Optical and Quantum Electronics (2019) 51:372

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-019-2091-6

A simple design of highly birefringent and nonlinear

photonic crystal fiber with ultra‑flattened dispersion

Bai Yu1 · Hao Rui1

Received: 14 June 2019 / Accepted: 22 October 2019

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019

Abstract
We present a compressed hexagonal photonic crystal fiber (CH-PCF) based on a simple
structure with ultra-flattened dispersion, high birefringence and nonlinearity. The propa-
gation characteristics are studied accurately by utilizing full vector finite-element method
(FEM). Numerical results indicate that the birefringence of 1.59 × 10−2 was obtained with
high nonlinear coefficient of 42.58 W−1 km−1(X) and 52.80 W−1 km−1(Y) at an effective
wavelength of 1.55 μm. Furthermore, CH-PCF presents an ultra-flattened dispersion with
variation of ± 3.4  ps/nm/km(X) and ± 1.6  ps/nm/km(Y) over 1.3  μm to 1.8  μm (0.5  μm
bandwidth), respectively. In addition, this circular-hole structure can be fabricated conveni-
ently at most easy compared with complex designs, which is an advantage for practical
applications such as dispersion compensation and nonlinear optics application.

Keywords  Photonic crystal fiber · Ultra-flattened dispersion · High birefringence · High

nonlinearity

1 Introduction

Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) (Broeng et al. 1999) which consist of single material with mul-
tiple air holes periodically enfolding the fiber core, have become the mainstream of research
due to their distinctive light guiding principles and structural flexibility in design since appear-
ing (Russell 2003). In many aspects, PCFs are superior to conventional optical fibers, such as
high birefringence and nonlinearity, controllable effective modal area, ultra-flattened disper-
sion (Ortigosa-Blanch et al. 2000; Poli et al. 2004; Mortensen et al. 2003; Abdur Razzak et al.
2007; Hu et al. 2009) etc. One of the most important issues in optical fiber communication
systems is dispersion control (Saitoh et al. 2003; Roberts et al. 2005) and in order to eliminate
the dispersion effects during optical signals propagation, the study of flattened dispersion fiber
comes to be essential (Xu et al. 2011; Kim et al. 2012). PCFs with high birefringence, high
nonlinearity and flattened dispersion can not only show great advantages in applications of

* Hao Rui
klein_ysu@163.com; hrysu@163.com
1
The Key Laboratory on Microstructural Material Physics of Hebei Province, College of Sciences,
Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, People’s Republic of China

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 372   Page 2 of 13 B. Yu, H. Rui

