The Level of Effectiveness of The Waste Management System in Pag-Asa, Rawis, Legazpi City

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THE LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS OF THE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
IN PAG-ASA, RAWIS, LEGAZPI CITY
A Research Study
Presented to the Senior High School Faculty of
Pag-asa National High School
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
Angela Grace R. Dave
Ann Jessamine P. Barizo
Philip Jones G. Brozo
Ana A. Chua
April 2018
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Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region V (Bicol)
School Division of Legazpi City
Senior High Department
Rawis, Legazpi City
________________________________________________________________
RECOMMENDATION FOR ORAL DEFENSE
The Senior High School Project entitled, The Level of Effectiveness of
the Waste Management System in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City,
prepared and submitted by Angela Grace R. Dave, Ann Jessamine P. Barizo
Philip Jones G. Brozo and Ana A. Chua in partial fulfilment of the
requirements in Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion, is hereby
recommended for oral defense.
Minerva Pinat-Antang
Teacher
3

Region V (Bicol)
Rawis, Legazpi City
RESEARCH COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATION
The Senior High School Project entitled, The Level of Effectiveness of
the Waste Management System in Pag-asa, Rawis, Leagazpi City
Philip Jones G. Brozo and Ana A. Chua in partial fulfillment of the
requirements in Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion, has been
examined and is hereby recommended for oral defense.
JESON D. BALINGBING
Chairman
ALLAN L. TAN BERNARD D. CRUZ

Member Member
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Region V (Bicol)
Rawis, Legazpi City
ORAL EXAMINATION
The Senior High School Project entitled The Level of Effectiveness of
the Waste Management System in Pag-asa, Rawis, Leagazpi City
successfully defended in an oral examination held at Pag-asa National High
School on March 2, 2018.
RESULT OF THE ORAL EXAMINATION
Panel of Examiners Action Taken
JESON D. BALINGBING ____________________

Chairman
ALLAN L. TAN ____________________

Member
BERNARD D. CRUZ ____________________

Member
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Region V (Bicol)
Rawis, Legazpi City
CERTIFICATION FOR RESEARCH EDITING
the Waste Management System in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City
requirements in Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion, has been edited
by the undersigned.
Roger A. Abitria IV
Research Editor
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Region V (Bicol)
Rawis, Legazpi City
________________________________________________________________
ADVISER’S RECOMMENDATION
reviewed by the undersigned and is recommended for final oral defense.
It is further certified that the undersigned has supervised the pre-editing
of the manuscript.
Minerva Pinat-Antang
7

Region V (Bicol)
Rawis, Legazpi City
________________________________________________________________
APPROVAL SHEET
Philip Jones G. Brozo and Ana A. Chua successfully defended in an oral
examination on March 2, 2018 is hereby accepted and approved in partial
fulfillment of the requirements in Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion.
(Sgd.) JEREMY ATUN CRUZ

Principal III
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Acknowledgment
This research paper was made possible through the help and support from
everyone. Please allow us to dedicate the acknowledgment of gratitude towards
the following significant people and contributors.
To God, who granted us the strength and wisdom necessary in completing
every task. It was in his grace and guidance that this study was completed.
We would like to give our sincerest gratitude to our research advisers; Mr.
Carl Espinosa, Mrs. Nelly Bien and Mrs. Minerva Antang, who were always patient
in giving their guidance, encouragement and concern.
To our panelist; Mr. Allan Tan and Mr. Bernard Cruz. We would especially
like to thank Mr. Jeson Balingbing, for always being open whenever we ran into
trouble or had a question about our research and writing.
To our parents, who provided financial support and for the endless
encouragement and patience despite the venue of the research.
To the officials of Barangay Rawis; Kap. Joel Orosco, for permitting us to
conduct the research in Pag-asa. To Kgd. Carlo Cristobal, for providing the
researchers the information about the waste management sys tem implemented
in Pag-asa.
This research would not be possible without the help of these people.
The Researchers
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ABSTRACT
Research Title: THE LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS OF THE WASTE

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN PAG-ASA, RAWIS, LEGAZPI CITY
Authors: ANGELA GRACE R. DAVE, ANN JESSAMINE P. BARIZO, ANA A.
CHUA, PHILIP JONES G. BROZO
The study aimed to assess the waste management system of Pag-asa,
Rawis, Legazpi City. Specifically, it determined the level of effectiveness in terms
of segregation, collection, recycling process and disposal and finally proposed
suggestions and recommendations to further improve the waste management
system of Pag-asa.
This research utilized the descriptive method. The descriptive research is
also known as statistical research that describes data and characteristics of the
waste management system implemented; the practices, current programs
implemented and the level of effectiveness of the waste management system in
terms of: waste segregation, waste collection, recycling process and waste
disposal. The respondents of the study were the residents of Pag-asa, Rawis,
Legazpi City. 50 respondents were chosen randomly and purposively. The data
was obtained from the respondent’s answer in the Likert scale questionnaire, a
self-structured checklist drawn out on the Theory of Waste Management. The
ratings were statistically analyzed in order to determine the level of effectiveness
of the waste management system, and to draw recommendations based on

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those findings.
In this study, it showed that the Waste Managenent System in Pag-asa,
Rawis, Legazpi City is effective in terms of: waste segregation, waste collection,
recycling process and waste disposal as perceived by the respondents. Moreover,
it revealed that the respondents found the waste collection to be the most
effective, with the composite mean of 2.87. Followed by waste segregation
(2.74), waste disposal (2.59) and recycling process (2.51). Based from the
tabulated data, individual interviews and survey, it revealed that there is a weak
compliance in the law and there are still a lot of issues and concerns that need to
be addressed. These include the following: weak enforcement of LGUs, weak
compliance of stakeholders, weak information dissemination campaign, lack of
discipline and cooperation among residents, disposal behavior of the waste
generators, inefficient waste collection and the lack of disposal facilities.
Moreover, it revealed that the extent of the problems of waste
management is beyond the capability of the government alone. The application
of good governance through participation of various stakeholders and strong
awareness campaigns are necessary to achieve a sound waste management
system in Pag-asa.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TITLE PAGE i
RECOMMENDATION FOR ORAL DEFENSE ii
RESEARCH COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATION iii
RESULT OF THE ORAL EXAMINATION iv
CERTIFICATION FOR RESEARCH EDITING v
ADVISER’S RECOMMENDATION vi
APPROVAL SHEET vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT viii
ABSTRACT ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS xi
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF TABLES xv
CHAPTER
1 THE PROBLEM and ITS SETTING 1
Introduction 1
Statement of the Problem 3
Scope and Delimitation 4
Significance of the Study 5
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 7
Related Literature 7
Related Studies 11
Theoretical Framework 15
Conceptual Framework 18
Synthesis of the State of the Art 20
Gap Bridged by the Study 20
Definition of Terms 22
3 RESEARCH DESIGN and METHODOLOGY 26
Reserch Design 26
Respondents of the Study 26
Instrument of the Study 27
Data Gathering Procedure 28
Data Analysis 28
Statistical Treatment 29
4 THE LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS OF THE WASTE 30
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN PAG-ASA, RAWIS,
LEGAZPI CITY
The Waste Management System in Pag-asa 30
The Level of Effectiveness of the Waste Management 32
System in Pag-asa
12
Waste Segregation 32
Waste Collection 34
Waste Disposal 35
Recycling Process 37
The Effectiveness of the Waste Management System 38
in Pag-asa
Suggestions and Recommendations 39
5 SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS and 43
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary 43
Findings of the Study 44
Conclusions 45
Recommendations 46
BIBLIOGRAPHY 48
APPENDICES 50
Appendix A (Certificate of Validation of Research Instrument) 50
Appendix B (Validated Questionnaire) 53
Appendix C (Letter of Permission to Conduct the Study) 56
Appendix D (Summary of Results of the Level of Effectiveness 57

of the Waste Management System of Pag-asa, Rawis,
Legazpi City in terms of Waste Segregation, Waste
Collection, Recycling Process And Disposal)
Appendix E (Raw Data of the Level of Effectiveness of the Waste 62

Management System of Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City)
DOCUMENTATION 64
CURRICULUM VITAE 70
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Theoretical Paradigm 17
2 Conceptual Paradigm 19
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page

