Titration

 This is a practical way of determining the concentration of acid in a given solution using a known
concentration of a base solution in a certain volume.
 This method is also used for determine:

 the concentration of a basic solution by using an acid solution of known concentration and
volume.
 the acid concentration of an acidic solution by using an base solution of known concentration
and volume.
 An indicator (like phenolphthalien) is used to identify the endpoint when moles of acid equal moles
of base.
 Endpoint refers to the point when neutralization is reached. At this point the color of the indicator
will change signaling that neutralization is reached. The color of an indicator is different in acid,
neutral and base.
The following formula is used:

 Acid Concentration x Volume of acid solution = Base Concentration x Volume of base solution

C(acid) x V(acid) = C(base) x V(base)

 The volumes in the formula are endpoint volumes.

 During titration the endpoint volume is used to calculate the concentration of a solution.

The diagrams below illustrate the process

 After titration During titration

Titration procedures

1. Measure 10cm3 of acid using a pipette for accuracy. Then release it into the conical flask.
2. Add a few drops of indicator (in this example, phenolphthalein) to the conical flask
3. Fill the burette to the top indicator with sodium hydroxide solution
4. Put the conical flask on top of a white tile, this makes it easier to notice any colour change. Open the burette
so the NaOH slowly flows/drops into the conical flask.
5. Swirl the conical flask. Towards the end the solution turns pink but when swirled, returns to colourless.
Now add the NaOH dropwise. Now turn off the burette as soon as the pink doesn't disappear.
6. Record the amount of NaOH used.
7. Repeat the experiment to get concordant (the same) results.