Emilio Aguinaldo College - Manila

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Emilio Aguinaldo College -Manila

1113-1117 San Marcelino St.
Ermita, Manila
A Comparative Analysis about the effectiveness of Low Fat Diet and
Low Sugar Diet in terms of Weight Loss
Illarina, Thony Rose
Nicdao, Mark Ryan N.
Ocampo, Lhaisa Charisse
Sidhu, Anmolpreet K
Tolentino, Jan Arel C..
Vizcarra, Marielle Anne E.
Young, Aira D.
Grade 12- STEM 3
Submitted to:
Ms. Karina Dela Merced, LPT
School Year 2018-2019

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APPROVAL SHEET
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Research Project, this research study
title “A Comparative Analysis About Low Fat diet and Low Sugar Diet” prepared
and submitted by Thony Rose Illarina, Mark Ryan Nicdao, Lhaisa Charisse
Ocampo, Anmolpreet Sidhu, Jan Arel Tolentino Marielle Anne Vizcarra and Aira
Young from Grade 12 – STEM 3 is hereby approved and accepted.
MS. KARINA DELA MERCED, LPT

Instructor – Research Project
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CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALTY
This is to certify that this research study titled “A Comparative Analysis about
Low Fat Diet and Low Sugar Diet in terms of Weight Loss” is our own work and
does not contain any materials previously published or written by another person nor
material to which a substantial extent has been accepted for award of any degree,
accept where due acknowledgment is made in the text.
We also that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of our work, even
though we may have received some assistance from others on style, presentation and
language of expression.
Thony Rose Illarina
Mark Ryan N. Nicdao
Jan Arel C. Tolentino
Anmolpreet K. Sidhu
Lhaisa Charisse M. Ocampo
Marielle Anne E. Vizcarra
Aira D. Young
Researchers
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Table of Contents
Approval Sheet...............................................................................................................2
Certificate of Originality.................................................................................................3
Table of Contents...........................................................................................................4
List of Tables and Figures.............................................................................................5
Abstract...........................................................................................................................6
l. Introduction
l.l Background of the Study...............................................................................................7
l.2 Statement of the Problem............................................................................................8
l.3 Scope and Delimitation of the Study............................................................................8
l.4 Significance of the Study.............................................................................................9
l.5 Review of Related Literatures and Study....................................................................9
l.6 Conceptual Framework..............................................................................................27
l.7 Hypothesis of the Study.............................................................................................27
l.8 Definition of Terms.....................................................................................................28
ll. Methodology
2.1 Research Design......................................................................................................29
2.2 Sample and Sampling Technique.............................................................................29
2.3 Research Instrumentation.........................................................................................30
2.4 Statistical Treatment.................................................................................................33
2.5 Data Gathering.........................................................................................................33
lll. Results and Discussion.....................................................................................34-50
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List of Tables and Figures
Figure 1...........................................................................................................................27
Table 1............................................................................................................................34
Tables 2-3.......................................................................................................................35
Tables 4-5.......................................................................................................................36
Tables 6-7.......................................................................................................................37
Tables 8-9.......................................................................................................................38
Tables 10-12...................................................................................................................39
Tables 13-14...................................................................................................................40
Tables 15-17...................................................................................................................41
Tables 18-20...................................................................................................................42
Tables 21-23...................................................................................................................43
Tables 24-26...................................................................................................................44
Tables 27-29...................................................................................................................45
Tables 30-31...................................................................................................................46
Tables 32-33...................................................................................................................47
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Abstract
Many people nowadays are being conscious about health and mostly about physical
appearance because of this, people become more enthusiastic in exercising and dieting
for them to have a better kind of lifestyle and having a high self esteem. But most
people do not know on what type of exercise and diet they would use in order to lose
weight. The researches then decided to conduct a study regarding about the question of
what kind of diet is very effective in terms of weight loss. In this study, the researchers’
discussed about the two most common used diets for people who want to lose weight
and for the people who want to gain health benefits that will contribute to the different
health issues that people may have. The two most common diet are low fat diet and low
sugar diet and thus, the researchers decided to conduct a study to differentiate or
compare the benefits of the two and classify the effectiveness of low fat and low sugar
diet. This study is all about knowing in which of the two diet is effective in terms of losing
weight.
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Introduction
1.1. Background of the Study
People are being so observant in health. Especially to some diet routines and diet
foods that necessary to be eaten regularly to avoid health complication. Health is very
important to everyone, specifically the diet. Because diet symbolizes the way of living of
some people and how it affects the outside aspect of a person. There are many kinds of
diet to maintain a good condition of the health. Like ketogenic diet, low carbs diet, low
fat diet, vegetarian diet and etc. While weight loss, in the context of medicine, health, or
physical fitness, it refers to a reduction of the total body mass, due to a mean loss of
fluid, body fat or adipose tissue or lean mass, namely bone mineral deposits, muscle,
tendon, and other connective tissue. Weight loss can either occur unintentionally due to
malnourishment, an underlying disease or arise from a conscious effort to improve an
actual or perceived overweight or obese state. Every individual have different health
conditions, food consumption, and diets. Yet everyone needs to have a good and
healthy living in his or her personal life.
All people deserve an opportunity to understand the importance of diet in the health
and the consequences that are present if health balance will neglected. Every individual
need to gather more knowledge about health to prevent harmful effects that might
cause by eating foods without a nutrition content. Through these application, our life will
become more productive and balance. Nowadays, health is the most important aspect
of life that people should be focus and not taken for granted. Because health is powerful
in different aspects, it may also control or tell the fortune of some people or even the
living of a people, positively and negatively.

