n-
©ûÓ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÀd 'get on' ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç.
I can't get on any more =
Éçéπ É™« é̆-≤ƒ-í∫-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o.
a) Pranav: How is your new job?
(F éÌûªh ÖüÓuí∫ç ᙫ ÖçC?)
Prakash: (I'm) getting on well. No prob-
lem. (¶«í¬ØË ÖçC, Ææ´’-Ææu™‰ç ™‰´¤/
ÖüÓuí∫ç ¶«í¬ØË îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’Ø√o.)
b) Sudheer: How are you, Sumant? Long
time since we met.
(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤? éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊E î√™«
®ÓV-©-®·çC)
Sumant: Just getting on
(àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC.)
c) Stop talking and get on with the work.
´÷ô-™«°œ °æE é̆≤ƒ-Tç-îªçúÕ.
5) Does it mean you want to give up your job.
Phrasal verb - give up = ´÷ØË-ߪ’ôç,
´C-™‰-ߪ’ôç, ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-´ôç, ÇÊ°-ߪ’ôç.
a) She wants to give up her job and start
business =
ÖüÓuí∫ç ´C-™‰Æœ ¢√u§ƒ®Ωç îËߪ÷-©-†’-éÌç-öçC.
b) He hasn't given up smoking in spite of his
doctor's advice =
Doctor ´ü¿l-†o-°æp-öÀéà Åûª†’ smoking ´÷†-™‰ü¿’.
c) He gave up his rights to the property =
ÇÆœh°j ûª† £æ«èπ◊\©’ ´ü¿’-©’-éÌ-Ø√oúø’.
d) He gave up his attempts =
v°æߪ’-û√o©’ ÇÊ°-¨»úø’.
6) You want to throw a good job up – Ééπ\úø
phrasal verb - throw a job up = job ´ü¿’-©’-
éÓ-´ôç. (Éçü∆éπ throw up Åçõ‰ ¢√çA îËÆæ’-
éÓ-´ôç ÅØË Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. ÖüÓuí∫ç/
Å´-鬨¡ç ™«çöÀN ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-´ôç èπÿú≈ throw up.)
a) Who will throw up such a good job? =
Åçûª ´’ç* ÖüÓuí∫ç á´®Ω’ ´÷†’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’?/
´ü¿’-©’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’?
b) He threw up a good job and a good family
Naresh: á´®Ω’?
and took to drinking. =
´’ç* ÖüÓuí∫ç, Ææç≤ƒ®Ωç ÅFo ´ü¿’-©’-èπ◊E Mahesh: AçúÕ
û√í∫’úø’ ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ö«dúø’.
7) There's no use keeping on telling me to
Naresh: ´’†ç ¶«í¬ØË Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆?
adjust with the food =
üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’†o AçúÕûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ò-´’tE îÁ•’ûª÷ Mahesh: ´©x
Öçúøôç ´©x v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’.
Naresh: ÅüËçö Ç é¬°∂‘ Å™« û√í∫’-ûª÷ØË Öçö«úø’.
Keep on doing something =
ÅC ÇÊ°-ü∆é¬, ÅûªE °æJ-Æœn-AçûË.
äéπ °æE-E ÅüË-°æ-Eí¬ îËÆæ÷h Öçúøôç.
a) He keeps on smoking though his health is bad =
Ç®Óí∫uç ¶«í¬-™‰-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, smoke îËÆæ÷hØË Öçö«úø’.
b) Though the teacher punished him, he
keeps on talking =
Teacher ¢√úÕE PéÀ~ç-*Ø√, ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª÷ØË
Öçö«úø’.
Å®·ûË present day English ™ keep ûª®√yûª
on Åçûªí¬ ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. He keeps on talking
(= He continues to talk) = He keeps talking.
c) Don't keep asking me silly questions =
°œ*a °œ*a v°æ¨¡o©’ Åúø’-í∫’ûª÷ Öçúøèπ◊
8) If only you went through, what I have
been through. D†®Ωnç, ؈-†’-¶µº-Nç-*† éπ≥ƒd©’,
phrasal verbs, 1) to
†’´y-†’-¶µº-NÊÆh ÅE. Ééπ\úø,
go through, 2) to be through.
-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 30 -W-Ø˛ 2006
a) Pratap: I had a lot of difficulty getting the
MRO's certificate.
(MRO ü¿í∫_®Ω certificate ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç
Ø√èπ◊ î√™« éπ≠d-´æ ’-®·çC.)
Pramod: I have been through all that/ I
have gone through all that =
؈-´Fo ņ’-¶µº-Nç-î√†’.
I know how difficult it is =
ÅC áçûª éπ≠d¢æ Á÷ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’.
b) He is going through a difficult period in his
life =
Åûª†’ î√™« éπ≠dæ Æ洒ߪ’ç ņ’-¶µº-N-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.
c) I don't want my son to go through the diffi-
cult I have gone through =
؈-†’-¶µº-Nç-*† éπ≥ƒd©’ ´÷ Ŷ«s®· ņ’-¶µº-Nç-
îªôç Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’.
Å®·ûË go through Åçõ‰ îªü¿-´ôç ÅE èπÿú≈
ÖçC.
a) Did you go through the paper today?
É¢√Rd paper îªC-¢√¢√?
b) The CM has to go through the committee's
report.
éπN’-öà report CM Éçé¬ îªü¿-¢√Lq ÖçC.
9) You have made up your mind.
†’´¤y E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√o´¤. Ééπ\úø verb - make
up ones mind - E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-´ôç
a) Please make up your mind whether to go
or not = ¢Á∞«}™ ´üÓl E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓçúÕ.
b) I have made up my mind to buy that car =
car
Ç éÌØËç-ü¿’Íé E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊Ø√o.
éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ É*a† phrasal verbs, Ñ les-
son ™ É*a† phrasal verbs, spoken English
™ î√™« common í¬ NE-°œç-îË¢Ë. OöÀE ¶«í¬
practice îËߪ’çúÕ. Åçü¿’-´©x *†o-*†o sen-
tences ûÓ O’ conversation Åçü¿çí¬, Å®Ωn-
´ç-ûªçí¬ Öçô’çC.
EXERCISE
Practise the following aloud in English.
Mahesh:
؈’ wash basin ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞Ï}-Ææ-JéÀ, §ƒ°æç
Åûª†’ ¢√çA îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.
ÉçÈé-´®Ω’, Ramesh. E†oöÀ †’ç* Ø√éÃ
-°æ-úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’ ÅE complain îËÆæ÷hØË
ÖØ√o- úø’-í∫ü∆?
Åûª†’ áèπ◊\´ coffee û√í∫’-û√úø’. Åçü¿’-
éÌçîÁç áèπ◊\´ AØ√o ¢Áí∫-ô-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC.
ANSWER
Mahesh: When I went to the wash basin the
poor fellow (§ƒ°æç Åûª†’ ÅØË ¶µ«´çûÓ)
was throwing up.
Naresh: Who?
Mahesh: Who else? Ramesh. He has been
complaining since yesterday that this
food doesn't agree with him.
Naresh: But we are able to get on with the
food.
Mahesh: He takes too much of coffee. That's
why even if he eats a little too much,
he feels sick.
Naresh: He keeps as drinking coffee. Until he
gives it up, his condition will be like
this.
II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 1 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Rajita: Hi Likhita, the bakery we buy our cakes 4) The time I told our friends to come at is 5.30
from is closed. What shall we do now. ؈’ ´’† friends †’ ®Ω´’t†o time 5.30
(´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ cakes éÌØË bakery 5) The time we are left with is rather short
´‚Æœ ÖçC. àç îËü∆lç?) (´’†èπ◊ N’T-L† time î√™« ûªèπ◊\´)
Likhita: I'm afraid. We have to make do with 6) Two of the guests we have invited have
the cakes we have at home. called...
(´’†ç Éçöx Ö†o cakes ûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË) ´’†ç °œL-*† guests ™ Éü¿l®Ω’ phone î˨»®Ω’.
Rajita: But are they enough for all the friends 7) ... The two girls you like so much.
we are going to have for the party? (†’¢ÁyçûÓ É≠æd-°æúË -É-ü¿l®Ω-´÷t®·-©’)
(é¬F party éÌîËa friends îª÷úøçúÕ, °j sentences ÅEoçöÀ™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ
Åçü¿-Jéà ÅN c) Ñ Channel ™ØË ØËØ√ programme É™« O™„j-†Eo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x, ´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úË-
îª÷ÆœçC=
ÆæJ-§Ú-û√ߪ÷?) ¶µ«í∫ç/ clause (English ™ *´J clause) Å®Ωnç This is the channel on which I saw the pro- ô-°æ¤púø’, whom ¢√úøéπç °æ‹Jhí¬ ´÷ØË-¨»®Ω’.
Likhita: Let's see if the bakery at the other end Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ á´-JE ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ 'who'
ᙫ ´Ææ’hçüÓ: gramme. (old fashioned). On which ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈-–
of the street is open. 1) ´’†ç cakes éÌØË bakery = (´’†ç à bakery This is the channel I watched the pro- 'that' ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Å™«Íí which èπÿú≈ drop
(OCµéÀ Ñ *´®Ω Ö†o bakery ûÁJ* ™ cakes éÌçö«¢Á÷ ÅC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) = gramme on. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-îª-ü¿í∫_ N≠æߪ’ç, îËÊÆ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
ÖçüË¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç) The bakery we buy cakes from = (the bakery preposition 'on' ´C-™‰-ߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Whom •ü¿’©’ who , that èπÿ-ú≈ ¢√úøôç
Rajita: The time I told our friends to come at is from which we buy cakes ÅE ÅÆæ©’ clause - d) Ñ room ™ØË Åûªúø’ £æ«ûªuèπ◊ í∫’È®jçC. = ™‰C-°æ¤púø’. Å™«Íí which èπÿú≈ ™‰ü¿’. ÉN
5.30. It's already 4.30. The time we are é¬F modern English spoken form ™ É™« This is the room in which he was murdered ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË, we can join two/ more sentences
left with is rather short. Let's hurry. ņúøç ™‰ü¿’.) É™«çöÀ îÓôx from which ™«çöÀ (in which- old fashioned) into one ÅE °j examples ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.
(´’† friends †’ ؈’ ®Ω´’t†o time 5.30 expressions ´÷ØË-¨»®Ω’.) Modern: This is the room he was murdered a) v°æA ¢√∞¡⁄x ¢Á’a-èπ◊ØË Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úø-ûª†’=
É°æp-öÀÍé 4.30 Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´’†èπ◊ 2) ´’† Éçöx Ö†o cakes ûÓ = in. ('In' sentence *´®Ω ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ) He is the leader every one admires.
N’T-L† time áèπ◊\´ ™‰ü¿’. ûªy®Ωí¬ °æü¿) With the cakes we have at home e) †’´¤y °æ∞¡Ÿx éÓÆœ† éπAh °æü¿’-ØÁjçC= (Who everyone admires é¬ü¿’).
Likhita: Two of the guests we've invited have (modern for with the cakes which we have at The knife with which b) v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x îª÷úø-ü¿í∫_ *vûª-´’C=
called to tell me they aren't coming. home - which present day English you cut the fruits is
™ ¢√úøôç That is a movie every one must see.
(´’†ç °œL-*† ¢√∞¡x™ Éü¿l®Ω’ ®√´-ôç-™‰-ü¿E ™‰ü¿’/ NE-°œç-îªü¿’) sharp. (with which - (Which every one must see é¬ü¿’)
Phone î˨»®Ω’.) 3) ... The friends we are going to have = old fashioned)
c) Åûªúø’ v°æߪ÷-ùÀçîË car î√™« êK-üÁjçC=
Rajita: Who are they? (¢√∞Îx-´®Ω’) friends (modern for Modern: The knife you
´’†èπ◊ ®√¶-ûª’†o Åçü¿-Jéà The car he travels by is expensive.
Likhita: Hasya and Lasya, the two girls you like 'the friends who/ that (whom = we •ü¿’©’) cut the fruits with is
(The car by which he travels,- old fashioned)
so much. One is down with a fever and are going to have - Spoken English
É°æpöÀ sharp. ('with' fruits
the other doesn't like to come alone.
Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø 'by' ÅØË preposition ´ü¿-©-èπÿ-úøü¿’.
™ who/ that drop whom
îËߪ’ôç °æJ-§ƒöÀ. ûª®√yûª ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-
(†’´¤y ¶«í¬ É≠æd-°æúË Éü¿l-®Ω-´÷t-®·©’ £æ…Ææu, îªçúÕ). M. SURESAN Åçü¿’-éπØË, the car he travels by ÅE by ¢√úøû√ç.
ÅÆæ©’ NE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’)
™«Ææu. äéπ-J-Íé¢Á÷ ïy®Ωç, ÉçéÌ-éπ-J-Íé¢Á÷ äçô-
Jí¬ ®√´ôç É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’)
Rajita: That's disappointing. How much more
cake do we need?
(ÅC E®√-¨»-éπ®Ωç. ´’†-éÀç-Èéçûª
鬢√L?)
cake
This is the pen I like a lot
Likhita: (It) depends on the number of guests
EXERCISE ANSWER
we expect. My estimate is atleast 40.
That means we need at least a Kg Practise the following aloud in English Praneeth: The fish I ate yesterday wasn't
more.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 164 Praneeth: E†o ؈’ A†o fish Åçûª ®Ω’*í¬ ™‰ü¿’.
Vineeth: áéπ\úø AØ√o´¤.
tasty.
Vineeth: Where did you eat?
(ÅC ´’†ç ´≤ƒh-®Ω-†’-éÌØË Ç£æ…y-E-ûª’©
Praneeth: †’´¤y ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢Á∞Ïx, †’´¤y á°æ¤púø’ Praneeth: The restaurant you frequently go
4) ؈’ ´’†
Ææçêu†’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. Ø√ ÅçîªØ√ éπFÆæç
40, Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ éÀ™ 鬢√L) friends time =
†’ ®Ω´’t†o ´÷ö«xúË restaurant ™. to, and talk so much about.
The time I told our friends to come at (the time Vineeth: Åéπ\úø complain îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Ø√Íéç Vineeth: I haven't found anything to com-
Rajita: Ah... here we are. Thank god. This bak-
at which I told them to come - at which ™«çöÀ plain about there.
ery is open. éπEpç-îª-™‰üË?
expressions old fashioned - 鬕öÀd Å™« ņç.
(Ç... Å´’tߪ÷u. Ñ bakery ûÁJîË ÖçC.) Praneeth: ؈’ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ î˨»†’. E†o ؈’ Praneeth: I made a mistake. I should have
The time I told our friends to come at ÅØË
Thank god = •AéÀ-§Úߪ÷ç = üË´¤-úÕéÀ üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆©’ E†’oèπÿú≈ BÆæ’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xLqçC. Å°æ¤úø’ taken you there yesterday. You
Åçö«ç.)
would then have known the quality
Likhita: They aren't good at making cakes 5) Two of the guests we have invited have †’´¤y ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’ç-úË-¢√-úÕN ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´úÕfçîË
called = of food they serve.
here. cakes
(Ééπ\úÕ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÆæJí¬_ îËߪ’®Ω’) ǣ慮Ωç íÌ°æp.
guests phone Vineeth: Ñ®ÓV BÂÆ\∞¡Ÿx. îª÷ü∆lç. Vineeth: Take me today and let's see.
Rajita: We have to buy here for now. No help- ´’†ç °œL-*† ™ Éü¿l®Ω’ î˨»®Ω’.
ing it. (Ééπ\úø É¢√-RdéÀ éÌØ√LqçüË. ûª°æpü¿’) (Two of the guests who/ that (whom •ü¿’©’) Praneeth: É¢√∞¡ Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o úø•’s î√©ü¿’. Praneeth: The money I have today isn't
we invited have called - who/ that old Ééπ\úø enough. Whose money do you
í∫ûª éÌEo lessons í¬ who (whom •ü¿’-©’í¬) fashioned -
Å®·Ø√ á´J úø•’s-†’¢√úÕ †’´¤y ®Ω’V´¤
É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’) wish to use to prove your point.
which ûÓ short sentence éπ©-°æôç practice
7) ... †’´¤y Åçûª É≠æd-°æúË Ç Éü¿l-®Ω-´÷t-®·©’
îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤.
Vineeth: †’¢Ëy-í∫ü∆ complain îËÆ œçC. Vineeth: It's you who complained.
= The two girls you like so much (The two
îËÆæ’hØ√oç éπü∆.
ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç. î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x who (whom Praneeth: Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Ç restaurant èπ◊ Praneeth: I'd rather stop going to the restau-
girls who/ that (whom •ü¿’©’) you like so
•ü¿’©’) & which ûÓ sentences join îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ rant.
much- old fashioned. Who/ that É°æ¤úø’ drop ¢Á∞¡xôç ´÷ØË-≤ƒh†’.
who (whom) and which E ´C-™‰Æ œ èπÿú≈ join îËÊÆ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.)
îÁßÁ·-uîªaE îª÷¨»ç– í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? ÉC ´’†-Ææ’™ °j† ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-*† N≠æߪ’ç – È®çúø’ ´‚úø’
Öç-éÌE °j conversation ™ Ñ sentences short sentences †’ äéπ-öÀí¬ îËJa ´÷ö«xúËô°æ¤púø’ -v°æ-¨¡o: i) The uses of adversity are sweet. verb - are Ñ sentence ™ object ™‰ü¿’.
modern spoken form ™ whom èπ◊ ≤ƒn†ç ™‰ü¿’. ii) âØ˛-Æ‘dØ˛ ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ Æœü∆l¥ç-û√Eo v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-î√úø’. Verb, 'be', form Å®·ûË object Öçúøü¿’ - 'are',
†’ study îËߪ’çúÕ.
ÅC ûª°æpéπ ¢√ú≈-Lq-´ÊÆh who/ that ¢√úøû√ç. -Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ subject, object, 'be' form.
1) The bakery we buy our cakes from is closed
a) Police ņ’´÷-Eç-îËC Åûª-úÕE= verb ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. (ûÁ©’í∫’, ÉçTx-≠ˇ™x) ii) Einstein propounded the theory of relativity
(´’†ç cakes éÌØË bakery ´‚ÊÆÆœ ÖçC) He is the man who/ that the police suspect. iii) simple, complex, compound a) subject - Einstein b) verb- pro-
2) ... We have to make do with the cakes we Å®·ûË É™« ņúøç Éçé¬ better. í∫’Jç* ´’Jçûª Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÅçCç-îª- pounded
have at home. He is the man the police suspect. (who/ that
í∫©®Ω’. c) object - the theory of relativity
cakes èπÿú≈ drop îËÊÆ-Ææ’hØ√oç). É™«Íí which èπÿú≈.
– ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇ-¶«•’, π◊´’-®Ω-üË-´®Ωç
(´’† Éçöx Ö†o ûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË)
3) ... are they enough for all the friends we are b) ؈’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ É≠æd-°æúË pen ÉC=
ûÁ©’í∫’ - subject - Einstein, verb - v°æA-
going to have for the party? = This is the pen which I like a lot (old fash- -ï-¢√-•’: §ƒ-Cç-î√úø’, object - ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ Æœü∆l¥çûªç.
iii) Simple, compound, complex sentence †’
´’† party éÀ ®√¶-ûª’†o friends ioned). Which É°æ¤púø’ ´·êuçí¬ spoken
Åçü¿-JéÀ ÅN i) The uses of adversity are sweet.
English ™ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’. Ç Ê°®Ω’x ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ N´-J-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oç, clause ™
ÆæJ-§Ú-û√ߪ÷? subject - the uses of adversity.
= This is the pen I like a lot (which ™‰èπ◊çú≈) Éçü¿’™ N´-Jç-*-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x – ¢√öÀE îª÷úøçúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Sharath: Hi Vasanth, I look forward to the study
tour we are going on, this weekend.
(Ñ¢√®Ωç *´®Ω ´’†ç ¢Á∞¡x-¶-ûª’†o study
tour
á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤pú≈ ÅE áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’hØ√o.)
Vasanth: So do I, but am a bit worried about
mother. She has taken ill suddenly.
Dad is away on camp and will be
back only this weekend.
(Ø√èπÿ Ææ®Ω-ü∆-í¬ØË ÖçC. é¬E ´÷ Å´’tèπ◊
Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ ï•’s îËÆœçC. ´÷ Ø√†o camp
†’ç* ¢√®√ç-ûª¢Ë’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’)
Sharath: So you are worried who will look after
her if we start before your father
comes, aren't you?
(´’†ç O’ father ®√´-ú≈-EéÀ ´·çüË •ßª’-
©’-üË-JûË O’ Å´’t†’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËçü¿’èπ◊
á´®Ω÷ Öçúø-®ΩE éπü∆ F ¶«üµ¿?)
Vasanth: Exactly. But I've called my elder sister
and told her of the situation. I told her
to come here two days before our
departure.
(Å´¤†’. ´÷ Åéπ\èπ◊ Phone îËÆœ îÁ§ƒp†’.
´’†ç •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-ö«-EéÀ È®çúø’ ®ÓV©’
´·çü¿’-®Ω-´’tE.)
Sharath: That's a good idea. (¶«í¬ØË ÖçC)
Vasanth: I called dad and he came up with the
idea.
(´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊ ؈’
*açD idea)
phone
Sharath: I am happy you are making it, after
all. I was afraid you might not come.
îËÊÆh Çߪ’-†-éÌ-
(§ÚF™‰, àüË-¢Á’iØ√ †’¢Ìy-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤ ÆæçûÓ≠æç.
†’´¤y ®√¢Ë-¢Á÷-†E ¶«üµ¿-°æú≈f)
Vasanth: I am coming, of course. But the trou-
ble is my sister's son. He goes to
school. He can be a handful.
(؈’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oØËx. Å®·ûË ´÷ Åéπ\ éÌúø’Íé
Ææ´’Ææu. ¢√úø’ îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. éÌçîÁç
Å©x-È®-èπ◊\´.)
Sharath: I've seen him. He takes after your sis-
ter, doesn't he?
(؈’ ¢√úÕo îª÷¨»ØËx. Åîªaç O’ Åéπ\ §ÚLÍé
éπü∆?)
Vasanth: Only in features. In traits he takes
after his dad. Quite mischievous.
(Ç鬮Ωç, ®Ω÷°æ¤ Í®ê-™xØË. ©éπ~-ù«-©Fo ¢√∞¡x
Ø√†o¢Ë. Å©x-È®-èπ◊\´.)
features = ´·ê éπ´-R-éπ©’, ®Ω÷°æ¤ ͮ꩒.
traits = ©éπ~-ù«©’, í∫’ù«©’
Sharath: By the way, you know, Vinod showed
up suddenly yesterday. He is prepar-
ing for the civils exam this year. He
has been in Hyderabad for six months
now.
(ņoô’x E†o Ö†o-ô’xçúÕ Vinod éπE-°œç-
î√úø’. ¢√úø’ civils èπ◊ prepare Å´¤-ûª’-
Ø√oúø’. Ç®Ω’-ØÁ-©-©’í¬ Hyderabad ™ØË
ÖØ√oúø’)
Vasanth: Yea. I know. I met him when I went to
Hyderabad. He put up at his uncle's
for a few days. He said he would be
taking rooms, and moving into them.)
(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ؈’ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛èπ◊
¢ÁRx-†-°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Åûª-†-°æ¤púø’ éÌEo-
®Ó-V©’ ¢√∞¡x ´÷´’ߪ’u Éçöx ÖØ√oúø’.
ûªy®Ω™ rooms îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊E ´÷®Ω-û√-†-Ø√oúø’)
Sharath: So he did. My cousin and he are room
mates.
(Å´¤†’ ´÷ cousin, Åûª†’ room
mates.)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
In this lesson too, we continue our study
of phrasal verbs. We have in the last two
lessons seen some of them commonly
used in conversation. Let us now look at
some more of them.
Now look at the following expressions at
the beginning of the lesson between
Sharath and Vasanth.
1) I look forward to the study tour.
2) She has taken ill suddenly.
3) ... who will look after her if we ...
4) I called dad and he came up with the idea.
5) I am happy you are making it after all.
6) He can be a handful.
7 a) He takes after your sister, doesn't he?
b) In traits he takes after his dad.
8) Vinod showed up suddenly yesterday.
9) He put up at his uncle's place.
´ ´ ´ ´ ´
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 179
He can be a handful
1) I look forward to the
study tour.
Look forward to=
ÆæçûÓ-≠æçûÓ/ Çûª%-ûªûÓ
áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøôç. Look
forward to ûª®√yûª
noun é¬F, ...ing form
M. SURESAN
é¬F ´Ææ’hçC.
a) He is looking forward to the match=
Åûª†’ match á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤pú≈ ÅE áü¿’-®Ω’-
îª÷-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Match - noun.
b) He is looking forward to participating in the
match.
Match ™ á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ §ƒ™Ô_ç-ü∆´÷ ÅE
áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Participating- 'ing' form.
(Look forward to ûª®√yûª 1st RDW ®√ü¿’. He
is looking forward to meet you – ûª°æ¤p)
2) She has taken ill suddenly.
To take ill= to fall ill=
ï•’s-°æ-úøôç
(Ç¢Á’ ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ ï•’s °æúÕçC)
a) He took ill after eating the food on the
train=
È®j™x ǣ慮Ωç A†oç-ü¿’-´©x Åûª-EéÀ ï•’s îËÆœçC.
b) If you go out in the cold you may take ill=
îªL™ AJ-TûË ï•’s îËߪ’-´îª’a.
3) Who will look after her ...?
To look after= to take care of= to care for=
(®Óí∫’-©èπ◊, °œ©x-©èπ◊, ÅA-ü∑¿’-©èπ◊ etc)
îËߪ’ôç/ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç
a) When I fell ill, my sister looked after me=
Ø√èπ◊ Ææ’Æ‘hí¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ ´÷ sister îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çC.
(Ææ°æ®Ωu©’ îËÆœçC)
b) There is none to look after the child=
Gúøf†’ îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ á´-®Ω÷-™‰®Ω’.
c) He is an important guest. Look after him
well=
Åûªúø’ î√™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† ÅAC∑, ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ îª÷Ææ’éÓ.
-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 2 -V-™„j 2006
4) I called dad and he came up with the idea. a) Children usually take after their parents =
To come up with= á´-È®jØ√ àüÁjØ√ Ç™- °œ©x©’ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©†’ §ÚL Öçö«®Ω’.
É´yôç. b) In features she takes after her mother, but
He came up with the idea that we could get in traits she takes after her father. =
the accommodation by bribing the TC= Ç Å´÷t®· ®Ω÷°æç™ ûªLxE, í∫’ù«™x ûªçvúÕE
TC îËA™ àüÁjØ√ °úÕûË seats üÌ®Ω-éπ-´-a-†ØË
§ÚL ÖçC.
Ç™- Åûª-E-î√aúø’. c) In being tall, he takes after his grand father
Accommodation= 1) Train/ bus ©™ seats,
§Òúø’-í∫’™, ¢√∞¡x û√ûª†’ §ÚL ÖØ√oúø’/
berths; 2)
´ÆæA. §Òúø’-í∫’™ ¢√∞¡x û√ûË Åûªúø’.
5) I am happy you are making it after all.
8) Vinod showed up suddenly yesterday.
(†’´¤y ®√í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç) NØÓü˛ Ö†o-ô’xçúÕ E†o v°æûªu-éπ~-´’-ߪ÷uúø’/
To make it to= Ñ expression î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ù- éπE-°œç-î√úø’.
¢Á’i-†C. Å®Ωnç à °æØÁjØ√ îËߪ’-í∫-©-í∫ôç. a) After weeks of absence, she showed up
a) He made it to the IAS= yesterday=
IAS ™ îË®Ω-í∫-L-í¬úø’/ îË®√úø’. ¢√®√© ûª®√yûª, E†o éπE-°œç-*ç-ü∆¢Á’.
b) The team made it to the finals, after all= b) Kumar shows up at the least expected
àüÁj-ûËØËç, team finals èπ◊ îË®Ω’-éÓ-í∫-L-TçC/ moment =
îË®Ω’-èπ◊çC. ´’†èπ◊ éπ†-°æ-úø-û√-úøE ņ’-éÓE Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™
c) I doubt if he can make it to the place on èπ◊´÷®˝ v°æûªu-éπ~-´’-´¤-û√úø’.
time=
c) Sekhar promised to be here last sunday,
¢√úø’ time èπ◊ Åéπ\úø îË®Ω’-éÓ-í∫-©-í∫úøç Ø√éπ-†’-´÷-†¢Ë’. but he hasn't showed up so far =
d) Election ™ Èí©-´-í∫-L-í¬úø’=
éÀçü¿öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç Ééπ\úø Öçö«-††o Sekhar,
He made it to the seat.
6) He can be a handful = Åûª†’ Ææ´’Ææu é¬í∫-©úø’.
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’Sx éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’/ Åçûª’-™‰úø’.
d) He hasn't showed up for the class.
To be a handful= á´-È®jØ√, ´·êuçí¬ °œ©x©’ ûªLx-
ü¿ç-vúø’-©èπ◊ Ææ´’Ææu Å®·ûË, he/ she is a handful Åûª†’ class èπ◊ ®√™‰ü¿’.
Åçö«ç. Handful í¬ Ö†o °œ©x-©†’ ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’© 9) He put up at his uncle's place (for a few
Åü¿’§ƒ-ïc™x Öçîªôç éπ≠dçæ . days).
a) Purnima: Can't your sister lend a hand ¢√∞¡x uncle
Éçöx û√û√\-L-éπçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.
with the cooking?
To put up = (à éÌCl ®ÓV-©éÓ) •Ææ îËߪ’ôç,
sister
Hotel, lodge ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™ x.
O’ Fèπ◊ ´çô™ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-™‰ü∆?
(lend a hand = ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’ôç. a) They put up at the nearest lodge, after get-
He lent me a hand with tidying up the home=
ting off the train =
É©’x ÆæJl Å´’-®Ωa-ôç™ Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç
Train Cí∫-í¬ØË, station èπ◊ ÅA ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Ö†o
î˨»úø’.)
lodge ™ •Ææ-îË-¨»®Ω’/ Cí¬®Ω’.
Chitra: She can't. Her two children are a
b) As she had nobody known to her in the
handful for her.
city, she put up at a hotel.
îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Ç¢Á’ Éü¿l®Ω’ °œ©x-©ûÓ ¢Ëí∫-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûÓçC
b) The boy is a handful for the teacher = †í∫-®Ωç™ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√-∞Îx-´®Ω÷ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-ôçûÓ Ç¢Á’
Ç teacher èπ◊ Ç °œ™«xúø’ °ü¿l Ææ´’Ææu. ÇN-úøèπ◊ hotel™ CTçC.
¢√úÕûÓ ¢Ëí∫ôç éπ≠dçæ . í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:
[Handful = 1) éÌEo ´÷vûª¢Ë’/ éÌCl-´’çC ´÷vûª¢Ë’. äéπ-JéÀ ´ÆæA îª÷°œç-îªôç = put some one up:
Ææ°æ-®Ωu©’ 2) îËA-Eçú≈ – Ñ È®çúø’ Å®√n©’Ø√o®·. a) I put my friend up in our spare bed room =
a) Only a handful of students were present = ´÷ friendèπ◊ ´÷ Éçöx ë«Sí¬ Ö†o bed-
students
éÌCl-´’çC ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´î√a®Ω’. room ™ ´ÆæA Éî√a†’.
b) He has a handful of grapes =
b) He put me up in his uncle's place =
¢√úÕ îËA-Eçú≈ vü∆éπ~ °æçúø’x-Ø√o®·.] Ø√èπ◊ ¢√∞¡x uncle Éçöx ´ÆæA éπLpç-î√úø’.
7 a) He takes after your sister, doesn't he?
O’ Åéπ\ߪ’u §ÚLéπ éπü∆, ¢√∞¡x-¶«s®·? ÉN î√™« common phrasal verbs conversa-
tion™. ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
b) In traits he takes after his dad
©éπ~-ù«™x ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o §ÚLéπ. t
To take after = to resemble = §ÚL Öçúøôç tt
II
Bhagat: Hi Jagat, why are you putting on a new
shirt and a new pair of trousers?
(àçöÀ ïí∫û˝, éÌûªh shirt, éÌûªh pants
¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤. àçöÀ N¨Ï≠æç?)
Jagat: Today is my birthday.
(É¢√∞¡ Ø√ °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV).
Bhagat: Many happy returns of the day. But
why not a word of it to me earlier? I'd
have had the pleasure of presenting
you something.
(†’Oy °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ï®Ω’°æ¤éÓ-¢√-©E
Ø√ éÓJéπ. é¬F †’Oy N≠æߪ’ç Ø√ûÓ äéπ\-
´÷ô èπÿú≈ ņ-™‰ü¿’. FÍé-üÁjØ√ 鬆’-éÀ*a
ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úË-¢√úÕo éπü∆?)
Jagat: That's precisely why I've put off telling
you of it until now. I am against receiv-
ing birth day gifts. First of all, I am not
for celebrating my birthday.
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Åçü¿’-´™‰x Fèπ◊ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊
îÁ°æpôç ¢√®·ü∆¢Ë¨»†’. °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV 鬆’-éπ©’
Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îªôç Ø√éπçûª É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. ÅÆæ©’
°æ¤öÀd† -®Ó-V-†’ °æç-úøí∫í¬ ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÓ-´ôç É≠ædç-
™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊.)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 180
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Jagat: Not certainly. I can't sit through the two
and half hours of loud songs, dance, sex
and violence that an Indian movie is.
(ÅC ´÷vûªç ™‰ü¿’. ¶µ«®Ω-Bߪ’ ÆœE´÷ ÅØË È®çúø’-
†o®Ω í∫çô© íÌúø´ §ƒô©’, Ø√ö«u©’, ¨¡%çí¬®Ωç,
£œ«çÆæ îª÷Ææ÷h èπÿîÓ-´ôç Ø√´©x é¬ü¿’.)
Bhagat: But so many watch them.
(é¬F î√™«-´’çC ¢√öÀE îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’.)
Jagat: Sorry. Anything but that. I can't put up
with the boredom.
(ÅC-ûª°æp ÉçÍé-ü¿Ø√o °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Ç
NÆæ’-í∫’†’ ؈’ ¶µºJç-îª-™‰†’.)
Bhagat: OK. Thanks for the treat at least.
(éπFÆæç dinner Å®·Ø√ ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤.
Thanks)
Let's continue our study of phrasal
verbs. Look at the following expressions
from the conversation above:
1) ... Why are you putting on a new shirt and a
new pair of trousers?
2) ... Why I have put off telling you of it.
3) ... I am against; I am for/ I am not for/ I am all
for.
4) I've come across very few that don't cele-
brate their birthdays.
b) She is particular about this sari = -Ç¢Á’ Ñ
<Í® 鬢√-©ç-öçC/ Ñ <®Ω éÓÆæ¢Ë’ °æô’d-•-úø’-
ûÓçC. É°æ¤púø’ phrasal verbs N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌü∆lç:
1) Why are you putting on a new shirt and a
new pair of trousers?
To put on =
(•ôd©’) ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç/ ûÌúø’-éÓ\-´ôç.
üµ¿Jç-îªôç Åçõ‰ wear. É°æp-öÀ-éÀ-°æ¤púø’ •ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-
´ôç/ ûÌúø’-éÓ\-´ôç ´÷vûª¢Ë’ to put on. ´÷´‚-
©’í¬ üµ¿Jç-îªôç = to wear.
a) If you are going to the marriage, put on the
new clothes =
°RxéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-†o-ôx-®·ûË éÌûªh •ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’éÓ.
b) He is putting on a sweater because he is
going out in the cold weather = îªL™ •ßª’-
sweater
öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√oúø’ 鬕öÀd ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.
Wear = üµ¿Jç-îªôç. He wears expensive
clothes = êK-üÁj† •ôd©’ üµ¿J-≤ƒh-úø-ûª†’.
-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 4 -V-™„j 2006
c) You come across the likes of Gandhi rarely
í¬çDµ-™«ç-öÀ-¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†èπ◊ Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ éπE-°œ-≤ƒh®Ω’.
5) I don't see eye to eye with you.
to see eye to eye with = àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îªôç.
´·êuçí¬ Ñ expression †’ àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îª-éπ-§Ú-´-ö«-
EÍé ¢√úø-û√®Ω’– not see eye to eye with ÅE.
(äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’ ä°æ¤p-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´-ö«-EÍé áèπ◊\´
¢√úø-û√®Ω’.)
a) The father and the son don't see eye to
eye with each other on the matter of the
son's marriage = éÌúø’èπ◊ °Rx N≠æ-ߪ’ç™
ûªçvúÕ éÌúø’-èπ◊-©èπ◊ ¶µ‰ü∆-Gµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷-©’-Ø√o®·.
b) He doesn't see eye to eye with his wife on
many matters =
î√™« N≠æ-ߪ÷™x ¶µ«®√u-¶µº-®Ωh-©èπ◊ ÅçU-鬮Ωç ™‰ü¿’.
6) ... and it can't be credited to anyone =
ü∆E-Èé-´®Ω÷ °∂æ’†ûª ´£œ«ç-îª-™‰®Ω’ (Ç íÌ°æp-ûª†ç
á´-J-D-é¬ü¿’)
a) Indian independence is credited to

I don't see eye to eye with ..
Bhagat: That's rather odd. I've come across
very few that don't celebrate their
birthdays.
(ÉC é¬Ææh NçûË. °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV ï®Ω’-°æ¤-éÓ-E-
¢√-∞¡x†’ éÌCl´’çCØË îª÷¨».)
Jagat: Well, I don't mind your taking me as
one of those few.
(§ÚF™‰. Å™«çöÀ éÌCl-´’ç-C™ ØËØÌ-éπ-úøoE
†’´y-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ Ø√Íéç Ŷµºuç-ûª-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’.)
Bhagat: I don't see eye to eye with you on this.
What's wrong in enjoying yourself on
the day you entered the world?
(Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ØËFoûÓ àéÃ-¶µº-Nç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’.
´’†ç v°æ°æç-îªç-™éÀ Åúø’í∫’°öÀd† ®ÓV
ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ í∫úø’-°æ¤-éÓ-´-úøç™ ûªÊ°pçöÀ?)
Jagat: Is it any achievement of yours if a year
rolls on? Time passes and it can't be
credited to anyone. I am all for a per-
son celebrating an achievement, but
not for the passage of time.
(ã Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç í∫úø-´ôç ÅØËC ´’†ç ≤ƒCµç-
îË-üËç-é¬-ü¿’-éπü∆. 鬩ç í∫úÕ-*-§Ú-ûª’çC. ÅC
á´J íÌ°æp-ûª-†´‚ é¬ü¿’. (Ø√ @N-ûªç™ äéπ
Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Ø√ íÌ°æp ņ’-éÓ-™‰†’ ÅØË ¶µ«´ç.)
àüÁjØ√ ´’†ç ≤ƒCµç-*çC Öçõ‰ ü∆Eo ÆæçûÓ-
≠æçí¬ í∫úø-°æôç Ø√èπ◊ °æ‹Jhí¬ É≠æd¢Ë’, é¬E
鬩ç í∫úÕ-*ç-ü∆-EéÀ ´’† °∂æ’†ûª àç ™‰ü¿’.)
Bhagat: Then why did you put on the new
clothes?
(Å®·ûË éÌûªh •ôd-™„ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤?)
Jagat: Mom was particular and sent me them.
So I put them on- just to please her.
(Å´’t °æô’d-•-öÀdçC. Ç •ôd©’ °æç°œçC.
Å´’t†’ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°-ôd-ú≈-EéÀ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊Ø√o.)
Bhagat: OK. OK. At least are you going to give
us a treat? (éπFÆæç Nçü¿Ø√o É≤ƒh¢√?)
Jagat: We'll have it, don't worry. (Å™«Íí).
Bhagat: What about a movie after that?
(Ç ûª®√yûª ÆœE´÷?)
5) I don't see eye to eye with.
6) ... and it can't be credited to anyone.
7) Are you going to give us a treat?
8) I can't sit through the loud songs, dances,
sex and violence.
9) I can't put up with the boredom.
Ñ expressions meanings, use ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØË-
´·çü¿’ ´’†ç -ÉçéÌ-Eo °æü∆© Å®√n©’ èπÿú≈
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
1) Precisely = éπ*a-ûªçí¬ (•çí¬®Ω癫çöÀN
ô-°æ¤púø’, íÌ°æp íÌ°æp (Olympic véÃúø-™«xçöÀ) °æ®Ω’-í∫’-
°æç-ü∆™x time î√™« éπ*a-ûªçí¬, ÂÆéπ†x ûËú≈ èπÿú≈
™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø-ôç-™«çöÀC precise.)
2) Odd = NçûÁj†. ´÷´‚©’éπçõ‰ Gµ†oçí¬ Ö†o.
He doesn't like curd. That's odd. (î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ
É≠æd - ¢ Á ’ i † °®Ω ’ í∫ ’ Åûª-EéÀ É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. ÅC Nçûª.)
3) Mind: ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆– ´’†ç
Ç™-*çîË, ´’† ûÁL-NéÀ E©-ߪ’-¢Á’i† •’v®Ω.
Ééπ\úø Mind Åçõ‰ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç Öçúøôç.
Do you mind waiting for a few minutes? =
é¬Ææh wait îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ O’Íé-´’Ø√o Ŷµºuç-ûª-®Ω´÷?
I don't mind it at all = Ø√Íéç Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.
Never mind = ü∆E í∫’Jç* °æöÀdç-éÓ-´ü¿’l.
(á´-È®jØ√ sorry Å™«ç-öÀN Åçõ‰ ´’†ç never
mind Åçö«ç.)
4) Achievement = ≤ƒCµçîË N≠æߪ’ç – °∂æ’†ûª.
Achieve = ≤ƒCµ ç-îªôç.
a) A score of a century in cricket is an
achievement =
Century éÌôdúøç °∂æ’†ûª (≤ƒCµç-*† N≠æߪ’ç).
b) Getting a good rank is an achievement =
´’ç* rank
≤ƒCµç-îªôç äéπ °∂æ’†ûª.
5) Time rolling = 鬩ç üÌ®Ωxôç
6) be particular about =
°æô’d-ü¿-©í¬ Öçúøôç (äéπ N≠æߪ’ç-™)
a) I am particular about vegetarian food =
Ø√èπ◊ ¨»é¬-£æ…-®Ω¢Ë’ 鬢√L (°æô’d-•-ôdúøç)
Mahatma Gandhi = ¶µ«®Ωûª ≤ƒyûªçvûªuç ûÁ*a†
°∂æ’†ûª/ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç í¬çDµC.
b) The profits of the company are credited to
the General Manager = company Ç
General Manager
™«¶µ«-©èπ◊ üË °∂æ’†ûª.
2) Why I've put off
7) ... are you going to give us a treat?
telling you of it.
To put off = to post- treat = ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†/ Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç
pone àüÁjØ√ treat.
(¢√®·ü∆ ¢Ëߪ’ôç)
a) I shall be happy if a) The movie is a real treat after a long peri-
the exams are put od of bad movies = î√™« °æE-éÀ-®√E *vû√©
off until the next ûª®√yûª ´*a† Ñ ÆœE´÷ Eïçí¬ î√™«
M. SURESAN
week = ´îËa-¢√-®Ωç- ¶«í∫’çC. Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC.
ü∆é¬ °æK-éπ~©’ ¢√®·-ü∆-°æ-úÕûË Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç. b) To give a treat = Nçü¿’ É´yôç.
b) Don't put off till tomorrow what you can do He gave us a treat on his birthday =
ûª÷îË- today = Ñ ®ÓV îËߪ’-í∫-L-Tç-ü∆Eo Í®°æöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ Åûª†’ NçC-î√aúø’.
¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËßÁ·ü¿’l. c) The treat he gave us on his wedding
Put off ûª®√yûª till é¬F, until é¬F ¢√úøû√ç. anniversary was grand = °Rx ¢√J{-éÓ-ûªq´ç
3) I am for/ I am all for/ I am against. Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ Åûª-E-*a† Nçü¿’ íÌ°æpí¬ ÖçC.
To be for/ to be all for = äéπ N≠æ-ߪ’ç-°æôx
8) I can't sit through the loud songs, dances, ..
Ææ’´·-êçí¬/ °æ‹Jhí¬ Ææ’´·-êçí¬ Öçúøôç/ äéπ To sit through = (ã°œí¬_) *´-J-ü∆é¬ èπÿ®Óa-´ôç.
N≠æߪ’ç Ææ´’-Jnç-îªôç. a) He can't teach well. I can't sit through his
a) I am for/ I am all for starting early = class =
Çߪ’† ÆæJí¬_ ¶Cµç-îª-™‰úø’. Çߪ’†
ûªy®Ωí¬ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-ö«-EÍé ؈’ Ææ’´·-êçí¬ ÖØ√o†’. class *´-J-ü∆é¬ Øˆ’ èπÿ®Óa™‰†’.
ÅüË Ø√éÀ≠dçæ . b) (Do) you want to sit through the discus-
b) She is for attending the function = sion? I don't have the patience.
Ç¢Á’ function èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-ú≈-EÍé Ææ’´·-êçí¬ ÖçC. (Ç îª®Ωa© *´-J-ü∆é¬ ††’o èπÿ®Óa-´’ç-ö«¢√?
c) He was not for his son joining politics = Ø√é¬ ã°œé𠙉ü¿’.)
Çߪ’† éÌúø’èπ◊ ®√ï-éÃ-ߪ÷™x îË®Ωúøç Çߪ’-†-éÀ≠dçæ Sit through, ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ not ûÓØË ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.
™‰ü¿’. (èπÿ®Óa-™‰†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ).
Against = ´uA-Í®éπç. 9) I can't put up with the boredom =
4) I've come across very few that don't Ç NÆæ’í∫’ ¶µºJç-îª-™‰†’.
celebrate their birthdays. To put up with = Æ棜«ç-îªôç/ ¶µºJç-îªôç
To come across = îª÷úøôç, ņ’-¶µº-Nç-îªôç, a) Sita was a great woman. She put up with
û√®Ω-Ææ-°æ-úøôç. a lot of hardship =
a) We come across camels only in deserts = Æ‘ûª íÌ°æp Æ‘Y. î√™« éπ≥ƒd-©†’ ¶µºJç*çC.
äçõ„-©†’ áú≈-®Ω’-™xØË îª÷≤ƒhç – áú≈-®Ω’-™xØË ÅN b) I cannot put up with the noise =
´’†èπ◊ éπE-°œ-≤ƒh®·. Ç íÌúø´ ¶µºJç-îª-™‰†’.
b) The doctor says he hasn't come across c) She has put up with all the trouble her hus-
such a case so far in his practice = band gave her =
ûª† practice ™ Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ É™«çöÀ case ¶µº®Ωh-°-öÀd† ¶«üµ¿-©-Eo-öÀF Ç¢Á’ ¶µºJç-*çC.
îª÷úø-™‰-ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’ doctor.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Badari: Shall we go for lunch? Don't you think
it is time?
(Lunch éÀ ¢Á∞«l´÷? Time Å®·çC éπü∆?)
Kedar: It is only 11.30. I feel its too early.
(-É°æ¤p-úø’ 11.30- -´÷-vûª-¢Ë’ -Å®·ç-C. î√-™« -
ûªy®Ωí¬ -¢Á-R}-†-ôx-´¤-ûª’ç-C.)
Badari: Hei, Both of us have forgotten. Hasn't
Amareswar asked us to lunch today at
his home?
(àß˝’, ´’†ç Éü¿l®Ωç ´’®Ω-*-§Úߪ÷ç. É¢√∞¡
Å´’-Í®-¨¡y®˝ ´’†Lo ¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ °œ©-´-™‰ü¿÷?)
Kedar: That's right. So he has. This is the third
or fourth sunday this year he has
asked us to eat at his place. He seems
to keep open house on Sundays.
(Å´¤†’ Eï¢Ë’. Åûª†’ °œL-î√úø’. Ñ Ææç´-ûªq-
®Ωç™ ÉC ´‚úÓ ÇC-¢√-®Ω¢Á÷, Ø√©’íÓ
ÇC¢√-®Ω¢Á÷ Åûª†’ ´’†Lo ¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ
°œ©-´úøç. Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ÇC-¢√-®√©’ á´®Ó
äéπ-JE °œLîË™« ÖçC)
Badari: That's correct. You remember what
happened last time. He kept us too
long after dinner. There was no bus at
that hour. No auto was in sight. So we
had to foot our way back.
(Å´¤†’. Fèπ◊ §Ú®·-†≤ƒÍ®´’-®·çüÓ í∫’®Ω’hçC
éπü∆? ¶µï†ç Å®·† ûª®√yûª î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤
èπÿ®Óa-¶„-ö«dúø’. Ç time èπ◊ bus ™‰O’-™‰´¤.
áéπ\ú≈ auto éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’. ´’†ç ¢Á†èπ◊\
†úÕ* ®√´-©Æœ ´*açC)
Kedar: Of course I remember. But that was a
good dinner that he gave us that day.
What if we had to walk back? That din-
ner was worth the walk.
(Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hç-úøÍéç? é¬E Ç®ÓV Åéπ\úÕ
¶µï†ç î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. †úÕÊÆh à´’-®·ç-
C™‰? Ç ¶µï-†çûÓ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ †úøÍéç °ü¿l
v¨¡´’-é¬ü¿’.)
(worth èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, use Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ îª÷¨»ç.)
Badari: The wonder is his wife is as hospitable
as he.
(Ǩ¡a®Ωuç àN’-ôçõ‰ ÅûªE ¶µ«®Ωu ÇAü∑¿uç
É´y-ôç™ Åûª-EûÓ ÆæJ-Ææ-´÷†ç.)
Kedar: In that respect they are cut out for each
other.
(Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¢√∞¡Ÿx äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ω’ ÆæJí¬_
ÆæJ-§Ú-û√®Ω’)
Badari: So they are. The way they serve us
makes us feel at home.
Kedar: I think I hear him calling. Shall I tell him
we are starting?
(ÅûªØË phone îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-úø-†’-èπ◊çö«/ ÅûªE
phone ņ’-èπ◊çö« NE-°œ-≤ÚhçC. •ßª’-©’-
üË-®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o-´’E îÁ°æpØ√?)
Badari: Do. (îÁ°æ¤p)
Here are some more phrasal verbs we hear
frequently in daily conversation. Like the
phrasal verbs we have seen in the earlier
lessons, they can make your conversation
very effective.
Now let's study them.
Look at the following sentences from the
conversation between Badari and Kedar.
1) He seems to keep open house on Sundays
2) We had to foot our way back home
3) In that respect they are cut out for each other
4) ... They make us feel at home
5) That dinner was worth it
OöÀE í∫’Jç* îªJaç-îË-´·çü¿’, ´’†ç ´’J-éÌEo
´÷ô© Å®Ωnç, use ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
He asked us to lunch today:
Åûªúø’ É¢√∞¡ ´’†Lo lunch èπ◊ °œL-î √úø’/
Ç£æ…y-Eç-î√úø’.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
´÷´‚-©’í¬ Ç£æ…y-Eç-îªôç Åçõ‰ invite ÅE
´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Conversational í¬ Å®·ûË Éçé¬
simple í¬ invite •ü¿’©’ ask ¢√úøôç î√™«
≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç.
He has invited me to dinner =
He has asked me to dinner =
††’o ¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ °œL-î √úø’/ Ç£æ…y-Eç-î √úø’
(ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈ ¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬ Ç£æ…y-Eç-î√úø’
ņúøç éπçõ‰ °œL-î√úø’ ņúøç áèπ◊\´ éπü∆?)
No auto was in sight
áéπ\ú≈ Auto éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’.
(in sight = ü¿%≠œd™ / éπE-°œÆæ÷h)
áèπ◊\-´í¬ not ûÓ éπ†-°æ-úø-™‰ü¿’ ÅØËç-ü¿’Íé ¢√úøû√ç.
Not a policeman was in sight.
äéπ\ police man èπÿú≈ éπE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’.
É™«ç-öÀ´Fo ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
Now let's look at the following.
1) He seems to keep open house =
Åûª†’ á°æ¤púø÷ ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’ °œLîËô’xØ√oúø’. (ÇAü∑¿uç
É´y-ö«-EéÀ Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ éπ†-°æ-úø-û√úø’).
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 181
They are cut out for each other
Ééπ\úÕphrasal verb: to
keep open house =
ÅA-ü∑¿’-©-Èé-°æ¤púø÷ É©’x ûÁJîË
Öçúøôç/ ÇAü∑¿uç É´y-ö«-
EéÀ á°æ¤púø÷ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’.
a) Come Sunday, they
keep open house =
M. SURESAN
ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´ÊÆh-ÆæJ, ¢√Rxçöx
ÅA-ü∑¿’-©’ç-ú≈-LqçüË.
b) We keep open house. You can drop in at any time
ÅA-ü∑¿’-©-Èé-°æ¤púø÷ ´÷ É©’x ûÁJîË Öçô’çC.
†’¢Áy-°æ¤p-úø-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ ®√´îª’a.
They keep open house on sundays. You are
always sure to see there some guest or the other
ÇC-¢√-®√©’ ¢√Rxçöx ÇAü∑¿uç á°æ¤púø÷ Öçô’çC.
á´®Ó äéπ ÅAC∑ Åéπ\úø ´’†èπ◊ éπ†-°æ-úøôç ûªü∑¿uç.
2) We had to foot our way back home =
´’†ç ÉçöÀéÀ †úÕ* ®√¢√Lq ´*açC.
foot one's way = †úø-´ôç/ walk.
a) As his vehicle broke down, he left it there
and footed his way to office =
¢√£æ«†ç îÁúÕ-§Ú-´-ôçûÓ, Åûª†’ ü∆†o-éπ\úø ´CL,
office èπ◊ †úÕ* ¢Á∞«xúø’.
b) Foot your way as much as possible and
you will be healthy =
O©-®·-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ †úÕÊÆh ´’† Ç®Óí∫uç
¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.
(you Åçõ‰ †’´¤y, O’®Ω’, Fèπ◊, O’èπ◊ ÅØË Å®√n©’
´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, general í¬ á´-È®jØ√, á´-J-ÈéjØ√
ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ†÷ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.)
Foot your way as much as possible ÅØË sen-
tence ™ '†’´¤y/ O’®Ω’— áçûª-ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕÊÆh ÅØË
é¬èπ◊çú≈, á´-È®jØ√/ ´’†ç, áçûªü¿÷®Ωç †úÕÊÆh Åçûª
Ç®Óí∫uç ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC ÅE Å®Ωnç. Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ:
You cannot extract oil from sand =
ÉÆæ-éπ-™ç* †÷ØÁ Bߪ’™‰ç. Ééπ\úø you Åçõ‰
†’´¤y/ O’®Ω’ ÅØË Å®√n-EéÀ °æJ-N’ûªç é¬ü¿’.
c) I can't foot my walk for such a long dis-
tance = Åçûª ü¿÷®Ωç ؈’ †úø-´-™‰†’.
3) In that respect they are cut out for each
other. Ç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ äéπ-J-éÌ-éπ®Ω’ ÆæJ-§Ú-û√®Ω’.
be cut out for (something)/ be cut out to be
(something) - be 'be' form (am,
Ééπ\úø Åçõ‰ à
is, are, was, were etc)
¢√úø-´îª’a.
expression.
ÉC î√™« ´’ç* Å®Ωnç– äéπ®Ω’ äéπ °æE
îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ûªT† ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç, í∫’ù-í∫-ù«©’ éπLT Öçúøôç.
a) Are you sure you are cut out for the army?
ÂÆj†uç™ îË®Ω-ú≈-EéÀ ûªT† ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Fèπ◊ç-ü¿E
†´·t-ûª’-Ø√o¢√?
b) He is cut out to be a teacher =
His teaching is excellent = teacher
èπ◊ ûªT†
≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç Åûª-E™ ÖçC. ÅûªE ¶üµ¿† î√™«
¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.
c) She is cut out to be a doctor. No doubt
about it =
Doctor
Ç¢Á’ Å´-ö«EÍé °æ¤öÀd-†-ô’dçü∆ ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC.
Doctor Å´-ö«-EéÀ ÆæJí¬_ ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. EÆæqç-üË£æ«ç.
EXERCISE 1
Syamala: àçöÀ¢√∞¡ <®Ω éπô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o´¤?
Nirmala: ´÷ classmate birthday Ææçü¿-®Ωs ¥çí¬
Nçü¿’ É≤ÚhçC.
Syamala: Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ <®ΩûÓ Öçúøôç éπ≠dç æ é¬ü¿÷?
Nirmala: Ø√èπ◊ Å´çõ‰ É≠ædç. <®ΩûÓ áçûª-ÊÆ-°æ-®·Ø√
Öçúø-í∫-©†’.
Syamala: Åéπ\úË ´’E-ü¿l-Jéà ûËú≈. Ø√èπ◊ <®Ωçõ‰
ÅçA-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’.
Nirmala: à¢ÁjØ√ v°æûËuéπ Ææçü¿®√s¥©’çõ‰ØË Ø√èπ◊ <®Ω
É≠ædç.
Syamala: Å´¤†÷, °æ¤öÀd-†®ÓV E†o-Ø√o´¤?
Nirmala: E†oØË, é¬E dinner ´÷vûªç É¢√-RdéÀ
¢√®·-ü∆-¢Ë-ÆœçC.
Syamala: Wish you a good time.
EXERCISE 2
Ganesh: Hi Karthik, àçöÀ Åçûª F®Ω-Ææçí¬ Å©-Æœ
-§Ú-®·-†ô’x éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?
Karthik: Ø√ bike ´’üµ¿u™ îÁúÕ-§Ú-®·çC. ü∆Eo
†úÕ-°œç--èπ◊çô÷ ´*a mechanic èπ◊ É*a,
Åéπ\-úÕ-†’ç* È®çúø’ éÀ™-O’-ô®Ωx ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ*
´î√a†’.
Ganesh: Ø√èπ◊ phone îËÆæ’çõ‰ ؈’ ´*a lift ÉîËa-
¢√-úÕE éπü∆?
Karthik: †’´¤y Ææ£æ…ߪ ’ç îËÊÆ-¢√-úÕ-¢Ë-†E Ø√èπ◊
ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçü¿’´™‰x Ø√ rooms èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xèπ◊çú≈
F rooms èπ◊ ´î√a†’. Ñ ®√vAéÀ ØËE-éπ\-úø
-Öç-úÌî√a?
Ganesh: Åçûª-éπ-Ø√oØ√? ÉC F É™‰x ņ’éÓ.
Karthik: Thank you. àçöà maths îËÆæ’h-Ø√o¢√?
ņoô’d, O’ éÌûªh maths lecturer ᙫ
ÖØ√oúø’?
Ganesh: î√™« íÌ°æp lecturer. Åçü¿’-éÓ-Ææ¢Ë’ °æ¤ö«dú≈
ņoô’x maths lecturer í¬ ÆæJí¬_ ÆæJ-§Ú-û√úø’.
Karthik: Å®·ûË ÆæçûÓ≠æç.
í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 6 -V-™„j 2006
4) They make us feel at home =
´’† ÉçöxØË ÖØ√o´’ØË ¶µ«´† éπL-T-≤ƒh®Ω’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx.
(Åçõ‰ ÅA-ü∑¿’Lo Åçûª ¶«í¬ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-®Ω-†o-´÷ô)
To make your guest feel at home=
ÅA-C∑E à Nüµ¿ç-í¬†÷ ¢Á·£æ«-´÷-ô-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ îª÷úøôç
a) He treats his guests well. He makes them
feel absolutely at home =
ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’ Çߪ’† ¶«í¬ îª÷≤ƒhúø’. ¢√∞¡x™ ≤Òçûª
ÉçöxØË Ö†o ¶µ«´† éπL-T-≤ƒhúø’
b) Don't be hesitant. Feel at home. Ask for
whatever you want=
¢Á·£æ«-´÷-ô-°æ-úÌü¿’l. O’ É™‰x ņ’-éÓçúÕ. àç
鬢√™ ÅúÕT BÆæ’éÓçúÕ. (ÅA-C∑ûÓ É™«
Åçô’çö«ç)
5) That dinner was worth it =
Çdinner ûÓ §ÚLÊÆh ´’†ç †úø-¢√Lq ®√´ôç °ü¿l
¶«üµË-O’-é¬ü¿’.
ANSWER
Syamala: Why have you put on a sari?
Nirmala: Our classmate is giving us a treat on
the occasion of her birthday.
Syamala: Can you be in the sari all the time?
Nirmala: I like saris. So I can put with it for any
time.
Syamala: That's where we don't see eye to eye
with each other. I don't like saris much.
Nirmala: I am for saris only for special occasions.
Syamala: But didn't you say the birthday was
yesterday?
Nirmala: Yes, it was, but she put off the dinner
till today.
Syamala: Wish you a good time.
ANSWER
Ganesh: Hi Karthik, you look so tired and
weak, why?
Karthik: My bike broke down on the way. I
walked it up to my mechanic, gave it
to him for repair and footed my way
for 2 kms here.
Ganesh: If you had phone me, I would have
given you a lift.
Karthik: I know you are the helping type.
That's why I came straight to your
rooms without going to my place. can
I stay here for the night?
Ganesh: By all means/ you are welcome. Feel
absolutely at home.
Karthik: Thank you. You seem to be doing
maths. By the way how is your new
maths lecturer?
Ganesh: Excellent. He is cut out for the job.
Karthik: Happy to hear it.
II
Akhila: How is your mother? Is she improving?
(O’ Å¢Á’t™« ÖçC? éÓ©’-èπ◊ç-öçü∆?)
Nikhila: She is, but she is too weak to move about.
(éÓ©’-èπ◊ç-öçC é¬E éπü¿-™‰x-†çûª F®Ω-Ææçí¬/
•©-£‘«-†çí¬ ÖçC)
Akhila: She is taking too many drugs perhaps.
May be that's why she is so weak.
(´’çü¿’©’ ´’K áèπ◊\´ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-öç-üË¢Á÷.
Åçü¿’-´©x Åçûª F®Ω-Ææçí¬ ÖçúÌa)
Nikhila: On the contrary she avoids even the
medicines she has to take. She hates
them too much to take them regularly.
Hence her slow recovery.
(ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-鬢Á’ ´uA-Í®éπç. BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-
Lq† ´’çü¿’™‰ ÆæJí¬ BÆæ’-éÓü¿’. ´’çü¿’©†’
véπ´’-•-ü¿l¥çí¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ áçûÓ üËy≠æç)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 182
Akhila: Who is treating
her?
(á´®Ω’/ à doc-
tor îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?)
Nikhila: We put her in
Readycure
Hospital.
(Readycure M. SURESAN
Hospital ™ îË®√aç)
She is too weak to move ..
Akhila: But isn't it too expensive and too far off
a place?
(é¬E, ÅC ´’K êKü¿’, ü¿÷®Ωç é¬ü∆?)
Nikhila: It is. But mom's cousin is a doctor
there. So we admitted her there.
(Eï¢Ë’. é¬E ´÷ Å´’t cousin Åéπ\úø
doctor. Åçü¿’-éπ-†-éπ\úø îË®√aç)
Akhila: You must be spending a lot on trans-
port to and fro. You must have spent
quite a lot already.
(A®Ω-í∫-ö«-EÍé î√™« ê®Ω’a °ô’dç-ú≈L O’®Ω’.
É°æp-öÀÍé î√™« ê®Ωa®· Öçú≈L.)
Nikhila: You can say that again the tests they
have prescribed as alone have cost us
a lot. The medicines are expensive too.
(Ç´÷ô †’´¤y ´’Sx ´’Sx ÅØÌa. ¢√∞¡Ÿx
îË®·ç*† °æK-éπ~©Íé î√™« -ê®Ωa®·uçC.
´’çü¿’©’ èπÿú≈ î√™« êKüË)
Akhila: These days medicare has become too
costly. Only the rich can afford it. The
Poor have to make do with substan-
dard treatment.
(Ñ ®ÓV™x ¢Ájü¿uç î√™« êK-üÁj-§Ú-®·çC.
Ö†o-¢√-∞¡xÍé ÅC Åçü¿’-¶«-ô’™ ÖçC. ™‰E-¢√∞¡Ÿx
ûªèπ◊\´ ®Ωéπç ¢Ájü¿uçûÓ ÆæJ-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË.)
make do = Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´ôç/ ÆæJ-°-ô’d-éÓ-´ôç
Nikhila: Mom is too impatient. She wants to get
out as soon as possible. The doctors
however insist that she stay there for at
least four more days. She feels it too long.
(Å´’t ´’K ÅÆæ-£æ«-†çí¬ ÖçC. O©-®·†çûª
ûªy®Ωí¬ ÇÆæ’-°ævA †’ç* •ßª’-ô-°æ-ú≈-©-†’-
èπ◊ç-öçC. é¬F doctors ´÷vûªç éπFÆæç
Éçé¬ Ø√©’í∫’ ®ÓV-©’ç-ú≈-©ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Ç¢Á’èπ◊
´÷vûªç Å-C ´’K áèπ◊\-´-鬩ç ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Akhila: If only she takes medicines properly ...
(´’çü¿’©’ ÆæJí¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç Åçô÷ Öçõ‰ ...)
Nikhila: Oh, my! It's already 7.30. I have stayed
here too long. I'm afraid I'll be late for
the hospital. I must hurry. Bye.
(Å¢Á÷t! Å°æ¤púË 7.30 Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´’K
áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√o-E-éπ\úø. ÇÆæ’-°æ-vAéÀ Ç©Ææu¢Á’i
§Ú-ûÓçC. ؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xL. Bye.)




