A Study on Eating Habits in Relation to the Monthly Income of Residents in Barangay

Zone 1-A, Purok Riverside, Dasmariñas, Cavite

Presented to:

The Research Section of De La Salle University – Dasmariñas

Accountancy, Business, and Management (ABM) Department

Senior High School

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for Inquiries, Investigations, Immersions (III) and
Research Capstone

Dimaano, Caroline Kaiye D.

Lopez, Gene Albert D.

Manuel, Aaliyah G.

Tiamsim, Bryan Miguel D.

Villarico, Alyssa Marielle R.

Young, Ysabel Yellaine C.

May 2019

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction………………………………………………………………………3

Methods………………………………………………………………………….15

Results……………………………………………………………………………20

Analysis of Data………………………………………………………………….27

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..35

Index

I. Glossary………………………………………………………………….36
II. Sample Survey Form…………………………………………………….38
III. Bibliography……………………………………………………………..42

Curriculum Vitae………………………………………………………………...46

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 INTRODUCTION

This research study has utmost importance in conducting due to the fact that according to
Dar and Faylon’s (1996) research stated, food insufficiency due to low or lack of income continues
to be prevalent within different areas in the Philippines.

Although despite the growing economy of the Philippines, the country still remains to be
part of the third world countries around the globe partly because of its high rates of poverty
incidence due to the following variables being conducted. To further support this statement, as
indicated in the 2015 report of World Bank, the poverty rate in the country declined by 5%
however, the said rate in the Philippines is still by 21.6%. Even though the economy of the country
is growing while the poverty rate is declining, there are still a lot of Filipinos living below the
poverty line due to their inadequate income that may not be enough to sustain their basic needs
such as food.

Additionally, according to the report of Philippine Statistics Authority (2018), the

minimum wage rates in Dasmariñas, Cavite in terms of non-agriculture, plantation, non-plantation,
and retail & service establishments are Php 356.50, Php 331.50, 311.50, and Php 283.00
respectively. When these daily minimum wages would be converted to monthly wages, the
estimated monthly income of minimum wage earners residing in Dasmariñas, Cavite would only
be Php 7,100 – in which conclusively, would only be sufficient enough or even not enough to
suffice daily food expenses.

With this stated, the essentiality in conducting this research would help through the following: (a.)
assist the residents living in the area by raising awareness among the other communities regarding
their current situation when it comes to low income and food access unavailability, in addition,
financial literacy for the residents may also be provided. This will also help the residents be aware
of what they are deficient, and (b.) beneficial for the government especially to those organizations
that focus on helping poor communities such as Lingkod Kapamilya to identify needs of the
residents in Barangay Zone 1-A, Purok Riverside (and other similar potential barangays) that may
help their reach out programs be more effective.

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Moreover, in order to successfully conduct this research study, a household who is a bonafide
resident of Brgy. Zone 1-A Purok Riverside for at least one (1) year and above will act as a guide
in order to accumulate participants.

Definition

Eating habits as defined by Collins Dictionary, is the way an individual or a group of people
consumes their food considering the types of food being eaten, the quantity and quality, and how
frequent they consume the available food. It also concerns the means on how people obtain, store,
and discard food (“Eating Habits”, n.d.). Eating habits has a relationship with the terms income
and food access unavailability because when studied together, these concepts help in tackling the
ways on how the underprivileged people obtain different kinds of food in relation to the low or
lack of income that they are earning.

According to Casey, Szeto, Lensing, Bogle & Weber (2001), defined food insufficiency as “an
inadequacy in the amount of food intake” due to lack of resource availability access in relation to
an individual’s monthly income (p.508). It is considered as a serious issue because a lot of
households from the poor communities are suffering from hunger due to their limited source of
income. Moreover, food access unavailability due to limited source of income may cause poor
nutrition to a certain household. As stated by Golan et al. (2008 cited in Chen, Liu, and Binkley
2012, p.82), “Low income households tend to eat less nutritious diets than other households”

Correlation Between Food Necessity and Household Income

In accordance with an online article of FoodAid, food is both an essentiality and necessity of
human life thus, a human body has the capacity to convert consumed food on a product named
energy. This energy in turn would be used as a fuel in order for an individual to function their daily
agendas. (“The Importance of Food”, n.d.) Hence, eating the proper meal of three (3) times a day
should be prioritized by any individual. The essentiality of food, other than being a necessity,
equates on a value that it also functions as a human right. (Eide, n.d) However, having no access
in all of these policies can possibly result in various types of scarcity – such as increased
malnutrition rates and higher rates of poverty-induced areas. In relation to this, delay of food
consumption may also be correlated in regards with the household’s ability to generate precise
income. In microeconomics, an individual’s income has the ability to dictate their purchasing
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power; consequently, the income effect may be applicable. The income effect mandates the change
in product or service demand in relation to consumer’s purchasing power. (Kenton, 2018) In line
with this, a community reflects as a totality of per household’s activities – this include income.
Moreover, a particular state in reflection, may experience delayed urbanization due to slow pace
economy. In Brgy. Zone 1-A Purok Riverside located in Dasmariñas, Cavite in Philippines,
experiences poverty-induced economy in relation with deferred food consumption. With the
application of proper studies and scientific-based methods originating from the data gathered and
dependency on various research studies, the development of the community can supersede the
challenge of delayed food consumption in relation with their monthly income.

Food Insecurity

There are numerous studies regarding food insecurity due to inadequate income of the
underprivileged people in different countries –i.e. the research of Sharif and Merlin (2001) in
Malaysia; however there is an evident lacking of studies regarding the relationships of these two
concepts –i.e. the research of Chen, Liu, and Binkley (2012) in U.S.A . Also, there are only a few
studies of these topics are uncommon in the Philippine context which is quite confounding because
the country is part of the third world countries which means that there are a huge number of
Filipinos, an estimation of 21,927,009 individuals that are living below the poverty line (Aldaba
and Bacani 2018). This concludes that there are a lot of Filipinos that may be suffering from food
access unavailability due to inadequate income up until today.