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1.2. Statement of the Problem
This study aims to compare the two diets and explain its benefits, effects and in
which kind of health or body it is effective.
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 . Age
1.2 . Weight
2. What is the range of the respondents using low fat diet in terms of:
2.1. Age
2.2. Weight
3. What is the range of the respondents using low sugar diet in terms of:
3.1. Age
3.2. Weight
4. Is there a significant difference between the low fat and low sugar diet in terms of
weight loss?
1.3. Scope and Delimitation
This study covers the notable issues regarding the effectiveness of low fat diet and
low sugar diet and asserts how weight loss can affect the respondents. Apart from it, the
researchers included the reasons why an average citizen or respondent prefers low fat
diet over low sugar diet or vice versa. Due to time constrains, this study does not cover
how the effectiveness of low fat diet and low sugar diet can affect the respondents. Also
this study only requires the respondents from ages 18 – 35 years old. The respondents
would be the ones who are always exercising for the purpose of weight loss. The total
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number of sample population would be 40 respondents, 20 respondents for low fat and
another 20 for low sugar diet.
1.4. Significance of the Study
This study is effective mostly to the individuals who may have an obese body type or
who are making and having their body physically fit and also for the people who wants
to have a healthy lifestyle. The researchers will help these individuals to inform each of
them about the effectiveness of taking or having beverages that is low in fat and low in
sugar.
Trainers: The study could help various trainers to know which diets is more effective to
use when exerising and can give them further understanding about the said diets.
Dietician: This can help dieticians to analyze and have more definite understanding
about low fat idet and low sugar diet.
Fitness Enthusiast: With the help of this research study they will easily know which
diet to take in order for them to know what type of diet is more suitable to use in losing
weight.
Future Researchers: This study can help future researchers by giving them knowledge
and understanding about the two said diets. The future researchers can also use this
study as a reference.
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1.5. Review of Related Literature and Related Studies
1.5.1. Foreign Literature
Everyone can gain health by practicing on eating healthy foods and by exercising
regularly. Maintaining your balance diet by having the most suitable diet is the most
significant when a person is practicing a healthy lifestyle. According to Australia, H.
(2016), Sugary nourishments and beverages can likewise cause tooth rot, particularly
on the off chance that you eat them between suppers. The more drawn out the sugary
nourishment is in contact with the teeth, the more harm it can cause. The sugars found
normally in entire organic product are more averse to cause tooth rot, in light of the fact
that the sugars are contained inside the structure of the natural product. In any case,
when organic product is squeezed or mixed, the sugars are discharged. Once
discharged these sugars can harm teeth, particularly if natural product juice is smashed
as often as possible.
According to Gardner, C., Trepanowski, J. et al. (2018), decreasing fat or sugar is
increasingly vital for weight reduction have seethed for a considerable length of time.
This all around led think about proposes that both can function admirably, insofar as
individuals stick to them, eat less generally speaking, and eat a sound eating regimen
with a lot of vegetables and little sugar or refined grain. The hypothesis that a few eating
regimens work better for a few people may even now remain constant – however not for
the reasons recently recommended. It might be that a few people discover low-fat or
low-carb abstains from food less demanding to stick to, on account of individual
inclination. Or then again there might be hereditary varieties at work – just not the ones
that have been recognized as potential clarifications up until now.

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According to Atkins (2018), the dietary advantages of a low sugar diet are various.
Diminishing sugar utilization touches off fat consuming and can likewise help
discourage an assortment of wellbeing concerns, including stoutness, coronary illness,
and liver harm. To boot, calorie counters report feeling less denied on an eating routine
like Atkins, when contrasted with different weight control plans.
According to Healthline (2018), the standard low-fat diet recommended by health
authorities contains less than 30% of daily calories from fat. Very low-fat diets generally
provide 10–15% (or less) of total calories from fat. Additionally, many health guidelines
recommend that the daily calorie contribution of saturated fat should not exceed 7–10%.
Most studies investigating low-fat diets seem to follow these definitions. Low-fat diets
are often recommended for people who need to lose weight. The main reason behind
this recommendation is that fat provides a greater number of calories per gram
compared to the other major nutrients, protein and carbs. Fat provides roughly 9
calories per gram, whereas protein and carbs provide only 4 calories per gram. Studies
show that people who reduce their calorie intake by eating less fat lose weight. Although
the weight loss is small, on average, it is considered relevant for health.
According to Dr. Axe Food is Medicine, (2017), a sugar-free diet is one that typically
limits all sources of added sugar (like soda, snack bars and desserts, for example) and
hidden sugar foods, and it sometimes also encourages a reduction in high-carbohydrate
foods (like grains or fruits) that can still be healthy but do contain natural sugars. There
isn’t just one way to eat a low-sugar diet, but rather a variety of different plans
depending on your goals and preferences. You might choose to eliminate basically all
sources of sugar from your diet, including things like fruit and even some veggies, or to
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only eliminate sweetened processed foods that are high in empty calories. Either way,
there are lots of benefits to consuming more satisfying, nourishing foods in sugar’s
place, such as lean proteins and healthy fats. Another perk is that most low-sugar or
sugar-free diets don’t require calorie counting, since eliminating processed foods is
usually enough to produce results on its own.
According to Greatist (2017), If you don't live under a rock, then you're probably
well aware that cutting back your sugar intake is good for your health. The World Health
Organization recommends reducing our free or added sugar intake to 10 percent of our
calories per day. This means significantly limiting sources of added sugars like refined
sugar, honey, brown sugar, agave, maple syrup, and the like. So if you want to cut back
on sugar, here are the pros: (1) it might drop some of your pounds and slas h fat. (2) It
is better for heart. (3) It may reduce risk of type 2 diabetes. (4) It might help reduce risk
of cancer. (5) It may keep immune system strong. (6) It may improve your own mental
health. (7) It might improve cognitive function. (8) Your skin may shine and get that
natural glow.
According to Endocrine Web, (2018), findings from past research have pointed to
changes in insulin levels to explain different success rates in people following certain
types of diets. For instance, it was proposed that people with greater insulin resistance
may do better following a diet low in most carbohydrates because of the decreased
demand on insulin. However, in this study, Dr. Gardner said, “there was no indication
that a low carb diet was any better for those with insulin resistance than a low-fat diet.”
As for genetics, certain genotype patterns, specifically related to three genes that help
regulate fat and carbohydrate metabolism, are believed to predict who will do well on
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different diets. However, in this study, the researchers calculated each person's
genotype patterns and found that the type of diet did not make any difference in the
amount of weight the individual lost.
According to Shape (2018), while sodium intake has a direct consequence on
your blood pressure, sugar's detrimental effects on the body are not as singularly
focused. We often hear about the short-term (weight gain) and long-term (diabetes)
consequences of too much sugar, but there are many negative effects between these
two extremes. Aside from being a major source of calories that in excess can lead to fat
gain, too much sugar can cause accelerated cellular aging and excessive inflammation,
both of which can increase your risk for multiple chronic diseases. It can also decrease
neuronal growth factors such as BDNF, a compound produced in your brain that is
responsible for enhancing learning memory, higher-level thinking, and even long-term
memory. But excess sugar can negatively impact blood pressure when it interacts with
your body to influence sodium levels. When you eat sugar (or any carbohydrates) in
excess, your body releases more of the hormone insulin, which removes sugar from
your blood stream. Another lesser-known function of insulin: It causes your kidneys to
retain sodium. So if you consume a diet high in sugar, the increased level of insulin will
repeatedly coax your kidneys to hold onto sodium, while you're simultaneously pumping
more and more sodium in your body via your diet. The result? A sure way to cause
pathological imbalances in sodium levels and elevated blood pressure.
Research entitled "Losing it: Research on weight loss", of the health food nuts
who figured out how to keep up their advancement, a couple of elements developed.
The individuals who shed pounds were bound to stick to controlled eating designs — for
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instance, setting explicit time constrains between dinners. They likewise
"instrumentalize eating behaviour"– as such, they comprehended eating as a way as far
as possible of weight reduction. Explicit practices included calorie tallying and choosing
sustenance dependent on their supplement organization. Members who kept on getting
thinner were bound to swear off solace eating and report bring down feelings of anxiety
than the individuals who picked up.
"Weight loss maintenance: A review on dietary related strategies", in this
research, meal replacement, low carbohydrate-low glycemic index (GI) diet, high protein
intake, and moderate fat consumption have shown some positive effects on weight
maintenance. However, the results are controversial. A Dietary Approach to Stop
Hypertension (DASH)-type diet seems helpful for weight maintenance although the
need for more study has remained. Some special behaviours were associated with less
weight regain, such as, not being awake late at night, drinking lower amount of sugar-
sweetened beverages, and following a healthy pattern. Some special foods have been
suggested for weight maintenance. However, the roles of specific foods are not
confirmed.
According to Norman J. Temple on his research, amid the 1970s a few specialists
recommended that refined starches, particularly sugar and a low admission of dietary
fiber, were central point in coronary illness (CHD). This proposal was overshadowed by
the conviction that an abundance admission of immersed unsaturated fats (SFA) was
the key dietary factor, a view that won from about 1974 to 2014. Discoveries that have
aggregated since 1990 educate us that the job of SFA in the causation of CHD has
been highly misrepresented. A change from SFA to refined starches does not bring
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down the proportion of all out cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol in the blood and along
these lines does not forestall CHD. A decreased admission of SFA joined with an
expanded admission of polyunsaturated unsaturated fats brings down the proportion of
all out cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol; this may diminish the danger of CHD. The proof
connecting sugar rich nourishments with CHD has been consistently reinforcing.
Refined starches, particularly sugar-improved drinks, increment the danger of CHD. On
the other hand, entire grains and oat fiber are defensive. An additional one or 2 servings
for every day of these nourishments increments or diminishes chance by roughly 10%
to 20%.
According to David J. Goldstein (2017) in his article entitled "Beneficial health
effects of modest weight loss" that the medical effects of modest weight reduction
(approximately 10% or less) in patients with obesity-associated medical complications
were reviewed. The National Library of Medicine MEDLINE database and the Derwent
RINGDOC database were searched to identify English language studies that examined
the effects of weight loss in obese patients with serious medical complications
commonly associated with obesity (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or
type II), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and cardiovascular
disease). Studies in which patients experienced approximately 10% or less weight
reduction were selected for review. Studies indicated that, for obese patients with
NIDDM, hypertension or hyperlipidemia, modest weight reduction appeared to improve
glycemic control, reduce blood pressure, and reduce cholesterol levels, respectively.
Modest weight reduction also appeared to increase longevity in obese individuals. In
conclusion, a large proportion of obese individuals with NIDDM, hypertension, and