Too
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç Ñ≤ƒJ.
1) Too ´’†ç ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ 'also' (èπÿú≈) ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ
¢√úøû√ç éπü∆?
Ramya: Has she come? (Ç¢Á’ ´*açü∆?)
Priya: She has. (Ç. ´*açC.)
Ramya: Has her husband come too?
(Ç¢Á’ ¶µº®Ωh èπÿú≈ ´î√aú≈?)
Priya: Yes. He has come too.
(Å´¤†’. Çߪ’† èπÿú≈ ´î√aúø’)
Spoken English ™ 'èπÿú≈— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ also
î√™« Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. áèπ◊\-´í¬ 'too' ¢√úø-
û√®Ω’. 'Too' á°æ¤púø÷ verb ûª®√yûª ¢√úøôç bet-
ter. She too has come éπØ√o She has come
too, better. Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»ç –
Not ûÓ also ÅÆæ-©’-®√ü¿’.
2) Too èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç – Ñ lesson ™
¢√úÕ† Nüµ¿çí¬–
Too Åçõ‰ ´’K/ ÅA ÅE ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å®Ωnç
îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´îª’a.
Look at the following.
a) He is tall = Åûªúø’ §Òúø’í∫’ – ´’ç*üË.
b) He is very tall = Åûªúø’ î√™« §Òúø’í∫’ –
´’ç*üË.
c) He is too tall = Åûªúø’ ´’K §Òúø’í∫’ – Åçõ‰
Ééπ\úø §Òúø’í∫’ ´©x àüÓ É•sçC Öçúø-´îª’a.
(´’K §Òúø’-í∫-´ôç ´©x, Eö«-®Ω’í¬ E©’-îÓ-™‰-éπ-
§Ú-´-ô¢Á÷, à í∫C-™-ÈéjØ√ ¢Á∞Ïx-ô-°æ¤púø’ ü∆y®Ωç
ûªí∫-©-ô¢Á÷, ´’K ´çT v°æ¢Ë-Pç--î√-Lq ®√´-ô-¢Á÷-
™«çöÀ É•sç-ü¿’©’ ÖçúÌa– ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ÅûªúÕ
áûª’hèπ◊ ûªT† ¶µ«®Ωu üÌ®Ω-éπ\-§Ú-´îª’a!)
Too Åçõ‰ ÅA ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøôç ´©x,
ü∆E v°æßÁ÷-ï-Ø√©’ ´’ç*-Ní¬ Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.
a) He drives too fast =
Åûªúø’ ´’K ¢Ëí∫çí¬ drive îË≤ƒhúø’. Åçü¿’-´©x
v°æ´÷ü¿ç Ææ綵º-Nç-îª-´îª’a.
b) She talks too much.
Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´÷ö«xúø’ûª’çC.
c) It is too costly =
ÅC ´’K êKü¿’. (Åçü¿’-´©x é̆-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.) DEo
éÀçC-¢√-öÀûÓ §Ú©açúÕ.
i) It is costly = ÅC êKü¿’ (éÌØÌa)
ii) It is very costly =
ÅC ¶«í¬ êKü¿’ (Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà éÌØÌa.)
iii) It is too costly = ÅC ÅA/ ´’K êKü¿’
(؈’ é̆†’ – éÌØË Å´-鬨¡ç ™‰éπ-§Ú-´îª’a)
d) Sarat: You liked the suitcase. Why didn't
you buy it?
(Ç suitcase Åçõ‰ É≠æd-°æ-ú≈f´¤.
´’È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊ é̆-™‰ü¿’?)
Bharat: Oh, it's too heavy.
ÅC ´’K •®Ω’´¤í¬ ÖçC. (؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-
™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤. Åçü¿’-´©x é̆-™‰ü¿’.)
e) Kiran: How do you find your new home?
(O’®Ω’ éÌûªhí¬ îËJ† É™„x™« ÖçC?)
Varun: It's OK, but it is too big.
(¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. é¬F Åçü¿’™ ÖçúË¢√∞¡x Ææçë‰u¢Á÷
ûªèπ◊\´– É™‰x¢Á÷ Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´ ´’çCéÀ ÆæJ-§Ú-
ßË’çûª °ü¿lC– Åçü¿’-´©x ≤˘éπ®Ωuç éπçõ‰ É•sçüË
áèπ◊\´ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.)
3) Too Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ≤ƒüµ¿u-´’ßË’u ü∆E-éπØ√o
áèπ◊\´ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.
a) He is too clever for a boy his age =
ÅûªúÕ ´ßª’Ææ’q °œ©x-©-éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ î√™« ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√úø’.
(Åûª-úÕéÀ ´ßª’Ææ’èπ◊ N’ç*† ûÁL-N-ûË-ô-©’-Ø√o®·.)
b) She is too tall for a girl her age =
Ç ´ßª’Ææ’ Å´÷t-®·© éπçõ„ ´’K §Òúø’-í∫’ç-ü∆ Å´÷t®·.
c) She is too red for an Asian =
´÷´‚-©’í¬ ÇƜߪ÷ ¢√Ææ’©’ Öçúø-†çûª áv®Ωí¬ Öçü∆¢Á’.
4) Too †’ éÌClí¬ Å®Ωnç ûËú≈ûÓ É™« èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç:
a) She is too young for marriage =
´÷´‚©’ °Rx ´ßª’-Ææ’èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ ´ßª’Ææ’ ´’K ûªèπ◊\´.
°Sxúø’èπ◊ î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ = She is too young to
be married/ to get married.
b) He is too fat to walk fast-
Éô’-´çöÀ sentences ™ ´uA-Í®-鬮Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.
-Ñ -¢√é¬u-EéÀ -Å®Ωnç=
Åûª†’ ûªy®Ωí¬ †úø-´-™‰-†çûª ™«´¤.
c) She is too young to understand all this =
ÉN Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª *†o °œ©x Ç Å´÷t®·.
d) In the past children were married off when
they were too young to understand what
marriage was =
í∫ûªç™ °∞¡xçõ‰ àN’ö Å®Ωnç-é¬E *†o ´ßª’-
Ææ’™ØË °œ©x-©èπ◊ °Rx∞¡Ÿx îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx.
5) äéÓ\-≤ƒJ too †’ positive meaning ûÓ éÀçC
sentences ™ ™«í¬ ¢√úøû√ç.
a) Pavan: Are you ready for this job?
Ñ ÖüÓu-í¬-EéÀ †’´¤y Æœü¿l¥-¢Ë’Ø√?
Vinod: I shall be only too glad to accept it.
ü∆Eo Æ‘yéπ-Jç-îªôç Ø√èπ◊ î√™«
ÆæçûÓ≠æç/ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬
b) He will be only too pleased to assist you=
Fèπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úøôç Åûª-úÕéÀ î√™« ÆæçûÓ≠æç.
c) She'll be too ready to leave the place =
Ééπ\-úÕ-†’ç* ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’çC/ ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-E-éÀ
-á-°æ¤púø÷ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’.
6) Too †’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ éÀçC Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.
a) It is too much for him =
ÅC Åûªúø’ îËߪ’-™‰-†çûª éπ≠dçæ / ¶µºJç-îª-™‰-†çûª
v¨¡´’/ ¶«üµ¿.
b) Working for such long hours is too much
for the boys =
ÅEo í∫çô©’ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç ¢√∞¡Ÿx îËߪ’-™‰E/
¶µºJç-îª-™‰E v¨¡´’– (°œ©x©’ 鬕öÀd.)
c) This question is too much for the little girl.
Ç *†o°œ©xèπ◊ ï¢√•’ îÁ°æp-™‰-†çûª éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† v°æ-¨¡o
-É-C.
-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 8 -V-™„j 2006
Now look at the following sentences from
the conversation between Akhila and
Nikhila at the beginning of the lesson:
1) She is too weak to move about.
2) She is taking too many drugs perhaps.
3) She hates them too much to take them
regularly.
4) But isn't it too expensive and too far off a
place?
5) Mom is too impatient.
6) She feels it too long.
7) I've stayed here too long.






1) She is too weak to move about =
Ç¢Á’ éπü¿-©-™‰-†çûª F®Ω-Ææçí¬ ÖçC =
She is so weak that she cannot move about.
2) She is taking too many drugs perhaps =
•£æ›-¨» -´’ç-ü¿’-©’ ´’K áèπ◊\´ (îÁúø’ ïJ-Ííçûª)
BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-öç-üË¢Á÷
Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ É™« èπÿú≈ too ¢√úøû√ç.
a) You are a minute too late =
†’´¤y äéπ\ EN’≠æç Ç©-Ææu-´’-ߪ÷u´¤.
(äéπ\ EN’≠æç ´·çü¿’-´-açõ‰ F°æE ÅßË’uC)
b) This passenger is one too many for the
bus. Bus is full. It can't take even one
more.
(Ñ äéπ\ v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-èπ◊úË áèπ◊\´. •Ææqçû√ EçúÕ-
§Ú-®·çC. Éçéπ äéπ\-JéÀ èπÿú≈ îÓô’-™‰ü¿’)
3) She hates them too much to take them
regularly =
Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ç ´’çü¿’-©†’ véπ´’ç-ûª-°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´-úø-
´’çõ‰ ÅE≠ædç./ Ç ÅE-≠dçæ -´©x Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’iØ√ Ç
´’çü¿’©’ BÆæ’-éÓü¿’. ÉC sentence no.1 ™«í¬ØË
ÖçC îª÷úøçúÕ.
4) But isn't it too expensive and too far off a
place? =
ÅC ´’†ç ¶µºJç-îª-™‰-†çûª êK-üÁjçD, ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†çûª
ü¿÷®Ω´‚ é¬ü∆?
It's too expensive =
´’K êK-üÁ-èπ◊\´ (؈’ ¶µºJç-îª-™‰†’)
It's too far off (´’K ü¿÷®Ωç áèπ◊\´, ؈’ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰†’)
5) Mom is too impatient =
´÷ Å´’t ´’K ÅÆæ-£æ«-†çí¬ ÖçC. (Åéπ\úø Öçúø-
™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûÓçC)
6) She feels it too long =
´’K áèπ◊\´é¬©-´’E ņ’-èπ◊ç-öçC. (Öçúø-™‰-éπ-
§Ú-ßË’çûª)
7) I have stayed here too long =
Å´-ûª© °æ†’çúÕ èπÿú≈ î√™« áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-°æ¤Ø√o–
Öçúø-èπÿ-úø-†çûª ÊÆ°æ¤Ø√o.
éÀçC Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ πÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ:
a) The box is too heavy for me =
the box is so heavy that I cannot lift it =
؈’ áûªh-™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤í¬ Öçü∆-°õ„d.
b) The TV is too costly for me =
The TV is so costly that I can't buy it.
؈’ é̆-™‰-†çûª êK-ü¿-®·çü∆ öÃO.
II
Swarna: Hi Rajitha, get dressed and get ready
to go out.
(•ôd©’ ´÷®Ω’aéÓ, •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ -ûª-ߪ÷®Ω´¤y)
Kamala: What is Swarna saying, Rajitha?
(Ææy®Ωg à´’ç-öçD?)
Rajitha: She is telling me to get dressed and
get ready to go.
(•ôd©’ ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊E •ßª’-ô-Èé-∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´-
´’E Ææy®Ωg Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ÚhçC)
Swarna: Go to the market and get some veg-
etables. There aren't any left.
(Market èπ◊ -¢Á-R} èπÿ®Ω-í¬-ߪ’©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊®√.
Éçöx àç ™‰´¤.)
Kamala: Don't you hear, Rajitha? Swarna is
telling you to go to the market and get
vegetables
(NE-°œç-îª-™‰ü∆, ®Ω>û√? Market èπ◊ -¢Á-R}
èπÿ®Ω©’ ûÁ´’tE îÁ§ÚhçC éπü∆?)
Rajitha: What do you mean? (àçôç-ô’-Ø√o¢˛?)
Kamala: You have heard what Swarna has
said. So do what she says.
(NØ√o´¤ éπü∆ Ææy®Ωg îÁ°œpçC. ûª†’ îÁ°œp-†ô’x
îÁ®·u.)
Rajitha: Are you both telling me to go to the
market and get vegetables? Kamala,
are you telling me to do what she says?
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Compare the following pair of sentences
from the conversation above:
a) Swarna: Rajitha, get dressed and get
ready to start.
(•ôd©’ ´÷®Ω’aéÓ, •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ûªßª÷-®Ω´‹y)
b) Rajitha: She (Swarna) is telling me to get
dressed and get ready to start.
(•ôd©’ ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊E •ßª’-ô-Èé-∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´-´’E
Ææy®Ωg Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ÚhçC)
sentence (a) ™ ´’†ç îª÷ÊÆC: Ææy®Ωg, ®Ω>-ûª†’
ÖüËl-Pç* ØË®Ω’ (direct) í¬, ´·êûª” ®Ω>-ûªûÓ îÁÊ°p
N≠æߪ’ç.
sentence (b) ™ ´’†ç îª÷ÊÆC: ®Ω>ûª, Ææy®Ωg
ûª†ûÓ Å†o-´÷-ô-©†’, ûª† ´÷ô™x éπ´’-©èπ◊
îÁ°æpôç/ report îËߪ’ôç.
sentence (a) direct í¬ Ææy®Ωg ®Ω>-ûªûÓ Å†o
-´÷-ô©’. 鬕öÀd ÅC Direct speech.
sentence (b) ®Ω>ûª, ûª† ´÷ô™x Ææy®Ωg- ´÷-ô-©†’
éπ´’-©èπ◊ report îËߪ’ôç 鬕öÀd ÅC Reported
(Indirect) speech.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 183
-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 10 -V-™„j 2006
3 a) Kamala (to Rajitha): Don't stand there.
(´’†-Lo-ü¿çû√ Ç°æ-´’F, ûª†’ ´’† servant ņ’-
Get going (Direct speech- E™a-éπ™«,
éÓ-´-ü¿lF, É≠ædç ´*a-†ô’x Çïc-L-´y-ü¿lF ®Ω>ûª imperative
•ßª’-™‰l®Ω’) Çïc™« ÖçC 鬕öÀd
ÅçöçC Indirect speech) sentence.
5 a) Swarna to Rajitha: Don't be angry. Take a
3 b) îª÷úøçúÕ – ÉC Kamala, Ææy®Ωg ´÷ôLo report-
joke. enjoy it, girl
ed speech ™ îÁ°æpôç: Kamala is telling you
( Joke Direct speech)
éÓ°æp-úøèπ◊. †’ džç-Cç– not to stand there but get going. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈
b) Kamala: Swarna has told you not to be Kamala, Ææy®Ωg -´÷-ô©´·çü¿’, to ¢√úÕçC – to
angry, to take a joke and enjoy it stand there... Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø direct speech
(Swarna îÁ°œpçC éπü∆ éÓ°æp-úÌ-ü¿lF, joke †’ ™ Don't (do not) ÅE not ÖçC 鬕öÀd,
reported speech ™, not to ÅE ´Ææ’hçC.
džç-Cç-îª-´’F– Reported speech)
°j sentences ™ 1 (a) 2 (a), 2 (b) , 3 (a) a) Suseel: Make good use of your time,
4 (a), 5 (a) - É´Fo direct speech ™ ÖØ√o®·. Sumant. (Sumant, F Ææ´’-ߪ÷Eo
Direct speech
Sentences 1 (b), 3 (b), 4 (b) and 5 (b) - É´Fo ÆæCy-E-ßÁ÷í∫ç îËÆæ’éÓ
reported (Indirect) speech ™ ÖØ√o®·. éπü∆.)

Swarna is telling ...

(Éü¿l®Ω÷ ††’o market ÈéRx èπÿ®Ω©’
ûÁ´’tçö«®√? éπ´’™«, ûªØËç îËߪ’-´’ç-ô’çüÓ
ÅC îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«¢√?
Swarna: And cook too. (´çô èπÿú≈ îÁ®·u)
Kamala: Don't stand there. Get going. Swarna
has told you to cook too.
(Å™« E™aèπ◊. °æE é¬F. Ææy®Ω-g -´ç-ô èπÿ-ú≈
-îÁ-ߪ’u-´’ç--öç-C.)
Get going= •ßª’-™‰l®Ω’/ °æE-é¬F, etc.
Swarna: Why are you still here? Kamala is
telling you not to stand there but get
going.
(àçöÀçé¬ Ééπ\-úø’-Ø√o¢˛? Kamala îÁ°œpç-C-
éπü∆, Å™« E™a-´-ü¿lF, •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-´’E.)
Rajitha: Stop it. Don't think I am your servant.
Don't order me about, you stupids.
(Ç°æçúÕ. ؈’ O’ servant ņ’-éÓ-éπçúÕ.
Ø√èπ◊ Çïc-L-´y-éπçúÕ, ´‚®Ω’^-™«x®√?)
Swarna: Look, Kamala, she is telling us to stop
it and not to think she is our servant.
She is telling us further not to order
her about.
(éπ´’™« îª÷úø÷, Éü¿çû√ Ç°æ-´’E, ûª††’
servant í¬ Å†’-éÓ-´-ü¿lF, Çïc©’ ñ«K-
îË-ßÁ·-ü¿lF ÅçöçC.)
Kamala: Come now, Rajitha. Don't be angry.
We have just been joking. Please
don't think we are serious.
(Rajitha, éÓ°æp-úøèπ◊. ÜJ-éπØË joke
îËÆæ’hØ√oç. ¢Ë’ç serious í¬ ÅØ√o-´’E
ņ’-éÓèπ◊. ÜJÍé EØ√o-ô-°æ-öÀdç-î√-´’çûË)
Rajitha: You've carried the joke too far.
(O’ joke ÅAí¬ ÖçC)
Swarna: Come, come, don't be angry. Take a
joke. Enjoy it, girl.
(éÓ°æp-úøèπÿ. Joke í¬ BÆæ’éÓ. †’´¤y èπÿú≈
ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æúø’.)
Kamala: You still look angry. Swarna has told
you to take joke and not to be angry
but enjoy it. Come laugh it off.
(Éçé¬ éÓ°æçí¬ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. Ææy®Ωg îÁ°œpçC
éπü∆ Åçû√ joke í¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-´’F, éÓ°æp-úÌ-ü¿lF,
†’´¤y èπÿú≈ enjoy îÁߪ’u-´’E. †¢ËyÆœ Ü®Ω’éÓ)
Rajitha: OK. I excuse you. I will have my turn too.
(Å™«Íí. N’´’tLo éπ~N’-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Ø√èπÿ
´Ææ’hçC Å´-鬨¡ç. Å°æ¤púø’ îÁ§ƒh.)
☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺
Look at the following too: 1) Swarna: Hi Rajitha, get dressed and get Indirect, Suseel is telling Sumant to
1 Swarna (to Rajitha): ready to go out. make good use of his time.
Go to the market and ÉC Direct speech ™ ÖçC éπü∆. 'Get dressed b) Suseel: Don't waste your time, Sumant
get some vegetables and get ready to go out - Ñ ´÷ô©’ (Direct speech - Imperative - Don't =
(Market ÈéRx èπÿ®Ω©’ °ævö«– Imperative sentence - Åçõ‰ äéπ-JE Çñ«c-°œçîË/ do not ûÓ ÖçC)
Direct speech éπü∆?) Ŷµºu-JnçîË (request)/ äéπ °æE îËߪ’-´’E ÅúÕÍí
Reported speech: Suseel is telling
Kamala: Swarna is telling sentence †’ imperative sentence Åçö«ç.
M. SURESAN sumant not to waste his time.
you to go to the market Swarna, ®Ω>-ûª†’ •ôd-©’- ´÷-®Ω’aéÓ, •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ
4 a) Rajitha (To Swarna and Kamala): Stop it.
and get some vegetables Æœü¿l¥çí¬ Öçúø÷ ÅE Åúø’-í∫’-ûÓçC/ ü∆ü∆°æ¤
Çñ«c°œ≤ÚhçC. 鬕öÀd 'Get dressed and go out', Don't think I am your servant.
(Market ÈéRx èπÿ®Ω©’ ûÁ´’tE Ææy®Ωg ÅçöçC FûÓ)
(ÉC Kamala report îË≤ÚhçC 鬕öÀd reported imperative sentence Å´¤-ûª’çC. Imperative Don't order me about. (Direct
speech) sentence †’ direct †’ç* reported (indirect) speech-imperative with don't = do
2. a) Kamala (to Rajitha) ... Do what she
èπ◊ ´÷®√a-©çõ‰, Ç imperative ´·çü¿’, to not)
(Swarna) Says.
îË®Ωa-ô¢Ë’. Åçõ‰, b) É¢Ë ´÷ô-©†’ Swarna reported speech ™
Swarna: Hi Rajitha, get dressed and get Kamala èπ◊: She is telling us to stop it, not
(Ææy®Ωg -îÁ-°œpçC îÁ®·u– Direct speech éπü∆?)
ready to go out - to think she is our servant and not to order
b) Rajitha (To Swarna and Kamala)
DEéÀ reported speech: her about. (Reported speech beginning
Are you both telling me to go to market
Swarna is telling/ asking (tells/ asks) Rajitha with 'not to', because of don't in Direct
and get vegetables? Kamala, Are you
to get dressed and get ready to go out. speech)
telling me to do what she says? (Direct
í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆get dressed and get ready to
speech) Orders, requests, asking
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆: ûÁLÊ°
go out to
´·çü¿’, °ö«dç. ÅçûË-éπü∆.So, imper-
(††’o Market ÈéRx èπÿ®Ω©’ ûÁ´’tç-ô’-Ø√o®√? imperative sentence, direct speech ™ Öçõ‰,
ative sentence indirect speech éÀ ´÷®√a-©çõ‰, ü∆Eo report to
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç,
'to'
éπ´’™«, Ææy®Ωg îÁ°œpçC îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«¢√ ††’o?) ü∆E´·çü¿’ °õ‰d≤ƒhç.
3 a) Kamala (To Rajitha): Don't stand there. don't not to
Öçõ‰ ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç.
Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç – say ûª®√yûª infini-
Get going. (Direct speech) Å™« E™aèπ◊, tive ( to go, to come, to sing ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’) a) Kamal: Krishna have something to eat.
•ßª’-™‰l®Ω’) ®√ü¿E. Tell/ ask °æéπ\† infinitive ´Ææ’hçC. Direct speech - imperative.
Swarna is telling you to cook too Åçü¿’-éπE reported speech ™ tell (some- Kamal is asking Krishna to have
(Reported speech - Ææy®Ωg E†’o ´çô èπÿú≈ body)/ Ask (somebody) + Infinitive ´Ææ’hçC, something to eat - Reported speech
îËߪ’-´’ç-öçC) Imperative †’ Reported speech èπ◊ ´÷Ja- b) Teacher: Don't read such books. (Direct
b) Swarna: Kamala is telling you not to †-°æ¤úø’. speech- Begins with don't)
stand there but get going. Look at the other pairs of sentences from
Teacher is telling (the students)
the conversation.
(Å™« E™a-´-ü¿lF, •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω-´’E éπ´’© îÁ§ÚhçC not to read such books.
FûÓ – Reported speech) 1 a) Swarna (to Rajitha): Go to the market and
Ñ Â°j examples ™ -à Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù©’ á°æ¤púø’
4 a) Rajitha (to Swarna & Kamala): Stop it. get some vegetables (market
ÈéRx èπÿ®Ω©’ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oßÁ÷ correct í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ô癉ü¿’ 鬕öÀd
Don't think I am your servant. Don't order Imperative sentence)
BÆæ’-èπ◊®√ – ÉC
me about (Direct speech) DEéÀ Reported speech, DE-éÀç-ü¿ØË éπ´’© ´’†ç Indirect (reported) speech ™ à tense
Å®·Ø√ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
(Ç°æçúÕ, ؈’ O’ servant ņ’-éÓ-éπçúÕ. O’ É≠ædç ´÷ô™x 1 (b) îª÷úøçúÕ.
´*a-†ô’x Çïc©’ É´y-éπçúÕ – Direct speech) Swarna is telling you to go to the market °j È®çúø’ examples ™, Reported speech ™,
is asking/ is telling •ü¿’©’ has asked/ asked/
b) Swarna: She is telling us to stop it and not and get some vegetables
Kamala, Swarna reported has told/ told èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
to think she is our servant. She is further îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆, ´÷ôLo
telling us not to order her about. (Indirect speech -™ -îÁ°æpôç– Ç ´÷ô© ´·çü¿’ 'to' ´îËa- That is how we change imperative into indi-
speech) ÆœçC–She is telling you to go to the market... rect speech.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
éÀçü¿öÀ lesson 1st sample of direct
™ ´’†ç
speech and reported speech Direct
îª÷¨»ç.
and reported speech ņ-í¬ØË ´’†èπ◊ í∫’®Ìh-îËaC,
Quotations/ Inverted commas (" "), ¢√öÀ ™°æ©
Ö†o sentence verb/ verbs quo-
¶µ«í∫ç, Åçü¿’™
tations •ßª’ô Ö†overb ™«çöÀN. Å®·ûË ´’†ç
columns
Ééπ\úø í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-LqçC, Ñ ™ ´’†ç
îËÆæ’hçC Spoken English practice. Åçõ‰
English quotations,
´÷ö«x-úøôç. ´÷ö«x-úË-ô°æ¤púø’
Åçü¿’™¶µ«í∫ç, ü∆E -•-ߪ’öÀ¶µ«í∫ç ™«çöÀN Öçúø´¤
éπü∆. Spoken English ™ ´’†ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lqç-
ü¿™«x, ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´uéÀh È®çúÓ ´uéÀhûÓ îÁÊ°p ´÷ô©’
direct speech. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´uéÀh îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo
È®çúÓ ´uéÀh ûª† ´÷ô™x ÉçéÓ ´uéÀhéÀ îÁ°æpôç/
report îËߪ’ôç, reported speech.
Conversation/ Spoken English practice îËÊÆ-ô-
°æ¤púø’ Ñ N≠æߪ’ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L. Quotations,
reported verb ™«çöÀ
¢√öÀéÓÆæç ¢Áûªéπç.
Reporting verb Åçõ‰ reported speech v§ƒ®Ωç-
Gµç-îË-´·çü¿’ ¢√úË tell, ask, request, order,
advise, hope ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ´’†¢Ë’
áç°œéπ îËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«ç. English ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’
¢√úËC reported speech 鬕öÀd, ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-
¢√-Lqç-ü¿-™«x äéπ ´uéÀh ņo N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ÉçéÌ-éπ-JéÀ
Ææp≠ædçí¬ á™« NE-°œç-î√L ÅØËC ´÷vûª¢Ë’. ÉüË-éπü∆,
´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ Swarna, Rajitha and
Kamala conversation ™ îª÷ÆœçC. Å™«Íí prac-
tice îËü∆lç. Ééπ îªü¿-´çúÕ.
She requested him to ..
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 184
I. Naveen: Leave your book with me. You take
my book and return it tomorrow.
(F °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eoéπ\úø Öç. †’´¤y Ø√
°æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo BÆæ’-èπ◊E Í®°æ¤ AJ-T´¤y)
Ramani: Please let me have both the books.
(È®çúÕç-öÀF BÆæ’-éÓ-E´¤y)
Naveen: OK. Take both of them but make sure
that you return them the day after.
(ÆæÍ®, È®çúø÷ BÆæ’éÓ, Å®·ûË á©’xç-úÕéÀ
éπ*a-ûªçí¬ AJ-T-îËaß˝’)
Ramani: Please allow me to keep them for at
least three days.
(éπFÆæç ´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©Ø√o Öç-éÓ-E´¤y)
Teacher: Stop talking, both of you.
(O’J-ü¿l®Ω÷ ´÷ö«x-úø-éπçúÕ)
Naveen and Ramani: Don't be angry, sir.
Excuse us this once.
(éÓ°æp-úø-èπ◊çú≈ ´’´’t-Lo Ñ äéπ\-≤ƒ-JéÀ
éπ~N’ç-îªçúÕ ≤ƒ®˝)
Teacher: Concentrate on the lesson. Keep your
mouths shut or get out of the class.
(§ƒ®∏Ωç O’ü¿ ü¿%≠œd °ôdçúÕ. ØÓ®Ω’ -´‚-Ææ’-
éÓçúÕ ™‰ü∆ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-Rx-§ÚçúÕ)
Naveen: Please, don't be cross, sir.
(ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ éÓ°æp-úø-éπçúÕ ≤ƒ®˝)
Teacher: Be silent, then (
Å®·ûË E¨¡z-•lçí¬ ÖçúøçúÕ)
Naveen: OK. Sir. (Å™«Íí ≤ƒ®˝)
´ ´ ´ ´ ´
II. Mahesh: Why was the teacher angry with
Naveen and Ramani?
(Naveen, Ramani O’ü¿ teacher
áçü¿’èπ◊ éÓ°æç ´*açC?)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 13 -V-™„j 2006
Rakesh: They were talking. Naveen told
Ramani to leave her book with him,
and to take his book and return it the
next day.
(¢√∞¡Ÿx ´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. Ç¢Á’ °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo
ûª†-éÀ*a, ûª† °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo BÆæ’-èπ◊E, ´’®Ω’-ÆæöÀ
®Ó>-´y-´’E †OØ˛ ®Ω´’-ùÀûÓ ÅØ√oúø’.)
Mahesh: I heard Ramani's words. She request-
ed him to let her have both the books.
(®Ω´’ùÀ ´÷ô©’ ؈’ NØ√o†’. È®çúø’ °æ¤Ææh-
鬩÷ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡x-E-´y-´’E Ŷµºu-Jnç-*çC) Å™«é¬èπ◊çú≈ éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ ™«í¬ á°æ¤púø’
Rakesh: Naveen then told her to take both of ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù†’ Å°æ¤púË report îËÊÆh tell/ ask/
them but to make sure she returned
them the day after next.
request/ order/ wish ™«çöÀ verbs†’ I Regular -Ñ passage †’ Report îËߪ’çúÕ
doing word/ II Regular doing word/ am+ing,
(Å°æ¤púø’ È®çúø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩÷ BÂÆ\-∞¡}-´’F, is+ing, are+ing/ have+pp/ has+pp (past par- (English ™ Gí∫_-®Ωí¬).
éπ*a-ûªçí¬ á©’xçúÕ (È®çvúÓ-V© ûª®√yûª) ticiple) form begin
™ îË≤ƒhç.) Kowmudi: F birthday Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ ´îËa-
AJ-T-´y-´’F, Naveen ®Ω´’-ùÀûÓ ÅØ√oúø’.) °j† †OØ˛èπÿ ®Ω´’ùÀéà í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æ- ¢√®Ωç ††’o ÆœE´÷èπ◊ BÆæ’ÈéRx
Mahesh: I was sitting next to Ramani. So I ù†’ ´’Ê£«≠ˇ, ®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ reported speech ™
dinner É´¤y.
heard her. She requested him to îÁ°æ¤h-Ø√o®Ω’. Direct speech †’ç* reported èπ◊ Kavitha: †’´¤y punctual í¬ ´÷ Éç-öÀéÀ
allow her to keep them for at least ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’, Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd éÀçC ´÷®Ω’p©’
three days.
´’üµ∆u£æ«oç 2:30 èπ◊ ®√.
èπÿú≈ îË≤ƒhç.
Kowmudi: Ø√èπ◊ ÆæJí¬_ Ç®ÓV È®çúÕç-öÀéÀ
(®Ω´’ùÀ °æéπ\ØË èπÿØ√o. Ç¢Á’ îÁ°œpçC DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
؈’ NØ√o, éπFÆæç ´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©Ø√o I, You(-ØË-†’, †’´¤y) He, She
í∫’®Ω’h-îË®·, ؈’ ®√èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰
Öç-éÓ-E-´y-´’-E ®Ω´’ùÀ ÅúÕ-TçC.) We, You (-¢Ë’-´·, -´’-†ç, O’®Ω’) They îª÷úø’.
Me, You (-Ø√èπ◊, -†-†’o, Fèπ◊, E†’o) Him, her Kavitha: ´îËa-ô°æ¤púø’ O’ îÁ™„xLo èπÿú≈
Rakesh: Then the teacher ordered them both
to stop talking. Us (´’†Lo, ´’†èπ◊/ -´’-´’t-Lo, ´÷èπ◊) Them BÆæ’-èπ◊®√!
(Teacher ¢√∞¡xE ´÷ö«x-úøôç Ç°æ-´’E You (O’èπ◊) Them Kowmudi: ´÷ îÁ™„xL N≠æߪ’ç °æöÀdç--éÓèπ◊.
Çïc-°œç-î√úø’.) My, Your (-Ø√, F) His/ Her ™‰ü¿çõ‰ †’¢Ëy -§∂Ú-Ø˛ îËÆœ ü∆Eo
°œ©’´¤.
Kavitha: Ç N≠æߪ’ç Ø√éÌ-C-™„ß˝’.
†’´‹y-JÍé ûª†ûÓ îÁ°æ¤p.
Kowmudi: Å™«Íí.
ANSWER
t Kowmudi asks/ asked Kavitha to take
Mahesh: Then both of her to a movie and give her a dinner on
Our, Your (-´÷, -´’-†, O’) Their her birthday next week.
them request-
Mine, Yours (-Ø√-C, FC) His/ Her
ed the teacher t Kavitha asks/ asked Kowmudi to go
Ours, Yours (--´÷-C, O’C) Theirs
not to be angry home to Kavitha exactly at 2.30
This ( That
and to excuse These (
-É-C)
-É-N) Those t Kowmudi then tells/ told Kavitha to
them that once. Today, Yesterday, Tomorrow That day, The remind her at 2 that day and see if she
(¢√∞¡x-°æ¤púø’ éÓ°æp-úø- day before, The (Kowmudi) doesn't/ wouldn't come.
´-ü¿lE, Ñ≤ƒ-JéÀ M. SURESAN next day ´®Ω-Ææí¬ t Kavitha asks/ asked Kowmudi to bring
éπ~N’ç-îª-´’E Now Then her sister along.
teacher †’ Ŷµºu-Jnç-î √®Ω’ ) Important:
t Kowmudi then tells/ told Kavitha to
°j ´÷®Ω’p-©Fo Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•-öÀd
Rakesh: The teacher was still angry. He îËߪ÷-Lq† ´÷®Ω’p™‰. ÅüË °æEí¬ îËߪ÷-Lq† leave her sister alone or call her her-
ordered them to concentrate on the Å´-Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. ´·êuçí¬ English ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o- self.
lesson, to keep their mouths shut or to °æ¤púø’. É°æ¤púø’ O’JçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:
t Kavitha then tells/ told her to leave the
get out. †OØ˛, ®Ω´’ùÀ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùçû√, imperative (Çïc©’, matter to her, and just to tell her sister
(Teacher Éçé¬ éÓ°æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’, ¢√∞¡x†’ Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷, Åúø-í∫-ö«©÷ ûÁLÊ° sentences- 鬕öÀd
of it.
lesson O’ü¿ ü¿%≠œd °ôd-´’F, ØÓ®Ω’´‚Ææ’éÓ- reported speech, to + 1st Regular doing word
lesson t Kowmudi said OK.
´’E ™‰ü∆ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡}-´’F -Å-Ø√o-úø’.) ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç– éÀçü¿öÀ ™ îª÷Æœ-†ô’x.)
direct
†O-Ø˛èπ◊, ®Ω´’-ùÀéÀ ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù†’,
Naveen then requested/ pleaded with
speech indirect speech
™, ™ éÀç-ü¿ °æ-öÀdéπ-™
the teacher again not to be cross.
îª÷úøçúÕ.
´ ´ ´ ´ ´
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Observe: I) The conversation between
1. Naveen (to Ramani): Leave your books µ Naveen told Ramani to
(ÉC í∫ûªç 鬕öÀd)
Naveen and Ramani, and II)
with me. You take the other book and return leave her book with him and take his book
Mahesh and Rakesh reporting the it tomorrow. and return it the next day.
conversation between Naveen and 2. Ramani (to Naveen): Please let me have µ She (Ramani) requested him to let her have
Ramani. both the books. both the books.
O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’– Part I ™ †OØ˛, ®Ω´’ùÀ 3. Naveen (to Ramani): Take both of them µ Naveen then told her to take both of them
Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù†’, Part II ™ Mahesh, Rakesh and make sure that you return them the day but to make sure she returned them the day
reported (indirect) speech ™ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç. after. after.
ÉC èπÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Part II ™, ´’Ê£«≠ˇ 4. Ramani (to Naveen): Please allow me to µ She (Ramani) requested him to allow her to
keep them for at least three days. keep them for at least three days.
®√Íé-≠ˇ†’ ÅúÕ-T† ¢Á·ü¿öÀ v°æ¨¡o: Why was the
teacher angry with Naveen and Ramani? 5. Teacher (to Ramani & Naveen): Stop talk- µ The teacher ordered them both to stop talking.
ing both of you. µ Both of them (Naveen and Ramani) request-
Åçõ‰, Éçü¿’™ was ´©x ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’h†o
N≠æߪ’ç: †OØ˛, ®Ω´’-ùÀ© Ææ綵«-≠æù í∫ûªç™ 6. Naveen & Ramani (to teacher): Don't be ed the teacher not to be angry and excuse
angry, sir. Excuse us this once. them that once.
ïJ-Tç-ü¿E, Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo°æ¤púø’ Mahesh, Rakesh
7. Teacher (to Naveen and Ramani): µ He (the teacher) ordered them to concen-
v°æ≤ƒh-N-Ææ’h-Ø√o-®ΩE. Concentrate on the lesson. Keep your trate on the lesson, to keep their mouths
É™« í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù†’ reported mouths shut or get out of the class shut or get out of the class.
èπ◊ speech èπ◊ ´÷®√a-©çõ‰, told, requested, 8. Naveen (to Teacher): Please, sir, don't be µ Naveen then requested/ pleaded with the
ordered ÅE Past doing word ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. cross with us. teacher not to be cross with them.
-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 15 -V-™„j 2006
Pridhvi: Hi Akash, I am very happy today.
Akash: Are you, really? Why so?
(Å´¤Ø√? áçü¿’éÓ?)
Pridhvi: My exam results are out and I have
passed with a very high score.
(
Ø√ exam results ´î√a®·. ؈’ î√™«
´’ç*´÷®Ω’\-©ûÓ pass Åߪ÷u†’)
Akash: Congrats. That makes me really
happy. You owe me and Varun a treat.
(Congrats. ÅC ††’o î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-®Ω’-
≤ÚhçC. †’´¤y Ø√èπ◊, ´®Ω’ù˝èπ◊ NçC-¢√yL.)
Treat- Nçü¿’; Owe- ¶«éà Öçúøôç.
He owes me Rs.100 = Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ®Ω÷.100 ¶«éÃ
He owes his greatness to his father =
(ÅûªúÕ íÌ°æpûªØ√-EéÀ ¢√∞¡x Ø√ØËo 鬮Ωùç)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 185
Pridhvi: Who is coming here? Oh, it is Varun.
(á´®Ω’ ´Ææ’h-Ø√®Ω’? ã... ´®Ω’ù˝.)
Varun: I heard you both talking about results
and treat. What is it?
(O’J-ü¿l®Ω÷ àüÓ results, treat í∫’Jç*
´÷ö«x-úø’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. àçôC?)
Akash: Pridhvi has just told me that his exam
results are out and that he has passed
with a high score (ûª†exam results
´î√a-ߪ’F, ûª†’ ´’ç* marks passûÓ
Pridhvi
Åߪ÷u-†F É°æ¤púË Ø√ûÓ îÁ§ƒpúø’.)
Varun: That's great. Congrats Pridhvi. How
about a treat then? (î√™« íÌ°æp
Congrats.
N≠æߪ’ç. treat ( dinner)
´’J
´÷õ‰-N’öÀ?)
Pridhvi: Akash has said that it really makes him
happy and that I owe you and him a
treat. I am ready. Just fix the date and
time.
(ÅC ¢√úÕE î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°-úø’-ûÓç-
ü¿F, ؈’ ûª†èπÿ, Fèπÿ ã treat (dinner)
É¢√y-©F Çé¬≠ˇ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çüË ÅØ√oúø’. ؈’
ready. Date, time O’®Ω’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îªçúÕ)
Akash: Varun, you have heard what Pridhvi
has said. He is telling us that he is
ready, and to fix the date and time for
the dinner. (´®Ω’ù˝, NØ√o-´¤í¬. °æ%Cµy àç
treat
îÁ§ƒpúÓ. ¢√úÕîËa
time E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-´’-Ø√oúø’)
date,
èπ◊ ´’†Lo
Pridhvi: Mom's calling me. I'll be back in a
minute. You decide and let me know
where to go and when to go and I will
take you there and then. Don't bother
about the expenses.
(´÷ Å´’t
°œ©’≤ÚhçC. *öÀ-Èé™ AJ-íÌ≤ƒh. á°æ¤púø’,
áéπ\úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x™ O’®Ω’ E®Ωg-®·ç* Ø√èπ◊
îÁ°æpçúÕ. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ BÆæ’-èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡û√. ê®Ω’a©
í∫’Jç* °æöÀdç--éÓ-éπçúÕ)
DIRECT SPEECH
1. Akash (To Pridhvi): That makes me really
happy. You owe me and Varun a treat
2. Pridhvi (To Varun & Akash): I am ready.
Just fix the date and time. - I am ready -
ÉC
statement. Just fix the date and time - ÉC
imperative
3. Pridhvi (To Akash & Varun): You decide
and let me to know where to go and when to
go and I will take you there and then.
''You decide and let me know......to go..."
ÉC
imperative.
I will take you there- ÉC statement.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ II
Varun: Have you heard what he has said? He
has told us to decide and let him know
where to go and when to go and he
will take us there. He has told us too
not to bother about expenses. How
generous he is!
(¢√úË-´’-Ø√oúÓ NØ√o¢√? á°æ¤p-úø’ áéπ\úÕÈé∞«x™
´’†ç E®Ωg®·ç* ¢√úÕûÓ îÁGûË ¢√úø’ ´’†Lo Åéπ\-
úÕéÀ BÆæ’èπ◊-¢Á∞¡-û√-†E ÅØ√oúø’. ê®Ω’a© N≠æߪ’ç
°æöÀdç--éÓ-´-ü¿lE èπÿú≈ ÅØ√oúø’. íÌ°æp Öü∆-®Ω’úË!)
Akash: He is back. Pridhvi it will be tomorrow. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç Imperative sentences -†’, statements †÷ Reported (Indirect) speech ™éÀ ´÷®Ωaôç
We will to go the matinee show of (Report îËߪ’ôç) ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷ü∆lç:
Chilipi and then have a dinner at DIRECT INDIRECT (REPORTED)
Shadrasa restaurant. (°æ%Cµy ´îËa-¨»úø’. 1. Rama Rao: Wait here till I come back. t Rama Rao asks his son to wait there till he
°æ%Cµy, Í®°æ¤ ´’†ç *L°œ ´÷uöÃo -≥Ú èπ◊ ¢ÁRx, (؈’ AJ-íÌîËa´®Ωèπ◊ Ééπ\úË Öçúø’.) comes back.
≠ævúøÆæ restaurant ™ dinner îËü∆lç) (Imperative) Vinai asks/ requests his father to come back
Pridhvi: That's OK, then. Vinai: Please come back early, dad. I am early. He says that he is hungry.
Now look at the part hungry. (ûªy®Ωí¬ ®√ -Ø√-Ø√-o, Ø√èπ◊ ÇéπLí¬ (ûª†’ AJ-íÌîËa´®Ωèπ◊ Åéπ\úË Öçúø-´’E éÌúø’èπ◊ûÓ
of the conversation ÖçC.) (Imperative + statement) ®√´÷-®√´¤ Åçô’-Ø√oúø’. N†ß˝’ ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o†’
between Pridhvi and 2. Patient: Doctor, I have a temperature and a ûªy®Ωí¬ ®Ω´’tE Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’, ûª†èπ◊ Çéπ-Lí¬
Akash at the begin- severe cold. Öçü¿E Åçô’-Ø√oúø’.)
t The patient has complained to the doctor that
ning of the lesson. (ú≈éπd®˝ , ä∞¡Ÿx ¢ËúÕí¬ ÖçC. ¶«í¬ ï©’•’
she has a temperature and a severe cold.
Pridhvi (to Akash): My îËÆœçC.) (statement)
The doctor advises her to take those tablets
exam results are out Doctor: Take these tablets and you will be
and says that she will be cured by the
and I have passed M. SURESAN cured by the evening.
evening.
with a very high score. (Ñ ö«¶„xö¸q BÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. ≤ƒßª’çvû√E-éπ™«x
(Patient ûª†èπ◊ temperature, ï©’•’í¬ Öçü¿E doc-
direct speech
O’èπ◊ †ßª’´’´¤ûª’çC) (Imperative +
°æ%Cµy Çé¬≠ˇûÓ Å†o ™E °j tor ûÓ îÁ°œpçC. Doctor Ç tablets BÆæ’-éÓ-´’E Ææ©£æ…
statement)
sentence, statement form state-
™ ÖçC;
3. Doctor (To patient): Take a cold shower
É*a, ≤ƒßª’çvû√E-éπ™«x †ßª’-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E ÅØ√oúø’)
ment sentence.
Åçõ‰ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo îÁÊ°p t The doctor tells the patient to take a cold
before breakfast if you
(´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀlesson report
™ îËߪ’ôç ØË®Ω’a- shower before breakfast if he/ she wants to be
want to keep fit.
imperative etc. fit.
èπ◊-†oC – (Çïc©÷, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷,
breakfast
ûÁLÊ°)sentence)
(Ç®Óí∫uçí¬ Öçú≈©çõ‰ ´·çü¿’ (Ç®Óí∫uçí¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰ breakfast
´·çü¿’ îªFo∞¡x
Imperative
îªFo∞¡x ≤ƒo†ç îÁß˝’) – ≤ƒo†ç îËߪ’-´’E doctor,
®ÓTûÓ Åçô’-Ø√oúø’)
É°æ¤púø’ äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œp† statement †’ report îËÊÆ- 4. Sumathi (To Sumanth): You've wasted your t Sumathi is telling Sumanth that he has wasted
ô-°æ¤púø’ (Reported speech èπ◊ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’), time and money and that's why you his time and money and that's why he is in
that ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. are in trouble now. trouble now.
(†’´¤y time, úø•’s, ´%ü∑∆ î˨»´¤. Åçü¿’- (Sumanth ûª† úø•÷s, time ´%ü∑∆ î˨»-úøF, Åçü¿’-
°j† °æ%Dµy Çé¬≠ˇûÓ Å†o ´÷ô-©†’, Çé¬≠ˇ,
´-™‰x †’´¤y éπ≥ƒd™x ÖØ√o´¤)– statement ´--™‰x éπ≥ƒd™x ÖØ√o-úøF Sumathi ÅçöçC.)
´®Ω’ù˝ûÓ report îËߪ’ôç îª÷úøçúÕ.
5. Teacher (To students): Imitate my pronunci- t The teacher is telling/ is asking the students to
(Akash to Varun): Pridhvi has just told me that imitate her if they want to speak well.
ation if you want to speak well.
his exam results are out and that he has (¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©çõ‰ ûª††’ ņ’-éπ-Jç-îª-´’E
(O’®Ω’ ¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-©çõ‰ Ø√ Ö-î√a®Ωù
passed with a very high score ņ’-éπ-Jç-îªçúÕ) – Imperative Nü∆u-®Ω’n©ûÓ teacher ÅçöçC.)
He says that he is ..
EXERCISE
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Akash ´®Ω’ù˝ûÓ îÁ°æpôç (°æ%Cµy Rajani:
ûÁ≤ƒh†’. -†-ØÁoçûª °ôd-´’ç-ö«¢Ó îÁ°æ¤p
Put the following first in English and then
ņo N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo) that ûÓ begin Å´ôç; N’í∫û√ Sujani: Dozen ´çü¿ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©-éπçõ‰ ´ü¿’l. Åçûª-
report it (change it into reported speech. Use
´÷®Ω’p-©Fo ´÷´‚™‰ éπü∆. éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢ÁjûË éÌØÌü¿’l.
reporting verbs only in present tense. is
Rajani: ؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh-†E ņ’-éÓ-´ü¿’l.
Look at the following table. telling/ tells/ has told/ is asking/ asks/ has
Sujani: †’¢Áy-°æ¤p-úÌ-*aØ√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. ÉCíÓ Ñ ´çü¿
éÀçC´Fo èπÿú≈ statements, imperatives. asked etc.)
Sujani: ®ΩïF, †’´¤y market èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ïx-ôx-®·ûË Ø√éÓ
BÆæ’éÓ...
Rajani: ûÁ*a† ûª®√yûª É´¤y.
dozen ´÷N’-úÕ-°æçúø’x BÆæ’-èπ◊®√ please.
INDIRECT SPEECH
t Pridhvi reporting Akash's words to Varun: DIRECT REPORTED
Akash has said that it really makes him happy
Sujani: Rajani, If you are going to the market, t Sujani is asking Rajani to get her a dozen
and that I owe you and Akash a treat
get me a dozen mangoes, please. mangoes if she is going to the market.
tAkash reporting Pridhvi's words to Varun: He
t Rajani says she will, but is asking Sujani to tell
is telling us that he is ready, and to fix the Rajani: I will, but tell me how much you want
her how much she wants her to spend.
date and time. 'he is ready' - statement 鬕öÀd me to spend.
that 'fix the date and time' imperative t Sujani tells Rajani not to spend more than
ûÓ, Sujani: Not more than Rs. 100 a dozen. Don't
to
鬕öÀd, ûÓ begin Å´¤-û√®·. Rs.100.
buy if it is more than that. t Rajani tells Sujani not to expect her back early
t Varun reporting Pridhvi's words to Akash: He
Rajani: Don't expect me back early. t Sujani replies that it doesn't matter when
has told us to decide and let him know where
to go and when to go, and that he will take us Rajani comes back and asks her to take
Sujani: Doesn't matter when you come back.
there. 'He has told.. to go' imper- Rs.100.
Ééπ\úø, ´®Ωèπÿ Take this hundred rupees.
ative to 'he will take us there' state- t Rajani tells Sujani to give to her after she
鬕öÀd ûÓ, Rajani: Give it to me after I return.
ment 鬕öÀd that
ûÓ begin îË≤ƒhç. returned.
-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 18 -V-™„j 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ II

Direct
Kavitha: Vinitha, don't make a noise.
Be quiet (íÌúø´ îËߪ’èπ◊, E¨¡z-•lçí¬ Öçúø’)
Reported
Kavitha asked (Past tense) Vinitha not to make a
noise and be quiet. (éπ-N-ûª, NF-ûª†’ íÌúø´ îÁßÁ·uü¿lE, E¨¡z-
•lçí¬ Öçúø-´’E îÁ°œpçC) – È®çúø÷ Imperative 鬕öÀd, to
make and be quiet Å-ØË-N infinitives.

