CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY

A. Background Stool examination is one of the laboratory tests that has long been known to
help clinicians diagnose a disease. Although at present there have been various modern
laboratory examinations, in some cases faecal examination is still needed and cannot be
replaced by other examinations. Knowledge of various kinds of diseases that require stool
examination, correct sampling methods and correct examination and interpretation will
determine the accuracy of the diagnosis performed by the clinician.
The background is that we compiled a paper on feces to provide us with knowledge so that
in this faecal examination we can support the diagnosis of various diseases. So that
laboratory technical staff and health analyst students can improve their abilities and
understand various diseases that require faecal samples, understand how to collect samples
for faecal examination correctly, be able to carry out examination of faecal samples properly,
and ultimately be able to make interpreta.

B. Problem Formulation
The formulation of the problem that will be discussed in this paper is:
1. What is the meaning of fases?
2. What are the various types of feces?
3. What is the decomposition of feces?
4. What is normal human feces?
5. How is the sampling method correct?
6. What types of inspection samples do you use?
7. What is the purpose of stool examination?
8. How to store and dispose of the correct fecestion of stool examination results. correctly.
C. Purpose

1. To find out the meaning of feces

2. To find out the types of feces
3. To find out the decomposition of feces
4. To find out normal human feces
5. To find out the correct way to take feces
6. To find out various types of stool sample examination
7. To find out the purpose of stool examination
8. To find out the correct way of storing and sending feces
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Feces Feces are all objects or substances that are no longer used by the
body that must be removed from the body. Feces (faeces) is one source of the spread of
multicomplex diseases. People affected by diarrhea, cholera and worm infections usually get
this infection through faeces. Like waste, feces also invite the arrival of flies and other
animals. Flies that land on faeces that contain germs can transmit the germs through the food
they eat, and humans then eat the food so that it results in illness. Some diseases that can be
spread due to human feces include typhoid, dysentery, cholera, various worms (bracelets,
cramps, mines, ribbons), schistosomiasis, and so on.
Stiffening of feces or feces can cause increased time and decreased frequency of bowel
movements between their expenditure or disposal called constipation or constipation. And
conversely, if stool or feces hardening is disrupted, causing a decrease in time and
increasing frequency of defecation is called diarrhea or diarrhea. Under normal
circumstances two-thirds of the stool consists of water and food waste, substances from the
digestive tract secretions, intestinal epithelium, apatogen bacteria, fatty acids, urobilin,
debris, celulosa indole gas, skatol, stobobilinogen and pathological substances. Normal:
100-200 grams / day. Frequency of defecation: 3x / day - 3x / week.

B. Types of Stool Color Stools are generally Yellow due to Bilirubin (a dead red blood cell,
which is also a coloring agent in feces and urine). Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced by
the breakdown of hemoglobin (Hb) in the liver (liver). Bilirubin is released through the bile
and is discharged through the feces. Its function is to give brownish yellow color to the stool.
In addition, the color of this stool can also be affected by medical conditions, food and
drinks consumed, because it is very possible that the color of faeces changes according to
the food consumed.
 Brownish Yellow Color Yellow stool is normal. Because human faeces in general are
these colors. The color of the brownish or yellowish is caused by feces containing an
orange-yellow substance called Bilirubin. Now, when Bilirubin joins iron from the
intestine, it will produce a combination of yellowish brown color - brass.
 Black Color Stool Black may contain blood from the upper digestive system, esophagus,
stomach or the upper part of the small intestine. Other substances that give Black to our
feces can also be from Black food substances (Licorice), lead, iron-containing pills,
pepto-bismol or blueberries. It could also be due to consuming herbs (a type of plant
known as sweet root).

 Green stools are obtained from vegetable chlorophyll, such as spinach consumed. Besides
that blue or green food coloring commonly contained in drinks or ice can cause green
stools. This condition is usually caused by food that passes too quickly through the large
intestine so that it does not go through the digestive process perfectly. Green faeces can
also occur in diarrhea, which is when digestive aids are produced by the liver and stored
in intestinal bile without processing or alteration. There are special events in infants
where if green stool is considered normal feces, especially when the baby is just born.
 Red
Like black feces, but the difference between this red stool is predominantly given by
blood content. This blood is obtained from the lower digestive system. Hemorrhoids
and inflammation of the large intestine are the main causes of feces becoming red. Red
feces due to food are generally caused by beets, foods with red coloring including
powdered drinks and also foods that contain gelatin. Eating tomatoes can also make
feces red.
 Color Gray / Pale
Same in the human world, a pale face signifies a person who is sick isn't it? This
time the pale feces also indicated that the owner of Feces was suffering from
illness. Usually the owner is experiencing liver, pancreatic, or bile disease, so the
buttocks of the master will be gray or pale.
C. Odor Feces
The typical odor of feces or feces is caused by bacterial activity. Bacteria produce compounds
such as indole, skatole, and thiol (compounds containing sulfur), as well as hydrogen sulfide gas.
Food intake in the form of spices can add to the typical smell of feces or feces. There are also a
number of commercial products on the market that can reduce feces or stool odors.

