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PROTEIN SOURCES
-meat
- poultry
- fish
- yogurt
- eggs
- milk
III. Fat Needs
Only linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid necessary for new cell
growth, cannot be manufactured in the body from other sources. Because
linoleic acid must be obtained from food, women must be sure to consume
a source of this nutrient during pregnancy.
Vegetable oils are a good source. In addition, using vegetable oils
(e.g., safflower, corn, olive, peanut, and cottonseed) that have a low
cholesterol content rather than animal oils (butter) is recommended for all
adults as a means of preventing hypercholesterolemia and coronary heart
disease.
Women should also try and ingest omega-3 oils, found primarily in
fish, omega-3–fortified eggs, and the newer omega-3–fortified spreads
(Bourre, 2007).
FAT SOURCES
-safflower
- corn
- olive
- peanut
-cottonseed
Vitamin A & Beta Helps bones and teeth grow Liver, milk, eggs,
Carotene carrots, spinach, green
(770 mcg, daily max = and yellow
1000 mcg) vegetables, broccoli,
potatoes, pumpkin,
yellow fruits,
cantaloupe
Vitamin D (5 mcg/600 IU, Helps body use calcium and Milk, fatty fish, sunshine
daily max = 4000 IU) phosphorus; promotes strong
teeth and bones
Vitamin E (15 mg, daily Helps body form and use red Vegetable oil, wheat
max = 1000 mg) blood cells and muscles germ, nuts, spinach,
fortified cereals
Vitamin C (80 – 85 mg*, An antioxidant that protects Citrus fruits, bell
daily max = 2000 mg) tissues from damage and peppers, green beans,
helps strawberries,
body absorb iron; builds a papaya, potatoes,
healthy immune system broccoli, tomatoes
Thiamin/B1 (1.4 mg) Raises energy level and Whole grain, fortified
regulates the nervous system cereals, wheat germ,
organ meats,
eggs, rice, pasta,
berries, nuts, legumes,
pork
Pyridoxine/B6 (1.9 mg, Helps form red blood cells; Chicken, fish, liver,
daily max = 100 mg) helps to reduce morning pork, eggs, soybeans,
sickness carrots, cabbage,
cantaloupe, peas,
spinach, wheat germ,
sunflower seeds,
bananas,
beans, broccoli, brown
rice, oats, bran,
peanuts, walnuts
Vitamin B12 (2.6 mcg) An important factor in DNA Shellfish, fish, beef,
synthesis, and may help liver, pork, eggs, dairy,
prevent neural tube defects poultry
(NTDs)
Folic Acid/Folate(400 – Helps support the placenta Oranges, orange juice,
800 mcg†, daily max = and prevents spina bifida and strawberries, green
1000 mcg) other NTDs leafy vegetables,
spinach, beets,
broccoli, cauliflower,
fortified cereals,
peas, pasta, beans,
nuts
V. Mineral Needs
Minerals are necessary for new cell building in a fetus. Because they
are found in so many foods and because mineral absorption improves
during pregnancy, mineral deficiency, with the exception of calcium, iodine,
and iron, is rare.
Iron
Iron is needed to build this high level of hemoglobin. In addition, after
week 20 of pregnancy, a fetus begins to store iron in the liver to last through
the first 3 months of life, when intake will consist mainly of milk, typically low
in iron. In addition to supplying these high fetal needs, a woman needs iron
to build an increased red cell volume for herself and to protect against iron
lost in blood at birth.
The DRI for iron for pregnant women is 27 mg. An average diet
supplies about 6 mg of iron per 1000 calories. If a woman eats a 2500-
calorie diet daily, her daily intake, therefore, is about 15 mg iron. Because
only 10% to 20% of dietary iron is absorbed, she is actually taking in less
than this amount (closer to 1.5 to 3 mg).
Therefore, dietary supplementation with 15 mg iron per day helps
ensure that adequate iron is ingested and absorbed. Stress to women that
iron supplementation is intended as a supplement to, not a replacement for,
iron-rich foods. Women with low incomes may find it difficult to eat adequate
iron-rich foods because the foods richest in iron (e.g., organ meats; eggs;
green, leafy vegetables; whole grains; enriched bread; dried fruits) are also
expensive. Iron absorption increases in an acid environment, so eating iron-
rich foods or swallowing iron pills with ascorbic acid (found in orange juice)
may increase absorption. Oral iron compounds turn stools black or blackish
green.
The compounds can be irritating to the stomach or cause
constipation in some women. If this happens, urge women not to stop taking
the iron compound but to always take the iron pills with food and increase
fluid intake or fiber to relieve constipation. Some women may need a
prescribed stool softener such as docusate sodium (Colace); this stool
softener is not associated with teratogenic action, so it can be taken safely
during pregnancy.
Fluoride.