optical fiber transmission system but also become more extensive and diversified in dispersion
compensation (Habib et al. 2013; Animesh et al. 2017).
In the last few years, the necessities for different applications in science and engineering
of PCFs have boosted proposals on novel designs. Among them, some great performances
reported for PCFs were achieved by introducing elliptical air holes into the designs. Habib
and Khandker (2015) proposed a PCF with four elliptical air holes in the core, whose dis-
persion fluctuates in the range of  ±  9.7  ps/nm/km and birefringence can reach the magni-
tude of 1­ 0−2. A similar PCF was designed with double zero dispersion points at wavelength
range from 0.8 μm to 2 μm, but the birefringence was not as good as the former (Bo et al.
2016). Higher birefringence has also been obtained by utilizing elliptical holes in the whole
cladding (Liu et al. 2018) or adopting an elliptical arrangement in the core (Gui et al. 2018).
Simulation results of an octagonal structure PCF showed that birefringence of 1­ 0−2 could be
achieved, but the dispersion was not flattened. (Prabu and Malavika 2019). Nonetheless, ellip-
tical air hole puts forward higher standards for the fabrication process, which means higher
costs and technical equipment requirements. On the contrary, structures with whole circular
air holes are advantageous compared with structures with elliptical air holes because of its
easier fabrication, and the performance of circular-hole structures can be comparable to that
of elliptical-hole structures. For instance, the birefringence of 1­ 0−3 has been achieved in a
PCF structure with whole circular air holes (Lee et al. 2015). In a pentagonal PCF design with
five kinds of holes, birefringence exhibited the magnitude of ­10−2 and variation of disper-
sion was ± 12.2 ps/nm/km (Li et al. 2015). The birefringence of 1­ 0−2 and dispersion variation
of ± 3.7 ps/nm/km can be realized by the design of ES-PCF (Hasan et al. 2016). PCF with
circularly distributed holes revealed that ultra-flattened dispersion of ± 2.5 ps/nm/km(X) and
± 2 ps/nm/km(Y)can be achieved at the wavelength region from 1.25 μm to 1.7 μm, but the
birefringence is not optimistic (Mahmud et al. 2016). Another PCF presents a high birefrin-
gence of 1­ 0−2 and a flattened negative dispersion with variation of ±  6.93 ps/nm/km (Faisal
et  al. 2018). Sidhik et  al. (2019) designed a PCF with a circular-hole structure, which has
birefringence of 1­ 0−2 and a low loss, but no further study was made on flattened dispersion.
From what we have mentioned above, most of the PCFs with circular holes still contain sev-
eral air hole diameters or uncontrollable polygonal structures, which are not simple enough.
Therefore, it would be worth investigating, if PCF with simpler circular-hole structures could
offer excellent propagation performances in multiple aspects, which can be easily fabricated
for extensive commercial use.
In this work, we propose a novel PCF and define it as CH-PCF which avoids complex
structure and special air holes without degradation of performances. Ultra-flattened disper-
sion, high birefringence and nonlinearity can be obtained simultaneously in CH-PCF. In the
process of optimization, the relationship between the propagation characteristics and structural
parameters are analyzed in different chapters detailedly. Furthermore, our circular hole struc-
ture is simpler than that of the previous researches, so the fabrication could be easily achieved
via stack and draw method or performs drilling method. In fact, the fabrication technology of
circular-hole PCFs is very mature till today (Liu et al. 2005; Amouzad Mahdiraji et al. 2014),
so our design could expect to be applied to wide fields.

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2 Structure and numerical method

The original structural cross-section of CH-PCF is shown in Fig. 1, silica is the background
material that has abundant advantages as a host material for PCF manufacturing such as avail-
ability, favorable thermal and crystallization stability. Large air holes are arranged into a com-
pressed hexagonal structure with Λ = 1.8 μm and ­d1 = 0.8 μm in order to build outer cladding.
One central air hole has been removed and replaced by six small air holes of ­d2 = 0.36 μm
which are arrayed on both sides of the center and form the fiber core. Their locations are deter-
mined by P = Ax/Ay with the value of 2.5. The key point of this arrangement is to destroy the
symmetry of the core region and introduce index difference between two polarization modes.
Among many simulation methods for PCFs, the finite-element method (FEM) (Brechet
et al. 2000), which has great advantage in simulating complex fiber structures accurately, is
the most widely used. In this work, the full-vector FEM with a perfectly matched layer (PML)
which is regarded as the outside boundary condition is adopted to simulate the electromag-
netic fields in CH-PCF efficiently and precisely. From Maxwell’s equations the following vec-
torial wave equation is listed:

∇ × ([s]−1 ∇ × E) − k02 n2eff [s]E = 0 (1)

where E is the electric field vector, k0= 2π/λ is the wavenumber in free space, neff is the
refractive index, [s] is the PML matrix.
By using full-vector FEM method, the cross-section of CH-PCF, namely, the continuous
solution domain is discretized into finite units connected in a certain way. There is no more
general choice than triangular structure for each unit because of its more meticulous modeling
curved boundaries of air holes. Furthermore, a hypothetical approximation function is applied
to each unit, so that the unknown field function in whole solving area is taken place by the
sum of approximation equation in various units. In order to obtain the eigenvalue equation,
Galerkin method or Ritz method is considered to transform the vectorial wave equation and
following formula is as shown:

([A] − k02 n2neff [B]){E} = 0 (2)

