Introduction to Digital

Electronics
rcreyes
 Objectives
1. Define and describe the concept of digital
computer and digital system.
2. Classify the types of number systems and examine
the methods of conversion of different base of
number system.
3. Convert one number system to a different number
system.
NUMERICAL REPRESENTATION OF
QUANTITIES
 ANALOG
quantity is represented by continuous movement that is
proportional to the real value of the quantity

 DIGITAL
quantity is represented by DIGITS (not by proportions)

Continuous vs Discrete (steps)

Adv and Drawbacks of Digital
 Easier to design, store, transmit
 High accuracy and precision
 Can be programmed
 Less affected by noise
 Cktry can be integrated and fabricated on chips

Drawback : all physical quantities are analog

 Logic Circuit
A circuit that performs some
processing or controlling function.
Logic circuits are the basic
building blocks used in digital
electronics and computer
systems.
 Block Diagram of a Digital
Computer
1. The memory unit stores
programs as well as input,
output and intermediate data.
2. The processor unit performs
arithmetic and other data
processing task as specified by
a program.
3. The Control Unit supervises the
flow of information between
various units. The control unit
retrieves the instructions, one
by one, from the program which
is stored in the memory. For
each instruction the control unit
informs the processor to
execute the operation specified
by the instruction.
 Block Diagram of a Digital
Computer
4. A processor when combined with
the control unit, form the
component referred to as the
central processing unit (CPU).
5. A CPU enclosed in an integrated
circuit package is called the
microprocessor.
6. A CPU combined with memory
and interface control to form a
small size computer is called a
microcomputer.

-Digital computers manipulate

discrete elements of information
and these elements are
represented in binary form.
 ADC-DAC
 This figure shows the
main components
required for data
communications: a
sending device, a
receiving device, a
communication path
or channel, a device to
convert the signal so
that the channel can
carry it, and the soft-
ware to send and
receive messages.
Number Systems

Value
Base
 Decimal Number System
a. Radix or Base- it is the number of different symbols
or digits which can occur in each position in the
number system.
- It has a base of 10, meaning it contains ten unique
symbols (digits).
b. Position Value (place value/ weight
4 4 4 4 Four
 Example 1
3 210
257310 = (2 x 103) + (5 x 102)

+ (7 x 101) + (3 x 100)
Least Significant Digit
(LSD)
= 2000 + 500 + 70 + 3
Most Significant
Digit (MSD)
= 2573
 Example 2
2573.46910
Show position values.

Solution:

Note:
It is seen that position values are found by raising
the base of the number system to the power of
the position. Powers are numbered to the left of
the decimal point starting with Zero (0) and to the
right of the decimal point starting with – 1.
Binary System
Octal Number System
Hexadecimal Number
System
Types of Conversion
Types of Conversion
Types of Conversion
Types of Conversion
Types of Conversion
Types of Conversion
Types of Conversion