Food Intake Frequency

Food intake frequency are henceforth one of the sole factors in determining one’s health. One most
common norm in regards with meal frequency are eating at least three (3) times a day – breakfast,
lunch and dinner. Hence, “One advantage of eating three meals a day is that you are spreading
your calories across your day, so you don't get too hungry between meals.” (Dennet, 2017). In
addition to this, nutrients obtained from adequate meal frequency will also have a proper
distribution all throughout one’s body, creating an energy that is capable of carrying out one’s
activities throughout the day.

Prior within, one study suggests that, “It appears eating at least three times per day can keep you
full and reduce hunger. Eating fewer than three times a day puts you at risk for overeating and
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choosing less healthy foods.” (Harvard Health Publishing, 2015). With this being stated, eating
specific meal frequency can help the body set its own determining factor in line with self-discipline
preceding proper choice of food variable. Hence, “Eating breakfast, lunch and dinner each day
may be optimal for controlling appetite and managing food intake.” (Dennet, 2017).

Physiological Health Effects of Food Intake Frequency

Inability to adhere with the stated meal frequency may result in poor nutrition (malnutrition). “Poor
nutrition can impair our daily health and wellbeing and reduce our ability to lead an enjoyable and
active life.” (SA Health, 2018). Furthermore, “Poor nutrition can contribute to stress, tiredness and
our capacity to work, and over time, it can contribute to the risk of developing some illnesses and
other health problems” (SA Health, 2018). Moreover, poor nutrition can have a great impact, not
only with physical attributes and symptoms, but also with the mental abilities of a person. The
capacity of an individual to think and rationalize in terms of intellectual, cognitive and judgment
may have the possibility to be affected such that poor nutrition directly affects the brain. (Karges,
2015)

However, a statement contradicting the quantity of food frequency affirms that the quantity
of meal intake per day does not imply faster metabolic rate or simply the calories an individual
burn over the course of the day (Gunnars, 2018). In addition, “Less frequent eating has also been
shown to improve satiety and reduce hunger compared to more frequent meals.” (Gunnars, 2018).
In line with this, quality over quantity, in terms of meal frequency, should be given priority.
Consuming meals three (3) times a day are not required although, it would be best if an individual
will consume the complete meal frequency. Moreover, the quality of the meal should be of utmost
important including its cleanliness and intake-safety.

Food Expense

Meal frequency and meal quantity are considered as part of the daily economic process. These
factors are highly dependent on the capacity of the consumer’s purchasing power. Unfortunately,
there are families within the country who cannot afford to consume meals both in qualitative and
quantitative perspectives. According to the Head of Department of Clinical Sciences & Nutrition
from University of Chester in England, “Money for food is the key flexible item in the budget of
low income households.” (Kennedy, 2014). As a matter of fact, allocation in food expense is
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usually the first priority from the budget list of low income families due to its necessity in relation
with the proposed theory of Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. “This means that the quantity
and quality of food purchased and consumed by families is the first to suffer at times of financial
hardship such as an unexpected bill or cut in work.” (Kennedy, 2014).

One factor that increases challenge for low income families are the food resources of low
income families might also increase the possibility of obtaining unsanitary and poor nutrition
meals rather than spending on competitive food prices. However, in comparison with low income
families and high income families when it comes to food sources and food budget allocation, the
difference have a varying effect on both parties. According to one study by French, Wall &
Mitchell (2010) in which they conducted a research study among a sample of 90 households in
their community to determine the household income differences in food sources and food items
purchased, households that have higher income spend more food per person in eating at home and
out than household that have lower income. In addition, they also have found out that the
percentage of the overall food expenses of the lower income households eating in their home is
73% compared to higher income households that spend 63% (refer to figure 1.1). Surprisingly, the
lower income household also spend 54% eating out in restaurants or non-home meal resources in
contrast with higher income household with 37% (refer to figure 1.2). (French, Wall & Mitchell,
2010; Sicam, 2018).

Figure 1.1 Figure SEQ Figure \*

ARABIC 1.2

As claimed by an article written by Barbara O’neill, budgeting are a future determining

files that projects an individual’s income and expenses with the goal of positive cash flow. Thus,
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“A small step that everyone can take to increase their wealth and financial security is to develop
and follow a budget” (O’neill, 2018). Henceforth, these study concludes that the households with
higher income are well-educated to develop a futuristic mindset of conserving their profit for
present and future financial security. On the other hand, lower income families has a determining
factor when it comes to financial illiteracy. Lack of proper education is the root cause of poverty.
(Hickman, 2015). Therefore, low income families lack knowledge in regards to adequate allocation
and conservation of income.

In Philippine Context

In the Philippines, it is conclusive that a household is considered to be poor or underprivileged if

they live in rural areas and work in the agriculture sector, mostly as farmers and fishers; have large
families (six members or more); and have no or few assets and minimal access to credit (Asian
Development Bank, 2009). However, it can also be stated that not all households living under the
poverty line are only limited within the walls of rural areas and agricultural sectors, hence, poverty
are also extensive within urban areas with no proper labour force. This include various areas in
National Capital Region (NCR) particularly in Navotas, Caloocan, and Malabon. These areas are
also reportedly as dense populated as of 2009 (Homecillo, n.d.)

However, the prevalence of food insufficiency according to Casey et al., (2001) in the Philippines,
is not only concerned with the lack of food access unavailability but rather the lack of income in
order to purchase food. “Many Filipinos suffer from poor diet despite the increasing food
availability in the Philippines because of the household’s inadequate access due to high poverty
and low income” (Briones, Antonio, Habito, Porio, Songco, 2017). Conclusively, food availability
is not an issue with thriving agricultural areas. The main problem when it comes to food
consumption is the household’s inadequate income that would give them the ability of purchasing
power. These circumstances justify that the Philippines is not experiencing food insufficiency but
rather, the underprivileged Filipinos are suffering from food insecurity.