Fig. 1  The cross-section of proposed CH-PCF

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 372   Page 4 of 13 B. Yu, H. Rui

where [A] and [B] are sparse matrices, {E} is the discretized electric field vector. In this
way, the transmission parameters of PCF can be further expressed by eigenvalues solved by
the equation.
The background material of this PCF is silica whose refractive index can be fitted by the
Sellmeier equation:
0.6961663𝜆2 0.4079426𝜆2 0.8974794𝜆2
n(𝜆)2 = 1 + + 2 + 2 (3)
𝜆2 − (0.0684043) 2 𝜆 − (0.1162414) 2 𝜆 − (9.896161)2
where λ is transmission wavelength, the calculating wavelength range is within the near
infrared band from 1 μm to 2 μm, and the corresponding refractive index of silica n(λ) var-
ies from 1.450417 to 1.438085 according to (3).
The birefringence (B) of PCF is determined by the difference between the real part of
effective refractive index in two fundamental orthogonal modes. The order of B in normal
single-mode fiber is 1­ 0−6–10−5 and the fiber of high birefringence means B > 10−5. So B
can be calculated by using the following equation:
| y |
B = |Re(nxeff ) − Re(neff )| (4)
| |
where nxeff and neff represent the effective refractive index of X- and Y-polarization funda-
y

mental modes, respectively.

The chromatic dispersion (D) is a significant parameter in optical fiber design. It can be
splitted into two parts, which are defined as material dispersion (Dm) and waveguide dis-
persion (Dw), respectively. The total dispersion is the sums of Dm and Dw, The formula for
calculation is as follows:
D = Dw + Dm (5)
2
𝜆 d [Re(neff )] (6)
Dw = − ⋅
c d𝜆2
where c is the velocity of light in vacuum and Re(neff) represent the real part of the effec-
tive index, Dm is taken into consideration during the calculation by the Sellmeier Eq. (3).
The effective mode area (Aeff) of proposed PCF is inversely proportional to nonlinear
coefficient (γ), which can be, respectively, expressed as:
2
( ∬s |E|2 dxdy)
Aeff = (7)
∬s |E|4 dxdy

2𝜋 n2
𝛾= ⋅
𝜆 Aeff (8)

where E is the electric field and s is the cross section of fiber. In this work, the nonlinear
refractive index(n2) of pure silica material is selected as 2.6 × 10−20 ­m2/W and it also repre-
sents the degree of nonlinearity.

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3 Simulating results and discussion

The modal field distributions of CH-PCF for X- and Y-polarization are shown in Fig.  2.
Owing to the asymmetry of the structure, energy are well confined inside the core but is
highly elliptically shaped. CH-PCF is modified in this chapter, and four key structural
parameters such as location of small holes (P), air hole diameter (­ d1, ­d2) and hole spacing
(Ʌ), are discussed in detail in order to improve the propagation performance and ease the
fabrication process.

3.1 The influence of P

The birefringence of PCF depends on asymmetry of the fiber mode, which is controlla-
ble by position and size of the air holes in the core. So the distribution of six small holes
is very important for the subsequent structural and performance optimization. Therefore,
we select the proportion of Ax/Ay as P = 2.3, 2.5 and 2.7 from the premise of original
structure parameters and Ay is fixed as Ay = 0.48 μm. As is shown in Fig. 3a that P and B
are in the inverse ratio. Smaller P enhances the asymmetry of the core and leads to higher
birefringence, all three values of P lead to the B of ­10−2 in the 1.31 μm and 1.55 μm opti-
cal telecommunication windows, which is two orders of magnitude larger than that of the
conventional fibers.
Figure  3b illustrates that the variation of P leads to the different trend of dispersion
curves, which means P has great influence on D. In the process of increasing P, it is obvious
that the dispersion curves for P = 2.5 have the smallest fluctuation of − 102.332 ± 6.8  ps/
nm/km (X) and − 22.52 ± 2  ps/nm/km (Y) among three values over 1.4  μm to 1.7  μm
(0.3  μm bandwidth), which is a significant prerequisite for the realization of flattened
dispersion.
From Fig.  3c, the results reveal that the γ diminishes with the decrease of P. It may
be interpreted as larger P could guide more light into the core and control the mode field
area much better. We can also notice that the γ of X-polarization is smaller than that of
Y-polarization, this is because of the asymmetry of the core, namely the distribution of
air holes in the vertical direction is more compact than that of air holes in the horizontal
direction, resulting in the effective mode area of X-polarization being larger than that of
Y-polarization. It is worth mentioning that all three values of P can achieve a high nonlin-
ear coefficient of more than 40 W−1km−1(X) and 50 W−1km−1(Y) at 1.55 μm.
So in summary, we select P = 2.5 as position parameter of six small holes not only the
birefringence can reach the magnitude of ­10−2, but also high nonlinear coefficient and the

Fig. 2  Modal field distribution at 1.55 μm in original structure for X- and Y-polarization modes

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 372   Page 6 of 13 B. Yu, H. Rui

Fig. 3  a Birefringence versus

wavelength with different P.
b The variation of dispersion
versus wavelength with different
P. c The influence on nonlinear
coefficient versus wavelength
with different P

most flattened dispersion can be obtained. This distribution could lay a good foundation for
the subsequent optimization of CH-PCF.

