THERMODYNAMICS

FOR DUMMIES
Jimenez, Julio Alfredo G.
Lirio, Michael Justin A.
Olegario, Juan Paolo A.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION TO
THERMODYNAMICS

I. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
II. PURE SUBSTANCES
III. IDEAL GAS MODELS

IV. WORK AND ENERGY

V. THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES

VI. STEADY FLOW DEVICES

VII. THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES

 I . I N T R O D U C T O R Y
T E R M S A N D
D E F I N I T I O N S

-THERME (GREEK FOR HEAT) & DYNAMIS

(FORCE), THUS THERMODYNAMICS.

-SCIENCE DEVOTED TO
UNDERSTANDING ENEGRY IN ALL OF ITS
FORMS LIKE MECHANICAL OR
CHEMICAL.
 DEFINING SYSTEMS & SURROUNDINGS

SYSTEM
-subject of the analysis

SURROUNDING
-external of the analysis

BOUNDARY
-distinguishes the system from its surroundings

T Y P E S O F S Y S T E M S

OPEN SYSTEM
-can exchange matter and exchange heat energy.

CLOSED SYSTEM
-no exchange of matter but can exchange heat energy.

ISOLATED SYSTEM
-no exchange of matter and no heat energy
exchange.

THERMODYNAMIC STATE

-condition of systems described by its

properties
 THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

-no net flows

-no phase changes

THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES

-transformation from one state to another

THERMODYNAMIC CIRCLE

-sequences of processes that begins and ends

at the same state

P H A S E

-quantity of matter that is homogeneous

-one or more phases

PURE SUBSTANCES

-uniform in variable in chemical composition

-can exist in more than one phase
-but chemical composition is the same for all
phases
I I . T H E R M O D Y N A M I C
P R O P E R T I E S
 DIMENSIONS & UNITS

DIMENSIONS
-characterize quantities

UNITS
-arbitary magnitudes and names assigned to
dimensions

D E N S I T Y S P E C I F I C W E I G H T

S P E C I F I C G R A V I T Y
( S . G )

-unitless
 DIMENSIONS & UNITS

DIMENSIONS
-characterize quantities

UNITS
-arbitrary magnitudes and names assigned to
dimensions

D E N S I T Y S P E C I F I C W E I G H T

S P E C I F I C G R A V I T Y ( S . G )

-unitless
 P R E S S U R E

ABSOLUTE
-referenced against a perfect vaccum

GAUGE
-referenced against ambient air pressure
 INTERNAL ENERGY (u)

-sum of all the microscopic forms of

energy in the system

ENTHAPLY (h)

-refers to the total heat content of a system

Add a heading

ENTROPY (s)

-the unavailability of a system's thermal energy

for conversion into mechanical work
-degree of disorder or randomness in a system

Pure Substances go through phase

changes but does not change
chemical composition.
 I I . P U R E
S U B S T A N C E S
 TRIPLE POINT

-Where all three phases coexist.

CRITICAL POINT

-Liquid and vapor can coexist.

-Boundary of the liquid-vapor line.

QUALITY OF THE LIQUID-

VAPOR MIXTURE (x)
-Ratio of the mass of vapor present to the total
mass of the mixture is its quality.
 STEAM TABLES

-Compressed liquid.
-Saturation tables (temperature/pressure)
-Super heated tables.

INTERPOLATION

Interpolation is a method used to obtain the

values of a substance that does not fall under a
saturated liquid or vapor. What is done is to find
the closest approximation to the given
substance and obtain their values.
 INTERPOLATION

Example: Given 256°, and no other data is given,

In order to solve for the missing value

(in this example, u is the missing
value), the formula for interpolation
can be used:

Thus giving us the answer of u, which is

2738.06.
 IDEAL GAS LAW

-Composed of molecules in which no forces act

except upon collision with one another and
with the walls of the container in which the gas
is enclosed

IDEAL GAS EQUATION AND LAW

I V . W O R K A N D
E N E R G Y
 KINETIC ENERGY

POTENTIAL ENERGY

ENERGY TRANSFER BY WORK

-Work is a means of transferring energy.

-Energy is transferred, and is sometimes stored
when work is done.
-Expansion: work done by the system and is
more than 0.
-Compression: work done is less than 0.
 P O W E R

-Time rate at which energy

transfer occurs.
-W (with dot) = W/T = FV

ENERGY TRANSFER BY HEAT

- Heat is the energy in transit (on the

move) from one body or system to
another solely because of a
temperature difference between the
systems.
-Conduction, convection, and
radiation are the mechanisms of heat
transfer.
-Q = (integration of 1 to 2)Tds
W O R K & H E A T T R A N S F E R

-When flowing into a system, Q (heat)

is positive, and W (work) is negative.

-When flowing out of a system, Q

(heat is negative, and W (work) is
positive.

ENERGY EQUATIONS
REGARDING IDEAL GASES:
V . T H E R M O D Y N A M I C
P R O C E S S E S
[CLOSED (CONTROL VOLUME) SYSTEM]
 W O R K

-The relationship between pressure and

volume during a process & volume during a
process can be described as

HEAT TRANSFER

Q = (INTEGRATION OF 1 to 2)Tds

I S O B A R I C P R O C E S S

-A process during which the pressure remains

constant.
 I S O T H E R M A L P R O C E S S

-A process in which the temperature

remains constant.

I S O M E T R I C / I S O C H O R I C / I S O V O L U M I C
P R O C E S S

-A process in which the volume remains constant.

ADIABATIC/ISENTROPIC PROCESS

-A process in which no heat and

entropy is exchanged between
the system and surroundings
 POLYTROPIC PROCESS

-A thermodynamic process that

obeys the relation: PV^n=C,
where n is the polytropic index.

-Uses the equations for isentropic

process but k is replaced by n.

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

-Is a version of the law of the

conservation of energy
 V I . S T E A D Y F L O W
D E V I C E S

-DEVICES THAT OPERATE FOR LONG

PERIODS OF TIME UNDER THE SAME
CONDITIONS.
 D I F F U S E R

-Increases pressure in expense

of velocity.

T U R B I N E

-Power generator.

COMPRESSOR

-Increases pressure of air.

P U M P

-Increases pressure of liquid.

 THROTTLING VALVE

-Any kind of flowing restricting devices

that cause a significant pressure drop in
the fluid

M I X I N G
C H A M B E R S
-Section where the mixing
process takes place.

H E A T E X C H A N G E R S

-Transfer heat from one fluid to another

without mixing
 V I I .
T H E R M O D Y N A M I C
C Y C L E S
 C Y C L E

Combination of two or more processes in

which the initial and final states are the
same.

K E L V I N P L A N C K

Impossible to fully convert heat

equally.

C L A U S I U S

-Cannot transfer energy from cooler to hotter body &

produce no other effect on the universe.

T H E R M A L
E F F I C E N C Y
-Extent of the energy
conversion from heat to work.
 C A R N O T C Y C L E

-Most efficient power generating cycle

-Reversible power cycle operating
between two thermal reservoirs.

Boiler - heat addition

* Turbine - expansion
*
Condenser - heat rejection
Pump - compression