Vinitha: Give me those sweets then, Vinitha asked her mom to give her those sweets (ûª†èπ◊
mom (Å®·ûË Ø√èπ◊ -Ç Æ‘y-ö¸q É-´¤y) -Ç Æ‘y-ö¸q É´’tE NFûª ¢√∞¡x-´’t-†-úÕ-TçC) Imperative- to give
- infinitive.

Kavitha: You have already had Kavitha told Vinitha that she had already had enough.
Kavitha: Vinitha, don't make a noise. Be quiet.
Å°æ¤púø’ á´®Ó Past ™ îÁ°œpçC, É°æ¤púø’ ´’†- enough. Be a good child and don't eat She told Vinitha to be a good child and not to eat any
(NFû√, íÌúø´ îËߪ’èπ◊, E¨¡z-•lçí¬ Öçúø’.) ´÷-ô™x ´’†ç ᙫ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç... any more. (É°æp-öÀÍé î√L-†çûª AØ√o´¤. more. 'You have already had...' ÉC statement. 鬕öÀd,
Vinitha: Give me those sweets then, mom. that you had already had Å´¤-ûª’çC.
He/ she/ they, told/ asked/ said/ ordered ÅE ´’ç* -Å-´÷t®·-N éπü∆. Éçéπ A†èπ◊.)
(Å®·ûË Ø√èπ◊ -Ç Æ‘y-ô’x É´y´÷t.) past tense ™ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç éπü∆. Å°æ¤púø’ é¬Ææh Vinitha: Let me just one more piece of Vinitha asked her mother to let her have one more
Kavitha: You've already had a quite a lot. Be a ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Kalakand. I will not ask for more. (ÉçéÓ piece of kalakand and said that she would not ask for
good child. ´·éπ\ éπ-™«-éπçú˛ É´¤y. ØËEçéπ ´’Sx Åúø-í∫†’.) more.
´’†ç -J-§Ú®˝d îËÆæ’h†o ¢√∞¡x ´÷ô-™xE Verbs ÅFo 'I will not... more'- statement 鬕öÀd, ´’†ç report îËÊÆ-ô-
(É°æp-öÀÍé î√L-†çûª AØ√o´¤/ A-†o-C î√©’. Past tense forms ™éÀ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç.
´’ç* -Å-´÷t®·-N éπü∆) °æ¤púø’ that -ûÓ begin îË≤ƒhç. will -†’ would í¬ ´÷®√aç í∫ü∆.
Look at the following
Vinitha: Let me have just one more piece of Let us now try to report the
Kalakand. I will not ask for more. Direct Speech Reported (Indirect) Speech conversation at the begining
1. Suketh: Come in Subodh. My idea is Suketh told Subodh to come in and said that his idea of the lesson between the
to take you to a movie this evening (®√ was to take him to a movie that evening (Ææ’Íéû˝ Ææ’¶- mother and her daughter.
Ææ’¶üµ˛, -Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç -E-†’o ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ BÆæ’- üµ˛†’ ™°æ-LéÀ ®Ω´’tE Åûª-úÕE Ç ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé∞Ïx (See above table )
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 186 èπ◊-¢Á-∞¡-ü∆-´’E Ø√ -Ç-™-îª-†.) Ç™- Öçü¿E îÁ§ƒpúø’) Exercise:
2. Subodh: Put it off to tomorrow. I M. SURESAN
Subodh told Suketh to put it off to the next day and Kavitha, her daughter conver-
have some important work in the added/said that he had some important work in the sation (at the beginning of the lesson) N’í∫û√
evening. (Í®°æöÀéÀ ¢√®·ü∆ -¢Ë-≤Ú\. evening (ü∆Eo ´’®Ω’-Ææ-öÀ-®Ó-Vèπ◊ ¢√®·ü∆ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´’E, ûª†èπ◊ Ç ¶µ«í¬Eo É™« °æöÀdéπ UÆœ, report îËߪ’çúÕ.
(äéπ\ éπ-™«-éπçú˛ É´¤y.؈’ ´’Sx Åúø-í∫†’) ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Ø√èπ◊ ´·êu-¢Á’i-†- °æE ÖçC) ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´·êu-¢Á’i-†-°æE Öçü¿F ÅØ√oúø’) Reported/Indirect Speech ™éÀ ´÷Ja, -Gí∫_®Ωí¬ -v§ƒéÃdÆˇ
Kavitha: That'll be one too many, child. No. Do
-îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.
your home work first. If you eat any
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. Suketh, Subodh ´÷ô-©†’ ´’†ç
more, you will fall ill.
report îËÊÆ-°æ¤púø’ reporting verb, told, said ™«çöÀ
(ÉçéÌéπ\öÀ áèπ◊\¢ÁjØ√ áèπ◊\-¢Áj-†õ‰x. ™‰ü¿’. past forms ¢√ú≈L. Åçü¿’-éπE Suketh, Subodh ©
´·çü¿’ £æ«Ù-¢˛’-´®˝\ îÁ®·u. Éçé¬ Açõ‰, ´÷ô-™xE Present tense verbs is, have ™«çöÀ
äçöÀéÀ -Å-Ø√®Óí∫uç -îËÆæ’hç-C.)
Vinitha: Then give it after I do my homework.
¢√öÀE was, had ™«çöÀ past forms èπ◊ ´÷®√aç.
Å®·ûË ´·êu-¢Á’†i N≠æߪ’ç
(Å®·ûË £æ«Ù-¢˛’-´®˝\ îËÆœ† ûª®√yûª É´¤y.) Direct †’ç* reported èπ◊ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’, Imperative
´’ç* -Å-´÷t®·-N éπü∆!
Kavitha: You are not getting any more for Sentences ™E Verb tenses ´÷vûªç ´÷®Ωaç. -v°æ-¨¡o: Mean while, However, So that, In order to, However– sentence ´’üµ¿u™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø-´îª’a.
today. I'm going to tell dad you are a) Teacher: Ram, show me your home work - By way of °æü∆-©èπ◊ Å®√n©’, ¢√úø’éπ ûÁL-ߪ’-îË- a) The book gives very valuable information.
asking for too many sweets. Direct speech. ߪ’çúÕ. However it is very expensive =
(Ééπ Ñ ®ÓV-éÀç-ûË / Ééπ Ñ®ÓV Æ‘y-ö¸q àç The teacher asked Ram to show – Èé. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-®√´¤, §ÒCL. Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç î√™« N©’-¢Áj† Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÉÆæ’hçC. é¬-F/-
-™‰-´¤. †’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ Æ‘y-ö¸q Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o- her, his home work. Direct speech Å®·ûË üµ¿®Ω î√™« áèπ◊\´.
´E Ø√†oûÓ îÁ-•’-û√-†’çúø’.) ™E 'show' ´’†ç reported speech -ï-¢√-•’: Mean while b) I lent him my book, which, however, he
Vinitha: I will tell dad too that you aren't giving ™ to show -ÅE infinitive í¬ 1) v°æÆæ’h-û√-EéÃ, ¶µºN-≠æuû˝ Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u™ never returned =
me any sweets. ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç. – (Imperative sentence (Ñ ™í¬) ¢√úÕéÀ Ø√ °æ¤Ææhéπç Éî√a†’. é¬E ¢√úø’ ´’Sx Ø√èπ◊
(†’´y-Ææ©’ Æ‘y-ö¸q É´y-ôç -™‰-ü¿E Ø√†oûÓ é¬•öÀd) a) The guests will be here in an hour. Mean- AJ-T-´y-™‰ü¿’.
؈÷ îÁ§ƒh) b) Ram: Come in Shyam and have a seat. while let us prepare a good meal for So that
Kavitha: Come on. Get your books and start Ram told Shyam to come in and have them = So that Åçõ‰ Åçü¿’-éÓÆæç ÅE Å®Ωnç.
doing the home work. You are talking a seat. (Imperative, direct ™E come ÅAü∑¿’©’ í∫çô™ ´îËa-≤ƒh®Ω’. Ñ a) He worked very hard so that he
too much. †’ ´’†ç report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ to come in ™í¬ ´’†ç ´’ç* ¶µï†ç ûªßª÷- might get a rank =

(£æ«Ù-¢˛’-´®˝\ é¬F. °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ ûÁa-èπ◊E ¢Á·ü¿- ÅE infinitive í¬ ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç.- ®Ω’-îËü∆lç. ´’ç* rank ´Ææ’hç-ü¿ØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ
-©’ °ô’d. †’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’- N’í∫û√ types of sentences †’ report b) I will be leaving in 10 min- éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ îªC-¢√úø’.
utes. Meanwhile I want to call b) She started early so that she
Ø√o´¤) îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤úø’, Reporting verb told/ asked might not miss the train =
™« past tense ™ Öçõ‰, report îËÊÆ ´÷ô- my friend =
Vinitha: Please... mom. Let me watch the TV È®j-©’ -ûª°œp-§Úèπÿ-úø-ü¿-ØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ -ûªy®Ωí¬
for some time. I will do the home work ™xE verbs ÅEo Verbs, past tense ™éÀ ؈’ 10 EN’-≥ƒ™x ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o. Ñ™-
•ßª’-™‰l-JçC.
later. ´÷®√aL; éÀçC Nüµ¿çí¬: - í¬ ´÷ -v°∂ç-ú˛éÀ -äéπ≤ƒ-J -§∂Ú-Ø˛ îËߪ÷-©-†’-
a) Inorder to: In order to pass you must study
Direct Reported
èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
(Å´÷t.. Å´÷t... é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ -öÃ-O îª÷-úø-E-¢√y? well = -§ƒÆˇ ÅßË’uç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¶«í¬ îªü¿-¢√L.
Ç ûª®√yûª £æ«Ù-¢˛’-´®˝\ îË≤ƒh†’.) 2) È®çúø’ í∫ûª Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†-© π◊ ´’üµ¿u.. b) In order to qualify for IIT entrance test you
am, is, are was, were a) We agreed to meet the next week. Meanwhile I
Kavitha: OK. Go on then. should pass Inter in the first attempt
was, were had been had to leave for Mumbai on urgent business =
(ÆæÍ®, Å™«Íí é¬E-ß˝’) IIT entrance exam èπ◊ Å®Ω|ûª §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÀ -Éç-ô®˝
1st RDW (come, go etc) Past Doing Word ¢Ë’ç ûª®√yûª ¢√®Ωç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√oç. Éçûª™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ v°æߪ’-ûªoç-™ØË -§ƒÆˇ Å¢√yL.
You must have observed that the conversation
2nd RDW (comes, (came, went etc) (Ç™-í¬)؈’ -Å®Ωçb -ö¸ °æE-O’ü¿ ´·ç¶„j ¢Á∞«x-™Ôq-*açC. Å®·ûË, In order to ¢√úË -v°æ-A -îÓ-ö« to ¢√úÌa. ÉC
between the mother and her daughter has only b) I met him five years later. Meanwhile he had
goes etc) simple, In order to éÌçîÁç §ƒçúÕûªuç. ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈
imperatives (Çïc©’, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷, Åúø-í∫-ö«©’) and got married =
PDW (came, went etc) had + past participle Öçúøôç ´’ç*C. to î√©’. In order to Åéπ\-Í®x-ü¿’.
statements. (äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁLÊ° sentences)
(had come, had gone
Åûª-úÕE ؈’ âüË∞¡x ûª®√yûª éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o. Ñ -™í¬ By way of (Ç ®Ω÷°æç™)
Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç Imperative sentences †÷, etc)
Åûªúø’ °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.- He received Rs.10 lac by way of dowry =
statements †÷ reported speech ™éÀ ´÷Í®a-ô- However
shall should Åûªúø’ éπôoç ®Ω÷°æç™ 10 ©éπ~© ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ -BÆæ’èπ◊-
°æ¤púø’ Reporting Verb, present tense ™ É™« However èπ◊ äéπ Å®Ωnç but (é¬F, Å®·ûË). ≤ƒ´÷- Ø√oúø’.
will would
¢√ú≈ç . †uçí¬ but ûÓ sentence Ç®Ωç-Gµçîªç. Å®·ûË how- b) Drona demanded Ekalavya's thumb by way
can could ever ûÓ sentence Ç®Ωç-Gµç-îª-´îª’a. (´·çü¿’ îÁ°œp†
tell/ tells/ is, am, are telling/ have, has told/ of 'gurudakshina'.
ask/ asks/ is, am, are asking/ have, has may might N≠æ-ߪ÷-EéÀ -Gµ-†oçí¬, ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ àüÁjØ√ N≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒp- vüÓù’úø’ í∫’®Ω’-ü¿-éÀ~-ùí¬ àéπ-©-´¤uúÕ ¶Ôô-†-¢Ë©’ ÅúÕ-í¬úø’.
asked. should Lq-´ÊÆh, Ç N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo however ûÓ îÁ§ƒhç)
É°æ¤púø’ mother and daughter conversation †’ must had to
´’†ç past tense reported verb ûÓ report have to Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ..
(Indirect) speech ™ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. (Åçõ‰ told/ has to
asked/ ordered/ said ™«çöÀ verbs ûÓ) ¢Á·ØÁo- ´÷ö«x-úÕ† ¢√J ´÷ô-™xE verb tenses °j Nüµ¿çí¬ URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
°æ¤púÓ ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æù Ñ¢√∞¡ -J-§Ú®˝d î˨»-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ. ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç.
-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 21 -V-™„j 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Manasa: Hi Lalasa, come in. Have a seat.

2) Reporting verb past tense Å®·ûË (Åçõ‰
(®√, èπÿ®Óa) said/ was, were saying/ told/ was/ were
Lalasa: Thank you. I am dead tired. telling/ ordered/ was, were ordered/ etc
(î√™« Å©-Æœ-§Úߪ÷) Å®·ûË) éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ îª÷°œ-†-ô’xí¬
Manasa: Have some coffee then. It won't take ´’†ç report verbs
îËÆæ’h-†o-¢√∞¡x ´÷ô-™xE
more than a minute for me to make ÅEoç-öÀE past tense forms èπ◊ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç.
it. 3) Imperative sentences report
†’
(Å®·ûË é¬Ææh coffee B≤Ú\. éπ~ù«™x îË≤ƒh) verbs
îËÊÆô°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀ-™E 'to'
´·çü¿’ °öÀd
infinitive îË≤ƒhç. 鬕öÀd OöÀ™x tense
Lalasa: Sure, that'd be most welcome.
Eg: See the table.
´÷®Ω’p v°æÆæ-éÀh-®√ü¿’.
(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈)
Manasa: It's brewing now. Tell me why you É°æ¤púø’ imperative combination ™‰èπ◊çú≈
DIRECT REPORTED SPEECH Íé´©ç statements †’ ´÷vûªç ᙫ report
are so tired.
1. Kanya: Stop talking, 1. a) Kanya is asking (present tense) Sirisha to stop talking.
(coffee Å´¤-ûÓçC. É°æ¤púø’ îÁ°æ¤p, -†’-´¤y you, Sirisha.
îËߪ÷™ îª÷ü∆lç.
b) Kanya asked (past tense) Sirisha to stop talking. Mallesh: Our friends will be here soon. We
áçü¿’-éπ-©-Æœ-§Ú-ߪ÷¢Ó) (Imperative)
(brew = coffee ™«çöÀN îËߪ’ôç. ´’J-TçîË are going to have a jolly time with
2. Kavya: Sravya, I am 2. a) (Present tense reporting verb)
v°ævéÀ-ߪ’†’ brew Åçö«®Ω’) them.
going to town Kavya is telling Sravya that she (Kavya) is going to town
Lalasa: My boss is an evening walker. She with sister and requests Sravya to go with them
(´’† friends éÌCl-ÊÆ-°æöx Ééπ\-úø’ç-ö«®Ω’.
with sister.
wanted me to walk with her to her b) (Reporting verb - Past)
´’†ç é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ í∫úø-§Òa.)
Please come
home for company. Kavya told Sravya that she (Kavya) was going to town jolly= Ææ®Ωü∆.
with us.
(´÷ boss evenings †úø’-Ææ’hçC. ûª†-ûÓ- with sister and requested her to go with them. A jolly fellow= Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ ÖçúË-¢√úø’
§ƒô’ ¢√R}ç-öÀéÀ ††÷o †úø-´-´’çC) 3. Suman: Hi Kiran, take 3. a) (Reporting verb - present) Suman is asking/ asks Kiran Kamesh: I hope they will have their dinner
Manasa: So you walked. How far? the book and to take the book and read the lines underlined on page with us. We can go to a movie after
read the lines 23 and says that he will find what he need. that.
(Åçü¿’-éπE †’´¤y †úÕ-î√´¤. áçûª-ü¿÷®Ωç?) underlined on
Lalasa: Oh, my! It is nearly four kilometers. b) (Reporting verb - Past) (¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’†ûÓ ¶µï†ç îË≤ƒh-®ΩE ÇP-Ææ’h-
page 23. You
On the Suman asked Kiran to take the book and read the lines Ø√o†’. Ç ûª®√yûª ´’†ç ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞Ô}a.)
(Ŷs, Ø√©’í∫’ éÀ™-O’-ô®Ω’x). will find what
way back I dropped in here. underlined on page 23 and said that he would find what Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ùçû√ statements (äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo
(AJT you need.
´îËaô°æ¤púø’ Ééπ\úø Çí¬†’) he needed. ûÁLÊ° sentences) éπü∆.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 187 That'd be most welcome

Manasa: Don't regret. You have had a good §ÚLa îª÷úøçúÕ. Reporting verb present tense ™ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’,
exercise È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ statements †’ éπL°œ report
reported part ™ verb tenses ´÷®Ωü¿’. ÅüË reporting verb past
exercise
îËߪ÷Lq ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’, äéπ statement èπÿ ÉçéÓ
(*çAç-îª-èπ◊™‰, ÅüÓ ´’ç* ) tense ™ Öçõ‰, reported part verb tenses ÅFo past statement èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u and that °úøû√ç. Table ™
Lalasa: Try it yourself now. You will then Å®·-§Ú-û√®·. É™« Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. È®çúø’ statements
know what it means to walk four
É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îª÷ÆœçC reported part (äéπ®Ω’ ûª´’ ´÷ô™x Éûª-®Ω’©’ éπçõ„ áèπ◊\-´¤-†o-°æ¤púø’ ´‚úÓ statements èπ◊, he/
kms.
îÁ°œpçC report îËߪ’ôç) imperative sentences, and statements. she etc, added/ said further Åçö«ç. É°æ¤púø’
(†’´¤y †úÕ* îª÷úø’. Å°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC É°æ¤púø’ at the beginning of the lesson conversation report îËü∆lç. M. SURESAN Mallesh, Kamesh conversation report îËü∆lç.
Ø√©’í∫’ éÀ™ -O’-ô®Ω’x †úø-´ôç Åçõ‰ Reported verb, past tense ¢√úøü∆ç.
àN’ö?) DIRECT INDIRECT Mallesh told Kamesh that their friends
Manasa: Don't be angry. I said it just for fun. would be there soon and that they were
Reporting verb present tense Reporting verb past tense
Here's the coffee. Have it and relax. going to have a jolly time with them.
1. Manasa: Lalasa, 1. Manasa asks Lalasa to 1. Manasa asked Lalasa ...
(éÓ°æp-úøèπ◊, ØËØËüÓ ûª´÷-≥ƒ-éπ-Ø√o-†’™‰. Kamesh said that he hoped they would
come in, have a come in and have a seat (No change, because the report-
ÉCíÓ é¬°∂‘. û√T é¬Ææh Nv¨»çA BÆæ’éÓ) have their dinner with them and that they
seat. 2. Lalasa thanks Manasa and ed part is imperative)
Lalasa: Thank you. You make very good could all go to a movie after that. °j†
2. Lalasa: Thank you. says that she is dead tired 2. Lalasa thanked Manasa and said
coffee. Mallesh, Kamesh
îª÷¨»-®Ω’ -éπü∆: ņo È®çúø’
I'm dead tired. 3. Manasa asks (offers) that she was dead tired. statements and that
†’ ûÓ éπL§ƒç.
(Thank you. †’´¤y 鬰∂‘ î√™« ¶«í¬ Lalasa some coffee and
3. Manasa: Take, 3. Manasa asked (offered) Lalasa to Another point:
îË≤ƒh´¤) some coffee. It won't adds (says) that it won't take some coffee and added
Kamesh: I hope they will have their dinner
Manasa: Choose good coffee powder. Have take more than a take more than a minute to (said) that it wouldn't take more
with us -
fresh milk about. That's the recipe minute to make it. make it. than a minute to make it.
DEE report îËߪ÷Lq-†-°æ¤púø’,
for good coffee. 4. Lalasa: Sure, that's 4. Lalasa assures Manasa 4. Lalasa assured Manasa that it
Kamesh said that he hoped ÅØ√oç éπü∆. -É-™«
(´’ç* coffee §ÒúÕ áç°œéπ îËÆæ’éÓ. û√ñ« most welcome. that it is most welcome was most welcome
§ƒ©’ ûÁaéÓ. ´’ç* coffee éÀ ÅC Ææ÷vûªv°æé¬-®Ωçí¬ ÅØË •ü¿’©’,
5. Manasa: It's brew- (Oh, sure! direct speech ™ Öçõ‰ ÅC Kamesh hoped that Å-†-´îª’a. ÉC simpler,
Ææ÷vûªç.) ing now. Tell me why report assures/ assured
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ Åçö«ç) natural.
recipe ȮƜ° = ´çô-é¬-EéÀ Ææ÷vûªç you are so tired. 5. Manasa tells Lalasa that it is 5. Manasa told Lalasa that it was
É°æ¤púø’ more than two statements ᙫ
Lalasa: Thanks once again. 6. Lalasa: My boss is brewing and asks Lalasa to brewing and asked Lalasa to tell
report îÁ-ߪ’-u-´îÓa îª÷ü∆lç:
lesson an evening walker. tell her why she is so tired her why she was so tired.
éÀçü¿öÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC, Suresh: Hi Manish, I am happy that I final-
She wanted me to 6. Lalasa tells Manasa that her 6. Lalasa told Manasa that her boss
imperative (Çïc©’, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷, Åúø-í∫-ö«©’ ly got the book. I searched the
walk with her to her boss is an evening walker and was an evening walker and that
ûÁLÊ°) sentences statements
†’, (äéπ whole of the market finally I found
home for company. that she wanted her to walk with she had wanted her to walk with
N≠æߪ’ç ûÁLÊ° sentences) report
†’ it in a small shop. This was the
her to her home for company. her to home for company.
îËߪ’ôç. only copy available.
´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o ÉçéÌEo ´·êu N≠æ-ߪ÷©’: °j table ¶«í¬ study îËÆœ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. ÉçéÓ í∫´’-Eéπ: to come, to go, to see- É™«çöÀ Ééπ\úø four statements Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
1) Report îËÆæ’h-†o-°æ¤púø’ says/ am, is, are ¢√öÀE infinitives Åçö«ç. Infinitives †’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ infinitives í¬ØË Öçû√ç. OöÀE report (Indirect speech) îËü∆lç. past
saying/ has/ have said, tells/ is telling/ ¢√öÀéÀ tense Öçúøü¿’. 鬕öÀd tense ´÷®Ωaôç Öçúøü¿’. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç Imperative sen- tense, reported verb Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tü∆lç.
are telling/ have told/ has told/ ask etc tences †÷, statements †÷ report îËߪ’ôç (Indirect speech ™éÀ ´÷®Ωaôç) îª÷¨»ç. Suresh told Manish that he was happy that he
™«çöÀ present tense reported verbs †’ a) Imperative sentences report îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ, ¢√öÀ-™ xE verbs ´·çü¿’ to °öÀd ¢√öÀE infini- had finally got the book, and that he had
¢√úÕ†°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç report îËÆæ’h-†o-¢√∞¡x tives í¬ report îË≤ƒhç. Don't ÅE Öçõ‰, not + infinitive îË≤ƒhç. searched the whole of the market. He added
´÷ô™xE verbs tenses ´÷®√a-Lq† °æE- b) Statements †’ report îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊, report îËÊÆ part †’ that ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. OöÀ í∫’Jç* that finally he had found it in a small shop and
™‰ü¿’. that that was the only copy available.
ÉC-´-®Ω™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 23 -V-™„j 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Bhavan: I called your home twice last evening, You see that there are a number of questions
but there wasn't any response. in the conversation. Bhavan puts a number of
(؈’ E†o ≤ƒßª’çvûªç O’ ÉçöÀéÀ questions to Mohan.
È®çúø’-≤ƒ®Ω’x Phone î˨»†’, é¬E á´®Ω÷ We are now going to see how to report ques-
Bߪ’-™‰ü¿’) tions. (Questions indirect speech
†’ ™éÀ ᙫ
Mohan: We were all out at the exhibition. ´÷®√a™ Ñ lesson ™ îª÷ü∆lç):
(¢Ë’´’çû√ exhibition èπ◊ ¢Á∞«}ç) You know there are two types of questions:
Bhavan: I called you to know the details of the 1) 'Wh' questions - questions beginning with
match. When is the match? 'Wh' words what, when, where, why, who,
(
´÷uî˝ N´-®√© éÓÆæç §∂ÚØ˛ î˨»†’. á°æ¤pú≈ whom, whose and how. beginOöÀûÓ ÅßË’u
´÷uî˝?) questions †’ 'Wh' questions Åçö«ç. Direct speech ™ Ö†o questions report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, éÌEo ´÷®Ω’p©’ èπÿú≈ îËߪ÷L
eg: What is your name? (do, does and didN≠æ-ߪ’ç™). See the table.
Mohan: There are two matches. What match
are you talking of? Where is he?
DIRECT REPORTED SPEECH
(È®çúø’ matches ÖØ√o®·. à ´÷uî˝ 2) Non 'Wh' questions: 'Wh' words ûÓ Reporting verb present tense Reporting verb past tense
í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢˛?) v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç-é¬E questions.
Bhavan: Which of the two is this weekend? eg: a) Is he your friend? 1. Do + 1st Regular Doing Come, know, take etc. Came, knew, took etc.
(Ñ ¢√®√çûªç™ ÖçúËC à ´÷uî˝?) b) Are you happy? etc. Word: do come, do know, (I RDW) (Past Doing Word)
Mohan: It's the match with the team of 'The Ñ≤ƒJ ´’†ç 'Wh' questions †’ ᙫ report do take etc.
Nedu' group of publications. îËߪ÷™ (indirect speech ™éÀ ´÷®√a™) îª÷ü∆lç: 2. Does + 1st Regular Doing comes, knows, takes, etc came, knew, took, etc.
(Å®·ûË ÅC 'ØËúø’— v°æ-®Ω-ù© team ûÓ) Word: does come, does (II Regular Doing Word)
Bhavan: Where are we going to play the know, does take, etc
match? 3. Did + 1st Regular Doing had come, had known, had
came, knew, took, etc.
match Word: did come, did know, taken, etc.
(Ñ áéπ\úø Çúø-¶-ûª’Ø√oç?)
Mohan: At the stadium grounds.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 188 did take, etc. (had + past participle)
(ÊÆdúÕߪ’ç víıçú˛q™)

Are you happy?

Bhavan: Who are our bowlers?
(´’† bowlers á´®Ω’?)
Mohan: I don't have the list.
(Ç ñ«Gû√ Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω ™‰ü¿’)
Bhavan: Then who is the list with?
(Å®·ûË Ç list á´J ü¿í∫_-®Ω’çC?) Direct speech ™ Ö†o Ñ ´÷®Ω’p©’ îËߪ’ôç î√™« ´·êuç. É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç Bhavan, Mohan conversation report îËü∆l´÷?
Mohan: It is with our captain Arya and the question †’ report Åçü¿’™ 'Wh' questions, statements éπLÆœ ÖØ√o-®·-éπü∆? Direct speech ™E questions, reported
coach Guruprasad. îËÊÆô-°æ¤púø’ ü∆Eo state- speech ™ statements í¬ ´÷®Ω-û√-ߪ’E í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ (Åçõ‰ sub + verb word order Å´¤-ûª’çC).
(´’† captain Arya ü¿í∫_®Ω, coach ment structure (sub +
ü¿í∫_®Ω REPORTED
ÖØ√o®·) verb) èπ◊ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç. DIRECT SPEECH
Question Reporting verb (present) Reporting verb (past)
Bhavan: I want to see it. í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆:
verb
™ á°æ¤púø÷ ´·çü¿÷
(؈’ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) M. SURESAN 1. Bhavan (to Mohan) I called Bhavan tells Mohan that he Bhavan told Mohan that he
ü∆E ûª®√yûª subject
Mohan: Why do you want to see it? your home twice last called his home twice the day had called his home twice
helping verb main verb
´Ææ’hç-C-. -™‰-ü∆ , -© ´’üµ¿u
(áçü¿’èπ◊ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) evening, but there wasn't before but there wasn't any the day before but there had-
subject ´Ææ’hçC.
Bhavan: I want to be sure that Manoj is on the any response. (Statement) response. n't been any response.
1) Where is he? [Where + is (verb) + he
team. 2. Mohan (to Bhavan): We Mohan tells Bhavan that they Mohan told Bhavan that they
(subject)?]
(´’ØÓñ¸ ÖØ√oú≈ ™‰ü∆ ÅE E®Ωl¥-Jç- were all out at the exhibition. were all out at the exhibition. had been all out at the exhi-
2) What is he doing? [What + is (helping verb)
-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊.) (Statement) bition.
+ he (subject) + doing (main verb)]
Mohan: Don't worry. He is on the team. 3. Bhavan (to Mohan): I called Bhavan says he called Mohan Bhavan said he had called
É°æ¤púø’ É™«çöÀ questions †’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’
(ÖØ√oúø’. ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊) 'Wh' word ûª®√yûª statement word order èπ◊ you to know the details of to know the details of the Mohan to know the details of
Bhavan: OK. ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç. Åçõ‰ verb + subject/ helping verb the match. When is the match and asks him when the the match and asked him
´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊, imperative sentences †÷, + subject + main verb order †’, sub + verb Match? (Statement + 'Wh' match is. when the match was.
statements †÷ ᙫ report îËߪ÷™ (indirect í¬ ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç. question)
speech ™ îÁ§ƒp™) îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Kesav: Where is Shyam? 4. Mohan (to Bhavan): There Mohan says to Bhavan that Mohan told Bhavan that
a) Imperative sentences (Çïc©÷, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷, Karuna: I do not know are two matches. Which there are two matches and there were two matches and
Åúø-í∫ôç ûÁLÊ° sentences) Let us report the conversation above: match are you talking of? asks him which match he is asked him which match he
eg: i) Get out (order) (Statement + 'Wh' question) talking of. was talking of.
ii) Please come in (request) Reporting verb Reporting verb
5. Bhavan (to Mohan): Which Bhavan asks Mohan which of Bhavan asked Mohan which
iii) Sit down (asking) present tense past tense
of the two is this weekend? the two is this weekend? of the two was that weekend.
É™«çöÀ sentences (imperative) †’ report îËÊÆ- Kesav asks/ is Kesav asked ('Wh' question)
ô-°æ¤púø’ Ñ verbs ´·çü¿’ to °öÀd infinitives í¬ asking Karuna Karuna where
6. Mohan (to Bhavan): It is with Mohan tells Bhavan that it is Mohan told Bhavan that it
´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç. where Shyam is. Shyam was.
the team of 'Nedu' group of with the Nedu group of was with the Nedu group of
b) Statements (äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo -ûÁ-LÊ° sen- í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: publications (Statement) Publications. publications.
tences) Direct speech Ééπ\úø reporting
Where is verb past 7. Bhavan (to Mohan): Where Bhavan asks Mohan where Bhavan asked Mohan where
i) He attends classes regularly ™E 鬕öÀd,
Shyam, report where Shyam is are we going to play the they are going to play the they were going to play the
ii) They do not come here often
where where match? ('Wh' question) match. match.
iii) I had a tiresome journey îËÊÆô°æ¤púø’, •ü¿’©’
Shyam is Shyam was
Statements report Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x 'that' ûÓ í¬
v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç* N’í∫û√ ´÷®Ω’p©’ îË≤ƒhç. ´÷®Ω’-ûª’ç-C. Åçö«ç. °j† í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆ Statements, 'Wh' questions †’ éπL°œ ᙫ report îËߪ÷™, Íé´©ç 'Wh'
Karuna replies questions †’ ᙫ report îËߪ÷™. Questions ÅEoç-öÀE reported speech ™ statement word
É´Fo -É-C-´®Ωéπ-öÀ lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç. Karuna replied
that she does not order
that she did not
èπ◊ ´÷®Ωaúøç èπÿú≈ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Now observe the conversation between
know know. Exercise: Conversation at the beginning of this lesson N’í∫û√ ¶µ«í¬Eo °j† îª÷°œç-*-†ô’x,
Bhavan and Mohan at the beginning of
this lesson. (ÉC statement) reporting verb, present tense, past tense È®çúÕç-öÀ™  report îËߪ’çúÕ.-

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

÷ªÙÞœüŒî¦ô¢Ù 25 -Vöµj 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë -2
ú£ÙòÅ°ù£éö˺x ÍFo ÷ªìÙ ÷«æ°xè¶ ÷«åö¶ Íô³ ÑÙè¯Lqì Í÷ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª. Ó÷ôÁ
àµí‡pì ÷«åLo ÚÛ«è¯, î¦üŒ‰x àµí‡pìåªxÞ¥ ÷«Ja àµð§pLq ÷ú£ªhÙC. Ð ·ôÙè[ª
ú£Ùë]ô¦sÄö˺xì« ·ôÙè[ª í£ë]lÄ꟪Lo Ñí£óµ«Tþ§hÙ. ÖÚÛæ¨ ví£êŸu¤ÛÙÞ¥ ൛ípC, ÏÙÚÁæ¨
í£ôÁ¤ÛÙö˺ íÆ£ö°û¦ ÷uÚ¨h íÆ£ö°û¦ ÷«åõû¦oè[E ൛ípC. ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£éö˺ þ»Þœú£ª
Ú¥î¦õÙç¶ Ð ÍÙø‹Eo ò°Þ¥ û¶ô¢ªaÚÁî¦L. î¦Ú¥uEo ÖÚÛ í£ë]lÄA ìªÙ# ÷ªôÁ í£ë]lÄAö˺ڨ
÷«ô¢aè¯EÚ¨ î¦uÚÛô¢éÙ ú£«vê¦õìª E¸ôlPÙ#ÙC.

Where (wh word) + is (helping verb) + he

(subject) + going (main verb)?
Questions (a), (b)õìª report ඛú-å-í£±pè[ª NªÞœê¦
ÎóŸªì ÓÙêŸ Bú£ªÚÛªÙæ°ô¢ª?
Visala: Where are you (NvÚÛîª ÷ªìLo õÙàÂÚ¨ í‡Là¦è[ª. í£CÙ-
÷«ô¢ªpõª à¶ú£«h question ö˺E wh word ìª Íö°
ÑÙà¶ú‡, NªÞœê¦ question part ìª statement
word order (verb + subject) ö˺ڨ ÷«¸ôa-óŸ«L.
ÏÚÛ\è[ 'that' ô¦ë]ª.
starting off so early? æ¨ÚÛö°x ÷ªìÙ ñóŸª-ö¶l-ô¦L.) ç¶ñªöËÀ – 1 àŸ«è[Ùè….
(ÓÚÛ\è…Ú¨ ÍÙêŸ ê•Ùë]- Vinod: OK. I'll be back in time. Î ·ôÙè[ª ú£ÙòÅ°-ù£-éö˺x
ô¢Þ¥ ñóŸª-õª-ë¶-ô¢ª-꟪- (ú£·ôjì ú£÷ª-óŸ«-E¸Ú AJ-Þ•-þ§hö¶.) ÚÛ«è¯ Question word
û¦o÷±?) Study carefully the conversation above. order ìª report ඛú-å-
Vinod: To our maths lec- í£±pè[ª Wh word šíæ¨d
You find a number of 'wh' questions in it.
turer's.
Ú¨Ùë]æ¨ lesson ö˺ ÷ªìÙ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªÙC: NªÞœê¦ Part ìª state-
ment word order ö˺ڨ
(÷« ÷«uëÇÂq öµÚÛa-ô¢ô ÏÙæ¨Ú¨.)
To our maths lecturer's ÷«¸ôa-óŸªè[Ù Þœ÷ª-EÙ-àŸÙè….
– Ïö° lecturer's ö˺ö°Þ¥ M. SURESAN Let us now try to
's î¦è…ê¶ 'to' ÷³Ùë]ô¢ report the conversation
ÑÙ# – î¦RxÙ-æ¨Ú¨ Íû¶ Íô¢nÙ ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 189 between Visala and Vinod at the beginning of
the lesson. Note that we have to report both
÷ú£ªhÙC.
To my friend's = ÷« 'wh' questions ìª report à¶óŸªè[Ù, (indirect
friend ÏÙæ¨Ú¨
Which maths lecturer do you want to go to? statements and 'wh' Question (table -2).
speech ö˺ڨ ÷«ô¢aè[Ù) ÷ªìÙ àŸ«ú‡ÙC 'wh' ç¶ñªöËÀ –2ö˺ àŸ«ø‹ô¢ª ÚÛ믖 Question structure
Visala: What do you want questions ìª Jð¼ôÂd ඛú-å-í£±pè[ª question ìª
from him?
(÷« ›úo-꟪ö˺x à¦ö°÷ªÙC ÎóŸªì ë]Þœ_-ô¢¸Ú ìª statement structure Þ¥ ÷«ô¢aåÙ Óö°ÞÁ.
statement form ö˺ڨ ÷«¸ôaþ§hÙ.
îµüŒê¦ô¢ª, ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛE û¶ìª ÚÛ«è¯ ÍÚÛ\è…¸Ú îµüŒ‰- Exercise: Ð Lesson ö˺E NªÞœê¦ conversa-
(ÎóŸªì ë]Þœ_ô¢ ìªÙ# ÔÙ Ú¥î¦-L?/-ÓÙ- Question:
꟪û¦o.) tion between Visala and Vinod ìª report
ë]ªÚÛª?) Visala: How much does he charge? a) Where is he?
Vinod: I want to have tuition from him. à¶óŸªÙè…– Reporting verb, present tense, past
(ÎóŸªì ÓÙêŸ Bú£ª-ÚÛªÙ-æ°ô¢ª?) Ð question ö˺ word order (÷«åõ Í÷ª-JÚÛ) tense ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯. Oªô¢ª practice à¶óŸªåÙ ÍÙç¶
(ÎóŸªì ë]Þœ_ô¢ û¶ìª å«uù£ûËÂÚÛª à¶ô¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ- Vinod: I have to find out. That's what I am Where (wh word) + is (verb)+ he (subject)
ô¦óŸªåÙ ÷«vêŸî¶ª Ú¥ë]ª. Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ÙC, Oª friends
going for. b) Where is he going?
åªû¦o.)
Visala: Which maths lecturer do you want to Ó÷-J-êÁ-ûµjû¦ GÞœ_-ô¢Þ¥ ·ôÙè[ª ÷´è[ª þ§ô¢ªx ÷«÷´-
go to?
(û¶ìª ÚÛìª-ÚÁ\-î¦L. ÍÙë]ª-ÚÛû¶ Ïí£±pè[ª îµüŒ‰- Ð question word order: õªÞ¥ ÷«æ°x-è[ª-꟪-ìoåªx practice à¶óŸªÙè….
꟪û¦o.)
Visala: When do you think you can come
(Ô ÷«uëÇÂq öµÚÛa-ô¢ô ë]Þœ_ô¢ÚÛª îµü‹xõ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-
Reporting Speech
û¦o÷±?)
Vinod: Mr. Ganak. He is the best in the town.
back? 2 Direct Speech
Reporting Verb (Present) Reporting Verb (Past)
(Óí£±pè[ª AJT ô¦Þœ-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±?)
Vinod: Why do you want to know?
(ÞœéÚ þ§ôÂ. ÒüÉÁx ÎóŸªû¶ Þ•í£p-î¦è[ª.) 1. Visala: (to Vinod) Where are you Visala asks Vinod where Visala asked Vinod where
Visala: Who suggested him to you?
(ìªîµyÙ-ë]ªÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±?) starting off so early? he is starting off so early. he was starting off so
(ÎóŸªì ÞœªJÙ# F·Ú-÷ô¢ª àµð§pô¢ª?) early.
Vinod: Most of my friends go to him, so I am Visala: Vikram has invited us to lunch. We
have to start here at least by 10. Vinod: To our maths lecturer's Vinod replies that it is to Vinod replied that it was to
going to him too.
their maths lecturer's. their maths lecturer's.
Reporting Speech
1 Direct Speech
Reporting Verb (Present) Reporting Verb (Past)
2. Visala: What do you want from Visala asks Vinod what he Visala asked Vinod what
him? wants from him. he wanted from him.
1. Krishna: Where is your father? Krishna is asking/ asks Krishna asked Sathya Vinod: I want to have tuition from Vinod tells her he wants to Vinod told her he wanted
(Oª û¦ìo-Þ¥-·ô-ÚÛ\è[?) Sathya where her father where her father was. him. have tuition from him. to have his tuition from
is. him.
Sathya: Why do you want to know? 3. Visala: Which maths lecturer do Visala asks Vinod which Visala asked Vinod which
Sathya asks in reply why Sathya asked in reply why
you want to go to. maths lecturer he wants to maths lecturer he wanted
(ÓÙë]ªÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-î¦-õ-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åª-û¦o÷±?) he wants to know. he wanted to know.
go to. to go to.
2. Madhavi: What are your goals? Madhavi asks Prasanth Madhavi asked Prasanth Vinod: Mr. Ganak. He is the best in Vinod says/ replies that he Vinod replied that he want-
what his goals are. what his goals were. the town. wants to go Mr. Ganak ed to go to Mr. Ganak (and
Prasanth: What do you advise? Prasanth questions her Prasanth questioned her (and adds that) he is the added that) he is the best
what she advises. what she advised. best in the town. in the town.

1. They have been

ví£øŒo: áî¦ñª: 1. They have been able to keep their (ôÁè[xFo êŸè…Þ¥ Ñû¦oô³. ô¦vA ÷ô¢{Ù ÚÛªJú‡ ÑÙè¯L– b) The money stolen from the bank.
able to keep their promise = They have kept their promise. ÚÛªJ-ú‡ÙC). (ò°uÙÚ ìªÙ# ë•ÙT-LÙ-àŸñè…ì è[ñªs.)
promise (î¦üŒ‰x êŸ÷ª ÷«åìª Eõ-òµ-åªd-ÚÁ-Þœ-L-Þ¥ô¢ª– Eõ-òµ-åªd-ÚÛª- ví£øŒo: 1. Gup Íô¢nÙ ÔNªæ˺ N÷-JÙ#, ë¯EE Ô Past participle, verb Ú¥ë]ª. Be form (am, is,
Structure: have been û¦oô¢ª) NëÅ]ÙÞ¥ Ñí£-óµ«-T-þ§hôÁ êµL-óŸª-â¶-óŸªÙè…. are, was, shall be, have been, etc.,) + Past
above to + P.V. 2. He might have been able to do the job = 2. Past participle (V3) N÷-JÙ#, Ñë¯--ô¢- participle Íô³ê¶ verb Í÷±-꟪ÙC. Íí£±pè[ª verb,
Perhaps (ñø‹)he did the job/ did not do the passive voice.
2. He might have been
éõª êµLóŸª-â¶-óŸªÙè….
job. a) Salaries were paid yesterday.
able to do the job
– þ§ï‡°B Në¯u-÷ªÙ-CôÂ, íÆ£ê¶hí£±ô¢Ù
structure: might have (ÍêŸè[ª Îí£E à¶óŸª-ÞœLT ÑÙè[÷àŸªa, ÞœêŸÙö˺ à¶ú‡ áî¦ñª: 1. Gup Íû¶ ÷«å û¦ÚÛª êµL-ú‡-ìÙ-êŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛ« (@ê¦õª Eìo Ï÷y-ñ-è¯fô³/ àµLxÙ-àŸ-ñ-è¯fô³.)
ö¶ë]ª. Guppy Íû¶C ÖÚÛ ô¢ÚÛ-iì à¶í£. b) The college will be closed from tomorrow
been able to + P.V. ÑÙè[÷àŸªa ö¶ë¯ à¶óŸª-ÚÛ-ð¼ô³ ÑÙè[÷àŸªa ÚÛ«è¯.)
3. She must have been able to persuade him 2. Past participle: Object Ñìo Verb Past par- onwards.
3. She must have been
to marry her. ticiple ÚÛª ‘ñè…ì’ ÍE Íô¢nÙ ÷ú£ªhÙC. (Ú¥ö¶@ ¸ôí£æ¨ ìªÙ# ÷´óŸª-ñ-è[ª-꟪ÙC.)
able to persuade him to Past participle ìª adjective Þ¥ î¦è[ê¦Ù. ÍÙç¶
(êŸììª šíRx-à¶-ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷ªE Î ÍêŸ-è…Ú¨ ìàŸa-âµí‡p a) The man seen here yesterday.
marry her. ë¶ûµj¬oû¦ ÷JgÙ-àŸ-è¯-EÚ¨ î¦è[ê¦Ù.
ÑÙè¯L– ÍÙë]ª¸Ú ÍêŸè¯îµªìª šíRx à¶ú£ª-ÚÛª-û¦oè[ª) (Eìo ÏÚÛ\ àŸ«è[-ñ-è…ì ÷uÚ¨h – ú£·ôjì êµõª-Þœªö˺
structure: must have been able to + P.V. šíj a) The murdered man was related to her.
Compare: The roads are
Eìo ÏÚÛ\è[ Oªô¢ª/ Ù/ î¦üŒ‰x àŸ«ú‡ì ÷uÚ¨h.)
î¦Ú¥uõ í£²Jh Íô¦nEo, Ñí£-óµ«-Þ¥Eo N÷-JÙ-àŸ-Þœ-õô¢ª. (àŸÙí£ñè…ì ÷uÚ¨h ÎÚÛª àŸªådÙ.)
wet. It must have rained Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...
– ÓúÃ. -ìª-DlûËÂ, ÚÛô¢«oõª b) The ruined fort = PCÇ-õ-iì ÚÁå
during the night.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 27 -V-™„j 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Arjun: Hi Nakul, well-met. How busy are you

this evening?
´’†ç Éçûª´®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC: 'Wh' questions
†’ J§Ú®˝d îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, 'Wh' ûÓ begin îËÆœ, ü∆E
(£æ…ß˝’ †èπ◊™¸, éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ ûª®√yûª ´îËa Vb + Sub/ HV + sub + MV order
-ÖçC. Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç †’-¢Ëy-¢Á’i-Ø√ busy Ø√?) †’ Sub + Verb order í¬ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç. Eg:
Well met - Ñ expression conversations ™
a) Arjun (to Nakul): How busy are you this
practice îËߪ’çúÕ– éπ©-®·éπ ÆæçûÓ≠æç ÅØË
evening?
Å®ΩnçûÓ. How busy - ÉC èπÿú≈ Practice DEo report îËߪ’ôç:
îËߪ’çúÕ. i) Arjun is asking/ asks Nakul how busy he
Nakul: Why are you asking?
is this evening. (Reporting verb - Present
(áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) tense)
Arjun: I want to take you to a movie. Feel like it? Arjun: How about 'Sarkar Mogudu - Seema
ii) Arjun asked Nakul how busy Nakul was (éπ*a-ûªçí¬ É≠æd¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ¶«©-´·-®ΩR
(ÆœE´÷èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡-ü∆-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. ®√¢√-©-†’çü∆?) that evening (Reporting verb - Past Pellam'?
feel like - ÅE-°œç-îªúøç
ÆæçUûªç Éçé¬Ææh NØ√L ؈’)
tense) Report: Arjun suggested 'Sarkar Mogudu -
Preethi: Will you wait for some time then?
Nakul: (It) depends on the movie you take ÉC ´’†èπ◊ ûÁL-Æœ† N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Ë’-éπü∆? ´’Sx ÉçéÓ Seema Pellam'
me to conversation at the beginning of the
(Å®·ûË é¬Ææh Çí∫’-û√¢√?)
(ÆœE´÷†’ •öÀd îÁ§ƒh) sample îª÷ü∆lç. N’í∫û√ Sruthi: Have you to search for it?
Arjun: How about 'Sarkar Mogudu - Seema b) Nakul (to Arjun): Why are you asking? lesson exercise practice
í¬ îËߪ’çúÕ.
Pellam'? Now look at the conversation below.
(ÅC ¢Áü¿-鬙« †’´¤y)
Reported speech: Preethi: Yes.
('Ææ®√\®Ω’ ¢Á·í∫’úø’ – Æ‘´’ °∞«}ç—èπ◊ i) Nakul asks Arjun why he is asking. Preethi: Hi Sruthi, do you fancy classical music?
¢Á∞«l´÷?) Sruthi: Go ahead then. Can I have today's
ii) Nakul asked Arjun why he was asking. (¨»Æ‘Yߪ’ ÆæçU-ûª-¢Ë’-´’Ø√o Nçö«¢√?) paper in the mean time?
report (a) & (b) questions fancy = É≠ædç
É°æ¤púø’ °j† îËÆœ† paper
Å®·ûË é¬F. Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Ñ®ÓV
†’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, Sruthi: Why? Are you going to play any?
É´¤y.
Arjun is asking/ asks Nakul (Present (àç, †’¢Ëy-´’Ø√o NE-°œç-îª-¶ûª’Ø√o¢√?) O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’ There are many
tense), Arjun asked Nakul (Past tense) Play - Two in one O’ü¿-í¬F, CD O’ü¿-í¬F
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 190 ™ questions in the conversation above.
begin î˨»ç éπü∆. NE-°œç-îªôç. There are all non 'Wh' questions.
Éçûª´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç 'Wh' questions report

Are you going to play any?

