BROADBAND CELLULAR NETWORK TECHNOLOGY

It is a showcasing term for remote web get to conveyed through cell towers to PC and other
propelled devices using advantageous modems.
WHAT IS 4G
4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology, which came after 3G..
4G technology builds upon what 3G offers, but does everything at a much faster speed.
ADVANTAGES OF 4G :
1. When 4G came , it came with an improved download and upload speeds. It reduced latency
and as well as gave a crystal clear voice calls.
2. 4G is 5-7times faster than 3G
3. It offers a hypothetical speed of 1.5Gbps
4. in todays generation , every mobile user wants an increased bandwidth as it leads to faster
data transfer speed . this is provided by 4G
5. It excellent and clear when gushing recordings , viewing on the web recordings , playing
on the web musics , viewing on the web TV and the others spilling stuffs .
6. gadget associated with a 4G portable system will get a speedier reaction to a solicitation
than a similar gadget associated with a 3G mobile network.
7. 4G systems offer total protection, security, and wellbeing.

Disadvantages of 4G :

1. The customers are compelled to purchase another gadget to help 4G LTE

2. 4G innovation utilize numerous radio wires and transmitters.
Client will encounter part increasingly grievous battery life on your mobiles , while on this
framework ..So ,customer would need to utilize bigger cell phones with more battery capacity
to have the option to remain online for longer time frames .
3. New frequencies means new components in cell towers.
4. Price is high for customers

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WHAT IS 5G ?
5G stands for the fifth generation. It Is on its way.
It promises superfast speed and an end to the congestion. The technology is expected to create
new economic opportunities.
It is a digital system for changing bytes - information units - over air. A 5G New Radio Interface
is used with other latest technologies which use much higher radio frequencies to transfer
exponentially maximum data over the air for quicker speeds, diminished clog and lower idleness.
It utilizes millimeter wave spectrum . It empowers more gadgets to be utilized inside the
equivalent geographic region.
4G can help around 4,000 gadgets for each square kilometer, while 5G will help around one
million.
5G likewise uses another computerized innovation called Massive MIMO.
MIMO stands for : multiple input multiple output.
MIMO uses multiple targeted beams to spotlight and follow users around a cell site, improvin
inclusion, speed and limit.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 4G AND 5G

A major difference between 5G and 4G is this congestion will be eliminated.

5G is broadly accepted to be more intelligent, quicker and more effective than 4G.
Low inactivity or latency is a key differentiator between 4G and 5G.
Latency is the time that passes from the moment information is sent from a device until it can be
used by the receiver . 5G will almost certainly fix transfer speed issues.
5G will be able to handle current devices and rising advancements for example driverless autos ad
associated home items

table 1.1 : difference between 4G and 5G

4G 5G
4th generation of mobile communication Revolution in 4G mobile communication
technology technology
It is in the use since 2000 It will come in use by 2020
Data rate is 200Mbps Data rate is 1 Gbps

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 WHAT IS THE NEED Of 5G?

4G has a poor urban connectivity as well as it is power inefficient.

Poor urban connectivity implies that administrators need to introduce more equipment to cover
comparative regions as past ages , and in certain nations, it additionally implies a conflicting client
experience.
Also , One selling point that is particularly significant for customers and substance suppliers, is
that 5G is relied upon to be fit for speeds that totally obliterate the current 4G systems.
Superior quality motion pictures could be downloaded right away, and video calling could be in
full HD, QHD, or even 4K resolution
But , as we know , speed isn't the main thing that architects are taking into consideration. They
also want to handle latency. As mentioned earlier ,Latency refers to the delay that occurs before a
connection is established. On an average , current systems have a latency of 50ms. This implies
that information isn't transmitted progressively. 5G could have latency as low as 1ms.

VERY HIGH
RATE

PROVIDES BETTER
SECURITY
5G LONG BATTERY
LIFE

VERY LOW
LATENCY

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Figure 1.1 Advantages if 5G

This would be massively significant for IoT and associated gadgets. Sensors could interface with
systems progressively, making self-governing vehicles possible on 5G connections.

WHAT IS IOT?
The Internet of Things fundamentally means taking every one of the things on the planet and
interfacing them to the web. IT is an arrangement of interrelated processing gadgets, mechanical
and advanced machines, articles, creatures or individuals that are that are provided with unique
identifiers ( UIDs ) and the capacity to exchange information over a system without expecting
human-to-human or human-to-PC cooperation. [1]

HOW DOES IOT WORK?