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hyperlipidemia experienced positive health benefits with modest weight loss. For
patients who are unable to attain and maintain substantial weight reduction, modest
weight loss should be recommended; even a small amount of weight loss appears to
benefit a substantial subset of obese patients.
According to James O. Hill (2018) in his study entitled "Successful weight loss
maintenance" that long-term weight loss maintenance– there is a general perception
that almost no one succeeds in long-term maintenance of weight loss. However,
research has shown that ≈20% of overweight individuals are successful at long-term
weight loss when defined as losing at least 10% of initial body weight and maintaining
the loss for at least 1 y. The National Weight Control Registry provides information
about the strategies used by successful weight loss maintainers to achieve and
maintain long-term weight loss. National Weight Control Registry members have lost an
average of 33 kg and maintained the loss for more than 5 y. To maintain their weight
loss, members report engaging in high levels of physical activity (≈1 h/d), eating a low-
calorie, low-fat diet, eating breakfast regularly, self-monitoring weight, and maintaining a
consistent eating pattern across weekdays and weekends. Moreover, weight loss
maintenance may get easier over time; after individuals have successfully maintained
their weight loss for 2–5 y, the chance of longer-term success greatly increases.
Continued adherence to diet and exercise strategies, low levels of depression and
disinhibition, and medical triggers for weight loss are also associated with long-term
success. National Weight Control Registry members provide evidence that long-term
weight loss maintenance is possible and help identify the specific approaches
associated with long-term success.

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Based from Virginia M. Grow, in her study named "Motivational predictors of
weight loss and weight-loss maintenance" that self-determination theory proposes that
behaviour change will occur and persist if it is autonomously motivated. Autonomous
motivation for behaviour is theorized to be a function both of individual differences in the
autonomy orientation from the General Causality Orientations Scale and of the degree
of autonomy supportiveness of relevant social contexts. We tested the theory with 128
patients in a 6-month, very-low-calorie weight-loss program with a 23-month follow-up.
Analyses confirmed the predictions that (a) participants whose motivation for weight
loss was more autonomous would attend the program more regularly, lose more weight
during the program, and evidence greater maintained weight loss at follow-up, and (b)
participants' autonomous motivation for weight loss would be predicted both by their
autonomy orientation and by the perceived autonomy supportiveness of the
interpersonal climate created by the health-care staff.
Foreign Studies
An article entitled, “7 Ways Strength Training Boost Your Health and Fitness”, made
by Chris Iliades, MD (2018), asserts that exercise plays an important part of the overall
fitness and its benefits people with health issue such as obesity, arthritis, or a heart
condition. Iliades makes this argument by outlining 7 ways of strength training that boost
the health and fitness. Iliades’s purpose is to know the importance and role that strength
training is not just about body builders who lift weights in the gym, but it is also
applicable for all individual. Regular strength or resistance training also helps prevent
the natural loss of lean muscle mass that comes with aging (the medical term for this
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loss is sarcopenia). Strength training will elevate the level of endorphins (natural opiates
produced by the brain), which lift energy levels and improve mood.
According to an article in a Harvard Medical School blog, Exercises that get your
heart pumping and sweat flowing — known as aerobic exercise, or "cardio"— have
significant and beneficial effects on the brain and body, according to a wealth of recent
research, including two new studies published this month.” Aerobic exercise is key for
your head, just as it is for your heart”. The thymus is responsible for generating key
immune cells called T cells. In healthy people, it begins to shrink starting around age 20,
and T cell production also starts to drop off around that time. The study found that the
thymus glands of the older cyclists looked like they belonged to younger people — their
bodies were producing just as many T cells as would be expected from the thymus of a
young person. (Brodwin, 2018)
Tommy Boone, PhD, a founding member of the American Society of Exercise
Physiologists says” Cardio vascular exercise is any type of exercise that increases the
work of the heart and lungs”. The physical benefits of cardio exercise abound, explains
says Len Kravitz, PhD, senior exercise physiologist for IDEA Health and Fitness
Association. They include: Reduced risk of heart disease, improved blood cholesterol
and triglyceride levels, improved heart function, reduced risk of osteoporosis, improved
muscle mass.
Kravitz says, who is also a coordinator of exercise science at the University of New
Mexico. "And to improve cardiovascular endurance, they recommend 20 to 60 minutes
on three to five days per week. (WebMB, 2004)

