UPCYCLED PAPER AS AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL FOR

WOOD IN CONSTRUCTING TABLES

A High School Thesis Presented to

the Faculty of the High School Department of
Our Lady of Peace School,
Antipolo City

___________________________________________________________

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

in Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion

by:

MARIGONDON, PAMELA BURAWIS

SAN JUAN, RENEE LORICE ARZAGA
SURAIT, EIRENE VERZOSA

FEBRUARY 2020

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Construction requires of large nonrenewable materials. However, nonrenewable

materials are not as prominent as before and are limited. That is why; some buildings in

the past decades have followed the concept of “green building”. According to Robert H.
Falk (2010), Green building is the practice of increasing the efficiency with which

buildings use resources while reducing building impacts on human health and the

environment. The public have become aware of the drastic changes the world has been

facing. Wood has a huge role on green building. It is a renewable building material that

can contribute to sustainable development goals. (Franzini, Toivonen, & Toppinen,

2018). Wood is considered important because it is available and has many numerous

characteristics that has a possible impact in the environment, this includes: low

embodied energy, low carbon impact, and sustainability. (Falk, 2010). Wood is
irrefutably significant to people’s daily lives. But with the problem of deforestation and

illegal logging, the vast sources of wood have been put to danger.

Deforestation is one of the contributors of greenhouse gas emissions by

approximately 12%. This is because when the trees are cut down, CO2 escapes from

wood and leaves and goes into the atmosphere. The Union of Concerned Scientists

points out that “wood products,” including paper, account for about 10% of total

deforestation (Matthew, 2016).

Paper is a pliable substance made usually of vegetable matter. It has become a

vital part of the society because of its many purposes. Paper can be used in different

fields: agriculture, building, business, communication, education, electrical,

entertainment, filtration, medical and political. It is something that serves several

purposes, like writing, printing, packaging, communication, advertising and the likes.

That is why; paper manufacturing is listed as one of a country’s most important

industries (Padmanabha, 2016). Paper is important and is seen mostly anywhere, at

home, in schools, at work, in different establishments, even on the streets. It is used for

books, cartons, magazines, daily newspaper, tickets, tissue paper, notebooks, etc. As it

is used for many things, the demand for paper is just as great. However, at times paper

can only be used once. For example, the daily newspaper, it can’t be used for the next

day because the information will be inaccurate. There are many examples to this
disposable paper, like tissue paper, flyers, packaging, receipts, etc. This result to some

issues currently faced by the world today: deforestation and pollution.

Around 26% of solid waste that is found in dumping sites is discarded paper.

Pulp and paper mills are also contributors to water, land and air pollution. The paper

industry also uses a lot of water to produce a volume of products. The industries

emissions include nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and carbon dioxide. Nitrogen and sulfur

dioxide are contributors in acid rain, and carbon dioxide is a known greenhouse gas.

(Shisia, 2018).
Upcycling is one of the solutions that many people have considered. It is not yet

studied by many but is promising and environmentally sustainable. Upcycling can

contribute to lessening the waste and greenhouse emissions. Yet promising,

environmentally sustainable behaviors that has the potential to contribute to the

reduction of waste and greenhouse gas emissions. It is an alternative to the current

linear economy of “take–make–use–dispose” (Sung, 2017). Paper can be used to

create many things that can be used daily. An example of products from recycled paper

would be the “newspaper wood”. This was invented in 2003 by three Dutch designers,

namely: Mieke Meijer, Arjan van Raadshooven and Anieke Branderhorst. It was

originally Mieke Meijer’s idea, to reverse the paper-making process and instead make

wood from paper waste. It is beneficial to many, the environment and the people. It

helps reduce the paper waste and even makes wood that can be used for construction

of furniture.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study analyzes and determines if upcycled paper is an alternative

wood for crafting tables.

The respondent/s would be asked by the researchers to use the product and

would be given a questionnaire to help differentiate the quality of the upcycled paper
with the average wood that is being used in crafting tables.

Specifically, this study sought answers to the following questions:

1. How is the table made out of upcycled paper made?

2. Is there a difference between the performance of the upcycled paper and

the normal wood as a table?

3. Is the upcycled paper an effective alternative for wood in terms of the

following?

3.1 cost
3.2 accessibility

3.3 stability

Hypothesis

Throughout the study, the hypotheses will be tested to prove its point.

Ho: Upcycled paper is not an effective alternative wood in constructing tables.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study is to know if the wood made out of paper is as

durable and if it is an effective substitute to real wood. The study aims to help reduce

the pollution and to make use of the segregation of paper in Our Lady of Peace School.