An IoT ecosystem comprises of web-empowered smart devices that use implanted processors
sensors and communication hardware to gather, send and follow up on information they get from
their surroundings. [6]
IoT gadgets share the sensor information they gather by associating with an IoT gateway or other
edge gadget where information is either sent to the cloud to be broke down or investigated locally.
Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related gadgets and follow up on the data they
get from each other.

WHY DOES IOT MATTER ?

When something is associated with the web, that implies that it can send data or get data, or both.
This capacity to send as well as get data makes things smart, and smart is good.
IoT gives organizations and individuals better knowledge into and command over the 99 percent
of articles and conditions that stay past the scope of the web.
Furthermore , IoT enables organizations and individuals to be increasingly associated with their
general surroundings and to accomplish progressively important, more elevated amount work.
In the Internet of Things, all the things that are being connected to the internet can be put into three
categories: [2]
 Things that gather data and after that send it.
 Things that get data and after that follow up on it.
 Things that do both.

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APPLICATIONS OF IOT.

WEARABLES
SMART SMART
HEALTH FARMING

SMART APPLICATIONS OF SMART

CITY IOT HOMES

SMART TV SMART
RETAILS
SMART CAR

Figure 1.2 : applications of IOT

WHAT IS A SENSOR ?
A sensor is a gadget that can recognize changes in a situation. Without anyone else, a sensor is
pointless, however when we use it in an electronic framework , it plays a key role. A sensor can
quantify a physical phenomenon (like temperature , weight etc) and convert it into an electrical
signal . [3]

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The following should be good features of a good sensor :
o It should be delicate to the phenomenon that it measures
o It ought not be delicate to other physical phenomenon
o It should not modify the measured phenomenon amid the estimation procedure.

There is a wide scope of sensors we can exploit to quantify practically all the physical properties
around us. A few common sensors that are widely adopted in regular daily existence include
thermometers, weight sensors, light sensors, accelerometers, whirligigs, movement sensors, gas
sensors and some more.

A sensor can be depicted utilizing a few properties, the most significant being: [3]
 Range: The greatest and least estimations of the phenomenon that the sensor can gauge.
 Sensitivity: The minimum change of the measured parameter that causes a recognizable
change in yield signal.
 Resolution: The minimum change in the phenomenon hat the sensor can distinguish.

IMPORTANCE OF SENSORS IN IOT

In an Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, there are two things which are essential [5] :
 the Internet
 physical gadgets like sensors and actuators.

In the given figure 1.1 the base layer of the IoT framework comprises of sensor connectivity and
network to gather data. This layer is a fundamental piece of the IoT framework and has network
connectivity to the following layer, which is the entryway and network layer.
The main purpose of sensors is to collect data from the surrounding environment. Sensors, or
'things' of the IoT framework, structure the front end.
These are connected directly or indirectly to IoT networks after sign change and preparing.
Yet, all sensors are not the equivalent and distinctive IoT applications require various sorts of
sensors. For example, advanced sensors are clear and simple to interface with a microcontroller
utilizing Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) transport. But for analogue sensors, either analogue-to-
digital converter (ADC) or Sigma-Delta modulator is used to change over the information into SPI
yield. [4]

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Figure 1.3 IoT architecture layers retrieved from https://electronicsforu.com/technology-
trends/tech-focus/iot-sensors

TYPES OF SENSORS
table 1.2 principle and characteristics of various sensors with example

SNo. Type Characteristics Principle Examples

1 Temperature measure the amount Quantify the Thermistors,
of heat energy temperature Infrared
through an Sensors
electrical sign it
requires a
thermocouple or
RTD (Resistance
Temperature
Detectors)
2 Proximity identifies the Loop and Retail industry
presence or absence oscillator make vehicles
of a close by article an
or properties of that electromagnetic
item . field in the
nearby
surroundings of
the environment

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3 Pressure senses pressure and The force applied Pirani gauge.
changes over it into will redirect the
an electric sign diaphragm inside
the pressure
sensor. The
diversion of the
inward
diaphragm is
estimated and
changed over into
an electrical
signal
4 Water quality it detects the quality drinking water TOC sensor
of water and ion disinfection
monitoring Turbidity Sensor
pH sensor
5 Gas sensor Used to screen At the point when
 Breathalyzer
changes of the air semiconductor
quality and particles are Oxygen sensor
recognize the warmed in air at
presence of high temperature, Hygrometer
different gases. oxygen is
adsorbed on the
molecule surface
by catching free
electrons.
6 IR sensors Used to detect Infrared radiation Flame Monitors
certain qualities of is either detected
Moisture
its environment. or emitted
Analyzers

