Specialist Diploma in

B u ild ing C ost M anag ement

B u ild ing T ech nolog y and Serv ices
Mechanical Systems

M ay Siu
Senior L ectu rer, B C A A cad emy
may _ siu @ b ca.g ov .sg
62489925

T h is set of slid es is intend ed for th e u se of th e ind iv id u al. If y ou are not th e intend ed recipient responsib le for d eliv ering it to th e intend ed
recipient, are h ereb y notified th at any u se, d issemination, d istrib u tion or copy ing of th is commu nication is strictly proh ib ited . 1
Introduction

Building Systems

Air-Conditioning and Mechanical V entilation
(ACMV ) System

F ire P rotection System

P lumbing System

W ater supply system

Sanitary system

Transportation System

Lift, escalator, conveyor

E lectrical System

Lighting System

2
Introduction

Building Systems

Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation
(ACMV) System

Fire Protection System

Plumbing System

Water supply system

Sanitary system

Transportation System

Lift, escalator, conveyor

Electrical System

Lighting System

3
ACMV

4
INTRODUCTION

ACMV –STANDS FOR :

AC – Air-Conditioning
MV – Mechanical Ventilation

H VAC –STANDS FOR :

H – H eating
V – Ventilation
AC – Air-Conditioning

5
Local Code

SS 553:20 0 9 - Code of Practice for Air-

Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation in
Buildings (formerly CP13)

SS 554:20 0 9 – Code of Practice for Indoor Air
Q uality for Air-Conditioned Buildings

SS 530 :20 0 6 – Code of Practice for Energy
Efficiency Standard for Building Services and
Eq uipment

6
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Uses mechanical equipment to

bring fresh air into and/or ex tract contaminated air out
of the space

Use w all mounted propeller fans or fans w ith duct
and grilles

7
More than
5 m ap art

8
Mechanical Ventilation
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Components of a MV system

9
 TYPES OF FANS

Propeller Fans -Non ducted application

Axial flow fan

Centrifugal Fans –For higher static
Propeller Fan
(pressure) application

Centrifugal-in-line fans

Bifurcated fans – For k itchen exhaust

J et fan
Ax ial Fan
Du cted Ax ial Fan

Mu lti-Stag e
Ax ial Fan

10
11
APPLICATIONS OF MECHANICAL
VENTILATION
Thermal Comfort for Singapore

1. For Human Comfort / Outdoor Recommended

Ventilation temperature °C wind speed m/s
28 0 – 0.65

Increase wind speed 29 0 – 1.00
30 0.26 – 1.35
31 0.61 – 1.69
32 0.96 – 2.04
33 1.30 – 2.38
34 1.65 – 2.73
35 1.99 – 3.08
12
 MV – For Human Comfort
• Removal of CO2 and introduce Fresh Air
Min Outdoor Air Requirements (A/c Space)

13
MV –FOR HUMAN COMFORT

Air-Con units to be provided with fresh Air

14
APPLICATIONS OF MV –FOR HEAT
REMOVAL

2. For Heat removal

Removal of heat for Industrial process/
machinery

G enerator room/ lift motor room / diesel pump
room exhaust

Removal of heat for acceptable human
comfort

G uide : to maintain the space not more than

5°C above the ambient temperature
15
APPLICATION OF MV –MAINTAIN
ACCEPTAB LE AIR Q UALITY

3. To maintain an acceptable Indoor Air Quality

Provide ventilation to remove odour (Eg Toilet
MV)

Provide an adequate fresh air to dilute the
concentration of toxic /chemical vapors

Exhaust/purging system to remove toxic
chemical/ flammable/biological contaminants

Carpark exhaust to limit Carbon Monoxide
concentration

16
MV–FOR LOCALISED CONTROLLED
VENTILATION

4. Localised Controlled Ventilation

To maintain controlled ventilation rate for

chemical reaction or bacteria/fungus growth

Provide localiz ed exhaust for extraction of

chemical/toxic fumes

K itchen exhaust system

17
MV –FOR LOCALISED CONTROLLED
VENTILATION

18
MV –FOR LOCALISED CONTROLLED
VENTILATION

Kitchen Exhaust system

Axial Fan Bifurcated Fan

19
MV –FOR FIRE SAFETY APPLICATION

5. MV systems for Fire Safety :

1. Smoke stop lobby/ Fire Fighting lobby MV
system
2. Staircases Pressurization system
3. Basement car park smoke purging (Exhaust)
system
*1 and 2 keeps the lobby and staircase pressurized to
prevent smoke from entering