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Dr. Timothy Miller said, a sports medicine physician at Ohio State University's
Wexner Medical Center. In fact, research suggests that when it comes to improving
certain markers of heart health, strength training is just good – if not better – than
cardio. For instance, in one Journal of Sports Science & Medicine study, people who
cranked out a 20-minute interval strength workout that included pushups, burpees,
squats and lunges burned an average of 15 calories per minute. That's nearly twice as
many calories as burned during long runs
According to Goldberg, Elliot, Kuehl, 1994 Weight training is believed to result in little
cardiovascular benefit compared to aerobic conditioning. In this study, heart rate and
blood pressure changes in previously sedentary men were observed at rest and during
simulated daily physical activities before and after a controlled 16-week conditioning
program of either weight training or running. Body composition, peak oxygen uptake
and strength were assessed before and after the study. At rest, during isometric
exertion, and while performing two levels of treadmill walking, runners and weight
trainers had lower estimates of myocardial oxygen consumption compared to controls.
After training, both runners and weight trainers decreased their percent body fat.
According to Women’s Health (2007), if you want to stay off the sideline use weight
training because in a 2006 study in the American Journal of Sports Medicine,
researchers found that a balance-training program -- think single-leg squats and
anything on a wobble board -- reduced the risk of ankle sprains in athletes.
Wayne Westcott, Ph.D., director of research at the South Shore YMCA in Quincy,
Massachusetts says, over the course of a year, that's about 10 pounds of fat -- without
even changing your diet while in cardio regimen it has a slight advantage. You'll burn 8
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to 10 calories a minute hoisting weights, compared with 10 to 12 calories a minute
running or cycling.
According to Knuttgen, 2007, most exercise programs for conditioning and
rehabilitation are oriented to strength development, aerobic (cardiovascular) fitness, or a
combination of the 2. Because the 2 types of exercise are located at the opposite
extremes of a muscular power continuum, the design of a program must be highly
specific with regard to the exercise to be undertaken, as well as the intensity, duration,
and frequency, in order to attain optimal results. Strength exercise programs involve
weight training or the use of high-resistance machines with exercise that is limited to a
few repetitions (generally less than 20) before exhaustion. Aerobic exercise involves
exercise performed for extended periods (e.g., 10-40 minutes) with large muscle activity
involving hundreds of consecutive repetitions that challenge the delivery of oxygen to
the active muscles. The chronic physiological adaptations and the variables in program
design are highly specific to the type of exercise performed.
According to Wayne Westcott’s article entitled “Resistance Training is Medicine:
Effects of Strength Training on Health” (2012), Inactive adults experience a 3% to 8%
loss of muscle mass per decade, accompanied by resting metabolic rate reduction and
fat accumulation. Ten weeks of resistance training may increase lean weight by 1.4 kg,
increase resting metabolic rate by 7%, and reduce fat weight by 1.8 kg. Benefits of
resistance training include improved physical performance, movement control, walking
speed, functional independence, cognitive abilities, and self-esteem. Resistance training
may assist prevention and management of type 2 diabetes by decreasing visceral fat,
reducing HbA1c, increasing the density of glucose transporter type 4, and improving
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insulin sensitivity. Resistance training may enhance cardiovascular health, by reducing
resting blood pressure, decreasing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides,
and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Resistance training may promote
bone development, with studies showing 1% to 3% increase in bone mineral density.
Resistance training may be effective for reducing low back pain and easing discomfort
associated with arthritis and fibromyalgia and has been shown to reverse specific aging
factors in skeletal muscle. Without regular physical activity, the body slowly loses its
strength, stamina and ability to function well. People who are physically active and at a
healthy weight live about 7 years longer than those who are not active and are obese.
Physical activity improves physical wellness, and it also reduced some risk factors. Too
much sitting and other inactive activities can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
One study showed that adults who watch more than 4 hours of television a day had a
46% increased risk of death from any cause and an 80% increased risk of death from
cardiovascular disease. Becoming more active can help lower the blood pressure and
also boost its levels of good cholesterol. According to the American Heart Association,
physical activity boosts mental wellness. Regular physical activity can relieve tension,
anxiety, depression and anger. An individual may notice to "feel good sensation"
immediately following its physical activity, and most people also note that an
improvement in general well-being over time as physical activity becomes a part of the
given routine.
In the study conducted by Volek, et al, 40 subjects with atherogenic dyslipidemia
randomized to either a low-carb or an isocaloric low-fat eating routine for 12 weeks.
Fundamental results estimated were markers of the metabolic syndrome. Despite a

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comparable decrease in calories, the low-carb bunch lost twofold the measure of load
as the low-fat gathering (10.1kg versus 5.2kg).The LC aggregate demonstrated
progressively ideal upgrades in triglycerides, HDL, Triglyceride: HDL proportion. The LC
aggregate additionally had more upgrades in fasting glucose, fasting insulin and a
decrease in little LDL particles.
In the study entitled "In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to follow a low-
carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow
a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss", The examination included 61 individuals
who had type 2 diabetes haphazardly picked an either a low-starch or low-fat eating
plan and consented to tail it for a long time with confinements in calories. The outcomes
were astounding. People who pursued a low-sugar plan lost twice as much weight (all
things considered 6.8 pounds) as the individuals who pursued a low-fat eating regimen
(normal 7.9 pounds), anyway factually, the thing that matters was not huge.
According to The Annals of Internal Medicine, The goal of the investigation was to
test and look at the cardiovascular hazard factors and body load on a low-sugar diet
sections a low-fat eating routine. The two people in the investigation (148 altogether) did
not have diabetes or clinical cardiovascular illness. Toward the finish of the
investigation, 82% of those in the low-fat gathering and 79% of the low-sugar assemble
finished their program. Those on the low-starch diet lost more weight and muscle to fat
ratio than those on the low-fat eating regimen. Those on the low-starch diet
encountered a more prominent decrease in weight and enhanced cardiovascular hazard
factors than the low-fat eating regimen members. Eating a low-starch diet is a
successful method to get more fit and enhance wellbeing.

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According to the researches of Malik, V., et al. (2010), consumption of sugar-
sweetened beverages (SSBs), which include soft drinks, fruit drinks, iced tea, energy
and vitamin water drinks has risen across the globe. Regular consumption of SSBs has
been associated with weight gain and risk of overweight and obesity but its role in the
development of related chronic metabolic diseases, such as metabolic syndrome
(MetSyn) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), has not been quantitatively reviewed. Based on
data from these studies, including 310,819 participants and 15,043 cases of T2DM,
individuals in the highest quantile of SSB intake (most often 1-2 servings/day) had a
26% greater risk of developing T2DM than those in the lowest quantile (none or < 1
serving/month). Among studies evaluating MetSyn, including 19,431 participants and
5,803 cases, the pooled RR was 1.20 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.42). In addition to weight gain,
higher consumption of SSBs is associated with development of MetSyn, and T2DM.
These data provide empirical evidence that intake of SSBs should be limited to reduce
obesity-related risk of chronic metabolic diseases.
Base on the researches of Yancy, W.S., et al. (2010), the study participants, 57 of
the LCKD group (79%) and 65 of the O + LFD group (88%) completed measurements at
48 weeks. Weight loss was similar for the LCKD (expected mean change, −9.5%) and
the O + LFD (−8.5%) (P = .60 for comparison) groups. The LCKD had a more beneficial
impact than O + LFD on systolic (−5.9 vs 1.5 mm Hg) and diastolic (−4.5 vs 0.4 mm Hg)
blood pressures (P < .001 for both comparisons). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
and triglyceride levels improved similarly within both groups. Low-density lipoprotein
cholesterol levels improved within the O + LFD group only, whereas glucose, insulin,
and hemoglobin A1c levels improved within the LCKD group only; comparisons
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between groups, however, were not statistically significant. In a sample of medical
outpatients, an LCKD led to similar improvements as O + LFD for weight, serum lipid,
and glycemic parameters and was more effective for lowering blood pressure.
According to the main findings of Wycherleyf, T.P., et al. (2010), both LC and LF
hypoenergetic diets achieved similar reductions in body weight and were associated
with improvements in PWV and a number of endothelium‐derived factors. However, the
LC diet impaired FMD suggesting chronic consumption of a LC diet may have
detrimental effects on endothelial function. In conclusion, both LC and LF hypoenergetic
diets achieved similar reductions in body weight and were associated with
improvements in PWV and a number of endothelium‐derived factors. However, the LC
diet impaired FMD suggesting chronic consumption of a LC diet may have detrimental
effects on endothelial function. Whether this adversely affects clinical end‐points
remains unknown and further larger, longer term studies are required.
Based from the study entitled "Dietary strategies for improving post-prandial glucose,
lipids, inflammation, and cardiovascular health" that the highly processed, calorie-
dense, nutrient-depleted diet favored in the current American culture frequently leads to
exaggerated supraphysiological post-prandial spikes in blood glucose and lipids. This
state, called post-prandial dysmetabolism, induces immediate oxidant stress, which
increases in direct proportion to the increases in glucose and triglycerides after a meal.
The transient increase in free radicals acutely triggers atherogenic changes including
inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability, and sympathetic hyperactivity.
Post-prandial dysmetabolism is an independent predictor of future cardiovascular
events even in nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in diet exert profound and