îËߪ’ôç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. É°æ¤púø’Non 'Wh'
questions report îËߪ’ôç ᙫíÓ îª÷ü∆lç.
í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆: 'Wh' questions Åçõ‰, What,
which, when, where, etc. ™«çöÀ 'Wh' ûÓ
questions.
¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u ´÷ô©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’ßË’u
Non 'Wh' questions Åçõ‰ ÅN™‰E v°æ¨¡o©’.
Nakul: How good is it? Sankar: Are you interested in cricket?
(áçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ü¿C?)
´’†ç practice îËÆæ’h- Preethi: Do you like to listen to some of MS
Arjun: Why haven't you seen the posters? Sarala: Don't you know?
†oC Spoken English Subbulakshmi's?
(It's) seventy five days gone. É°æ¤púø’ É™«çöÀ Non Wh questions report
(MS Subbulakshmi ÆæçUûªç à´’Ø√o
(Posters áçü¿’èπ◊ îª÷∞Ï}ü¿’? É°æp-öÀéÀ 75 鬕öÀd, É™« ´÷öÀ-´÷- îËߪ’ôç (Indirect Speech ™ îÁ°æpôç) ᙫ?
öÀéà reporting verbs Nçö«¢√?)
1. Reporting Verb, is asking/ asks/ is ques-
®ÓV-™„jçC) tell, ask, question Sruthi: Have you any of Balamuralikrishna's
Nakul: OK. But what's the occasion for your tioning/ questions/ asked if
ûª®√yûª ûÓ é¬F,
etc. bookish latest CDs?
taking me to the movie?
ÅE í¬ Whether Sankar is ask-
ûÓ é¬F v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç.
( Ñ´’üµ¿u ´*a† ¶«©-´·-®Ω-S-éπ%≠æg ÆæçUûªç
¢√úË •ü¿’©’ ¢√öÀ ing Sarala if/ whether...
(ÅC-ÆæÍ®. ††’o à Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç™ ÆœE-´÷èπ◊ ≤ƒn†ç-™ ØË variety M. SURESAN CDs ÖØ√oߪ÷?)
2. Ç ûª®√yûª questions word order (verb + sub-
BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?) éÓÆæç wants to know/ wanted to know/ Preethi: Don't you like MS? (MS FéÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü∆?) ject/ helping verb + sub + main verb) †’
Arjun: O Nakul, why do you forget things so wished to know ÅE èπÿú≈ ¢√úÕûË Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Sruthi: Of course I do, I have listened to
statement order (sub + verb) í¬ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç.
early? I've got admission in Sanketic plenty of hers. I have yet to hear
Öçô’çC. N’í∫û√ ´÷®Ω’p©’ èπÿú≈ îË≤ƒhç.See table.
college of Engineering, one of the best Åçõ‰, tell, ask, question ņôç ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’. some of Balamurali's
in the state. Correct. é¬F É™« wish to know/ wishes to
(àçôçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ ´’Ja-§Ú-û√´¤ †’´¤y? know/ would know/ wants to know É™«ç-öÀN DIRECT REPORT
®√≠æZç™ íÌ°æp-¢√-öÀ™x äéπõ„j† ≤ƒçÍé-Aé˙ Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úÕûË variety í¬ØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Reporting verb - present Reporting verb - past
Engineering college ™ Ø√èπ◊ seat Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. Sankar (to sarala): Sankar asks Sarala if/ whether Sankar asked Sarala if/ whether
´*açC) See table 1: É™« report îËߪ’ôç î√™« simple Are you interested in she is interested in cricket she was interested in cricket
Nakul: Oh, sorry I forgot it. I will make it. Don't í¬ èπÿú≈ ÅE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. O’JC áçûª ¶«í¬ prac- cricket?
worry tice îËÊÆh Åçûª Ææ’©’-´-´¤-ûª’çC.
Sarala: Sarala asks Sankar in return if Sarala asked Sankar in return if/
(´’®Ω-*-§Ú-®·-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o†’®√. Nakul: (It) depends on the movie you take me
Don't you know? / whether he doesn't know whether he did not know
ûª°æpéπ ´≤ƒh†’. ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊) to.
´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ Imperatives, statements, Report: i) Nakul said it depended on the Look at the following. We are going to report part of the conversation between Preethi and
'Wh' questions report îËߪ’ôç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. movie he took him to (Reporting Sruthi. Observe how we are going to report non 'wh' questions:
'Wh' questions report ´’J-éÌçûª practice verb - said - Past tense)
îËü∆lç. ii) Nakul says it depends on the movie DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
he (Arjun) takes him to (Reporting Reporting verb present tense Reporting verb past tense
TABLE 1: verb - says - present tense) Preethi is asking/ asks Sruthi Preethi asked Sruthi if she fancied
Preethi: Hi Sruthi, do
you fancy if/ whether she fancies classi- classical music
Direct Speech Report
classical cal music
Reporting verb - present Reporting verb - past
music?
Arjun: Hi Nakul, Well- Arjun, happy to meet Nakul Arjun, happy to meet Nakul wanted í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Report îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’ verb + sub, HV + Sub + MV
met. How busy wants to know how busy he is to know how busy he was that sub + verb í¬ ´÷®Ωôç.
are you this this evening. evening.
Sruthi: Why? Are you Sruthi wants to know (is ask- Sruthi wanted to know (asked •ü¿’©’)
evening?
going to play ing/ asks if Preethi
èπ◊ •ü¿’©’) if Preethi was going to play any.
Nakul: Why are you Nakul wants to know why he Nakul wanted to know why he any? is going to play any
Preethi asked Sruthi if/ whether she
asking? (Arjun) is asking. (Arjun) was asking.
Preethi: Do you like to Preethi asks Sruthi if she likes liked to some of MS Subbulakshmi's
Arjun: I want to take Arjun wants to take him to a Arjun wanted to take Nakul to a listen to some to listen to some of MS
you to a movie. move and asks him if he feels movie and asked him if he felt like it. of MS Subbu Subbulakshmi's
Feel like it? like it. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ straight í¬ he wanted lakshmi's
Ééπ\úø Arjun tells Nakul ņ- ¢√ú≈ç éπü∆, I want èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ he told Sruthi asked Preethi if/ whether she
Sruthi: Have you any Sruthi asks Preethi if/ whether
èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË 'I want' †’ 'he wants' í¬ Nakul ņ-èπ◊çú≈. had any of Balamurali's latest CDs.
of Balamurali she has any of Balamurali's
´÷Í®a¨»ç. É™« ´÷®Ωaôç î√™« Krishna's lat- latest CD's
Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. est CD's?

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 30 -V-™„j 2006
Pramod: (It's) days since I saw you. Where
have you been?
(îª÷Æœ î√™« ®ÓV-™„jçC. ÉEo ®ÓV--©’
-á-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o´¤?)
Vinod: I had been away at the NCC camp
and returned only this morning.
Hasn't anyone told you of it?
Haven't you called my home?
(؈’ NCC camp èπ◊ ¢Á∞«}†’. Ñ®ÓV
Öü¿ßª’ç AJ-íÌ-î√a†’. FûÓ á´®Ω÷ îÁ°æp-
™‰ü∆? -†’-´¤y ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ §∂ÚØ˛ îËߪ’-™‰ü∆?)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 191
Pramod: Why didn't you tell me before leav-
ing? Your college and home are so
far off that I couldn't get any infor-
mation. Moreover I was busy too,
with our college cultural festivals.
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
Vinod: Congrats. What prizes did you get?
Did you participate in debate?
(ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’, FÍéç •£æ›-´’-ûª’©’
´î√a®·?úÕ¶‰ö¸™ §ƒ™Ô_-Ø√o¢√?)
Pramod: I got prizes in three events - light
music, debate and mimicry. Won't
you see my prizes? Come in.
(´‚úø’ §ÚöÙx prizes ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.
©Lûª ÆæçU-ûªç, debate, mimicry ™.
؈’ ûÁa-èπ◊†o prizes îª÷úø¢√? É°æ¤púø’ Imperative, statement, 'Wh' question, non 'wh' question éπLÆœ Ö†o passage
™°æ-L-éÀ ®√.) ᙫ report îË≤ƒh¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç. O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. The conversation at the beginning of the
Event (É¢Áçö¸) – ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç – Ææç°∂æ’-ô†. lesson, (between Pramod and Vinod) has mixed sentences (Imperatives, statements,
Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç .. §Úöà Åç¨¡ç – véÃúø©’, éπ∞¡©’ 'wh' and non 'wh' questions)
´çöÀ Å稻™x. DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Vinod: Do you want Reporting verb present tense Reporting verb past tense
me to see
1. Pramod (to Vinod): It's Pramod tells Vinod that it is Pramod told Vinod that it was
them now? days since he saw him and days since he had seen Vinod
days since I saw you.
Mom's calling asks him where he has been. and asked him where he had
Where have you been?
me over been.
phone. I have (1st sentence - statement, 2nd sentence 'wh' question.
to be at home
M. SURESAN Åçü¿’-´©x 1st sentence †’ that ûÓ, 2nd sentence †’ where +
urgently. Show statement word order ûÓ report î˨»ç.)
them to me when I come tomorrow.
2. Vinod: I had been away Vinod says he had been away Vinod said that he had been
at NCC camp and at NCC camp and returned away at the NCC camp and
returned only this morn- home only that morning. He had returned home only that

It's days since I saw you ing. Hasn't any one told
you of it? Haven't you
called my home?
(statement+non 'wh' question)
asks/ is asking Pramod if any
one hasn't told him of it and if
he hasn't called his home.
morning. He asked Vinod if any
one had not told him of it and if
he had not called his home.

(¢Á∞Ï}´·çü¿’ áçü¿’èπ◊ îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿÷? O’
college, O’ É©’x î√™« ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ Öçúø-
ôç-´©x Ø√Íé N≠æߪ’ç ûÁL-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. ÅçûË-
é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ college ≤ƒçÆæ \%Aéπ -Öûªq-¢√-
©ûÓ Ø√èπ◊ BJé𠙉èπ◊ç-ú≈ -§Ú-®·çC.)
Vinod: Did you participate in them? Did you
get any prizes?
(†’¢Ëy-´’Ø√o §ƒ™Ô_-Ø√o¢√? FÍé-´’Ø√o
•£æ›-´’-ûª’-™Ô-î√aߪ÷?)
Pramod: I did ofcourse, and won prizes too.
(§ƒ™Ô_-Ø√o†’. •£æ›-´’-ûª’©’
´î√a®·.)
´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ω π◊ report îËߪ’ôç ûÁ©’-Ææ’- π◊†o sentences ®Ω鬩’,
¢√öÀE report îËÊÆ °æü¿l¥-ûª’©’:
Type of sentence
(É°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀE îª÷úø-´’ç-ö«¢√? Å´’t
§∂ÚØ˛ îË≤ÚhçC. ؈’ ¢ÁçôØË ÉçöÀéÀ
¢Á∞«xL. ¢√öÀE -ØË-†’ Í®§Ò-*a-†-°æ¤púø’
îª÷°œç.)
Pramod: Do come down tomorrow. Just not
to see the prizes but to give me your
company. Don't disappoint me.
(Í®°æ¤ ûª°æpéπ ®√. Ø√ prizes îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ
ÅE é¬ü¿’, é¬Ææh Ø√ûÓ í∫úÕ-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊. ††’o
E®√-¨¡-°æ-®Ω-îªèπ◊)
èπÿú≈
Vinod: OK. Bye then.
Method of Reporting (Reporting °æü¿l¥A)
3. Pramod: Why didn't you Pramod asks Vinod why he did- Pramod asked Vinod why he
tell me before leaving? n't tell him before leaving, and had not told him before leaving
Your college and home says that his college and home and said that his college and
are so far off that I could- home were too far off to get
are too far off to get any infor-
n't get any information. mation. Moreover he was busy any information. Moreover he
Moreover I was busy too, too with their college cultural had been busy too with their
with our college cultural
festivals. college cultural festivals.
festivals.
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Wh questions, statement combination Ééπ\úø.
4. Vinod: Did you participate Vinod is asking/ asks/ has Vinod asked Pramod if he had
in them? Did you get any asked Pramod if he participat- participated in any of them and
prizes? ed in any of them and if he got if he had got any prizes.
(Only non wh questions) any prizes.
5. Pramod: I did, of course Pramod replies that he did, Pramod replied that he had, of
and won prizes too. of course and won prizes too. course and had won prizes too.
(Statement)
6. Vinod: Congrats. What Vinod congratulates Pramod Vinod congratulated Pramod
prizes did you get? Did and asks him what prizes he and asked him what prizes he
you participate in debate?got, and if he participated in had got and if he had partici-
debates. pated in debates.
('Wh' question, non Wh question combination)

1. Imperative (Çïc©÷,
Report îËߪ÷-Lq† ´÷ô-™xE verb ´·çü¿’, to °öÀd infinitive îË≤ƒhç. EXERCISE: Report and practise aloud the rest of the conversation. Use both present and past
Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷, Åúø-í∫-ö«©÷ Report: tense reporting verbs. Compare your answer with ours:
ûÁLÊ°) sentences ANSWER:
Kamala is asking/ asks/ has asked Neelam to go away.
eg: Kamala: Neelam,
(Ééπ\úø, Kamala asked ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ to go away ÅØË ´Ææ’hçC) DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
go away.
Reporting verb present tense Reporting verb past tense
2. Statements

Report
(äéπ N≠æ- that Pramod tells Vinod that he got Pramod told Vinod that he had
îËߪ÷-Lq† ¶µ«í¬Eo ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Pramod: I got prizes in
ߪ÷Eo ûÁLÊ° sen- light music, debate and prizes in ... , and asks him/ is ask- got prizes in ... , and asked him
Report:
tences)
a) Srikanth tells Rani that his sister has come back mimicry. Won't you see ing him/ has asked him if he won't if he wouldn't see his prizes. He
eg: Srikanth: Rani, my my prizes? Come in. see his prizes. He asks him to asked him to come in.
sister has come back b) Srikanth told Rani that his sister had come back
come in.
3. 'Wh' questions
Report question
îËߪ÷-Lq† 'wh'
¶µ«í¬Eo ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç* question Vinod: Do you want me Vinod asks Pramod if he wants Vinod asked Pramod if he want-
word order (vb + sub/ Hv + sub + Mv) †’ statement word order to see them now? him to see them then. He says ed him to see them then. He
eg:
(sub + verb) í¬ ´÷®Ωaôç Mom's calling me over that Mom is calling him over said Mom was calling him over
Sushma: Sumanth, phone. I have to be phone and he has to be urgently phone and he had to be urgent-
where are Report: a) Sushma is asking/ asks/ has asked Sumanth where he is
urgently at home. Show at home. He asks Pramod to ly at home. He asked Pramod to
you? b) Sushma asked Sumanth where he was show them to him tomorrow. show them to him the next day.
them to me tomorrow.
4. Non 'Wh' question
Report îËߪ÷Lq† ¶µ«í∫ç ´·çü¿’, If/ whether é¬F °öÀd °j example ™ Pramod: Do come Pramod tells/ is telling Vinod to Pramod told Vinod to come-
question word order †’ statement word order í¬ ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç. down tomorrow, just not come down tomorrow, just not to down the next day, just not to
eg: ™«í¬
to see the prizes but to see the prizes but to give him his see the prizes but to give him
Kesav: Kedar, are Report: a) Kesav asks/ is asking/ has asked Kedar if he is coming.
give me your company. company. He asks Vinod not to his company. He asked Vinod
you coming? b) Kesav asked Kedar if he was coming
Don't disappoint me. disappoint him. not to disappoint him.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 1 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006
Ranjan: Oh... Is it you, Kundan? What a pleas-
ure it is to see you! It's nearly a year
since we met.
(àß˝’, †’¢√y èπ◊çü¿Ø˛. áçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬
ÖçüÓ E†’o îª÷-úø-ö«-EéÀ! Ææç´-ûªq-®Ω-¢Á’içC
´’†ç éπ©’q-éÌE)
Kundan: How pleased I am to be with you
again!
(´’Sx FûÓ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ áçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬
ÖçüÓ-)
Ranjan: What a smart fellow you've grown into
in just a year! (äéπ\ Ææç´-ûªq-®Ωç™ØË áçûª
Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ´÷®√´¤!) (smart = ´’ç* -
ü¿’Ææ’h-©ûÓ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´ôç)
192
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
Kundan: My job requires that I appear smart.
What a bore it is to turn out in these
clothes everyday! You don't know.
I have to get back again in a week.
(v°æA ®ÓV Ñ -ü¿’Ææ’h™x ûªßª÷-®Ω-´yôç
áçûª NÆæ’íÓ Féπ®Ωnç é¬ü¿’. ´’Sx ¢√®√-E-éÀ ¢ÁRx-
§Ú-¢√L.)
Ranjan: Here's something for a change, don't
worry.
(-É°æ¤p-úø’ é¬Ææh ´÷®Ω’p -éπ-L-T-ç-îË-C -Öç-C-™‰.
¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊)
Kundan: What is it?
Ranjan: You are here just when I am about to
have a mango. Happy. Let me treat
you to some wonderful mangoes.
They are from our own groves! fresh,
fleshy and juicy.
(´’ç* time éÌî√a´¤, ؈’ ´÷N’úÕ °æçúø’
A†-¶-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’. ´’ç* ´÷N’úÕ °æ∞¡xûÓ Fèπ◊
Nçü¿’ îËߪ’F. ÅN ´÷ ûÓô-™¢Ë. û√ñ«-N,
éπçúø, ®ΩÆæç Ö†oN. treat = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç,
(´’†ç Éûª-®Ω’© °æôx ÖçúË -B®Ω’) doctor,
patient èπ◊ ¢Ájü¿uç îËߪ’ôç. Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç–
1 verbs éÓÆæç report îËߪ’çúÕ.
EXCLAMATION
1. How cold the day is! The day is very cold
(áçûª îªLí¬ ÖçüÓ Ñ ®ÓV) (Ñ¢Ë∞¡ î√™« îªLí¬ ÖçC)
2. What a beautiful Car it is! The car is very beautiful
(Ç car áçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçüÓ!) (Ç Car î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC)
3. How well she sings! She sings very well.
(áçûª ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’hçüÓ!) (Å¢Á’ î√™« ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC)
4. What a building it is! It is a very good/beautiful/big building.
(áçûª ´’ç*/Åçü¿-¢Á’i†/°ü¿l éπôd-úø¢Á÷!)
(ÅC î√™« ´’ç*/Åçü¿-¢Á’i†/°ü¿l éπôdúøç)
Direct Speech Report
2 Reporting Verb-Present
The Tourist: How The tourist exclaims
beautiful the that the scenery is
scenery is ! very beautiful.
DIRECT SPEECH
3 Reporting verb Present tense
Ranjan: What a pleas- Ranjan exclaims (to Kundan/on
ure it is to see you! seeing Kundan) that It is a great
pleasure to see him..
í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπ-ü∆. What a pleasure it is to see you! ÅØË exclamation†’ ¢Á·ü¿ô statement form™éÀ
´÷®√aç: It is a great pleasure to see him. ü∆Eo report î˨»ç. exclaims/exclaimed ÅØË reporting verb-ûÓ
Kundan: How pleased Kundan exclaims that he is
I am to be with you very pleased to be with Ranjan
again! again.
Ranjan: What a smart Ranjan exclaims that Kundan has
fellow you've grown into! grown into a very smart fellow.
Kundan: What a bore it Kundan exclaims that it is a big
is to turn out in these bore to turn out in these/those
clothes every day.
clothes every day!
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
-Nç-ü¿’ îËߪ’ôç, Ö™«xÆæç éπL_ç-îªôç).
(grove - ûÓô – äÍé ®Ωéπç îÁô’x-†oC)
Kundan: Yes, I smell them. How tempting their
very smell is!
(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ ¢√Ææ† ´≤ÚhçC. áçûª Çéπ-®Ω{-
ùí¬ ÖçüÓ ¢√öÀ ¢√Ææ†! tempting =
Çéπ-J{çîË.)
Ranjan: Here you are. Have it.
wh word + noun + Sub + verb
(ÉCíÓ, BÆæ’éÓ). É°æ¤púø’ Ñ statement †’ report îËߪ÷L. ('that'
Kundan: Haa.... how delicious it is! At my (í¬çDµ áçûª íÌ°æp Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊úÓ!) •ü¿’©’, exclaimed ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-î√-L)
How sweet the song is!
place of work, we don't get such fruit. 2.
'wh' word + adjective + Sub + Verb
(-õ‰-•’-™¸ 2 îª÷úøçúÕ.)
How sweet! É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç conversation at the beginning of
(Ç §ƒô áçûª ´’üµ¿’-®Ωçí¬ ÖçüÓ!)
(-Å-•s... áçûª ®Ω’*í¬ ÖçüÓ! ؈’ °æE-îËÊÆ the lesson™E exclamations report îËü∆lç:
îÓô É™«çöÀ °æ∞¡Ÿx üÌ®Ω-éπ´¤. áçûª Aߪ’uí¬ 3. How fast he bowls!
(-õ‰-•’-™¸ 3 îª÷úøçúÕ.)
'wh word + adverb + Sub + verb.
ÖçüÓ! The conversation above (table-3) is a mixture
Ranjan: Take some with (Noun: üËE-ÈéjØ√ ´’†ç ÉîËa Ê°®Ω’. Adjective-
of exclamation and statements.
you when you í∫’ù«Eo ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç. Adverb - verb ûÁ™‰p °æE ᙫ (Ñ lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ Ö†o Conversation ™
go.
ïJ-TçüÓ îÁÊ°p ´÷ô) Statements and exclamations éπL-Ææ’-Ø√o®· éπü∆)
(†’¢Áy-∞Ïx-°æ¤púø’ éÌEo BÂÆ\∞¡Ÿx) Ææ÷n©çí¬ exclamation word order: Å™« éπL-Ææ’-†o-°æ¤úø’ report îËߪ’ôç èπÿú≈ ÉçûË.
Kundan: Thank you. wh word + noun/adjective/adverb + subject +
¢Á·ü¿ô exclamation †’ statement í¬ ´÷Ja,
´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊, impera- verb.
ü∆EûÓ §ƒô’ Éûª®Ω statement †’ èπÿú≈ report
tive sentences, state- What a leader Gandhi was! = ÉC Gandhi was
a very great leader ÅE ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ îÁ°æpôç.
îË≤ƒhç.
ments, 'wh' questions, eg: Direct Speech:
'non wh' questions report
M. SURESAN Å™«Íí The Taj Mahal is very beautiful - Ñ Ranjan: Oh... Is it you, Kundan? What a pleas-
(Indirect statement †’ ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ explanation ®Ω÷°æç™
îËߪ’ôç ure it is to see you! It's a year since we met.
speech™ îÁ°æpôç) îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ exclama- îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰ Report (present tense - reporting verb)
Ranjan surprised at seeing Kundan exclaims
that it is a great pleasure to see him (and
adds/says) that is a year since they met.
Ç §ƒô áçûª ´’üµ¿’-®Ωçí¬ ÖçüÓ! Report (past tense- Reported verb)
Rajan surprised at seeing Kundans exclaimed
that it was a great pleasure to see him, (and
How beautiful the Taj Mahal is! ņ-´îª ’a. added/said) that was a year since they had
tions (Ǩ¡a-®√uEo ûÁ™‰p ¢√é¬u©’/ £æ«®∏√-ûª’hí¬ ´’†èπ◊
(û√ñ¸´’£æ«™¸ áçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçüÓ!– ÉC exclama- met.
éπLÍí ¶µ«¢√-©†’ ûÁ™‰p ¢√é¬u©’)†’ ᙫ report îËߪ÷™
tion- DØËo statementí¬ îÁÊ°h, Exclamation †’ report îËÊÆ full stop -ûÓ ÇÊ°Æœ,
îª÷ü∆lç:
The Taj Mahal is very beautiful Åçö«ç. statement part †’ éÌûªh sentence í¬ èπÿú≈
Let us first study the word order in an excla-
mation. Direct Speech™E exclamation †’ report îËߪ÷- îÁ§Òpa.
(´’†ç ´·çü¿’ exclamation ™ word order- ©çõ‰, ´·çü¿’ ¢√öÀE statement í¬ ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊çö«ç. Eg: Ranjan surprised at seeing Kundan
´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ îª÷ü∆lç) (-õ‰-•’-™¸ 1 îª÷úøçúÕ.) exclaims that it is a great pleasure to see him.
¢Á·-ü¿ô ´’†ç report îËߪ÷-Lq† exclamation †’ He says that it is a year since they met.
Look at the following exclamations:
É™« statement ™éÀ ´÷Ja, Ç ûª®√yûª statement †’ Exercise: Conversation at the beginning of
1. What a leader Gandhi was! the lesson N’í∫û√ ¶µ«í¬Eo ¢Á·ûªhç (StatementsûÓ
report îËÆ œ-†-ô’d that ûÓ begin îËÆ œ report îËߪ÷L.
The Tourist: How beautiful the Scenery is! Ææ£æ…) Present tense and past tense reporting
Spoken English -éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ. URL:
STATEMENT É°æ¤-úø’- ´’-†ç °j exclamation -†’ report îËߪ÷L.
http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Åç-ûªèπ◊ ´·ç-üË ´’†ç Ç exclamation †’ statement (-õ‰-•’-™¸ 4 îª÷úøç-úÕ)
í¬ ´÷®Ω’≤ƒhç. (The scenery is very beautiful)
ANSWER to the exercise 4
DIRECT SPEECH REPORT
Present tense Reporting verb Past tense Reporting verb
Ranjan: Here's something Ranjan tells Kundan that there Ranjan told Kundan that there
for a change. Don't Worry is something for a change and was something for a change
asks him not to worry. and asked him not to worry.
Reporting Verb-Past Kundan: What it is? Kundan asks him what it is. Kundan asked him what it was.
The tourist exclaimed
that the scenery Ranjan: You are here just Ranjan tells Kundan that he is Ranjan told Kundan that he was
was very beautiful. when I am about to have a there just when he is about to there just when he (Ranjan) was
mango. Happy. Let me treat have a mango. Ranjan is happy. about to have a mango. He was
you to some wonderful He wishes to treat Kundan to happy. He wished to treat
INDIRECT SPEECH -REPORT mangoes. They are from some wonderful mangoes. They Kundan to some wonderful
Reporting verb Past tense our own groves - fresh, are from their groves - fresh, mangoes - they were from their
fleshy and juicy. fleshy and juicy. groves - fresh, fleshy and juicy.
Ranjan exclaimed (to Kundan/on
seeing Kundan) that it was a
Kundan: Yes. I smell them. Kundan (says yes) and that he Kundan (said yes) and that he
great pleasure to see him)
How tempting the smell is! smells them. He exclaims that smelt them. He exclaimed that
the smell is very tempting. the smell was very tempting.
Ranjan: Here you are. Have it. Ranjan offers the mango to Ranjan offered the mango to
Kundan exclaimed that he was Kundan Kundan.
very pleased to be with Ranjan Kundan exclaims that it is very Kundan exclaimed that it was
Kundan: Haa... how deli-
again. delicious. They don't get such very delicious. They didn't get
cious it is! At my place of
Ranjan exclaimed that Kundan had work we don't get such fruit fruit at his place of work. They such fruit at his place of work.
grown into a very smart fellow. how sweet! are/it is very sweet. they were/ it was very sweet.
Kundan exclaimed that it was a
big bore to turn out in these Ranjan: Take some with Ranjan asks Kundan to take Ranjan asked Kundan to take
clothes everyday. you when you go. some with him when he goes. some with him when he went
í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 3 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Pratibha: Hi Mahima. How glad I am to see

Å™« report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ N’í∫û√ ÅEo ®Ω鬩
you! How is everybody in your vil-
sentence word order statement word
†’
lage?
order ™éÀ ´÷®Ω’-≤ƒh-´’E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ÉC î√™«
(áçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oØÓ E†’o îª÷úø- ´·êuç report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’. Å®·ûË î√™«-´’çC
í¬ØË, O’ Ü∞x Åçü¿®Ω÷ ᙫ ÖØ√o®Ω’?) sentences word order
§ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊©’ í∫’Jç*, ¢√öÀE
Mahima: We are all OK. Thank you. How are statement word order ™éÀ ᙫ ´÷®√aL
you? report
ÅE Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ÉC ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË
Pratibha: Fine too. Thank you. What news? îËߪ’ôç Å≤ƒüµ¿uç.
Did the local body elections go off Ñ sentence ®Ω鬩’, Ææç•ç-Cµûª N´-®√-©†’
well in your place? spoken English -É-C-´®Ωéπ-öÀ lessons ™ î√™« b) They play well -
´’†ç Direct speech report
†’
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’,ques-
(èπ◊™«≤ƒØË. Thank you. àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’? N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁL§ƒç. î√™«-´’çC Ç lessons miss They (Subject) + play (verb) + ..
tion statement order
†’ ™ report
îË≤ƒhç. Åçõ‰
Statement
subject verb Imperative
≤ƒnEéπ áEo-éπ-™„™« ïJ-í¬®· O’ Ü∞x?) Åߪ·uç-ö«-®ΩØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ É°æ¤púø’ ´’S} N´- îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆: ™ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ †’ ´·çü¿ ®Ω °úøû √ç.
Mahima: Didn't you read about them all in the ´·ç-ü¿’ subject
, ûª®√y-ûªverb ´≤ƒh®·.
J-Ææ’hØ√oç. í∫´’-Eç* í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. sentence to
´·çü¿’ °öÀd v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Exclamation
papers? What did you watch on the 2 a) Non Wh question:
ûÁ©’-í∫’-¢√-éπuç™ à ´÷ô áéπ\-úø’Ø√o Å®Ωnç †’ ´·çü¿’ statement
í¬ ´÷Ja reportîË≤ƒhç.
TV? i) Is he a singer?
´÷®Ωü¿’. ®√´·úø’ ®√´ù’úÕE îªç§ƒúø’– Ñ Method of reporting: 1) statement
[Is (verb) + he (Subject) + ...]
(°ævA-éπ™x îªü¿-´-™‰ü∆ ¢√ô-EoçöÀ í∫’Jç*? ¢√éπu¢Ë’ BÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. DE™ à ´÷ô áéπ\-úø - Kamala to Karuna:
ii) Are they playing- verb, Are play-
TV ™ àç îª÷¨»´¤?)
Éçü¿’™
Öç*Ø√ Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ωü¿’. ®√´ù’úÕE ®√´·úø’ ing-É™« verb
™ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´÷ô-©’çõ‰ Sita came here yesterday (statement)
Pratibha: I did, of course. But it is different to îªç§ƒúø’/ îªç§ƒúø’ ®√´·úø’ ®√´-ù’-úÕE– ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´÷ô†’ helping verb,
N’í∫û√ Report: a) Kamala says to Karuna that Sita
hear about them from one like you on É™« ´÷ô-©†’ ¢√éπuç™ ᙫ ´÷JaØ√ Å®Ωnç ´÷ô-©†’ main verb
Åçö«ç. 鬕öÀd came there yesterday (Reporting
the scene. ´÷®Ωü¿’ éπü∆. Are they playing? Word order: verb - Present tense)
(îªC-¢√†’, îª÷¨»††’éÓ. é¬E Ææç°∂æ’-ô† -É°æ¤p-úø’ English ™ try îËߪ’çúÕ: Are (helping verb) + they (subject)+ playing? b) Kamala told Karuna that Sita had come
Ææn©ç™ Ö†o F™«çöÀ ¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* Rama killed Ravana- (main verb) yesterday.
N†ôç ¢ËÍ®.) Ñ ¢√éπuç™ Ñ ´÷ô© îÓôx†’ ´÷®ΩaçúÕ– 2 b) Wh questions: 2) 'wh' question report
†’ wh +
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’,
Mahima: Get me some water first. i) Where are they? question word order:
Ñ verb + subject/ wh + helping verb + subject +
Å®Ωnç ᙫ ´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çüÓ
Where (Wh word) + are (verb) + they (subject) main verb wh word + subject + verb
Pratibha: Have some coffee too. O’Íé ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. †’,
structure
ii) Where are they going?-
™éÀ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç.
( coffee Rama killed Ravana
3) Imperative sentences †’ report îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊,
é¬Ææh èπÿú≈ BÆæ’éÓ)
- Where (Wh word) + are (helping verb) +
imperative part
´·çü¿’ °öÀd infinitive îË≤ƒhç.
to
ÉD,
Ravana killed Rama they (subject) + going (main verb)
4) Exclamations †’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀE
- question π◊ 4 word orders ÖØ√o®·:
äÍé Å®Ωnç É´y-éπ-§Úí¬ Åçõ‰ ´·çü¿’ statement word order™éÀ ´÷Ja,
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 193
´uAÍ®éπ Å®√n-©-E-Ææ’h-Ø√o®· i) Verb + Subject statement ™«í¬ that ûÓ report v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç.
M. SURESAN ii) Helping verb + Subject + Main verb
éπü∆. Exclamation: a) How well she sings!
(Ç¢Á’ áçûª ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’çüÓ!)
ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ DEo statement í¬ ´÷®Ωaôç:

These politicians, oh, God! She sings very well.

Mahima: Thank you. Now about the elections.
I'm happy they are all over. Oh, what
have we been through! You just can't
imagine.
English ™ 4 ®Ω鬩 sentences ¢√úøû√ç.
(áEo-éπ-©-®·-§Ú-ߪ÷-ߪ’E ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC.
´÷N ᙫçöÀ ņ’-¶µº-¢√™ †’´¤y Ü£œ«çîª- 1. Statement (äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ûÁLÊ° sentence)-
™‰´¤)
Pratibha: That's why I asked you to tell me
2. Questions: ÉN Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’– v°æ¨¡o©’–
about them.
(Åçü¿’-éπØË éπü∆ E†’o îÁ§ƒp-©çC)
È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩’:
Mahima: Many people didnot find their names
on the voter lists. Liquor flowed
freely. Money- lots of it- passed
hands. There were group clashes
and faction fights. We passed
through the worst of the tension.
(î√™«-´’çC Ê°®Ω’x ãô®Ωx ñ«G-û√™ ™‰´¤.
´’ü¿uç üµ∆®√-∞¡çí¬ §ƒJçC. °-ü¿l-¢Á·-ûªhç™
úø•’s îËûª’©’ ´÷JçC. ´®Ω_-§Ú-®√-ö«©÷
ïJ-í¬®·. î√™« tension ņ’¶µº-Nçî√ç)
Pratibha: We pride on being a democratic
Country.
(´’†ç àüÓ v°æñ«-≤ƒy´’u ü˨¡-´’E í∫®Ωy-
°æ-úøû√ç)
Mahima: These politicians, oh, God!
(
Ñ ®√ï-éÃߪ’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊©’ î√©’.
üË´¤-úÓß˝’!)
´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Imperative structures,
statements, questions ('wh', non-wh), excla-
mations report îËߪ’ôç (Indirect speech ™
îÁ°æpôç) îª÷¨»ç.
(Ç¢Á’ î√™« ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC.)
b) Exclamation: How tall he is!
(ÅûªØÁçûª §Òúø’íÓ!)
ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ DEéÀ statement form:
Åçü¿’-éπE English sentences ™ à ´÷ô iii) Wh word + Verb + Subject He is very tall. (Åûªúø’ î√™« §Òúø’í∫’)
Öçú≈-Lq† îÓô ÅC Öçú≈L. îÓô’-´÷-JûË Å®Ωnç iv) Wh word+Helping verb+Subject+Main verb Exercise: Report the conversation at the
´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çC. Word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ) Very important: Wh questions ™í¬F, Non beginning of this lesson.
î√™« ´·êuç. ÅC îª÷ü∆lç É°æ¤púø’. Wh questions subject
™í¬F á°æ¤púø÷, verb
helping verb
ûª®√y-ûª-í¬F, ûª®√-ûªy-í¬F ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆.
´’†ç questions É™«Íí Åúø-í¬L. Å°æ¤púË correct.
ÉC™« Öçô’çC/ ÅC Å™« îÁߪ÷uL 3) Imperative sentences:
-v°æ-¨¡o:
™«çöÀ Å®√n-©ûÓ É´Fo Çïc©’, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷ ûÁL-Ê°N–
eg: a) come in ( =you come in) = (Asking)
b) Please help me (you please come in- request) What is the difference between ..
a) 'Wh' questions - What, Which, Where, c) Get out (you get out) - order. a) The Eenadu was published first from
When, Why, Who, Whom, Whose and Vizag.
(Oô-Eoç-öÀéà subject 'you' ØË. ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬
how Wh
™«çöÀ v°æ¨»o-®Ωnéπ °æü∆©’– É´Fo ûÓ b) The Eenadu was published first in Vizag.
´C-™‰≤ƒhç)
'Wh' Words
¢Á·ü¿-©-´¤-û√®· 鬕öÀd– OöÀE c) The Eenadu was first published in Vizag.
4) Exclamations:
Åçö«ç.
a) What a fool you are!
-ï-¢√-•’:
– G. £æ«†’-´’çûª®√´¤, ´÷Ωx.
b) Non 'Wh' questions- 'Wh' words ™‰E
What (Wh word) + a fool (noun) + you
questions.
(sub) + are (verb) Ç ´‚úø’ ¢√é¬u™x The Eenadu was pub-
3. Imperative sentences: Çïc©÷, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷, lished from Vizag ÅØËC éπÈ®é˙d. N’í∫û√
b) How good he is! - How (Wh word) + good
sentences.
Åúø-í∫-ö«©÷ ûÁLÊ°
(adj) + he (sub) + is (verb) È®çúø÷ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. publish Åçõ‰ v°æ-Jç-
4. Exclamations: Ǩ¡a-®√uEo, £æ«®∏√-ü∆s¥-¢√-©†÷
ûÁL-Ê°N: c) How well he plays!
îªôç – Åçõ‰ °ævA-éπ© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¢Á©’-´-úøôç
How (Wh word) + well (adv) + he (sub) +
ÅE Å®Ωnç. °ævA-éπ©’ -äéπ-îÓ-ô ´·vü¿ù Å®·-†-
Let us now study the word order in each °æp-öÀéÃ, Åéπ\úÕ †’ç* N’í∫û√îÓôxèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡-û√®·
plays (verb)
of the four types of sentences and how 鬕öÀd published from Åçö«®Ω’.
they can be changed into the statement 4 kinds of sentences word order Ææ÷n©çí¬:
word order. (This is very important for
Statement Question Imperative sentence Exclamation
Reporting, direct speech).
Word Order in .. Subject + Verb 1) Verb + Subject You (subject îÁ°æpç) + Wh word + noun/
2) Helping Verb + Subject + verb. adjective/ adverb +
1) Statement: Statement word order: Subject +
verb. statement Subject Main Verb verb sub + verb.
Åçõ‰ ™ á°æ¤púø÷ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ ´·çü¿’
´·çü¿÷, ûª®Ω-¢√ûª verb ´≤ƒh®·. É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ: 3) Wh word + Verb + Subject éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. Question ™-™« é¬èπ◊çú≈
a) He is a singer - word order- 4) Wh word + Helping Verb + You á°æ¤púø÷ subject. Ééπ\úø sentence *´®Ω
He (Subject) + is (verb) + ... Subject + Main Verb N†-°æ-úøü¿’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤. verb ¢√úøû√ç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 5 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006
Rohit: It is raining now. How shall I go?
(´®Ω{ç ´≤ÚhçC. ᙫ ¢Á∞¡x†’?)
Rajat: You have to, some how. Otherwise we
can't get the tickets and we shall be
missing the movie.
(ᙫ-ÈíjØ√ ¢Á∞«xL †’´¤y. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´’†ç öÀÈéö¸q
ûÁa-éÓ™‰ç, ÆœE´÷ miss Å´¤û√ç).
Rohit: You're not ready yet.
(†’Nyçé¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´-™‰ü¿’)
Rajat: You have a friend at the theatre, don't
you? Take his help to get the tickets
(Fèπ◊ Theatre ™ friend ÖØ√oúø’ éπü∆.
¢√úÕ ≤ƒßª’çûÓ öÀÈéö¸q BÆæ’éÓ)
Rohit: Shall I go now and wait for you at the
hall?
(É°æ¤púø’ -ØË-†’ ¢ÁRx öÀÈéö¸q BÆæ’-èπ◊E FéÓÆæç
£æ…©’ ü¿í∫_®Ω áü¿’®Ω’îª÷úøØ√?)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 194
It is raining now...
Rajat: Do. As soon as I get there, I shall call
you and we can meet each other.
(Å™« -îÁß˝’. ؈’ -C∑µßË’-ô®˝ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ®√í¬ØË, ÉçéÓ Example:
Fèπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îË≤ƒh. ´’E-ü¿l®Ωç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a.) Sankar: Shall I be happy if I accept the job?
Rohit: Shall I take the bike?
(؈’ Bike BÆæ’-éÓØ√?)
Rajat: How shall I come then?
(ØËØÁ™« ®√†’?)
Rohit: Shall I come back and pick you up?
(؈’ AJ-íÌ*a E†’o BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡xØ√?)
Rajat: Don't worry. I shall take an auto.
(°∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ؈’ Çö™ ´≤ƒh.)
Rohit: I shall get going then.
(Å®·ûË Øˆ’ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’û√)
Rajat: Do. (é¬F.)
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ÅEo ®Ω鬩 sentences Kumar: Shall I help you?
†÷ report îËÊÆ Nüµ∆†ç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Å®·ûË
shall ûÓ Ö†o questions †’ report -îËÊÆ N≠æ-
ߪ’ç™ éÌçûª ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç.
Present day English usage ™ shall èπÿ
will èπÿ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ àç ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
shall ¢√ú≈-Lq† îÓô™«x, ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅEo-îÓö«x will
¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Shall, will -´’-üµ¿u ûËú≈-†’ -É°æ¤p-úø’
Åçûªí¬ °æöÀdç-éÓ-´-úøç-™‰-ü¿’. Å®·ûË I and we ûÓ
questions èπ◊ ´÷vûªç Éçé¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ shall
¢√úø’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o®Ω’.
Shall †’ I and we ûÓ question form ™ È®çúø’
®Ωé¬-©’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç:
1) Indefinite future- ´’†ç éπ*aûªçí¬ Ü£œ«ç-îª-™‰E/
´’†èπ◊ future ™ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çü∆/ ï®Ω-í∫ü∆ ÅE
ÆæJí¬_ ûÁL-ߪ’E N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ í∫’Jç* question ™
´ÊÆh shall ¢√ú≈L.
a) Shall I ever become great? =
؈’ àØ√öÀ-ÈéjØ√ íÌ°æp-¢√-úÕ-†-´¤-û√Ø√?
b) Shall I be happy there? =
؈-éπ\úø ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçö«Ø√?
c) Shall We need these books after we com-
plete the course? =
éÓ®Ω’q °æ‹®Ωh®·-† ûª®√yûª ´’†èπ◊ -Ç •’é˙q Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷?
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
2) ´’†ç îËߪ’-¶ßË’ °æ†’©÷, requests, permis-
sions èπ◊ ÅúÕÍí question form ™ shall ¢√ú≈L.
a) Shall I help you? (ØË-†’ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’Ø√?)
b) Shall we wait till tomorrow?
(Í®°æ-öÀ-ü∆é¬ Çí∫-´’ç-ö«®√?)
c) When shall we start?
(´’´’tLo á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-´’ç-ö«®Ω’?/
¢Ë’ç á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-®√L?)
First type of questions ™E shall †’ report
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, reporting verb, present tense ™ DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Reporting verb present tense Reporting verb past tense
Öçõ‰, shall •ü¿’©’ will ´Ææ’hçC.
a) Pranav: 'Shall I ever become rich?' Rohit: Shall I go now and Rohit asks Rajat if he should go Rohit asked Rajat if he should go
Santhi: You will, of course. wait for you at the at once and wait for him at the at once and wait for him at the
hall? hall. hall.
DEo report îËü∆lç.
Rohit: Shall I take the Rohit is asking Rajat if he can Rohit asked Rajat if he should
Pranav is asking/ has
bike? take the bike. take the bike.
asked Santhi, if he will
Rajat: How Shall I come Rajat asks/ is asking Rohit how Rajat asked Rohit how he would
ever become rich.
then? he will come then. come then.
Santhi assured him he
Rohit: Shall I come back Rohit is asking/asks Rajat if he Rohit asked Rajat if he should
will.
and pick you up? should come back and pick him up. come back and pick him up.
ÅüË reported verb past
tense
•ü¿’©’
™ Öçõ‰
would
shall
´Ææ’hçC. M. SURESAN
Exercise: Report the whole conversation between Rohit and Rajat at the beginning of the lesson -
with the reporting verb both in the present tense and past tense.
Answer to exercise under lesson 193
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Reporting verb present tense Reporting verb past tense
Pratibha: Hi Mahima, how Pratibha tells she is very glad to Pratibha told Mahima that she
glad I am to see you! How see mahima and asks her if was very glad to see Mahima and
Pranav asked Santhi if he would ever
is everybody in your vil- every body is well in her village. asked her if everybody was well in
become rich. Santhi assured that he would. her village.
lage?
Mahima: We are all OK. Mahima says they are all OK. She Mahima said that they were all
OK. She thanked Pratibha and
Thank you. How are you. thanks Pratibha and asks her how she is. asked her how she was.
Ramani: You will be, certainly. Pratibha: Fine too. Thank Pratibha says she is fine too. She Pratibha said that she was fine
Reporting Verb Reported Verb you, what news? Did the thanks her and asks her for news. too. She thanked her and asked
Present tense Past tense local body elections in She asks her if the local body elec- her if the local body elections in
your village go off well? tions in her village went off well. her village had gone off well.
Sankar is asking Sankar asked
Mahima asks Pratibha if she did- Mahima asked Pratibha if she had
Mahima: Didn't you read
Ramani if he will be Ramani if he would
about them in the papers n't read about them in the not read about them in the papers
happy if he accepts be happy if he
what did you watch on papers, and what she watched and what she had watched on the
the job. accepted the job.
the TV? on the TV. TV.
Ramani assures him Ramani assured
Pratibha: I did of course. Pratibha says/replies that she Pratibha replied that she had
that he will be, cer- him that he would
But it is different to hear did but it is different to hear about done but it was different to hear
tainly. be, certainly.
about them from one like them from one like her on the about them from one like her on
you on the scene. scene. the scene.
É°æ¤púø’ shall -¢√-úË È®çúÓ °æ-ü¿l¥-A:
Mahima: Get me some Mahima wants some water. Mahima asked for some water
water first.
ÉC Kumar îËÆæ’h†o offer. Reporting verb
Pratibha: Have some Pratibha offers some coffee too. Pratibha offered some coffee too.
present tense Å®·ûË, Kumar is asking her
Coffee too.
if he can help her. Å®·ûË É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™–
Mahima: Thank you. Now Mahima thanks Pratibha. About Mahima thanked Pratibha. About
(spoken English ™) He is offering to help the elections she (says she) is the election she (said she) was
about the elections. I'm
her -Å-†-úøç Öûªh´’ç. happy they are all over. She says happy they were all over. She said
happy they are all over.
ÉüË reported verb past tense ™ Å®·ûË. Oh what we have been Pratibha cannot imagine what Pratibha could not imagine what
Kumar asked Santhi if he should help her through you just can't they have been through. they had been through.
Å´¤-ûª’çC. Åçõ‰ É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx, ´’†ç îËߪ’-¶ßË’ imagine.
°æ†’© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, shall •ü¿’©’ should Pratibha: That's why I Pratibha says that's why she Pratibha said that was why she
´Ææ’hçC. asked you to tell me asked her to tell her all about had asked her to tell her all about
Prasad: When shall I see you again? about them. them. them.
Pramod: You can see me whenever you like. Mahima: Many people did Mahima says that many people Mahima said that many people
Prasad asked Pramod when he should see not find their names on did not find their names on the had not found their names on the
him again. Pramod told him that he could the voter list. Liquor voter list, that liquor flowed voter list that liquor had flowed
flowed freely. Money- lots freely, that money- lots of it- freely that money- lots of it- had
see him whenever he liked.
of it changed hands. changed hands and that there changed hands and that there had
Now look at the following conversation at
There were group clash- were group clashes and faction been group clashes and faction
the beginning of the lesson:
es and faction fights. We fights. They passed through fights. they had passed through
1) Rohit (to Rajat): How shall I go? the worst of tension.
passed through the worst worst of tension.
Report: Rohit asked Rajat how he should go. of tension.
(Reporting verb - past tense). Pratibha: We pride on Pratibha says we pride on being Pratibha said we prided on being
Rohit asks Rajat how he can go. being a democratic country a democratic country. a democratic country.
(Reporting Verb - present tense - É™«çöÀîÓôx Mahima:These politicians, Mahima expresses her disgust Mahima expressed her disgust of
can ¢√úø’éπ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç) Oh, God. of politicians.
(üËy≠æç/-Å-Ææ£æ«uç) politicians.
-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 7 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Darsan: How about eating out today? advice?

(•ßª’-õ„-éπ\-úøØ√o (hotel™) ¶µç-îË-ü∆l´÷?) (†ØËoç îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«-N-°æ¤púø’? F Ææ©£æ… à-N’-öÀ?)
Vardhan: That's ok with me. I welcome the Kumar: Buy it if you like. What can I say?
change. (FéÀ-≠d-¢æ Á’iûË é̆’éÓ\. ØËØËç îÁ°æp-í∫-©†’?)
(Ø√èπ◊ Ææ´’t-ûª¢Ë’. é¬Ææh ´÷®Ω’p Ø√èπÿ ÆæçûÓ- Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù†’ Kumar report îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ È®çúø’
≠æ¢Ë’) Nüµ∆-©’í¬ îËߪ’-´îª’a–
Darsan: Which restaurant shall we go to? 1) Åçû√ rules v°æ鬮Ωç.
(à restaurant Èé∞«lç?) 2) Spoken form of English (´÷´‚©’ English
Vardhan: Let's try 'Vindu Vilas' today. Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™) informalí¬ report îËߪ’ôç..
(Ñ¢√∞¡ Nçü¿’ -N-™«Æˇ èπ◊ -§Ú-ü∆ç) Compare the following Table -3
Darsan: Isn't that a long way off? Moreover it's REPORT
DIRECT SPEECH
(--õ‰-•’-™¸ -1 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ)
threatening to rain. I am afraid we
Formal (According to rules) Informal (Spoken Form)
might get drenched on our way back. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Informal í¬ (´÷´‚©’ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù Darsan: How about a) Present Tense Present Tense
(ÅC ü¿÷®Ωç éπü∆? ´®Ω{ç ´îËa-ô’dí¬ èπÿú≈ ÖçC. AJ-íÌ- ®Ω÷°æç™) report îËߪ’ôç áçûª Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçüÓ. eating out today Darsan asks Vardhan how about eat- Darsan suggests that they eat
îËa-ô-°æ¤púø’ ûª-úø’≤ƒh-¢Ë’-¢Á÷). threatening to rain - ´®Ω{- Å®·ûË §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊-©-éÌéπ Ææ÷: ¢Á·ü¿ô ¶«í¬ rules
Ææ÷- ¶«í¬ Öçúøôç. Å®·ûË threaten èπ◊ ´÷´‚©’ ing out that day. out that day.
v°æ鬮Ωç report îËߪ’ôç practice îËÆœ† ûª®Ω-¢√-ûË spo-
Å®Ωnç – ¶„C-Jç-îªôç. Don't try to threaten me = ken form™ informal í¬ b) Past Tense:
Darsan suggested that they eat
††’o ¶„C-Jç-îª-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îÌü¿’l. report îËߪ’ôç practice Darsan asked Vardhan how about
Vardhan: Why don't we go to Eat 'n' joy? It's out that day.
îËߪ’çúÕ: É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ- eating out that day.
not far off. ùØË past tense ™ report Vardhan is for it and welcomes
(Eat'nJoy Èéçü¿’-Èé-∞¡x-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Å-üË-´ ’ç-ûª a) Vardhan says it is OK with him and
Vardhan: That's OK
îËü∆lç: that he welcomes the change the change.
ü¿÷®Ωç é¬ü¿’.) with me. I welcome
Darsan: If I were you, I wouldn't even think of
(--õ‰-•’-™¸ 2 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ) Vardhan said it was OK with him and Vardhan was for it/ agreed to it
the change
it. The food there is rotten. ´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’- that he welcomed the change. and welcomed the change.
†o-°æ¤púø’ report îËߪ’ôç Darsan: Which a) Darsan asks which restaurant a) Darsan asks about the restau-
M. SURESAN
(؈’ †’-¢Áj yûË, ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* Ç™-*ç-’.
restaurant shall we go they will go to. rant they will go to.
to? b) Darsan asked which restaurant b) Darsan asked about the
that would go to. restaurant they would go to

If I were you... Vardhan: Let's try

Vindu Vilas today

Darsan: Isn't it a long

a) Vardhan suggest that they try
Vindu Vilas that day.
b) Vardhan suggested that they
try Vindu Vilas that day
a) Vardhan suggests trying
Vindu Vilas that day/suggests
Vindu Vilas
b) Vardhan suggested trying
Vindu Vilas.
a) Darsan asks Vardhan if it is not a a) Darsan feels it is long way off.
Åéπ\úø food îÁûªh-™«í¬ -Öç-ôç--C). way off? Moreover it's long way off, and says that it's threat- Moreover it is threatening to rain
(rotten - ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç ´·J-T-§Ú-®·†. threatening to rain. I ening to rain and adds that he is and is afraid they might get
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
é¬E
am afraid we might afraid they might get drenched on drenched on their way back
Aô’d °æü¿çí¬ áèπ◊\´ ¢√ú≈h®Ω’.) 195
Vardhan: You say, 'Vindu Vilas' is a long way get drenched on our their way back
off. Eat 'n' Joy doesn't serve good way back. b) Darsan felt it was a long way
b) Darsan asked if it was not a long
food. So where shall we go now? î√™« Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ simple í¬ Öçô’çC éπü∆. Å™« Öçú≈- way off, and said that it was threat- off. Moreover it was threatening
('Nçü¿’— ü¿÷®Ω-´’ç-ö«´¤. Eat'n'Joy ™ ©çõ‰ ´÷öÀ-´÷-öÀéà told, asked ™«çöÀ reporting ening to rain and added that he was to rain and feared (that) they
food ¶«í∫’ç-úø-ü¿ç-ö«´¤ -´’-È®éπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«lç) verbs, he added, he further said ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©÷ afraid that they might get drenched... might..
Darsan: Why not the restaurant at Hotel ¢√úøôç é¬Ææh ᶄsô’dí¬ Öçô’çC. ÅüË °æK-éπ~™x (X Vardhan: Why don't a) Vardhan asks why they don't go to a) Vardhan proposes/ suggests
Manpreet? (Manpreet Èé∞Ïh?) Class, Inter, Degree) reported speech -†’ direct we go to Eat 'n'joy? Eat 'n'Joy and adds that it is not far off. Eat 'n' Joy. it is not far off.
Vardhan: That's ok for me. Let's start then. speech™éÀ ´÷Ja-†-°æ¤púø’ Å™« ®√ߪ’ôç correct. It's not far off.
b) Vardhan asked why they b) Vardhan proposed/suggested
(Ø√éÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’. °æü¿ •ßª’-™‰l®√lç.) É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç -îÁ°æ¤pèπ◊ç-ô’-†o-C Spoken English é¬E,
Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ÅEo ®Ω鬩 sentences †’ written English é¬ü¿’ éπü∆. Practice îËÆæ’h-†oD didn't go to Eat 'n' Joy and adds Eat 'n' Joy. It was not
report îËߪ ’ôç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. Å®·ûË Columns ™. Åçü¿’-éπE natural í¬ NEpçîË spoken that it is not far off far off.
Spoken English ™ Éûª®Ω’-© ´÷ô-©†’ report forms ØË practice îËü∆lç. Let us now try to report
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ éÌEo ≤ƒ®Ω’x strictly grammatical í¬ the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. Table -4
report îËߪ’ôç éÌçîÁç ví¬ç-C∑-éπçí¬ éπ-E°œç-îª-úø¢Ë’ strictly according to the rules and informally, DIRECT SPEECH
REPORT
é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬ èπÿú≈ -Öç-ô’ç-C. éÀçC Ææ綵«- with the reporting verb in the present form and according to rules Informal (Spoken Form)
≠æù report îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªçúÕ: the past form as well. (--õ‰-•’-™¸ 3 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ) Darsan: If I were you, a) Darsan tells vardhan that if he Darsan Says if he were Vardhan
I Wouldn't even think were he, he wouldn't think of it and he wouldn't think of it and calls
Samir: What shall I do now? What's your Spoken form ™ informal í¬ report of it. The food there is
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. that the food there is rotten. the food there rotten. He has no
îËߪ’ôç áçûª simple rotten.
Table -1 b) Darsan told vardhan that if he good word for the food there.
Kumar's Report In present Tense
í¬, natural í¬ éπEp- b) Darsan said that if he had been
Direct Speech had been he, he woudn't have even
According to Rules Informal (Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù®Ω÷°æç) vardhan he wouldn't have even
≤ÚhçüÓ. Å®·ûË Å™«
Direct thought of it and that the food there
thought of it and called the food
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’
Samir: What shall Speech ™E ¶µ«´ç was rotten.
Samir is asking me what Samir is unable to there rotten / he had no good
I do now? What's
Vardhan: You say
àO’ îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ -ñ«-ví∫-ûªh °æ-
your advice?
he should do now and decide and is asking for a) Vardhan Observes that Darsan word for the food there.
'Vindu Vilas' is a long
my advice.
ú≈-L.-Å™« ÖçúË Nüµ¿çí¬
what my advice is.
informal í¬ report says that Vindu Vilas is a long way a) Darsan feels Vindu Vilas is a
way off. Eat'n'Joy
I am telling him to buy it off and Eat'n'Joy doesn't serve good long way off, and Eat 'n' Joy
Kumar: Buy it if I am telling him to buy it îËߪ÷-©çõ‰ éÌçîÁç doesn't serve good doesn't serve good food, so
if he likes and that
you like. What can I if he likes and am asking vocabulary
food. So where shall
food. He asks where they will go
where will they go now.
him what I can say. there is nothing I can
say? (°æü¿Ææç°æü¿) Å´-Ææ®Ωç. now.
say / for me to say. we go now?
ÅC Öçõ‰ informal b) Vardhan observed that Darsan b) Vardhan Felt that Vindu Vilas
report î√™« Ææ’©¶µºç.
said that Vindu Vilas was long way was a long way off, Eat 'n'Joy did-
Table -2 Exercise: Report off and Eat 'n' Joy didn't serve good n't serve good food, so where
Kumar's Report (Past Tense) aloud the rest of the would they go Now?.
Direct Speech food. He Asked him, where they
According to Rules Informal (Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù ®Ω÷°æç) conversation at the
would go.
beginning of the les- a) Darsan asks why they spend not a) Darsan suggests the restau-
Samir: What shall I Samir asked me what he Samir was unable to Darsan: Why not the
son. both a) accord- go to the restaurant at Hotel rant at Hotel Manpreet.
do now? What's should do then and what decide and asked for/ restaurant at Hotel Manpreet?
ing to rules b) in the
your advice? my advice was wanted my advice Manpreet? b) Darsan asked why they shouldn't'
informal (spoken) b) Darsan suggested the restau-
form, and also a) in go to the restaurant... rant...
Kumar: Buy it if I told him to buy it if he I told him to buy it if he the present form and Vardhan: That's Ok a) Vardhan says that it is ok for him a) Darsan says OK and suggests
you like what can I liked and asked him liked and that there was b) past form and suggests they start. that they start.
for me Let's start them
say? what I could say nothing for I could say b) Vardhan said that is was ok for b) Vardhan said OK and suggest-
/ for me to say. (--õ‰-•’-™¸ 4 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ) him, and suggested that they start. ed that they start.
í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 10 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

1) Hemanth: Sarath, you are late again. Malli?