In addition to this, the food insufficiency due to lack of income is one of the effects of high poverty
incidence in the Philippines. Although the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) released a report
on how the poverty rate of the Philippines declined to 21.6% in 2015 (“Philippines’ Poverty Rate
Declines”, 2018), poverty are still thriving from various rural and urban communities. Dar and

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Faylon (1996) pointed out that “the challenge of sustainable food security in the Philippines is
immense… This is evident especially among the poor household in various areas who cannot
express their demand for food because they cannot afford to buy it” (p.76).

Moreover, according to a study written by Bell et al., (2013) low income communities usually
relies on processed foods due to the availability of products present in nearby stores since residents
of this type of communities usually rely on nearby stores to obtain their food. An average Filipino
consumes 119 kg of rice meanwhile Filipinos from the CALABARZON region consumes 113 kg
of rice, making us the 6th country with the most rice consumed (Lazaro, 2012).

Philippine Government Subsidies

In order for the citizens who experience social dilemma regarding insufficient income and budget
allocation, the Philippine government offers various programmes to help increase the economic
rate and decline vast poverty rate. In an economical sense, one of these program/s include the
conditional cash transfer. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), conditional cash
transfer programmes aim to help reduce the poverty for the current economical situation as well
as in the future generations through the development of human capital (“Conditional Cash Transfer
Programmes and Nutritional Status”, 2018). Hence, the conditional cash transfer programme was
implemented by the Philippine government nationwide in 2014 during the service of the former
president, Benigno “Noynoy” Aquino: Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps). According to
the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), lead agency of the 4Ps, “It is a
human development measure of the national government that provides conditional cash grants to
the poorest of the poor, to improve the health, nutrition, and the education of children aged 0-18.
It is patterned after the conditional cash transfer (CCT) schemes in Latin American and African
countries, which have lifted millions of people around the world from poverty.” It operates in all
17 regions of the country, veiling 79 provinces, 143 cities, and 1,484 municipalities. (“Pantawid
Pamilyang Pilipino Program”, n.d.). Furthermore, “According to the World Bank staff, Pantawid
has become the third largest CCT program globally, next only to Brazil (8.8 million households)
and Mexico (6.5 million households).” (Albert, 2014).

The 4Ps, over the past few years, helped a lot of households around the country to cope up
with various basic needs given the adequate meal frequency. In a given data from 2013 Annual

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Poverty Indicator Survey (APIS) conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), “the
poverty rate (of 25%) could be as much 26.4% without Pantawid. Even the extreme poverty rate
(of 11.1%), the proportion of Pinoys whose income is less than needs for food, would be 1.4
percentage points higher without Pantawid (12.5%) in place.” (Albert, 2014). In conclusion, the
4Ps, as a conditional cash transfer programme (CCT), would be of a factor in helping the household
cope up with meal adequacy in relation to income insufficiency. Furthermore, it benefits the
poverty areas in terms of lessening the burden of unemployment and price hike due to tax reform.

Moreover, the inverse proportionality of food expense with food budget allocation is also
a potential challenge for most of the citizens inside the country. Food expenses are steadily
increasing in the Philippines due to local price hike (inflation). Consequently, the economic prices
in the Philippines continuously increase majorly due to the government’s recent implementation
on the Tax Reform. With that being stated, “The National Movement for Food Sovereignty, a
member of the Asia-Pacific Network for Food Sovereignty, maintained that the Tax Reform for
Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) Law was not exactly made to ease the burden of consumers”.
It is mandated to fund billions of various infrastructure and not to lessen the burden of the
consumer’s normal price index (Simeon, 2018). The gap between the food budget and food
expenses became visible as the market prices goes up. According to Gavilan (2015), the data
gathered by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) found that Filipino household communities
spent over 42.8% to food expenses from their monthly income. Supposed that the overall expenses
per month for food of a minimum wage earner is Php 4,444. Dividing the food budget of the family
with only one breadwinner by the number of days in a month will only have P148 for meals in a
whole day. The food guide developed by the Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) in 2014
called Pinggang Pinoy, composed of a portion of rice, vegetables, meat, and a fruit costs about
P439 in a whole day. It is clearly evident that the minimum wage of the Filipino breadwinners is
not enough to feed their family with nutritious meals every day (Sicam, 2018).

Statement of the Problem

The underprivileged communities in the Philippines continues to be experiencing food access

unavailability and among these communities is the Barangay Zone 1 – A, Purok Riverside,
Dasmarinas, Cavite. The people residing in this community are going through lack or little access
to food due to their low income which may lead to more problems such as health diseases because
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lack of access to food especially on the nutritious ones may cause poor nutritional intake.
Furthermore, food access unavailability may also lead to problems in the quality and quantity of
food being eaten, their frequency in food consumption, and food source.

Objectives of the Study

The research study “A Study on Eating Habits in Relation to Monthly Income of Residents in
Barangay Zone 1-A, Purok Riverside, Dasmariñas, Cavite” aims to know the eating habits of the
unprivileged residents in Barangay Zone 1-A, Purok Riverside in relation with their low income
in order to find out if they are satisfied with their food consumption.

To be more specific, the research study will be focusing on the following objectives;

1. Obtain demographic profile of the residents

2. Determine the monthly income of the residents
3. Identify the eating habits
4. Analyse the correlation between the monthly income of the residents and their eating
habits.

Research Questions

Food insufficiency due to lack of income remains to be prevalent around the less fortunate
areas—within the thriving walls of urban city and those living under agricultural rural areas that
has six or more family members—of Dasmariñas, Cavite which encourages the researchers to
conduct the research study, “A Study on Eating Habits in Relation to Monthly Income of Residents
in Barangay Zone 1-A, Purok Riverside, Dasmariñas, Cavite” in order to answer the following
questions:

a) What are the food resources of the residents?

b) On a regular basis, what food do the residents usually consume?
c) How often do the residents eat in a day?
d) How much is their monthly income and how much of it is allocated on their food
expenditures?