Since the school encourages students to segregate their trash, including paper, it will

help in lessening the contribution to pollution. The study also aims to make this method

known to the public, for the people to be encouraged to also take part of upcycling. This

study will help in making renewable wood which is a big part of construction. The wood

made out of paper is affordable and can be made by anyone so it will help in

constructing things that may be needed at home. In this case, these following field will

benefit from this study:

Students

The study will provide additional information if the upcycled paper is an effective

alternative for wood, and also the students will find out that the product possesses some

similar characteristics of the normal table and the upcycled table.

Academe

This study will help the school help in the school’s environment. Since the wood

is made out of paper, the amount of paper wasted will be lessened. The school will be
able to participate in recycling the paper in order to avoid pollution. The paper wood is

affordable since it is sustainable and comes from the used paper. If the paper wood is

proven durable, then it can be used to create more things that can be useful to the

school.

Environment

The product in this study will help the environment because it encourages the

upcycling of paper. The process of making paper, and paper itself contributes many

problems faced by the world today. That's why it is necessary for it to be used wisely.

With the use of paper wood, not only will be the discarded paper lessened but the

usage of wood will also be lessened. This will help the forests in the world where the

people cut down trees for wood products.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

This study focuses on determining if the upcycled paper can be an alternative for

a wood as a material for crafting tables. It is limited to gathering data about the table’s

cost, accessibility, and stability. It is also to find out the paper wood’s advantages and

disadvantages, how it will help to the environment and to the people. The study will
determine if the table is fit for use.

This study will have experts’ judgement, experts such as engineers. The data

gathering will only be exclusive for these participants to be able to find out the

effectiveness of the upcycled paper as an alternative for wood. This study is conducted

in Our Lady of Peace School for the S.Y. 2019-2020.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

For better understanding of the study, the following terms are defined

conceptually.

Cost – it is the amount of the product purchased as per the standard retail price

Deforestation - is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land which is then

converted to a non-forest use.

Greenhouse gas emissions – is the emission into the earth's atmosphere of any of

various gases, especially carbon dioxide, that contribute to the greenhouse effect.

Illegal logging - is the harvesting of wood that is in violation of national regulations.

Non-renewable materials - is a natural substance that is not replenished with the

speed at which it is consumed.

Paper - material manufactured in thin sheets from the pulp of wood or other fibrous

substances, used for writing, drawing, or printing on, or as wrapping material.

Pollution - is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes

adverse change.

Stability – is a characteristic of an object that is characterized through its toughness

and sturdiness.

Upcycle - to make new furniture, objects, etc. out of old or used things or waste

material
Wood – the hard substance that makes up the stems and branches of trees and shrub.

Wood pulp - wood fiber reduced chemically or mechanically to pulp and used in the

manufacture of paper.

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The numerous studies and articles on the notion that upcycled paper can be an

alternative for wood in crafting tables have given the researchers sufficient knowledge
to start working on the topic. The succeeding section will present a concise review

which is thematically discussed in the following order: Republic Act 9003, Upcycling,

upcycled paper, furniture, wood, alternative for wood, paper as alternative, and table.

Republic Act 9003

The republic act 9003 from January 26, 2001 is an act about providing an

ecological solid waste management program, creating necessary institutional

mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties,

appropriating funds therefor. It is known as the “Ecological Solid Waste Management

Act of 2000.” The state is to adopt a solid waste management program. It ensures the

protection of public health and the environment, and ensures the proper segregation,

collection, transport, storage, treatment, and disposal of solid waste.

(https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2001/ra_9003_2001.html). It is encouraged

to segregate so that the things that can be reused and recycled can be easily found.

Paper is considered as solid waste and a reusable material. And one way to reuse

paper is to upcycle it.

Upcycling

"Upcycling" is different from the term "recycling" because it uses less energy to
come up with a new product. This term is more likely to be associated with "reuse", this

is due to the sustainability of its value throughout the process. (Basbas 2008).

As stated by Wegener and Aakjær (2016), the word “upcycling” was created by

McDonough and Braungart, stated in their book, Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the way

we make things. The primary focus of upcycling is to reduce waste in a way that

something valuable will be produced. The starting point of this movement is rethinking

about the waste. Upcycling refutes the argument that things that has been used and is

no waste have no value in it. Upcycling is said to be a mind-set, a practice concerned

with the lifecycle of things. Upcycling an object may have improved its state, but it is the

process of rehabilitation and the process of re-valuing waste that is important. Thus,

upcycling is rethinking the past in order to pave way to a desired future.