1 The Level of Effectiveness of Segregation 32
2 The Level of Effectiveness of Collection 34
3 The Level of Effectiveness of Disposal 35
4 The Level of Effectiveness of Recycling Process 37
5 The Level of Effectiveness of Waste Management by Aspects 38
6 Summary of Results on the Level of Effectiveness of Waste 57
Segregation
Collection
Disposal
9 Summary of Results on the Level of Effectiveness of Recycling 60
Process
10 Summary of Results of the Level of Effectiveness of the Waste 61
Management System in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City
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Chapter 1
The Problem and Its Setting
Introduction
Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal,
managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to
materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally undertaken to
reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. It is a distinct
practice from resource recovery, which focuses on delaying the rate of
consumption of natural resources (Business Dictionary, 2018).
Waste management has serious environmental effects making the passage
of Republic Act (RA) 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
2000, a Landmark Environmental Legislation in the Philippines. The law was
crafted in response to the looming garbage problem in the country. RA 9003
declares the policy of the state in adopting a systematic, comprehensive and
ecological solid waste management program that ensures the protection of public
health and environment and the proper segregation, collection, transport,
storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formation and
adoption of the best environmental practices. Moreover, it illustrates the
potentials and benefits of waste management in minimizing problems and in
alleviating poverty.
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Nowadays, people are suffering from environmental dilemmas such as
global warming, flash floods, etc. One of the causes of this problem is the
behavior of people towards waste management. Some people are reckless in
throwing their garbage and are not thinking about the possible effects of their
actions on the environment, as well as on health (Mindanao University
Researchers). Rotting garbage is also known to produce foul-smelly harmful
gases that mix with the air. This can cause nausea and breathing problems
especially to those who are exposed to it.
The most important reason for waste management is the protection of the
environment and the health of the population. Wrong disposal of wastes can
cause diseases like malaria and dengue. It can also block the water canals in
some areas and cause flood. Certain viruses can also be a reason for diarrhea,
amoebas, cholera, leptospirosis and other severe diseases that can lead to
infections and death.
Lastly, it can help conserve our planet’s natural beauty, which can be
flawed by improper waste management. Landscapes and beautiful sceneries can
be ruined through littering and thereby diminishes their attractiveness, it is also a
blight for those who live in areas where waste collection and recycling is not
managed effectively and responsibly. Natural beauty is a legacy and a birthright
of future generations. And conserving it along with our natural resources for their
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benefit is our responsibility today.
In regard to this, the present study entitled "The Level of Effectiveness of
the Waste Management System in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City" investigated
how the residents of Pag-asa manage their wastes, because as of the latest and
official census count, Barangay Rawis has a total of 10,850 residents (NSO
2017). It is considered as the most populated of all urban barangays. Wastes are
extremely high in Pag-asa because it occupies a huge area in barangay Rawis.
The researchers investigated how the residents of Pag-asa comply with the
waste management system implemented in their area in terms of: segregation,
collection, recycling and disposal.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of waste management in
Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City. This study further answered the following specific
questions:
1. What is the waste management system in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City?
2. What is the level of effectiveness of the waste management system in Pag-asa
in terms of:
a. Waste Segregation
b. Waste Collection
c. Waste Disposal
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d. Recycling Process
3. What suggestions and recommendations can be given to further improve the
waste management system in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City?
Scope and Delimitation
This study entitled "The Level of Effectiveness of the Waste Management
System in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City" used the residents of Pag-asa as the
respondents. The objective of this study was to determine the waste
management system implemented in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City. Furthermore,
this study aimed to assess the level of effectiveness of the waste management
system in terms of: segregation, collection, recycling and disposal. Moreover, this
study aimed to cite suggestions and recommendations to further improve the
waste management system of Pag-asa. The researchers conducted the
investigation in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City for the year 2017.
This study did not focus on other waste management systems
implemented except for that of the present one. Furthermore, this study did not
focus on defining concepts related to waste or waste management; waste
classification, urbanization, waste statistics or technological advances. This study
did not expound on the topic of psychological behavior. Similarly, this study did
not look into barangays other than Pag-asa.

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Significance of the Study
The result of this study would be a great help to the following:
Officials of Barangay Rawis. The result of this study can serve as a reference
or guide in creating programs, rules and policies concerned with waste
management to further improve their area, particularly in Pag-asa.
Residents. The result of this study will help the residents of the barangay to
have a deeper understanding of the programs, rules and policies that their
barangay officials are making. This study will also help them be aware of how
their wastes should be managed, and teaches them to be responsible for their
own wastes.
Other Barangays. The result of this study would be a great reference and an
example to other barangays on how waste management affects our health and
community. Barangay officials could come up or use some of the suggestions and
recommendations that would be given by the end of this research.
Students. The result of this study will help students know how their community
manages their wastes. In addition, it will give them an idea of the proper
disposing and segregating of their waste.
Future researchers. This study will serve as a reference or basis for future
researchers in conducting their study and will serve as an additional literature for
their future investigations.

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References
Waste Management. Regional Education and Information Center (n.d.)
Waste Management Definition, from http://www.reic.org.ba/waste-management
FFTC Waste Definition, from http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_news.php
Waste Management and Waste Disposal
from http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/waste-management-and-
waste-disposal-methods.php
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Chapter2
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter presents the related literature, related studies, synthesis of
the art, theoretical and conceptual frameworks, the gap bridged by the study
and the definition of terms.
Related Literature
According to World Health Organization (2011) the term ‘solid waste’ is
used to include all non-liquid wastes generated by human activity and a range of
solid waste material resulting from the disaster, general domestic garbage such
as; food waste, ash and packaging materials, emergency waste such as; plastic
water bottles and packaging from other emergency supplies, rubble resulting
from the disaster, mud and slurry deposited by the natural disaster, and other
special wastes, such as medical waste from hospitals and toxic waste from
industry, will also need to be dealt with urgently, but are not covered by this
technical note.
Saley, J. B. (2012), "Baguio Sun Star Baguio" stated that the Municipal
Council enacted an ordinance establishing solid waste management known as
“Perkash Fashura Ordinance Na Isadanga.” The ordinance prohibits dumping of
garbage anywhere other than those recognized and established garbage
facilities; dumping of unclean and unsegregated waste at the redemption
centeror facility; discharging of human feces along the creeks and rivers;
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throwing of wastes in creeks, rivers, public places such as roads, sidewalks and
establishments and burning of garbage particularly non-biodegradable wastes. It
also requires residents to practice segregation of wastes at source. Reusable
solid wastes such as bottles, plastics, cellophanes and papers shall be brought to
the barangay material recovery facility duly segregated or directly to the agent-
buyers. Non-recyclable materials and special solid wastes will be brought to the
material recovery facility, while hazardous wastes or chemicals will be disposed in
coordination with concerned government agencies according to prescribed
methods. The local government is responsible for collecting reusable, recyclable
and non-biodegradable waste materials from the material recovery facilities; and
transporting them to the recycling centers and or to the municipal material
recovery facility. Collection of segregated solid wastes is scheduled per barangay.
According to "Seminole County Property Appraiser Website" headed by
David Johnson (2012), the Environmental Protection Agency has determined a
three-tiered approach for managing solid waste. Each of these should be
practiced to reduce the amount material headed for final disposal. They are in
order of importance: the best way to manage solid waste is to not create waste
in the first place. Buy only what you need. Use all that you buy. Avoid heavily
packaged products. Avoid disposable items like paper plates and plastic
silverware. Buy the largest size package for those items that you use often.
Reuse, the better way to manage solid waste is to reuse items and use them
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over and over until they are completely worn out. Recycle is taking something
old and making it into something new. In Seminole County, all residents who live
in a single family home can recycle right in front of their house. Those residents
who live in apartments or condominiums can drop off their recyclables at several
different locations.
Healey, J. (2010) mentioned in her book "Recycling and Managing Waste"
that waste management policies now seek to minimize waste disposal by
reducing its generation and by reusing and recycling. This book reveals the
extent of our waste and recycling practices of households, and includes many
tips on how to reduce, reuse and recycle. Topics include green waste, plastics,
glass, paper, metal and electronic waste.
Rose, C. J. (2009), stated that there are many stringent regulations
governing the treatment and disposal of waste in the UK, both onshore and
offshore, and in most other countries as well. Facilities involved in waste transfer
and treatment require licenses, and all personnel who work at such facilities
require the proper kind of training that goes with the handling of waste that can
often be dangerous if not handled properly. Waste management facilities also
need to be able to respond quickly to emergency situations. By their very nature
there is rarely any warning that an emergency is about to occur. For that reason
emergency response teams need to be on standby every hour of every day, and
every day of every year. Waste management disposal and treatment can
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originate from both domestic and industrial sources.
Republic Act (RA) 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
2000 describes solid waste management as a discipline associated with the
control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and
disposal of solid wastes. The manner by which these activities are conducted
shall be in accord with the best principles of public health, economics,
engineering, conservation, aesthetics, other environmental considerations, and
public attitudes. The Act provides for a comprehensive ecological solid waste
management program by creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and
incentives, appropriating funds, declaring certain acts prohibited, and providing
penalties.
The salient features of R.A. No. 9003 are as follows: a. Creation of the
National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC), the National Ecology
Center (NEC) and the Solid Waste Management Board in every province, city and
municipality in the country. The NSWMC shall be responsible in the formulation
of the National Solid Waste Management Framework and other policies on solid
waste, in overseeing the implementation of solid waste management plans and
the management of the solid waste management fund. The NEC, on the other
hand, shall be responsible for consulting, information, training and networking
services relative to the implementation of RA 9003.
Chapter 6 of RA 9003, provides a comprehensive list of prohibited acts

