1st law of

Thermo.
Thermodynamics a
branch of science
that deals with
interchanges among
different forms of
energy.
Equilibrium a state
in which there is no
tendency for any
change to occur
unless external
condition changes.
4-fundamental
laws:
Zeroth Law
Temperature is an
important parameter
to give us the
information of
thermal equilibrium.
1st law it states
that the energy is
conserved: different
forms of energy can
interconvert, but
their sum remains
unchanged. It is
based on Joules
experiment.
2nd law it was
generalized to
provide criterion for
spontaneous
processes.
3rd law
System the object
which process
occurs.
Surroundings - the
portion outside the
system that interacts
with the system.

Universe system +
surroundings
+W/H systemW/H
Open System
boundary permeable
to matter and heat
Close System
permeable to heat.
Adiabatic System
permeable to matter
Isolated System
impermeable to heat
and matter
Path a single
occurrence changes
the state of the
system.
Process a series of
paths which bring
the system from one
state to another.
TYPES OF PATH
Isothermal path
constant
temperature
Isobaric path
Constant pressure
Isochoric path
constant volume
Adiabatic path no
heat transferred
P-V work work done
by system against
external pressure in
the form of volume
change to do energy
exchange with the
surroundings
dw=-Pext.dV
w<0; expansion work
w>0; compression
work

*HEAT AND WORK

ARE PATH
FUNCTIONS
Internal Energy a
property which
describes the
internal state of the
system;
temperature,
pressure and
composition
*state function
*closed-adiabatic;
dE=w
Closed-no work;
dE=q
Enthalpy the
energy state of the
system with the
internal energy and
the P-V work.
@constant P; dH =
dq
dH>0; endothermic
dH<0;exothermic
*state function
*HESSS LAW the
heat of the reaction
is the same whether
the reaction takes
place in one or
several steps.
*dH= dE +d(PV);
d(PV) = P2V2-P1V1
*HEAT CAPACITY
the amount of heat
required to raise the
temperature of any
substance by 1K.
@isochoric:
Qv= nCv.m.(T2-T1)
@isobaric:
Qp=nCp.m.(T2-T1)

If Cv.m. and Cp.m.

are constants
2nd law of
Thermo.
Spontaneous process
does not require
work to be done to
bring it about.
The internal
energy of system
remains constant
when an ideal gas
expands
spontaneously into a
vacuum.
The total Energy
must be constant
from the 1st law of
thermo.
CLAUSIUS
STATEMENT:
It is impossible for a
process to occur that
has the sole effect of
removing a quantity
of heat from an
object at a lower
temperature and
transferring this
quantity of heat to
an object at a higher
temperature.
KELVIN-PLANCK
STATEMENT:
It is impossible for a
system to undergo a
cyclic process whose
sole effects are the
flow of an amount of
heat from the
surroundings to the
system.