Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Table of Contents
Introduction…………………………………………………………………. 2-4
References…………………………………………………………………... 19
Appendix……………………………………………………………………. 20-24
Introduction
The subject in this meal plan project was Pyone Thwe, who is a 20 year old Burmese
female. She is 5 feet and 2 inches tall and weighs 102 pounds. She does not usually exercise, but
she walks long distances throughout her day to go to class, get food, and go to the library to
study. Pyone and her family migrated to America from Myanmar in 2008 in order to get a better
education for her and her siblings, and they currently live in the San Gabriel Valley of Southern
California. As of today, Pyone is a third-year student attending SDSU for her Bachelor’s Degree
in public health. At SDSU, Pyone works for one of the dorm’s front desks and makes around
$8,000 per year, but she also gets financial help from her parents. She lives in an apartment on
campus during the school year and goes home on some weekends and for all holidays.
In the San Gabriel Valley, the weather and climate are hot and dry, whereas, San Diego
has fair weather and is more humid. These differing climates can cause her to choose different
foods and drink differing amounts of water. This project was carried out at the end of fall and the
beginning of winter, which is also the end of the fall semester for SDSU. Pyone specified in her
questionnaire that she tends to eat more at the end of each semester due to stress, so we were able
to create her meal plan during this time in order to keep her eating habits on track. This is also
the time of year where the most major holidays occur and they often cause people to overeat and
choose foods that are less healthy. For this reason, it is beneficial to have a meal plan in order to
keep Pyone’s nutrition within her personal goals. Overall, Pyone’s main goal in this project was
Since Pyone is pescatarian, meaning her sole source of meat is seafood, we had to create
a meal plan that included enough protein and iron to meet her needs while staying within her
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budget. Considering how expensive seafood can be, we had to find cheaper protein sources that
would allow her to consume the proper amounts of macronutrients. Pyone is also
lactose-intolerant, so we had to keep in mind the amount of calcium and Vitamin D she was
consuming in the absence of dairy. Since Pyone specified that she enjoys eating rice almost
every day throughout the week, we incorporated that into her meal plan to ensure her
satisfaction. Also, we started each day’s meal plan with lunch because Pyone is not usually
hungry for breakfast, so she waits to eat until she is hungry at around 12pm. She also eats snacks
between lunch and dinner, and after dinner. Usually, Pyone chooses to eat less healthy snacks,
such as chips, macaroons, or sweet rolls, so we incorporated healthier sweet and savory snacks to
satisfy her hunger and cravings. We also made multiple meals repeat themselves in order to
allow her to prepare meals in advance so she would not have to spend so much time cooking
during the week. This, in turn, will prevent her from choosing those quick, calorie-dense snacks
when she is hungry. Since she does not eat breakfast, Pyone’s snacks typically consist of more
food in order to keep her full throughout the day. By incorporating healthier snacks into her diet,
Based on Pyone’s weight, height and activity level, we were able to calculate her BMI
and caloric needs. Pyone’s BMI was 18.7, which is healthy for her height and age, and her daily
caloric needs in order to maintain her current weight were around 1700 kcals per day (1). In
order to ensure the amount of macronutrients she consumed were sufficient, we based each meal
off of the DRI’s for maintenance, 50% of the calories being carbohydrates, 30% coming from
fats, and 20% being protein. Through this outline, we calculated that she would have to eat 850
kcalories of carbohydrates, 510 kcals of fats, and 340 kcals of protein. In future evaluations, it
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would be beneficial for Pyone to have a food log and diary of how she feels after each meal in
order to determine the ratio of macronutrients that works best for her, as well as the foods her
body feels best eating. This would allow her to see how healthier foods make her feel versus less
healthy foods, which may motivate her to eat more of the healthier foods. It would also be
helpful to have Pyone try to slowly reintroduce dairy into her diet since calcium is difficult to
obtain enough of in plant sources (2). This may be done by using lactose-free dairy products in
order to avoid a negative reaction from Pyone’s body. By keeping a diary of how much dairy she
has each day and how she feels afterwards, we will be able to see how well it may be fully
reintroduced into her daily diet. This would ensure that Pyone is getting enough calcium each
day, so she would not have to worry about taking a supplement or closely monitoring her intake.
