1. Basic Structure 2. Engine 3. Transmission System 4. Auxiliaries 5. Controls 6. Superstructures CONTROLS – STEERING SYSTEMS
A steering system of an automobile is an
integral part of vehicle dynamics of a vehicle in which a series of mechanical components having certain important angles comes together to steer the front wheels of the vehicle according to input provided by the passenger through steering wheel. POWER STEERING
The power steering system is the advanced
steering system in which the effort required to steer the front wheels of the vehicle side to side is reduced by using intermediate electric or hydraulic devices that multiplies the force applied by the driver through steering wheel in order to achieve smooth and quick directional change of the vehicle. POWER STEERING SYSTEM TYPES OF POWER STEERING SYSTEM
On the basis of the method used to multiply the
steering force there are 3 types of power steering system that are- 1. Hydraulic power steering system- It is the type of power steering system in which hydraulic system having hydraulic pump driven by the engine and hydraulic cylinders, is used to multiply the steering wheel input force which in turn reduces the efforts required to steer the front wheels of the vehicle. A highly compressed hydraulic fluid is used inside the hydraulic cylinder that applies pressure on the steering gear. 2. Electro – hydraulic power steering system- It is the modified version of the hydraulic system in which the rotary hydraulic pump which is driven by the engine in hydraulic power steering system is replaced with the hydraulic pump which is driven by the electric motor. It is also called the hybrid power steering system due to the use of both hydraulic and electric components. 3. Electronic power steering system- It is the latest type of power steering system in which the hydraulic system from the hydraulic power steering is completely replaced with electric motors and electric sensors, instead of using hydraulic force ,the motor driven by the vehicle’s battery is used to apply force on the steering gear and torque provided by the motor is controlled by the sensors that detects the position of the steering column. The steering response of this system is quick and very effective that is why it is used in almost all the new cars today. BRAKING SYSTEM
In an automobile vehicle, a braking system is an
arrangement of various linkages and components (brake lines or mechanical linkages, brake drum or brake disc , master cylinder or fulcrums etc.) that are arranged in such a fashion that it converts the vehicle’s kinetic energy into the heat energy which in turn stops or de-accelerate the vehicle. THE NEED OF A BRAKING SYSTEM
In an automobile vehicle braking system is needed
• To stop the moving vehicle.
• To de-accelerate the moving vehicle.
• For stable parking of a vehicle either on a flat
surface or on a slope. • As a precaution for accidents.
• To prevent the vehicle from any damage due to
road conditions. CLASSIFICATION OF BRAKING SYSTEM
1. On the Basis of Power Source
The power source which carries the pedal force applied by the driver on brake pedal to the final brake drum or brake disc in order to de accelerate or stop the vehicle the braking systems are of 6 types- Mechanical braking system Hydraulic braking system Air or pneumatic braking system Vacuum braking system Magnetic braking system Electric braking system 2. On the Basis of Frictional Braking Contact On the basis of the final friction contact made between the rotating brake components i.e. brake drum or disc rotor and the brake shoe the braking systems are of 2 types- (i) Internal expanding brakes (e.g.- drum brakes) (ii) External contracting brakes(e.g. disc brakes) 3. On the Basis of Application- On the basis of method of applying brakes, braking systems are of 2 types- (i) Foot or service brakes (ii) Hand or parking brakes BRAKING SYSTEM FACTS ABOUT CARS There are over 1 billions cars used all around the world. About 165,000 cars are produced everyday An average car has about 30,000 parts 92% of the cars sold in Brazil use Ethanol as fuel, which is produced from Sugar cane Volkswagen owns Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Audi, Ducati and Porche. The inventor of cruise control, Ralph Teetor was blind.