(¨¡®Ωû˝, ´’Sx †’´¤y Ç©Ææuçí¬ -´-î √a-´¤)
Sarath: But I'm not. You wanted me here at 5,
and here I am at 5.
( ØËØËç Ç©Ææuçí¬ ®√-™‰-ü¿’. †’´¤y -Å®·Cç-öÀéÀ
®Ω-´’t-Ø√o-´¤. Å®·Cç-öÀéÀ -Ééπ\-úø’-Ø√o†’)
Hemanth: Didn't you promise to be here 4.30
itself?
(4.30 èπ◊ Ééπ\-úø’ç-ö«-†E ´÷öÀ-´y-™‰ü∆?)
Sarath: I did, but then you said it was enough
If I was here by 5.
(Eï¢Ë’ é¬E †’¢Ëy ÅØ√o´¤ éπü∆ ØËE-éπ\úø -
Å®·Cç-öÀ-èπ◊çõ‰ î√©E)
2) Dheeraj: Hi Neeraj, would you like to have
some coffee?
(é¬Ææh coffee BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?)
Neeraj: I don't feel like it I've just had coffee.
(BÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©-E°œç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’. É°æ¤púË coffee
BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o)
Dheeraj: But you must take some thing. Shall I
get you a drink, perhaps some orange
juice?
(†’¢Ëy-ü¿-®·Ø√ -BÆæ’éÓ¢√-LqçüË. orange
(؈’ -E-†’o '´’Lx— ÅE °œ©-´úøç -É-≠d-¢æ Ë’Ø√?)
Malini: Nothing of the sort, Call me Malini.
That is how I like it.
(ÅüËç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’. ††’o ´÷LE ÅØË- °œ-©’-. ÅüË
Ø√éÀ≠dçæ )
Nothing of the sort= ÅüËç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’– Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ DEo
-à Ææç-ü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ Å®·Ø√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Purely conversa-
tional. O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTING
5) Subba Rao: How about Rs 500/- for the Formal (According to rules) Informal (Spoken Form)
whole job? Reporting Verb Past tense
(Ñ ¢Á·ûªhç °æEéÀ ®Ω÷. 500 É≤ƒh-†’. à´’ç-ö«´¤?) 1) Hemanth: Sarath, Hemanth observed that Sarath was Hemanth complained that Sarath
Apparao: That's too little for such a lot of work. you are late again. late again. was late again.
I don't like the amount at all, but I Sarath: But I'm not.
Sarath said he was, however, not Sarath protested and asserted
need money now, so I agree to do it. You wanted me here at late, and that Hemant had wanted that he was there at 5, as
(Åçûª °æEéÀ -Éçûª ûªèπ◊\¢√? 5, and here I am at 5. him there at 5, and there he was at 5. Hemanth had wanted him.
Ø√èπ◊ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ Ø√éÀ- Hemanth: Didn't you Hemanth asked sarath if he hadn't Hemanth reminded sarath of his
°æ¤púø’ úø•’s Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Åçü¿’-éπE promise to be here at promised to be there at 4.30 itself. promise to be there at 4.30 itself.
ä°æ¤p-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) 4.30 itself?.
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™ Direct Sarath: I did but then Sarath told Hemanth that he had Sarath agreed but reminded
speech -†’ strictly accord-
you said that it was said so, but that Hemanth had said Hemanth that he had told him
ing to rules, formal (Ææ÷vû√©
enough if I was here that it would be enough if he was that it was enough if he was there
v°æ鬮Ωç, ví¬ç--C∑éπç) í¬ report by 5. there by 5. by 5.
M. SURESAN .
Ééπ\úø Informal reporting ™ complained, protested, reminded, agreed ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©

I don't feel like.. ¢√úø’éπ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. Å™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ reporting †’ Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúËô’x -îË≤ƒh®·

2) Dheeraj: Hi Neeraj, Dheeraj asked Neeraj if he would

Dheeraj offered coffee to Neeraj.
Neeraj refused Has he had just
would you like to have like to have some coffee.
had some coffee.
some coffee?
juice ™«çöÀ-üË-¢Á’iØ√ É´yØ√?)
Neeraj: I don't feel Neeraj replied he didn't feel like it Neeraj didn't feel like it as he had
Neeraj: Not n ow, please. Thank you, just the
like it, I've just had
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
same . and added that he had just had some just had some coffee.
196 some coffee. coffee.
(É°æ¤púø’ -´-ü¿’l™‰ Å®·Ø√ thank you.)
just the same = Å®·Ø√ Dheeraj: But you Dheeraj said that Neeraj had to take Dheeraj insisted that Neeraj take
3) komala: Shall we go to the exhibition this must take something. something. He asked him if he something. He offered to get
îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ, ordinary spoken form (´÷´‚©’ ¢√u´- Shall I get you a drink, should get some drink, perhaps drink, perhaps some orange
evening?
perhaps some orange some orange juice. juice.
(Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´’†ç exhibition £æ…-Jé𠶵«≠æ)™ îËߪ’-ú≈Eéà ÖçúË ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eçî√ç.
insist = °æô’d-°æ-ôdúøç
Èé∞«l´÷?) É°æ¤púø’, -§ƒ-®∏√uç-¨¡ç -v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç-™ -Ö-†o Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-†’ juice.
Vimala: Sure; I like to, very much. í∫-´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ. OöÀ-™ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅFo èπÿú≈ strictly Neeraj: Not now, Neeraj politely said that he wouldn't Neeraj wouldn't have any thing
(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. Ø√èπ◊ î√-™« É≠ædç) according to rules report îËÊÆh î√-™« ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬, please. Thank you just have anything then. He thanked then and thanked Neeraj just the
the same. Neeraj, just the same. same.
Komala: Then shall we start at 6.30? Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´ôç é¬Ææh É•sç-Cí¬ Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-©-†’ ¶µ«´ç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ ᙫ report îËÆœØ√ 3) Komala: Shall we Komala suggested that they go to Komala suggested that they go to
(Å®·ûË 6.30èπ◊ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ü∆´÷?)
go to the exhibition the exhibition that evening/ Komala the exhibition that evening/
Vimala: That's OK for me. I'll be here exactly °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Å´-ûª-L-¢√--JéÀ Ææ-Jí¬_ -Å®Ωn-¢Á’i-ûË -î√-©’.
this evening? suggested their going to the exhibi- Komala suggested their going to
at 6.30. Let's try to report this conversation
tion that evening. the exhibition that evening.
(-Å-™«Íí. ØËE-éπ\úø correct í¬ 6.30 èπ◊çö«)
Vimala: Sure, I like Vimala agreed and said she liked to, Vimala readily agreed and liked
(°æéπ\ -õ‰-•’-™¸ -îª÷-úøç-úÕ)
4) Hema: How do you like my calling you
to, very much. very much. to go very much.
Now practise the following marks.
Komala: Then shall Komala asked Vimala if they would Komala proposed then they start
Report the direct speech both Kalyan: You haven't done the homework. we start at 6.30. start at 6.30. at 6.30.
in the Formal and Spoken form. Won't the teacher punish you?
Komala: That's OK Komala said that it was OK for her It was OK for Komala. She would
Prameela: Let's show our teacher we are Pavan: What do I care? Let her. for me. I'll be here at and that she would be there at 6.30. be there at 6.30.
clever students. Sangeeta: Let there be no delay, please. 6.30.
Vineela: That is the thing we have to do. Vignata: Be sure I'll be prompt. 4) Hema: How do you Hema asked Malli how she liked her Hema wanted to know how she
Let's work hard and get good like my calling you calling her Malli. like her calling Malli/ Hema would
Malli?. call her Malli. How would she like
ACCORDING TO RULES INFORMAL it?.
Malini: Nothing of the Malini said nothing of the sort. She Malini wouldn't have anything of
Prameela suggested that they show their Prameela wanted to show their teacher that
sort. Call me Malini. asked Hema to call her Malini and the sort. She asked Hema to call
teacher that they were clever students. that they were clever students.
That's how I like it. added that that was how she liked it. her Malini. That was how she
Vineela said that that was the thing they had to liked it.
Vineela agreed and suggested their working
do, and suggested that they work hard and get 5) Subbarao: How Subbarao asked Apparao if he would Subbarao proposed Rs. 500/- for
hard and getting good marks.
good marks. about Rs. 500/- for the do the whole job for Rs. 500/-. the whole job.
Kalyan said that Pavan had not done his Kalyan observed Pavan had not done his whole job?.
homework and asked him if the teacher would- homework and warned him that the teacher Apparao: That's too Apparao complained that it was
Apparao said that it was too little for
n't punish him. would punish him. little for such a lot of too little for such a lot of work. He
such a lot of work, and added that he
Pavan said that he did not care, and did not work. I don't like the grumbled that he didn't like the
Pavan said he didn't care. didn't like the amount at all, but that
mind her punishing him. amount at all, but I money at all but to do it as he
he needed money then and that he
Sangeeta urged that there should be no delay. Sangeeta urged that there should be no delay. need money now and would do it. needed the money, he would do it.
urge = Strong request (í∫öÀd Nïc°œh). (formal & Spoken form - same). I'll do it.
grumble = Ææù-í∫ôç.
Vignata told Sangeeta to be sure that she Vignata assured Sangeeta that she would be
would be prompt. prompt.
Prompt = Ææé¬-™«-EéÀ Öçúøôç.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 12 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006
Prabhakar: Hi Divakar, when did you come?
(£æ…ß˝’ C¢√-éπ®˝! á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√a´¤?)
Divakar: Hardly a few hours ago, by the
Howrah Express.
(É°æ¤púË éÌEo-í∫ç-ô© éÀçü¿ô, £æ«˜®√
áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ™ ´î√a†’.)
Prabhakar: Back home after a long time, you
feel happy, don't you? But why
are you out so soon?
(î√™«-鬩ç ûª®√yûª AJ-íÌ-î√a´¤. ÆæçûÓ-
≠æçí¬ ÖçC éπü∆? Å®·ûË Å°æ¤púË ´’S}
•ßª’-öÀ-éÌ-î√a-¢ËçöÀ?)
Divakar: Oh, just think of it. What do I find
as I step into home? Mom down
with a fever.
(îª÷úø’. Éçöx Cí∫-í¬ØË Øˆ’ îª÷Æœç
-üË-N’öÀ? Å´’tèπ◊ ïy®Ωç.)
You are welcome
Prabhakar: What train did you say you came
by?
(à train ™ ´î√a†Ø√o´¤ †’´¤y?)
Didn't you say the Howrah
Express?
(£æ«˜®√ áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ ÅØ√o´¤ éπü∆?)
My uncle must have come by the
same train.
(´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u èπÿú≈ ÅüË train ™
´îª’aç-ú≈L).
But why are you out?
Divakar: I told you. Mom has a fever and I
am going to get some medicines.
What a bother?
(îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆. Å´’tèπ◊ ïy®Ωçí¬
Öçü¿E, ´’çü¿’©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´-ú≈-EéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-
ûª’Ø√o. àç ¶«üµÓ! – NÆæ’í∫’ – What a
bother)
Prabhakar: Really a pity! Hope it's just an
ordinary fever
(Eïçí¬ ü¿’®Ωü¿%≠æd¢Ë’. ´÷´‚©’
ïy®Ω¢Ë’ éπü∆?)
Divakar: (I) wish it were! But I'm afraid it's
some viral fever.
(´÷´‚©’ ïy®Ωç Å®·ûË ¶«í¬ØË
Öç-úË-C. àüÓ viral fever ÅE ņ’-´÷-
†çí¬ ÖçC Ø√èπ◊.)
Prabhakar: Sorry to hear that.
(ÅÈ®, §ƒ°æç)
Divakar: Damn these heavy rains! They are
the cause of all these.
(Ñ ¢Áüµ¿´ ´®√{©’. OöÀ-´™‰x É´Fo.)
Prabhakar: Oh, curse my memory! I forgot to
congratulate you on your getting
a new and better job.
(Ø√ ´’A-´’-®Ω-°æ¤-´©x ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.
Fèπ◊ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ éπçõ‰ ´’ç*, éÌûªh
job ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπçví¬ö¸q.
Divakar: Thank you. But I must rush. I've
been too long with you. Mom must
be wondering where I am. See
you later. Bye.
(Thanks. é¬F ؈’ ¢Á∞«}L. FûÓ ´’K
áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√o†’. OúÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oú≈ ÅE
Å´’t ņ’-éÌç-ô’ç-ô’çC. ûª®√yûª
éπ©’ü∆lç.)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆? ÅFo-é¬-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√,
áèπ◊\-´í¬ short sentences, exclamations
ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. ´’†ç OöÀE spoken English ™
report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, Ç ´÷ô-éÌÊÆh formal í¬ report
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ´’éÃ\éÀ -´’-éÀ\í¬ rules v°æ鬮Ωç
report îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. äéπJ ´÷ô-™ xE ¶µ«´ç îÁúø-
èπ◊çú≈, Ææ£æ«-ïûªyç éπE-°œç-îË-ôô’x report îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË
î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. îª÷úøçúÕ:
Kumar: I am taking the exam next week.
Kesav: Wish you the best of luck.
4) Ashok: Why did you drive so fast? Study this table carefully and practise the
Report: Kumar told Kesav that he was taking
spoken form well.
the exam next week, and Kesav
(áçü¿’-éπçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ †úÕ-§ƒ´¤?)
Amar: I was late for class. Now look at the following expressions &
wished him the best of luck.
(class èπ◊ Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·çC) sentences.
Ashok: I wouldn't do it if I were you. Isn't Prabhakar: What train did you say you came by?
dangerous? D†®Ωnç: †’´¤y à train ™ ´î√a-†-Ø√o¢˛?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 197
(ØËØË †’´y-®·ûË Å™« îËߪ’†’. v°æ´÷ü¿ç äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC ÆæJí¬ N†-éπ-§ÚûË, ´’S} îÁ°æp-
éπü∆?) ´’-†ôç É™«.
a) O’ Ê°Í®-N’-ô-Ø√o®Ω’, ´’S} ã≤ƒJ îÁ°æpçúÕ.
What did you say your name was?
b) Srinath: You kept it where?
Sumanth: I kept it on the table.
´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË,Where did you keep
it? spoken form
Åçö«ç éπü∆. ™ you kept it
where ÅØËC common. DØËo ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬–
Kesav's words ᙫ Report: Where did you say you kept it?
report î˨»¢Á÷ (Indirect a) Present tense: Ashok wonders why (áéπ\úø °ö«d-†-Ø√o´¤ ü∆Eo?)
speech ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp¢Á÷) Amar drive so fast. Amar says he was
2) Mom must be wondering where I am.
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ late for class. Ashok advises him not to
Å®·ûË, Kesav said that do it and warns him it is dangerous.
ØËØÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oØ√ ÅE Å´’t -Ç-™-îª-†-™ °æ-úÕ -Öç-ô’ç-C.
he wished him the best b) Past tense: Ashok wondered why Amar
´÷´‚-©’í¬ wonder Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ´’†ç-ü¿-JéÀ
of luck
had driven so fast. Amar said he was late
ûÁ©’Ææ’– Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç ÅE. Å®·ûË
M. SURESAN
ÅE ÅØ√Lq
´Ææ’hçC. Å™« Åçõ‰ for- for class. Ashok advised him not to do it
Ééπ\úø, Mom must be wondering/ I wonder-
mal spoken form ™ í¬F, (formal í¬ and warned him against it/ of the danger/
É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx wonder èπ◊ Å®Ωnç– 'à´’-ߪ·uç-ô’çD,
í¬ í¬F,
éπçõ‰ spoken form ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬) î√™« ÅÆæ-£æ«- that it was dangerous.
à´’-´îª’a— ÅE. àüÁjØ√ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* ´’†ç
Ç™-îª-†™ °æúøôç ÅE.
ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE Å™«çöÀ ¶µ«´ç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ Now look at the following part of conver-
°j† ûÁL-°œ-†ô’x report îËߪ’ôç better. a) I wonder if he knows this =
sation at the beginning of the lesson:
1) Abhishek: Thanks a lot for your help. Prabhakar: Really a pity! Hope it is just an
¢√úÕ-éÀC ûÁ©’≤Ú ûÁL-ߪ’üÓ? (Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴-ôç-™‰ü¿’)
Anamika: You are welcome. b) Suneetha: Will Suguna come now?
ordinary fever.
thanks
(á´-È®jØ√ ´’†èπ◊ you are
îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’, Divakar: (I) wish it were! But I'm afraid it's
(Ææ’í∫’ù É°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’hçü∆?)
welcome/ you are most welcome/ welcome Supriya: I wonder.
some viral fever.
Åçö«ç) Prabhakar: Sorry to hear that.
(´Ææ’hçüÓ ®√üÓ, Ø√éπ-†’-´÷-†¢Ë’)
Report: Exercise: Report aloud the whole conversa-
Suppose we want to report the conversation
a) Present tense: Abhishek thanks tion at the beginning of the lesson, both
above. How do we go about it?
Anamika a lot for her help. Anamika according to rules and informally.
(´’†ç °j Ææ綵«-≠æù ᙫ report îË≤ƒhç?)
appreciates his thanks.
b) Past tense: Abhishek thanked Anamika Reporting - Present Reporting - Past
a lot for her help. Anamika appreciated Formal (acc. to rules) Informal (spoken) Formal (acc. to rules) Informal (spoken)
it. Prabhakar says it is really Prabhakar is disap- Prabhakar said it was real- Prabhakar was dis-
2) Pradhan: Congratulations on your getting a pity and that he hopes it pointed and hopes it ly a pity and that he hoped appointed and hoped
the top grade. Keep it up. is ordinary fever is ordinary fever. it was ordinary fever. it was ordinary fever.
Prakash: Thank you. Divakar says he wishes it Divakar wishes it Divakar expressed a wish
Divakar wished it
a) Reporting verb - Present tense: were, but that he suspects were, but suspects that it had been, but that had been, but sus-
Pradhan congratulates Prakash on his it is some viral fever. it is a viral fever. he suspected it was some pected it to be a viral
getting the top grade and adds a word viral fever. fever.
of encouragement. Prakash thanks him.
b) Reporting verb - Past tense: 1. Make †’, Do †’ àN-üµ¿çí¬ b) Do= àüÁjØ√ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç/ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îªôç
Pradhan congratulated Prakash on his i) What is he doing? =
-Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√L?
getting the top grade and added a word 2. Xerox , photocopy ©
ÅûªØËç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’ (àüÁjØ√ °æE)
of encouragement. Prakash thanked him. He is studying= Åûªúø’ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.
3) Susanth: This bike often gives me trouble. – ñ„.®√V, ÇC-™«-¶«ü˛ ii) You do your duty = F NCµ †’´¤y- îÁ®·u (E®Ωy-£œ«ç)
What a bother! 1. a) Make means to produce / manu-
Do work, harm, homework, business, a course,
(What a bother= áçûª *é¬èπ◊) facture. Make Åçõ‰ üËØÁj oØ√ one's best, etc.
Report: ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-ߪ’úøç, ÖûªpAh îËߪ’úøç ÅØË Make a cake, money, a speech, fun etc.,
a) Susanth is vexed that this/ that bike Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. 2. Photocopy Photostat
, photo
Åçõ‰ üËE-ÈéjØ√ BÆœ†-ô’xí¬
often gives him trouble. i) Mother is making coffee = ´îËa copy ÅE.Xerox company machine
¢√∞¡x O’ü¿
b) Susanth was vexed that that bike often Å´’t 鬰∂‘ ûªßª÷®Ω’îË≤ÚhçC. BÊÆ photocopy Å®·ûË Xerox copy photo-
Åçö«®Ω’.
gave him trouble. ii) The student is making an stat machines †’ ¢Á·ü¿ô v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°-öÀdçD, É°æp-öÀéà Åûªuçûª
É™« ´’†ç report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ He said that, attempt to understand the sub- °ü¿l company ÅüË. ÅÆæ©’ ÅØ√-LqçC photocopy ÅØË.
etc., ™«çöÀN ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ ¶µ«¢√Eo ûÁ©’°æ-í∫-L-TûË ject = Nü∆uJn Æ涄-bèπ◊d†’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’- Xerox copy Xerox brand machine O’ü¿ -BÊÆ copy
î√©’. éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰. photocopy correct.
-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 14 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 1

Naresh: Where are you coming from?

versation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
Nabh: That makes us equally tall.
(†’¢Áy-éπ\-úø’oç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?)
Ramesh: From my uncle's.
(Åçõ‰ ´’E-ü¿l®Ωç äÍé áûªh-†o-´÷ô)
Sekhar: You're wrong, my friend. I am still
(´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u ÉçöÀ †’ç* -´Ææ’h-Ø√o-†’)
Naresh: You go there quite frequently, don't
taller than you by half an inch.
you?
(§Ò®Ω•- ú- ’ø û- ª’Ø- √o-´¤ N’vû´ª ÷, Féπçõ‰ Ø- †-Ë ’ É°æp-
(†’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢Á∞¡-û√´¤ éπü∆?) öÀéà 1/2 Åçí∫’∞- ¡ç áèπ◊\-´ áûª’h Ö- Ø- √o-†’)
Ramesh: I do. He asks me to eat there quite REPORTING (Only Spoken Form)
Nabh: If that makes you happy, have it so. DIRECT SPEECH
often. Reporting Verb Present Reporting Verb Past
(Å™« ņ’-éÓôç Fèπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-¢Á’iûË, Å-™«Íí
(Å´¤†’. Çߪ’† ††’o ûª®Ω-îª÷ ¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ ņ’éÓ.) Naresh: Where are Naresh wants to know where Ramesh Naresh Wanted to know where
3) Nagaraj: Let me finish this chapter. I'll come
°œ©’-≤ƒhúø’.)
you coming from? is coming from. Ramesh was coming from.
Naresh: Hasn't he a daughter?
with you wherever you want. Ramesh is coming from his uncle's Ramesh was coming from his
Ramesh: from my
(Çߪ’-†èπ◊ èπÿûª’-®Ω’çC éπü∆?) (Ñ chapter °æ‹Jh îËÆœ-† -ûª®√y-ûª uncle's place. uncle's place.
Ramesh: What're you driving at?
†’¢Áy-éπ\-úÕ-éÀ-®Ω-´’tçõ‰ Åéπ\-úÕ-éÌ-≤ƒh†’) Naresh: You go there, Naresh observes that Ramesh goes Naresh observed that Ramesh
Prakash: Murthy will complain we went there frequently, and asks
(àN’öÀ †’´yç-öçC?)
frequently, don't you? there frequently and asks him if he
drive at = ÉçÍéüÓ ÖüËP-l ç* îÁ°pæ ôç. I still don't
are late. (´’†ç late ÅE doesn't? him if he didn't.
understand what she was driving at = Ç¢Á’
´‚Jh ûª°æ¤p°æ-úø-û√-úø’) Ramesh: I do. He asks Ramesh agrees that he goes there Ramesh agreed that he went
Nagaraj: Let him. My test tomor- there often as his uncle asked
Å™« ņ-ôç™ Ö- †- o Öü˨l ¡ç àN’ö É°æpöÀ Ø- √èπ◊ me to eat there quite often as his uncle asks him to eat there
Å- ®Ωç¥l 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’. 'drive at' ¢- √-ú’ø éπ†- ’ O- ’ con- row is more important often. him to eat there quite often.
quite often.
versation ™ practice îËߪ’ç-ú.Õ
than this outing. Naresh wondered if he hadn't
Naresh: I've been wondering all these Naresh: Hasn't he a Naresh wonders if he hasn't a daugh-
(ûª°æp-ôdF. Ñ ≠œé¬®Ω’ éπçõ‰ Í®°æ-öÀ Ø√ daughter? ter. a daughter
days why you go there so
M. SURESAN test Ø√èπ◊ -î √-™« ´·êuç) Ramesh wants to know /wonders what Ramesh wanted to know/ won-
often. Now I know. Ramesh: What are
Prakash: you're right Let him Naresh is driving at. dered at What Naresh was
you driving at?
understand that.
( †’´¤y áçü¿’èπ◊ Åéπ\úÕ-éÀ ûª®Ωîª÷
driving at.
Naresh: I've been Naresh has been wondering all these Naresh had been wondering
wondering all these days why Ramesh went there so often. why Ramesh went there so
days why you go there Now he knows. often. Now he knew.

I'm sorry I'm going ... so often. Now know.

Ramesh: What
you know?
do Ramesh is asking Naresh what he
knows.
Naresh: A Marriage in Naresh hopes for a marriage in the off-
Ramesh asked Naresh what
he knew.
Naresh hoped for a marriage in
the offing. ing. the offing.
Ramesh: I'm sorry I am
Ramesh was sorry to disap-
¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o¢Ó Ø√èπ◊ -ÉEo ®ÓV©÷ Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’. going to disappoint you. Ramesh is sorry to disappoint Naresh.
My uncle does have Ramesh's uncle does have a daughter point Naresh. Ramesh's uncle
É°æ¤púø’ ûÁL-ÆœçC)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù daughter, but she is but she is already the mother of two did have a daughter but she
Wonder = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç – Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-°æ-úøôç – É™«çöÀ 198 already the mother of babes. was already the mother of two
Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ î√™« v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-ôç/- two babes. babes.
Å®Ωnç é¬éπ-§Ú-´ôç) Answers to the exercise under lesson no: 197
Ramesh: What do you know?
(†’´¤y ÅØËC Æ敶‰. ÅC ¢√úø’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L.)
Reporting Verb Past tence
(àçöÀ Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC?) ´’†ç direct speech report È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ îË-ߪ’-´-îªa- DIRECT SPEECH
Naresh: A marriage in the offing. According to rules Spoken Form
E í∫-ûª lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. 1) î√-™« formal
(°Rx ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûÓç-ü¿E) (In the offing = ï®Ω’-í∫-†’†o) í¬ (rule v°æ鬮Ωç) 2) Å®Ωnç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ (informal í¬) Prabhakar wanted to know
Ramesh: I'm sorry I'm going to disappoint Prabhakar: Hi Divakar Prabhakar asked Divakar when he
spoken form ™ (Åçõ‰ ¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬). Ñ had came. when Divakar had come.
you. My uncle does have a daugh- When did you come?
columns ™ ´’† ÖüËl¨¡ç spoken English ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-
ter, but she is already the mother of Divakar: Hardly a few hours Divakar Replied that he had come Divakar had come hardly a
´ôç 鬕öÀd, ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË English Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬, Ææ£æ«- ago, by Howrah Express hardly a few hours ago by the few hours ago by the Howrah
two babes.
ïçí¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰, spoken form ™ report îËߪ’úøç-ûÓ Howrah Express. Express
(E†’o E®Ω’-û√q£æ«°æ-®Ω’Ææ’h-†-oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿í¬ -§ƒ-ô’, -v§ƒéÃdÆˇ èπÿ-ú≈ -Å-ûªuç-ûª éÃ-©éπç. Prabhakar: Back home after Prabhakar asked observed that Prabhakar said that Divakar
ÖçC. ´÷ ´÷´’-ߪ’uèπ◊ èπÿûª’-®Ω’çC, é¬F °j passage ™ áèπ◊\´ ¶µ«í∫ç Spoken form™ report a long time, you feel happy, back home after a long time, he felt must be feeling happy to be
îËߪ’ö- «-EÍé ņ’-´¤í¬ Ö-çú- ö-ø «-Eo í∫´’-Eç-îçª úÕ. According don't you? But why are you happy and asked him if he didn't. back home after a long time,
Ç¢Á’ Éü¿l®Ω’ °œ©x© ûªLx)
2) Sekhar: Hi Nabh, how tall you have grown out so soon?
to rules practice îËߪ’ú - çø Å- ç-ûª ¶«í∫’ç-úü-ø ¿’. -É-C í∫´’- He asked him however why he was but wondered why he was out
since I saw you last a year ago !.
Eç-îªçúÕ. out so soon. so soon.
(Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç éÀçü¿ô E†’o îª÷Æœ-†-°æpöÀéÀ... Let us see two or three samples: Practise them Divakar: Oh, Just think of it Divakar disappointed asked
what do I find as I step into Divakar was disappointed that
with the reporting verb in the Present Tense Prabhakar to think of what he
-É°æp-öÀéÀ áçûª áC-í¬´¤!)
Nabh: So have you. True; I certainly am 2 home? Mom down with a as he stepped into home he
and in the Past Tense as well. found just as he stepped into
inches taller than I was a year ago. fever. found mom down with a fever.
¢Á·ü¿öÀ †’ç* ´’†ç reporting verb present tense home- mom down with a fever
What about you. Prabhakar: What train did Prabhakar wanted to be sure
™ èπÿú≈ practise îËߪ’ôç O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. Prabhakar asked Divakar what
(Eï¢Ë’ éÀçü¿õ‰-ú≈C éπçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ È®çúøç-í∫’-∞«©’ DEéÀ ´·êu-é¬-®Ωùç ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x î√™« - You say you came by? Didn't what train Divakar had come
train he had said he came by, and
°-Jí¬-†’. -´’-J F Ææçí∫A?) ´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç Éûª-®Ω’© Ææ´’-éπ~ç™ØË ¢√∞¡x ´÷ô©’ report you say Howrah Express? by and if it wasn't Howrah
if he hadn't said Howrah Express.
Sekhar: Just two inches. That's all. But why are you out? He asked him why he was out. Express. He wanted to know
îËÊÆ Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ áèπ◊\-´-í¬ØË Öçö«®·. Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-
(È®çúøç-í∫’-∞«™‰ ÅçûË. That's all = ÅçûË ®√s¥™x present tense ™ØË report îË≤ƒhç éπü∆? why he was out.
Is this all? = ÉçûËØ√? That's all = ÅçûË. O’ con- Divakar: I told you. mom has Divakar said that he had told him Divakar had already told him
a fever and I'm going to get that mom has a fever and he was to his mom's fever and was
É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ÅüË îËü∆lç:
Q) Year by year, Year after year, Every other Every other year he goes to the US = some medicines What a going to get some medicines. He very unhappy he was going to
year Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀéÀ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? üËEo á°æ¤púø’ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç NúÕ* Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Åûªúø’ Å¢Á’-Jé¬ bother! was not at all happy about it. get some medicines.
Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? ¢Á∞¡-û√úø’.
üµ¿†, £j«-ü¿®√--¶«-ü˛. Q) a, e, i, o, u©ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u °æü∆©
Divakar: Damn these heavy Divakar cursed the rains, and said Divakar cursed the rains for
i) Year by year = Every year. ´·çü¿’ An ®√¢√L éπü∆! Å®·ûË University, rains! They are the cause of they were the cause of all those. being the cause of all these.
v°æA Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ÅE. Year by year, he is grow- European ™«çöÀ °æü∆© ´·çü¿’ 'A' áçü¿’èπ◊
all these.
ing richer and richer. (Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Ææç´-û√q-®√-EéÃ, ÅûªúÕ
Prabhakar: Oh curse my Prabhakar cursed his memory, as Prabhakar cursed his memory,
¢√úøû√ç?
memory. I forgot to congratu- he forgot to congratulate Divakar on as he forgot to congratulate
Ææç°æü¿ °J-T-§Ú-ûÓçC). N. í¬çDµ §ƒ-´’®˝, éÌ-ûªhí∫÷-úÁç.
ii) Year after year = continuously, without brake. ï¢√•’: a/ an Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç – Å, Ç, É, Ñ, á, à, â, late on your getting new and his getting a new and better job . Divakar on his getting a new
Year after year passed, he continued to work ä, ã, å – Ñ ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’ßË’u English ´÷ô© better Job. and better job .
hard, though he was getting older and older
´·çü¿’ 'an' ¢√úøû√ç. N’í∫-û√-¢√öÀ ´·çü¿’ 'a' ¢√úøû√ç. Divakar: Thank you, but I Divakar, thanking Prabhakar said Divakar thanked Prabhakar
he had to rush and that he had and wanted to rush. He had
Ææçûªq-®√© ûª®Ω-•úÕ, ´ßª’Ææ’ Â°j°æúø’ûª’Ø√o, Åûªúø’ éπ≠d°æ æúÕ University, European, Ñ È®çúø’ ´÷ô©÷, °j†
must rush. I've been long
been with him long. Mom must be been with him long and his
°æE-îË-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oúø’.
Year after year his study continued =
îÁ°œp† ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE with you. Mom must be won-
an ¢√úøç (European= ߪ‚®Ω-°œ-ߪ’Ø˛; University = dering where I am. See you wondering where he was. He mom must be wondering
would see him later. He said bye to where he was. He would see
Ææç´-ûªq-®√-©’í¬ ÅûªúÕ Åüµ¿u-ߪ’†ç ≤ƒTçC.
Every other year = alternate year
ߪ‚E-´-JqöÀ – 'ߪ‚— ÅØË ¨¡•lç Å †’ç* å ´®Ωèπ◊ ÖçúË later Bye.
ûÁ©’í∫’ ¨¡¶«l™x ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.) him. him later and bade him bye.
Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ´÷Ja (NúÕ*) Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç
-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 18 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006
Vinamra: Are you sure which train we are trav-
elling by and on which date?
(´’†ç à -võ„®·-Ø˛™ , à ûËD ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o¢Á÷
Fèπ◊ éπ*aûªçí¬ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
Vismaya: Of course I am. We are going by the
AP Express on the 30th. Let there be
no doubt about it.
(áçü¿’èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’?´’†ç 30-† -á.°œ. áé˙q-
vÂ°Æˇ™ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oç.)
(Of course I am – ûÁ-L-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´ôç
àçöÃ? ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ÅE.)
Vinamra: Then what about the reservation.
(´’J- -J-ïÍ®y-≠æ-Ø˛ Ææçí∫-ûËç-öÀ?)
Vismaya: That's the travel dept's business. Let
them do it.
(ÅC v°æߪ÷ùN¶µ«í∫ç ¢√-∞¡x ¶«üµ¿uûª. -Ç °æE
¢√∞¡Ÿx îËߪ÷-L.)
Vinamra: What about the director's travel
arrangements?
(-´’-J -úÁjÈ®éπd®˝ -v°æ-ߪ÷-ù -à®√p-ôx Ææçí∫-A?)
Vismaya: It's not our business. Let his PA (per-
sonal assistant) take care of them.
(´’†èπ◊ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. Çߪ’† °œ.-á.
îª÷Ææ’éÓ-¢√Lq† N≠æߪ’ç ÅC.)
Vinamra: How long are we to be in Delhi
(´’†ç -úµÕ-Mx-™ áEo ®ÓV-©’ç-ú≈L?)
Vismaya: Let's make the best of the trip. Let's
stay there for two or three days after
the conference. We can do a bit of
shopping and sight seeing too.
(Ñ v°æߪ÷-ù«Eo ´’†ç ÆæCy-E-ßÁ÷í∫ç
îËÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç. Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç ûª®√yûª Åéπ\úø
È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©’çü∆ç. é¬Ææh -≥ƒ°œçí˚,
ÂÆj-ö¸Æ‘-®·çí˚ èπÿú≈ îËü∆lç.)
Make the best of = üË-E-ØÁj-Ø√
ÆæCy-E-ßÁ÷í∫ç îËÆæ’éÓ-´ôç.
Sight seeing =
°æ®√u-ôéπ Ææn©ç îª÷úøôç.
Vinamra: Won't the director object?
(´’J úÁjÈ®éπd®˝ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç-
îÁ-G-ûË-ØÓ?/ úÁjÈ®éπd®˝ Ŷµºu-ûª®Ωç
îÁ°æpú≈?) M. SURESAN
Vismaya: Let him. But why should he?
We are going to stay there for the
extra days, at our expense.
(îÁ°æpF. ÅÆæ©’ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç áçü¿’èπ◊
îÁ§ƒpL? Ç È®çvúÓ-V©’ ´’†ç ´’† ê®Ω’a©
O’ü¿ Öçö«ç.)
Vinamra: Let's tell him of it in advance. Getting
leave for the two days will be easy.
(Å®·ûË ÑN≠æߪ’ç Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ´·ç-üË
îÁ-•’--ü∆ç. Å°æ¤púø’ Ç È®ç-úø’®Ó-V-©èπ◊ ÂÆ©´¤
BÆæ’éÓ-´úøç -Ææ’-©-¶µºçí¬ Öçô’çC.)
Vismaya: Why are you so worried about it? Let
him not grant leave. He will see what
happens.
(àçôçûª éπçí¬®Ω’ °æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? ÂÆ©-N-´y-
èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúøF îª÷ü∆lç. Çߪ’-†Íé
ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.)
°j Conversation ™ let î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ´*açC. Let
Ö†o sentences †’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬
îËߪ÷L. Let †’ ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd, ü∆E-èπ◊†o Å®√nEo
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
•öÀd, ü∆Eo report îËߪ’ôç
´÷®Ω’ûª÷ Öçô’çC.
Spoken English ™ let
¢√úøéπç î√™«áèπ◊\´. ûª®Ωí¬
¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Åçü¿’-éπE ÅC
Ö†o sentences †’ ᙫ
report îËߪ ÷™ ûÁ© ’-Ææ ’-éÓ-
´ôç î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç.
ÅÆæ©’ let ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
èπ◊çõ‰ ÅC ᙫ report
îËߪ÷™ Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç Å´¤-
ûª’çC.
1) Let = allow (Ææ´’t-Aç-
îªôç/ã °æE îÁߪ’u-E-´yôç)
a) Let him go = Allow him
to go = ¢√úÕ-E ¢Á∞¡xF.
b) Let the milk boil = Allow the milk to boil =
§ƒ©’ ´’®Ω-í∫-F/-é¬-í∫F.
c) Let her come in = Allow her to come in =
2)
Ç¢Á’†’ ™°æ-LéÀ ®√F (®Ω´’t†’).
us ´·çü¿’ let (let us...) ¢√úÕûË ÅC v°æA-§ƒ-
ü¿†/Ææ÷ (proposal/ suggestion) Å´¤-ûª’çC.
a) Let us go now = ´’†ç ¢Á-∞¡-ü∆ç °æü¿.
b) Let us (Let's) have some thing to eat
= é¬Ææh àüÁjØ√ Açü∆ç.
Let us not trouble him
c) Let us not trouble him
-Å-ûª-úÕ-E ´’†ç ¶«üµ¿-°-öÔdü¿’l.
3) Let †’ Warning É´y-ú≈-EéÀ (£«îªa-Jç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ) èπÿú≈
¢√úøû√ç.
a) Let him not come here again
-Å-ûª-úÕ-E ´’S} Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√F-ߪ’èπ◊/ ®√´-ü¿lE îÁ°æ¤p/
®√èπÿ-úøü¿’.
b) Let him understand we are not afraid of him
Åûª-†çõ‰ ´’†Íéç ¶µºßª’癉ü¿E -Å-ûª-úÕ-E Å®ΩnçîËÆæ’-éÓF.
c) Let her know her limits
Ç¢Á’ £æ«ü¿’l©’ Ç¢Á’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ´’ç*C.
d) Let †’ order/ command èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.
a) Let him finish the work in an hour
í∫çô-™ °æE °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷L.
b) Let them clear all this mess -
Ñ éπçí¬S Åçû√ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¨¡Ÿv¶µº-°æ-®Ω-î√L.
let
5) ´’† E®Ωx-é¬~ uEo ûÁ©°æú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈
¢√úøû√ç.
a) Let him complain to the police.
What do I care = Police èπ◊ com-
plaint îËÆæ ’éÓ-´ ’†’/îËÆæ ’éÓF.
Ø√Íéç
¶µºßª’ç ™‰ü¿’.
b) Let the government do it =
ÅC v°æ¶µº’ûªyç îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE.
ÉN let èπ◊†o Å®√n©÷, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’. ´’†ç
let ûÓ Ö†o sentences †’ report îËÊÆ--
ô°æ¤púø’ ü∆E Å®√nEo, ¢√úÕ† Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd reporting
verbs, order, warn, request, ask ™«çöÀN ¢√ú≈L.
I. ´·êuçí¬ let Ö†o sentence ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬
Imperative í¬ Öçô’çC. 鬕öÀd ü∆Eo imperative
sentence †’ report îËÆ œ-†ô’x, Åçõ‰ let ´·çü¿’
to let °öÀd v§ƒ®Ωç-GµÊÆh ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC éπü∆.
Prasad: Let me go. I have work to do.
Pramod: Let me know first when we have to
start.
Report (Reporting Verb - Past)
Prasad asked Pramod to let him go as he had
work to do.
Pramod in reply asked Prasad to let him know
first when they had to start.
II. Let, suggestion èπ◊ ¢√úÕûË, suggest ÅE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-
îª-´îª’a.
Vimal: Let's go to a movie
(ÆœE´÷Èé∞«lç °æü¿/ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«l´÷?)
(Let's - Let us)
2

Lecturer: Let all the students take the test
Kamal: Let's first finish the assignment (´’†ç
without fail.
¢Á·ü¿ô Ñ assignment °æ‹Jh-îËü∆lç.
Report: (Reporting Verb - Past)
(Åçü¿®Ω’ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ÷L – ÉC
command éπü∆)
Vimal suggested that they (should) go to a
Report:
a) The lecturer orders that all the students take
the test without fail. (Reporting Verb-
Present)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
b) The lecturer ordered all the students to take
the test without fail. (Reporting Verb - Past)
200
Sub - inspector: Let him not do it again
(Åûª-EC ´’S} îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’– warning)
movie./ Vimal suggested going to a movie.
Report: a) The sub - inspector warns him not
do it again. (Reporting Verb - Present)
/ Suggested to a movie.
b) The sub - inspector warned him not to do it
Kamal then suggested that they finish the
again (Reporting Verb - Past)
assignment first/ suggested finishing the
let †’ ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ´’†ç Reporting
assignment.
É™«
verb áç°œéπ îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L ÅE Å®Ωn-¢Á’içC éπü∆.
(Observe the use of suggest in the sentences
Let's now try to report a part of the conversation
above)
at the beginning of the lesson.
É™«Íí Let †’ Warning èπ◊ ¢√úÕûË Warn/ Warns/
Exercise: Report the rest of the conversation at
Warned, Command èπ◊ ¢√úÕûË Command/
the beginning of the lesson with the reporting
Commands/ Commanded ÅF Spoken English
verb in the present and the past tense.
™ report begin îË≤ƒhç.
REPORT (Spoken Form)
DIRECT SPEECH
Reporting Verb Present tense Reporting Verb Past tense
Vinamra asked Vismaya if she
Vinamra: Are you sure Vinamra asks Vismaya if she is sure
was sure which train they were
which train we are which train they are travelling by and
travelling by, and on on which date. travelling by and on which
which date? date.
Vismaya: Of course I Vismaya is of course sure that they Vismaya was of course sure
am. We are going by are going by the AP Express on the they were going by the AP
the AP Express on the 30th. She assures Vinamra that there Express on the 30th. She
30th. Let there be no need not be any doubt about it. assured Vinamra that there
doubt about it. need not be any doubt about it.
Vinamra: Then what Vinamra wants to know about the Vinamra wanted to know about
about the reservation? reservation. the reservation.
Vismaya: That's the Vismaya points out that that's the trav- Vismaya pointed out that that
travel dept's business. el dept's business and that they must was the travel dept's business
Let them do it. take care of it. and they had to take care of it.
Vinamra: What about Vinamra likes to know/ would like to Vinamra liked to know/ would
the director's travel know about the director's travel know about the director's travel
arrangements? arrangements. arrangements.
Vismaya: It's not our Vismaya dismisses it as not their busi- Vismaya dismissed it as not
business. Let his PA ness and says that, his PA must take their business and said that the
take care of it. care of it/ it is for his PA to take care of PA had to take care of it/ it was
it. for his PA to take care of it.
(dismiss = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, ÖüÓu-í∫ç-™ -†’ç-* -Ö-üÓu-T-E-/ Ææ÷\-™¸, é¬-™‰-ñ ¸-™ -†’ç* Nü∆u-JnE BÊÆ-ߪ’ôç.
Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç = ûÓÆœ-§ƒ-Í®-ߪ’-ôç/- éÌ-öÀd-§ƒ-Í®-ߪ’ôç).
It is for him to do it = ÅC Åûª-úø’ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE. It is for the teacher to say if a student is clever or
not = -N-ü∆u-Jn ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√ú≈ é¬ü∆ ÅE îÁ§ƒp-LqçC -öÃ-˝.
Vinamra: How long Vinamra wants to know how long they Vinamra wanted to know how
are we to be in Delhi? are to be in Delhi. long they were to be in Delhi.
Vismaya: Let's make Vismaya suggests that they (should) Vismaya suggested that they
the best of the trip. make the best of their trip and that (should) make the best of their
Let's stay there for two they (should) stay there for two or trip and that they (should) stay
or three days after the three days after the Conference. there for two or three days after
Conference. the Conference.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 20 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë -1
Pramila: Please remember that the party is at Kumar: Why should I do it? Let the company
7. Let's start here at 6. Let there be do it.
no delay. (û¶ûµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª à¶óŸ«L? ÚÛÙšíF à¶óŸ«L.)
(ð§Kd Ôè[ª-ÞœÙ-å-õ¸Ú. Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸªÚÁ. ÎJÙæ¨Ú¨ a) Kumar asks why he should do it and says
ñóŸªõªë¶-ô¢ë¯Ù. Îõú£uÙ àµóµ³uë]ªl.) that the company has to do it/ must do it (It is
Lakshmi: Let us remind Sneha of it too. Let's for the company to do it.).
call her and tell her that she need b) Kumar asked why he should do it and said
not worry about conveyance. We'll that the company had to do it.
pick her up on our way to the party. Kumar said it wasn't his business and that it
(›úoÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ ÷ªìÙ Ð Nù£óŸªÙ Þœªô¢ªh was for the company to do it.
à¶ë¯lÙ. êŸìÚÛª ðƼûË à¶ú‡ ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ Óö° 4) ÖÚÁ\-þ§J let ìª command (Îác)ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯
îµü‹xö° ÍE ÎÙëÁ-üŒì í£è•-ë]lE àµñªë¯Ù. î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ should/ must/ have
÷ªìÙ ð§KdÚ¨ îµü™xå-í£±pè[ª ë¯Jö˺ êŸììª to/ has to/ had to ÷ú£ªhÙC.
ÚÛ«è¯ Bú£ª·Ú-üŒë¯Ù.) Rajesh: Let them finish the work by 10. with him. Íû¶ Íô¢n ÑÙC.
conveyance = ÚÛû¶y-óŸªûËÂq = ví£óŸ«é þ¿ÚÛô¢uÙ (í£C ÚÛö°x î¦üŒ‰x í£E í£²Jh à¶óŸ«L.) Syam said he would n't as he must not Need I do it now itself? = Must I do it now
car, bike, scooter, cycle ö°Ùæ¨N. a) Rajesh orders that they should finish the leave office then/ as he was not to leave itself? = û¶ìC Ïí£±pè¶ àµóŸ«uö°?
The company provides conveyance to the work by 10. office then. Need ìª report ö˺ past formö˺ must ö°Þ¥û¶
manager. b) Rajesh ordered that they should/ must/ had 2) Ramesh: May I know why you stopped had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ.
(û¶-á-ôÂÚÛª ÚÛÙšíF ví£óŸ«é þ¿ÚÛô¢uÙ ÚÛLp-ú£ªhÙC– me? Naresh: Need I do it now? DEÚ¨ report:
ÍÙç¶ ÚÛÙšíF Ú¥ô¢ª Ïú£ªhÙC.) Naresh asked if he had to do it then.
Pramila: OK. We must, not waste any more ★ Need not (need ìª not êÁ– à¶óŸ«Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù
time now. We must buy some pre-
sent for the bride and the groom. We
must have our faces done up too.
(ÏÙ¸ÚÙ ú£÷ªóŸªÙ ÷'ëǯ à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª.
÷ªìÙ ÚÛ«è¯ šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ à¶ô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L.)
Have our faces done up = ٠ìªìoÞ¥
Óí£±pèµí£±pè[ª LET? ö¶ë]ª Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª), report ö˺ past
tense reporting verb Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© need not Íû¶
ÑÙà¶þ§hÙ. ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ would-
n't have to (would not
have to) ÍE ÷«ô¢a-÷àŸªa.
ö¶ë¯ did not have to ÚÛ«è¯
Ú¥ÙA-÷Ù-êŸÙÞ¥ ÚÛEí‡Ù-à¶-ö°Þ¥ ඛú facial. to finish the work by 10. (ììªo ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Îð§ôÁ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷à¦a?) î¦è[-÷àŸªa.
facial - šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ – šíÆ ûË•Ú¨\ í£õª-ÚÛªê¦Ù. 5) Let ìª ÖÚÛ ÍòÅ¡u-ô¢nì (request) ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Policeman: You must not cross the road a) Ganesh: How long
Lakshmi: I need not have the facial. I had it Prasad: Vinod let me have some money against the red light. have I to wait?
just yesterday. please. (·ôèÂ-öµjæËÀ îµõª-Þœª-꟪-ìo-í£±pè[ª ôÁè ë¯å- (ÓÙêŸ ›úí£± ÑÙè¯L?)
(û¦Ú¨-í£±pè[ª šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ ÍÚÛ\-¸ôxë]ª. Eìoû¶ (NûËÁë û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ú£h è[ñªs Ï÷±y.) ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª – Eù‡ë]lÄÙ.) M. SURESAN Mahesh: You need
à¶ô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÛªû¦o.) Prasad requested Vinod to let him have Report (Past reporting verb): not wait.
Pramila: We have go to the bank or the ATM some money/ requested Vinod for some Report: Ganesh wanted to know how long he
too. We have to draw some money. money. had to wait.
(÷ªìÙ ò°uÙÚÂ-ÚÛª-Þ¥F, Ôæ©-Ó-îªڨޥF îµü‹xL. 6) Let êÁ Eô¢x¤ÛuÙ êµLóŸª-â¶þ§hÙ. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ Mahesh told him he need not wait/ Would
è[ñªs Bú£ªÚÁ-î¦L.) not care, not mind ÷ú£ªhÙC. not have to wait/ did not have to wait.
ATM ÍÙç¶ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛë¯ – Automated Teller ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 201 b) Sridhar: Need I pay any money now?
Machine - Bank card Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ# è[ñªs Bú£ª- (Ïí£±pè[ª è[ñªs àµLxÙ-à¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ÑÙë¯?)
ÚÛª-û¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª Ñìo machine. Ramesh wanted to know why the policeman Sri Ram: You need not pay a single paisa
draw money = Banks ö°Ùæ¨ î¦æ¨ ìªÙ# è[ñªs had stopped him. now.
Bú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù = withdraw. The policeman said that he must not cross/ (ìª÷±y ÖÚÛ šíjú£ ÚÛ«è¯ àµLxÙ-à¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.)
Lakshmi: We need not. I've enough cash. was not to cross the road against the red Report:
(ÍÚÛ\¸ôxë]ª. û¦ ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙC è[ñªs.) light. Sridhar wanted to know if he had to pay any
Pramila: Then we had better hurry up. 3) Principal: Students must not be late to money then. Sri Ram told him that need not
Lakshmi: Need I get money now or do you classes. pay a single paisa then/ did not have/ did not
have it? Report: (Past reporting verb)- The Principal need to pay a single paisa then.
(û¶E-í£±pè[ª è[ñªs Bú£ªÚÛª-ô¦-î¦-Lqì Í÷- said/ ruled that the students must not be/ were ÏO must not, need, need not ìª reporting
ú£ô¢Ù ÑÙë¯? ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ F ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªìo è[ñªs not to be late to classes. verb past tense êÁ report ඛúåí£±pè[ª Þœªô¢ªhÙ-
ú£J-ð¼-꟪Ù-ë]Ù-æ°î¦?) ÍÙç¶ ÖÚÛ E›ù-ëůEo êµLóŸª-⶛ú Íô¢nÙêÁ must not àŸªÚÁî¦Lqì Nù£-óŸ«õª.
Pramila: I think the money I've should be î¦è…ê¶, ÍC report ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ must not Þ¥û¶ Now let us try to report a part of the con-
enough. You needn't bring any. versation at the beginning of the lesson (see
Let us remind Sneha of it too...
ÑÙà¶þ§hÙ. ÷«ô¢aÙ.
(û¦ ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªìo è[ñªs ú£J-ð¼-î¦L. F÷± ÏÚÛ need Nù£óŸªÙ àŸ«ë¯lÙ. Need ÚÛª ë¯ë¯í£± must table)...
Bú£ªÚÛª-ô¦-ì-÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ªö¶!) Satish: He may report to the police.
Report (Spoken form)
Lakshmi: We must not spend much time Rajesh: Let him. Direct Speech
there. We have to get back to make When Satish said he might report to the Reporting Verb (Present) Reporting Verb (Past)
other arrangements. police, Rajesh said he didn't mind/ he didn't Pramila: Let's remember that the Pramila reminds Lakshmi Pramila reminded Lakshmi
(÷ªìÙ ÍÚÛ\è[ ÓÚÛª\-÷-›úí£± ÑÙè[-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. ÏêŸô¢ care. party is at 7. Let's start by that the party is at 7 and that the party was at 7 and
í£ìªõª àŸ«ú£ª-ÚÁ-è¯-EÚ¨ êŸyô¢Þ¥ AJT ô¦î¦L.) Let ìª ÷ªìÙ conversation ö˺ î¦è¶ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄõª 6. Let there be no delay. suggests that they (should) suggested that they
I. ÷ªìÙ Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛ« let ÚÛª Ñìo NNëÅ] Íô¦nõª, Ñí£- ÏN. start by 6. She wants no (should) start by 6. She
óµ«Þ¥õêÁ Ñìo sentences ìª Óö° report II. ÷ªìÙ ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ÙC: Must, delay. wanted no delay.
à¶óŸ«ö˺ àŸ«ø‹Ù ÚÛë¯. î¦æ¨E ÷ªôÁ-þ§J ÚÛªxí£hÙÞ¥ Þœªô¢ªh should, have to, has to Ñìo direct speech (suggest/ sugested êŸô¦yêŸ Óí£±pè[« should + 1st RDW
à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙë¯Ù. report à¶ú‡ì-í£±pè[ª past tense reporting verb Þ¥E/ ÖÚÛ\ 1st RDW Þ¥F ÷ú£ªhÙC.)
1) Let ÍÙç¶ ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Ôëµjû¦ ú£«#Ù-àŸ-è¯-EÚ¨/ Íô³ê¶ had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ. ÏC NCÅÞ¥, Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù
ú£«àŸì à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨/ ví£A-ð§-ë]-ìÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù– Íí£±pè[ª ÷õxûËÁ Íô³ê¶ had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ. Lakshmi: Let's remind Sneha of it Lakshmi suggests they Lakshmi suggested that
report ö˺ suggest î¦è[ê¦Ù. Kesav: I must go now - Direct speech. too. Let's call her and tell (should) remind Sneha of it they (should) remind
Hema: Let's go home. Kesav said he had to go then - Report her that she need not too. She suggests that they Sneha of it too. She sug-
Report: Hema suggests/ suggested that we (Reporting verb- past). worry about conveyance. (should) call her and tell gested that they (should)
(should) go home. Íô³ê¶ must not ÍE direct speech ö˺ ÖÚÛ í£E We'll pick her up on our her that she need not call her and tell her that
2) Let ìª Ôëµjû¦ àŸô¢uÚÛª í‡õªí£± Ï÷yè¯-EÚ¨ î¦è[ê¦Ù. à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«è[ë]E ø‹øŒyêŸ E›ùëÅ]Ù Ñìo-í£±pè[ª report ö˺, way to the party. worry about conveyance. she need not/ did not have
Íí£±pè[ª call/ urge êÁ report - à¶þ§hÙ. reported verb past tense Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© must not They will pick her up on to worry about con-
Leader: Let's all be united. ìª must not Þ¥û¶ ÑÙàŸªê¦Ù. ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ wasn't/ their way to the party. veyance. They would pick
(÷ªìÙ ÍÙê¦ ÔÚÛÙÞ¥ ÑÙæ°Ù.) weren't to + 1st RDW î¦è[ê¦Ù. Reporting verb her up on their way to the
The leader called/ urged the followers to present tense Íô³ê¶ ú£÷ª›úu ö¶ë]ª. Verb formìª party.
be united. ÷«ô¢aÙ. Pramila: OK. We must not waste any Pramila agrees and says Pramila agreed and said
Reporting verb calls/ urges ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ present 1) Pran: Why don't you come with me? more time now. We must they must not waste any that they must not waste/
tense ÑÙè•àŸªa. Syam: No. I must not leave office now. buy some present for the more time then. They must were not to waste any
3) ÷ªìÙ Ïà¶a ÖÚÛ Îác. ë¯E Í÷ªõª ÷ªì à¶êŸªö˺x (û¶E-í£±pè[ª Îíƈú£ª ÷CL ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª – ÏÚÛ\è[ bride and the groom. We buy some present for the more time then. They had
ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼-÷àŸªa. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ must ÷ú£ªhÙC. ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª Íû¶C E›ù-ëůEo êµLóŸª-â¶-þ¼hÙC.) must have our faces done bride and the groom. They to buy some present for
Report: Reporting verb - up too. must have their faces done the bride and the groom.
Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…... past tense. up too. They had to have their
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm Pran wanted syam to go faces done up too.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 20 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë II

GENERAL INTELLIGENCE west. In what direction was he actually

1. If PALAM could be given the code no 43, travelling?
what code no can be given to SAN- A) South B) North
TACRUZ ? C) East D) West
A) 123 B) 120 C) 85 D) 75 12. One evening before sunset two friends
2. If diamond is called gold, gold is called Sham and Ram were talking to each
silver, silver is called ruby and ruby is other face to face. If Ram's shadow was
called emerald, which is the cheapest exactly to his right side which direction
jewel ? was Sham facing ?
A) Diamond B) Silver A) West B) North
C) Ruby D) Gold C) South D) Data in adequate 21. 3,10,29,74, ? Psychologist, Manager lawyer, Jeweller,
3. If water is called blue, blue is called red, 13. Abdul ranked ninth from the top and A) 128 B) 120 C) 1270 D) 173 Doctor and Engineer.
red is called white, white is called sky, thirty eighth from the bottom in a class. 22. 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, ? 2. The doctor is the grandfather of F, who is
sky is called rain, rain is called green and How many students are there in the A) 42 B) 40 C) 36 D) 44 a Psychologist .
green is called air, which of the following class 23. If 123 stands for 987, than 234 stands 3. The Manager 'D' is married to A
is the colour milk? A) 46 B) 47 C) 48 D) 45 for ? 4. C, the jeweller is married to the lawyer.
A) White B) Sky 14. In a class of 60, where girls are twice A) 876 B) 786 C) 785 D) 867 5. B is the mother of F and E ,
C) Air D) Green that of boys, Kunal ranked seventeenth 24. If LADY is coded as 11-0-3-24, how will 32. what is the profession of the E
4. Find the missing number ? from the top. If there are 9 girls ahead of MAN be coded ? A) Doctor B) Manager
kunal, how many boys are after him in
A) 13-1-14 B) 12-0-13 C) Psychologist D) None of these
the rank ?
5 7 C) 12-0-14 D) 13-0-14 33. How is A related to E
A) 5 B) 7 C) 9 D) 12
6 ? 15 9 89 5 15. A bus for Pune leaves for every 30 min-
25. If I am sixth in the queue from either and A) Brother B) Uncle
how many persons are in the queue? C) Father D) Grandfather
3 3 utes from a bustand in Mumbai. Enquiry
A) 12 B) 10 C) 13 D) 11
clerk told a passenger that the bus had 34. How many male members are there in
already left 10 minutes ago and the next 26. If 10th of a month falls three days pre- the family
18 bus will leave at 9.35 am. At what time ceding Sunday on what day will 22nd of A) One B) Three
did the enquiry clerk give this informa- the month fall? C) Four D) Can't determined
4 50 1 tion to the passenger ? A) Tuesday B) Friday 35. what is the profession of A
8 A) 8.55 am B) 9.05 am C) Wednesday D) Thursday A) Doctor B) Lawyer
C) 9.10 am D) 9.15am 27. Raju's Birthday is on the third Thursday C) Manager D) None of these
16. A monkey climbs 30 feet at the begin- of the month which begins on Monday
A) 69 B) 93 C) 99 D) none of these 36. Which of the following is one of the
ning of each hour and rests for a while what is the birth date of Raju ?
5. Find the missing number ? pairs of coupe in the family
when, he slips back 20 feet before he A) 15 B) 16 C)25 D) Non of these
A) AB B) AC
3 5 4 again starts climbing at the beginning 28. If Rahul finds that he is 12th from the
C) AD D) None of these
6 10 8 of the next hour. If he begins at 9.00 am, right in a line of boys and 14th from the
. DIRECTIONS (37-41) : Notice carefully
12 20 16 at what time will he first touch a flag at left, how many boys should be added to
the following series and answer the ques-
120 feet from the ground ? the lines so that there are 28 boys in the
9 15 ? tions based on them.
A) 5.00pm B) 6.00pm line ?
A G L 2 0 K WC 3 R M N P D 4 H S T Y OE
A) 8 B) 10 C) 12 D) 20 C) 7.00pm D) None of A) 12 B) 13 C) 14
6QUNFBKV8
(Directions 6 to 7) choose the best alterna- these D) 20
37. Which is the seventh letter from your
tive as the answer. 17. Find the missing number ? 29. A bus for Delhi leaves every
right ?
6. A hospital always has a thirty minutes from a bus
4 9 9 16 stand. An enquiry clerk told a A) H B) Q C) T D) None of the above
A) Nurse B) Bed
passenger that the bus had 38. If the first half is written in the reverse
C) Doctor D) Telephone
already left ten minutes ago order then which number / letter will be
7. A hill always has KASEEM JAGATI
and the next bus will third from the right to the 21st letter
A) Trees B) Animals from your right ?