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including: (1) littering, throwing, dumping of waste matters in public places; (2)
undertaking activities in violation of sanitation operation; (3) open burning of
solid waste; (4) causing non-segregated waste; (5) squatting in open dumps and
landfills; (6) open dumping, burying of biodegradable materials in flood-prone
areas; (7) unauthorized removal of recyclable material; (8) mixing of source-
separated recyclable material with other solid waste; (9) establishment or
operation of open-dumps; (10) manufacturing, distributing, using, and importing
consumer products that are non-environmentally-friendly materials; (11)
importing toxic wastes misrepresented as “recyclable” or “with recyclable
content”; (12) transporting and dumping in bulk in areas other than facility
centers; (13) site preparation, construction, expansion or operation of waste
management facilities without an Environmental Compliance Certificate and not
conforming with the land use plan of LGUs; (14) construction of establishment
within 200 meters from dump sites or sanitary landfills; and (15) operation of
waste disposal facility on any aquifer, groundwater reservoir or watershed area.
Related Studies
Chandra, Y. I. and Devi, N. (2009) conducted a case study in Mysore City
entitled "Studies on Municipal Solid Waste Management in Mysore City". A
detailed investigation was made regarding the methods of practices associated
with sources, quantity generated, collection, transportation, storage, treatment
and disposal of Municipal solid waste in Mysore City. The data concerning solid
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waste management in Mysore was obtained through questionnaire, individual
field visit, interacting with people and authentic record of municipal corporation.
Photographic evidences were also made about generation, storage, collection,
transportation, treatment and disposal of MSW. This study reveals that the
present system of MSWM in Mysore City is not satisfactory based on Municipal
Solid Waste Management & Handling Rules 2000.
The present study has the same bearing since it will also interact with
people and use questionnaires to obtain data. However, unlike the discussed
study above, the present study will not include detailed investigations regarding
the methods of practices associated with sources, quantity generated, treatment
and photographic evidences. It will only determine the effectiveness of the waste
management of the chosen barangay in terms of segregation, collection, disposal
and recycling.
Another case study across North America conducted by Wholistic
Environmental Consulting (WEC, 2007), yard and food waste make up over a
quarter of all the ordinary garbage we throw away. That is 25% by weight. In
the U.S., that 25% is almost equally divided between yard waste (32.6 million
tons, or 12.8% of all MSW) and food scraps (31.7 million tons, or 12.5%). And
then there's all the other organic stuff that could be composted: all the clothing,
towels, and bedding made of organic fibers, plus wood, old furniture and
sawdust. Then there is paper, which at 83 million tons accounts for another 30%
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of municipal solid waste. As of 2006, the latest year for which figures are
available, over 64% of the yard waste we throw away was recovered and
composted, as was 54.5% of the paper and cardboard. Only 2.6% of food waste
reached a compost heap.
Unlike the case study conducted by the Wholistics Environmental
Consulting (2007), the present study will only focus on the effectiveness of waste
management system in the chosen barangay. Classification and measurement of
the quantity of wastes disposed by the respondents will not be included in this
study.
Nopal, Ola and Saugon from the City University of Pasay (BPG) published
a study that conducted a waste management research in Barangay 159, Zone 17
of Pasay City. The Solid Waste Management Organization of Pasay noted it as the
cleanest barangay in the City. The researchers used survey questionnaires as the
main research tool which included different questions regarding proper waste
management within the barangay jurisdiction. The collected data was tabulated
and interpreted by the researchers promptly. Results revealed that 60% of the
people found the waste management program satisfactory.
The present study has the same bearing since it aims to determine the
effectiveness of the waste management implementation on a particular
barangay. The researchers will also use questionnaires as the research tool.
However, the area and respondents vary.

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Bernando (2008) documented and conducted a study about the
experiences and practices of household waste management of people in a
barangay (village) in Manila, Philippines. The data was gathered through an
interview with household members using open-ended questions. Interviews were
also conducted with garbage collectors as well as scavengers. Results showed
that the households generated an average of 3.2 kg of solid waste per day, or
0.50 kg/capita/day. The types of wastes commonly generated are food/kitchen
wastes, papers, PET bottles, metals, and cans, boxes/cartons, glass bottles,
cellophane/-plastics, and yard/garden wastes. The respondents segregate their
wastes into PET bottles, glass bottles, and other waste (mixed wastes). No
respondents perform composting. It is worth noting, however, that burning of
waste is not done by the respondents.
The households rely on garbage collection by the government. Collection
is done twice daily, except Sundays, and household members bring their garbage
when the garbage truck arrives. However, there are those who dump their
garbage in non-designated pick-up points, usually in a corner of the street. The
dumped garbage becomes a breeding ground for disease-causing organisms.
Some household respondents said that it is possible that the dumping in certain
areas contributed to the spread of dengue fever suffered by some of their family
members. Mothers and household helpers are responsible for household waste
management. Scavengers generally look for recyclable items in the dumped

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garbage. All of them said that it is their only source of income, which is generally
not enough for their meals. Most of the respondents said that garbage collection
and disposal is the responsibility of the government. The results of the study
showed that RA 9003, also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act
of 2000, is not fully implemented in Metro Manila.
The present study has the same bearing since it will also determine the
effectiveness of the implemented waste management system in the chosen
research setting. It will also use questionnaires to obtain data. However, the
study will only acquire data from the household members, but garbage collectors
and scavengers will not be included.
Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored to the Waste Management Theory of E. Pongrácz,
P. S. Phillips and R. L. Keiski (2004). The theory is founded on the expectation
that waste management is to prevent waste to cause harm to human health and
the environment.
The theory suggests that the simple manipulation of an object’s property
is capable of turning waste into non-wastes. The theory further states that waste
management is control of waste related activities, which aims to conserve
resources and protect human health and the environment.
This theory states the notion that; waste management is to prevent waste
causing harm to human health and the environment, waste management has the
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primary aim of resource conservation.
Furthermore, the theory suggests that people should avoid waste creation
by creating useful objects primarily. The goal of waste management, according to
this theory, is to turn waste into non-waste. This theory further states that the
key to sustainable waste management is waste minimization, in particular the
reduction of waste at source.
The theory of waste management would greatly contribute to achieving
the goals of waste management, which is to conserve resources and protect
human health and the environment.

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The Theory of Waste Management
Waste Prevention
Resource Conservation
Protection of Human Health Protection of Environment
Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm

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Conceptual Framework
The researchers formulated the conceptual framework (Figure 2).The
researchers determined the waste management system of Pag-asa and assessed
the level of effectiveness in terms of segregation, collection, recycling and
disposal. Assessing the level of effectiveness of the processes involved in the
management of wastes is a crucial step in attaining an improved waste
management system in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi, City.
Waste Management is important, as it limits the negative impact of waste
with well-designed management from waste collection-disposal. A number of
processes are involved in effectively managing wastes. These include
segregation, collection, recycling and disposal. The researchers assessed these
processes using survey questionnaires, to determine their level of effectiveness
and understand the inconsistencies of the current system in place.
The result of this assessment is to enhance the waste management
system and strengthen the implementation of current laws. To first improve a
system, one must first understand and asses the problem. So as, the processes
and objectives of waste management are met there will be a wider probability of
improved health, and a cleaner environment. With thus, in turn to a wider
opportunity for economic growth and development.