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Conceptual Framework

Figure 1:

Government
Number of
Subsidies and Sources of Income
Household Members
Financial Resources

Average Monthly
Income & Food
Expenses

Brgy. Zone 1-A Purok

Riverside Households

Type of Meal &

Intake Frequency

Type of Food Food Satisfaction &

Frequently/Usually Food Resources
Sickness Experience
Consumed

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Theoretical Framework

This section evaluates the conceptual framework prior within the research of poverty in relation to
possible malnutrition which projects a psychological analysis of various household members
located in Brgy. Zone 1-A, Dasmariñas Cavite. This analysis will further distinguish the case on
an individual perspective of both budget allocation and food resources specifically for low-income
families.

From this time forward, the ideal category in which the researchers gathered for the
research’s theoretical framework is the idea of The Theory of Human Capital. The idea behind the
Human Capital was developed by a well-known economist, Adam Smith. However, the modern
theoretical idea itself was further developed by Gary Becker, Nobel Laureate, Jacob Mincer and
Theodore Schultz. The idea between the Human Capital Theory lies between the fact that “Human
capital is seen as group or individual dispositions of a person in the form of source of knowledge
and skills that reflect education and experience of the individual person. Ideally, the labour market
uses those who can be sufficiently adaptable to the varied conditions so that a potential employer
is attracted to the person; the better human capital of the employee, the higher appreciation of the
investment for the employer.” (Mendel University, n.d.). Simply stating this fact, according to
Gary Becker and Jacob Mincer, the personal income of an individual varies greatly on the
background knowledge he/she acquired while in the process of preparation for the labour work
force.

The Theory of Human Capital shows relevancy in this research due to the fact that the idea behind
it reflects the lifestyle of vast majority of low-income families. Henceforth, the commonality of
low-income family members obtains lower educational attainment which is a factor in either
unemployment or force in labour work with at least or below minimum wage or even as a
contractual employee. This in turn would lead to inadequate household income that would affect
several factors including the household’s basic necessities.

Due to the fact that the household’s basic necessities may be affected of the household’s
internal income, one of the basic necessities that may have a great impact with the said issue is the
meal frequency and food access unavailability of household members.

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 The Rational Action Theory can also be applicable in this research. According to Khan
Academy (2014) the rational choice theory is the tendency of people on choosing what will benefit
them the most and that people are motivated by the benefits that they can get from doing
something. Aside from this, it is also defined as making the most economic and efficient choice
(Cummins, 2013).

Since the Rational Choice Theory states is all about choosing on what can benefit an individual
the most with exerting minimum effort, this is very much essential in this research since this
research will be all about how low income families spend their money on the food that they
consume. Since the resources of low income families are very limited, the researchers will be able
to identify what factors do they consider in purchasing food. Do the residents consider the health
benefits that they will obtain from the food that they purchase? And if they value quantity over
quality or vise versa. And if they are still willing to pay for food that has little or no health benefits
at all since the theory suggests that people are only willing to exert effort on something if they
know that they will benefit from it.

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 METHODS

Research Design

The researchers used a quantitative research design during the study; Quantitative research
designed as defined by Bhat, gathers information from existing and potential customers using
sampling methods and sending out online surveys, online polls; questionnaires. Wherein the results
can be depicted in numerical form. The said research design will be used since it will be more
convenient and applicable for the study.

To ensure that the study would be conducted as thoroughly and properly as possible, the
identities of the residents that will be surveyed for this study will remain confidential. The
researchers will also informed them that their anonymity will be respected thus encouraging them
more to answer as truthfully as possible. The survey questions on the other hand, will contain
proper and well-thought questions that will not disrespect the respondents. The questionnaires will
also undergo pre-testing. The answering of the survey questions will also be voluntary thus this
study will not force any of the residents to give away any information against their will.

Research Setting

The survey and measuring were conducted in Barangay Zone 1-A, Purok Riverside,
Dasmariñas Cavite, specifically the whole community of the stated barangay. The survey last an
approximated 1 week (depending on the availability of the schedule of the researchers), including
the printing process of the survey questionnaires.

Research Instrument

Survey questionnaires will be handed out to one representative of household in Barangay

Zone 1-A Purok Riverside, specifically, Cross-section Survey to enable the researchers to choose
the number of families they desire for their study. “By conducting these technique the researchers
can ask multiple survey questions, collect data from a pool of respondents stated and analyse the
collected data to produce numerical results: (Bhat, 2018).

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 The researchers will be using the Chi Square test to determine the relationship of income
and eating habits of the residents of Barangay Zone 1-A Purok Riverside since income is a
quantitative variable and eating habits is a qualitative variable, and relating two variables that are
not in the same research design (quantitative & qualitative) is invalid, the quantitative value of
monthly income should become a qualitative value by putting open ended questions about the
specific number of pesos that one household earns in a month into ranges to enable the researchers
to identify the affiliation of income and eating habits.

Formula for Chi Square Test:

(𝑓𝑜 − 𝑓𝑒 )2
𝑥2 = ∑
𝑓𝑒

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 CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

In this chapter, the data collected from the 75 respondents are presented, interpreted and
analyzed.

Figure1: Number of family members per household

Based on the data gathered, the average family size in purok riverside is 4.83 or 5 members
each. The result garnered coincides with the study issued by the Philippine Statistics Authority
(PSA) which states that low income families has an average of 5 members each. Although the
average family size is 5, the family size with the highest response is 4 garnering 20 respondents or
27% of the total respondents.

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 Figure 2: How the residents of Purok Riverside source out their daily needs.

Base on the data gathered, despite being a low income community, 33% or 25 people does
not receive any government subsidy at all. On the other hand, Philhealth is the most received
subsidy by the residents with 21 receivers while state university scholarships is the least received
by the residents having only 1 receiver.