Upcycled paper

Upcycled paper is used to manufacture new products that can be useful and

functional into the society. The study conducted upon upcycling paper shows us that all

of the products made were conceptually useful. However, in the study conducted, there

are two products that did not undergo the process of testing and raised the issue of

durability among the products made. The research conducted is an effect of the mass

consumption of paper in the Philippines. With this, Former President Ferdinand Marcos

declared the Presidential Decree No, 1152, Section 29, also known as the Measures for

Rational Exploitation of Forest Resources, which states that the people of the

Philippines must conserve and develop the threatened all plant species. With this, they

must come up with an eco-friendly manufacturing of the product as its alternative.

(Basbas, 2008)

Manufacturing eco-friendly products. Manufacturers must understand the

environmental impacts of their works in order to control or reduce them. With this, they

are guaranteed to promote a safe and an eco-friendly products to be distributed to its

consumers. In this study, the wood works are dominant due to its characteristic of being

a renewable resource that is available everywhere. (Puettmann & Wilson,2004)

Furniture

Furniture is defined as the general name given to somewhat large movable

items. These items provide people ease and comfort in doing everyday deeds such as

sitting, eating, working, etc. There are different furniture that can be used in different

activities. Furniture can be classified based on their function, area they are used,
structure, purpose, styles, materials and top surface treatment . Recently, furniture are

not only produced from wood but also from composite materials, metal components,

plastic pieces, upholstery materials (textiles, leather etc.) and other complementary

materials (glass, screws, springs etc.). (Kaygin and Demir, 2017).Since furniture are

made for the use of people, it should be safe and durable enough.

Furniture tests. There are different tests used to determine if the furniture is

usable. These tests evaluate the strength, durability and stability of the object. It is done

by applying loads and simulating the normal functional use and acceptable misuse

following the tests’ standards. Test standards used for testing tables are the BS EN

1730: 2000 (Test methods for determination of strength, durability and stability) and the

BS 4875-5:2001 (Strength and stability of furniture. Requirements for strength, durability

and stability of tables and trolleys for domestic and contract use).

(http://www.fprdi.dost.gov.ph/index.php/testing-services/furniture-tests)

Wood

Wood has been abundant and has unique characteristics that made it possible to

be used as an engineering material to construct structures, furniture, tools, vehicles,

and decorative objects. It was believed that wood from the trees that grow in certain

conditions was stronger and more durable. Modern researches have proven that
location and growth conditions have a significant effect to the wood’s properties.

(Wiemann, 2010). Though wood is considered as a constructing material, there are

some disadvantages when using wood.

Disadvantages of Using Wood for Furniture Making.

Wood is a natural material, coming from trees. This can be a drawback,

especially in constructing furniture. Since wood is once a tree, some creatures will still
consider it as food. Such creatures are called wood-destroying pests, namely: termites,

powderpost beetles, carpenter ants, and carpenter bees. These insects, even their

larvae can damage wooden objects easily. In addition to this, natural wood is also

sensitive to environmental conditions. When wooden furniture is exposed directly to

strong sunlight, heat or other extreme conditions, it is possible for it to split. Also, the

wood can become vulnerable to fungi and wet rot when exposed to moist conditions. It

can also warp because of temperature variations and humidity, and wood can be burnt.

Because of such disadvantages, some people have found and used alternatives.

Alternatives for Wood.

Artificial Wood. There are alternative options for natural wood, these include

wood-based artificial materials known as engineered wood. There are three basic kinds

of artificial wood. Plywood is a material made of thin slices of lumber glued together

under high pressure. It is durable, strong but pliable. Another engineered wood is the

fiberboard, which is composed of fibers of wood glued together under pressure.

Chipboard is also engineered wood, made of wood chips. Medium density fiberboard is

made from powdered wood and is commonly used among the types of fiberboards.

These artificial wood-based materials are advantageous but since these are still made
from wood, these are pretty porous and damageable.

Wood-plastic composites. A new composite material can also be used as an

alternative for wood. They are made of wood fiber or wood flour mixed with

thermoplastics: polyethylene, polypropylene, or polyvinyl chloride. Wood-plastic

composites are resistant to rot and decay but can still absorb water in the wood fibers.

They can be molded into any shape which gives a variety of their application. Wood-

plastic composites are occasionally used to make indoor furniture, or outdoor deck

floors, fences, railings, park benches, landscaping timbers, window and door frames.
Environment friendly options. The first one is hemp; it is a sustainable crop

that grows quickly. A hemp-based medium density fiberboard was said to be twice as

strong as wood was found by the Washington State University. Bamboo is also a non-

wood material that has been an alternative for wood, mostly a flooring option. Soy, cork,

cardboard, and straw are also considered alternatives for wood but for construction of

furniture (Graham n.d.). Maderon is also an alternative, it is made of crushed nutshells

which are ground into a paste and mixed with resin.