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Input
Waste management system
 Segregation
 Collection
 Recycling Process
 Disposal
Process
Data gathering:
Survey Questionnaire
Output
• Feedback from the residents
• Enhanced waste management
implementation
Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

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Synthesis of the State of the Art
The aforementioned related literature reviewed the ordinances, policies
and regulations that aim to carry out the proper management of wastes. All had
the objective of waste minimization, through the proper and strict
implementation of laws. It generally discussed about waste management through
proper segregation, collection, recycling and disposal of wastes.
Gap Bridged by the Study
The results of the earlier studies were related to the present study the
researchers conducted. The studies may be grouped into two: One group of
studies centered on classifying, categorizing and measuring the quantity of
wastes generated by the respondents.
Another group of studies centered on the constraints and problems with
the waste management system in their chosen research setting by conducting
investigations regarding the management of wastes.
These studies stressed a common concern, which is that of determining
and assessing the waste management system in terms of: segregation,
collection, recycling and disposal in each of their chosen research setting. The
studies revealed the need for strengthening the waste management system
through the strict implementation of existing laws.
The present study differs in the respondents, area being studied,

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variables, scope and delimitation. This study used the residents of Pag-asa as the
respondents and aimed to determine the waste management system
implemented in Pag-asa. Moreover, this study aimed to assess the level of
effectiveness of waste management in terms of: segregation, collection, recycling
and disposal. This study aimed to cite suggestions and recommendations to
further improve the waste management system of Pag-asa. Furthermore, there is
no existing record of previous studies conducted concerning waste management
in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City. This is the gap that the study bridged.
36
Definition of Terms
The following terms are operationally defined:
Composting – is a process that takes organic wastes i.e. remains of plants and
garden and kitchen waste and turns it into nutrient rich food for plants.
Households – the community or the local people, a social unit composed of
those living together in the same dwelling.
Local Government Unit (LGU) – plays a very important role as leaders and
law enforcers of waste management programs
Material Recovery Facility – is a centralized facility that receives segregates,
processes and markets recyclable material.
Organizations – refers to the stakeholders, which includes NGOs, people’s
organizations, business sector and other public and private organizations (school
and universities).
Recycling – the process of making used or unwanted products into new
remanufactured products.
Reduce – to bring down into a smaller extent, size or amount

37
Reuse – is the practice of using something again, whether for its original
purpose (conventional reuse) or to fulfill a different function (creative reuse or
repurposing).
Resident – a person who permanently lives in Pag-asa
Solid Waste – the useless and unwanted products in the solid state derived
from the activities of and discarded by the society.
Waste Collection – the act of gathering wastes and hauling them to the
location where the collection vehicle is emptied.
Waste Disposal – the final process whereby the ultimate wastes that have no
further use to the society is disposed of.
Waste Minimization – the reduction of waste at source
Waste Reduction and Reuse – both are methods of waste waste prevention.
They eliminate the production of waste at the source of usual generation and
reduce the demands for large scale treatment and disposal facilities.
Waste Segregation – is the process of separating wastes into different
containers.
38
References
Book
Healey, J. (2010). Recycling and Managing Waste v.305. Australia :

The Spinney Press. Sta. Rosa City.
Journals and Newspaper
Abrematea, N. L. (2012, September 1). Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation.

Retrieved September 5, 2012, from
http://-www.mb.com.ph/
Ballados, M. T. (2010). Assessing the Solid Waste Management Practices in

Bacolod City,Philippines. Legazpi City, Philippines.
Chandra, Y. I., & Devi, N. (2009). Studies on Municipal Solid Waste Management
in Mysore City- A case study. Mysore City: China
University of Geosciences.
Saley, J. B. (August 24, 2012). Sadanga enacts on Solid Waste

Management. Baguio: Sun.Star Baguio.
Online Sources
Bernardo EC. Solid-waste management practices of households in Manila,

Philippines. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Oct;1140:420-4. doi:
10.1196/-annals.1454.016. PubMed PMID: 18991942.
Evolving the Theory of Waste Management-Implicati-ons to waste minimization

Retrieved August 1, 2017
https://-www.researchgate.net/-publication/-229015605_Evolving_th-e_T
heory_of_Waste_Ma-nagement-Implication-s_to_waste_minimizat-ion
[accessed Aug 21, 2017]
Legal bases, Review of related literature and studies

http://solidwastemngt. weebly.com/chapter-ii-rrl.html
Rose, C. J. (2009, July 22). Waste Management. ezinearticles.com.

Retrieved from ezinearticles.com: http://-ezinearticles.
com/-?Waste-Management-Dis-posal-and-Treatment&-id=2646104
39
Seminole County Government . (2012). Retrieved September 05, 2012,

from http://-www.seminolecountyfl.-gov/envsrvs/-solidwaste/3rs.aspx
WHO. (2011). Vector-borne disease. Retrieved September 14, 2011, from

http://-www.google.com.
ph/-search?q=diseases+tha-t+human+can+get+due+-to+mismanageme
n
of+-wastes&btnG=Hanapin&hl=tl&source=hp&rlz=-1R2ADFA_enPH392&a
=f-&aqi&aql&oq
Wholistic Environmental Consuling, L. (2007). The Sad Saga of Unwanted

Garbage. Retrieved September 4, 2011, from
http://-www.composterconnecti-on.com/site/-garbage-gripes.html
40
Chapter 3
Research Design and Methodology
This chapter presents the method, designs and procedures that the
researchers used in gathering and collecting the needed data for the study. This
chapter includes the research design, respondents of the study, research
instrument, data analysis, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment of
the data.
Research Design
The researchers used the descriptive method of research. Descriptive type
of research is intended to describe or explain relationships among phenomena,
situations and events as they occur. The major purpose of descriptive research, is
to provide an overall "picture" of population or phenomenon by describing
situations or events (Thyer, 2001). In accordance to the definition of descriptive
research, this study assessed the level effectiveness of the waste management
system in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City in terms of: segregation, collection,
recycling and disposal.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study were the residents of Pag-asa, Rawis,
Legazpi City. The respondents were randomly and purposively chosen. A total of
50 respondents were surveyed in this study. The respondents of the study were
residents of Pag-asa for 10 years and were qualified to participate in this study.
41
Instrument of the Study
In order to obtain the necessary data, the researchers utilized the Likert
scale questionnaire as the main gathering instrument. The said instrument was
a self-structured questionnaire checklist, which was drawn out based on the
Theory of Waste Management. The questionnaire was composed of two parts.
The first part was divided into four sub-parts: Part A, B, C and D to
assess the level of effectiveness of the waste management system in Pag-asa,
Part A was crafted to determine the level of effectiveness of waste segregation.
Part B was crafted to assess the level of effectiveness of waste collection. Part C
was crafted to assess the level of effectiveness of waste disposal and Part D was
crafted to determine the level of effectiveness of the recycling process.
These were rated by the respondents according to their own perception
and observation. The indicators of the checklist were: 4-very high, 3-high, 2-
moderate and 1-low.
The second part of the questionnaire focused on determining the
perception of the respondents regarding the current waste management system
in Pag-asa. This contained questions that aimed to obtain specific kinds of
information.
Data Gathering Procedure
In conducting this research study, the researchers applied the following
research procedures. The researchers searched the internet on the concepts of

42
waste management and utilized them in making the Likert scale questionnaire.
After series of consultations and reviews, the questionnaire was finalized by the
research adviser.
The researchers asked for the approval of the research adviser and the
principal of Pag-asa National High School for the study to be conducted. Also, the
researchers identified Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City as the locale where the study
would be conducted. The researchers requested a permit from the Barangay
Council of Rawis. The researchers distributed the questionnaires to the
respondents in order to identify and get the answer to the questions stated in
the objectives of the study. As soon as data was collected, the researchers
tabulated them. Weighted Mean was applied to interpret the result.
Data Analysis
All the data gathered were presented graphically to interpret the result.
Descriptive statistic such as weighted mean was used. Weighted mean was
utilized to determine and assess the level of effectiveness of the waste
management system in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City in terms of: segregation,
collection, recycling and disposal.
For certain responses in the study, the following scale and its
corresponding verbal interpretations were used: 3.51-4.50: Highly Effective,
2.51-3.50: Effective, 1.51-2.50: Moderately Effective, 1.00-1.50: Not Effective.