7 Motion Distinguishes the At present, a Microwave

detection sensor physical motion in large portion of
a given region the movement Ultrasonic
sensors deal with
the guideline of
Samuel Bango's
detector.
8 Optical sensor measures the Changes light Pyrometer
physical amount of beam into an
light beams electrical signal Fiber optics

Photo detector

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 9 Humidity Detect the amount detecting changes Automotive
sensor of water vapor in an that alter Museums
atmosphere of air or electrical currents Greenhouses
other gases or temperature in
the air.
10 Accelerometer used to gauge the Converts Consumer
sensor physical or mechanical electronics
quantifiable motion into
acceleration electrical output aircraft
experienced by an
object due to inertial
forces

TECHNOLOGY ON WHICH SENSOR WORKS

In this present communication world there are various high information rate communication
standards that are accessible, yet none of these meet the sensors' and control devices’
communication standards. These high-data rate communication standards require low-latency low-
energy utilization even at lower transmission capacities.
The accessible restrictive wireless systems’ Zigbee technology is minimal effort and low-control
utilization and its brilliant and radiant attributes makes this communication most appropriate for a
few inserted applications, industrial control, and home automation etc.

WHAT IS ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY ?

ZigBee is a progression is wireless technology intended to utilize low-control digital radio signals
for individual area networks. It depends on "MICA2DOT433MHz" which is a low-power
frequency. It uses the features of wireless networking. ZigBee is intended to be less complex and
more affordable than other individual are arrange innovations, for example, Bluetooth.
It is an expense and energy effective wireless network standard . It utilizes mesh network topology,
permitting it give high unwavering quality and a sensible range.

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Figure 1.4 zigbee retrieved from https://www.elprocus.com/what-is-zigbee-technology-
architecture-and-its-applications/

ZIGBEE is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols utilizing little , low
power computerized radios based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for personal area networks.
ZIGBEE gadgets can be utilized in various topologies. A work system structure can be utilized to
transmit information over long separations passing data through intermediate devices to reach
more distant ones. [7]
They have three basic types :
 ZIGBEE coordinator
 ZIGBEE router
 ZIGBEE end device
A zigbee coordinator is the most capable device. It starts the system and structures the base of the
system. The zigbee router passes on data from one device to other and hence acts as an
intermediate. Zigbee end device communicates with the router or the coordinator but can't transfer
information from different gadgets.

ADVANTAGES OF ZIGBEE
i. Setting up the system is straightforward and simple.
ii. It does not have focal controller and burdens are circulated uniformly over the system.
iii. It is anything but difficult to screen and control home apparatuses from remote
iv. It will replace existing Infrared innovation based gadgets. This will spare expense of
battery substitution as zigbee utilizes lithium battery which keeps going long.
v. The system is versatile and it is anything but difficult to include/remote zigbee end gadget
to the system.

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DISADVANTAGES OF ZIGBEE

1) It requires information of the framework for the owner to operate zigbee compliant devices.
2) It is not much secure
3) Replacement cost will be high when any issue happens in zigbee compliant home
appliances.
4) It is prone to attack from unauthorized people.
5) The inclusion is constrained and henceforth can not be utilized as outdoor wireless
communication system. It very well may be utilized in indoor remote applications.

BRIDGE SAFETY SENSOR

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REFERENCES

[1] Margaret Rouse , may 2019 , retrieved online from

https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/Internet-of-Things-IoT , on 26 may,2019

[2] Calum McClelland , May 13, 2019, retrieved online from https://www.iotforall.com/what-is-iot-
simple-explanation/ on 26 may, 2019.

[3] Francesco Azzola , Apr. 17, 18 , retrieved online from https://dzone.com/articles/introduction-

to-iot-sensors on 27 may , 2019.

[4] Sani Theo , May 28, 2018, retrieved online from https://electronicsforu.com/technology-
trends/tech-focus/iot-sensors on 27 may , 2019.

[5] Penelope Johnson , July 11, 2018 , retrieved online from

https://www.amitechlabs.com/blog/sensors-play-key-role/ on 27 may , 2019.

[6] Mary Verrett , 18 Dec. 2017 , retrieved online from https://www.kuora.co/post/read/what-is-

internet-of-things on 26 may 2019

[7] Drake, J. D. (2016). U.S. Patent No. 9,485,805. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark
Office.

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