Source Responses

Own salary 67

Financial assistance from family 5

Others 3

Table 3: How the residents of Purok Riverside source out their daily needs.

Since almost one-third (25 out of 75) households does not receive any government
subsidies like 4ps, Philhealth , and shs vouchers, and majority of them (89.33%) relies on their

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own salary this may imply that the residents in the said area are independent when it comes to
providing their own needs.

Number Responses

0 6

1 38

2 24

3 5

4 0

5 2

Table 4: Number of family members in a family that earns money

According to the data gathered by the researchers, 38/75 or half of the population only has
one earner in the family.

Amount Responses

<5k 17

5k-6k 16

6k-7k 5

7k-8k 4

8k-9k 8

9k-10k 2

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 >10k 23

Table 5: MOnthly income of residents of Purok Riverside

Total respondents: 75
Average monthly income of the residents: Php 7,400.00 per month.

Amount Responses

<100 8

100-200 33

200-300 18

300-400 9

400-500 0

>500 7

Table 6: Daily food expense of residents of Purok Riverside

Total Respondents: 75
Average Food Expense Per day: Php 220.00
Average Food Expense per month: PHP 6600.00

Considering the average monthly income of residents in Purok Riverside which is Php
7,400 per month and the average food expense Php 6600.00 A huge part of salary (89.19%) is
alloted in their food expenditure. The outcome obtained by the researchers might be due to
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. According to Maslow, physiological needs are the most crucial
needs that a human being needs attain in order for the human body to work well. Since food is part
of the physiological needs of a person, it is quite expected that a people will be willing to spend
money for it.

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 Type of meal Total

Breakfast 0

Lunch 0

Merienda 0

Breakfast & Lunch 1

Breakfast & Merienda 0

Breakfast & Dinner 4

Lunch & Merienda 0

Lunch & Dinner 2

Merienda & Dinner 0

3 except Breakfast 3

3 except Lunch 1

3 except Dinner 1

3 except Merienda 30

4 times 33
Table 7: Frequency of Food Intake in a Daily Basis

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Figure 8: Number of meals intaken by the respondents per day

Food intake frequency Responses Percentage

Everyday 68 90.67%

Sometimes 7 9.33%
Table 9: Food expenditures of residents of Purok Riverside

Although it was stated that residents of Purok Riverside allots a huge percentage of their
salary to food, there are still people that aren’t able to eat everyday due to lack of resources. But
all in all 84% of the population still manages to eat 3 full meals in a day and half of that even still
manages to eat merienda.

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Table 9: Sources of food of the respondents
Although the researchers assumed that majority of the respondents obtain their food from
nearby stores due to its accessibility, the data gathered condratics their assumptions. Based on the
survey, 60 out of 75 respondents or 80% responded that they usually obtain their food from grocery
stores or the local market. Aside from this, the rational action theory may also play a role in this
type of situation. According to Cumming, (2013) the rational action theory is a theory explaining
how people chooses things that they can benefit from the most. Although the local market is farther
compared to sari sari stores, residents still chose to buy from markets/ grocery stores because of
the quality of the food that they get from buying in these stores.

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Table 10: Food type consumption

Since the respondents came from Purok Riverside, a low income community, the
researchers assumed that the residents usually consume canned goods and instant noodles in
accordance with dominant minimum wage earners and low cost product exchange (based on a data
given by the LaSallian Community Development Center [LCDC]. In support to this, Bell et al.,
(2013) stated that low income communities usually relies on processed foods due to the availability
of products present in nearby stores since residents of this type of communities usually rely on
nearby stores to obtain their food. Aside from this, the researchers also assumed that a high
percentage usually consumes grains due to the fact that Filipinos especially in the CALABARZON
area consumes 113 kg of rice each year (Rappler, 2012). As predicted, the results showed that
there is an abundance in the consumption of grains because almost majority of the respondents, or
89.7% of them usually consumes grains on the other hand the results contradicted the researchers’
prediction that there will be an abundance in the consumption of canned goods and instant noodles
because 32.9% of the respondents consume seafood(usually fish) with grains(rice) and 25.9%
consume fruits and vegetables with grains (rice) (Sanders, 2009).

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24 PAGE
Table 11. Chi-Squared Computation of Income and Food Frequency

(𝑂𝑂 − 𝑂𝑂)2
=∑ 𝑂𝑂

=
(1− 0.22)2 (9− 2.04)2 (7 − 7.48)2 (0− .21)2 (0− 1.92)2 (16− 7.04)2 (0− 6.83)2 (0− 0.67)2 (0− 0.6)2 (5− 2.2)2
+ + + + + + + + + +
0.22 2.04 7.48 .21 1.92 7.04 7.25 0.67 0.6 2.2
(0− 2.13)2 (0− .05)2 (0− .38)2 (4− 1.76)2 (0− 1.7)2 (0− .17)2 (1− .3.52)2 (7− 3.41)2 (0− .03)2 (0− .24)2 (0− .88)2
+ + + + + + + + + + +
2.13 .05 .48 1.76 1.7 .17 3.52 3.41 .03 .24 .88
(2− .85)2 (0− 0.31)2 (0− 2.76)2 (0− 10.12)2 (0− 17.73)2
+ + + +
.85 .31 2.76 10.12 17.73

= 101.41
101.41>28.87 with sig. Level of 0.05

\*
25 PAGE
 Therefore we reject Ho, meaning that the frequency of meal intake of residents of Purok
Riverside is related to their monthly income.

Table 12. Chi-Squared Computation of Income and Food Source

2150.54>21.03 with significance value of 5%. Therefore, we reject Ho. If that is the case we can
say that the monthly income of the respondents is related to their food source.

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26 PAGE
Table 13. Chi-Squared Computation of Income and Food Types

283.67>43.77 with significance value of 5%. Therefore, we reject Ho. If that is the case, we can
say that the monthly income of the respondents is related to the types of food that they consume.