20
MV –FOR FIRE SAFETY APPLICATION

Staircase
pressuriz ation

Small normal operation
fan

Larger capacity
pressurization fan

21
MV –FIRE SAFETY VENTILATION

STAIRCASE PRESSURIZ ATION SYSTEM

22
MV –FIRE SAFETY VENTILATION

CARPARK EX HAUST FAN

23
AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

24
32°°C 23°°C

25
BASIC AIR-CONDITIONING
PRINCIPLE

Problem is:

Process is continuous, and the supply of refrigerant is
limited

Hence the refrigerant vapour need to be recovered and
turned back to liquid refrigerant for evaporation
process again
C ool air

Ev aporator
Refrigerant Refrigerant
(liq uid) (v apour)

Absorb heat from Room Air

26
BASIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE

Liquid Heat Rejection

refrigerant Vapour
Condenser refrigerant

Compressor
Expansion
Device
W ork inp u t
Evaporator
Liquid Vapour
refrigerant refrigerant

Heat Absorp tion

27
BASIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE –
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS
1. Evaporator –provides the actual cooling
2. Compressor –prime mover to pump the refrigerant
around
3. Condenser –performs heat rejection
4. Expansion device –allows refrigerant
temperature and pressure
to drop
5. Refrigerant –Medium to
transfer heat around

28
BASIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE –
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS
Evaporator
 To cool the air by evaporating the refrigerant.
 Consist of copper tube inserted in the aluminum fins

29
BASIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE –
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS
Condenser
 By rejecting heat, refrigerant changes from vapor to liquid,
so that the refrigerant can be recycle in the system.
 Consist of copper tube inserted in the aluminum fins

30
BASIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE –
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS
Compressor
To circulate the refrigerant in the refrigerant cycle.
To compress the low pressure vapor to a high
pressure high temp., so that vapor can be easily
condense in the condenser.

Rolling piston Swing Scroll

31
BASIC REFRIGERATION CYCLE –
FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS
Expansion devices
 To regulate the flow of refrigerant entering the evaporator.
 To reduce the high pressure & temperature liq. refrigerant to a
low pressure & temperature liq. so that it can easily vaporize in
the evaporator.
 2 common types of metering devices –
 Capillary tube
 Electronic expansion valve
Capillary Tube Electronic Expansion Valve

32
UNITS IN AIR-CONDITIONING

Units in Cooling/ Refrigeration:

BTU/hr KW Ton
120 0 0 3.517 1

1 Refrigerant Tonne (RT) is the energy

required to melt 1 ton of ice over 24 hours

KW is cooling load, not the same as electrical

power
33
TYPES OF AIR-CONDITIONING
SYSTEMS

Direct expansion systems

Window units (unitary system)

Split units

Variable Speed multi-speed system

Chilled water systems

Air-cooled chiller system

water-Cool chillers system

34
 Heat

Room

35
DIRECT EXPANSION SYSTEMS –
Window Units

Outdoor air entering Outdoor air leav ing

c ondens er c ondens er

condenser

compressor
m otor
b low er

ev
aporat
or

R oom air leav ing R om air entering

ev ap orator (c ooled) ev ap orator (w arm )
36
DIRECT EXPANSION SYSTEMS –
Window Units

Window Unit (Unitary system)

Capacity: 7,500 to 9,000 btu/hr

can draw fresh air

low capit
alcost

for small
er a/c space

37
DIRECT EXPANSION SYSTEMS - Split
unit (single)

38
 DIRECT EXPANSION SYSTEMS - Split
unit

Single split system

Capacities :
9,000 btu/hr to 22,000
btu/hr Single split system

Multi split system

Capacities : to
60,000 btu/hr

Multi- split system

39
Variable Speed multi-speed system
- Commonly k nown as VRV

40