The American

Civil War –
Beginnings
 The industrial revolution
 Northern centres – New
York, Chicago – most
important for the
development of industry.
 Methods of industrial
production come to
America from Britain, but
the Americans soon
leaders.
 By the end of the 19th
century – the biggest
economy in the world –
hungry for resources and
cheap physical labour.
 19 th century split: North vs.
South
 North – different climate
and crops, less labour
intensive, slavery abolished
as immoral and corrupt.
 South – warmer,
dependence on labour-
intensive technologies.
 Cotton in particular
 The Missouri Compromise
 1.2 million slaves out of
7.2 US population in 1810.
 Abolitionism (abolitionists)
– 1808 – illegal to bring
new slaves to America.
 The Missouri
Compromise (1820) and
the disputes over slavery
in the new territories.
 Fugitive slave act and the
bounty hunters.
1820
 Industrial revolution in the South
 The cotton gin.
 Increase in
profitability and
output.
 Southern style
farming even more
profitable.
Presidential election of 1860
 In 1860, Stephan Douglas and
Abraham Lincoln ran against each
other again, this time for president.
 Lincoln had become well known from
their debates about slavery.
 This time, Lincoln won, becoming the
16th president.
The RED states are the ones that elected Lincoln.
 Southern States secede
 Lincoln received no support in the South,
because they believed Lincoln wanted to end
slavery. Since there were so many more
people in the North, he won the election
anyway.
 As soon as Lincoln won the election, the
South started to secede. This means the
South split from the Union. They no longer
wanted to be part of the United States.
 Supporters of secession based their
arguments on the idea of states’ rights. They
had voluntarily joined the union, so they
could leave when they wanted.
 Confederate States of
America
 On December 20, 1860,
South Carolina became the
first state to secede. They
were followed by Mississippi,
Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana, and Texas.
 The eleven states that had
seceded became the
Confederate States of
America.
 They named Jefferson Davis
as president.
 They wrote a new
Constitution which made
slavery legal.
 Civil War
 A civil war is a war between people of
the same country.
 There have been many civil wars, but
one of the worst happened in America.
 The American Civil War was fought to
keep the South from leaving the Union.
 Slavery was the major issue that
separated the North from the South.
 Cause #1
Sectionalis
mNorth = Union

South = Confederacy
 Sectionalism
• Sectionalism – the
excessive devotion to
local interests and
customs to a region of
North a nation.
• The intense feelings of
sectionalism further
divided the country
into two separate
sections- North and
South.
South
• Cause #1 • Prior to the Civil War,
Sectionalism the United States was
not really united.
• Our country was more
like two separate
countries sharing the
same land.
North

South
 • The North had
• Cause #1 industry, large cities, a
Sectionalism diverse population,
and favored the
politics of the
Republican party
which supported the
abolition of slavery.
• Cause #1 • Southerners were
Sectionalism especially loyal to
their section. They
thought of
themselves...
– as citizens of their
own state first,
– as Southerners second,
– and as U.S. citizens
third.
• Cause #2 Slavery
• Slavery was a cause of
the Civil War for two
reasons.
– #1. The South viewed
slavery as a necessity
to maintaining
economic wealth.
– Texas believed that
slavery was vital to the
economy.
– However, many people
in the North viewed
slavery as evil and
unconstitutional.
• Cause #2 Slavery • #2. Slavery was not
just a moral issue but
a political issue as
well.
– Which ever section of
the U.S, North or South,
had more states would
have more power in
Congress.
• Cause #2 Slavery
• Both Northerners and
Southerners fought
fiercely over the moral
and political issue of
slavery.
• If the U.S. had been
founded without
slavery, then the
following causes of
the Civil War may
have never been
issues.
 More Problems
• Fugitive Slave Law of
1850 • Required all citizens
to help catch runaway
slaves.
• It was now a CRIME
to help runaway
slaves even in the
North. This made
many people in the
North very angry.
• Fugitive Slave Law of
1850
• South:
– Differences in the
– Judges could get $10
North and South
for each runaway slave
– Slaves were denied a
trial by jury & the right
to testify
– Forced citizens to
catch runaways, if not,
$1,000 fine
 • North:
• Fugitive Slave Law of • Helped slaves get
1850 lawyers
• Differences in the • People would pitch in to
North and South buy slaves their
freedom.
• Northern juries wouldn’t
convict those of
breaking the Fugitive
Slave Law.
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin –
written by Harriet
Beecher Stowe.
– Laid out the cruelties of
slavery for the first time.
 More Problems
• Dred Scott Case, – Scott was taken to the north
1857: by his owner to live for about 5
years. Then he was taken
back to Missouri.
– When the owner died, Scott
sued for his freedom in the
Supreme Court.
– Chief Justice Roger Taney
ruled the following:
1. Slaves are not citizens,
citizens so they
can’t sue.
2. Slaves are property & can be
taken anywhere.
3. Because the 5th Amendment
protected property, Congress
could not ban slavery from any
territory.
4. The Missouri Compromise was
unconstitutional.
• Cause #3 States’ • States’ rights is the
idea that each state
Rights had the right to
determine whether or
not to follow federal
laws.
• Southerners supported
states’ rights. They
believed that they had
the right to own slaves
and even secede, or
leave the Union, if they
desired.
United
States
Law
• Cause #3 States’ • Texas believed that
Rights the states should be
able to make their
own political,
economic, and social
decision with minimal
federal government
interference.