R R B
6 12 leave at 9.35a.m. At what
C) Snow D) Height time did the enquiry A) P B) U C) L D) W
8. Five boys took part in race. Rakesh fin- 16 ? clerk give the informa- 39. Which amongst the following will be 5th
ished before Manoj but behind Gajanan. tion to the passenger ? from the 12th from the left if every sec-
Ashok finished before Sanjeev but A) 9.10 a.m B) 8.55 a.m ond position is removed beginning
behind Manoj. Who won the race ? C) 9.08 a.m D) 9.15 a. m from 2 ?
A) Rakesh B) Gajanan 20 30. One morning after sunrise, Gangadar A) M B) V C) S
C) Manoj D) Ashok was standing facing a pole. The shadow D) 3 E) None of these
o
A) 60 B) 50
9. Gopal is facing east. He turns 100 in the of the pole fell exactly to his right, which 40. One day immediately after sunrise,
o C) 25 D) None of these
clock wise direction and then 145 in the direction was he facing? Gandadhar was standing in front of a
18. I was born August 11. Mohan is younger
anti clock wise direction. Which direction A) East B) South pole. The shadow of the pole was falling
then me by 11 days. This year, indepen-
is he facing now ? C) West D) Data inadequate exactly to his right. Which direction was
dence day falls on Monday. On what day
A) East B) North 31. In an examination Raj got more marks he facing ?
will Mohan's birthday fall this year ?
C) North to East D) South to West than Moti but not as many as meena. A) East B) South
A) Monday B) Wednesday
10. Rahul goes to 30 meters North, then Meena got more marks than Ganesh C) West D) Date inadequate
C) Sunday D) Can't say
turns right and walks 40 meters then and Rupali, Ganesh got less marks than E) None of these
19. If Ram is richer then Shyam but not so
again turns right and walks 20 meters, Moti but his marks are not the lowest in
rich as mohan then Sham is ?
than again turns right and walks 40 the group. Who is second in ascending
A) Poorer than Ram order of marks ? 1) A 2) C 3) B 4) B 5) C 6) C 7) D
meters. How many meters is he from his
original position ? B) Richer than Mohan A) Meena B) Ganesh
K 8) B 9) C 10) B 11) B 12) C 13) A
A) 0 B) 10 C) 20 D) 40
11. A direction pole was situated on the
C) Poorer than Mohan
D) Richer than Ram
C) Raj D) Cannot be determined E 14) D
20) C
15) D 16) C 17) C 18) A 19) C
21) D 22) A 23) A 24) B 25) D

crossing. Due to an accident the pole
turns in such a manner that the pointer
which was showing east, started show-
ing south. One traveller went to the
wrong direction thinking it to be the
20. 5 bags A, B, C, D and E are Lying in pile
(Directions 32-36) Read the following
information carefully and answer the ques-
Y 26)C
32) D
27) D 28) B 29) D 30) B 31) B
33) D 34) D 35) A 36) C 37) C
one above the other if A is above B, C is
tions given below: 38) C 39) E 40) A .
above D but below E and D is above A,
which bag is in middle ? 1. There is a group of six persons A, B, C,
D, E and F from a family. They are
A) A B) B C) D D) E (ô¢àŸô³êŸ šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂö˺E Ú¥úˆîªq ú£dè†ú£J\öËÀ èµj·ôÚÛdôÂ)
-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 22 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Vikas: (Do you) fancy eating something? trip to Tirupathi and other places in
(àüÁjØ√ AØ√-©-†’çü∆?) South India? (Do you) Know any thing
fancy = É≠ædç/É≠æd-°æ-úøôç. about what he is doing about it?
Conversational English ™ ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË ¢√∞¡x†’ (ÅC ÆæÍ®. ´’†ç A®Ω’-°æ-AéÀ Éûª®Ω îÓôxèπ◊ èπÿú≈
v°æ¨¡o-©-úÕ-Íí-ô°æ¤p-úø’ Do you/ would you- (question ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. -Ç -N≠æߪ’ç í∫’-Jç-* -E-"-
v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’) ´C-™‰-ߪ’-´îª’a. °j† ™¸ à´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’? ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* àç îËÆæ’h-
brackets ™ (Do you) îª÷°œ† Nüµ¿çí¬. Ø√oúø’?)
eg: Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he
a) Mind waiting for sometime = says. He is in touch, he has told me,
Do/Would you mind waiting for sometime? with the travel agency which his uncle ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Å™«Íí Nikhil í∫ûªç™ îÁ°œp† N≠æߪ’ç Vikas ᙫ
Mind = Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç runs. Sumanth: He does (ûÁ©’Ææ’.) report îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’?
b) Like some coffee = (ÅüËç Ææ´’Ææu é¬ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’. ¢√∞¡x -Åçèπ◊-™¸- Sundar: What does he say about it? It is not going to be a problem at all, he says.
Do/would you like some coffee? †úÕÊ° -vö«-¢Á-™ ¸ -à-ï-FqûÓ Ææçv°æ-C-Ææ’h- †o-ô’x (-ü∆-Eí∫’-Jç-* -Ç-ߪ’-† à´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’?) Says- present tense ™ report îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’.
(´÷´‚©’í¬ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç Ö†o ¢√∞¡xûÓí¬F, îÁ§ƒpúø’.) ÅçûË-é¬ü¿’ ´’†ç report îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’ He says ûÓ
Åçûª serious conversation é¬-†-°æ¤púø’ é¬F, É™« Do Be in touch - Ææç•çüµ¿ç °ô’d-éÓ-´ôç/ ´÷ö«x- v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Ééπ\úø he says, reported part *´®Ω
you/ would you ´C-™‰Æ œ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçúø- úø’ûª÷ Öçúøôç/ Contact ™ Öçúøôç. ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
ô¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË¢√∞¡xûÓ -´’-† ≤ƒEo-£œ«-û√uEo
èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.)
Suhas: When did he say he would confirm
things?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 202 Å™«Íí, He is in touch, he has told me, with the
travel agency which his uncle runs. ÅØË sen-
Suhas: Yea. I do feel like it. You do too, don't (ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷-© í∫’-Jç-* éπ*aûªçí¬ -á°æ¤p-úø’ - tence ™ èπÿ-ú≈ ´÷´‚©’í¬ Å®·ûË he has told me
you? And how about some real good -îÁ-•’-û√-†-Ø√o-úø’.) Sumanth: He has given us permission but -¢√éπuç ´·ç-ü¿’ ®√¢√L. é¬F Ééπ\úø ´’üµ¿u™ ´*açC
coffee to go with it? Confirm - éπØ˛°∂æ¢˛’ – °∂æ-¢˛’ – bird ™ ™«í¬.- wants us to be careful during the éπü∆. ÉC èπÿú≈ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-™ ÆæÈ®j-†-üË.
(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ AØ√-©ØË -ÖçC. Fèπÿ\ú≈ éπü∆? Vikas: He expects to have everything planned journeys. a) The exams won't be postponed, the princi-
ü∆çûÓ-§ƒô’ ´’ç* 鬰∂‘ èπÿú≈ BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷?) by this weekend, he says. That'll give us ( Çߪ’† ´÷èπ◊ -Å-†’-´’-A Éî√aúø’. é¬-F pal says.
´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ do, does and did †’ í∫’-Jç-* enough time for preparation.
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o -N-≠æ-ߪ÷-©-†’ -´’®Ó≤ƒ-J -ØÁ-´’®Ω’-¢ËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç.
1st Regular Doing Word (come, go, sing, etc)†’
not ûÓí¬F, question ûÓé¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ do ´Ææ’hçü¿F,
II Regular Doing Word (goes, comes, sings,
etc) †’ not ûÓé¬F question -ûÓ é¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ 'Íé-°∂ˇ— é¬-ü¿’ ... 'éπu°∂-ß˝’—
does ´Ææ’hç-ü¿F, Past Doing Word (came, went,
sang) †’ not ûÓ é¬F question ûÓ é¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’
did ´Ææ’hç-C -Å-E -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. Å®·ûË do, does, did (Ñ ¢√®√çû√EéÀ -§ƒx-Ø˛ îËߪ’ôç °æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E v°æߪ÷-ù«™x ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ Öçúø-´’-Ø√oúø’). b) The students answer was wrong, the
†’ not ™‰†-°æ¤púø’, question 鬆-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’- ÅØ√oúø’. ´’†èπ◊ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´y-ö«-EéÀ Ææ-J-°æ-ú≈ (ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç– éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) teacher says.
ûª’çö«ç – ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Æ洒ߪ’ç Öçô’çC.) Ñ conversation ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç îª÷ÊÆ-üËçöÀ? ´’†ç Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ¢√∞¡x Ê°®Ω’
I do know him well - Ééπ\úø not ™‰ü¿’. ÉC ques- Suhas: What were the places we would be vis- Principal -à´’-Ø√o®Ω’– í∫ûªç– Å®·Ø√ English ™ È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ îÁ°æp-´’çö«ç. -D-EéÀ 鬮Ω-ùç ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢Á·ü¿-ô-îÁ-°œp-
tion é¬ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ do know Åçô’Ø√oç. ÉC ûª°æ¤p iting, did he say? What does he say - Present ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å™«Íí †-°æ¤púø’ ÆæJí¬ N†-éπ-§Ú-´ôç -™‰-ü∆ NE ´’J-*-§Ú-´ôç ´-
é¬ü¿’– Ø√éπ-ûª†’ ûÁ©’Ææ’ (-ûÁ-L-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú--´ô-¢Ë’çöÀ?) ÅØË (´’†ç ¢Á∞Ï} -v°æ-üË-¨»--© -N-´®√--™‰¢Á’i-Ø√ îÁ§ƒp-ú≈?) He wants us ÅE ´’S} present ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. É-C ©x. Å°æ¤púË´’çö«ç. O’ Ê°Í®-´’ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? / O’J-éπ\-úÕ-éÌ-
N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫öÀdí¬ ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç. I know him well Vikas: I don't exactly remember. Any way, he ´’†ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. Spoken *aç-üÁ-°æ¤p-úø-Ø√o®Ω’? É™«çöÀ v°æ¨¡o©’ Ééπ\úø îª÷úøçúÕ.
ņôç éπØ√o I do know him well Åçõ‰ Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ will be meeting us this evening. English™ É™« past conversation report îËÊÆ-ô- a) What did you say your name was?
¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ÅE ÉçéÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpôç. (Ø√èπ◊ éπ*aûªçí¬ í∫’®Ω’h ™‰ü¿’. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ¢√úø’ °æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ present tense ¢√úË≤ƒhç. ÉC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Look at the following words of Suhas from
She does sing well (She sings well) ´’†Lo ≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) practice îËÊÆh ´’† English Åçü¿çí¬, Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ the conversation at the beginning of the les-
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ She does sing well Åçõ‰ Ç¢Á’ ´’†ç Éçûª´®Ωèπÿ Direct Speech -†’ report Öçô’çC. son.
éπ*aûªçí¬ ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç. îËߪ’ôç îª÷-¨»ç.– Reporting verb †’ present C) Kumar: I (have) asked my mother to come, i) Suhas: When did he say he would confirm
Å™«Íí I did see him yesterday Åçõ‰ (I saw him tense, past tense -™  -á-™« -J-§Ú®˝d -îË-ߪ÷-™  -îª÷-¨»ç but she says she will not come. things?
yesterday) ؈’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Åûª-úÕ-E îª÷¨»-†E í∫öÀdí¬ éπ-ü∆.
É°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ îªü¿-´-¶-ßË’-N ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ
(-ØË-†’ ´÷ Å´’t-†’ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o†’. é¬F (Åûª†’ ´’†-èπ◊ -Å-Eo N≠æ-ߪ÷©÷ éπ*aûªçí¬
(Emphasis ûÓ) îÁ°æpôç. ÉN O’ conversation ™ ®√†-çC (®√†ç-öçC– ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈ á°æ¤púø’ îÁ§ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’?)
practice îËߪ’ôç î√™« ´·êuç. -É-™«-îËÊÆh a) Nagesh: So, you are going to do É™«Íí Åçö«ç éπü∆) ii) Suhas: What were the places we would be
O’ ¶µ«≠æ effectiveí¬ Öçô’çC. MBA. Ñ sentence 'I have asked my mother... not visiting, did he say?
Vikas: Sure. Suggest a good place (Å®·ûË †’´¤y -áç-G-à îËߪ’- come; Kumar ¢√∞¡x´’tûÓ á°æ¤púÓ ´÷ö«xúÕ-† ûª®Ω-¢√ûª (´’†ç ¢Á∞Ïx Ü∞¡Ÿ} à´E îÁ§ƒpúø’?)
where we get real good stuff ¶-ûª’-Ø√o-´-†o-´÷ô). ¢√∞¡x´’t ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ report îËÆæ’hØ√o, she says ņôç Å™«Íí When did you say the meeting would
(éπ*aûªçí¬. ´’ç* °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç, 鬰∂‘ Rajesh: Yes. I am (Å´¤†’.) í∫´’-Eç-î√L. ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ É™« îÁ§Òpa be? (Meeting á°æ¤p-úø’ç-ô’ç-ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o¢˛?) (´’S} îÁ°æ¤p
üÌJÍé àüÁjØ√ ´’ç* îÓô’ îÁ°æ¤p) Nagesh: Have you talked to your dad Kesav: I asked my mother to come. But she ÅE)
(Real good stuff- Eïçí¬ ´’†èπ◊ about it? (Ç N≠æߪ’ç O’ said she would not come. Ñ ´‚úø’ Å稻©÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ.
†îËaô’x ´’ç*í¬ ÖçúË ´Ææ’h´¤.) M. SURESAN Ø√†oí¬JûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈¢√?) d) Sampath: Did you see the doctor? 1) ´÷´‚©’ Spoken English form ™ äéÓ\-≤ƒ-J
(Ééπ\úø °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç, 鬰∂‘. ´’S} í∫’®Ω’h Rajesh: Yes. I have (´÷ö«x-ú≈†’.) (ú≈éπd-Jo Ææç-v°æ-Cç-î√-¢√?) í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T-† -Åç-¨»-©-†’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈
îËÆæ’hØ√oç. öÀ°∂œØ˛ English ´÷ô é¬ü¿’. °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç/Ö§ƒ- Nagesh: What does he say? Shanmukh: I did. He says the disease is not Present reporting verbs – He/she says,
£æ…®√-EéÀ ÆæÈ®j† English ´÷ô– Snack/ refreshment. (Çߪ’-ØË-´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’?) serious. They feel; they want; he/she wants ™«çöÀ
´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË Some thing to eat; Any thing Rajesh: He says he prefers my doing MCA to (éπ-L¨»†’. ÉC Åçûª Bv´-¢Á’iç-üËO’ é¬ü¿ç- ¢√öÀE ¢√úÕûË ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.
to eat? Åçö«®Ω’. Any eats? Let's have some doing MBA. ô’-Ø√oúø’ / é¬ü¿-Ø√oúø’.) 2) Conversation ™ ´’†ç report îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úË
eats ÅE èπÿú≈ informal í¬ Åçö«®Ω’. ( ؈’ MBA éπØ√o MCA îËߪ’ôç better ÉC (Past event †’ Present ™ report îËߪ’ôç) He says, they said, he/she told (some one)
Suhas: Nikhil often says that Cafe 'Shadruchi' ÅE -Ç-ߪ’-†ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.) î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. ™«çöÀN sentence ´·ç-ü¿’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ sentence
is the place for good eats and coffee. Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Rajesh ûª† Course N≠æߪ’ç ´÷ö«x- Now look at the following part of the con- *´®Ω, ´’üµ¿u™ é¬F ®√´îª’a.
Shall we go there? úø-ôç í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† N≠æߪ’ç. Å®·Ø√ Nagesh Åûª- versation at the beginning of the passage. 3) ´’†ç á´-J-ØÁjØ√ à-üÁjØ√ È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ Åúø-í¬-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-
(Cafe 'Shadruchi' ´’ç* °∂æ©-£æ…-®√-©èπÿ, -úÕ-E -à-´’-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’? What does he say? ÅE. Suhas: Well, what does Nikhil say about our °æ¤púø’
coffee éÀ ÆæÈ®j† îÓô’ (The place) ÅE (Ééπ\úø does say ) (=says) present tense ™ trip to Tirupathi and other places in What did he say his name was?
E"™¸ ûª®Ωîª÷ Åçô’ç-ö«úø’. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Å™«Íí Rajesh ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o South India? What is he doing about it? ™«çöÀ sentence pattern ¢√-úøû√ç.
¢Á∞«l´÷? Cafe' - pronunciation - í∫ûªç™ îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo èπÿú≈ He says ÅE pres- Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he Exercise: Report (aloud) the whole conversa-
éπu°∂ß˝’ – éπu bank ™ ba ™«í∫ = °∂æ©-£æ…- ent tense ™ îÁ°æpôç -O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ÉC says. He is in touch, he has told with the tion at the beginning of this lesson, with the
®Ω-¨»©. ´÷´‚©’í¬ Íé°∂ˇ ÅE pronounce English ™ î√™« Ææ®Ωy≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. -É-™« -Å-†-ôç ûª°æ¤p travel agency which his uncle runs. reporting verb in the present as well as in the
îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’ – ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.) é¬ü¿’. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. past tense.
Vikas: That suits me fine. Let's go B) Sunder: Does the Principal know about a) Nikhil ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ E"™¸ à´’-†oD, Suhas ᙫ
(Ø√éÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’. ¢Á∞«lç °æü¿.) your excursion programme? Åçô’-Ø√oúø’?
Suhas: Well, What does Nikhil say about our (O’ N£æ…-®Ω-ߪ÷vûª í∫’-Jç-* O’ -v°œ-Eq°æ-™¸èπ◊ What does Nikhil say about...?
-í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 24 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Sravya: You look gorgeous today. What a

ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ ´uèπ◊h-©†’ §ÚLa
beautiful dress you are in! Who select-
ûª®Ω-ûª´’ -¶µ‰-ü∆©’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îªôç.
ed it for you?
These are the comparisons made in the con-
versation at the beginning of this lesson.
(-Ñ®Ó-V †’´¤y î√™« Åçü¿çí¬
1) This (Lasya's today's dress) is more beauti-
éπ-E-°œÆæ’hØ√o--´¤-. F -vúÁÆˇ áçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçüÓ!
ful than the one you wore for Kavya's birth
á´®Ω’ ÂÆ-™„é˙d î˨»®Ω’ -DEo?)
gorgeous (Pronunciation: 'í¬ïÆˇ– 'í¬— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊-
day party.(ÉC – †’Oy-®ÓV ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o dress
Kavya birthday party
û√ç) = î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ Ö†o. áèπ◊\- éÀ ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o -vúÁÆˇ éπØ√o
´í¬ American usage.) Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.)
Lasya: That's my own selection.
2) But Navya's dress was the most beautiful Superlative tallest highest
est *´®Ω ´îËa superlative degree forms.
that day=
(ÅC Ø√ áç°œÍé.) Å®·ûË Ç®ÓV Åçü¿J -vúÁÆˇ™x -†-´u -vúÁÆˇ Comparative taller higher
Sravya: This is more beautiful than the one you b) finest, simplest, nicest, etc- 'st'
ÉN *´®Ω ´îËa
Åûªuçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC. b) 'st' superlative form
superlative degree forms.
wore for Kavya's birthday party.
éπL°œ îËÊÆ ´÷ô-©-Eo-çöÀéÃ,
3) ... She is the tallest of all of us too. '-r ' comparative form
c) Y Y
( é¬-´u °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V -§ƒ-KdéÀ †’-´¤y -¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o - ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ *´®Ω éπ-L°œ îË≤ƒhç.
(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ ûª†’ Åûªuçûª §Òúø-´¤.) Superlative finest simplest nicest
4) That made her lovelier than any other girl
vúÁÆˇ éπØ√o ÉC Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.) Comparative simpler finer nicer
Lasya: But Navya's dress was the most beauti-
ÅC -Ç-¢Á’-†’ Éûª-®Ω’© éπØ√o Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçúË™« îËÆœçC. c) YûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, Y BÊÆÆœ
ful that day.
5) She is the cleverest girl among our friends iest
ûÓ superlative form îËÊÆ ™«í¬ØË, ier éπL°œ
who took the test.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
(é¬F Ç®ÓV †´u-vúÁÆˇ ÅEoöx Åçü¿çí¬ comparative form
203
(Ç -õ„-Æˇd ®√Æœ† ´’† -v°∂ç-ú˛q îË≤ƒhç.
ÖçC.) Åçü¿-J™ Ç¢Á’ Åûªuçûª ûÁL-¢ÁjçC). Superlative healthiest costliest
Sravya: And you know she is the tallest of all of
6) Her Brother is even cleverer than she. Comparative healthier costlier
us too. That made her the lovelier than
Ç¢Á’ -Å-†o-ߪ’u Ç¢Á’ éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ûÁL¢Áj†¢√úø’. d) -ful ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’ °æü∆-©èπÿ, most ´·ç-ü¿’°öÀd
any other girl there. BÊÆÆœ, iest superlative form
éπL°œûË Å´¤-ûª’çC.
7) No other candidate's rank in the town is so superlative form more
îËÊÆ °æü∆-©-Eoç-öÀéÃ, ´·ç-ü¿’
healthiest (healthy); wealthiest,(wealthy)
(as) good as his. comparative form
(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûª†’ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ §Òúø-´¤ ¢√úÕûË, Å´¤-ûª’çC.
costliest (costly) etc.
Superlative Comparative
éπü∆. Åçü¿’-´©x -Ç®Ó-V Éûª-®Ω’©çü¿J-éπçõ‰ Ü®Óx à Éûª®Ω ŶµºuJn ®√uçé˙ èπÿú≈ Åûª-úÕ ®√uçéπçûª d) ful
most beautiful more beautiful
Åçü¿çí¬ Öç-ü¿éπ\-úø.) ´’ç*C é¬ü¿’. ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô-©-Eoç-öÀéÀ, ¢√öÀ ´·çü¿®Ω
Lovely= beautiful= Åçü¿-¢Á’i†.
most interested more interested
Lasya: We have another party coming.
î√™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç.
(´’†èπ◊ ûªy®Ω-™-ØË ÉçéÓ §ƒKd ÖçC.) ´’†ç à degree ¢√úÕ-Ø√ äéπõ‰ Å®Ωnç ®√¢√L.
Sravya: Who is giving that and what's the occa-
Positive Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ ÅE, comparative Åçõ‰
sion?
îÁÊ°p °æ-ü¿l¥-A ¢Ë®Ω’...ÅçûË! é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ ÅF, superlative Åçõ‰ ÅEoç-öÀ-éπØ√o
(á´-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’? Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç àçöÀ?) áèπ◊\´ ÅF ņ’-éÓ-´ôç î√-™« °ü¿l -§Ò-®Ω-§ƒô’.
Lasya: Divya is giving it. She has got the 25th
Ñ degrees of comparison ´‚úÕçöx, degree
rank in CAT.
- positive Å®·Ø√, comparative Å®·Ø√, superla-
Common Admission Test tive Å®·Ø√ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. Å™« äéπõ‰ Å®·-†-°æ¤púË
8) Few Parents are as lucky as they.
(C´u É≤ÚhçC.
–(CAT) most superlative form
™ 25´ ®√uçé˙ ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊.) Åçûª Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-™„j† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Öçúø®Ω’. îËJÊÆh Å´¤-ûª’çC. ´’†ç correct í¬ ´÷ö«x-úÕ-†ô’d. Å®·ûË ´’†ç posi-
Sravya: I'm not at all surprised. She is the i) beautiful - most beautiful (superlative)
9) Her elder sister is brighter than all of them tive degree™ îÁ§ƒp™, comparative ™ îÁ§ƒp™,
cleverest girl among our friends who ii) skilful - most skilful (superlative)
but not so hard working. superlative™ îÁ§ƒp™ ´’† áç°œ-éπ†’ •öÀd, Ææçü¿-
took the test. iii) pitiful - most pitiful ( superlative ) ®√s¥Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC. îª÷úøçúÕ:
¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿J éπçõ‰ ûÁL-¢ÁjçC é¬F Åçûª e) most
(-Åç-ü¿’-™ -Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ™‰ü¿’. Ç -õ„Æˇd ®√Æœ† ´’† v¨¡´’-°æ-úËC é¬ü¿’. éÌEo Éûª®Ω ´÷ô-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈, ´·çü¿’ îË®Ωaôç a) He is the tallest boy in the class (Superlative)
´©x superlative
´Ææ’hçC.( Interested - most inter- =
v°∂ç-ú˛q Åçü¿-®Óx†÷ ûª†’ Åûªuçûª ûÁL-¢Áj-çC.) îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ Comparisons: §Ú©aôç English™ ested; jealous - most jealous)
- é¬xÆˇ Åçü¿-J-™ Åûª-úø’ §Ò-úø-´¤.
Lasya: Her brother is even clever than she b) He is taller than any other boy/ all other boys,
´‚úø’ Nüµ∆-©’. -Åç-õ‰ ´‚úø’ degrees ™ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. COMPARATIVE DEGREE
(her). Last year he got the 18th rank in in the class (comparative) =
1) Positive degree 2) Comparative degree
é¬xÆˇ™ à Éûª®Ω/
the IIT entrance test. *´®Ω, -er -r -ier
, , í¬F ´·çü¿’ more í¬F ´ÊÆh ÅC boys
3) Superlative degree
Éûª®Ω Åçü¿-J éπØ√o Åûª-úø’ §Ò-úø-´¤.
(Ç¢Á’ -Å-†o-ߪ’u Ç¢Á’ éπçõ‰ ûÁL-¢Áj†-¢√úø’. comparative Å´¤-ûª’çC. c) No other boy in the class as so as tall as he
í∫-ûËú≈C -â-â-öà -áç-võ„-Ø˛q -õ„Æˇd™ Åûª-úÕéÀ 18´ (Degrees of comparison adjectives adverbs èπ◊, i) Superlative form 'est'
(positive) =
îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ éπLÊ° ´÷ô-©-
Adjectives –
é¬xÆˇ™ ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ èπÿú≈ Åûª-†çûª
®√uçé˙ ´*açC.) èπÿ Öçö«®·. ´Ææ’h-´¤-©’, ´uèπ◊-©’, v°æüË- Eoç-öÀéÃ, comparative form 'er'
îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’.
Sravya: Yea. No other candidate's rank in the ¨»-©’, ïçûª’-´¤-©’, -¢Á·-ü¿-™„j-†-¢√-öÀ í∫’ù-í∫-ù«©†’ ûÁLÊ° éπ©’°æ¤û√ç. ÅEo degrees Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ îÁÊ°p °æ-ü¿l¥-A ¢Ë®Ω’.ÅçûË.
town is so good as his. ´÷ô©’.)
eg: Tall, short, fine, beautiful, good, bad etc.
Answer to Exercise under lesson No 201
(Å´¤†’. Ñ Ü®Ω’ ¢Á·ûªhç™ á´Jéà -Åç-ûª -
O-ô-Eoç-öÀéÀ Å®·†, Å®·-†-ô’-´çöÀ ÅE,
REPORT (Spoken )
´’ç-* ®√uçé˙ ®√-™‰-ü¿’.)
Lasya: All of them are quite smart. Ö†o ÅE, Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. tall = §Òúø-¢Áj†, DIRECT SPEECH
á-ûÁkh-†, short = §ÒöÀdí¬ Ö†o, fine = Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ- Reporting Verb Present tense Reporting Verb Past tense
Few parents are as lucky as
they, in having such children. ߪ’-¢Á’i†, etc) Lakshmi: I need not Lakshmi says she need not have the Lakshmi said she need not/ did not

(¢√Rxçöx Åçü¿®Ω÷ ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√∞Ïx. Adverbs Åçõ‰, verb -îËÊÆ °æ†’©’ ᙫ ïJ- have the facial. I had it facial. She had it done the day before. need to have the facial. She had
í¬®· ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç- ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’ – äéπ done just yesterday. had it done the day before.
Åçûª Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-™„j† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’
ü∆ü∆-°æ¤ -Öç-úø®Ω’.) í∫’ùç à¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊ ÖçC ÅE ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’ Pramila: We have to Pramila says they have to go to the Pramila said they had to go to
smart= ≤ƒtö¸– ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– Åçü¿-¢Á’i† M. SURESAN èπÿú≈ adverbs.) go to the bank or the bank or the ATM too as they have to the bank or the ATM as they
Look at the following. had to draw some money.
-ü¿’Ææ’h-™x Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ Öçúøôç. Ééπ\úÕ ATM too. we have to draw some money.
a) No other actor is so tall as Amitabh
Å®Ωnç– ûÁL-N-í∫©. draw some money.
Sravya: Her elder sister is brighter than all of Bachchan. (à Éûª®Ω †ô’úø÷ ÅN’-û√-•-îªaØ˛ Åçûª
Lakshmi: We need Lakshmi says that they need not, as Lakshmi said that they need
them but no so hardworking, We are comparing all
§Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’.) Ééπ\úø
not. I have enough she has enough cash. not/ did not need to, as she had
other actors with Amitabh - §ÚLa á´®Ω÷ èπÿú≈
(¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ߪ’u -Åç-ü¿-J-éπçõ‰ ûÁL-N-í∫©C. cash. enough cash.
Amitabh Not
Åçûª §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬-ü¿’ ÅE Åçô’Ø√oç –
Pramila suggested they had
é¬F Åçûª éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ÊÆC é¬ü¿’.)
Lasya: They're all sure of good careers. That's so tall as ÅE – Ééπ\úøtall positive degree. Pramila: Then we had Pramila suggests they had better hurry
b) Amitabh is taller than any other actor/all better hurry up. up. better hurry up.
a thing to be happy about.
other actors. (ÅN’-û√¶¸ à Éûª®Ω †ô’-úÕ/-N’-í∫û√ Lakshmi: Need I get Lakshmi wants to know if she has to Lakshmi wanted to know if she
(¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´’ç* Nü∆u, ÖüÓu-í¬©’ ûªü∑¿uç. -
Åçü¿®Ω’ †ô’-©-éπØ√o §Ò-úø-´¤.) money now or do you get the money now or if she has it. had to get the money then or if
Å-C ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç.)
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ we are comparing all other actors have it? she had it.
í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’: °j conversation Åçû√ §ÚLéπ with Amitabh. ¢√∞¡}-éπØ√o Éûª†’ §Ò-úø-´¤ Åçô’Ø√oç.
Pramila: I think the Pramila says she thinks the money she Pramila said she thought the
(comparison)© v°æ≤ƒh-´ØË éπü∆. -E-ûªu -@-N-ûªç-™  ´’†ç
– Amitabh is taller than - Ééπ\úø taller, compar- money I have should has should be enough and that money she had should be
ative degree.
§Ú©a-èπ◊çú≈ à Ææ綵«-≠æù èπÿú≈ Öçúø-üË¢Á÷ éπü∆. äéπ enough and that Lakshmi need
be enough. You need Lakshmi need not get any.
1) Amitabh is the tallest of all actors -
´Ææ’h´¤ Ø√ùuûª, üµ¿®Ω†’, ÅüË ûª®Ω-í∫AéÀ -îÁç-C-† Éûª®Ω not/ did not need to get any
not get any.
Åçü¿®Ω’
Amitabh we are
´Ææ’h´¤© Ø√ùu-ûª, -üµ¿®ΩûÓ, äéπ ´uéÀhí∫’ù«-©’, Ç鬮Ωç, †ô’--™x Åûªuçûª §Ò-úø-´¤. Ééπ\úø money.
comparing all other actors with Amitabh -
íÌ°æp-ü¿†ç, Éûª®Ω ´uèπ◊h© Ç鬮Ωç, íÌ°æp-ü¿†ç, í∫’ù«-©ûÓ
Lakshmi said that they must
¢√∞¡xç-
§ÚLa à-C, á´®Ω’ áèπ◊\¢Ó E®√l¥-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ®√´-ô¢Á÷, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Lakshmi: We must not Lakshmi says that they must not spend
ü¿J™ Éûª†’ Åûªuçûª §Ò-úø-´¤ Åçô’Ø√oç. Ééπ\úø
spend much time much time there as they have to get not spend much time there as
tallest superlative degree. ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
í∫öÀdí¬ ¢√Cç--éÓ-´-ô¢Á÷ îËÆæ’hçö«ç éπü∆.
Spoken English ™ Ñ §ÚL-éπ©-†’ -á-™« ´uéπh°æ®Ω’- there. We have to get back to make other arrangements. they had to get back to make
1) *´®Ω +est, +st í¬F´ÊÆh ÅCsuperlative degree. other arrangements.
≤ƒh¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Grammar ™ Å®·ûË a) tallest, highest, shortest, slightest, etc. ÉN
back to make other
DEo Degrees of comparisons Åçö«-®ΩE ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà arrangements.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 27 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006
Sundar: I feel that the food here is better than
that in any other restaurant in this
area. What do you think?
(Ð vð§ÙêŸÙö˺ Ñìo ÏêŸô¢ ·ôþ§d-·ôÙåx ÚÛÙç¶
ÏÚÛ\è[ íÆ£õô¢Ù ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙ-ë]-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o.
ìªî¶y÷ªìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦oîËÂ?)
Madan: You're right. This is the best eatery
around here.
(ìª÷±y àµí‡pÙC Eá! Ð àŸªåªd-í£-ÚÛ\õ Ïë¶ ÷ªÙ#C.)
Sundar: The worst of all is the eatery next to
the post office. You get sick once
you eat any thing there.
(Î ð¼þ§d-íƈú£ª í£ÚÛ\ì ÑìoC ÍEoÙæ¨
ÚÛÙç¶ ÍëÅ]-÷ª-iÙC. ÖÚÛ-þ§J ÍÚÛ\è[ Ôëµjû¦
AÙç¶ î¦Ù꟪ö¶!)
sick = áñªsÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù – ÓÚÛª\÷Þ¥ Ð Íô¢nÙêÁ
î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íô³ê¶ sick = î¦ÙA Íó¶ªuåªxÞ¥
ÑÙè[è[Ù ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íô¢nÙ ÑÙC.
I am sick of these movies.
(Ð ú‡E-÷«-õÙ-ç¶û¶ û¦ÚÛª î¦ÙêŸ-ó¶ªuåªx ÑÙC.)
Once you eat there you get sick.
(ÍÚÛ\è[ AÙç¶ î¦ÙêŸ-ó¶ªu-åªxÙ-åªÙC.)
Madan: No, I don't agree there. There are
other restaurants which are worse
than that one.
(Î Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ û¶ìª Öí£±p-ÚÁìª. ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñìo
ÏÙÚ•Eo íÆ£õ-ô¢-ø‹-õõª ë¯E-ÚÛû¦o Íëůy-ìÙÞ¥
Ñû¦oô³.)
Sundar: But I can tell you this. As no other
place are idlis so (as) bad as at that
place.
(Ú¥F ÖÚÛæ¨ ÷«vêŸÙ àµí£p-Þœ-õìª. ÏÚÛ\-è[ª-
ìoÙêŸ àµêŸhÞ¥ Ïè†xõª ÏÙ·Ú-ÚÛ\è¯ ÑÙè[÷±.)
Madan: That is true, perhaps. OK. How good
is the novel which you finished yes-
terday?
(ÍC Eá! ú£¸ô! Eìo ìª÷±y í£²Jh à¶ú‡ì
ì÷õ ò°ÞœªÙë¯?)
Sundar: It's easily the best I have read in
years.
(Ú•Eo ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦õªÞ¥ û¶ìª àŸC-Nì ì÷-
õö˺x Ïë¶ Þ•í£pC.)
Madan: Is it better than the one I gave you
last week?
(û¶ìª FÚÛª ÞœêŸ-î¦ô¢Ù Ï#aì ì÷õ ÚÛû¦o
ÚÛ«è¯ ò°ÞœªÙë¯?)
Sundar: I told you, no other novel I have read
in years is so good as this one.
(àµð§pìªÞ¥! Ú•Eo ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦-õªÞ¥ û¶ìª àŸC-
Nì Ô ì÷õ ÚÛ«è¯ ÏÙêŸ Þ•í£pÞ¥ ö¶ë]E.)
ví£øŒo: 1. An unused old temple was given to
Mother Theresa ÍE IX Class English text
book (page no. 45) ö˺ àŸC-î¦ìª. ÏÚÛ\è[ unused
ÚÛª ñë]ªõª disused ÍE ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯ N÷-JÙ-àŸÙè….
2. Idioms with backgrounds book Ôëµjû¦ ÑÙç¶
ú£«#ÙàŸÙè….
– ÷ªëÅ]ª-ÚÛôÂ, êµû¦L
1. à¦ö° ÷ªÙ# ví£øŒo. Íô³ê¶ disused
áî¦ñª:
Íû¶ë¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ correct.
Unused ÍÙç¶ ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ/
Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª/ Íú£õª î¦è[E
ÍE Íô¢nÙ. An unused
old temple ÍÙç¶ Ïí£pæ¨
÷ô¢ÚÛª/ Ïí£±pè[« î¦è[E
í£±ô¦-êŸì ë¶î¦-õóŸªÙ ÍE
Íô¢nÙ. Íö°Ùæ¨ Þœªè… ÍÙå«
ÑÙè[ë]ª ÚÛë¯. Íö° Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯
Ú•ÙêŸ-Ú¥õÙ î¦è[-ÚÛÙö˺ ÑÙè…,
Î êŸô¦yêŸ Ô Ú¥ô¢éÙêÁ
Íô³û¦ ð§è[ªñè[f Þœªè… ÍE
Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ì sentence ö˺
òÅ°÷Ù. Íö°Ùæ¨ òÅ°÷Ù Ïà¶aC disused. Ú¥ñæ¨d
unused Íû¶C ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª. Disused ÍÙç¶
Ïí£±pè[ª î¦è[ª-ÚÛ-ö˺-ö¶E, ÖÚÛ-í£±pè[ª (ÞœêŸÙö˺) Ñìo ÍE.
Íö°Ùæ¨ Þœªè…û¶ Mother Theresa Ú¨à¦aô¢ª ÍE
Íô¢nÙ.
2. Idioms with background book - 1) Oxford
Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂ
Madan: My grand father reads these novels,
a lot of them.
(÷« ê¦êŸÞ¥ô¢ª Ð ì÷õõª à¦ö° àŸë]ª-÷±-
ê¦ô¢ª.)
Sundar: I remember your telling me that he
was ill. How is he? Any improve-
ment?
(ÎóŸª-ìÚÛª áñªsÞ¥ ÑÙë]E ìª÷±y àµí‡pìåªx
Þœªô¢ªh. Ïí£±p-èµö° Ñû¦oô¢ª? Ôiû¦
ô¢ª·ÞjÙë¯?)
Madan: No, unfortunately. He is worse than
before.
(ö¶ë]ª, ë]ªô¢-ë]'-ù£d-÷-ø‹êŸªh ÏÙêŸ-ÚÛª-÷³Ùë]ª
ÚÛû¦o Íëůy-ìÙÞ¥ ÑÙC.)
Sundar: I'm sorry to hear that. Hope he will
recover soon.
(Nì-æ°-EÚ¨ ò°ëÅ]Þ¥ ÑÙC. êŸyô¢ö˺
ÚÁõªÚÛªÙæ°ô¢E ÎPþ§h!)
ÍEoÙæ¨ÚÛû¦o Íë¶ ÍëůyìÙ!
Madan: So do we. (÷´ Íö°¸Þ ÎP-ú£ªhû¦oÙ.)
Sundar: OK. See you. Time that I were at
home.
(ÚÛõªë¯lÙ! Ïí£p-æ¨¸Ú ÏÙæ˺x ÑÙè¯-Lqì
î¦è…E.)(Îõ-ú£u-iÙC)
OK. See you = ÚÛõªë¯lÙ.
Madan: Bye
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 204
ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªìÙ
adjectives adverbs
ÚÛª,
ÚÛª comparative,
superlative Óö° form
à¶þ§h àŸ«ø‹Ù ÚÛë¯. ÏÙêŸ-
÷-ô¢ÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ìoC–
M. SURESAN COMPARATIVE: Ú•Eo
í£ë¯õ #÷ô¢ – ier à¶Ja,
÷ªJ-Ú•-Eo-æ¨Ú¨ – er à¶Ja, y êÁ ÍÙêŸ-÷ªó¶ªu ÷«å-õÚÛª,
y ñë]ªõª – ier à¶Ja, ÏÙÚ•Eo ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª more
à¶Ja comparative degree form à¶þ§hÙ.
Etymological Dictionary 2) Cambridge
Publications öËºì« ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛª-꟪ÙC.
ví£øŒo: Ð ÷´è[ª î¦Ú¥u-õÚÛª êµõªÞœª Íô¢nÙ àµí£pÙè….
1. For that to happen.
2. Planning Commission deputy chair-
man Monteksingh Ahluwalia on satur-
day regretted that poverty reduction
was not achieved to the desired extent
during the years of planned develop-
ment.
3. Pointing out that the growth process
should have been more inclusive.
– ÖÚÛ ð§ôÈ¢-ÚÛªè[ª Nø‹-Ü-í£åoÙ
,
1. for that to happen = ÍC áô¢-Þ¥-õÙç¶.
áî¦ñª:
e.g. I want to buy a car. For that to happen I
need money.
(û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¦õE ÑÙC. ÍC áô¢-Þ¥-õÙç¶
è[ñªs-Ú¥-î¦L.)
2. ...that poverty reduction was not achieved
to the desired extent during the years
planned development.
(ví£é°RÚ¥ñë]lÄ ÍÙç¶ ÷ªì í£ÙàŸ-÷ô¢{ ví£é°-RÚÛ ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù
ÍGÅ-÷'ClÄ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¦ö˺x ›íë]JÚÛÙ êŸÞœª_-ë]õ ÷ªìÙ ÎPÙ-
#-ìÙêŸ áô¢-Þœ-ö¶ë]ª.)
3. Pointing out that the growth rate should
have been more inclusive.
(ÍGÅ-÷'ClÄ ví£vÚ¨óŸª ÏÙÚ¥ú£h Nú£h'-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙè¯-LqÙC.)
SUPERLATIVE: -ier à¶Ja comparative form
ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª – iest , – er à¶Ja comparative form
ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª – est , –r à¶Ja comparative form
ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª -st, more ÷³Ùë]ª à¶Ja compara-
tive form ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª most à¶Ja superlative
degree form
à¶þ§h-÷ªF êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ ÚÛë¯.
Íô³ê¶ Ð êµÞœ-õÚÛª àµÙë]E adjectives ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo
Ñû¦oô³. î¦æ¨Ú¨ comparatives, superlatives
form à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ Ô EñÙëÅ]ìõ« í£E-Ú¨-ô¦÷±. î¦æ¨
comparatives, superlatives irregular Þ¥ form
Í÷±-ê¦ô³. ÍN–
The worst of all is the eatery next to
the post office.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Good, Well better best
Bad, ill worse worst
evil worse worst
much, many more most
You can see these irregular comparatives and
superlatives in the conversation at the begin-
ning of this lesson: Oå-Eoæ¨ Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª Ð les-
son vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡Ùö˺ àŸ«è[-÷àŸªa.
1) I feel that the food here is better that in any
other restaurant (better - comparative of
good)
2) This is the best eatery around here. (best -
superlative of good).
3) The worst of all is the eaterie next to the
post office. (worst - superlative of bad).
4) There are other restaurants which are
Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-2
worse than that one. (worse - comparative
of bad).
5) Is it better than the one I gave you last
week? (better - comparative of good).
6) Unfortunately he is worse than before.
(worse - comparative of ill).
ill = áñªsÞ¥ Ñìo.
worse - áñªs/ î¦uCÅ ÓÚÛª\îµjì, ÷³C-Jì)
7) His condition was the worst the day before
yesterday.
(ÎóŸªì í£J-ú‡nA îµ³ìo ò°Þ¥ ¤©é¨Ù-#ÙC.)
worst - superlative of ill.
Ïí£±pè[ª Ð Ú¨ÙC sentences àŸ«è[Ùè….
a) India is the largest democracy in the world.
Ð î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ largest - superlative degree Íô¢nÙ:
ví£í£ÙàŸÙ îµ³êŸhÙö˺ òÅ°ô¢ê ÍA-šíë]l ví£â°-þ§y÷ªuÙ.
Ïë¶ òÅ°÷Ù ÏÙÚÁ NëÅ]ÙÞ¥:
a) India is the largest of all democracies in the
world/ India is the largest democracy of all in
the world ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íì-÷àŸªa. Íô³ê¶ ÍEoæ¨ ÚÛû¦o
simplest form, India is the largest democracy
in the world Íû¶C.
Superlative degree ö˺ Ñìo-í£±pè[ª sentence
structure.
India is the largest democracy in the world.
a) India (subject) + is (verb) + the + largest
(superlative) + democracy.
b) The Elephant is the strongest animal in the
world.
(subject + is (verb) + the + strongest
(superlative) + animal).
Superlative ö˺ sentence structure à¦ö° sim-
ple. Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸªÚÁî¦LqÙ-ë]ö°x superlative ÷³Ùë]ª the
ô¦î¦õE..
Comparative degree ö˺ Íë¶ meaning êÁ–
a) India is larger than any other democracy in
the world.
comparative ö˺ structure
a) India (subject) + is (verb) + larger (compar-
ative) + than any other + democracy in the
world.
b) The Elephant is stronger than any other
animal in the world.
ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ šíj structure ö˺û¶ ÑÙè¯L.
Positive:
No other animal in the world is so (as) strong
as the Elephant.
Structure - ÏÚÛ\è[ No other êÁ begin Í÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-
EÙ-àŸÙè… –
No other (sub) + verb + so + (positive degree)
+ as the Elephant.
b) No other democracy in the world is as (so)
large as India.
No other + subject + is (verb) + as (so) + (pos-
itive degree) + as India.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 27 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë 1