3.2 The influence of ­d1

Size of air holes in the outer cladding can directly affect the air filling ratio of PCF. We fix
the structure parameters as Λ = 1.8 μm, ­d2 = 0.36 μm and ­d1 varies from 1.5 μm to 1.64 μm.

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As is shown in Fig. 4a, with the increase of ­d1, the birefringence curves shift upward. This
may also be explained by the air filling ratio of the outer cladding increasing with d­ 1, so
that modal fields can be better confined into the core region. Since the asymmetry of the
core plays a major role in birefringence, the birefringence becomes higher. But with the
increase of wavelength, the modal fields in the core gradually diffuse into the cladding and
the core is more asymmetric than the cladding, so the increase of birefringence slows down

Fig. 4  a Birefringence versus

wavelength with ­d1 varied. b Dis-
persions of X- and Y-polarization
modes versus wavelength with
­d1 varied. c Nonlinear coefficient
of X- and Y-polarization modes
with ­d1 varied

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 372   Page 8 of 13 B. Yu, H. Rui

correspondingly, which leads to the trend of curves in Fig. 4a. When d­ 1 = 1.64 μm, B can
achieve 1.48 × 10−2 at 1.55 μm, which is higher than the values of B for other two sizes of
­d1.
Figure  4b shows the fluctuation of dispersion curves with ­d1 varied. The dispersion
fluctuates in the range of − 103.332 ± 6.1  ps/nm/km (X) and − 24.629 ± 2.5  ps/nm/km
(Y) for d­ 1 = 1.5  μm, respectively. When ­d1 increases to 1.64  μm, dispersion curves shift
upward and the dispersion fluctuates in the range of − 94.173 ± 7.4  ps/nm/km (X) and
− 16.039 ± 3.8  ps/nm/km (Y), respectively. According to the results, All three values of
­d1 have the dispersion fluctuation within ± 10 ps/nm/km, which are better than most of the
reported PCFs with circular-hole structures.
Figure  4c shows the relationship between γ and ­d1. As ­d1 increases, both nonlinear
coefficients of the two polarization modes increase. This phenomenon can be understood
that larger d­ 1 corresponds to larger air filling ratio, which leads to a small effective modal
area, and consequently, nonlinear coefficient curves of both the X- and Y-polarization
modes shift upward. Therefore, the γ at 1.55 μm increases from 40.29 W−1 km−1 (X) and
48.94  W−1  km−1 (Y) to 46.98  W−1  km−1 (X) and 56.61  W−1  km−1 (Y) with ­d1 enlarges
from 1.5 μm to 1.64 μm, respectively.
From the analysis above we can conclude that enlarging ­d1 properly can improve the
B and γ effectively. However, the diameter of d­ 1 should not be over enlarged in order to
ensure the stability of the structure in the process of fiber fabrication. Therefore, we select
­d1 = 1.64  μm as the appropriate parameter, so as to provide better energy confinement,
higher birefringence and higher nonlinearity.

