Algebra II Reference

Polynomials Completing the Square and Quadratics

Definitions Completing the 2
Square 2 Quadratic −b ± b2 − 4ac
b  b  Formula x =
Monomial: a variable, a real number or the product of a real number and ( ax ) + abx +   =  ax + 
2
2a
variables raised to a whole and positive power 2  2 2
Polynomial: an expression which is the sum of one or more monomials b − 4ac > 0 → two real roots
Quadratic Equation b2 − 4ac = 0 → a real, repeated root
Root: the value of the variable when the polynomial function is zero; also
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 b2 − 4ac < 0 → two complex roots
considered the solution to the polynomial function
Degree: the highest exponent of a polynomial function Relations and Functions
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra: every polynomial equation with a degree Definitions Examples
greater than zero has at least one root in the set of complex numbers Relation: any set of ordered pairs For the examples below,
Dividing Polynomials Function: a relation which pairs each f(x)=h and g(x)=k
( 3 2
)
Divide x − 3x − 5x − 25 by ( x − 5 ) . Long Division
Divide the first term dividend by the first
element of the domain with exactly one
element of the range
Composite
f
Functions
( ( )) = f ( k )
g x
Synthetic Division term divisor and distribute the result.
2 Adding Functions
Find the root of the divisor. x Types of Functions
( )
x − 5 = 0 → x = 5
x − 5 x 3 −3x 2 −5 x −25 Algebraic Function: a function for which x f ( x ) + g ( x) = h + k
List all coefficents of the polynomial. is constant Subtracting Functions
5 1 −3 −5 −25 x 3 −5x 2 f ( x ) − g ( x )=h −k
Bring down the first coefficient. Rational Functions: a function in which a
5 1 −3 −5 −25 Subtract the result from the dividend. polynomial function is divided by another Multiplying Functions
x2 polynomial function not equal to zero f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ) = hk
↓
Piecewise Functions: a function that is Dividing Functions
1 x − 5 x 3 −3x 2 −5x −25 Where k is not equal to zero
Multiply the first coefficient by the root. defined by different equations for
5 1 −3 −5 −25 x 3 −5x 2 f (x ) h
2 different portions of the domain =
↓ 5 0 2x
Composite Functions: a function in which g (x ) k
Bring down the next term from the dividend.
1
x2 the variable is another function
Add the product to the second coefficient.
5 1 −3 −5 −25 x − 5 x 3 −3x 2 −5x −25 Logarithms, Exponents, Radicals
↓ 5 x 3 −5x 2 ↓
1 2
Definitions
2
0 2x −5x Natural Base: the irrational number, e, that is approximately
Repeat previous two steps for all. Repeat the previous 3 steps for each term.
5 1 −3 −5 −25 x 2
+ 2x + 5
2.71828…
↓ 5 10 25 Logarithm: the inverse of an exponential function
3 2
1 2 5 0 x −5 x −3x − 5x −25 Equivalent Exponent and Logarithmic Forms: For any positive
The final integer is the remainder. ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ base b, where b is greater than 0 and not equal to 1:
Insert variables starting with one less 5x −25 bx = y if and only if x = logb (y).
degree for each coefficient. 5x −25 Common Log: the function f(x)=log10x; can be shortened to
x 2 + 2x + 5 R= 0 ( x − 5 ) 0
f(x)=logx
Finding Roots Natural Log: the function f(x)=logex in which the base, e, is the
Factoring Polynomial Functions: a process where a polynomial is written as special number 2.71828…; function is also written as f(x)=lnx
the multiplication of two or more different polynomials or monomials Formulas and Properties
Complex Conjugates Theorem: If a+bi is a root of a polynomial function with
Product of Quotient of Quotient of Negative Inverse
real coefficients, then a-bi is also a root of the function
Exponents Exponents Radicals Exponents Properties
Rational Root Theorem: Let f(x)=a polynomial function in standard form with m n
integer coefficients; If p is all factors of the constant term and q is all factors bm ⋅ bn = bm +n a = a m −n n a = a x −a = 1 logb b = x
x
n n a
of the leading coefficient, then (p/q) is all possible roots of y=f(x) Exponent of a a b b x b logb x = x
Formulas for Factoring Product Fractional Changing Bases
( ) m
= m m Exponents log x
Greatest Common Factor Sum of Two Cubes ab a b logb x = a
(
a 3 b + a 2 b2 + ab2 = ab a 2 + ab + b ) (
a 3 + b3 = ( a + b ) a 2 − ab + b2 )
an Exponent
a
Exponent of x b = b x a = b x ( )
a
Product of
loga b
Logarithms
Grouping Difference of Two Cubes Exponent of a logb ( mn ) = logb m + logb n
( )( )
n
ax + cx + ay + cy = ( a + c )( x + y ) a 3 − b3 = ( a − b ) a 2 + ab + b2 a m = a m ⋅n Quotient Quotient of Logarithms
m
General Trinomial Perfect Squares Product of a am m
acx 2 + adx + bcx + bd = ( ax + b )( cx + d ) b = m logb   = logb m − logb n
Radicals   b n
a 2 + 2ab + b2 = ( a + b )
2
−n n n
Difference of Two Squares n ab = n a ⋅ n b  a  =  b  = b Powers of Logarithms
a 2 − 2ab + b2 = ( a − b ) ( )
2
a 2 − b2 = ( a + b )( a − b ) b a n logb m p = p ⋅ logb m
    a
Rose-Hulman Homework Hotline 1 Algebra II Study Guide
 Imaginary and Complex Numbers Series and Sequences
Definitions Definitions
Imaginary Number: the number i that squared yields a result of -1. Sequence: an ordered list of numbers or terms
i = −1 i 2 = −1 Explicit Formula: a formula that defines all the terms of a sequence
Complex Number: a number that can be written in the form a+bi Recursive Formula: a formula that uses one or more previous terms to
where the a term is real and the bi term is imaginary generate the next term
Powers of i Series: an expression that indicates the sum of terms of a sequence
To find in , divide n by 4 and match the remainder to one of the Arithmetic Sequence: a sequence whose successive terms differ by the
powers of i to the right. i = −1 i 2 = −1 i 3 = −i i4 =1 same common difference, d
Arithmetic Series: the indicated sum of the terms of an arithmetic sequence
Conic Sections Geometric Sequence: a Formulas
Definitions sequence in which the Arithmetic Sequence Geometric Sequence
Circle: the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a ratio of successive terms is
an = a1 + (n − 1)d an = a1 r n −1
given point, the center in the plane. the same common ratio, r
Ellipse: the set of all points in a plane such that the sum of the Geometric Series: the Arithmetic Series Geometric Series
distances from two fixed points, the foci, is constant
Parabolas: the set of all points in a plane that are the same
indicated sum of the terms
of a geometric sequence
n
Sn = ( a1 + an )
2 Sn =
a1 1 − r n ( )
distance from a given point, the focus, and a given line, the Binomial Theorem: a 1−r
directrix formula for finding the Binomial Theorem
Hyperbola: the set of all points in a plane such that the absolute expansion of the powers of n n n n!
a binomial expression ( a + b ) = ∑   a n −k bk ;   =
n
value of the difference of the distances from two fixed points, the
foci, is constant
k
k =0   k
  ( n − k )! k !
Standard Equations Probability
(h,k) = center or vertex r =radius of circle Definitions
Circle
( x − h )2 + ( y − k )2 = r 2 Fundamental Counting Principle: if event can occur in m ways and another
Ellipse Horizontal Major Axis Vertical Major Axis event that can occur in n ways, then the first event followed by the second
event can occur in m·n ways
For a>b (x − h) (y − k )
2 2
(y − k ) (x − h)
2 2
+ =1 + =1 Independent Events: events that do not affect the outcomes of each other
a2 b2 a2 b2 Dependent Events: events that affect the outcomes of each other
Parabola Opens up if a>0, down if a<0 Opens right if a>0, left if a<0 Mutually Exclusive Events: two events that cannot occur at the same time
y = a(x − h) + k
2
x = a(y − k ) + h
2 Inclusive Events: two events whose outcomes may be the same
Combination: an arrangement of objects in which order is not important
Hyperbola Horizontal Transverse Axis Vertical Transverse Axis
Permutation: an arrangement of objects in which order is important
(x − h) (y − k )
2 2
(y − k ) (x − h)
2 2
Formulas
− =1 − =1
a2 b2 a2 b2 Probability with Two Probability with Two Combination
Independent Events Dependent Events n!
P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A) ⋅ P (B ) P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A) ⋅ P (B A) ( ) ( n − r ) ! r !
Other Notes C n,r =