1) Eá-¸ÚÙ-vë]ÚÛ ÚÛé°ö˺xE Ô ÚÛé°ÙÞ¥ö˺x 70S ·ôjò˺-âɺ- 18) ¸ÚÙvë]Ú¥÷«xö˺x ì«uÚ¨x-óµ«-çµjè[x ÷ªëÅ]u Ôô¢pè¶ ñÙëů-
÷³õª ÑÙæ°ô³? õìª Ô÷ªÙæ°ô¢ª?
Ó) iæ˺-Ú¥Ù-vè…óŸ«, Þ¥Mb ú£ÙÚ¨xù£dÙ Ó) šíšíkdè ñÙëůõª
G) J-êŸ-¸ô-éª-÷±õª, ÍÙêŸ-Kb÷ vë]÷u-â°-õÚÛÙ G) ·ÞkxÚÁ-ú‡-è…Ú ñÙëůõª
ú‡) iæ˺-Ú¥Ù-vè…óŸ«, J-êŸ-¸ô-éª-÷±õª ú‡) ðƧþ¼p-èµj-Ó-ú£dô ñÙëůõª
è…) Þ¥Mb ú£ÙÚ¨xù£dÙ, ÍÙêŸ-Kb÷ vë]÷uâ°õÚÛÙ è…) Óú£dô ñÙëůõª
2) ò°uÚ©d-J-óŸ«-ö˺E ÚÛé-ÚÛ-÷àŸÙ Ô ô¢þ§-óŸªì í£ë¯-ô¢nÙêÁ 19) úˆdô¦-ô³è ú£Ùø™x-ù£é, Nù£-E-ô¢«t-õ-ìö˺ ð§ö˹_û¶ ÚÛé-
Ôô¢p-è[ª-꟪ÙC? òŰޜٖ
Ó) šúõªu-ö˺âÉÀ G) šíí‡d-èÁ-·Þkx-Ú¥ûË Ó) ìªìªí£± ÍÙêŸ-Kb÷ vë]÷uâ°õÚÛÙ
ú‡) ·ÞkxÚÁ-vð»-æ©ìª è…) ·Újæ©ûË G) Þœô¢ªÚÛª ÍÙêŸ-Kb÷ vë]÷uâ°õÚÛÙ
3) iæ˺-Ú¥Ù-vè…óŸ« Íû¶ í£ë¯Eo ví£A-ð§-CÙ-#ì ø‹ú£Y-î¶êŸh ú‡) ¸ÚÙvë]-Ú¥ÙøŒÙ
Ó÷ô¢ª? è…) ÔD-Ú¥ë]ª 36) í£ô¦u-÷-ô¢é ú‡nA-Þœ-꟪-õìª ÍGÅ-÷'-ClÄ-à¶ú‡ ÷«ì-÷-â°A G) Óè[yôÂf q ú‡ÙvèÁîª
Ó) ÎöËÀd-÷«uûË G) ð¼ô¢dô 20) ø˜jL-ÚÛõª, ÚÛø‹òÅ°ö˺x ú£«¤Ût-û¦-R-ÚÛõ Í÷ª-JÚÛ 9+2 ö°Þ¥ ÷ªìª-Þœ-è[ìª îµªô¢ª-Þœª-í£-Jචø‹ú£YÙ– ú‡) è½ûËÂq ú‡ÙvèÁîª
ú‡) Þ¥Jo-óŸªô è…) òµÙè¯ ÑÙç¶ šúÙvæ¨-óµ«öËÀ (ê¦ô¢-÷ê ¸ÚÙvë¯-õª)ö˺ Óö° Ó) óŸ´âµ-EÚÂq G) óŸ´ëǵ-EÚÂq è…) vÚ©–è[«–-à¦æËÀ ö¶ë¯ Ú¥uæËÀ w·Új ú‡ÙvèÁîª
4) ÖÚÛ ð§M-ší-šíkdè øŒ'ÙÜ-ö°-EÚ¨ ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù Ñìo ÑÙåªÙC? ú‡) óŸ´šíÆ-EÚÂq è…) ÔD-Ú¥ë]ª 50) í£±ô¢ªù£ªö˺x ÷à¶a ·ÚkxûË šíÆõdô ú‡ÙvèÁîª Íû¶ vÚÁ-
è…Ó-ûËÂÓ òÅ°Þ¥Eo Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? Ó) 9+2 G) 9+0 37) í£¤Ûªõ, à¶í£õ ÷õú£ ö°Ùæ¨ @÷±õ àŸô¢u-õšíj î¦ê¦- âɺ÷³ îµjí£-K-ê¦u-EÚ¨ Ú¥ô¢éÙ–
Ó) ·ôÚ¥ûË G) ÷³uæ°ûË ú‡) 9+3 è…) 3+9 ÷-ô¢é ô¢ªêŸªvÚÛ-÷«õ ví£òÅ°-î¦Eo ÍëÅ]u-óŸªì٠ඛú Ó) 23÷ áêŸö˺ vêŸóŸª-ú‡n-AÚÛÙ
ú‡) ú‡þ§ZûË è…) Öší-ô¦ûË 21) è…Ó-ûËÂÓ ì«uÚ¨x-óµ«-çµj-è[xö˺ ÑÙè¶ àŸ·Ú\ô¢ Ô ô¢Ú¥-EÚ¨ ø‹ú£YÙ– G) 21÷ áêŸö˺ vêŸóŸª-ú‡n-AÚÛÙ
5) NªóŸ«-ú‡úÖI (¤ÛóŸª-ÚÛ-ô¢é–I) NòÅ¡-á-ìö˺ ví£ëÇ]÷ª ë]øŒ- àµÙC-ìC? Ó) všíÆû¦-õ@ G) Óëǯ-õ@ ú‡) 18÷ áêŸö˺ vêŸóŸª-ú‡n-AÚÛÙ
ö˺E Ô Ñí£-ë]-øŒö˺ ú£÷ª-â°-BóŸª vÚÁ-âɺ-÷³õ Ó) Þœ«xÚÁâÉÀ G) ·ôjò˺âÉÀ ú‡) íƇû¦-õ@ è…) Îçµ-Ú¥-õ@ è…) 23÷ áêŸö˺ ÔÚÛ-ú‡n-AÚÛÙ
÷ªëÅ]u NE-÷ªóŸªÙ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ÙC? ú‡) è†Î-Ú©q-·ôj-ò˺âÉÀ è…) víÆ£ÚÁdâÉÀ 38) ·ôÙè[ª ö¶ë¯ ÍÙêŸ-ÚÛÙç¶ ÓÚÛª\÷ ð§M-ší-šíkd-èÂõª 51) vÞ¥îª ûµT-æ¨îË ò°uÚ©d-JóŸ« ÚÛé°õ îµõª-í£õ Î÷-JÙ#
Ó) Lð¼d-æ©ûË G) âµjÞÁ-æ©ûË 22) šúÙvåöËÀ ÏûËÂú‡d-å«uæËÀ ÎíÆà všíÆùà î¦åô ÎÚ¥y-ÚÛ-õaô ú£ÙMìÙ àµÙC Ôô¢pè¶ ú£ÙÚ¨xù£g Eô¦t-é°Eo Ô÷ªÙ- ÑÙè¶ ò°ï£°u-ð»ô¢ (outer membrane) ë¶ÙêÁ
ú‡) ð§"æ©ûË è…) è…ð¼x-æ¨ûËÂ Ô ìÞœ-ô¢Ùö˺ ÑÙC? æ°ô¢ª? êŸóŸ«·ôj ÑÙåªÙC?
6) Eá-¸ÚÙ-vë]ÚÛ ÚÛé-¸ÚÙ-vë]Ùö˺ ÑÙè¶ vÚ•÷«-æ¨ûË Eô¦t-éÙ- Ó) ÚÁöËÀÚÛê¦ G) ÷³Ùò°ô³ Ó) vð§ëÇ]NªÚÛ Eô¦téÙ Ó) Lð¼ vð»æ©ìªx G) šíí‡dèÁ ·ÞkxÚ¥ûËÂ
ö˺E ví£÷«-é°Eo Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? ú‡) ÚÁ# è…) òÅ¡ª÷-û¶-øŒyô G) CyBóŸª Eô¦téÙ ú‡) Lð¼-ð§-M-ø‹-Ü-·ôjè è…) šúõªu-ö˺âÉÀ
Ó) ì«uÚ¨x-óµ«-þ¼îª G) ì«uÚ¨x-óµ«-çµjè 23) û¶ù£-ìöËÀ ñ«uôÁ ÎíÆà ÔE÷ªöËÀ âµE- ú‡) êŸ'BóŸª Eô¦téÙ 52) øŒK-ô¢Ù-ö˺E ÖÚÛ òŰޜ٠ìªÙ# ô¢ÚÛhÙ, øÉÁù£-ô¢ú£Ù
ú‡) ì«uÚ¨x-óµ«-šújè è…) ì«uÚ¨x-óµ«-õúà æ¨Ú Jþ¼-·ôqúÃ Ô ìÞœ-ô¢Ùö˺ ÑÙC? è…) Ú¥yå-ô¢oK Eô¦téÙ ë¯yô¦ Ú¥uìqô ÚÛé°õª ÏêŸô¢ òÅ°Þ¥-õÚÛª î¦uí‡h àµÙë¶
7) ÚÛé-àŸ-vÚÛÙ-ö˺E Ô ë]øŒö˺ è…Ó-ûËÂÓ ví£A-ÚÛ'A áô¢ª-Þœª- Ó) ÚÛô¦oöËÀ G) í£±é¶ 39) Íîµ ªiûËÁ Î÷«xö˺x ÏNªûËÁ Î÷«xõª Nëů-û¦Eo Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª?
꟪ÙC? ú‡) ì«uèÅ…Mx Vî¦õ@ ÔN? Ó) væ°ûËÂq-íÆ£-¸ôt-ù£ûË G) æ°-þ§d-ú‡úÃ
Ó) S G) G1 è…) Aô¢ª-÷-ìÙ-êŸ-í£±ô¢Ù Ó) NªCÇ-óµ«-EûËÂ, ú‡·ôjûË ú‡) æ°-÷«-ôÁpÄ-ú‡úà è…) væ°ûËÂq-è[ÚÛ{ûËÂ
ú‡) G è…) M G) õ«uú‡ûËÂ, ·Þkxú‡ûË 53) ¤¥ô¢ vð»æ©ìªx Íô³ì þ¼d-ûËÂ-õö˺ ÍCÅ-ÚÛÙÞ¥ ÑÙè¶
2 24) ÏÙè…-óŸªûË ö°uÚ JšúôÂa ÏûËÂú‡d-å«uæËÀ
ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC? ú‡ ) vð»öµjûËÂ, šïj°vè¯-Ú©q-vð»-öµjûË ¤¥ô¢ ÍiûËÁ Î÷«xõª ÔN?
8) ÑòÅ¡-óŸªàŸô¦õª, à¶í£õª, ú£K-ú£'ð§õ ÷Ùæ¨ ú£ÚÛ-ø™-ô¢ª-Ú¥õ è… ) Íõ-EûËÂ, íƇûµjöËÀ Íõ-EûË Ó) öµjúˆûËÂ, ÎJb-FûËÂ
úˆYH-á-ÚÛé ÷«êŸ'ÚÛö˺x ÚÛE-í‡Ùචví£ê¶u-ÚÛ-iì vÚÁ-âɺ- Ó) òÅ˺ð§öËÀ G) èµv-è[«ûËÂ
÷³õª ÔN? ú‡) àµûµjo è…) ô¦Ù< 40) ¸Ú Ùvë] -Ú Û-í £²ô¢y ÚÛé°ö˺xE ví£ëůì áìªu-í£-ë¯- G) î¦öµjûËÂ, Õþ¼-õ«u-úˆûËÂ
Ó) ð§L-æ©ûË vÚÁ-âɺ-÷³õª 25) ÏÙå-¸ôo-ù£-ìöËÀ šúÙåô íÆ£ô âµE-æ¨ÙÞ ô¦n E o Ô÷ªÙ- æ°ô¢ª? ú‡) Îú£pÄ-JdÚ Î÷ªxÙ, ·Þkxú‡ûËÂ
ú‡. JÚÛ'ù£g Ó) @ûË Á -ð Ƽ ô è…) væ¨ð¼d-ðƧûËÂ, ú‡úˆdûËÂ
G) ÚÛªÙൠvÚÁ-âɺ-÷³õª ÏÙ>-F-JÙÞ ÍÙè ñóµ«-çµ-Ú¥o-õ@
ú‡) Íìª-ñÙëÅ] vÚÁ-âɺ-÷³õª (ICGEB) ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC?
G) ì«uÚ¨x-óŸ«-ô³è 54) 60S ·ôjò˺-âɺ÷³ Ñí£-ví£-÷«éÙö˺ ÑÙè¶ rRNA
è…) šíj÷Fo Ó) ì«uèÅ…Mx G) ì«uóŸ«ôÂ\ ú‡) ò°uÚ© d-J -óŸªöËÀ vÚÁ-âɺîª vð»æ©ìx ú£ÙíÆ£ª-åìÙ ÔC?
9) è…Ó-ûËÂ-Óšíj îµ³åd-îµ³-ë]æ¨ ÓÚÂq–¸ô vÚ¨ú£d-ö˺-vÞœíƈ í£J-øÉÁ-ëÅ]- ú‡) òµÙÞœª-üŒŠô¢ª è…) àµûµjo è… ) šíj ÷ Fo Ó) 16S rRNA+21 vð»æ©ìªx
ììª Eô¢y-Ù-#ì ø‹ú£Y-î¶-êŸhõª– 26) í‡Ùè¯-GÅ-÷'-ClÄö˺ ú£ÙòÅ¡-NÙචîµjí£-K-ê¦uõ ÍëÅ]u-óŸª- 41) õEûË ÷ô¢gÚÛÙ, ëǵjô¦-Ú¨qûË ôÁtûËÂ Ô ÍiûËÁ G) 18S rRNA+30 vð»æ©ìªx
Ó) î¦åqûËÂ, vÚ¨Ú û¦Eo Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? Î÷ªxÙ ìªÙ# Ôô¢p-è[-ê¦ô³? ú‡) 23S rRNA+ 5SrRNA+31 vð»æ©ìªx
G) ô•â°-LÙè vðƧÙÚ¨xûËÂ, NL\ûËÂq Ó) ·ôjû¦-õ@ G) çµô¢-æ°-õ@ Ó) çµjôÁ-ú‡ûË G) ú‡d-è†ûË è…) 28S+5.8S+5S rRNA+50 vð»æ©ìªx
ú‡) ÏJyûË à¦ô¦_íÆà ú‡) væ°÷ª-æ°-õ@ è…) æ°Jp-è¯-õ@ ú‡ ) ÎJb -E ûË Â è…) vAóµ«-ûµjûË 55) ÏÙè…-óŸªûË ڥuìqô JšúôÂa šúÙåô ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC?
è…) všíÆè[-JÚ Oªù£ô 27) ÷ªÙ#-Fæ¨ Î÷-ô¢é ÷u÷-ú£nõª, î¦æ¨ö˺ E÷-ú‡Ùච42) Ð Ú¨ Ù C è… Ó -û ËÂÓ ô¢ « ð§öË ºx Óè[÷ª îµjí£± LÚÛ Ó) ÷³Ùò°ô³ G) û¦ÞÂ-í£²ôÂ
10) ÍêŸu-CÅ-ÚÛÙÞ¥ ÚÛªÙè[-M-ÚÛ-ô¢é àµÙCì vÚÁ-âɺ-÷³õª @÷±õ ÍëÅ]u-óŸª-û¦Eo Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? AJT ÑÙè¶ C ÔC? ú‡) ÏÙèÁô è…) iú£«ôÂ
ÚÛé-N-òÅ¡-á-ì-ö˺E Ô ë]øŒö˺ ÚÛEí‡-þ§hô³? Ó) ÓÚ¥-õ@ G) Îçµ-Ú¥-õ@ Ó) B-è…ÓûËÂÓ G) Z-è…Ó-ûËÂÓ 56) ÏÙè…-óŸªûË îµå-ô¢oK JšúôÂa ÏûËÂú‡d-å«uæËÀ ÓÚÛ\è[
ú‡ ) A-è…Ó-ûËÂÓ è…) ÔD Ú¥ë]ª ÑÙC?
Ó) ví£ëÇ]÷ª ë]øŒ G) ÷ªëÅ]uú£n ë]øŒ ú‡) ú‡ûµ-Ú¥-õ@ è…) L÷«o-õ@
ú‡) àŸõì ë]øŒ è…) ÍÙêŸu -ë]øŒ 28) æ¨ÚÂõ, iæËÀõ ÍëÅ]u-óŸª-û¦Eo Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? 43) ò°uÚ© d-J óŸ « ÚÛ ø ‹- ò Å° õª Ô vð»æ© -ûËÂêÁ Ôô¢p-è[-ê¦ô³? Ó) ÚÁóŸªÙ-ñ-꟫hô G) ÏáêÂ-ì-ÞœôÂ
11) èµjåô¦ vÚÛ÷«-EÚ¨ àµÙCì vèÁþ¼-íƇö° ö°Ùæ¨ Ú©å-Ú¥õ Ó) ÓÙå-÷«-õ@ G) ÔJ-û¦-õ@ Ó) í‡ L ûË Â G) íƇÙvGûË ú‡) Ú¥ì«pô è…) ÷³Ùò°ô³
ö°ö°-áõvÞœÙëÇ]ªõª, ÷«MpÄ->-óŸªûË û¦RÚÛ ÚÛé°ö˺x ú‡) ÍÚÛ-ô¦-õ@ è…) ÷«õ-Ú¥-õ@ ú‡ ) ÎÚ¨ dû Ë Â è… ) šíÆxá-LxûË 57) šúÙvåöËÀ JšúôÂa ÏûËÂqú‡d-å«uæËÀ íÆ£ô wèµjö°Ùè ÍvT-ÚÛ-
ÑÙè¶ ví£ê¶u-ÚÛ-iì ð§L-æ©ûË vÚÁâɺ÷³õìª îµ³åd- 29) ANªÙ-Þœ-ö°õ ÍëÅ]u-óŸªìÙ– 44) ÑêŸ p-J -÷ -ô ¢hì ٠ൠ٠ë] -Þ œõ ÍA- # ìo è…Ó-ûËÂÓ òÅ°Þ¥Eo õaô (CRIDA) ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC?
îµ³-ë]å ÞœªJhÙ-#ì ø‹ú£Y-î¶êŸh Ó÷ô¢ª? Ó) šúæ°-õ@ G) ·ÚjôÁ-çµ-ô¦-õ@ Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? Ó) ì«uèÅ…Mx G) òµÙÞœª-üŒŠô¢ª
Ó) ô¢«Ú¥ôÂd G) ò°LsóŸ«F ú‡) šï°ô¢p-æ°-õ@ è…) ÏÚ¨h-óŸ«-õ@ Ó) ·ôÚ¥ûË G) ú‡þ§ZûË ú‡) šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë è…) àµûµjo
ú‡) šíÆxNªÙÞ è…) ÷³õxô 30) ñ-ô¢«-í£ÚÛêŸ (polymorphism)ìª ví£ë]-JzÙචú‡ ) ÷³uæ°ûË Â è…) Öší-ô¦ûË 58) ÎöËÀ ÏÙè…óŸ« ÏûËÂú‡då«uæËÀ ÎíÆà šïj°@ûË ÍÙèÂ
12) è…Ó-ûËÂÓ î¦uú£Ù ÓÙêŸ? ÚÛé°Ù-Þ¥õª ÔN? 45) vð»æ©-ûË ÷«vêŸî¶ª ÑÙè… ÷«uèÂÚ½, v›ú\íˆ ö°Ùæ¨ í£GxÚ šï°öËÀh ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC?
Ó) 2 nm G) 20nm Ó) ·ôjò˺-âɺ-÷³õª G) šúÙvæ˺-âɺ-÷³õª î¦uëÅ]ª-õìª ÚÛL-TÙච'Protein Infectious Ó) ÚÁöËÀÚÛê¦ G) íÆ£ª>óŸ«-ò°ëÂ
ú‡) 200nm è…) 200Ao ú‡) öµjþ¼-âɺ-÷³õª è…) è…Ú¨d-óµ«-âɺ-÷³õª Particles' ìª Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? ú‡) Ít-ë¯-ò°ë è…) õÚÁo
13) ÖÚÛ í‡ô¢-Nª-è…-ûËÂÚÛª ñë]ªõª ÷ªôÁ í‡ô¢-Nª-è…-ûËÂìª ö¶ë¯ 31) Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨ö˺ CyBóŸª öµjþ¼-âɺ-÷³-õªÞ¥ î¶æ¨E Ó) NJ- ó Ÿ
ª ìªx G) NJ-óŸ«è[ªx 59) ÏÙè[-ú‡Z-óŸªöËÀ æ°Ú¨q-Ú¥-õ@ JšúôÂa šúÙåô ÓÚÛ\è[
ÖÚÛ í£²u·ôj-ûËÂÚÛª ñë]ªõª ÏÙÚÁ í£²u·ôjûË à¶ô¢a-Þœ-L¸Þ í£J-Þœé¨þ§hô¢ª? ú‡ ) Óí‡ -â ɺ -î ªõª è…) ví‡óŸ«ìªx ÑÙC?
ÑêŸp-J-÷-ô¢h-û¦Eo Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? Ó) ø™ù£-í£-ë¯ô¢n Eô¦t-é°õª 46) ñóµ « -ç µ - Ú ¥o- õ @ ÎNô¢ sÄî ¦-E Ú¨ ÷´õ-Ú¥-ô¢-é-iì Jú‡Z- Ó) àŸÙè†íÆ£ªô G) ë]ªô¦_-í£²ôÂ
Ó) væ°ûËÂq-îµ-ô¢{ûË G) væ°Eq-ù£ûË G) ú£yóŸªÙ òÅ¡¤ÛÚÛ ðƧÞÁ-þ¼-îªõª ÚÛ {û Ë ÓÙèÁ ì«uÚ¨ x-ó ¶ª âÉ À ÓÙâµ j-÷³-õìª ÚÛìª-Þ•-ìo-ëµ- ú‡) õÚÁo è…) ÞœªõtôÂ_
ú‡) væ°ûËÂq-è[-ÚÛ{ûË è…) í£J-ê¦uáuÙ ú‡) @ô¢g-J-Ú¨h-ÚÛõª ÷ô¢ª? 60) æ°æ° ÏûËÂú‡d-å«uæËÀ ÎíÆà íÆ£Ùè[-Ù-åöËÀ JšúôÂa
14) ò°uÚ©d-JóŸ« ÚÛé-vë]-÷uÙö˺ ÑÙè¶ vÚÁ-âɺ--êŸô¢ è…) šíj÷Fo Ó) û¦ëÇ]ûËÂq G) Îô¢sô (TIFR) ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC?
è…Ó-ûËÂÓ ÷³ÚÛ\-õìª Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? 32) šíô¦-Ú©q-âɺ-÷³õª ÓÚÛ\è[ ÚÛEí‡-þ§hô³? ú‡ ) ú‡ tê è…) ÍÙë]ô¢« Ó) ì«uèÅ…Mx G) òµÙÞœª-üŒŠô¢ª
Ó) ð§þ§tûË G) ì«uÚ¨x-óŸ«-ô³è Ó) ò°uÚ©d-JóŸ« ÚÛé°ö˺x ÷«vêŸî¶ª 47) Eá-¸ÚÙ-vë]ÚÛ ÚÛé áìªu÷±ö˺x vð»æ©-ûËÂÚÛª ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù ú‡) àµûµjo è…) ÷³Ùò°ô³
ú‡) ð§xú‡tèÂõª è…) ÔD-Ú¥ë]ª. G) îµ³ÚÛ\ ÚÛé°ö˺x ÷«vêŸî¶ª ö¶E û¦ûËÂ-ÚÁ-è…ÙÞ è…Ó-ûËÂÓ òÅ°Þ¥-õìª Ô÷ªÙæ°ô¢ª?
K 1)8) ú‡G 2)9) GG3)10)è… G4) 11)ú‡ 5)G ú‡12)6)ÓÓ13)7) GÓ
15) ÚÛéÙ-ö˺E Ô òÅ°ÞœÙö˺ ·ôjò˺-âɺ-÷ªöËÀ ÎôÂ-Ó-ûËÂÓ ú‡) áÙ꟪ ÚÛé°ö˺x ÷«vêŸî¶ª Ó) ÓÞ¥bìªx G) ÏÙvæ°ìªx
(rRNA) ú£Ùø™x-ù£é, ·ôjò˺-âɺ÷³ Ñí£-ví£-÷«-é°õ è…) îµ³ÚÛ\, áÙ꟪ ÚÛé°ö˺x ÷«vêŸî¶ª ú‡) væ°ûËÂq-ð¼-â°ìªx è…) ÔD-Ú¥ë]ª
Eô¦téÙ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ÙC?
Ó) Þ¥Mb ú£ÙÚ¨xù£dÙ G) ÚÛé-vë]÷uÙ
33) ø‹yú£-vÚ¨-óŸªö˺ ð§ö˹_û¶ ÚÛé-òŰޜٖ
Ó) J-êŸ-¸ô-éª-÷±õª G) iæ˺ڥÙ-vè…óŸ«
48) vÞ¥îª šúdô³-EÙÞ ví£óµ«-ÞœÙö˺ ò°uÚ©d-J-óŸ«šíj Ñí£-
óµ«-TÙචô¢ÙÞœª (Dye) ÔC? E 14) ú‡ 15) è… 16) G 17) è… 18) ú‡ 19) Ó
20) G 21) ú‡ 22) è… 23) Ó 24) è… 25) Ó
ú‡) iæ˺-Ú¥Ù-vè…óŸ« è…) ¸ÚÙvë]-Ú¥ÙøŒÙ
16) è…Ó-ûËÂ-Óö˺ Íè…-ûµjûËÂ, ëǵjNªûË ì«uÚ¨x-óµ«-çµjè[x ÷ªëÅ]u
ú‡) Þ¥Mb ú£ÙÚ¨xù£dÙ è…) ÍÙêŸ-Kb÷ vë]÷u-â°-õÚÛÙ
34) ò°uÚ©d-J-óŸ«ìª îµ³åd-îµ³-ë]å ÞœªJhÙ-#ì ø‹ú£Y-î¶êŸh–
Ó) Íú‡-æ˺-Ú¥-ô¢-iûËÂ
G) â°ì-úÃ-vU-ûËÂG Y 26) G 27) è… 28) ú‡ 29) Ó 30) ú‡ 31) è…
32) è… 33) G 34) è… 35) G 36) G 37) ú‡
Ôô¢pè¶ šïj°vèÁ-áûË ñÙëůõ ú£ÙÜu ÓÙêŸ? Ó) ô¦ñ-ôÂd-Ú G) â°ûË ¸ô ú‡) vÚ¨ú£döËÀ îµjõæËÀ– Íóµ«è…ûË 38) è… 39) ú‡ 40) è… 41) Ó 42) G 43) è…
Ó) 1 G) 2 ú‡) 3 è…) 4 ú‡) ùˆx\è…ûËÂ, ÿ§\yûË è…) M÷-ûËÂ-Ú è…) öµjÚÁ-í‡ûË 44) ú‡ 45) è… 46) è… 47) G 48) ú‡ 49) è…
49) ÷ªEù‡ö˺E ÖÚÛ Íô³ëÁ vÚÁ-âɺ÷³ #ìo-ò°- 50) Ó 51) ú‡ 52) G 53) Ó 54) G 55) Ó
17) øŒ‰vÚÛ-ÚÛ-é°õ ÍvÞœ-òÅ°-ÞœÙö˺ ÑÙè¶ ÎvÚÁ-âɺ-÷³ìª 35) ·ôÙè[ª ûµõõ ÷óŸª-ú£ª-öËºí£± PøŒ‰-÷±õ ÍëÅ]u-óŸª-û¦Eo ÷±ö˺E Ú•Cl òŰޜ٠í£J-ê¦uáuÙ (Deletion) 56) G 57) ú‡ 58) Ó 59) ú‡ 60) è….
Ôô¢pJචÚÛé-òŰޜٖ Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? ൠÙë]è[Ù ë¯yô¦ ÷à¶a î¦uCÅ–
Ó) šíô¦-Ú©q-âɺ÷³ G) ·ôjò˺-âɺ÷³ Ó) @E-óŸ«-õ@ G) Eóµ«-û¦-æ°-õ@ Ó) åô¢oôÂq ú‡ÙvèÁîª (ô¢àŸô³êŸ šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂö˺E ÍÙò¶ë]\ô ú£dè†ú£J\öËÀ ðƧuÚÛMd
ú‡) šúÙvæ˺-âɺ÷³ è…) Þ¥Mb ú£ÙÚ¨xù£dÙ ú‡) Ïæ¨-óŸ«-õ@ è…) šíè…-óŸ«-væ¨ÚÂq ú£òÅ¡ªuõª)
-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 29 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006
Nagesh: Hi Mangesh, what are you doing in
this Travel kit shop? (Are you) buying
a bag?
( Ñ -vö«-¢Á-™¸ éÀ-ö¸ -≥ƒ°ˇ™ àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤?
¶«uí˚ à´’Ø√o éÌçô’-Ø√o¢√?)
Mangesh: That's right
(Å´¤†’)
Nagesh: You've bags and suitcases of all
sizes, shapes and colours here. (Is)
none to your liking?
(Ééπ\úø ÅEo ÂÆj-V©÷, Çé¬-®√©’, ®Ωçí∫’©÷
Ö†o -¶«uí∫’-©’, Ææ÷-ö¸ÍéÆæ’-©’ ÖØ√o®· éπ∫ü∆.
FÍéO †îªa-™‰ü∆?)
(To your liking = Fèπ◊ †*açC)
Look at this one = ÉC îª÷úø’
Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want. I
want a smaller bag than this.
( Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† -¶«uí˚ éπØ√o ÉC °ü¿lC.
Ø√èπ◊ Éçûªéπçõ‰ *†oC 鬢√L )
Nagesh: That One may be the size you want.
(ÅC Fé¬\-¢√-Lq† -ÂÆj-ñ ¸ Å-¢Ìy-a)
Mangesh: No that's smaller than the one I
want.
(™‰ü¿’. ÅC Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† ü∆E-éπçõ‰
*†oC)
Nagesh: See if this suits you?
( -ÉC Ææ-J-§Ú-ûª’ç-üË-¢Á÷ -îª÷-úø’)
Mangesh: Yes. That's exactly what I want.
(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ é¬¢√-Lqç-ü¿üË.)
Nagesh: This looks fine, but look at the price
tag here. It says it is Rs. 500/-
(î√© ¶«í∫’ç-CC é¬-F üµ¿®Ω îª÷-úø’ 500 ®Ω÷§ƒ-
ߪ’©’)
Mangesh: Oh, my! that's more than its worth.
(Ŷs! -Éü¿çûª îËߪ’ü¿’.)
(More than its worth = ü∆E N©’´
Åçûª îËߪ’ü¿’.)
Nagesh: Let's look for something less expen-
sive.
(Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ω’†oüË´’Ø√o ÖçüË¢Á÷
îª÷ü∆lç.)
Mangesh: This is the least expensive of all the
bags this size here. Let's bargain.
See if we can get it for Rs 400. It is
not worth more than that.
(Ééπ\-úø’†o Ç ÂÆj-ñ ¸ -¶«uí˚-™x ÉüË Åûªuçûª
ûªèπ◊\´. 400 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ -´Ææ’hç-üË-¢Á÷ -
îª÷-ü∆lç. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ -áèπ◊\-´ îËߪ’-ü¿’)
Nagesh: You are right. Let's ask if for
Rs 400.
400
(†’-´y-†o-C -¶«í∫’ç-C. ®Ω÷§ƒ-
ߪ’-©-éÀ≤ƒhúË¢Á÷ Åúø’-í∫’ü∆ç)
Mangesh: Let's try
(-v°æ-ߪ’-ûªoç -îË-ü∆lç.)
-í∫-ûª lesson ™ adjectives of compari-
son í∫’-J-ç-* éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç
M. SURESAN
éπü∆? ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’, ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §ÚLa ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’
ûª®Ω’-í∫’©’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îªôç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ v°æA-éπ~ùç @Nûªç™
îËÆæ÷hØË Öçö«ç. -ü∆-EéÀ ´’† conversation (Spoken
English) ™ v§ƒüµ∆†uç î√™« áèπ◊\´. Åçü¿’-éπE ´’†ç
îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊†o ¶µ«¢√Eo correct í¬ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ, 3
degrees of comparison ™ ¢√éπuE®√tùç ᙫ
Öçô’çüÓ í∫-ûª lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. ü∆Eo ´’®Ó ≤ƒJ 鬕öÀd superlative adjective ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤púø÷ the
èπ◊x°æhçí¬ îª÷ü∆lç:
a) Superlative:
The Elephant is the largest land animal.
¶µº÷îª-®Ω ïçûª’-´¤™x à†’í∫’ ÅA-°-ü¿lC.
ÉC superlative. Éçü¿’™ word order (´÷ô© Å´’- Ç ûª®Ω-¢√-ûª subject, singular number; Than all
Jéπ) î√-™« simple.
The elephant (sub)+is(verb)+the+superlative
adjective+...
b) The elephant is larger than any other land
animal / all other land animals.
(¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’-´¤™x à†’í∫’ N’í∫û√ à ïçûª’´¤-©
éπç-õ‰ /- ÅEo Éûª®Ω ïçûª’-´¤© éπç-õ‰ °ü¿lC).
The elephant (sub)+is(verb)+comparative
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
adjective (larger)+than any other (singular) /
than all other (plural)+...
c) Positive: No other land animal is so (as) large
as the elephant
(à Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’´‹ à†’-í∫çûª °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’)
Word order: No other+Subject (animal) +verb
+so/as + positive adjective+as+the (subject)
ÉO ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. Å®·ûË ´’†ç îËÊÆ §ÚLéπ -
©’ -á°æ¤p-úø’ èπÿú≈ Éçûª simple (Ææ®Ω-∞¡ç)í¬, direct í¬
Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Éçé¬ ÆæçéÀx-≠dæ (complex ) -¢Á’i-† §Ú-L- 2) Kashmir - cold - state in India (Positive)
Pacific
éπ©’ èπÿú≈ îËÆæ’hçö«ç. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ Ñ lesson (Éûª®Ω ´’£æ…Ææ´·-vü∆© éπç-õ‰ ™-ûÁj-†C)
3) This - good song - the movie (superlative)
c) He is older than any other members / all
¢Á·ü¿öx Nagesh, Mangesh conversation îª÷ü∆lç. 4) Rentachintala - hot place- A.P. (comparative)
other members of the family.
a) Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want. 5) December - cold month. (Positive)
(èπ◊ô’ç-•- Ææ-¶µº’u-©ç-ü¿-J-™-†÷ -Å-ûª-úø’ -´-ߪ’Ææ’-™
(ÉC- Ø√-é¬\-´-Lq† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ °ü¿lC) 6) Andhra Pradesh- big state South India
Åçõ‰ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. Ééπ\úø Mangesh (comparative)
§Ú©’Ææ’h†oC È®çúø’ ´Ææ’h´¤©†’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ -Å-N ûª†-é¬\-´- Answers:
©-Æœ† bag, ûª†’ îª÷Ææ’h†o bag. 1) This diamond necklace is the costliest jewel
b) Mangesh: That's
want.
smaller than the one I
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 205 in the shop.
(Ñ ≥ƒ°ˇ™ Ñ ´vñ«© necklace Åûªuçûª
(Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† ü∆E-éπç-õ‰ ÅC *†oC) êK-üÁj-†C) (Superlative degree)
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ÅçûË éπü∆? È®çöÀ ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚLéπ. 2) No other state in India is as (so) cold as
°-ü¿l)
ûª†-é¬\-´-LqçC. ûª†èπ◊ -Å-éπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’-†oC. Kashmir.
Positive: Positive degree No
c) Mangesh: Oh, my! That's more than its
™ ´÷-ö«xúË-ô°æ¤púø’
other Positive adjec-
(¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ à Éûª®Ω ®√≠æçZ - é¬Qt®˝ Åçûª îªL-í¬ Öç-úø-
worth.
ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Ç ûª®Ω-¢√ûª
tive ´·çü¿’ so/as positive adjective
é¬F, ûª®Ω-¢√ûª ü¿’) (positive degree)
that's more than its worth
3) This is the best song in the movie.
as
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ bag üµ¿®Ωèπ◊, ü∆E N©’-´èπ◊ ´≤ƒh®·.
superlative
a) No other tree here is so (as) tall as the
(Ç *vûªç™ ÉC Åûªuçûª íÌ°æp §ƒô–
Åçõ‰ È®çöÀ ´’üµËu §ÚLéπ. degree.)
coconut tree there.
d) Mangesh: It is not worth more than that. 4) Rentachintala is hotter than any other place /
bag
(Ééπ\-úø’†o à îÁô’d èπÿú≈ Ç éÌ•s-J-îÁôdç-ûª §Òúø’-í∫’-
ÉC èπÿú≈ üµ¿®Ωèπÿ, N©’-´èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u all other places in A.P.
Ö†o §ÚLéπ - ûÁ-LÊ° ¢√éπuç. é¬ü¿’)
b) No other metal is so (as) bright as gold.
(Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™ È®çô-*ç-ûª© Éûª®Ω à v°æüË-¨»-E-éπç-õ‰/
e) Nagesh: Let's look for something less Éûª®Ω v°æüË-¨»-©-éπØ√o ¢ËúÕ v°æü˨¡ç)
expensive.
(à Éûª®Ω ™£æ«´‚ •çí¬-®Ω-´’çûª v°æé¬-¨¡-´çûªç
5) No other month is so (as) cold as December.
bag
é¬ü¿’)
Ééπ\-úø èπÿ-ú≈ Ñ èπÿ Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ( December
c) No other student in the class is as (so) good
à (Éûª®Ω) ØÁ™« Åçûª îªL-é¬ü¿’)
ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ωèπÿ §ÚLéπ. 6) Andhra Pradesh is bigger than any other
at the subject as Janaki
É™« ´’†ç È®çúø’ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†÷, Éü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §Ú- state/ all other states in South India.
(class subject
©’Ææ’hçö«ç. Åô’-´ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ degree of comparison ™ Éûª®Ω Nü∆u-®Ω’n-™„-´®Ω÷ Ç ™ ñ«†-
(ü¿éÀ~ù ¶µ«®Ω-ûªç™ Éûª®Ω à ®√≠æZç/Éûª®Ω ®√≥ƒZ-©-éπç-õ‰
†’ •öÀd word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ) èπÿú≈ éπçûª ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx é¬-ü¿’.)
´÷®Ω’ûª’çô’çC. ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, È®çöÀ éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Ñ patterns (¢√é¬u© †´‚-Ø√©’) Ñ ´‚úø’ -Çç-vüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸ °ü¿lC)
degrees ™ °j† îª÷°œ†õ‰x Öçú≈L. É™« È®çúÕ-öÀ-éπç-
§ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ ÖçúË sentence word order èπÿ, È®çöÀE 1. How to pronounce the words? Is there
´÷vûª¢Ë’ compare îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ Öç-úË sentence word õ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-î√-
any rule please.
order èπÿ î√-™« ûËú≈ Öçô’çC.
Lq† ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç– superlative, comparative. Ñ
È®çúø’ degrees ™ sentences ™ not ®√ü¿’. pos- b) Occasion, situation - what is the differ-
ence between these words? ( give some
1) È®çöÀéπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’
itive degree ™ sentence – no other ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-
superlative degree ™E adjective
examples). öÀ. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-®√´¤, Í®°æ™„x
´·çü¿’ the éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ®√¢√L. ´’-´¤-ûª’çC.
i) Any good English - English dictionary will
eg: a) The elephant is the biggest of
(Å®·ûË, ÅEo-öÀ-éπØ√o... é¬ü¿’, ÅØË superlative
give you the symbols of pronunciation -
all land animals / the biggest
Öçô’çC. ü∆E Ææçí∫A ûªy®Ω-™ØË îª÷≤ƒhç.)
É°æ¤púø’ in the conversation at the beginning of refer to it.
land animal.
ii) Situation =
b) Hyderabad is the largest city in
the lesson -™« È®çöÀ-F §Ú™«aç ņ’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ °æJ-Æ œnA.
A.P.
î√© ´·êu-¢Á’i† Å稡ç. È®çöÀ-ØË/-É-ü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h-©ØË §ÚLa- äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç™ äéπ Ææ´’-
(A.P. ™ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ÅA-°ü¿l †í∫®Ωç)
†-°æ¤úø’ superlative degree Öçúøü¿’. Positive, ߪ’ç™ Ö-†o /-ï-®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-
Comparative ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Öçö«®·.
C) He is the most popular actor on the
†o Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†© éπ©-
1) This is bigger than the one I want.
Telugu screen.
®·éπ.
A difficult situation = éÀx-≠dæ
(ûÁ©’í∫’ ûÁ®Ω O’ü¿ Åûª-úø’ Åûªuçûª v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷†ç (Ø√é¬\-´-Lq-† -ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ÉC °ü¿lC)
- Ö-†o †ô’úø’) – Comparative (bigger) °æJ-ÆœnA; financial situation
DEéÀ positive degree: The one I want is not as = ÇJnéπ °æJ-Æ œnA political sit-
(so) big as this. uation = ®√ï-éÃߪ’ °æJ-Æ œnA.
ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ.
superlative Occasion = Ææçü¿®Ωs ¥ç –
2) Å™«Íí È®çöÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤úø’ com- DEéÀ Öçúøü¿’. -Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ´îËa
lesson
parative adjective -ûª®Ω-¢√ûª than any other / than
™ îª÷ü∆lç. Ééπ\úø Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†-©’, °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© éπç-õ‰ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ
Exercise: Practise the following aloud. Make v§ƒ´·êuç áèπ◊\´. °j† situation ¢√úÕ† îÓô™«x
all other ûª°æpèπ◊ç-ú≈ ®√-¢√L. than any other Å®·ûË
sentences using the following words, using the occasion ¢√úøôç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’ éπü∆.
degree given in brackets. I have met him on two or three occasions =
other Å®·ûË -Ç -ûª®Ω-¢√-ûª subject, plural number
eg: Mt Everest - high peak in the world.
Å´¤-û√®·. ÅûªEo ؈’ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.
(comparative) (Mt-Mount- a) On the last occasion that I met him, he
a) The Prime Minister is more powerful than
°æ®Ωy-û√© Ê°®Ωx-´·çü¿’
(Peak- was in a difficult situation =
any other minister / all other ministers.
¢√úøû√ç) Pê®Ωç) ÅûªEo ؈’ -Éç-
Ans: Mt Everest is higher than any other peak
(-É-ûª®Ω ´’çvûª’-©ç-ü¿-J éπç-õ‰ èπÿú≈ -v°æ-üµ∆-†-´’ç-vAéÀ ûªèπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Åûª†’ î√-™« éÀx-≠dæ
in the world. °æJ-Æœn-A™ ÖØ√o-úø’.
ÇCµ-鬮Ωç -áèπ◊\-´)
1) This diamond necklace - costly jewel in the b) She was able to manage the situation
b) The Pacific is deeper than any other ocean /
shop - (superlative)
all other oceans in the world. = Ç °æJ-Æœn-AE Ç¢Á’ ¶«í¬ -îªéπ\-C-ü¿lí∫-©’í∫’-ûª’ç-C.
í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 31 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Laxman: Hi Suman, do you know Bhavan is in

town?
(¶µº´Ø˛ Ü-∞x-éÌ-î√aúø’ (ÖØ√oúø’) ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
Suman: Oh, is he? when did he come?
(Å´¤Ø√? á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√aúø’?)
Laxman: Yesterday. He won the first round of
the badminton match.
(E†o -¶«u-úÕtç-ô-Ø˛ -´÷u-î˝™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ -®ıç-ú˛
ÈíL-î√úø’.)
Suman: That's no surprise to me. I knew he
would win. He is certainly a better
player than his rival in this round.
(ÅüËç Ø√èπ◊ °ü¿l Ǩ¡a®Ωuç é¬ü¿’. ¢√úø’ Èí©’-
≤ƒh-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ñ ®ıç-ú˛™ -ûª-† v°æûªu-
Jn-éπç-õ‰ Åûª-úø’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† Çô-í¬úø’)
(rival=È®j´™¸= v°æûªuJn, §ÚöÃ-ü∆-®Ω’)
Laxman: I was sure of that too. Mind you,
Bhavan is taller than Sravan, that
rival of his. That certainly is an advan-
tage in badminton
(؈÷ Å™«ØË -Å-†’èπ◊-Ø√o. ÉçéÓöÀ í∫’®Ω’hç-
éÓ. ¶µº-´-Ø˛, ûª†- v°æûªuJn -v¨¡´ù˝ éπç-õ‰ §Ò-úø-
´¤. -¶«u-úÕtç-ô-Ø˛™ ÅC (§Ò-úø-´¤) Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-
°æúË N≠æߪ’ç.)
áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV©’çô’çC.)
Laxman: OK. A happy time in Delhi to you and
your mom.
(†’´¤y, O’ Å´÷t Åéπ\úø Ææ®Ωü∆í¬ í∫úø-§ƒ-
©E Ø√ éÓ®Ω’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o.)
Suman: Thank you.
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. È®ç-úÕçöÀ-éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´
´Ææ’h-´¤-©†÷, ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ ´‚úø’ degrees
(positive, comparative and superlative)
Amar is not so (as) short as Anand. Let's now try to change the comparative degree
Öçö«®·. Ç degrees ™E sentences ™, Word
(Å-´’®˝, -Ç-†ç-ü˛ Åçûª §ÒöÀdé¬ü¿’.) statements in the conversion between Laxman
order ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈,
comparative ™, positive ™ Amar, Anand posi- and Suman, at the beginning of this lesson into
È®ç-úÕçöÀE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚLa†°æ¤púø’ superlative Öçúøü¿’
tion ´÷®Ωôç, comparative ™ ™‰E not – positive positive degree statements:
ÅE èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆.
Now look at the following sentences from the
™ ®√´ôç îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. positive ™ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Exercise:
Practise the following aloud in English:
conversation between Laxman and Suman at
Sankar: ´’† question papers ÅEoöx ÉC -
the beginning of the lesson:
Å-A éπ-≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC éπü∆?
1) He is certainly a better player than his rival.
(Åûª-úÕ v°æûªuJn éπç-õ‰ Åûª-úø’ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’) -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 206
(éπ≠dçæ = tough) - superlative ¢√úøçúÕ)
Omkar: é¬ü¿’ ÉC §Ú®·-†-≤ƒJ paper Åçûª éπ≠dç æ
(better- comparative degree of good- Ééπ\úø
é¬ü¿’.
§ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’– Bhavan, Sravan ´’üµ¿u)
´·çü¿’ so (as), ûª®√yûª as ´≤ƒh®·. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ (§Ú®·-†-≤ƒJ paper=the paper last time/
(Better- comparative degree)
Éçé¬: the last exam paper.)
2) Bhavan is taller than Sravan =
Hema is taller than Kshema. (Íé~´’- éπç-õ‰ Ê£«´’ Sankar: Å®·Ø√ éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J Ø√ marks éπç-õ‰ F
v¨¡´ù˝ éπç-õ‰ ¶µº´Ø˛ §Ò-úø-´¤.
§Ò-úø-´¤) (Taller - comparative degree) - Ééπ\úø marks- áèπ◊\-´ . (éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J–last time )

£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøçûª ¢ËúÕ-é¬ü¿’