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20 protein 340 85
Menu Planning
Monday:
● Lunch- White rice (1 cup) with 1 large egg, sauteed mushrooms and onions (1 serving),
power greens (2 cups, 85g), and sliced cherry tomatoes (1 cup, 149g); 1 cup of coffee
● Dinner- Falafels (2) with rice (1 cup), hummus (1 container, 68g), cucumbers (1
medium, 201g), spring mix salad (3 oz, 85g), and tomatoes (1 cup, 149 g) with light
● Snack 2- One square of 72% dark chocolate with mixed berries (1 cup, 142 g) , granola
Tuesday:
● Lunch- 3 oz of Soyrizo with eggs, 1½ cup rice, sauteed kale and fresh fruit; 1 cup of
● Snack 1- Whole wheat toast (2 slices) with almond butter (1-2 tbsp) and banana slices (½
● Dinner- Tofu (1 block of extra firm) with rice noodles (1 cup), frozen stir fry vegetable
pack (1 cup), garlic and ginger with soy sauce (2 tbsp) on top
Wednesday:
● Lunch- White rice (1 cup) with 2 eggs, sauteed mushrooms and onions (½ cup), power
greens, and sliced cherry tomatoes (5); 1 cup coffee with ¼ cup non-dairy milk
● Dinner- Falafels (4) with rice (1 cup), hummus (¼ cup), cucumbers (¼ cup), spring mix
salad (½ cup not packed), and cherry tomatoes (5) with light greek vinaigrette on top (2
tbsp)
● Snack 2- One square of 72% dark chocolate with mixed berries (¼ cup), ancient grains
Thursday:
● Lunch- Soyrizo (70g) with (2) eggs, (1.5 cups) rice and (1 cup) mixed berries; 1 cup
● Snack 1- Baby carrots (85g) and bell peppers (85g) with hummus (68g)
● Dinner- 1 filet of Tilapia (6 oz), Tofu (179g) with rice noodles (¼ cup), frozen stir fry
Friday:
● Lunch- Two eggs with 2 slices of avocado toast (¼ of a medium avocado per slice) and
sauteed kale (1 cup); 1 cup english breakfast tea with ¼ cup unsweetened oatmilk and 1
tsp honey
● Snack 1- Fresh berries (½ cup) with ½ cup non-dairy yogurt and 3 tbsp ancient grains
granola
● Dinner- Baked tilapia (1 fish) with rice (1 ½ cup) and asparagus (8 stalks)
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● Snack 2- 1 square of 72% dark chocolate with a cup of chamomile tea (1 tsp honey and
Saturday:
● Lunch- Egg omelette with 2 eggs, power greens (1 cup), mushrooms (⅓ cup sliced),
onions (¼ cup) and garlic (1 tsp); 1 cup of white rice; 1 cup of chai tea with unsweetened
● Snack 1- 2 cups of miso soup with ½ a block of extra firm tofu (8 oz) and 1 seaweed
● Dinner- Whole wheat pasta (1½ cups) with basil tomato sauce (½ cup) and power greens
(1 cup)
● Snack 2- Fresh berries (½ cup), ½ cup of non-dairy yogurt and 3 tbsp ancient grains
granola
Sunday:
● Lunch- 3 Pancakes with fresh berries (½ cup), almond butter (2 tbsp) and honey (2 tsp)
on top
● Snack 1- Carrots and bell peppers (100g) with hummus; banana (1 whole) on 1 slice of
whole wheat toast with almond butter (1½ tbsp) and cinnamon
● Dinner- Baked tilapia (1 fillet, 6oz), rice (1½ cup) and asparagus (8 stalks)
● Snack 2- 1 square of 72% dark chocolate with 1 cup of chamomile tea (1 tsp honey and
Nutrient Analysis
Gender Female
Weight 102lbs
Age 20YO
largest discrepancy is the protein intake. This difference can be explained by examining the DRI
value generated by the USDA calculator, which offers the bare minimum amount necessary to
maintain weight for a person living a sedentary lifestyle. Also, The Pescatarian diet is known to
favor protein because it focuses on fish and seafood as prime energy sources. There is no reason
to be concerned with Sunday’s protein value; it is far from the tolerable upper limit for protein.
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Monday’s nutrient analysis reveals deficits in several vitamins and minerals: Iron, Calcium,
Vitamin C, Sodium, Zinc, Vitamin D, and Fiber. This meal plan will need to be revised to not
only increase the total calories, but also for many of the essential micronutrients that are
required.
Menu Costing
Food Item Brand Name Purchase Purchase Serving Size Cost per
(source) Size Price Serving
Noodles
Pyone Thwe has a healthy BMI, but her goal with this project was to decrease the amount
of sugar and increase the amount of vegetables consumed in order to better her overall health.