United
States
Law
• Cause #3 States’ • Northerners did not
Rights support states’ rights.
They believed the
national government
had final power.

United
States
Law
• Cause #4 Tariffs • A tariff is a tax on
imported goods.
• Northerners felt the
federal government
had the power to
make laws that
applied to all states,
including imposing
taxes.
• Cause #4 Tariffs • Southerners were also
angry at Congress using
its power to impose
taxes on the South’s
agricultural products.
• They felt that any federal
tax restricted the rights
of the individual states.
• Texans were for low
tariffs to continue to
trade cotton with
European nations and
southern sates produced
80% of the world’s
supply of cotton.
• Cause #5 Election of • When Republican
1860 Abraham Lincoln
won the Election of
1860, Southerners
believed that their
rights would no longer
be respected.

• Many southerners
believed it was time to
leave the Union.
• Cause #5 Secession
• After Lincoln’s election,
eleven southern states
eventually seceded
from the Union and
formed the
Confederate States of
America.
• Texas’s lawmakers
voted to secede by a
vote of 166 to 8, and
the people of Texas
voted for secession by
a margin of more than 3
to 1.
Let’s review the main causes of the Civil War:
1.Sectionalism North
South

2. Slavery

3. States’ rights United

States
Law
4. Tariffs
5. Election of 1860
& Secession
 Causes

There were many causes for the outbreak of the Civil

War. Many people agree slavery was the main cause for
the war. In addition, sectional differences led to
conflicts. Northern and Southern states were
developing different lifestyles and cultures. Differences
in the economic life of the North and the South also
contributed to the conflict. The North’s economy
focused on finance and manufacturing, and the South
specialized in cropsCICERO © 2010 trade. Southern
and agricultural
Abolitionist Movement
The Abolitionist Movement was
active in Northern and Western
states before the Civil War.
Abolitionists wanted slaves to be
freed. Some abolitionists favored
relocating them in Africa. Many, but
not all, abolitionists believed
African-American slaves should
have the same freedoms as their
owners. Southern states opposed
the abolition of slavery; it was a
financial necessity and part of their
social structure. The South’s
agricultural trade depended on
crops produced with slave labor.

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 A Divided Nation
Comparing Northern and Southern Societies

The North’s population was The South had about nine million
three times that of the South. people, including about three
Most other countries million slaves. The average
recognized the Union as the Southerner was not as wealthy as
government in America. the average person living in the
However, Britain and France North. About 90 percent of
had friendly relations with the American industry and railroads
Confederacy and considered were in the North. Reliance on
aiding the South. The North slave labor discouraged the
also was more affluent. creation of new jobs in the South.
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This discouraged immigration,
 The Leaders

Abraham Lincoln was the Jefferson Davis was

sixteenth President of the President of the Confederate
United States. He opposed the States of America. During
expansion of slavery. A the Mexican War, he had
Republican, Lincoln led the been an officer in the United
Union during the Civil War. States Army. Davis also had
John Wilkes Booth served as the United States
assassinated Lincoln CICERO
in Secretary of War. When the
© 2010
 The Generals

Ulysses S. Grant Robert E. Lee

William T. Sherman Thomas Jackson

George Meade James Longstreet

George B. James E.B. Stuart

McClellan
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 Strategies
Anaconda Plan
Union General Winfield Scott suggested the
Anaconda Plan to halt Southern trade. The plan
would impose a blockade. This would eventually
enable the North to control the Mississippi River.
Meanwhile, the army would divide and isolate
sections of the South and capture its vital cities
and the capital in Richmond, Virginia. Under
General Ulysses S. Grant, the North’s strategy kept
pressure on General Robert E. Lee’s army and
constantly weakened their numbers. The larger
population of the North made this possible.

King Cotton
The Confederacy adopted a defensive strategy
and attempted to secure alliances with more
powerful countries such as Britain and France.
To do that, the South needed to show it could win
the war. As a result, the Confederate army
attacked Union territory to draw Union troops
away from the South and to impress potential
allies. As the war continued, the Southern
strategy became one of evading the Union army,
prolonging the war, and inflicting casualties to
demoralize the North.
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Major Battles of the Civil War

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The Civil War began at Fort
Sumter on
April 12, 1861.
 Fort Sumter was a Union fort in the
South, and the Union had a hard time
defending it. They surrendered 34
hours later.
 There were 23 states in the Union
(North) at the beginning of the war.
 There were 11 states in the
Confederacy
(South) at the beginning of the war.
Union and Confederate
states
 North’s Advantages
The North had some major advantages:
 They had many more people
 They had many more factories, which
could be used to make weapons.
 The Union also had many more miles
of railroad tracks.
 South’s Advantages:

 The South’s main advantage was that

they were fighting at home.
 They were closer to their supplies.
 They would fight harder because they
were protecting their homes.
 Southern soldiers were better
equipped with the skills necessary to
survive a war.
 Abraham Lincoln
 The president of the
Union was Abraham
Lincoln, who had
been elected in
1860.
 Jefferson Davis
 The president of the
new Confederate
States of America,
or the Confederacy,
was Jefferson Davis.
 Battle of Bull Run
 One of the first battles of the war was the
Battle of Bull Run.
 The North realized after this battle that the
war would not be easy and would not be over
soon, as they originally thought.
 New Weapons
Many new weapons were used during
the Civil War.
 One of these weapons was an ironclad
ship. An ironclad ship was a ship with
iron plates on it to protect it from
cannon fire.
 Other new weapons:
 Deadlier cannons
and bullets
 Rifles that were
more accurate
 Battle of Antietam
 The first time the Confederacy invaded
Northern territory was the Battle of
Antietam. They were led by Gen.
Robert E. Lee
 It began on Sept. 17, 1862 and lasted
12 hours.
 It was the bloodiest battle day in United
States history. 23,000 men lost their
lives that day.
 The Union army stopped the
Confederate army. This “victory” by the
Union gave President Lincoln the
chance to announce the abolition of
Battle at
Antietam
 Emancipation Proclamation
 On January 1, 1863,
Pres. Lincoln
announced the
Emancipation
Proclamation. It
declared that all slaves
should be set free in
the Confederacy.
 It also allowed blacks
to serve in the Union
army and navy.
 The South ignored the
Emancipation
Proclamation, but it did
change the focus of the
war to the issue of
slavery.
 Women in the Civil War
 Women on both
sides worked during
the war. Many
became nurses. The
most famous nurse
from the Union was
Clara Barton.
 She also helped
organize the
American Red Cross.
 Battle of Gettysburg
 The Battle of
Gettysburg was one of
the bloodiest battles of
the war.
 It took place from
July1-3, 1863.
 97,000 Union soldiers
fought 75,000
Confederate soldiers.
 More than 50,000 men
were killed or wounded
in the battle.
 The Union won the Battle of Gettysburg.
 Many felt it was a turning point in the war.
 Many Northerners started supporting the
army after this by lending them money to
help pay for the war.
 This was called a war bond.
 Gettysburg Address
 Several months after the Battle of
Gettysburg, President Lincoln went to
the battlefield to dedicate a cemetery
in honor of all those who had died.
 Lincoln spoke for two minutes, but his
speech became very famous.
 It is called “The Gettysburg Address”.
 Other Important Dates:
• In March of 1864, Pres. Lincoln appointed Gen.
Ulysses S. Grant to lead the Union Army.
• On Nov. 6 1864, President Lincoln was reelected
as president of the Union.
• After several more battles, Confederate General
Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General
Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865. The war was
officially over.
• On April 14, 1865, while enjoying a night at the
theater with his wife, Abraham Lincoln was shot
by John Wilkes Booth. He died at 7:22 a.m. the
next day.
• On Dec. 6, 1865, the 13th Amendment to the
Constitution was ratified. This amendment
abolished (ended) slavery.
 Virginia
Surrender at Appomattox
April 9, 1865

General Lee surrendered

his Confederate army at
Appomattox Court House,
Virginia, on April 9, 1865.
Lee’s army had diminished,
which contributed to
Union General Grant’s
many victories near the
end of the war. In a sign of
respect, Grant allowed Lee
to keep his saber and
horse.
General Joseph Johnston
CICERO was the last Confederate
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Assassination of Lincoln
April 14, 1865
President Abraham Lincoln was
assassinated at the end of the
Civil War. He was killed on April
14, 1865, while attending a play at
Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C.,
with his wife and two other
people. Lincoln was watching Our
American Cousin when John
Wilkes Booth shot him in the back
of the head.
Booth was a loyal Confederate,
and he thought the Confederacy
could triumph if Lincoln were
dead. Booth jumped off the
balcony and broke his ankle, but
managed to escape the theater.
CICERO ©Lincoln
2010died of his fatal wound
The Trial and Execution of the
Conspirators
The conspirators in the
assassination of President
Lincoln were Mary Surratt,
Lewis Powell, David Herold,
George Atzerdot, Michael
O’Laughlen, Samuel Arnold,
Edman Spangler, and Dr.
Samuel Mudd. They were
tried in a military tribunal
court because the
government deemed the
nature of the case required
the use of this court. A
majority vote would result in
a guilty
CICERO © 2010verdict, while a two-
 Legacy of the War

The Civil War was the bloodiest war in American history.

It has been referred to as “The War Between the States,”
“The Brother’s War,” and the “War of Northern Aggression.”
More than 600,000 Americans lost their lives, and
countless others were wounded severely. The Civil War
led to passage of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth , and Fifteen
Amendments to the United States Constitution. These
amendments outlawed slavery, granted African
Americans United States citizenship, and granted African-
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American males the right ©
to2010
vote. Although equal