Advantage = Åú≈y-Ed-ñ ¸–'ú≈y— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= Ææ£æ…-
ߪ’-é¬J. ´’†èπ◊ ¢Ë’©’ éπ-L-Tç-îËC.
Mind you = í∫’®Ω’h ûÁaéÓ/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ, (ñ«ví∫ûªh ÅE
èπÿú≈)
Suman: Moreover, Bhavan's movements are
quicker than Sravan's.
(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Sravan éπü¿-L-éπ-© -éπç-õ‰
Bhavan éπü¿-L-éπ©’ î√™« ¢Ëí∫çí¬ Öçö«®·.)
Laxman: Let's see how he is going to fare in
the next match. (ûª®√y--ûª -´÷u-î˝™ ᙫ
îË≤ƒhúÓ îª÷ü∆lç.)
fare = îËߪ’-ôç/-Ç-úøôç ™«çöÀN.
How did you fare in the exam yesterday?
( exam
E†o †’´¤y ᙫ ®√¨»´¤?)
How did he fare in the debate contest last
week?
( debate
Åûª†’ (´éπh %ûªy) §ÚöÙ ᙫ î˨»úø’?)
Suman: He has good chances of winning that
too.
(ÅC èπÿú≈ ÈíLîË Å´-é¬-¨»©’ ¶«í¬ØË
ÖØ√o®·.)
Laxman: OK. When are you taking your mom
to Delhi?
(O’ Å´’t†’ -úµÕ-Mx á°æ¤púø’ BÆæ’-Èé-
∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤?)
Suman: This Wednesday.
(Ñ •’üµ¿-¢√®Ωç)
Laxman: Have you booked the tick-
ets?
M. SURESAN
(-öÀÈé-ô’x -•’é˙ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?)
Suman: Yes, by the AP Express.
(Å´¤†’. à°‘ -áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ ™)
Laxman: That's good. That's faster than the
special train you thought of going by.
(´’ç* °æEî˨»´¤. †’´¤y ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊†o
ÂÆp-≠æ-™ ¸ -võ„®·-Ø˛ éπç-õ‰ ÉC ¢Ëí∫-çí¬
-¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’ç-C.)
Suman: It is. This is more comfortable than that
too.
(ÉC ü∆E éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Ææ’êçí¬ Öçô’çC)
Laxman:This is certainly better than that in
every respect. When are you return-
ing?
(à Nüµ¿çí¬ îª÷ÆœØ√, Ç ÂÆp-≠æ-™¸ -võ„®·-Ø˛
éπçõ‰- à°‘ -áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ ´’ç*C. á°æ¤púø’ AJ-
íÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?)
Suman: I will return in a week. My mother's
stay there will be longer.
(؈’ ¢√®√-E-éπ-™«x AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh†’. Å´’t Åéπ\úø
(comparison only between two) (taller- compar-
ative degree)
3) Bhavan's movements are quicker than
Sravan's.
(v¨¡´ù˝ éπü¿-L-éπ-© éπç-õ‰ ¶µº´Ø˛ éπü¿-L-éπ©’ ¢Ëí∫çí¬
Öçö«®·) (quicker - comparative)
4) That (AP Express) is faster than the special
train. (special train éπç-õ‰ AP Express
¢Á’içC– comparison only between two) (faster-
comparative)
5) This is certainly better than that =
(comparison only between two)
éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’
6) Mother's stay will be longer than mine.
(-Ø√éπç-õ‰, ´÷ Å´’t áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV-©’ç-ô’çC–
parison only between two.
Longer - comparative)
È®ç-úÕçöÀ éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §ÚLa-†-
°æ¤púø’, superlative, comparative, posi-
tive ™ word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ)
ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ ´’†ç ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ °j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™
§ÚLéπ È®ç--úÕç-öÀ ´’üµ¿uØË.
1) §ÚLéπ È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿uØË Å®·-†-
°æ¤púø’, superlative degree Öçúøü¿’.
2) È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ comparative
degree, positive degree word order èπÿ È®ç-
úÕçöÀ-éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’
comparative, superlative word order èπÿ
î√™«ûËú≈ -Öçô’çC.
džçü˛, Å´’®˝ ÅØË Éü¿l-JE §Ú™«a-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ.
1) Å°æ¤púø’ superlative Öçúøü¿’.
2) Comparative ™ sentence èπ◊ ´·ç-ü¿’ džçü˛,
sentence èπ◊ *´®Ω Å´’®˝ ´ÊÆh, positive degree
™ Ñ ´®ΩÆæ ´÷J Å´’®˝ sentenceèπ◊ ´·ç-ü¿’,
džçü˛ sentence èπ◊ *´-®Ω- -´≤ƒh®·.
3) Comparative ™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, positive ™ not
´Ææ’hçC. comparative ™ not Öçõ‰ positive ™
not ®√ü¿’.
Comparative:
Anand is shorter than Amar.
(
Å-´’®˝ éπç-õ‰ -Ç-†ç-ü˛ §ÒöÀd)
Positive:
§ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿uØË, É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ superlative
Öçúøü¿’. DEéÀ positive degree: Kshema is not so
(as) tall as Hema.
(Kshema, Ê£«-´’ -Åç-ûª §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’) comparison
only between two (È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’
§ÚLéπ):
Comparative:
¢Ëí∫-´ç-ûª-
Sunder is cleverer than Sukumar
( Ææ’èπ◊-´÷®˝ éπç-õ‰ Ææ’çü¿®˝ ûÁL-¢Áj†¢√úø’)
Positive:
ÉC ü∆E-
Sukumar is not so (as) clever as Sundar
(Ææ’èπ◊-´÷®˝, Ææ’çü¿-®Ωçûª ûÁL-¢Áj†¢√úø’ é¬úø’.)
com-
Ééπ\úø È®çúø’ ´·êu -N-≠æ-ߪ÷©’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:
1) Comparative ™, Sundar ´·çü¿’, Sukumar
*´®√ ÖØ√o®·. ÅüË positive™, ¢√öÀ ≤ƒnØ√©’
û√®Ω’-´÷-È®j, Sukumar ´·çü¿÷, Sundar *´-®Ω -
´-Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆.
2) Comparative ™ not ™‰ü¿’, positive ™ not ÖçC
éπü∆.
ÉçéÓ example îª÷ü∆lç:
Comparative:
Vijayawada is hotter than Hyderabad .
(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛ -éπç-õ‰, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ¢ËúÁ-èπ◊\´)
Not
(Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ´·çü¿÷, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ *´®Ω.
Positive:
Hyderabad is not so (as) hot as Vijayawada.
(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøçûª ¢ËúÕ-é¬ü¿’)
(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ´·ç-ü¿’, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø *´®Ω; Not ÖçC)
COMPARATIVE
1) He is certainly a better player than his
rival.
2) Bhavan is taller than Sravan.
3) Bhavan's movements are quicker than
Sravan's.
4) AP Express is faster than the special train.
5) This certainly is better than that.
6) Mother's stay will be longer than mine.
ª Omkar: Å®·Ø√, -Ñ≤ƒJ Ø√ marks , í∫-ûª≤ƒ-J
-Åç-ûª ¶«í¬ Öç-ö«-ߪ’-†o †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊™‰ü¿’.
(†´’téπç Ø√èπ◊™‰ü¿’ =I am not sure).
Sankar: -Ñ college ¢Á·ûªhç ™„éπa®Ω®˝q-™  -O’ ™„éπa®Ω®˝-
íÌ°æp.-
Omkar:- O’ ™„éπa®Ω®˝ èπÿú≈ íÌÊ°p, é¬F †’´y-†oô’d ´÷
™„éπa®Ω®˝ Åçûª íÌ°æp-é¬úø’.
Sankar: ؈ ’ Tuition -BÆæ ’éÓ-¢√-©-† ’èπ◊ç-ô ’-Ø√o-† ’.
á´J ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡x-´’ç-ö«´¤?
Omkar: O’ lecturer ü¿í∫_®ΩÍé ¢Á∞¡Ÿx.
Answer:
Sankar: Isn't this the toughest of all our ques-
tion papers?
Omkar: No. This is not as (so) tough as the
paper last time.
Sankar: But your marks were higher than mine
last time.
Omkar: But I am not sure that my marks this
time will be as good as my marks last
time.
Sankar: Your lecturer is the best/greatest (of
all) in the college.
Omkar: Your lecturer is good too, but not so
(as) good as our lecturer.
Sankar: I want to take tution. who do you want
™‰ü¿’)
me/to go to/suggest that I go to?
Omkar: Go to your lecturer.
POSITIVE
His rival is not so (as) good a player as he (is)
Sravan is not so (as) tall as Bhavan
Sravan's movements are not so (as) quick as
Bhavan's
The special train is not so (as) fast as the AP
Express.
That certainly is not so (as) good as this.
Mine (Ø√C) will not be so (as) long as mother's stay.
-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 2 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006
Vasanth: Hi Hemanth, how was the match yes-
terday?
(E†oöÀ ´÷u-î˝ à-¢Á’iç-C?)-
Hemanth: We did play well. We did win too, but
our game was not better than last
sunday's game.
(¢Ë’ç ¶«í¬ØË Çú≈ç, ÈíLî√ç èπÿú≈.
Å®·ûË E†o ´÷ Çô §Ú®·† ÇC-¢√®Ωç
Çô-éπç-õ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ ™‰ü¿’.)
Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ äéπ-≤ƒJ îÁ§ƒpç. ´’Sx îÁ°æ¤hØ√oç.
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Not ™‰†-°æ¤púø÷, question 鬆-°æ¤púø÷
èπÿú≈, did ¢√úøû√ç, °j¢√-é¬u-™x-™«. Å™« ¢√úÕûË N≠æ-
ߪ÷Eo é¬Ææh í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°œp-†ôx-´¤-ûª’çC.
I did meet him yesterday =
-ØË-†’ -E-†o -Å-ûª-úÕ-E éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√o.
(É™«çöÀ expressions O’ conversation ™
practice îËߪ’çúÕ.)
Vasanth: Why do you say so?
(áçü¿’-éπ™« Åçô’-Ø√o´¤?)
Hemanth: Our score this time were not more
than that last time. Moreover the
wickets we took are not more than
those we took last time.
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J -≤Ú\®˝ éπçõ‰ Ñ≤ƒJ ´÷ -
≤Ú\®˝ áèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’.-Ñ≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç -BÆæ’èπ◊-†o
N-Èé-ô’x éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J N-Èé-ôx éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´
é¬ü¿’)
Vasanth: Why so?
(áçü¿’-´©x Å™«?)
Hemanth: We made a few changes in the
team. We had Kiran and Charan in
place of Mahesh and Satish, but
they were no
greater than
Mahesh and
Satish.
(¢Ë’ç öÃç ™
éÌEo ´÷®Ω’p©’-
î˨»ç. -´’Ê£«-≠ˇ,
Ææ-B-≠ˇ •ü¿’©’, - M. SURESAN
éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ -©-
†’ BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. ¢√∞¡x-éπçõ‰ O∞¡Ÿx íÌ°æpí¬
™‰®Ω’)
Vasanth: What about the pitch?
(
°œ-î˝ á™« ÖçC?)
(Pitch= È®çúø’ -¢Áj°æ¤-™« NÈé-ôx ´’üµ¿u -°æ*aéπ Åçûªí¬
™‰E ¶µ«í∫ç)
Hemanth: The pitch this time was not faster
than the pitch last time. That's why
we took a spinner in place of a pace
bowler.
(°œ-î˝ Ñ≤ƒJ fast bowling èπ◊ Åçûª ņ’-
í∫’ùçí¬ -™‰-ü¿’. Åçü¿’Íé ¢Ë’ç, ã fast
bowler •ü¿’©’. ã spin bowler †’
BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√oç)
(pace bowler = fast bowler.
In place of = •ü¿’-©’í¬/≤ƒn†ç™.
In place of Suresh we have Harish = Ææ’Í®-≠ˇ
≤ƒn†ç™ £æ«K≠ˇ ÖØ√oúø’)
Vasanth: What about the next match?
(
ûª®√y-ûª -Ç-ô Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?-)
Hemanth: We may play the team from
Warangal, but we take it easy. The
Warangal team is no more a prob-
lem for us than yesterday's team.
(´îËa-≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç- ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ öÃç ûÓ ÇúÌa.
Å®·ûË ¢Ë’ç ü∆Eo ûËL-í¬_ØË BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-
Ø√oç. E†oöÀ öÃç éπç-õ‰ ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ öÃç
°ü¿l Ææ´’ÊÆuç é¬ü¿’.)
Vasanth: I appreciate your confidence.
(F N¨»y-≤ƒEo -Å-Gµ-†ç-CÆæ’h-Ø√o.)
Hemanth: Our Captain is more confident than I
(am)=
( captain
Ø√éπçõ‰ ´÷ Éçé¬ N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ
ÖØ√oúø’.)
Vasanth: Best of luck then. Bye.
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ-≤ƒJ ´’†ç È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË (´‚úø’ N≠æ-
ߪ÷©’ é¬èπ◊çú≈) §Ú©aôç ᙫíÓ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.
È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’
1) Superlative Öçúøü¿’.
2) Comparative ™ not ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ positive ™ not
´Ææ’hçC.
3) compare îËÆæ’h†o ´Ææ’h-´¤© positions ´·çü¿’èπÿ
¢Á†éπèπÿ û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·. Ñ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ last
lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆!
É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ:
a) Ooty is not cooler than Kodaikanal.
(-Ü-öÃ, éÌ-úÁjÈé-Ø√-™¸ éπçõ‰ xE v°æü˨¡ç é¬ü¿’)
Ééπ\úø 1) adjective cooler - degree - compara-
tive.
2) comparison (§ÚLéπ) È®ç-úÕçöÀéÀ ´÷vûª¢Ë’. 鬕öÀd
superlative Öçúøü¿’.
Å®·ûË í∫-ûª lessons ™-E examples ™« é¬èπ◊çú≈, °j
sentences ™ comparative ´·çü¿’ not ®√´ôç
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Åçõ‰, Ñ ¶µ«¢√Eo, positive ™ îÁÊ°p-ô-
°æ¤púø’ not ®√ü¿’ éπü∆.
positive îª÷ü∆lç.
Kodaikanal is at least as cool as Ooty =
éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ éπFÆæç (at least) Ü-öà Åçûª- xí¬
Öçô’çC.
I appreciate your confidence
Study this:
Comparative
Ü-öÃ, éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ éπç-õ‰ x-EC é¬ü¿’.
Positive
éÌúÁj-Èé-Ø√™¸ (éπFÆæç) Ü--öà Åçûª x-í¬ Öçô’çC.
A, B éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ é¬ü¿’, Åçõ‰ B (éπFÆæç) A ûÓ Ææ´÷-
†-´’E éπü∆?– É™« comparative †’ç* positive éÀ
´÷®Ω’-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø comparative ™ not Öç-C,
鬕öÀd positive ™ not ®√ü¿’.
b) Comparative:
Chandra is not taller than Tara =
û√®Ω éπçõ‰ îªçvü¿ §Ò-úø-´¤-é¬ü¿’.
Positive:
Tara is (at least) as tall as Chandra.
At least î√-™« ≤ƒ®Ω’x ´C-™‰-Ææ’hçö«ç– ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’.
´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: Positive degree adjective
´·çü¿’ so/as, positive degree ûª®√yûª as ®√´ôç
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆?
Å®·ûË, positive degree ™ not Ö†o-°æ¤púË, ü∆-E
´·çü¿’ so é¬E,/as é¬E- ¢√úøû√ç. positive degree
™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ü∆-E ´·çü¿’, as ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç.
So ¢√úøç.
a) He is not so/as tall as his brother-
ÉC positive degree. Éçü¿’™ not ÖçC. 鬕öÀd
tall so
´·çü¿’, asé¬F é¬F ¢√úøû√ç.
b) He is as clever as his brother-
ÉD positive degree. Å®·ûË Éçü¿’™ not é¬F, no
é¬F ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-´©x clever ´·çü¿’ as ´÷vûª¢Ë’
¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç, so ¢√úø-ôç- ™‰ü¿’. ÉC î√-™« ´·êu-¢Á’i†
N≠æߪ’ç.
Now let us study the following sentences
from the conversation between Vasanth and
Hemanth at the beginning of this lesson.
1) Hemanth: Our game yesterday was no bet-
ter than last sunday's
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´÷ Çô éπçõ‰ E†o
´÷ Çõ‰ç ¢Á’®Ω’-í¬_-™‰ü¿’.)
(no better - no + comparative)
Positive: Last Sunday's game was (at least) as
good as our game yesterday =
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´÷ Çô èπÿú≈ E†o ´÷
Çôçûª ¶«í¬ ÖçC (éπFÆæç)
2) Our score this time was not higher than that
last time.
(not + comparative - Ñ ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝ éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’)
Positive: Our score last time was (at least) as
high as our score this time.
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝, Ñ≤ƒJ ´÷ -≤Ú\®˝
ÅçûË.)
3) The wickets we took this time were not
more than the wickets we took last time.
(not more - not + more (comparative))
Ñ≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç-- BÆæ’èπ◊-†o NÈé-ô’x éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ NÈé-ôx
éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\¢Ëç 鬴¤.
Many (positive) - more (comparative) -
most (superlative)
Positive: The wickets we took last time were
(at least) as many as we took this
time.
(¢Ë’ç éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒJ BÆæ’-èπ◊-†o NÈé-ô’x, éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J
BÆæ’-èπ◊-†o-ØËo – áèπ◊\-¢Ëç-é¬ü¿’.)
4) They were no greater than Kiran and
Charan.
(¢√∞¡Ÿx – ¢Ë’ç éÌûªhí¬ BÆæ’èπ◊-†o¢√∞¡Ÿx, éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝
éπç-õ‰ íÌ°æp Çô-í¬∞Ïxç 鬮Ω’).
Ééπ\úø äéπ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ®√´îª’a – -´’Ê£«-≠ˇ, Ææ-B-≠ˇ, -éÀ®Ω-
ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ – Éçûª ´’çCE îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’, ÉC È®çúø’
N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u §ÚLéπ ᙫ Å´¤-ûª’-çü¿-E.
Å®·ûË ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-LqçC– Ééπ\úø à äéπ\-
JØÓ, N’í∫û√ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-JûÓ §Ú©aôç ™‰ü¿’. ´’Ê£«-≠ˇ,
Ææ-B-≠ˇ – ORx-ü¿l®Ω’ 1st set. -éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ – ORx-ü¿l®Ω÷
2nd set. Ééπ\úø comparison Ñ È®çúø’ sets of
players èπ◊. 鬕öÀd, DEo È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u
§ÚL-éπ-í¬ØË BÆæ’éÓ¢√L.
Positive: Kiran and Charan were (atleast) as
great as they.
(éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝-©’ éπ-FÆæç -¢√-∞¡xç-ûª íÌ°æp-¢√-∞Ïx)
5) The pitch this time was not faster than the
pitch last time (not faster - not + compara-
tive)
Positive: The pitch last time was (at least) as
fast as the pitch this time
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J °œ-î˝ èπÿú≈ Ñ≤ƒJ °œ-î˝ Åçûª
¢Ëí∫-¢Á’içüË)
The Warangal team is no more a problem
6)
for us than yesterday's team.
(no more a problem - no + comparative)
Much (positive) - more (comparative) - most
(superlative)
(´÷èπ◊ ´®Ωçí∫-™¸ -öÃç E†oöÀ -öÃç éπçõ‰
áèπ◊\´ Ææ´’Ææu- é¬ü¿’)
Positive: Yesterday's team was (at least) as
much a problem for us as the waran-
gal team
(E†oöÀ -öÃç, ´®Ωçí∫-™¸ -öÃç Åçûª Ææ´’ÊÆu
´÷èπ◊ = ûªèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’) – Åçõ‰ ´®Ωç-í∫™¸
áèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’ ÅE.
Our captain is more confident than I (am) -
7)
Ø√éπçõ‰ ´÷captain áèπ◊\´ N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ -ÖØ√oúø’ –
comparative, not Positive
™‰èπ◊çú≈, 鬕öÀd ™
not
´Ææ’hçC.
2
Positive: I am not so (as) confident as our
captain.
(؈’ ´÷ captain Åçûª N¨»y-Ææç-í¬-™‰†’.)
Exercise: Practise the following aloud in
English
Pramada: F -vúÁÆˇ áçûª ¶«´¤ç-üÓ!
Vasudha: F -vúÁÆˇ éπçõ‰ °ü¿l -àç ¶«í¬-™‰-ü¿’™‰.
Pramada: éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Ø√ -vúÁÆˇ F -vúÁÆˇ Åçûª Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-
ߪ’çí¬ ™‰ü¿’. Ø√ ÂÆ-©éπ{-Ø˛ F ÂÆ-©éπ{-Ø˛
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 207
Åçûª-Ææ-Jí¬_ (proper) ™‰ü¿’. é¬E Ø√ -
vúÁÆˇ F ü∆-E éπçõ‰ êK-üÁ-èπ◊\-´. Åçü¿’Íé
¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o.
Vasudha: Å™«çöÀN ï®Ω’-í∫’-û√-®·™‰. ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊.
Å®·ûË, Ééπ\-úø’†o ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿J -vúÁÆæ’-™x FüË
î√-™«- Åç-ü¿çí¬ Öç-ü¿-E ØËE-°æp-öÀéà ņ’-
èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
Pramada: N†-ö«-EéÀ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. é¬E ÅC
Eïç é¬ü¿’.
Vasudha: Éçûª- E-ñ«-®·--Bí¬ ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ™‰†’.
Answer:
Pramada: How beautiful your dress is!
Vasudha: (It is) not more beautiful than yours.
Pramada: Certainly my dress is not as/so
attractive as yours. My selection is
not so as proper as yours, but my
dress is more expensive than yours.
That makes me sad.
Vasudha: Such things happen. Don't worry.
But I still feel that yours is the best
of the dresses of all those/ the peo-
ple here.
Pramada: Good to hear that, but it is not true.
Vasudha: I have never been so (as) truthful /
honest as I am now.
v°æ¨¡o. 'Æœçõ„é˙q— Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å©ç-é¬-®√-™‰Ø√?
¢√öÀ í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’ç-úÕ.
à¢Á’iØ√ v°æûËuéπ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’-Ø√oߪ÷?
èπ~◊ùoçí¬, Ææ’-©-¶µºçí¬ ÖçúË °æ¤Ææh-鬩’
ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ.
– áÆˇ. ®√ñ¸- π◊-´÷®˝,
£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü.˛
Syntax Åçõ‰ Å©ç-é¬-®√©’ é¬ü¿’.
Syntax Åçõ‰ English ™E ¢√é¬u-
™xE ´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ (order of words - à ´÷ô
´·çü¿÷, à ´÷ô ûª®√yûª ®√¢√L)†’ í∫’-Jç-*-†
E•ç-üµ¿-†©’. É°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπÿ ÉEo lessons ™†÷ -ûÁ-L-
°œç-C ÉüËéπü∆? OöÀE í∫’Jç-* English story books,
Magazines ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç*, Newspapers
(English), °ü¿l †´-©©’ ™«çöÀN îªü¿-´ôç ´©x
English ¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hçC.
-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 4 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006
Dhananjai: So, which school did you put your
son in, finally?
(*´-®Ωèπ◊ O’ ¢√-úÕ-E -à school ™ -
îË-Jpç-î√-´¤?)
Lokeswar: In the Ambit Public School.
Dhananjai: Congrats. How could you ever
get him admission in that school?
It is one of the best schools in the
state.
(Ç Ææ÷\--™x -Å-úÕt-≠æ-Ø˛ ᙫ Ææ秃-Cç--î√-
´¤? ®√≠æçZ -™ -Ö-†o -Ö-ûªh-´’ -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x -
Å-üÌéπ-öÀ.)
Lokeswar: And one of the most expensive
too. My son has been selected in
the selection test. Very few admis-
sion tests he has taken are as
tough as this.
(Å´¤†’. Åûªuçûª êK--üÁj† §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x
èπÿú≈ -Å-üÌéπöÀ. ´÷¢√úø’ v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~™
áç°œ-éπ-ߪ÷uúø’. -¢√úø’ ®√Æœ† °æK-éπ~™x
éÌEo ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Éçûª éπ-≠d-¢æ Á’i-†N.)
Dhananjai: (Do) you mean he has taken as
number of admission tests?
(Åçõ‰ -O’ -Å-¶«s®· î√-™« v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-K-éπ~©’
®√¨»-úøØ√ -F -Ö-üËl-¨¡uç?)
Lokeswar: What do you think? I have had five
transfers in the past nine years.
With every transfer he had to be
put in a new school, and that
meant an admission test.
(à-´’-†’èπ◊ç-ô’--Ø√o-´¤? Ñ -ûÌ-N’t-üË∞¡x-™
Ø√èπ◊ -Å®·-ü¿’ ≤ƒ®Ω’x •CM Å®·çC.
v°æA≤ƒ-K éÌûªh -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™ îË®√aLq ´îËaC.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
208
Åçõ‰ v°æA-≤ƒK ã v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°æ-Kéπ~ ®√ÊÆ-¢√-úø’)
Dhananjai: How good is he at studies?
(O’ ¢√úø’ á--™« îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’?)
Lokeswar: Quite bright, I must say. Certainly
brighter than most other students
his age or class. He has had no
difficulty getting admission in the
best schools.
(ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úøØË ÅØ√L. ¢√úÕ- ûª®Ωí∫-A,
¢√-úÕ ´ßª’-Ææ’q- ¢√-∞¡x™ î√-™« -´’çCéπçõ‰
ûÁL-¢Áj†-¢√úË. -Ñ é¬®Ω-ùçí¬ Åûª’u-ûªh´’
§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x Ææ’-©’-´¤í¬ v°æ¢Ë¨¡ç §Òçü¿-í∫-
Lí¬úø’)
Dhananjai: I see that. That he got a seat in
Ambit school shows that. Wish
him all the best.
(Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª÷ØË ÖçC. Ç §ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©™
Æ‘-ô’ ®√´-ô¢Ë’ -Å-ûª-ØËç-ö ûÁ-©’-≤Úhç-C).
Lokeswar: Tomorrow is his birthday. How
about attending it?
( Í®°æ¤ ¢√úÕ °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V -´≤ƒh´¤ éπü∆.)
Table- 1
I Type
Superlative: Kolkata is the largest
city in India.
Comparative: Kolkata is larger than
any other city / all other cities in India.
Positive: No other city in India is
so (as) large as Kolkata.
Superlative: éÓ™¸éπû√ ÅEo †í∫-®√™x °ü¿lC
Comparative: N’í∫û√ †í∫-®√-©- éπçõ‰
éÓ™¸éπû√ °ü¿lC (-´u-´£æ…-Jéπ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™)
Positive: à Éûª®Ω †í∫®Ωç èπÿú≈ éÓ™¸éπû√
Åçûª °ü¿lC é¬-ü¿’.
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Dhananjai: Tomorrow? I should very much
like to, but tomorrow is a friday.
On fridays, I am busier than most
other days. I'll try to come, but
don't look for me. Anyway, many
happy returns of the day.
(Ø√èπ◊ ®√¢√-©ØË ÖçC, é¬F Í®°æ¤ ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç. -N’-T-L-†
®Ó-V-©-ûÓ -§Ú-LÊÆ-h ؈’ ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√-®√©’ î√™«- G-@. Å®·-
What do you think?
Ø√ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Ao-≤ƒh†’. - é¬-F -Ø√éÓÆæç áü¿’-®Ω’-
îª÷-úÌü¿’l. É™«çöÀ °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V-©’ î√-™« -ï®Ω’°æ¤éÓ-¢√©E
éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’)
Lokeswar: Thank you.
Compare sentences (a) and (b) below:
a) Kolkata is the largest city in India
( ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ Åûªuçûª °ü¿l-†-í∫®Ωç éÓ™¸-éπû√)
- superlative degree.
b) Bangalore is one of the largest cities in
India.
(¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ Åûªuçûª °ü¿l †í∫-®√™x- ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ äéπöÀ)
– superlative.
a), b) È®çúø÷ èπÿú≈ superlative ™ ÖØ√o®·. Å®·ûË
(a) ™ the largest Åçô’Ø√oç – Åçõ‰ éÓ™¸-éπû√ ÅEo
†í∫-®√™x °ü¿lC -Å-E -Å®Ωnç.
(b) ™ Bangalore is one of the largest Åçô’Ø√oç
– Åçõ‰ ¶µ«®Ω-û˝™E (Åûªuçûª) °ü¿l-†-í∫-®√™x -¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’
äéπöÀ Åçô’Ø√oç.
✓ The best, the largest, the tallest, etc.
comparatives, positive
É™«çöÀ¢√öÀéÀ
´≤ƒhßÁ÷ ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’.
One of the best (Åûªuçûª ¢Ë’-™„j-†-¢√-öÀ-™  äéπöÀ),
One of the largest (Åûªuçûª °ü¿l-¢√-öÀ™  äéπöÀ),
ņo-°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀéÀ Positive, Comparative ᙫ
Öçö«ßÁ÷ É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îª÷ü∆lç. é¬F äéπ ´·êu
N≠æߪ’ç–
✓ §ÚL-éπ©’ °æJQ- L - ç-îôª ç, îÁ°pæ ôç (´Ææ’h´- ¤©÷, ´uèπ◊h©
ûª®Ωû- ´ª ’ ¶µü‰ ∆©’)- Éç-T≠-x flæ ™ ÆæçéÀ≠-x çdæ (Complex)í¬ -
Öç-ô’ç-C. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -Å-™« Öçúøü¿’. ´’†ç
´÷´‚©’í¬ ´÷ö«xú,Ë ®√ÊÆ ûÁ©’í∫’™ Superlative,
Comparatives èπ◊ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ °æü∆©’ ™‰´¤ éπü∆.
Öü∆: Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-ü˨¸™ -Ö-†o †í∫-®√™x £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛
°ü¿lC (Superlative), N’í∫û√ †í∫-®√© éπçõ‰ £j«ü¿-®√-
¶«ü˛ °ü¿lC (Comparative), à †í∫®Ωç èπÿú≈ £j«ü¿-
®√-¶«ü˛ Åçûª °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’. ÅE ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™
-Åç-ö«ç. îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆.
✓ Three degrees ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç '°ü¿lC— -Å-ØË -
´÷-ô-ØË Åçô’Ø√oç. -Éç-Tx-≠æfl™™«, big, bigger,
biggest ÅE äÍé ´÷ôèπ◊ degree E •öÀd ´‚úø’
®Ω÷§ƒ©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -Öç-úø-´¤ éπü∆. Åûªuçûª °ü¿lC, ÅA
°ü¿l ÅØË ´÷ô© ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Åçûª ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç
é¬ü¿’. ÅD é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -áEo ®Ω鬩 §ÚL-éπ-
©’Ø√o, Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd àüÓ ´÷ô éπ-*a-ûªçí¬ -¢√-
úø’û√ç. é¬F ¢√éπuç É™« Öçú≈L ÅØË E•ç-üµ¿-†©’
II Type
Bangalore is one of the largest cities in
India.
Bangalore is larger than most other
cities in India.
Very few cities in India are
as large as Bangalore.
-Å-ûªuç-ûª °ü¿l †í∫-®√™x ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ äéπöÀ
î√™« †í∫-®√-©- éπç-õ‰ ¶„çí∫-∞¡⁄®Ω’ °ü¿lC
à éÌCl †í∫-®√-™ ¶„çí∫∞¡⁄®Ωçûª °ü¿lN
(-´u-´£æ…-Jéπ ûÁ©’-í∫’-™)
2
than that in most other recent movies.
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ -™‰-´¤. Ñ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ -Ççí∫x¶µ«-≠æ-
™ î√™« -E-•ç-üµ¿-†-©’ -Ö-Ø√o®·. Åçü¿’- Naresh: But the songs in the movie
éπE à ®Ωéπç §ÚL-éπ†’ à degree ™ are not sweeter than the
ᙫ îÁ§ƒp-©ØË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´- songs in 'Kalalu'.
Ææ®Ωç. Satish: (Do) you mean that songs in
Now look at the following sen-
'Kalalu' are sweeter than the
tences from the conversation at
M. SURESAN songs in the movie.
the beginning of the lesson
1) It is one of the best schools in the state. Naresh: I Don't mean that. The songs in
(®√≠æZç™E Öûªh´’ -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x ÉC äéπöÀ)– 'Kalalu' are as sweet as the songs in
superlative this.
2) And one of the most expensive too.
Satish: You are one of the best singers in our
(Åûªuçûª êK--üÁj† -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x èπÿú≈ äéπöÀ)
3) Very few admission tests... are as tough as College. I do not have the knowledge
this (positive) of music you have / my knowledge of
4) He is certainly brighter than most other stu- music is not so (as) good as yours.
dents of his class or age (comparative) Naresh: Very few songs are as good as
5) ... I am busier tomorrow than on most other
'Vasantaragam' in 'Kalalu' It is a mov-
days. (comparative).
ing song.
É°æ¤púø’ È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩 §ÚLéπ© -´’-üµ¿u ûËú≈ °æJ-Q-Lü∆lç:
ᙫ
Satish: True. I like it too.
(-õ‰-•’-™¸ 1 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ)
É°æ¤púø’ ´’† Ææ-ç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù™E degrees transfor-
mation to other degrees îª÷ü∆lç.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Very few schools in the It is better than most other It is one of the best schools in the
1)
state are as good as this. schools in the state. state. lesson sentence)
( ™ É*a†
2) Very few schools are as ... and more expensive than and one of the most expensive
...
expensive as this. most other schools. too. (lesson sentence) ™ É*a†
3) Very few admission tests This is tougher than most other This is one of the toughest tests.
are as tough as this. (les- tests.
son ™Esentence)
4) Very few students are as He is certainly brighter than most He is certainly one of the brightest
bright as he (is). other students. (lesson sen- students.
™E
tence)
5) On very few days am I as I am busier tomorrow than on Tomorrow is one of the days I am
busy as I am tomorrow. most other days. (lesson the busiest on.
™E
sentence)
É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC... This diversity is seen not only
-v°æ-¨¡o-:
a) The + superlative ÅE ´ÊÆh ü∆EéÀ compara- among the plants belonging to dif-
tive ™ than any other / all other ´Ææ’hçC. ferent groups but also those
belonging to the same group.
Positive ™ No other ûÓ -v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’´¤-ûª’çC.-
is
°j ¢√éπuç™ ûª®√yûª seen Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-
b) One of the + superlative ´ÊÆh ü∆EéÀ compar- present continuous
Tç-î √®Ω’. ™
ative ™ than most other ´Ææ’hçC. Very few verb ´‚úÓ-®Ω÷-§ƒEo Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª-
ûÓ Positive v§ƒ®Ω綵º-´’´¤-ûª’çC. very few ûÓ ´î√a?-ûÁ-©°æí∫-©®Ω’?
v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’ßË’u positive- ™ as + positive + as áç. ü∆L-Ø√-ߪ·úø’, Xé¬- π◊∞¡ç
´÷vûª-¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. so + positive + as ®√ü¿’. ï-¢√-•’: Ééπ\úø seen ÅØËC present continuous
tense é¬ü¿’. present simple / present indefinite.
Carefully observe the following conver- present continuous tense ™ verb form-
sation between Satish and Naresh am seeing / is seeing / are seeing.
Satish: This is one of the greatest movies I've is seen- ÉCpresent simple, passive voice-
seen recently. îª÷úø-•-úø’-ûÓçC ÅØË Å®Ωnç™.
This diversity is seen = Ñ
¢ÁjNüµ¿uç
Naresh: I agree. Very few recent movies are îª÷úø•úø’ûª’çC (Åçõ‰ ´’†ç îª÷≤ƒhç ÅE)
as great as this. is seen- is (be form) + seen ( verb ´‚úÓ-®Ω÷°æç
Satish: The photography in the movie is better Åçõ‰ past participle) - voice, passive.
-•’-üµ¿-¢√®Ωç 6 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Tarun: Hi Saran, you are not the earliest to
class, are you?
(Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ class èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ´*açC
†’´¤y é¬ü¿’-í∫ü∆?)
Saran: Sarika and some others were earlier
than me. I was not later than they
(were)/them by more than ten min-
utes.
(≤ƒJéπ, ÉçéÌç-ü¿®Ω’ Ø√éπçõ‰ ´·çü¿’
´î√a®Ω’. ¢√∞¡x-éπçõ‰ ؈’ °æC EN’-≥ƒ©
éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Ç©Ææuç é¬ü¿’.)
Tarun: Sarika isn't always the earliest to
come ? Madanpalle =
(á°æ¤púø÷ ´·çü¿®Ω ´îËa ¢√∞¡x™ ≤ƒJéπ
Öçô’ç-C-éπü∆?)
Saran: No, she isn't. In fact, she is not
among those who are the earliest.
(é¬ü¿’. ûªy®Ωí¬ ´îËa-¢√-∞¡x™ x ÅÆæ-™«¢Á’
Öçúøü¿’.)
Tarun: You were thinking of buying a bike.
You had better buy now. It is on sale
at a discount
and is cheaper
than before.
(†’¢ËyüÓ bike
éÌØ√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-
Ø√o´¤ éπü∆.
É°æ¤púË é̆ôç
´’ç*C. Discount ™ Å´·t-
ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’-éπçõ‰
É°æ¤púø’ éπ.)
Saran: It is not the cheapest now.
It is going to be cheaper
still. I'll wait for another
month.
a) Madanapalle is not the coolest place in A.P
= Adjective - the coolest - degree superla-
tive - Å®·ûË Ñ sentence superlative
™
´·çü¿’ not sentence
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Ñ Å®Ωnç:
Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™ ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x Åûªuçûª xE v°æü˨¡ç
é¬ü¿’ ÅE éπü∆.
Åçõ‰, ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x éÌEo Éûª®Ω v°æüË-¨»-©-éπØ√o x-E-C-
é¬ü¿’ ÅE– ÉC comparative.
Madanapalle is not cooler than some other
places in A.P.
DEéÀ positive: positive comparative superlative
Some other places in A.P. are as cool as 1. Some others are as early You are not earlier than some You are not the earliest to
-á.°œ.™ éÌEoîÓô’x ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x to class as you. others to class. class. sentence)
(É*a†
Åçûª x-EN. 2. I was not early as Sarika Sarika and some others were I was not the earliest.
b) That is not the tallest tree in the garden. and some others. earlier than me. sentence)
(É*a†
(Ç ûÓô™-E ÅEo îÁôx™ ÅC áèπ◊\´ §Òúø-¢ÁjçC 3. It was not as cheap before It is cheaper than before (É*a† No superlative.
é¬ü¿’) as it is now. sentence)
– not the tallest (not + superlative) 4. Some others are always Sarika is not always earlier than Sarika is not always the ear-

The tree is not taller than some other trees as early as Sarika. some others. liest.(É*a† sentence)
in the garden. 5. It is not as cheap as it was It is not cheaper now than before. It is not the cheapest now.
(Ç ûÓô™ N’í∫û√ éÌEo îÁôx-éπØ√o ÉC §Òúø-¢ÁjçC earlier. (É*a† sentence)
é¬ü¿’) 6. Some other brands are This is not going to be cheaper This is not going to be the
not taller than some going to be as cheap as than some other brands. cheapest of brands.
other - comparative. this. sentence)
(É*a†
7. The bike is not as impor- Some other matters are more The bike is not among/ not
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 209
Some other trees in
the garden are as tall
tant for me as some other important for me than the bike one of the most important
matters. now. sentence)
(É*a† matters for me.
as the tree.
8. No other matter has as lit- The bike has less priority than The bike has the least prior-
(ûÓô-™E éÌEo îÁô’x, Ç îÁôdçûª tle priority as the bike. any other matter ity now. (É*a†sentence)
§Òúø´¤Ø√o®·.)
[little (positive) - less (comparative) - least (superlative)]
c) Some other novels are as good as
'You only live Twice' 9. Some other matters are as There are other more important This is not the most impor-
(éÌEo Éûª®Ω novels, 'you only live important as this. matters than this. sen-
(É*a† tant matter.
Twice' Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ö«®·) tence)
M. SURESAN As good as - degree - positive
Rahul: That's true. But once he regains form,
äéπ ´·êu-N-≠æߪ’ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ: É™« äéπ very few of us can play as well as he.

It is cheaper than before

(É°æ¤púø’ Åçûª ûªèπ◊\-¢Ëç-é¬ü¿’. Éçé¬ îª´-éπ-´-
¶-ûÓçC. ÉçéÓ ØÁ™«-í∫’û√.)
Tarun: Yes. Some other brands will then be
as cheap as this or even cheaper.
(Å´¤ØËx. ´’J-éÌEo company © bikes
Éçûª -í¬_†÷ Öçö«®·, Éçé¬ îª´-í¬_†÷
Öçö«®·.)
Saran: Moreover some other matters are
more important for me than the bike
now.
(ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ bike éπçõ‰ ´·êu-¢Á’i†
N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ´’J-éÌEo ÖØ√o®· Ø√èπ◊.)
Tarun: (So) you mean a bike has the least
priority now.
bike
(Åçõ‰ F v§ƒ´·-ë«u稻™x *´-J-
ü¿ç-ö«¢√?)
Saran: There are other more important mat-
ters.
(ÅE é¬ü¿’. é¬E Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´·êu-¢Á’i-†N
´’J-éÌEo ÖØ√o®·.)
Tarun: When you decide to buy just let me
know. I know the dealer. We can get
some concession.
(†’´¤y éÌØ√-©E E®Ωg-®·ç--èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊
ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰®·. Ø√éÓ dealer ûÁ©’Ææ’. ´’†èπ◊
é¬Ææh ûªT_ç°æ¤ üµ¿®Ω-éÌ-Ææ’hçC.)
Saran: Thank you.
You observe that the conversation above
has mostly negative sentences. There are,
among them, superlatives, comparatives
and positives too. Now before we study
them look at the following sentences.
DEéÀ comparative
"you only live Twice" is not better than some
other novels ('You only live Twice' éÌEo Éûª®Ω
novels
éπçõ‰ Åçûª ¶«Ííç Öçúøü¿’).
superlative
'You only live Twice' is not the best novels.
(You only live Twice' ÅEo-öÀ™ Öûªh-´’-¢Á’i†
novel é¬ü¿’)
Now look at the following sentences from
the conversation at the beginning of the
lesson.
1) You are not the earliest to the class.
2) Sarika and some others were earlier than
me.
3) It is cheaper than before.
4) Sarika is not always the earliest to come.
5) It is not the cheapest now.
6) Some other brands are going to be as
cheap as this or even cheaper.
7) Moreover some other matters are more
important for me than the bike now.
8) ... the bike has the least priority now?
9) there are other more important matters.
All the sentences above are more or less
the same pattern.
Åçõ‰ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç
îª÷Æœ† not the best/ greatest, etc èπ◊ Ææç•ç-
Cµç-*-†N. OöÀéÀ other degrees îª÷ü∆lç.
degree †’ç* ÉçéÓ degree éÀ ´÷®Ωaôç ã
exercise í¬ practice îËߪ’ôç ´©x confusion
ûª°æp Spoken English improve é¬ü¿’. O’®Ω’
regular í¬ Å´-鬨¡ç üÌJ-éÀ-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x English
´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-®Ω-†’-éÓçúÕ, Å°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-
èπ◊†o ¶µ«¢√Eo, Ææçü¿-®√s¥-Eo-•öÃd, à degree ™
ᙫ îÁ§ƒp™ O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. English Å´-
鬨¡ç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø™«x ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´·êuç. É´Fo
¢√ôçûªô Å¢Ë ûÁL-Æœ-§Ú-û√®·. îªü¿-´ôç ´©x
èπÿú≈ ÉçTx≠ˇ ´Ææ’hçC.
Now study the following conversation:
Sindhu: Congrats Rahul, your team won the
match yesterday. You played the
best of all. You scored more runs
than any other member of your team.
(-E-†o O’ team ÈíL-*çC. Åçü¿-J™
†’´¤y ¶«í¬ Çú≈´¤. N’í∫-û√-¢√-∞¡x-éπØ√o
†’¢Áy-èπ◊\´ °æ®Ω’-í∫’©’ B¨»´¤.)
Rahul: Unfortunately, I could not bowl as
well as Ganesh. He took more wick-
ets than I did.
(ü¿’®Ω-ü¿%-≠d-´æ -¨»ûª÷h Ganesh Åçûª ¶«í¬
bowl îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Ø√éπçõ‰ Åûª-ØÁ-
èπ◊\´ wickets BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’)
Sindhu: Your captain played the worst of all.
His single digit score shows that.
(Åçü¿®Óx Åüµ∆y-†çí¬ ÇúÕçC O’ Èé°dØË.
ÅûªE äéπ ÅçÈé score ü∆EéÀ û√®√\ùç)
Rahul: He hasn't been in form of late.
Otherwise he plays better than most
of us.
(Åûª-F-´’üµ¿u Åçûª form ™ ™‰úø’. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰
´÷™ î√™«-´’çC éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ ¶«í¬ Çúø-
û√úø’.)
Sindhu: But he didn't play so well in the earli-
er match either.
(é¬F Åûª†’ Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ match
™†÷ Åçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆)
(Eï¢Ë’. é¬E ´’Sx form ™ éÌî√a-úøçõ‰
´÷vûªç ´÷™ à éÌCl-´’çüÓ Åûª-†çûª
¶«í¬ Çúø-í∫©ç)
Sindhu: Wish him the best.
Look at the following sentences from the
conversation above:
1) You played the best of all.
2) You scored more runs than any other mem-
ber of your team.
3) ... I could not bowl as well as Ganesh.
4) He took more wickets than I did.
5) Your captain played the worst of all.
6) ... he plays better than most of us.
7) But he didn't play so well in the earlier
match either.
8) ... very few of us can play as well as he.
°j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™ èπÿú≈ §ÚL-éπ-©’-Ø√o®·
éπü∆– ÅFo ûª®Ω-ûª´’ ¶µ‰ü∆©†’ í∫’JçîË. Å®·ûË Ñ
sentences ™ ´Ææ’h-´¤©/ ´uèπ◊h© í∫’ù-í∫-ù«-©†÷,
≤ƒ´’-®√n u-©†÷ é¬éπ ´uèπ◊h© °æEB®Ω’†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’h-Ø√o-
´’E í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. äÍé °æEE Éü¿l®Ω÷,
Åçûªéπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´uèπ◊h©’, äéπ-J-éπçõ‰ ÉçéÌ-éπ®Ω’
¶«í¬ î˨»®√, ûªèπ◊\´ î˨»®√ ÅØËC §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç.
Åçõ‰ ÉC comparison of adverbs, compari-
son of adjectives é¬ü¿’. Åçõ‰ degrees of
comparison, adjectives Íé é¬èπ◊çú≈, adverbs
èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Öçô’ç-ü¿-†o-´÷ô. É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ ´’†ç
study îËÆ œçC comparison of adjectives.Ééπ
´·çü¿’ ´’†ç °æJ-Q-Lç-îËC, degrees of com-
parison of adverbs.
(adverb Åçõ‰, verb ûÁLÊ° °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC
ÅE ûÁLÊ° °æü¿ç)
You played the best of all - Ééπ\úø verb,
played = Çú≈´¤. Ç Çúøôç ᙫ ïJ-TçC?
Answer: the best. 鬕öÀd best ÅØËC Ééπ\úø
adverb.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 8 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Komal: Visal, doesn't Ramana speak English Komal: He certainly works harder than any of
the best of all of us in the class? us. At the same time he plays games
(Class™ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ English ¶«í¬ better than us too. Remember he
Ramana éπü∆)
´÷ö«x-úËC scored higher than any other member
Vishal: Yes; he does. (Å´¤†’) of our team in the last match.
Komal: Why so? (áçü¿’-éπE?) (éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Åûªúø’ ´’†-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ v¨¡´’-
Why so = áçü¿’-éπ™«?; Why not? = áçü¿’èπ◊ °æ-úø-û√úø’. Å™«Íí games ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†-
é¬ü¿’? Ñ expressions conversation ™ éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ ¢Á’®Ω’Íí. éÀç-ü¿-öÀ match ™
î√™« common. O’®Ω÷ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøçúÕ. ´’† team ™ Éûª®Ω players éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬
Vishal: From the beginning he has studied in score î˨»úø’).
English medium, that too, in very Vishal: Here he is. Let's spend some time Adjective Å®·Ø√, adverb Å®·Ø√, äéπ degree †’ç* ÉçéÓ degree éÀ ´÷Í®a °æü¿l¥A äéπõ‰.
good schools. Moreover, he reads with him. positive comparative superlative
more than any one of us. (ÉCíÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Åûª-úÕûÓ 1. Adjective Australia is better than any Australia is the best team
(¢Á·ü¿-öÀ†’ç* Åûªúø’ îªC-NçC English í∫úø’-°æ¤ü∆ç) No other team in the world is (all) other team (teams) in in the world.
medium ™, ÅD ´’ç* English medi-
☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ so/ as good as Australia. the world.
um schools ™, ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ´’†-éπçõ‰
Adverb Australia plays better than Australia plays best of all
Åûªúø’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’.) lesson ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC, degrees of any other team/ all other teams in the world.
í∫-ûª No other team in the world
That too = ÅC èπÿú≈. comparison äéπ\ adjectives Íé é¬ü¿’, adverbs plays so/ as well as Australia. teams in the world.
èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Öçü¿E. Adverbs Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- 2. Adjective Australia is one of the best
Australia is better than most
èπ◊Ø√oç. verb, subject îËÊÆ °æEE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Ç Very few teams in the world other teams in the world. teams in the world.
verb îËÊÆ °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ™«çöÀ N´-®√-©†’
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 210
are as good as Australia.
ûÁLÊ°-´÷ô adverb. Adverb
Australia plays better than No proper superlative.
He plays well. Ééπ\úø verb - plays. ᙫ Very few teams in the world most other teams in the
Komal: What does he Çúø-û√úø’? ÅØË verb (ûÁLÊ° °æE)éÀ v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÊÆh, play as well as Australia. world.
read? How Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç well éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE well, adverb
much does he Å´¤-ûª’çC. äéπ sentence ™ äéπ ´÷ô îËÊÆ °æEE îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ ´÷Í®a °æü¿l¥A Adjective Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰, – ÉC Comparative. verb - reads. DEo pos-
read? •öÀd, ÅC noun/ adjective/ adverb etc., OöÀ™x adverb Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰. itive èπ◊ ´÷JÊÆh, not ®√¢√L. Å°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ω’hç--
(àç îªü¿’-´¤- àC ÅE E®Ωg-®·ç-î√Lq Öçô’çC. 1) Tendulkar bats better than Sehwag. éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç – reads + not = does not
û√úø’? áçûª This is a fast train. (ÉC Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿uØË §ÚLéπ – Ééπ\úø not ™‰ü¿’– ÉC read.
îªü¿’-´¤-û√-úøç- Ééπ\úø ᙫçöÀ train? ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊, fast train ÅØËC comparative degree) DEéÀ superlative Positive degree: Ravi does not read so/ as
ö«´¤?) M. SURESAN ï¢√•’. 鬕öÀd fast, adjective. Öçúø-ü¿’-éπü∆. Positive ™éÀ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’, fast as Krishna. (Krishna Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ®ΩN
Tendulkar, Sehwag Ê°®Ω’x û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·; îªü¿-´úø’)
not ´Ææ’hçC. 3) Kites fly faster than crows.

Why so? Sehwag does not bat (bats + not = does

not bat) so (as) well as Tendulkar
2) Bret Lee does not bowl faster than Shoaib
Akthar- comparative degree. (Bret Lee,
(é¬èπ◊© éπçõ‰ í∫ü¿l©’ ¢Ëí∫çí¬ áí∫’-®Ω’-û√®·)
Comparative. verb - fly. Comparative
not Positive
™‰ü¿’.
+ not = do not fly.
verb - fly. fly
™ ´Ææ’hçC.
™

Shoaib Akthar bowl

Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îËߪ’úø’) – Positive: Crows do not fly so/ as fast as
Vishal: For one thing, he reads the English A Cheetah runs fast. kites.
not
§ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµËu, ÖçC. DEéÀ superlative
news paper daily. He reads too, a lot Now look at the following sentences from the
(*®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤L ¢Ëí∫çí¬ °æ®Ω’-Èí-ûª’h-ûª’çC. Ééπ\úø runs, ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.Positive not
™ subjects
®√ü¿’,
of fiction in English. He reads quite conversation at the beginning of the lesson.
verb. How does it run? question
ÅØË èπ◊ fast, Lee, Akthar positions
© û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·.
often English news magazines too. 1) Doesn't Ramana speak English the best of
answer fast
鬕öÀd adverb.
ÅØËC Åçõ‰ – Positive: Shoaib Akthar bowls (at least) as
(äéπ-õ‰-N’-ôçõ‰ ®ÓW English newspaper 1) ᙫçöÀ, ᙫç-öÀC (äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤/ ´’E≠œ) ÅØË fast as Bret Lee. (Shoaib Akthar Bret éπFÆæç all of us in the class? (superlative degree of
îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’. Éçé¬ English †´-©©’, éπü∑∆-E- v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-†çí¬ ´îËa-´÷ô Adjective. Lee Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ bowl îË≤ƒhúø’) the adverb)
éπ©÷ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’. ûª®Ωîª÷ English news 2) °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ answer í¬ ´îËa Adverb degree ´îËa-ô-°æ¤púø’, do, does, did 2) He reads more than any of us.
magazines èπÿú≈ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’.)
©
´÷ô Adverb. Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç í∫’®Ω’h-°-ô’d-éÓ-¢√L. (comparative degree)
fiction = °∂œéπ{Ø˛ – '°∂œ— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. Å®Ωnç – 3) Reading English helps you more than a
Ñ È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊çõ‰ Eg: 1) Steve played more matches than Mark.
éπ©p†– éπLpç-*† éπü∑¿©’ – novels (†´-©©’), degrees of comparison á°æ¤púø’ Adjectives èπÿ, study of grammar (comparative)
(Mark éπçõ‰ Steve áèπ◊\´ matches Çú≈úø’)
short stories (éπü∑∆-E-éπ©’) ™«çöÀN. 4) He certainly works harder than any of us.
á°æ¤púø’ adverbs èπÿ ÅØËC Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. – ÉC comparative. verb - played. DEo pos-
Komal: (Do) you mean he speaks English so (comparative)
a) Australia plays best of all teams in the world. itive ™ îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, played + not = did not
well because of his reading? 5) At the same time, he plays games better
(v°æ°æç-îªç-™E ÅEo ïôx™ ÇÊÆZ-Lߪ÷ ïô’d play Å´¤-ûª’çC. Å°æ¤púø’ positive.
(Åçõ‰ †’´y-ØËC Å™« îªü¿-´ôç ´©xØË than us too. (comparative)
Åûªuçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø’-ûª’çC.) Mark did not play as/ so many games as
English Å™« ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-úøç-ö«¢√?) 6) He scored higher than any other member of
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ– Ééπ\úø 'best'- adverb, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰, Steve. (Steve games Mark
ÇúÕ-†Eo Çúø-™‰ü¿’)
Vishal: Exactly. Reading English helps you our team. (comparative)
plays ÅØË verb °æEE ᙫíÓ N´-J-≤ÚhçC 鬕öÀd. 2) Krishna reads faster than Ravi
more than a thorough study of gram- Exercise: OöÀéÀ Éûª®Ω degrees practise îËߪ’çúÕ.
(Note: Superlative degree of the adjective (
mar. ®Ω-N éπçõ‰ éπ%≠æg ¢Ëí∫çí¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’) Answer:
´·çü¿’ the éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Öçú≈-©E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ö«x-úËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ví¬´’®˝ superlative degree of the adverb
èπ~◊ùoçí¬ Å¶µºu-Æœç-îªôç éπçõ‰, îªü¿-´ôç Å®·ûË superlative comparative positive
the 1. Doesn't Ramana speak Does any of us speak
Doesn't Ramana speak
áèπ◊\´í¬ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.) ´·çü¿’ Åçûª °æöÀdç-°æ¤-™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÕûË ´’ç*üË,
¢√úø-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√ °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’.) English the best of all of us? English better than any of English so well as
thorough = ü∑¿®Ó = èπ~◊ùo-¢Á’i†
°j sentence ™ adverb, superlative degree (É*a† sentence) us? Ramana?
Komal: The language of the English newspa- ™ ÖçC éπü∆? ÉC superlative of 'well'. É°æ¤úø’ 2. Of all of us he reads the most. He reads more than any of None of us reads as much
pers is difficult to understand, isn't it? ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. us. sentence) as he (reads/ does)
How then does it help?
(É*a†
b) Tendulkar plays better than any other/ all Reading helps us more than A study of grammar doesn't
3. No superlative.
(English newspapers English Å®Ωnç other players = player/
õ„çúø÷-©\®˝ à Éûª®Ω a study of grammar. (É*a† help us so much as/ as
îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ éπ≠dçæ í¬ Öçô’çC. Å™«ç-ô- N’í∫û√players éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ Çúø-û√úø’. sentence) much as reading.
°æ¤púø’ ÅüÁ™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC?) Ééπ\úø better, comparative degree of well 4. He certainly works hardest of He certainly works harder than None of us work as/ so
Vishal: Ramana says he began with short
c) No other player hits the ball so/ as well as any of us. sentence) hard as he, certainly.
news items, and then went on to all of us. (É*a†
Dhoni= player
He plays games better than We don't play games so
ÉçÍé Éûª®Ω èπÿú≈ üµÓE Åçûª 5. Of all of us, he plays games
news stories.
ball adverb, well-
best. us too. sentence) well as/ as well as he.
¶«í¬ †’ éÌôdúø’. Ééπ\úø (É*a†
(¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿ô *†o ¢√®√hç-¨»-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç- positive.
Gµç*, Ç ûª®√yûª °ü¿l °ü¿l ¢√®Ωh© reports 6. He scored highest of all of us. He scored higher than any No other member of our
good= ´’ç* (adjective) better (comparative)
other member of our team. team scored so/ as high as
well= ¶«í¬ (adverb) best (superlative)
îªC-¢√-†E ®Ω´’ù ÅØ√oúø’) he.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 10 ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Chandan: Of the two who do you find the
better- Sekhar or Srikar?
(Ç Éü¿l-J™, Åçõ‰ ¨Ïê®˝, Xéπ-®˝™ á´®Ω’
¢Á’®Ω’-í∫ç-ö«´¤?/ á´®Ω’ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫-E-
°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?)
Santhan: Difficult to say. Each has his
virtues and defects. Srikar is the
more intelligent but Sekhar is the
more industrious.
(îÁ°æpôç éπ≠dçæ . Éü¿l-J™ éÌEo ´’ç*
í∫’ù«©÷ ÖØ√o®·, éÌEo üÓ≥ƒ©÷
ÖØ√o®·.)
Virtue = ´îª÷u– '´— bird ™ '•— ™« ØÌéÀ\-
°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç– Å®Ωnç – Ææ’í∫’ùç. Gandhi was a
man of virtue = í¬çDµ Ææ’í∫’-ù«©’ éπL-T† ´uéÀh.
Chandan: And who is the more suitable for
this job then?
(Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ 鬢√-Lq† °æEéÀ
á´®Ω’ ûªT-†-¢√®Ω’?)
Santhan: Certainly Sekhar. He doesn't com-
plain about the work.
(¨ÏêÍ®. °æE N≠æߪ’ç™ complain
îËߪ’úø’.)
Chandan: Has he to be
trained?
(ÅûªEÍé´’Ø√o
Santhan: We're going to appoint him. Better
sooner than later. I'll send the
appointment order today itself.
(ÅûªEo appoint îËÆæ’hØ√oç. Ç îËÊÆ-üËüÓ
ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆh †ßª’ç. Ñ®Óñ‰ appoint-
ment order °æç°æ¤û√)
Chandan: O.K. Go ahead. (ÆæÍ®, é¬F.)
Go ahead = é¬F/ é¬E´¤y/ Ææ´’t-Aç-îªôç.
Ram: I want to tell you something.
(Fèπ◊ ØËØÓ-N-≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o)
Sam: Go ahead. (é¬F/ îÁ°æp-®·ûË).
ÉC English ™ common. O’®Ω÷ practice
îËߪ’çúÕ.
☯ ☯ ☯
Comparative degree (adjective/ adverb)
Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT-†ô’x ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ¢√úÕûË ´’† con-
versation î√™« Åçü¿çí¬, effective (v°æ¶µ«´ç
éπ©’-í∫-ñ‰-ÊÆ-C)í¬ Öçô’çC. 鬕öÀd Comparative
degree ¢√úø-ôç™ ¢Á’∞¡-èπ◊-´©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÌE ´’†
Spoken English ™ ¢√úøü∆ç:
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 211
2) Between Bangalore and Hyderabad, 2) Who is the more suitable for this job?
Bangalore is the cooler = 3) The sooner, the better =
Bangalore is cooler than Hyderabad. áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®·ûË Åçûª ´’ç*C.
3) Of (between) his two sons, the elder is the
É°æ¤púø’ sentence 3) ™«çöÀ comparative
stronger = ÅûªE éÌúø’èπ◊Lü¿l®Óx °ü¿l-¢√úø’ •©- sentences îª÷ü∆lç: Ééπ\úø, È®çúø’ compar-
(The elder is the stronger of his
atives °æéπ\ØË ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆. È®çúÕçöÀ
´ç-ûª’úø’.
two sons
ÅE èπÿú≈ ÅØÌa). ´·çü¿÷ the ®√´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ.
4) Pranav: How does he compare with his
a) The taller a player is, the better can he
father?
play =
ÅûªE ûªçvúÕûÓ Åûª-ØÁoç-ûª-´®Ωèπÿ §Ú©a-
véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’úø’ áçûª §Òúø’-ÈíjûË Åçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø-
´îª’a? (Åçõ‰ Åûª†’ ûª† ûªçvúøçûª
íÌ°æp-¢√ú≈? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.) í∫-©úø’.
É™«çöÀ sentences, conversation ™
Sourav: The father is certainly the better.
practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬, ûªçvúÕ éÌúø’-éπ\çõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’.
(Ééπ\úø - better - comparative. b) Prasad: How did our team play yester-
Better ûª®√yûª than ™‰†ç-ü¿’† better
´·çü¿’ the.)
day?
(E†o ´’† team ᙫ ÇúÕçC?)

He is as good as ..
Péπ~ù
É¢√y™«?)
Santhan: I don't think
so. He has M. SURESAN
two years' experience in the field.
(Å´-Ææ®Ωç ņ’-éÓ†’. Ñ ®Ωçí∫ç™ a) The Giraffe is taller than any other land Pramod: The less we talk about it, the
compare
animal. Giraffe
Ééπ\úø ¢√úÕ† B®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Åûª-EéÀ È®çúË∞¡x ņ’-¶µº´ç ÖçC.) Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’-´¤© éπç-õ‰ better.
How does this car compare with imported
Chandan: How good is he at the job? §Òúø’í∫’.
cars? = cars (ü∆E í∫’Jç* áçûª ûªèπ◊\-´í¬
Giraffe =
NüËQ ûÓ DØÁoç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ §Ú©a-
(Ñ ÖüÓuí∫ç áçûª ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’?) 'ï—®√°∂ˇ – 'ï— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.
Compare
´îª’a? Åçûª íÌ°æpü∆? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Åçûª-´’ç-*C – less -
Santhan: He is as good as or even better comparative of little)
Ééπ\úø §ÚLéπ È®çúÕç-öÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀ ´’üµ¿u. É™« ¢√úøôç practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
taller - comparative. taller ûª®√yûª than any
than any employee we have. How does this CM compare with his pred- c) The higher a place, the colder it is
other (singular)/ than all other (plural) é¬E
=
(É°æ¤púø’ ´’† ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o ÖüÓu-í∫’-©ç-ûª-é¬F, ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆. ecessor? = Ñ ´·êu-´’ç-vAE ûª†èπ◊ ´·çü¿’†o äéπ v°æü˨¡ç áçûª á-ûÁj h-†-üÁjûË (Ææ´·-vü¿-´’ôdç
b) The Giraffe is taller than the Elephant =
Åçûª-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-é¬F ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç ´·êu-´’ç-vAûÓ áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ §Ú©a-´îª’a? †’ç*) Åçûª xí¬ Öçô’çC.
Giraffe predecessor (v°‘úø-ÂÆÆæ/ v°úÕ-ÂÆÆæ. 'v°‘—E/ 'v°—E
Ö†o-¢√úø’.) à†’í∫’ éπç-õ‰ §Òúø’í∫’. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ d) The longer you walk, the healthier you
Good = ´’ç* – Éü¿-Ææ©’ Å®Ωnç. é¬F ûÁ©’-í∫’™ taller (comparative) than
ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC. ÉC ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç) = äéπ °æü¿N/ ≤ƒn†ç™ äéπ-JéÀ become =
'´’ç*—-™«-í¬ØË, 'good' èπÿú≈ î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x èπÿú≈ comparative. Å®·ûË §ÚLéπ È®çúÕçöÀ ´·çü¿’†o ¢√∞¡x†’ predecessor Åçö«ç.
eg: Chandrababu Naidu was the prede-
†’´¤y áçûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ †úÕÊÆh, Åçûª Ç®Ó-í∫u-
àü¿-®·Ø√ ã N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ íÌ°æp/ Ææ´’-®Ω’n-™„j†/ sentences (a), (b)
´’üµËu. °j i) compar-
©™
cessor of Rajasekhara Reddy =
ative than
ûª®√yûª ii) comparative
´≤ÚhçC. ®√ï-¨Ï-ê-®˝-È®úÕf ´ç-ûª’-úÕ-´-´¤-û√´¤. =
≤ƒ´’®Ωn u-´·-†o ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.
the ´·çü¿J ´·êu-´’çvA îªçvü¿-¶«-•’-Ø√-ߪ·úø’. †úÕ-*-†-éÌDl Ç®Óí∫uç áèπ◊\´.
good actor = ´’ç* †ô’úø’– DE Å®Ωnç íÌ°æp
´·çü¿’ ™‰ü¿’.
†ô’-úøE. ÅçûË-í¬F ´’ç* í∫’ùçí∫© †ô’úø’ ÅE Now compare sentences (A) and (B) below: Predecessor X Successor (ûª®√yûª ´*a† Ñ English proverbs (≤ƒ¢Á’-ûª©’) îª÷úøçúÕ:
Sentence A Sentence B
¢√∞¡Ÿx – °æü¿-N™/ ≤ƒn†ç™) a) The nearer the temple, the farther
é¬ü¿’ éπü∆. eg: YSR is the successor of Chandrababu
The Giraffe is taller Of (between) the Giraffe from god.
good at something = àüÁjØ√ ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫©/