Non-wood Materials. Plastic is a non-wood material that is used by many

furniture designers. It is flexible, workable, water-resistant and lightweight making it a

perfect material both for indoor and outdoor furniture. Engineered stone, or

agglomerated stone is made of crushed stone mixed and bound by an adhesive

substance. It is durable, hard, oil and dirt resistant, fireproof and lightweight. Metals are

also used in furniture making. It is durable, doesn’t need much care, and can last up to

30 years. ( https://www.bellavistacollection.com/non-wood-materials-furniture/)

Paper as alternative

According to Petutschnigg and Ebner (2007), the lightweight papers are

turned into panels and tubes in order to establish and build a new product, such as

furniture, and are tested for its suitability for the proposed product. The initial results for
the testing was a success and found out that conventional paper panels and paper

tubes are suitable in constructing lightweight furniture. However, this product's bending

strength is too low as per the standard furniture. It can be improved by adding more

adhesive and if it is properly compressed. Furthermore, the product met the consumers'

standards among its sustainability and efficiency. The researchers have determined that

specific adaptations are needed to configure the product more and it can be improved

more with the use of these adaptations. The results of this study is substantial to the

field of Architecture and Engineering because this can be a basis in constructing,

developing, and designing a similar material.

Table

Tables are considered a basic piece of household furniture. Most, if not all,

houses have tables. It has a flat top that is supported either by a set of legs, pillars or

trestles. Tables can either be a fixed or mechanical table. A fixed table, from the word

“fixed” itself, has a top that does not move in any way, while a mechanical table have

tops or legs that move, fold, or reconfigured. Tables are commonly divided by criteria,

the material of which they are made from, the purpose why it is constructed, the form

they take, and the style. And style has been an important part of a table, especially now

with the advance technology.

Raw Materials. The materials used for creating a table vary. These may include

water-resistant glue formulated from polyvinyl acetate, screws, and wood. Some other

materials other than wood can also be used.

Design. Decoration and configuration of tables are important. Design is the form

of the table, its physical qualities and functionality. It may be through paint which can be

seen at any part of the table. The shape of the tables’ top and legs determines the style

and design and can be created by specialized machine. The manufacturers keep their

eye on current styles for the target market.

 The Manufacturing Process. The process starts with obtaining the wood. The

wood is cut to predetermined lengths, then cut to shorter lengths using a power saw. It

is important to take note of the temperature because the wood may swell or shrink. The

temperature should be 50-85°F or 10-29°C. Wood planks are now glued to each other

using a water-resistant wood glue to make a table top. Clamps are used to ensure tight

bonds for the tabletop to be sturdy. The table top is sent to wide belt-driven sanders to

smoothen the top. Most tables have some sort of apron or vertical board just below the

table top. The apron must be cut next. A computer numerically controlled (CNC) router
cuts several aprons according to computer specifications. After this, the legs are shaped

on a profiler. Assembling tables are mostly done by hand since it is preferred by many

shops. Jigs or templates mark are used to mark where the screws must go, it is placed

on the table tops so the table can be screwed precisely. Then the table goes under a

final hand sanding. (How products are made, n.d.)

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study

The diagram shows the course of the study wherein the product will undergo

consultation first, and will soon be evaluated by some of the selected field of experts in

Engineering and Carpentry. After the product has been approved and tested,

manufacturing and furnishing of the product will soon be established. This study is to

ascertain if the upcycled paper is an effective alternative material for wood in

constructing tables.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
 Waste management became an urgent problem all over the world. Recycling of

natural resources is one way to mitigate this problem. Recycling means the

reproduction, reprocessing and re-utilization of wastes as a new product that can be

used again. The Theory of Waste Management represents a more in-depth account of

the domain and contains conceptual analyses of waste, the activity upon waste, and a

holistic view of the goals of waste management. Waste Management Theory is founded

on the expectation that waste management is to prevent waste causing harm to human

health and the environment. This theory also states that waste management is the
simple manipulation of object properties capable of turning wastes into non-wastes.

(Pongracz, et al. 2004)

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter will present methods that are going to be used in order to conduct

the study. It tackles the rationale on the use of research design, the sample selection,

the usage of chosen instruments, the data gathering procedure and the basis for

employing different gathering techniques

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study applies the qualitative research design, wherein the researchers will
interview the engineers to test out the functionality of the product; to see how it works

and if it is usable. The experts tested and gave isights about the product if it will be

suitable for the table once they have seen it. They will also be the one to give the data

the researchers will need for data analysis and interpretation. The researchers will use

the research design to know if the upcycled paper is an effective alternative as wood in

table crafting.