25
immediate favourable changes in the post-prandial dysmetabolism. Specifically, a diet
high in minimally processed, high-fiber, plant-based foods such as vegetables and
fruits, whole grains, legumes, and nuts will markedly blunt the post-meal increase in
glucose, triglycerides, and inflammation. Additionally, lean protein, vinegar, fish oil, tea,
cinnamon, calorie restriction, weight loss, exercise, and low-dose to moderate-dose
alcohol each positively impact post-prandial dysmetabolism. Experimental and
epidemiological studies indicate that eating patterns, such as the traditional
Mediterranean or Okinawan diets, that incorporate these types of foods and beverages
reduce inflammation and cardiovascular risk. This anti-inflammatory diet should be
considered for the primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease and
diabetes.
Based from the study entitled "The athlete’s diet: nutritional goals and dietary
strategies" that when talented, motivated and highly trained athletes meet for
competition the margin between victory and defeat is usually small. When everything
else is equal, nutrition can make the difference between winning and losing. Although
the primary concern of many athletes is to supplement the diet with protein, vitamins
and minerals, and a range of more exotic compounds, key dietary issues are often
neglected. Athletes must establish their nutritional goals, and must also be able to
translate them into dietary strategies that will meet these goals. Athletes are often
concerned with dietary manipulations in the period around competition, but the main
role of nutrition may be to support consistent intensive training which will lead to
improved performance. Meeting energy demand and maintaining body mass and body
fat at appropriate levels are key goals. An adequate intake of carbohydrate is crucial for
26
maintaining muscle glycogen stores during hard training, but the types of food and the
timing of intake are also important. Protein ingestion may stimulate muscle protein
synthesis in the post-exercise period, promoting the process of adaptation in the
muscles. Restoration of fluid and electrolyte balance after exercise is essential. If
energy intake is high and a varied diet is consumed, supplementation of the diet with
vitamins and minerals is not warranted, unless a specific deficiency is identified.
According to the study named "Dietary strategies to promote glycogen synthesis
after exercise" that muscle glycogen is an essential fuel for prolonged intense exercise,
and therefore it is important that the glycogen stores be copious for competition and
strenuous training regimens. While early research focused on means of increasing the
muscle glycogen stores in preparation for competition and its day-to-day replenishment,
recent research has focused on the most effective means of promoting its
replenishment during the early hours of recovery. It has been observed that muscle
glycogen synthesis is twice as rapid if carbohydrate is consumed immediately after
exercise as opposed to waiting several hours, and that a rapid rate of synthesis can be
maintained if carbohydrate is consumed on a regular basis. For example,
supplementing at 30-min intervals at a rate of 1.2 to 1.5 g CHO kg-1 body wt h-1
appears to maximize synthesis for a period of 4- to 5-h post exercise. If a lighter
carbohydrate supplement is desired, however, glycogen synthesis can be enhanced
with the addition of protein and certain amino acids. Furthermore, the combination of
carbohydrate and protein has the added benefit of stimulating amino acid transport,
protein synthesis and muscle tissue repair. Research suggests that aerobic
27
performance following recovery is related to the degree of muscle glycogen
replenishment.
1.6. Conceptual Framework
Low Fat Diet
Weight Loss
Low Sugar Diet
Figure 1.Conceptual Framework
This figure shows the difference in effectiveness of low fat diet and low sugar diet
in terms of weight loss. It also shows that this study will be comparing two variables
which is low fat and low sugar diet.
Hypothesis of the Study
Low Fat Diet and Low Sugar diet are commonly used by many who wants to lose
weight and live a healthy lifestyle. This study will focus on which is the most effective
diet between the two in terms of weight loss. The researchers will solely focus on what
will be the effects of low fat diet and low sugar diet on an overweight body.
H1- There is a significant difference between the effectiveness of low fat diet and low
sugar diet in terms of weight loss.
H0- There is no significant difference between effectiveness of low fat diet and low
sugar diet in terms of weight loss

28
1.7. Definition of Terms
This section will provide terms and definition with the intention of giving information
to the readers.
Dietary- A person with knowledge about the low fat and low sugar diet etc.
Immune- A person who are immune or are unable to develop a disease again.
Ketogenic Diet – Is a kind of diet that will forces our body to burn fat rather carbohydrates.
Low fat diet- The process of eating low food such as fruits and vegetables.
Low sugar diet- A process of decreasing sugar in a body.
Metabolism- the process reduces or burns our fat.
Obese- A target person of the researchers.
Stoutness- The researchers will introduced to them about the effectiveness of low fat and low
sugar diet in terms of weight loss
Vegetarian Diet - is a kind of diet that will only eat vegetables with diverse mix of fruits.
Weight loss – the researchers will track which is more effective if low fat or low sugar diet
29
Methodology
In this study, the researchers will use quantitative approach as an instrument for
the researcher’s goal. Also, the researchers will discuss about the research design of
the study, type of technique used, the participants, the instruments and the data
collection procedures.
2.1. Research Design
This study will be using the quantitative research design because it will require
statistical treatment as the data are gather. The researchers will be using Descriptive-
Comparative as its specific design because the study will try to compare two different
variables and if will affects the independent variable. It also aims at describing and
perhaps also explaining the invariance of the objects. It does not aim at generating
changes in the objects, on the contrary, it usually tries to avoid them. The study will
discover if there will be a significant difference between the variables.
2.2. Sample and Sampling Techniques
In this study, the researchers used purposive sampling. The researchers will be
the one to choose the participants that should be at the age of 18 to 35 years old. The
respondents that would be chosen should also be equally divided, 10 males and 10
females respondents and importantly should have an experience in using low fat and
low sugar diet for the purpose of weight loss. The said individuals should have been
using low fat and low sugar products and following the ways of the two said diets.
30
2.3. Research Instrumentation
The primary data gathering instrument that will be used in this study is survey
questionnaire that will gather the profile of the selected respondents concerning their
preferences between Low fat and Low sugar diets and how these preferences are
affected by the weight loss of the two variables. It tends to measure the research
established criteria in choosing the respondent: the respondents should usually go
exercising and they should have an experience of doing exercises that helps to lose
weight. The questions were made by the researchers based on their opinion in order to
prove their hypothesis. This will be done through spreading survey questionnaires. The
researchers will do a direct survey questionnaire of the selected respondents.
The researchers will be using two questionnaire to conduct the survey, one
survey is for low fat diet while the other one is for low sugar diet. The questionnaires are
compose of ten questions and the researchers decided to use likert scale for the
respondents to answer. The questions should be related to the study and will give
clarifications on the respondents on why the researchers are conducting surveys.