D. Decomposition of Feces
Feces anywhere located or accommodated will immediately begin to experience decomposition,
which in turn will turn into a material that is stable, odorless, and unobtrusive. The main
activities in the decomposition process are:
o Solving complex organic compounds, such as proteins and urea, into simpler and more stable
ingredients;
o Reduction in volume and mass (sometimes up to 80%) from decomposed materials, with the
results of methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia and nitrogen released into the atmosphere;
Dissolved materials which in certain circumstances seep into the soil beneath them.
o Destruction of pathogenic organisms which in some cases are unable to live in the
decomposition process, or are attacked by many microorganisms in the decomposing mass.
Bacteria play an important role in decomposition. Bacterial activity can take place in an aerobic
atmosphere, which is in the presence of air, or anaerobic in a state where there is no oxygen.

The decomposition process takes place in all dead organic matter derived from plants or animals,
especially in the nitrate, sulfate, or carbonate components they contain. In human waste which is
a mixture of feces and urine which is relatively rich in nitrate compounds, the decomposition
process occurs through the nitrogen cycle. In this cycle, first of all, the compound is broken into
ammonia and other simple ingredients. Then, it is converted by bacteria nitrite (nitrifying
bacteria) to nitrite and nitrate. The stimulating odor that arises during the decomposition of urine
is caused by ammonia being released before turning into a more stable form. Decomposition can
take place very quickly, from a few days on a highly controlled mechanical decomposition up to
a few months, even almost one year in the condition of the average pit pit. In general, conditions
that occur in fecal decomposition are not beneficial for the life of pathogenic organisms. Not
only because of the temperature and water content that inhibit the growth of pathogenic
organisms, but the competition between bacterial flora and protozoa, which are predatory and
destructive.
The final result of the decomposition process contains soil nutrients that are beneficial and can
provide benefits when used as fertilizer for fertilizer plants. Sometimes farmers complain about
the lack of nitrogen in the stool that has decomposed. Fresh stool does contain more nitrogen, but
it cannot be used by plants in its original composition. Plants can only use partially ammonia
nitrogen, nitrite, or nitrate which is produced during advanced stage decomposition. If fresh stool
is spread on the ground, most nitrogen will turn into solid material that evaporates into the air so
that it cannot be used by plants.
E. Normal stools
Normal adults spend 100-300 g of faeces per day from this amount 70% is water and half of the
rest may be germs and residual germs. The rest are food scraps in the form of little vegetable
residual fat, damaged epithelial cells and other elements. Normal stool consistency (semi solid
cylinder) is rather soft, not liquid like porridge or hard, brown and has a distinctive smell. normal
defecation frequency 3x per day to 3x per week.
 CHAPTER III
COVER

A. Conclusion
 Feces are all objects or substances that are no longer used by the body that must be
removed from the body and are one source of the spread of multicomplex diseases.
 Any feces that are located or accommodated will immediately begin to experience
decomposition, which will eventually turn into a material that is stable, odorless, and
unobtrusive.
 Normal stool consistency (semi-solid cylinder) is rather soft, not liquid like porridge or
hard, brown and smells typical. normal defecation frequency 3x per day to 3x per week.
 Requirements for fecal requirements that must be considered are:

a. The place must be clean, impermeable, free of urine, checked for 30-40 minutes after
discharge. If the examination is postponed, keep it on the ice cupboard.
b. Patients are prohibited from ingesting Barium, Bismuth and Oil within 5 days before
examination.
c. Taken from the part that is most likely to give abnormalities.
d. Best of spontaneous or Rectal Toucher defecation
e. Patients with constipation
 Fecal examination is divided into 2, namely complete stool examination and stool culture
examination. Complete faecal examination consists of macroscopic examination,
microscopic examination, and chemical examination.
 Storage
a) Faeces hold <1 hour at room temperature
b) If 1 hour / more use transpot media, namely Stuart's medium, or Pepton water
c) Storage <24 hours at room temperature, while> 24 hours at 4 ° C
 Shipping
a) Delivery <1 hour at room temperature
b) If not possible, use transport media or culture on Tetra Thionate Broth media
BIBLIOGRAPHY http://yazhid28bashar.blogspot.com/2013/10/v-
behaviorurldefaultvmlo.htmlahmadmuzaki47.blogspot.com/2012/04/pe
meriksa-feses.htmlhttp://mimintriwa.blogspot.com/p/42-persiapan-dan-
take-specimen.html
 FOREWORD

We thank God for the presence of Allah SWT who has given His abundance of grace and grace
so that we can complete the preparation of the paper entitled "Feces" on time. The prayer and
greetings may always be poured out to the Prophet Muhammad.
The purpose of the preparation of this paper is to fulfill the task of the English course. We have
tried as much as possible in the preparation of this paper by giving a descriptive description so
that it is easy to understand.

Probolinggo, September 2018

Author
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword........................................................................................................... 2

Tableofcontents................................................................................................. 3
Chapter I Introduction....................................................................................... 4

A. Background................................................................................................. 4

B. Problem Formulation................................................................................... 4

C. Purpose ....................................................................................................... 5
Chapter II Discussion....................................................................................... 6

A. Understanding Feces ................................................................................... 6

B. Types of Stool ............................................................................................. 6

C. Odor Stool ................................................................................................... 8

D. Stool Decomposition .................................................................................. 8

E. Normal stool .............................................................................................. 10

F. Sampling Faces ........................................................................................... 10

G. Type of Physical Examination ................................................................... 13

Chapter III closing............................................................................................ 24

A. Conclusion.................................................................................................. 24
Bibliography