NEOPLASIA By :)

NEO+ PLASIA DYSPLASIA

Neoplasia
- Disorderly, loss of uniformity, loss of
architectural orientation but non – neoplastic
New abnormal proliferation
New Growth
proliferation
- Seen in epithelia
- CARCINOMA IN SITU – dysplastic cells
involving the whole of epithelium
h A disease process
- Pre invasive stage of cancer
Oncology - study of neoplasia

Definition of Terms

HYPREPLASIA

- A physiologic response to a stimulus and

subject to regulatory control mechanism

- Described as increase in number of cells

METAPLASIA

- Replacement or change in cell type in a

hostile environment ANAPLASIA

- Change in differentiation - Literally means “to form backward”

- Lack of differentiation, loss of structural &

functional differentiation of normal cells

- Hallmark of malignant neoplasm

- Produces undifferentiated cells, marked

pleumorphism – variation in sizes & shapes

Nomenclature

Suffix --- OMA, indicates benign tumor

- Adenoma: Benign epithelial neoplasm.

Producing gland patterns

- Papilloma : neoplasm growing on surface,

produces microscopic & macroscopic finger-
like fronds
- Carcinoma , malignancy of epithelial origin

- Sarcoma, malignancy of mesenchymal origin

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Predisposing Factor
 Age
 Environmental Influences
o Workplace: Excessive exposure to
sunlight & x-ray radiation;
occupational hazard; atomic bomb
o Unhealthy behaviors such as smoking,
alcohol, multiple sexual partners
 Processed foods
 Biological
 Genetic predisposition
Cancer Cell Character
 Neoplasms are unable to differentiate their
functions from that of their fellow cells & have
lost all self – regulating abilities that normal
cells have.
 Neoplasm simply continue to grow
unrestrainedly, taking up space in a person’s
body & exerting pressure on tissues, vessels
& organs.
NEOPLASIA By :)
PROTO - ONCOGENS
 Found in a normal cell
 Encode component of normal cell’s growth
Control pathway:
- Some of these components are
growth factors, receptors, signaling
enzymes & transcription factors
- Growth factors bind to receptors on
the cell surface, which activate
signaling enzymes inside the cell that
in turn, activate special proteins called
transcription factors inside cells
nucleus. The activated transcription
factors “Turn on”
 Oncogenes – are genes that has the potential
to cause cancer, activated proto – oncogenes
that encode components of the cell’s normal
growth control pathway,
 Oncogenes are mutant forms of proto –
oncogenes
 Oncogenes arise from the mutation of proto –
oncogenes. They resemble proto - oncogenes
in that they code for the production of proteins
involved in growth control. However,
oncogenes code for an altered version (or
excessive quantities of these growth – control)
proteins thereby disrupting a cells’s signaling
growth.
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 NEOPLASIA By :)

Characteristic of Neoplasm OSTEOSARCOMA

MALIGNANT
BENIGN NEOPLASM
NEOPLASM
Occur singly Occur in multiple
Rounded, elliptical,
Irregular
Pedunculated
Usually encapsulated Not encapsulated
Slow growth rate Rapid growth rate
Seldom with necrosis (+) necrosis
Readily removed Difficult to remove
Not toxic to pt Toxic to pt Characteristics of Malignancy

Absence of metastasis (+) Metastases A. Anaplasia

B. Rapid Growth
No recurrence after
(+) Recurrence C. Infiltration of surrounding tissues
removal
D. Metastasis
Seldom cause mortality Causes Death E. Recurrence after removal
F. Poor Organization
G. Degeneration & Necrosis
MALIGNANT Vs. BENIGN TUMOR H. Invasion of Blood vessels & Lymphatics

STAGING & GRADING

 Malignant cancer cells invade neighboring
tissues , early blood vessels, and metastasize
GRADING (purpose)
to different size
- Determine the level of malignancy by
 Benign (not cancer) tumor cells grow only establishing the aggressiveness of
locally & cannot spread by invasion or cancer based on CYTOLOGIC
metastasis differentiation of tumor cells and
number of mitosis within the tumor

BENIGN MALIGNANT - Grades I, II, III, IV in the order of

Does not extend beyond Extends beyond increasing anaplasia; a low number
BM BM grade (grade I or II) refers to cancers
with fewer cell abnormalities than
Often surrounded by Not encapsulated those with higher numbers (grade III
connective tissue capsule or IV)

Necrosis slight or none (+) Necrosis

No invasion of hymen or (+) invasion of blood

blood vessel vessel
Cells appear mature Cell appear embryonal

Mitotic figures not Mitotic figures numerous

numerous

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 NEOPLASIA By :)
STAGING

-Based on:

 Size of primary lesion

 Extent of spread to regional lymph nodes
 Presence or absence of metastases

- Additional information is based on CLINICAL,

RADIOLOGICAL & or SURGICAL EXPLORATION

- TNM – Tumor, lymph node, metastases

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