43
Statistical Treatment of Data
Responses to the questionnaire by the respondents from Pag-asa, Rawis,
Legazpi City were statistically analyzed with the data requirements of the study.
Formula for weighted mean:
X= ∑n
Where:
X= mean
n= number of responses
N= number of respondents
44
Chapter 4
THE LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS OF THE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
IN PAG-ASA, RAWIS, LEGAZPI CITY
This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of data necessary to
the problems presented in this study.
The Waste Management System in Pag-asa
In accordance to Republic Act 9003 or the Solid Waste Management Act of
2000, Pag-asa establishes the ‘No Segregation, No Collection Policy’. The sorting
of recyclables is done at source, within the household or office. A separate
container is required for each type of waste, marked as “compostable”, “non-
recyclable” and “recyclable”.
The results of the study showed that the ‘No Segregation, No Collection
Policy’ is not strictly implemented in Pag-asa. Waste that is supposed to be
segregated at the source is collected by some garbage collectors, unsegregated,
in exchange for loose change. This is a big problem, as it teaches the residents
to become dependent on the garbage collector and deprives them with the
substantial set of values and knowledge that is necessary for the development of
the community as well as theirs.
Pag-asa currently adopts the ‘block collection’ system in the collection of
waste, the collector sounds an alarm and waits at specified locations for
residents to bring waste to the collection vehicle (push-cart). It is advantageous

45
on the part of the garbage collector, such that it saves the amount of time
wasted on walking and waiting, when compared to ‘door to door collection
system’; wherein the waste collector still needs to knock on each door and wait
for the waste to be brought out by the residents. Such system is currently in
place in most barangays, that the researchers felt the need to compare the two
collection systems. According to Kagawad Carlo Cristobal, three eco aids are
assigned to collect waste every morning. Mondays, Wednesday and Fridays are
devoted to the collection of biodegradable materials and Tuesdays, Thursdays
and Saturdays for non-biodegradable materials.
In an interview conducted by the researchers, Kgd. Cristobal strongly
emphasized the method of source reduction, where local government units
(LGUs), such as they, were expected to divert at least 25% of all solid waste
from waste disposal facilities through re-use, recycling and composting activities.
Furthermore, he added, that there is an existing functional Material Recovery
Facility in Rawis, he stated that it was established to receive, sort, process and
store compostable and recyclable materials efficiently. He then further explained
that residual waste from then on is transferred to a long-term storage facility or
sanitary landfill.
46
Part I: The Level of Effectiveness of the Waste Management System in

Pag-asa
A. The Level of Effectiveness of Waste Segregation
Table 1: The Level of Effectiveness of Waste Segregation

Rating Weighted
Waste Segregation 4 3 2 1 Mean Description
1. Household segregates waste 25 15 7 3 3.24 Effective

into biodegradable, non-
biodegradable and hazardous
waste.
2. Household sells resalable 27 10 7 6 3.16 Effective
items like plastic, bottles,
paper and metals.
3. There is a group that 20 10 10 10 2.8 Moderately
collects waste materials like Effective
paper, plastics, etc. for
recycling process.
4. There is a barangay 10 6 12 22 2.08 Moderately
program that conducts a Effective
seminar-workshop on
composting, recycling and
other projects on waste
management.
5. The barangay has an 13 12 8 17 2.42 Moderately
existing functional material Effective
recovery facility (MRF).
Composite Mean 2.74 Effective
The first part of the questionnaire, which focuses on assessing the
effectiveness of waste segregation, yielded the composite mean of 2.74, verbally
interpreted as effective.
According to the results of the questionnaire checklist, most residents
segregate their waste into biodegradable, non-biodegradable and hazardous

47
waste.
In an interview conducted by the researchers, some residents found waste
segregation as the main problem. They said that the management of wastes
must start at home. They further stated that some residents fail to comply to the
law and are unable or do not want to cooperate.
Furthermore, household sells resalable items, which constitutes to RA
9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, which pushes re-
use, recycling and reduction.
In an interview, some of the residents said that there is no group that
collects special waste for the recycling process. This waste segregation practice
yielded an average weighted mean of 2.8 with moderately effective verbal
interpretation.
Contradicting the statement made by Kgd. Cristobal 22 out of 50
respondents answered “low” when asked if there was a seminar workshop being
conducted and other projects currently in place. The same goes when asked if
there was an existing functional Material Recovery Facility (MRF). This means
that the respondents are not aware or misinformed of the activities in their
barangay, which means that there is no proper information dissemination
campaign in place.
48
B. The Level of Effectiveness of Waste Collection
Table 2: The Level of Effectiveness of Waste Collection

Rating Weighted
Waste Collection 4 3 2 1 Mean Description
1. The garbage collector 28 5 7 10 3.02 Effective

collects the household garbage
by schedule.
accepts or collects
unsegregated household
garbage.
further segregates the
collected household waste.
4. The garbage collector safely 20 12 10 8 2.88 Effective
brings the garbage straight to
the material recovery facility
(MRF).
5. The household participates 19 18 6 7 2.98 Effective
in the systematic garbage
collection.
The second part of the questionnaire, which focuses on assessing the
effectiveness of waste collection, as presented in the table above, can be viewed
to have garnered the highest composite mean (2.87). 28 respondents answered
“very high”, when asked if the garbage collector collects the household garbage
by schedule. While the results can be viewed to be effective, Kgd. Cristobal,
along with a number of residents still think that there is something lacking in the
implementation.
49
Moreover, lack of cooperation can be seen as a big problem towards the
effective implementation of the program. Some garbage collectors accept and
collect unsegregated garbage in exchange for loose change, according to Kgd.
Cristobal. This, according to him, teaches the residents to become dependent on
the garbage collector and hinders them to correctly segregate their waste.
C. The Level of Effectiveness of Waste Disposal
Table 3: The Level of Effectiveness of Waste Disposal

Rating Weighted
Waste Disposal 4 3 2 1 Mean Description
1. Every household has a 12 7 5 26 2.1 Moderately

compost pit for biodegradable Effective
materials.
2. Every household has a habit 26 7 10 7 3.04 Effective
of burying dead animals to
avoid airborne, disease-related
issues.
3. The waste materials from 15 9 18 8 2.62 Effective
the material recovery facility
are collected regularly by the
city garbage collector.
4. Liquid waste from 17 10 6 17 2.54 Effective
piggery/kitchen of all
households are disposed
passing the canal and river.
5. Every household disposes 17 9 13 11 2.64 Effective
used oil thru the sink, canal or
river.
50
Table 3 presents the level of effectiveness of waste disposal in Pag-asa,
and presents the third part of the questionnaire checklist. Waste disposal yielded
the composite mean of 2.59 with effective verbal interpretation. Not every
household practices composting, 26 out of 50 respondents answered ‘low’ when
asked this question. This can be gleamed as a big problem; because composting
plays a substantial role in source reduction and can have many positive effects in
the environment.
Meanwhile, when asked if the household has the habit of burying dead
animals, 26 out of 50 respondents answered ‘very high’. This garnered the
weighted mean of 3.04, verbally interpreted as effective. Though it is a given
that all have the responsibility as pet owners to bury their dead pets. The
protection of human health and the environment is everyone’s responsibility and
this is something that everyone must understand and participate in.
Furthermore, in a survey conducted by the researchers it showed that
most residents, especially in specific areas in Pag-asa, dispose their liquid waste
in the canal and river. Wastes from some of the piggeries and household directly
passes through the canal and river and emanates a very foul smell. This shows
that the management of waste here in Pag-asa is not properly monitored by the
barangay. Moreover, some residents were very specific about this problem and
showed their deep concern about the health and sanitation of the neighboring
residents.
51
D. The Level of Effectiveness of Recycling Process
Table 4: The Level of Effectiveness of Recycling Process

Rating Weighted
Recycling Process 4 3 2 1 Mean Description
1. There is a group that 18 15 9 8 2.86 Effective

recycles papers, plastics, etc.
2. The barangay encourages 15 10 17 8 2.64 Effective
unemployed residents to be
involved in recycling process.
3. There is a barangay project 13 15 10 12 2.58 Effective
that over-sees recycling
process among residents.
4. Seminar-workshops are 10 11 11 18 2.26 Moderately
conducted to enhance Effective
recycling process in the
barangay.
5. Recycled products are being 10 12 6 22 2.2 Moderately
sold on the barangay during Effective
fiestas and other events.
The fourth part of the questionnaire focused on assessing the
effectiveness of the recycling process of Pag-asa and yielded the composite
mean of 2.51. Based on the results it revealed that the respondents perceived
the recycling process to be effective.
When asked if there is a group that recycles papers, plastics or special
wastes; eighteen (18) out of fifty (50) respondents answered ‘very high’. The
barangay also encourages unemployed residents to be involved in the recycling
process according to the collected data.