31
*Questionnaire for low fat diet
Name (optional): ________ Age: _______

Weight: __________
Direction: Indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with each statement by checking
the appropriate response.
(5) Strongly Agree, (4) Agree, (3) Neutral, (2) Disagree, (1) Strongly Disagree
STATEMENT 5 4 3 2 1
1. I buy low fat products only for dieting.
2. I participate in any activities/exercise that

helps lower my body weight.
3. I have a particular disease that makes me use

low fat diet.
4. I regularly visit my dietician.
5. I only eat foods that are low in fats.
6. Low fat diet helps me lose weight.
7. It is important to know if the body is accurate

for losing weight before practicing low fat diet.
8. It is better to count your calories and eat

vegetables to support the benefits of low fat
diet.
9. I often exercise but did not control my food
intake.
10. I prefer low fat diet than low sugar diet.

32
*Questionnaire for low fat diet
Name (optional): ________ Age: _______

Weight: __________
Direction: Indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with each statement by checking
the appropriate response.
(5) Strongly Agree, (4) Agree, (3) Neutral, (2) Disagree, (1) Strongly Disagree
STATEMENT 5 4 3 2 1
1. I buy low sugar products only for dieting.
2. I participate in any activities/exercise that

helps lower my body weight.
3. I have a particular disease that makes me use

low sugar diet.
4. I regularly visit my dietician.
5. I only eat foods that are low in sugar.
6. Low sugar diet helps me lose weight.
7. It is important to know if the body is accurate

for losing weight before practicing low sugar
diet.
8. It is better to count your calories and eat

vegetables to support the benefits of low sugar
diet.
9. I often exercise but did not control my food

intake.
10. I prefer low sugar diet than low fat diet.
.
33
2.4. Statistical Treatment of Data
The data that the researchers will be gathering are going to be tabulated and will be
process manually with the help of computer. It is for determining the precise
interpretation of the results. For the data gathered, the statistical tools that are going to
be use are the following:
2.4.1. Frequency and Percentage
The researchers will be using frequency and percentage distribution to
determine the percentage of the respondents’ profile. It has a formula of P=
F/Nx100, where P is equal to percentage while F is equal to frequency and N is
equal to the total number of respondents.
2.4.2. Independent T-test
The researchers will also be using independent t –test to effectively
compare the two different variables which are the questionnaire for both low fat
and low sugar diet.
2.5 Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers will first determine the respondents based on the need of the
study and will then continue in formulating questions for the survey. After formulating
questions, the researchers then will be selecting locations for the study to be conducted
or a place where the survey can be distributed. The researchers will now then
determine what type of respondents are needed for the survey. The questionnaires then
will be distributed and the researchers will then conduct the survey. After the surveys
are conducted, the researchers will then evaluate, encode and synthesize the answers.
34
Results
This chapter shows the details of the given answers of the respondents who uses
low fat diet and low sugar diet.
Figure 2. Demographic Profile
Table 1. Demograpic Profile: Age

35
Table 2. Frequency of age for the respondents of Low Fat Diet
Table 3. Frequency of age for the respondents of Low Fat Diet

36
Age of Respondents No. of Respondents
18-22 14
23-28 12
29-35 14
Table 4. Age Bracket
Table 5. Demographic Profie of Weight

37
Table 6. Weight of the respondets for Low Fat Diet
Table 7. Weight of the respondets for Low Fat Diet

38
Weight of Respondents in No. of Respondents

Pounds
120-160 13
161-200 23
201-240 3
241-280 1
Table 8. Weight Bracket
Table 9. Statisctical Mean of Age and Weight

39
Frequency of Low Fat Diet Questionnaire
Low Fat Question no. 1
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Agree 17 85.0 85.0 85.0
Strongly Agree 3 15.0 15.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
Table 10. Frequency of question no. 1

Valid Neutral 3 15.0 15.0 15.0
Agree 12 60.0 60.0 75.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
Low Fat Question no.3

Agree 15 75.0 75.0 90.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

40

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Agree 10 50.0 50.0 85.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

Cumulative
Agree 5 25.0 25.0 70.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

41

Cumulative
Agree 13 65.0 65.0 80.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

Cumulative
Agree 12 60.0 60.0 65.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

Cumulative
Valid Agree 13 65.0 65.0 65.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

42

Cumulative
Valid Disagree 1 5.0 5.0 5.0
Neutral 10 50.0 50.0 55.0
Agree 4 20.0 20.0 75.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

Cumulative
Agree 14 70.0 70.0 85.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
Statistics
LFQ
LFQ1 LFQ2 LFQ3 LFQ4 LFQ5 LFQ6 LFQ7 LFQ8 LFQ9 10
N Valid 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Missing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mean 4.15 4.10 3.95 3.80 3.85 4.05 4.30 4.35 3.65 4.00
Median 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.00 4.00
Mode 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 4
Sum 83 82 79 76 77 81 86 87 73 80
Table 20. Summary of Low Fat Diet Questionnaire

43
Frequency for Low Sugar Diet Questionnaire
Low Sugar Question no. 1

Cumulative
Neutral 1 5.0 5.0 15.0
Agree 5 25.0 25.0 40.0
Strongly Agree 12 60.0 60.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
Low Sugar Question no.2

Cumulative
Agree 1 5.0 5.0 10.0
Strongly Agree 18 90.0 90.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

Cumulative
Agree 1 5.0 5.0 10.0
Strongly Agree 18 90.0 90.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

44

Cumulative
Neutral 6 30.0 30.0 35.0
Agree 7 35.0 35.0 70.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

Cumulative
Neutral 5 25.0 25.0 30.0
Agree 6 30.0 30.0 60.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

Cumulative
Agree 10 50.0 50.0 60.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
45

Cumulative
Valid Agree 4 20.0 20.0 20.0
Strongly Agree 16 80.0 80.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

Cumulative
Valid Agree 4 20.0 20.0 20.0
Strongly Agree 16 80.0 80.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

Cumulative
Neutral 2 10.0 10.0 35.0
Agree 4 20.0 20.0 55.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0