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27 PAGE
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION

The research is mainly about the eating habits of the residents in Purok Riverside Zone-1
A, Dasmarinas Cavite. And after doing the whole research process which includes doing the RRL,
data gathering up to the data analysis, the researchers can conclude the following arguments.

Despite of the poor financial situation of these residents, that they only spend pesos 6,600
for their food expenditure, which pertains (89%) of their whole monthly income which is totally
pesos 7,400 per month, (84%) of these residents are still able to eat 3 times a day. Despite of an
average family size of 5 members per household, each household only has an average of one (1)
family earner, and almost one-third, (33%) of the population does not rely to any form of
government subsidies, still, majority (77%) of the residents showed satisfactory food intake.

When it comes to their eating habits, it can be seen that despite their living situation, they
still manage to buy their food from local markets and groceries despite the assumption that
majority of them obtain their food from nearby stores for convenience (Campbell, 2019). Aside
from this the abundance in grain consumption, especially rice is very much noticeable, supporting
the fact that the Philippines being one of the top rice consumer in the world (Rappler, 2010). Also,
it can be noticed that despite their low income most of them still manages to buy seafood such as
fish and also vegetables, contradicting the claim of Sanders (2009). According to Sanders (2009),
due to the fact that low income families are prone to buying at nearby stores, they are more likely
to buy processed foods that can be found in the stores. Moving on to the frequency of their meal
intake, surprisingly, 46.7% of the population manages to eat three times a day, while 44% of the
population manages to eat 4 times a day while only 7% of the population skips one meal per day,

\*
28 PAGE
meaning to say they only eat twice a day. This was predicted, since according to Foodaid, food is
often prioritized since it is necessary in order for a human being to live.

To answer the main research question if their monthly income is related to their eating
habits. Base on the statistical treatment, chi squared, which is applied to the gathered data, it is
safe to say that the income of the residents of Purok Riverside has a relationship with their eating
habits.

\*
29 PAGE
 \
INDEX I

Glossary

1. Abraham Maslow’s Hierchy of Needs: is a motivational theory in psychology comprising

a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid.
2. Conditional Cash Transfer: give money to poor people in return for fulfilling specific
behavioural conditions. These conditions include for example children's school
attendance, up-to-date vaccinations or regular visits to a health care facility by pregnant
women.
3. Consumer’s Purchasing Power: is the value of a currency expressed in terms of the
amount of goods or services that one unit of money can buy. Purchasing power is
important because, all else being equal, inflation decreases the amount of goods or
services you would be able to purchase.
4. Financial Literacy: describes the widespread inability of individuals to understand key
financial concepts and manage their personal finances wisely. Financial illiteracy is
costly to both individuals and society.
5. Income Effect: is the effect on real income when price changes - it can be positive and
negative. Below, as price falls, and assuming nominal income is constant, the same
nominal income can buy more of the good - hence demand for this (and other goods) is
likely to rise.
6. Inflation: is a quantitative measure of the rate at which the average price level of a basket
of selected goods and services in an economy increases over a period of time. Often
expressed as a percentage, inflation indicates a decrease in the purchasing power of a
nation’s currency.

\*
30 PAGE
 7. Labour Market: is the place where workers and employees interact with each other. In the
labour market, employers compete to hire the best, and the workers compete for the best
satisfying job.
8. Lingkod Kapamilya: is a non-stock, non-profit organization established by ABS-CBN
Broadcasting Corporation to facilitate the company’s social development programs.
Originally established as ABS-CBN Foundation Inc.
9. Labour Workforce: consists of all the people who are able to work in a country or area, or
all the people who work for a particular company.
10. Malnutrition: is a condition that results from nutrient deficiency or overconsumption.
Types of malnutrition include (1, 2): Undernutrition: This type of malnutrition results from
not getting enough protein, calories or micronutrients. It leads to low weight-for-height
(wasting), height-for-age (stunting) and weight-for-age (underweight)
Overnutrition: Overconsumption of certain nutrients, such as protein, calories or fat, can
also lead to malnutrition. This usually results in overweight or obesity.
11. Nutritional Meals: is about eating a healthy and balanced diet. Food and drink provide the
energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. Understanding these nutrition terms may
make it easier for you to make better food choices.
12. Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps): is a human development measure of the
national government that provides conditional cash grants to the poorest of the poor, to
improve the health, nutrition, and the education of children aged 0-18.
13. Protein and/or Nutrient Deficiency:
reduced ingestion or inadequate digestion of dietary protein and/or essential amino acids,
or excess elimination of protein due to compromised renal function; the patient shows po
or healing, compromised immunityand peripheral oedema.
14. “The Research of Chen, Liu and Binkley (2012) in U.S.A: This paper explores the
relationship between income and eating behaviour” (Chen, Liu and Binkley, 2012)
15. “The Research of Sharif and Merlin (2001) in Malaysia: This study used the
Radimer/Cornell hunger and food insecurity instrument to assess food insecurity and to
determine the risk factors and consequences of food insecurity among low-income
households in Kuala Lumpur.” (Sharif and Merlin, 2001)

\*
31 PAGE
 16. Third World Countries: the underdeveloped nations of the world, especially those with
widespread poverty.
17. Underpriviledged: lacking the money and the basic social advantages that
most people have; poor:

INDEX II

Sample Survey Form

D A S M A R I Ñ A S
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
CAVITE 4115 PHILIPPINES

Pangalan (Optional):___________________________ Edad:__________

Address: __________________________________________________________________

Trabaho:________________ Citizen:_______________

Pangalan ng Pananaliksik: “ A Study on Eating Habits in Relation to Monthly Income of Residents in

Brgy. Zone 1 – A, Purok Riverside”

Pangalan ng mga Mananaliksik at Kontak:

Villarico, Alyssa Marielle R. (+639770354138) Lopez, Gene Albert (+639171090917)

Dimaano, Caroline Kaiye D. (+639061527477) Manuel, Aaliyah G. (+639656770138)

Young, Ysabel Yellaine C. (+639088955128) Tiamsim, Bryan Miguel (+639178502333)

PAALALA: Ang partisipasyon ninyo ay purong boluntaryo at hindi puwersahang pinipilit ng mga
mananaliksik ang mga residente. Mangyaring sagutan ang mga sumusunod na katanungan na may
purong katotohanan. Makasisigurong itatago ng mga mananaliksik ang inyong pagkakakilanlan at
hindi makalalabas sa kahit na sinuman ang inyong datos kung sakaling ito’y may pagkakakilanlan.
Kung sakaling biglaang umayaw ang residente na maging partisipante ng pananaliksik ay maaari
siyang umalis at ang kanyang datos ay mapapasawalang-bisa. Bagkus, buong puso itong tatanggapin

\*
32 PAGE
ng mga mananaliksik. Ang resulta ng pananaliksik na ito ay maia-abot sa kaukulan ng De La Salle
University – Dasmariñas. Maaari ding makarating ang resulta sa Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA),
Department of Health (DOH), National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), at Food and
Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI). Makakaasa ang mga residente na mabibigyan ng kaagarang
solusyon at aksyon ang makukuhaang problema sa lalabas na resulta.

Mangyaring sagutan ang mga sumusunod na katanungan. Lagyan ng tsek (✓) ang patlang ng
iyong sagot. Huwag mag-iwan ng kahit anong tanong na walang sagot.

1. Ilang miyembro ang nakatira sa inyong bahay sa kasalukuyan?

____ ako ay nag-iisa lamang _____ 4

____ 2 _____ 5
____ 3 _____ 6 o pataas, kung mas mataas sa
anim, mangyaring tukuyin: ________

2. Kayo ba o kahit sinong miyembro sa inyong pamilya ay tagatanggap ng programang

pinansyal handog ng gobyerno? Halimbawa ay ang 4Ps o Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino
Program, Senior Citizen o PWD card discount, PhilHealth, Senior High School Voucher
Program, State University College Scholarship, etc.
____ Oo, tukuyin (mangyaring ilagay lahat): _______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
____ Hindi

3. Ilan ang miyembro na may kasalukuyang hanap-buhay sa inyong bahay?

____ 0 ____ 4
____ 1 ____ 5 at pataas, tukuyin kung ilan:_____
____ 2
____3

____ 2
____ 3

4. Saan nanggagaling ang inyong pang-araw araw na gastusin sa bahay?

____ Paghahanap-buhay ng mga miyembro sa bahay
____ Tulong pinansyal galing sa iba pang kapamilya
____ Iba pa, tukuyin: ____________________

\*
33 PAGE
 5. Mangyaring tukuyin ang sinasahod ng mga naghahanap-buhay na miyembro ng inyong
pamamahay sa isang buwan kapag ito ay pinagsama-sama.

____ mas mababa sa PHP 5,000

____ PHP 5,000 hanggang PHP 6,000
____ PHP 6,000 hanggang PHP 7,000
____ PHP 7,000 hanggang PHP 8,000
____ PHP 8,000 hanggang PHP 9,000
____ PHP 9,000 hanggang PHP 10,000
____ PHP 10,000 pataas

6. Magkano ang inyong badyet para sa pagkain araw-araw?

____ mas mababa sa PHP 100
____ PHP 100 hanggang PHP 200
____ PHP 300 hanggang PHP 400
____ PHP 500 pataas, tukuyin: ______________

7. Gaano kadalas kayo kumakain sa bahay?

____ Araw – araw
____ May mga araw na hindi kami nakaka-kain

8. Ilang beses kayo kumakain sa isang araw?

____ Wala
____ Isa, pang-umagahan lamang
____ Isa, pang-tanghalian lamang
____ Isa, pang meryenda lamang
____ Isa, pang hapunan lamang
____ Dalawa, umagahan at tanghalian
____ Dalawa, umagahan at meryenda
____ Dalawa, umagahan at hapunan
____ Dalawa, tanghalian at meryenda
____ Dalawa, tanghalian at hapunan
____ Dalawa, meryenda at hapunan
____ Tatlo, maliban sa umagahan
____ Tatlo, maliban sa tanghalian
____ Tatlo, maliban sa meryenda
____ Tatlo, maliban sa hapunan
____ Apat at pataas

9. Saan at sa anong paraan ninyo nakukuha ang inyong pagkain sa pang araw-araw?
____ Binibili sa grocery, palengke, o sa talipapa
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34 PAGE
 ____ Binibili sa kalapit na sari-saring tindahan, food chain, o karinderya
____ Iniuuwi ng kapamilyang naghahanap-buhay
____ Iba pa, tukuyin: _______________________

10. Sa iyong palagay, ilang beses kayong hindi kumakain ng umagahan sa isang linggo?
____ 0 _____ 4-5
____ 1-2 _____ 5-6
____ 2-3 _____ 6-7
____ 3-4
11. Sa iyong palagay, ilang beses kayong hindi kumakain ng pananghalian sa isang linggo?
____ 0 _____ 4-5
____ 1-2 _____ 5-6
____ 2-3 _____ 6-7
____ 3-4

12. Sa iyong palagay, ilang beses kayong hindi kumakain ng hapunan sa isang linggo?
____ 0 _____ 4-5
____ 1-2 _____ 5-6
____ 2-3 _____ 6-7
____ 3-4

13. Lagyan ng tsek (✓) ang lahat ng sumusunod kung ito ay inyong kinakain sa isang linggo.
____ Karne
____ Manok
____ Isda
____ Gulay at Prutas
____ De – lata
____ Tinapay
____ Instant na pagkain