52
Question four and five, yield the average weighted mean of 2.2 and 2.26,
both with moderately effective verbal interpretation. Eighteen (18) out of fifty
(50) respondents answered ‘low’, when asked if there was a seminar workshop
being conducted to enhance the recycling process of the barangay. And 22 out of
50 respondents answered ‘low’ when asked if recycled products are being sold on
the barangay during fiestas and other events.
The Level of Effectiveness of the Waste Management System in Pag-

asa
Table 5: The Level of Effectiveness of the Waste Management System by Aspects
Level of Effectiveness of the Composite Description

Waste Management System in Mean
terms of:
A. Waste Segregation 2.74 Effective
B. Waste Collection 2.87 Effective
C. Waste Disposal 2.51 Effective
D. Recycling Process 2.59 Effective
Table 5 shows the level of effectiveness of the existing waste management
system in terms of segregation, collection, recycling process and disposal. All
items yield from 2.51-2.87 composite mean and are interpreted verbally as
Effective.
As presented in the above tables, it can be viewed that waste collection
has the highest composite mean (2.87), followed by waste management (2.74),
waste disposal (2.59) and the recycling process (2.51) as last.

53
Part II: Suggestions and Recommendations
Based on the tabulated data, individual interviews and survey, it revealed
that there is a weak compliance in the law and there are still a lot of issues and
concerns that need to be addressed. These include the following: weak
enforcement of LGUs, weak compliance of stakeholders, weak information
dissemination campaign, lack of discipline and cooperation among residents,
disposal behavior of the waste generators, inefficient waste collection and the
lack of disposal facilities.
LGUs play a very important role as leaders and law enforcers of waste
management programs. Organizations on the other hand, refers to other
stakeholders, which includes NGOs, business sector and other public and private
organizations (schools and universities). The community (households) are also an
important stakeholder in the implementation of waste management programs.
The participation and non-participation of these sectors significantly affects the
success of these programs.
Zwiep and Dusk (1996) listed three conditions for public participation,
which include the following: the “access to information; the say in the decision
process; and the legal or administrative remedy to enforce access to information
and public participation, and enforce substantive rights” (Zwiep and Dusk 1996).
Thus, the researchers strongly suggest the promotion of strong information,
education and communication (IEC) campaigns through flyers, house to house

54
campaigns, information campaign parade, among others to encourage
participation among various stakeholders. Also, a positive transformation in the
attitudes and perceptions of the people towards proper solid waste management
is possible through information dissemination not only about hazards and risks of
improper disposal but at the same time the sharing of knowledge about the
advantages and benefits of applying proper waste segregation and disposal
methods (Atienza 2009).
Additionally, the researchers suggest that households and commercial
establishments segregate their waste properly and practice recycling; only a very
little amount of waste would be dumped in the disposal sites. This would be
because kitchen waste can be turned into compost and recyclable’s can be stored
in the barangay’s MRF for marketing or can be used as raw materials in the
production of recyclable products. In this way, it would not only reduce the
volume of waste dumped in disposal sites but it would also create an additional
source of income for the barangay and the community. Likewise, the researchers
suggest for the strict implementation of the ‘No Segregation, No Collection’
policy, by the strict compliance of both the residents and the garbage collectors
and the strict monitoring of the barangay.
A common concern among the respondents was the lack of garbage bin
available for visitors who pass by Pag-asa, the theory is that if the people sees
an available garbage bag/bin to throw in their garbage, they wouldn’t carelessly

55
throw it anywhere other than that specified location. For that reason the
researchers suggests the barangay to provide garbage bins in various areas in
Pag-asa, and the collaboration between organizations, such as schools and
universities with the barangay in order to solve the problem of improper disposal
of wastes.
Also, the inefficient collection of wastes was evident in certain areas in
Pag-asa. Some respondents regarded waste collection to be non-existent in their
areas. Similarly, when asked if they perceived the current waste management
system as effective some of them answered in the contrary. Some of the
respondents were not even familiar with the term MRF, and were ignorant about
the activities in their barangay. Thus, the researchers suggests the strict
monitoring of the management of wastes by the barangay. And as mentioned in
the earlier discussion, the researchers push for the enforcement of strong
information, education and communication (IEC) campaigns.
Furthermore, the construction of MRF in Pag-asa, the strict
implementation of waste segregation at source, the inclusion of other market-
based policy instruments such as the incentive rebates program and other
innovative approaches to facilitate waste collection must be properly
implemented in Brgy. Rawis, especially in Pag-asa.

56
Notes
Atienza, Vella.2009.”Environmental Governance: In search of Sound Waste
Management Strategies,”Ph.D.thesis, Graduate School of Asia Pacific
Studies Doctoral Program, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University.
Zwiep, Karel Van Der and Jiri Dusk. 1996. “Part 1: Chapter 5 – Public
participation in the transboundary context,” in Regional Environmental
Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC). Manual on Public
Participation in Environmental Decision-making: Beyond Boundaries
57
Chapter 5
Summary, Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations
This chapter presents the summary, findings, conclusions and
recommendations formed by the researchers.
Summary
This study determined the waste management system of Pag-asa, Rawis,
Legazpi City and assessed its level of effectiveness in terms of: segregation,
collection, recycling process and disposal. This study cited suggestions and
recommendations to further improve the waste management system of Pag-asa.
This study focused on the present waste management system
implemented and used the residents of Pag-asa as the respondents. 50
respondents were chosen randomly and purposively.
The result of this study may benefit the following: the officials of
Barangay Rawis, the residents, other barangays, students and future
researchers. Moreover, this could serve as a baseline to have a deeper
understanding about waste management, especially to the officials of the
barangay, who can construct programs based on the findings of this study.
The study used the descriptive method of research. The descriptive
research is also known as statistical research that describes data.

58
The data was obtained from the respondent’s answer in the Likert scale
questionnaire, a self-structured checklist drawn out on the Theory of Waste
Management. The ratings were statistically analyzed in order to determine the
level of effectiveness of the waste management system, and to draw
recommendations based on those findings.
Findings of the Study
The results of this study showed that the ‘No Segregation, No Collection
Policy’ is implemented but not strictly followed. Waste that is supposed to be
segregated at the source is collected by some garbage collectors, unsegregated,
in exchange for loose change. Pag-asa currently adopts the ‘block collection’
system in the collection of waste, the collector sounds an alarm and waits at
specified locations for residents to bring waste to the collection vehicle (push-
cart).
In this study, it was found out that the Waste Management System is
effective in terms of segregation, collection, recycling process and disposal as
perceived by the respondents. Moreover, it revealed that the respondents found
the waste collection to be the most effective, with the composite mean of 2.87.
Followed by waste segregation (2.74), waste disposal (2.59) and recycling
process (2.51).
59
Based on the review of the current waste management system in Pag-asa
and the status of compliance, it shows that law enforcers alone cannot solve the
problem of waste. The strict implementation of policies is an important element
in dealing with the different issues and concerns in the management of wastes.
However, it also shows that though policies are an important element in the
planning and operation of waste management programs. These plans and
policies will not be implemented successfully without the application of good
governance that would promote participation of the different stakeholders. In
addition, the lack or weak compliance from waste management policies proves
that no policy can be effectively enforced without considering issues such as the
social aspects.
The promotion of awareness campaigns in bringing the right information
to the people to make them understand what the policies are all about is very
important.
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the researchers have drawn the following
conclusions:
60
Pag-asa loosely adopts the No Segregation, No Collection Policy, there is
still a need to push for its strict implementation. Pag-asa currently uses the block
collection system in the collection of waste.
The Waste Management System is effective in terms of segregation,
collection, disposal and recycling process as perceived by the respondents.
The extent of the problems of waste management is beyond the capability
of the government alone. The application of good governance through
participation of various stakeholders and strong awareness campaigns are
necessary to achieve a sound waste management system in Pag-asa.
Recommendations
Based on the Findings and Conclusions of this study, the
researchers have come up with the following recommendations:
1. A similar study may be conducted utilizing a bigger number of
respondents who are randomly selected, to further validate or
strengthen the findings of the study.
2. It is recommended that the implementation of proper waste
disposal, collection, recycling process and segregation of waste
may strictly be implemented and monitored in Pag-asa.
3. Disciplinary actions/ sanctions may be given to those who violate
the rules and regulations of waste management.

61
4. Future researchers may conduct a similar study using different
variables.
5. Barangay officials may conduct regular assessments and evaluation
on the programs supporting Waste Management.
6. Seminars may be conducted to strengthen their understanding on
waste and waste management and to further educate them with
effective waste management practices that were already proven to
be effective.
7. Future researchers may conduct a study founded on the Theory of
Planned Behavior in order to understand the behavior and
motivations of people who reside in the community when it comes
to intentions for recycling and factors associated with it, etc.
8. The local government in cooperation with the private sectors and
non-government organizations should conduct an elaborate
information campaign on proper solid waste management.
9. Waste must be properly and adequately collected; waste must be
properly sorted and processed.