46

Cumulative
Agree 5 25.0 25.0 30.0
Strongly Agree 14 70.0 70.0 100.0
Total 20 100.0 100.0
Statistics
LSQ LSQ LSQ LSQ LSQ LSQ LSQ LSQ LSQ LSQ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
N Valid 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Missing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4.35 4.80 3.55 3.90 4.05 4.30 4.80 4.80 3.85 4.60
Mean
5.00 5.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 5.00 5.00 4.00 5.00
Median
5 5 4 4 5 4 5 5 5 5
Mode
87 96 71 78 81 86 96 96 77 92
Sum
Table 31. Mean and Standard Deviation of Questions

47
Group Statistics
Questionnaire N Mean Std. Deviation
MeanData Low Fat 10 4.0200 .21884
Low Sugar 10 4.3000 .45092
Table 32. Mean data of low fat and low sugar questionnaire
Independent Samples Test

Levene’s Test
for Equality of t-test for Equality of Means
Variances
F Sig t Df Sig (2 Mean Std. Error 95%Confidence Interval of
Difference the Difference
tailed) Difference
Lower Upper
MeanData
Equal
variances 5.970 .025 -1.767 18 .094 -.28000 .15850 -.61300 .05300
assumed
Equal -1.767 13.017 .101 -.28000 .15850 -.62237 .06237
variances not
assumed
Table 33. Result of Independent T-test
48
Discussion
4.1 Summary of Findings
The findings of the study are as follows:
1. The demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1. Age
The respondents’ age are ranging from 18-35 years old and has a total frequency
of 40 in which is the total number of respondents needed. Respondents that has the
age of 18 to 20 has a total frequency of 9 in which is equal to 22.5%. Ages 22 to 24
has a frequency of 9 which has a percentage of 22.5% while ages 25, 26 and 28 has
a frequency of 5 which is equal to 12.5%. Respondents that has ages of 29,30 and
33 has a total frequency of 7 which has a percentage of 17.5% while ages 34 and 35
has a total frequency of 7 and also has total percentage of 17.5%. If the percentage
is added it has a total of 100%.
1.2. Weight
The respondents’ weight all differ from each other but base on the survey the
range of the respondents’ weight are about 125 pounds to 280 pounds. The
respondents that has a weight of 125, 129, and 130 pounds has a total frequency of
4 which means it has a percentage of 10%. Respondents with weight of 135, 140,
and 145 pounds has a total frequency of 5, it means that it has a percentage of
12.5%. The respondents that has a weight of 150, 160, and 170 pounds has a total
frequency of 8 and has a total percentage of 20%. The respondents that has a
weight of 173, 175, and 180 pounds and has a total frequency of 7, which means it
has a total percentage of 17.5%. The respondents that has a weight of 185, 190 and
193 has a total frequency of 6, which means it has a total percentage 15%. The
49
respondents that has a weight of 195, 200, and 210 pounds has a total frequency of
8, which means it has a total percentage of 20%. Lastly, the respondents that has a
weight of 215 and 280 pounds has a total frequency of 2 and it means that it has a
total percentage of 5 %.
2. What is the range of the respondents using low fat diet in terms of:
2.1. Age
The respondent’s age for low fat diet are ranging from; 18 to 22, 23 to 28, and
29 to 35 years old only. both male and female. This just shows that individuals who are
using low fat diet are mostly young adults.
2.2. Weight
The respondents’ weight for low fat diet are ranging from; 120 to 160, 161 to
200, 201 to 240, 241 to 280 pounds both male and female. This shows that people
who uses low fat diet are the individuals who are mostly overweight or obese.
3. What is the range of the respondents using low sugar diet in terms of:
3.1. Age
The repondents’ age for low sugar diet are ranging from; 18 to 22, 23 to 28, and
29 to 35 years old only for both male and female. This shows that people who uses low
sugar diet are mostly adults or people who are more careful about health.
3.2. Weight
The respondents’ weight for low sugar diet are ranging from; 120 to 140, 141 to
160, 161 to 180, 181 to 200 pounds for both male and female. This just shows that
individuals who uses low fat diet are also overweight or obese.
50
3. Is there a significant difference between the effectiveness low fat and low sugar diet
in terms of weight loss?
Base on the table 23, the group statistic, the low sugar diet has a bigger mean of
4.3000 while the low fat diet has a smaller mean of 4.0200 which means that the low
sugar diet has a higher average of effectiveness rather than low fat diet. There is a
significant difference between the effectiveness of low fat and low sugar diet in terms
of weight loss because according to table 24, the significant or p value is 0.101
which is lesser than 0.2 which just means that there is a significant difference
between the two group.
4.2 Conclusion
The bottom line is that the low-fat diet did not give dieters a fat-burning edge, as
many low-fat advocates have claimed. The researchers predicted and conclude that the
low-sugar diet is more effective than low fat diet.
4.3 Recommendation
Based on the conclusion stated above, the researchers would like to recommend to the
future researchers of this study to:
1. Choose respondents who have enough knowledge about dietary in order for them to
know the exact kind of diet that they will take.
2. Select respondents who have knowledge about the difference between taking low fat
and sugar diet.
3. Gather more respondents and proofs to know what type of diet is mostly prefered by
the people who are undertaking diet.

51
List of References
Bazzano, L. A., et al. (2014). Effects of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets: a

randomized trial. Annals of internal medicine, 161(5), 309-18.
Guldbrand, H., et al. (2012). In type 2 diabetes, randomisation to advice to

follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with
advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss. Diabetologia, 55(8),
2118-27.
Hill, J. O. (2018). Successful weight loss maintenance. Annual Reviews. Annual Review
of Nutrition 21(1):323-41
Reichel, C. (2018). Losing it: Research on weight loss. Journalist’s Resource Research
on Today’s news topics. Retrieved from:
https://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/health-care/weight-loss-diets-
health/?fbclid=IwAR15jDpRKpYm_leE8A6B8Fsyjur71tlnGX8It6Vtg77OjGUagOhggx
mMd2s
Temple N. J. (2018). Fat, Sugar, Whole Grains and Heart Disease: 50 Years of
Confusion. Nutrients, 10(1), 39. doi:10.3390/nu10010039
Avena, N. M., Rada, P., & Hoebel, B. G. (2007). Evidence for sugar addiction:
behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake.
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 32(1), 20-39.
Caitriona, R. and Brian, K. (2014). Psoriasis Is a Systemic Disease with Multiple

Cardiovascular and Metabolic Comorbidities. Dermatologic Clinics. Volume 33,
doi:10.1016/j.det.2014.09.004
Solomon, G. (2014). The role of weight loss in the treatment of psoriasis: Evidence that
psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory disorder linked to metabolic syndrome. The British
journal of dermatology. Volume 170, doi:10.1111/bjd.12877
Brekke, H. L., et al. (2007). Predictors and dietary consequences of frequent intake of
high-sugar, low-nutrient foods in 1-year-old children participating in the ABIS study.
British Journal of Nutrition (2007), 97, 176–181
Gheewala, N. M. (2008). Dietary strategies for improving post-prandial glucose, lipids,

inflammation, and cardiovascular health. Journal of the American College of
Cardiology. Volume 51, Issue 3
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Jena, P. K. (2017). Western DieteInduced Dysbiosis in Farnesoid X Receptor Knockout