14. Sa iyong palagay, sapat ba ang sustansyang inyong nakukuha sa inyong kinakain?
_____ Oo
_____ Hindi ako sigurado
_____ Hindi

15. Kayo ba o kahit sino sa miyembro ng inyong pamamahay ay nakaranas nang magkasakit
dahil sa inyong kinain?
_____ Oo
_____ Hindi

\*
35 PAGE
 MARAMING SALAMAT AT PAGPALAIN KAYO NG ATING PANGINOON!
__________________________________
Pangalan at Asignatura ng Nagsagot

INDEX III

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\*
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more-well-paying-jobs-and-opportunities-needed

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\*
39 PAGE
illiteracy/?fbclid=IwAR2EFzzodT3dl-
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status. Retrieved January 22,2019 from https://www.who.int/elena/titles/cash_transfer/en/

CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Caroline Kaiye Dimaano
Address: Blk 7, Lot 45, Genesis Street, Adelina 1 - Complex, San Pedro, Laguna

PERSONAL INFORMATION
E-mail: carolinekaiye@gmail.com
Birthdate: April 13, 2001
Age: 18
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Name of Mother: Evelyn D. Dimaano
Name of Father: Vernon T. Dimaano

\*
40 PAGE
 EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary
De La Salle University - Dasmariñas (2017-2019)
DBB-B, 4115 West Ave, Dasmariñas, Cavite

St. Therese of the Child Jesus School (2015-2017)

Blk 5, Lot 23, Genesis Street, Adelina 1 - Complex, San Pedro, Laguna

International School in Al - Khobar (2013-2015)

Al - Khobar, KSA

Primary
St. Therese of the Child Jesus School (2015-2017)
Blk 5, Lot 23, Genesis Street, Adelina 1 - Complex, San Pedro, Laguna

CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Gene Albert D. Lopez

Address: Block 13 Lot 6 Mabuhay Homes 2000 Ph 5 Brgy. Salawag

Dasmariñas Cavite

PERSONAL INFORMATION
E-mail: genealbertlopez25@gmail.com
Birthdate: May 30, 2000
Age: 18
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Name of Mother: Maria Theresa D. Lopez
Name of Father: Gene L. Lopez
\*
41 PAGE
 EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary
De La Salle University - Dasmariñas (2017-2019)
DBB-B, 4115 West Ave, Dasmariñas, Cavite

Divine Light Academy - Bacoor (2013-2017)

Alicante street Town & Country West Subdivision, Molino 3, Bacoor Cavite

Primary
Fides Salde School Inc. (2007-2013)
Ruby St. Diamond Village Brgy. Salawag Dasmariñas Cavite

CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Aaliyah G. Manuel
Address: 024 J. Vicedo St. Brgy. Luciano, Trece Martires City, Cavite

PERSONAL INFORMATION
E-mail: theaaliyah23@gmail.com
Birthdate: September 23, 2001
Age: 17
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Name of Mother: Eileen G. Manuel
Name of Father: Teodorico C. Manuel

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

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Secondary
De La Salle University - Dasmariñas (2017 – 2019)
DBB-B, 4115 West Ave, Dasmariñas, Cavite

Dei Gracia Academy Inc. (2013-2017)

La Trinidad Subd. Brgy. Cabuco, Trece Martires City, Cavite

Primary
Dei Gracia Academy Inc. (2007-2013)
La Trinidad Subd. Brgy. Cabuco, Trece Martires City, Cavite

CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Bryan Miguel D. Tiamsim
Address: Blk. 5 L. 2 Rosalia 2 Village, Bacoor, Cavite

PERSONAL INFORMATION
E-mail: bryanmdt2@gmail.com
Birthdate: April 23, 2001
Age: 17
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Name of Mother: Lani D. Tiamsim
Name of Father: Gerardo Tiamsim

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

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Secondary
De La Salle University - Dasmariñas (2017 – 2019)
DBB-B, 4115 West Ave, Dasmariñas, Cavite

Cavite School of St. Mark (2013-2017)

Km 17 Emilio Aguinaldo Hwy, Bacoor, 4102 Cavite

Primary
Cavite School of St. Mark (2007-2017)
Km 17 Emilio Aguinaldo Hwy, Bacoor, 4102 Cavite

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Alyssa Marielle R. Villarico

Address: Blk. 28 L.7 Ph 3 Maple St. Evergreen County, Brgy. Zapote,
Biñan City, Laguna

PERSONAL INFORMATION
E-mail: alyssayel15@gmail.com
Birthdate: October 15, 2000
Age: 18
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Name of Mother: Jacqueline Reyes Villarico
Name of Father: Marvin Sapon Villarico

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
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Secondary
De La Salle University Dasmariñas (2017-2019)
DBB-B 4115, West Avenue, City of Dasmariñas Cavite

Holy Spirit School – Biñan Campus (2013-2017)

Davao Street South City Homes, Santo Tomas, Biñan, 4024 Laguna

Primary
Saint Michael’s College of Laguna (2010-2013)
Old National Road, Biñan, 4024 Laguna

La Immaculada Concepcion School (2005-2010)

Caruncho Ave, Pasig, Metro Manila

CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Ysabel Yellaine C. Young
Address: #238 Brgy. Salitran 1 Aguinaldo Highway City of Dasmariñas Cavite

PERSONAL INFORMATION
E-mail: ysabelyoung.13@gmail.com
Birthdate: July 01 2000
Age: 18

Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Name of Mother: Cherrylyn Enriquez Camutin
Name of Father: Donald Wyndy Fulay Young

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
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Secondary
De La Salle University Dasmariñas (2017-2019)
DBB-B 4115, West Avenue, City of Dasmariñas Cavite

Angelorum School (2013-2017)

Comm. Marquez Road, Diamond Village, Anabu II-F, City of Imus Cavite 4103

Primary
Angelorum School (2007-2013)
Comm. Marquez Road, Diamond Village, Anabu II-F, City of Imus Cavite 4103

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