3.3 The influence of ­d2

With structural parameters of Λ = 1.8 μm and ­d1 = 1.64 μm, we varied ­d2 from 0.34 μm to
0.40 μm. The effects of ­d2 on the birefringence, nonlinearity and dispersion are investigated
as follows. It can be observed from Fig. 5a that, the increase of ­d2 results in an increase in
birefringence. This can be explained that increasing ­d2 can further squeeze the core hori-
zontally, which makes the core more asymmetric, so higher B can be obtained. The B can
reach the magnitude of 1­ 0−2 in the waveband from 1.3 μm to 2 μm. When d­ 2 = 0.34 μm, the
value of B is proved to be 1.24 × 10−2, and 2.06 × 10−2 for d­ 2 = 0.4 μm at 1.55 μm.
Figure  5b indicates that decrease d­ 2 appropriately can make dispersion curves shift
upward and more flattened. We notice that a minor adjustment of d­ 2 can have an obvi-
ous impact on D, which illustrates that air holes close to the core have direct influences
on the dispersion. Two relatively flattened dispersion curves can be obtained when
­d2 = 0.34  μm and ­d2 = 0.36  μm. The fluctuation of dispersion for d­ 2 = 0.34  μm can reach
− 60.429 ± 4.6  ps/nm/km (X) and − 2.476 ± 3.4  ps/nm/km (Y) over 1.3  μm to 1.8  μm,
respectively. And for d­ 2 = 0.36 μm, the dispersion fluctuates around − 95.173 ± 10.2 ps/nm/
km (X) and − 17.719 ± 2.4 ps/nm/km (Y) in the same waveband, respectively.
Figure  5c shows the same curve trend as that in Fig.  4c. The γ curves shift upward
with ­d2 enlarged, but the variation of γ with d­2 is slight. Air filling ratio is mainly
affected by large air holes in the outer cladding, so ­d2 shows little impacts on the modal
area when d­ 1 is fixed. Results at 1.55  μm show that the γ achieves 47.16  W−1  km−1 (X)
and 55.71 W−1 km−1 (Y) for d­ 2 = 0.34 μm, respectively. When d­ 2 = 0.40 μm, γ can reach
46.76 W−1 km−1 (X) and 58.56 W−1 km−1 (Y), respectively.
The comparison results indicate that flattened dispersion can be obtained when
­d2 = 0.34  μm. But for ­d2 = 0.34  μm, the B and γ can not be so high as those for larger

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Fig. 5  a Influence of d­ 2 on the

birefringence versus wave-
length. b Influence of d­ 2 on the
dispersion versus wavelength. c
Influence of d­ 2 on the nonlinear
coefficient versus wavelength

­d2. In addition, with ­d2 increased to 0.40  μm, the B and γ can both be enhanced but
more fluctuations of D appear at the same time. Because of this, a trade-off selection
for ­d2 becomes critical and we narrow the range of ­d2 to 0.36 μm and 0.38 μm. Further-
more, the optimal structure should be determined by comprehensive consideration about
another key parameter Λ, so as to make best use of the advantages.

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3.4 The influence of Λ

Based on the analysis above, two structures with d­ 2 = 0.36 μm and ­d2 = 0.38 μm are named as
Type 1 and Type 2 here, respectively. Three air hole spacings are signed as group A, B and C,
where Λ is chosen as 1.75 μm, 1.8 μm and 1.85 μm, respectively. Figure 6a shows the effects
of Λ and d­ 2 on birefringence B. It is noticed that the birefringence curve shifts downward with
Λ increased from group A to C for both Types. This is because the arrangement of air holes

Fig. 6  a Birefringence of Type

1 and Type 2 as functions of
wavelength with Λ varied. b Dis-
persion of X- and Y-polarization
modes versus wavelength in
different Λ for Type 1 and Type
2. c Nonlinear coefficient of dif-
ferent types versus wavelength in
two modes