LOCALE OF THE RESEARCH

The locale of this study will take place within the grounds of Our Lady of Peace

School. The gathering of data will be through the testing of the product by the chosen

professionals, such as engineers.

PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY

The researchers will attain the judgment of engineers. Their response will

determine if the upcycled paper is an effective alternative as wood in table crafting.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Upon accomplishing the product, the researchers will formulate questions that

are based from the statement of the problem in which the selected experts, are going to

test and will be able to give insights about the product. This instrument will help the

researchers to gather the sufficient data needed and to determine if the upcycled paper

is an alternative material for wood in constructing tables. This in turn will also determine

the functionality of the table.

 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE.

To gather the needed data, the researchers will first produce the product.

Upcycling the wood is a trial and error process. Once the table is constructed, it will be

sent to the selected engineers who will be giving their judgement about the product.

Upon inspecting the table, the engineers will be interviewed to be able to know their

insights if the table is durable enough. This will be the data the researchers will be

analyzing and interpreting.

DATA ANALYSIS

The researchers will use descriptive analysis method to configure the analysis

made. The gathered data from the engineers will be described and will be categorized

according to their perceptions, thoughts, suggestions, and classifications upon the

upcycled paper as an alternative material for wood in constructing tables.

CHAPTER 4

This chapter presents, analyses and interprets he data gathered from the insights

and tests made by chosen engineers.

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

 CHAPTER 5

FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

1. How is the table made out of upcycled paper constructed?

The trial and error process was used by the researchers to construct the

upcycled paper for the table.

NUMBER OF
TRIALS MATERIALS PROCESS RESULT
-wooden stick/ The newspapers were FAILED
Trial 1 dowel rolled and laminated on The paper roll
-paper the wooden stick with was not dry
enough to hold its
-glue the glue and water shape and
-water mixture continuously structure.
-paint brush until it becomes thick.
Let it dry.
-paper The papers are cut into FAILED
Trial 2 -glue small pieces. The cut The paper
-water pieces are mashed hardened but it is
together with glue and insufficient to
 water. The mixture is build a table
put into a mould and
was sundried.
-1 kg cement The papers were FAILED
Trial 3 -paper soaked in water for a The papers used
-1 3/4 tabo water day in a basin. After a were not
whole day, the shredded enough;
researchers shredded it resulted to
the paper by hand. It is uneven spaces
then mixed with cement left. The mixture
and water. The mixture was also too wet,
was transferred into a even after 2 days
mould for the table’s it wasn’t dry yet.
legs.
-3 litres of cement The papers were PASSED
Trial 4 -3 litres of water soaked in the water for The paper dried
-paper a day. The researchers well to hold its
-screen used the cut up screen shape and it
-plaster to be able to grate the became stable ad
-screws wet paper into fine firm to become a
-paint particles. The shredded table.
-glue paper is put in a dry
-metal furring container. Dry paper is
moulded into a metal to
form the legs and the
brace of the table. It is
done
2. Q: Is there a difference between the performance of the upcycled paper and the

normal wood as a table?

A: " The normal wood table has more quality than the said paper table. But in terms of

the purpose, this is a very good innovation for a table. It is very rare to use paper to

construct a table."

3. Q: Is the upcycled paper an effective alternative for wood in terms of the following?

a. cost

A: "Using paper as a substitute for wood will cost more labor because you

must be hands-on to work with such product. But using recycled paper to save the

environment is a factor for this product to be sold in a low cost."

Labor cost

Labor cost in the manufacturing industry is made up of 25.2 percent of the

total cost spent by establishments in their businesses in 2013. By employment

size, small manufacturing establishments with 20-99 workers had the biggest

share of labor cost to total cost at 22.2 and relatively spent a higher share of labor

cost at 24.0 percent in order to engage the services of their workers. Meanwhile,

medium-sized establishments employing 100-199 workers and large

establishments with 200 or more workers paid around 23.3 percent and 23.7

percent, respectively of their total costs in labor cost. ( Philippine Statistics Office,

https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/ird/pressrelease/vol20_11.pdf)

b. accessibility

c. stability

Vertical static load test

Vertical static load test is a type of furniture testing in which loads or

weights are applied gradually, build up to their maximum value, and then remain

constat. A man's weight is an example of a static load in which a man sits above the

product you wish to test and see if the product will fail or not. Equipments like sacks of

sand, or metal weights are used in this process.

(https://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/fnr/faculty/eckelman/pdf/pdm3scan.pdf )

Wind

CONCLUSIONS

RECOMMENDATIONS

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