Mice Causes Persistent Hepatic Inflammation after Antibiotic Treatment. The American
Journal of Pathology, Vol. 187, No. 8.
Kuo, L. E., et al. (2008). Chronic stress, combined with a high-fat/high-sugar diet, shifts
sympathetic signaling toward neuropeptide Y and leads to obesity and the metabolic
syndrome. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1148, 232-7.
Musselman, L. P., et al. (2011). A high-sugar diet produces obesity and insulin
resistance in wild-type Drosophila. Disease Models & Mechanisms 2011 4: 842-849;
doi: 10.1242/dmm.007948
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International journal of molecular sciences, 19(1), 58. doi:10.3390/ijms19010058
Soeliman, F. A., & Azadbakht, L. (2014). Weight loss maintenance: A review on dietary
related strategies. Journal of research in medical sciences: the official journal of Isfahan
University of Medical Sciences, 19(3), 268-75.
Volek JS, et al. (2009). Carbohydrate restriction has a more favorable impact on the
metabolic syndrome than a low fat diet. Lipids,.Volume 44, Issue 4, pp 297–309
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2010;170(2):136–145.
53
APPENDICES
54
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: AIRA D. YOUNG

Address: 1630-D Batangas St. Sta Cruz, Manila
Cellphone No.: 0922-542-6585
Email: airayoung09@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA
Nationality : Filipino
Sex : Female
Age : 18
Marital status : Single
Date of Birth : May 28, 2000
Place of Birth : Quezon City
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
2006-2012 : Juan Sumulong Elementary School
2012-2014 : Sacred Heart Academy of La Loma
2014-2016 : Parada National HighSchool
2016-2019 : Emilio Aguinaldo College-Manila
55
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: LHAISA Charrise M. OCAMPO

Address: 3120 Molave St. Subdivision Tondo, Manila
Cellphone No.: 0928-994-7301
Email: Ocampolhaisa00@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA
Sex : Female
Age : 17
Date of Birth : May 05, 2001
Place of Birth : Manila City
2006-2012: Lapu-Lapu Elementary School
2012-2016: F.G Calderon High School
2016-2019: Emilio Aguinaldo College
56
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: THONY ROSE ILLARINA

Address: 411 Diego Silang St. Magsaysay Village, Tondo, Manila
Cellphone No.: 0997-892-2319
Email: ilarinathony24@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA
Sex : Female
Age : 18
Date of Birth : September 05, 2000
2006-2012: Teodoro R. Yangco Elementary School
2012-2016: Lakan Dula High School
57
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: MARK RYAN NICDAO

Address: 1327C S. Nicolas St. Tondo, Manila
Cellphone No.: 0929-827-2924
Email: Ryannicdao19@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA
Sex : Male
Age : 18
Date of Birth : August 19, 2000
Place of Birth : Pampanga City
2006-2012: Francisco Balagtas Elementary School
2012-2016: Cayetano Arellano High School
58
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: JAN AREL TOLENTINO
Address: 899-I Cristobal St. Paco, Manila
Cellphone No.: 0956-893-5282
Email: hopiesoberano86@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA
Sex : Male
Age : 17
Date of Birth : October 13, 2001
2006-2012: Justo Lucban Elementary School
2012-2016: Eulogio Amang Rodriguez Vocational High School
59
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : MARIELLE ANNE E. VIZCARRA
Address: 220 Vergel Street Pasay City, Manila

Cellphone No.: 0935-194-9455
Email: vizcarramarielleanne@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA
Nationality: Filipino
Sex: Female
Age: 18
Date of Birth : March 2, 2001
Place of Birth : Pasay City
2006-2012 : Padre Zamora Elementary School
2012-2017 : Pasay City West High School
60
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : ANMOLPREET K. SIDHU

Address: 1311 C, Nieto street, Paco, Manila
Cellphone No.: 0918-224-7254
Email: anmolpreet216@gmail.com
PERSONAL DATA
Nationality: Indian
Sex: Female
Age: 18
Date of Birth : February 16, 2001
Place of Birth : MandaluyongCity
2012-2013 : Burol Elementary School
2013-2018 : Imamaculate Conception Academy- west campus

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Emilio Aguinaldo College -Manila

A Comparative Analysis about the effectiveness of Low Fat Diet and

Low Sugar Diet in terms of Weight Loss

Illarina, Thony Rose

Nicdao, Mark Ryan N.

Ocampo, Lhaisa Charisse

Tolentino, Jan Arel C..

Vizcarra, Marielle Anne E.

Grade 12- STEM 3

Ms. Karina Dela Merced, LPT

School Year 2018-2019

Young from Grade 12 – STEM 3 is hereby approved and accepted.

MS. KARINA DELA MERCED, LPT

accept where due acknowledgment is made in the text.

Thony Rose Illarina

Mark Ryan N. Nicdao

Jan Arel C. Tolentino

Lhaisa Charisse M. Ocampo

Marielle Anne E. Vizcarra

List of Tables and Figures

1.1. Background of the Study

malnourishment, an underlying disease or arise from a conscious effort to improve an

healthy living in his or her personal life.

living of a people, positively and negatively.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

which kind of health or body it is effective.

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.3. Scope and Delimitation

another 20 for low sugar diet.

1.4. Significance of the Study

about low fat idet and low sugar diet.

1.5. Review of Related Literature and Related Studies

1.5.1. Foreign Literature

significant when a person is practicing a healthy lifestyle. According to Australia, H.

According to Gardner, C., Trepanowski, J. et al. (2018), decreasing fat or sugar is

that have been recognized as potential clarifications up until now.

discourage an assortment of wellbeing concerns, including stoutness, coronary illness,

like Atkins, when contrasted with different weight control plans.

According to Healthline (2018), the standard low-fat diet recommended by health

the weight loss is small, on average, it is considered relevant for health.

hidden sugar foods, and it sometimes also encourages a reduction in high-carbohydrate

usually enough to produce results on its own.

amount of weight the individual lost.

According to Shape (2018), while sodium intake has a direct consequence on

pathological imbalances in sodium levels and elevated blood pressure.

instance, setting explicit time constrains between dinners. They likewise

"instrumentalize eating behaviour"– as such, they comprehended eating as a way as far

sustenance dependent on their supplement organization. Members who kept on getting

than the individuals who picked up.

"Weight loss maintenance: A review on dietary related strategies", in this

maintenance. However, the results are controversial. A Dietary Approach to Stop

expanded admission of polyunsaturated unsaturated fats brings down the proportion of

Refined starches, particularly sugar-improved drinks, increment the danger of CHD. On

According to David J. Goldstein (2017) in his article entitled "Beneficial health

(approximately 10% or less) in patients with obesity-associated medical complications

commonly associated with obesity (non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM or

type II), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and cardiovascular

disease). Studies in which patients experienced approximately 10% or less weight

NIDDM, hypertension or hyperlipidemia, modest weight reduction appeared to improve

Modest weight reduction also appeared to increase longevity in obese individuals. In

conclusion, a large proportion of obese individuals with NIDDM, hypertension, and

benefit a substantial subset of obese patients.