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has become sparser, which lowers the asymmetry of CH-PCF rapidly, so the birefringence is
decreased. On the other side, the B for Typy-1 is obviously much lower than that for Type-2
with the same Λ, which we have discussed in chapter 3.2. At 1.55 μm, the B decreases from
1.89 × 10−2 to 1.59 × 10−2 for Type 2.
Figure  6b depicts the dispersion for three air hole spacings. It shows that dispersion of
group A fluctuates more than those of other groups. The dispersion curve shifts downward
and becomes more flattened with Λ increased from group A to C. On the one hand, in the
waveband from 1.3 μm to 1.8 μm, the D fluctuates within − 95.372 ± 10.8 ps/nm/km (X) and
− 16.021 ± 4.4  ps/nm/km (Y) for Type-1 B, respectively. But the dispersion of Type-2 B is
not pretty good under the same conditions and the D can only achieve the fluctuation within
130.719 ± 23.6 ps/nm/km (X) and − 35.262 ± 10.4 ps/nm/km (Y), respectively. On the other
hand, in the same waveband, the dispersion fluctuates within − 97.039 ± 6.2  ps/nm/km (X)
and − 27.995 ± 8.6 ps/nm/km (Y) for Type-1 C, respectively. Particularly, we notice that Type
2-C has the most flattened dispersion among all the dispersion curves with fluctuation of
− 135.236 ± 3.4 ps/nm/km (X) and − 43.934 ± 1.6 ps/nm/km (Y), which is of great practical
significance for dispersion compensation application.
It is shown in Fig. 6c obviously that nonlinear coefficient curves of both types shift down-
ward with Λ increased from group A to C. As Λ increases, the modal fields of both two polari-
zations spread outside, which causes the reduction of γ. Results indicate that the γ of Type 1-C
can achieve 42.91 W−1 km−1 (X) and 52.00 W−1 km−1 (Y) compared with 42.58 W−1 km−1
(X) and 52.802 W−1 km−1 (Y) for Type2-C at 1.55 μm. This high nonlinearity of CH-PCF is
also very useful in nonlinear optics application and all-optical signal processing.
In summary, it can be concluded that Type 2 can obtain higher birefringence and nonline-
arity than Type 1. Especially, Type 2-C can minimize the dispersion fluctuation within ± 4 ps/
nm/km for two polarization modes over 1.3 μm to 1.8 μm (0.5 μm bandwidth), namely ultra-
flattened dispersion, which is of great importance in dispersion compensation, fiber sensor
design and long distance data transmission system. Furthermore, Type 2-C can achieve the B
of 1.59 × 10−2 and γ of 42.58 W−1 km−1(X) and 52.80 W−1 km−1 (Y) at 1.55 μm, respectively.
Due to these excellent propagation characteristics, we get the optimal structure of CH-PCF
with the geometric parameters of P = 2.5, Λ = 1.85 μm, ­d1 = 1.64 μm, ­d2 = 0.38 μm.
Besides, we explore a series of properties of CH-PCF for Type 2-C at 1.31  μm. Fig-
ure 7a shows the relationship between neff and B. The effective refractive index of X-polar-
ization mode is nxeff = 1.3308 , and the effective refractive index of y-polarization mode is
nxeff = 1.3445 , so the B at 1.31 μm can achieve 1.369 × 10−2 (lower than B at 1.55 μm). Fig-
ure  7b illustrates the Aeff is in reverse proportion to γ. At 1.31  μm, the effective mode area
of X-polarization mode is Axeff = 2.484 μm2, and the effective mode area of y-polarization
mode is Aeff = 2.033 μm2, so the nonlinear coefficients γ of two polarization modes can
y

reach 61.78 W−1 km−1(X) and 75.49 W−1 km−1(Y) at 1.31 μm, respectively (higher than γ at

1.55 μm). Therefore, it’s seen that CH-PCF for Type 2-C has excellent propagation character-
istics in both transmission windows.

4 Conclusion

In this work, we propose a novel CH-PCF with a simple structure. The results indicate
this design can provide high birefringence of 1.59 × 10−2 with high nonlinear coefficients
of 42.58  W−1  km−1(X) and 52.80  W−1  km−1(Y) at 1.55  μm, respectively. And the most
important characteristic is the ultra-flattened dispersion can be maintained over 1.3  μm

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 372   Page 12 of 13 B. Yu, H. Rui

Fig. 7  a The relationship

between effective refractive
index and birefringence versus
wavelength. b The relationship
between effective mode area
and nonlinear coefficient versus
wavelength

to 1.8 μm with the fluctuation within ± 3.4 ps/nm/km(X) and ± 1.6 ps/nm/km(Y), respec-

tively. All these excellent properties can be comparable with performances of elliptical-
hole structures. In addition, our structure with circular air holes has great advantages on
practical fabrication process compared with complex structures that contain elliptical holes
or other materials. So CH-PCF could be a better choice for the lowest cost with several
great performances. We believe it would play an important role in dispersion compensa-
tion, nonlinear optics application and extensive optical engineering.

Acknowledgements  This work has been supported in part by the Youth Project on Basic Research of Yan-
Shan University (Grant No. 16LGA011).

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