Pyone is a student that lives on campus and does not frequently exercise outside of walking
around campus. The foods chosen for her meal plan were made to be easily accessible for her, as
well as easily prepared due to her busy schedule as a full time college student. There were certain
restrictions with Pyone’s meal plan because she follows a pescatarian diet and is also lactose
intolerant. It was important to take into consideration the different foods that could not be
included in the meal plan, according to her dietary restrictions. Seafood was included as her main
meat source, and there were no dairy products used. It was also important to take into
consideration that she does not typically eat breakfast, so the meal plan started off with lunch and
included several snacks throughout the day. The snacks that were included tended to be higher in
kcalories compared to a typical snack in order to make up for the kcalories not consumed during
breakfast time. Pyone specified that she likes to eat rice on a regular basis, so the meal plan
included rice to comply with that. The snacks that she eats throughout the day, in replacement of
breakfast, aren’t typically very nutritious, so the meal plan included more nutrient dense snacks
in order to reach the goal of eating less sugar and more healthy foods.
According to the low-cost USDA Food Cost Plan, the weekly budget should be $48.30,
with a daily budget of $6.90. The meal plan costing was based on this information. The meal
plan made for Pyone ended up having a weekly total of $46.55, with a daily total of $6.65. With
that being said, the costs for Pyone’s meal plan were under those of the low-cost USDA Food
The recommended calorie intake for Pyone to maintain her healthy BMI is around 1700
kcalories per day total. According to the DRI’s for maintenance, 50% of the calories should be
carbohydrates, 30% fats, and 20% protein. That would mean 850 kcalories (212.5 grams) being
carbohydrates, 510 kcals (56.7 grams) being fats, and 340 kcals (85 grams) being protein.
According to the recommendations through the USDA DRI system when determining the
nutrient analysis however, the recommended daily intake of carbohydrates is 201-291 grams of
carbohydrates, only 37 grams of protein, and 40-70 grams of fat, and 1790 kcalories total for
Pyone’s measurements. The lower protein intake recommendation can be due to the fact that the
USDA DRI calculator calculates the minimum amount of protein needed when choosing the
“sedentary” lifestyle, since Pyone does not typically exercise. With that being said, Pyone’s
nutrient analysis did show that the recommended intake for protein was greatly exceeded on
Sunday and was also exceeded on Monday. As for the other macronutrients, carbohydrate and fat
intake were within the recommended daily intake of the USDA DRI’s. Pyone’s total kcalories
for Sunday and Monday, however, did not reach the recommended daily intake.
mcg of folate, 15 mcg of vitamin D and 25 g of fiber. For both Sunday and Monday, iron,
calcium, and fiber recommendations were not met. This is due to the difficulty of implementing
enough plant-based calcium into the diet, as well as the limited budget for fish declining iron
intake. More fiber may be included by switching out white rice to brown rice or whole grain
quinoa, as well as making whole-grain pancakes instead of regular ones. For Sunday, zinc
recommendations were also not met and for Monday, vitamin C, sodium, and vitamin D
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recommendations were not met. Since the Vitamin D deficiency was only present on one day, it
is not extremely concerning to see; especially due to the majority of people relying on sun
exposure to meet the requirement (3). Zinc deficiency, on the other hand, can cause immune
system inhibition, as well as increased inflammation throughout the body (4). In order to increase
her intake of zinc without eating meat other than fish, Pyone’s meal plan should be adjusted to
include more zinc-rich grains and cereals and possibly lactose-free dairy products (5).
Overall, Pyone is a healthy individual. Our meal plan was created in order to adapt to her
lactose intolerant and pescatarian lifestyle. To decrease her sugar intake and help her achieve her
goal of eating healthier, we incorporated healthier snacks that are higher in kcals, since she
doesn’t eat breakfast. A few challenges that we faced was creating a meal plan that catered to her
no meat and no dairy diet. She only eats seafood but in order to stay within her budget, we had to
find other sources to satisfy her macronutrient intake. The meal plan met the DRI for most of the
micronutrients and macronutrients, with the exception of a few days. By shopping efficiently and
keeping the budget in mind, we managed to create a meal plan that fell within the USDA Food
Cost Plan budget. The American “fast food diet” is very unhealthy and as a student, it is
tempting and easier for Pyone to satisfy her hunger at the nearest fast food place. A study called
“Are fast food restaurants an environmental risk factor for obesity?” concluded that eating at
"fast food" restaurants was positively associated with a high fat diet and Body Mass Index (6).