Probability of Success Probability of Mutually Permutation

Exclusive Events n!
P (s ) =
s P ( n,r ) =
s +f P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A) + P (B ) (n − r )!
Probability of Inclusive Events Permutation w/ Repetitions
n!
P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A) + P (B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) P (n) =
p! q!
Matrices and Determinates
Definitions Formulas
Matrix: A rectangular array of variables or constants in horizontal
rows and vertical columns, usually enclosed in brackets. Addition and Subtraction of Matrices 2nd Order Determinate
Adding/Subtracting Matrices: addition or subtraction of matrices a b c   j k l   a ± j b±k c ±l a b
may only occur if the matrices are the same dimensions; d e f  ±  m n o  = d ± m e ± n f ± o = ad − bc
      c d
corresponding entries are added or subtracted to form the
g h i   p q r   g ± p h±q i ±r 
result
Multiplying Matrices by a Constant: each entry of the matrix is Multiplying Matrices 3rd Order Determinate
By a constant, k
multiplied by the indicated constant a b  ka kb  a b c
Multiplying Matrices by another Matrix: the number of columns k = kd  d e f =
 c d   kc
in the first matrix must be the same as the number of rows in g h i
the second matrix; multiply each By another matrix
e f d f d e
Determinate: a square array of numbers or variables enclosed a b  e f  ae + bg af + bh  a −b +c
between two parallel lines. c d  ⋅ g h  =  ce + dg cf + dh  h i g i g h
     

Rose-Hulman Homework Hotline 2 Algebra II Study Guide