62
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Retrieved September 5, 2012, from
http://-www.mb.com.ph/
Ballados, M. T. (2010). Assessing the Solid Waste Management Practices in

Bacolod City,Philippines. Legazpi City, Philippines.
Chandra, Y. I., & Devi, N. (2009). Studies on Municipal Solid Waste Management
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Saley, J. B. (August 24, 2012).Sadanga enacts on Solid Waste

Management. Baguio: Sun.Star Baguio.
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10.1196/-annals.1454.016. PubMed PMID: 18991942.
Evolving the Theory of Waste Management-Implicati-ons to waste minimization

Retrieved August 1, 2017
https://-www.researchgate.net/-publication/-229015605_Evolving_th-e_T
heory_of_Waste_Ma-nagement-Implication-s_to_waste_minimizat-ion
[accessed Aug 21, 2017]
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Waste Management and Waste Disposal

fromhttp://www.conserve-energy-future.com/waste-management-and-
waste-disposal-methods.php
Published and Unpublished Thesis

Atienza, Vella.2009.”Environmental Governance: In search of Sound Waste
Management Strategies,”Ph.D.thesis, Graduate School of Asia Pacific
Studies Doctoral Program, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University.
Zwiep, Karel Van Der and Jiri Dusk. 1996. “Part 1: Chapter 5 – Public
participation in the transboundary context,” in Regional Environmental
Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC). Manual on Public
Participation in Environmental Decision-making: Beyond Boundary
64
Appendices
Appendix A Certificate of Validation of Research Instrument
Region V (Bicol)
Rawis, Legazpi City
________________________________________________________________
Certification of Validation
Title of Research Questionnaire: The Level of Effectiveness of the Waste
Research Representatives: Angela Grace R. Dave & Philip Jones G. Brozo
Date of Validation:
Action Taken:
Approved for Utilization
Disapproved
Other: (please specify):
___________________________________________
Suggestion/ Recommendation:
(Sgd.)Minerva P. Antang
English Teacher
65

Region V (Bicol)
Rawis, Legazpi City
________________________________________________________________
Title of Research Questionnaire:The Level of Effectiveness of the Waste
Research Representative: Angela Grace R. Dave & Philip Jones G. Brozo
Date of Validation:
Action Taken:
Disapproved
___________________________________________
(Sgd.) Carl Andrie A. Espinosa

Research Adviser
66

Region V (Bicol)
Rawis, Legazpi City
________________________________________________________________
Title of Research Questionnaire: The Level of Effectiveness of the Waste
Research Representative: Angela Grace R. Dave & Philip Jones G. Brozo
Date of Validation:
Action Taken:
Disapproved
___________________________________________
(Sgd.) Roger A. Abitria IV

English Teacher
67
The Level of Effectiveness of the Waste Management System in Pag-

asa, Rawis, Legazpi City
Dear Respondents,
The researchers would like to determine the effectiveness of the waste
management system in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City in terms of segregation,
collection, recycling and disposal. We are confident that you are the right person
who will help us toward this matter. We would like to get your honest answer for
us to gather reliable data. Rest assured that all information will be handled with
utmost confidentiality.
Thank you and God bless.
The Researchers
Name: (optional)
Age: Gender: Civil Status: _ Single _Married _Widow
Year of Residency:
Part I: The Level of Effectiveness of Waste Management
4-Very High 3-High 2-Moderate 1-Low
Indicators
Waste Segregation 4 3 2 1
1. Household segregates waste into biodegradable,
non-biodegradable and hazardous waste.
2. Household sells resalable items like plastic,
bottles, paper and metals.
3. There is a group that collects waste materials like
paper, plastics, etc. for recycling process.
4. There is a barangay program that conducts a
seminar-workshop on composting, recycling and
other projects on waste management.
5. The barangay has an existing functional material
Indicators
Waste Collection 4 3 2 1
1. The garbage collector collects the household
garbage by schedule.
2. The garbage collector accepts or collects
unsegregated household garbage.
3. The garbage collector further segregates the
collected household waste.
4. The garbage collector safely brings the garbage
straight to the material recovery facility (MRF).
5. The household participates in the systematic
garbage collection.
68
Indicators
Waste Disposal 4 3 2 1
1. Every household has a compost pit for
biodegradable materials.
2. Every household has a habit of burying dead
animals to avoid airborne, disease-related issues.
3. The waste materials from the material recovery
facility are collected regularly by the city garbage
collector.
4. Liquid waste from piggery/kitchen of all
households are disposed passing the canal and river.
5. Every household disposes used oil thru the sink,
canal or river.
Indicators
Recycling Process 4 3 2 1
1. There is a group that recycles papers, plastics,
etc.
2. The barangay encourages unemployed residents
to be involved in recycling process.
3. There is a barangay project that over-sees
recycling process among residents.
4. Seminar-workshops are conducted to enhance
recycling process in the barangay.
5. Recycled products are being sold on the barangay
during fiestas and other events.
69
Part II: Insights and Suggestions

1. What problems in waste management can you see in your area?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. Do you perceive the current waste management system here as effective?
Why? Why not?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
3. What suggestions and recommendations can you give to further improve
the waste management system of Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
I CERTIFY THAT THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN ARE TRUE AND
CORRECT TO THE BEST OF MY KNOWLEDGE.
Signature ______________
Date __________________
70
Appendix C Letter of Permission to Conduct the Study

Region V (Bicol)

Rawis, Legazpi City
September 11, 2017
Joel Orosco
Barangay Captain
Rawis, Legazpi City
Sir,
We, the students of Grade 12 GAS B of the PNHS Senior High School Department are
currently conducting the data gathering for our study entitled, “The Level of Effectiveness of
the Waste Management System in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City.”
In this regard, may we ask permission from your good office to allow us to distribute
the research questionnaires to 50 residents of Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City as respondents.
Rest assured that the gathered data will be held confidential and strictly for academic
purpose only.
Very truly yours,
(Sgd.) ANGELA GRACE R. DAVE

Group Leader
NOTED:
(Sgd.) CARL ANDRIE A. ESPINOSA

Research Adviser
(Sgd.) JOLAN B. TORRES

Assistant Principal, SHS
APPROVED:
(Sgd.) JOEL OROSCO
Barangay Captain
71
Appendix D
The tables below shows the summary of results of the level of
effectiveness of the waste management system in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City
in terms of waste segregation, waste collection, recycling process and waste
disposal.
Table 6
Summary of Results on the Level of Effectiveness of Waste Segregation
Rating Total Weighted
Waste Segregation 4 3 2 1 Mean Description
1. Household segregates 25 15 7 3 162 3.24 Effective

waste into biodegradable,
non-biodegradable and
hazardous waste.
2. Household sells 27 10 7 6 158 3.16 Effective
resalable items like plastic,
bottles, paper and metals.
3. There is a group that 20 10 10 10 140 2.8 Moderately
collects waste materials Effective
like paper, plastics, etc. for
recycling process.
4. There is a barangay 10 6 12 22 104 2.08 Moderately
program that conducts a Effective
seminar-workshop on
composting, recycling and
other projects on waste
management.
5. The barangay has an 13 12 8 17 121 2.42 Moderately
existing functional Effective
material recovery facility
(MRF).
Legend:
3.51-4.50-Very Effective 1.51-2.50-Moderately Effective
2.51-3.50-Effective 1.00-1.50-Not Effective
72
Table 7
Summary of Results on the Level of Effectiveness of Waste Collection

Waste Collection 4 3 2 1 Mean Description
1. The garbage collector 28 5 7 10 151 3.02 Effective
collects the household
garbage by schedule.
accepts or collects
unsegregated household
garbage.
further segregates the
collected household
waste.
safely brings the garbage
straight to the material
5. The household 19 18 6 7 149 2.98 Effective
participates in the
systematic garbage
collection.
Legend:
73
Table 8
Summary of Results on the Level of Effectiveness of Waste Disposal

Waste Disposal 4 3 2 1 Mean Description
1. Every household has a 12 7 5 26 105 2.1 Moderately
compost pit for Effective
biodegradable materials.
2. Every household has a 26 7 10 7 152 3.04 Effective
habit of burying dead
animals to avoid airborne,
disease-related issues.
3. The waste materials 15 9 18 8 131 2.62 Effective
from the material
recovery facility are
collected regularly by the
city garbage collector.
4. Liquid waste from 17 10 6 17 127 2.54 Effective
piggery/kitchen of all
households are disposed
passing the canal and
river.
5. Every household 17 9 13 11 132 2.64 Effective
disposes used oil thru the
sink, canal or river.
Legend:
74
Table 9
Summary of Results on the Level of Effectiveness of Recycling Process