Pyone’s lactose intolerant and pescatarian diet greatly helps her from falling into this unhealthy
fast food diet. Pyone does not exercise, but her daily lifestyle of walking long distances for class
makes up for some of it. In conclusion, Pyone’s meal plan fits her lifestyle while achieving her
References
2. Hodges J, Cao S, Cladis D, Weaver C. Lactose Intolerance and Bone Health: The Challenge of
Ensuring Adequate Calcium Intake. Nutrients. 2019;11(4):718. doi:10.3390/nu11040718.
3. Baggerly CA, Cuomo RE, French CB, et al. Sunlight and Vitamin D: Necessary for Public
Health. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2015;34(4):359-365.
doi:10.1080/07315724.2015.1039866.
4. Wong CP, Rinaldi NA, Ho E. Zinc deficiency enhanced inflammatory response by increasing
immune cell activation and inducing IL6 promoter demethylation. Molecular Nutrition &
Food Research. 2015;59(5):991-999. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201400761.
6. Jeffery1, Robert W, et al. “Are Fast Food Restaurants an Environmental Risk Factor for
Obesity?” International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, BioMed
Central, 25 Jan. 2006, https://ijbnpa.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1479-5868-3-2.
8. Person. “Spice Up Dinnertime With Homemade Falafel.” Delish, Delish, 25 Oct. 2019,
https://www.delish.com/cooking/recipe-ideas/recipes/a54231/easy-homemade-falafel-reci
pe/.
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Appendix
Myanmar, Bermese
7. Do you have a religious preference? If so, are there any dietary restrictions?
public health.
No
10. Do you have any emotional factors that contribute to your food choices?
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At the end of the semester, I tend to eat more due to stress from finals.
11. What are your nutritional needs? Do you have any food allergies?
I need to eat less sugar and more healthy foods. I am also lactose intolerant.
I usually skip breakfast because I am usually not hungry in the morning and don't have
time for breakfast. Then, I eat lunch and dinner at normal times, along with some snacks
in the middle of the day. I tend to eat more at the end of the semester.
13. How much time and skill do you have for food planning and preparation?
I am a beginner skill level when it comes to cooking and do not have much time for food
I am not sure about specific nutrients, but I just feel the need to eat healthier. My goal is
to reduce my sugar intake and increase the amount of vegetables I eat everyday.
16. Is there any other information that you want us to know before creating your meal
NUTR 304
Fall 2019
This document is to establish group members for the project as well as outline work and grading
expectations. All group members are expected to contribute to the project equally. If a group feels one
or more members have not provided an equal amount of work to the project, they must notify the
instructor as early as possible with detailed evidence for their claims. If a group member will be absent
on a day in which the group work is carried out, they must notify their group in advance and determine a
way to contribute their part for that meeting. If a group member commits plagiarism, they are
responsible and will incur the consequences on their own if team members can provide evidence of
their lack of involvement. All students in a group will receive the same grade for the project unless
evidence shows one or more team members did not equally contribute to the finished product.
1. Macy Wright- I helped with the menu planning, calculated the calories, macronutrients and amounts
of each food item for Friday on the menu plan, and split the discussion/conclusion section with Julie.
2. Allana Roszyk- I made the title page, table of contents, introduction, questionnaire, 24-hour recall,
outlined the meals in the menu planning and calculated the calories, macronutrients and amounts of
each food for Saturday and Sunday. I also helped with putting references in the discussion/summary.
3. Anton Ding - I did the nutrient analysis, and constructed charts to organize the data for two days of
meal planning. I also wrote a brief explanation regarding any variation from the DRI. I also calculated the
calories, macronutrients and amounts of each food for Tuesday’s menu plan.
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4. Sasha Martell- I found and typed the recipes in the appendix and inputted the references for those
articles, also helped with giving ideas for the menu planning, as well as calculated the calories and
macronutrients to create the right amounts of each food for Wednesday’s menu.
5. Julie Huynh- I helped with the menu planning by calculating the calories, macronutrients and
amounts of each food item for Monday on the menu plan, and split the discussion/conclusion section
with Macy.
6. Jose Toribio- I helped with the menu planning, calculated amount of servings per food to reach
calories and macronutrient requirement for Thursday. I also did the menu costing and the total kcal
requirement box with macronutrient requirements.