Because fluoride aids in the formation of sound teeth, a pregnant
woman should drink fluoridated water. In an area where the water is not
fluoridated either naturally or artificially, supplemental fluoride may be
recommended. Fluoride in large amounts causes brown-stained teeth, so a
woman should not take the supplement more often than prescribed or if the
tap water in her area is already fluoridated. Many women, worried about
added chemicals in their city water supply, switch to bottled water during
pregnancy. If they do this, advise them to buy a fluoridated type or alert their
health care providers that they may need a supplement.
Sodium
Sodium is the major electrolyte that acts to maintain fluid in the body:
when sodium is retained rather than excreted by the kidneys, an equal or
balancing amount of fluid is also
retained. Retaining enough fluid during pregnancy in the maternal
circulation is important to ensure a pressure gradient to allow the optimal
exchange of nutrients across the placenta. Unless a woman is hypertensive
or has heart disease with required sodium restriction when she enters
pregnancy, she should continue to add salt to foods as usual during
pregnancy.
However, she should use moderation with foods that are extremely
salty, such as lunch meats or potato chips, or with additive monosodium
glutamate. Too much salt could result in the retention of excessive amounts
of fluid, putting a strain on her heart as blood volume doubles.
Zinc
Zinc is necessary for the synthesis of DNA and RNA. Although not
proved, zinc deficiency may be associated with preterm birth. The DRI for
zinc during pregnancy is 12 mg or an increase of 3 mg over prepregnancy
needs. Most people who take in adequate protein also take in adequate zinc
because zinc is contained in foods such as meat, liver, eggs, and seafood.
It is also a component of prenatal vitamins to help ensure an adequate
intake (Rolfes, Pinna, & Whitney, 2009).
ZINC SOURCES
- meat
- liver
-eggs
-seafood.
VI. Fluid Needs
Extra amounts of water are needed during pregnancy to promote
kidney function because a woman must excrete waste products for two.
Two or three glasses of fluid daily over and above the three servings of milk
recommended by the food pyramid is a common recommendation during
pregnancy (a total of six to eight glasses daily).
FIBER SOURCES
- broccoli and asparagus
-vegetables and fruits
VIII. DIET RECCOMENDATION
Based on a 2500 calorie diet. Your needs may vary depending on age, sex, and activity
level.
Dairy Group—3 cups per day; be sure to choose lower fat selections
Count as 1 cup: 1 cup (8 ounces) 1% or skim milk; 1 cup low-fat yogurt; 2 cups low-fat or
fat-free cottage cheese; 1Ѕ cups low-fat or fat-free ice cream; 1Ѕ ounces of low fat hard
cheese (cheddar, mozzarella, Swiss, or parmesan); 1/3 cup shredded cheese; 2
ounces processed cheese (American); 1 cup pudding (made with milk).
Meat and Meat Alternatives—5.5 ounce equivalents (or the amount of a food that has a
similar nutrition value as 5.5 ounces of meat)
Count as 1 ounce equivalent: 1 ounce lean meat, fish, or poultry; 1 egg; 1 slice lunch meat;
1 tablespoon peanut butter; 1/4 cup cooked kidney, pinto, or garbanzo beans.
Fruit Group—2 cups
Count as 1 cup: 1 cup (8 ounces) 100% juice; 1 large banana or orange; 1 small apple; 1
cup canned fruit. Include one Vitamin C source such as an orange or orange juice every
day.
Vegetable Group—2.5 cups
Count as 1 cup: 1 cup cooked vegetables; 2 cups raw leafy vegetables; 1 cup (8 ounces)
100% juice. Include one serving of a dark green leafy vegetable every day.
Grain Group—6 ounce equivalents (or the amount of a food that has a similar nutrition value
to 6 ounces of a grain)
Count as 1 ounce equivalent: 1 slice 100% whole grain bread; 1 cup whole grain, ready-
to-eat cereal; Ѕcup cooked cereal, rice, or pasta, Ѕ “mini” bagel, 1 small tortilla, 6
inches in diameter; 1 pancake, 4Ѕ inches in diameter.
Oils and Solid Fats—use sparingly
Common portions: 1 tablespoon corn, safflower, or cottonseed oil; 1 tablespoon margarine; 1
tablespoon mayonnaise; 1 ounce nuts; and 4 large olives.
Most cakes, pies, cookies, soft drinks, sugar, honey, candy, jams, jellies, gravies, butter, and
sour cream have either an oil or solid fat and may be loaded with simple sugars. Eat them
in moderation; save them to eat only if you need extra calories after eating the basic
needed foods.
PREGNANCY FOOD PYRAMID
Meat, Poultry, Fish, Dry Beans, Eggs, and Nuts Group 5.5 ounce equivalents
D. REFERENCE
Nutrients & Vitamins for Pregnancy. (2019, September 20). Retrieved from
https://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/nutrients-vitamins-
pregnancy/?fbclid=IwAR0sD1blQs0KZ8KGlcH4BH022gTXM3z-8V-
BGUfMHkER04VsMILZ2PfAhtw
Silbert-Flagg, J., & Pillitteri, A. (2018). Maternal & child health nursing: Care of the
childbearing & childrearing family. Wolters Kluwer. Page 288-291