Recycling Process 4 3 2 1 Mean Description
1. There is a group that 18 15 9 8 143 2.86 Effective
recycles papers, plastics,
etc.
2. The barangay 15 10 17 8 132 2.64 Effective
encourages unemployed
residents to be involved
in recycling process.
3. There is a barangay 13 15 10 12 129 2.58 Effective
project that over-sees
recycling process among
residents.
4. Seminar-workshops 10 11 11 18 113 2.26 Moderately
are conducted to enhance Effective
recycling process in the
barangay.
5. Recycled products are 10 12 6 22 11O 2.2 Moderately
being sold on the Effective
barangay during fiestas
and other events.
Legend:
75
Table 10
Summary of Results of the Level of Effectiveness of the Waste
Level of Effectiveness of the Composite Description
Waste Management System in Mean
terms of:
Waste Segregation 2.74 Effective
Waste Collection 2.87 Effective
Recycling Process 2.59 Effective
Waste Disposal 2.51 Effective
Legend:

76
Appendix E
Raw Data of the Level of Effectiveness of the Waste Management

System in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City
No. of Waste Waste Waste Recycling

respondents Segregation Collection Disposal Process
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
1 3 2 3 3 3 4 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 4
2 3 2 3 1 4 3 2 3 1 4 4 2 3 4 2 3 2 4 3 2
3 4 3 2 1 4 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 4 3 3 2
4 4 4 4 4 1 4 1 1 4 1 1 4 2 4 4 2 4 1 1 1
5 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 2 2 2 2 2
6 4 4 3 3 3 4 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 2 3 3 4 4 2
7 2 4 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 3 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 1
8 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 1 1 4 3 4 1
9 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 3
10 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 4 2 1 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 4
11 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 4 1 4 3 1 4 4 4 3 1 1
12 4 4 4 1 2 1 4 2 2 4 4 4 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 1
13 3 4 3 2 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 1 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 3
14 3 4 4 2 2 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 3
15 4 1 2 1 4 4 4 1 2 4 1 1 2 1 1 4 4 4 4 1
16 4 2 3 1 3 3 4 3 3 1 3 4 4 4 3 4 2 3 1 3
17 3 3 4 2 2 4 1 3 4 3 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 4 1 4
18 3 4 3 3 2 3 2 4 4 3 1 3 3 4 2 3 3 4 4 4
19 4 4 1 1 1 4 1 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 2 2 1 1 1
20 3 3 4 2 3 4 4 3 3 4 4 1 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
21 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
22 4 4 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1
23 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 1 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
24 4 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1
25 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 1 4 1 1 4 4 4 4 1 1
77
26 4 4 4 1 4 4 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1
27 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 1 4 1 1 4
28 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
29 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 1 4 4 1 1 4 4 4 4 4
30 4 2 4 1 1 4 4 4 4 1 1 4 2 1 4 2 2 1 3 1
31 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
32 4 1 4 3 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 4 3 3 1 1
33 3 4 4 3 2 4 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 4 3 3 3
34 3 3 2 2 3 4 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 4 3 3 2
35 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 4 1 1 1 1
36 4 1 1 1 2 1 4 2 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 3 2 4 1 1
37 2 4 4 4 3 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 4
38 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 1
39 4 4 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
40 4 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
41 2 3 3 3 2 3 4 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 3
42 4 3 3 1 2 2 3 4 3 3 4 3 2 5 2 4 3 1 3 1
43 3 2 1 4 3 1 4 3 1 3 2 3 2 2 4 3 2 1 2 3
44 4 3 3 3 2 1 3 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 2 1
45 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 2 1 2 1
46 4 3 2 2 2 4 1 2 4 4 3 2 2 1 3 3 1 2 1 2
47 2 3 2 1 3 4 2 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 1 3 2 1 1
48 4 4 4 2 1 3 2 3 2 1 3 2 3 3 2 1 3 3 1 3
49 4 4 2 3 1 3 2 2 4 4 3 3 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 2
50 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 2 1 3 2 2 1 4 3 1 4 3 2 1
78
DOCUMENTATION
79
80
81
82
83
Curriculum Vitae
PERSONAL DATA
Name : ANGELA GRACE R. DAVE
Age : 18
Civil Status : Single
Gender : Female
Date of Birth : November 6, 1999
Address : Oroland Subd. Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City
Father : Rolando Q. Dave
Mother : Rosalie G. Regala
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary : GOGON CENTRAL SCHOOL
Year Graduated : 2012
Junior High School : PAG-ASA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Senior High School : PAG-ASA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Course : General Academic Strand
2016-Present
84
Curriculum Vitae
PERSONAL DATA
Name : ANN JESSAMINE P. BARIZO
Age : 17
Gender : Female
Date of Birth : April 21, 2000
Address : Rawis, Legazpi City
Father : Antonio Barizo
Mother : Minerva Barizo
Elementary : RAWIS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL


2016-Present
85
Curriculum Vitae
PERSONAL DATA
Name : ANA A. CHUA
Age : 18
Gender : Female
Date of Birth : August 27, 1999
Address : P-2 Rawis Legazpi City
Father : Ramon B. Chua
Mother : Josephine A. Chua
Elementary : GOGON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL


2016-Present
86
Curriculum Vitae
PERSONAL DATA
Name : PHILIP JONES G. BROZO
Age : 19
Gender : Male
Date of Birth : October 01, 1998
Address : Purok 6, Bagong Pook, Rawis, Legazpi City
Father : Rodolfo Brozo
Mother : Emma Brozo
Elementary : TINOCAWAN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL


2016-Present

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1

THE LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS OF THE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

IN PAG-ASA, RAWIS, LEGAZPI CITY

Presented to the Senior High School Faculty of

Pag-asa National High School

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion

Angela Grace R. Dave

Ann Jessamine P. Barizo

Philip Jones G. Brozo

Republic of the Philippines

The Senior High School Project entitled, The Level of Effectiveness of

the Waste Management System in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City,

prepared and submitted by Angela Grace R. Dave, Ann Jessamine P. Barizo

Philip Jones G. Brozo and Ana A. Chua in partial fulfilment of the

requirements in Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion, is hereby

recommended for oral defense.

Republic of the Philippines

RESEARCH COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATION

The Senior High School Project entitled, The Level of Effectiveness of

the Waste Management System in Pag-asa, Rawis, Leagazpi City

prepared and submitted by Angela Grace R. Dave, Ann Jessamine P. Barizo

Philip Jones G. Brozo and Ana A. Chua in partial fulfillment of the

requirements in Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion, has been

examined and is hereby recommended for oral defense.

ALLAN L. TAN BERNARD D. CRUZ

Republic of the Philippines

The Senior High School Project entitled The Level of Effectiveness of

the Waste Management System in Pag-asa, Rawis, Leagazpi City

prepared and submitted by Angela Grace R. Dave, Ann Jessamine P. Barizo

Philip Jones G. Brozo and Ana A. Chua in partial fulfilment of the

requirements in Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion, has been

successfully defended in an oral examination held at Pag-asa National High

School on March 2, 2018.

RESULT OF THE ORAL EXAMINATION

Panel of Examiners Action Taken

JESON D. BALINGBING ____________________

ALLAN L. TAN ____________________

BERNARD D. CRUZ ____________________

Republic of the Philippines

CERTIFICATION FOR RESEARCH EDITING

The Senior High School Project entitled The Level of Effectiveness of

the Waste Management System in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City

prepared and submitted by Angela Grace R. Dave, Ann Jessamine P. Barizo

Philip Jones G. Brozo and Ana A. Chua in partial fulfilment of the

requirements in Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion, has been edited

Republic of the Philippines

The Senior High School Project entitled The Level of Effectiveness of

the Waste Management System in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City

prepared and submitted by Angela Grace R. Dave, Ann Jessamine P. Barizo

Philip Jones G. Brozo and Ana A. Chua in partial fulfilment of the

requirements in Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion, has been

reviewed by the undersigned and is recommended for final oral defense.

It is further certified that the undersigned has supervised the pre-editing

Republic of the Philippines

The Senior High School Project entitled The Level of Effectiveness of

the Waste Management System in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City

prepared and submitted by Angela Grace R. Dave, Ann Jessamine P. Barizo

Philip Jones G. Brozo and Ana A. Chua successfully defended in an oral

examination on March 2, 2018 is hereby accepted and approved in partial

fulfillment of the requirements in Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion.

(Sgd.) JEREMY ATUN CRUZ

Research Title: THE LEVEL OF EFFECTIVENESS OF THE WASTE