Proponents in the Developments of the Concepts of Surgery
HIPPOCRATES (460 BC)
 Father of Medicine
 Foreshadowed asepsis by advocating the
use of wine or boiled waters for irrigating
wounds
CLAUDIUS GALLEN (AD 131-210)
 A Greek Surgeon, who practiced in Rome
and introduced the practice of boiling
instruments in the care of wounded
gladiators.
SURGERY IN THE 16TH & 17TH CENTURY
ADREAS VESALIUS
 One of the chief founders of modern study
of anatomy and best known for animal
experimentation and also believed that
suppuration was an essential part of healing
process
AMBROISE PARE
 A military surgeon who was known for
dressing wounds and the use of artificial
limbs
 He also dulled the pain of his soldiers by
compressing blood vessels and nerves near
the operative area
 Considered as one of the father of surgery
and pioneer in surgical techniques
SURGERY IN THE 18TH & 19TH CENTURY
Dr. Ephraim McDowell
 Performed the 1st Ovariotomy in 1809
 Pioneer Surgeon
Soranus of Ephesus
 Founder of Gynecology
 Father of Obstetric Nursing
 The 1st Vaginal Hysterectomy was done in
1818
Ignaz Semmelweis (1818-1865)
 Required doctors/medical students in his
ward to wash their hands before examining
patients
 Established the etiology of puerperal fever
in Vienna
 Early pioneer of Antiseptic procedures
 “Savior of Mother”
Oliver Wendell Holmes (1843)
 Expressed the belief that puerperal fever
was carried from patient to patient by
nurses and doctors.
 Revised the term Anesthesia from Greek
words “Negative Sensation”
Louis Pasteur (1860)
 A chemist who showed that fermentation of
wine was due to minute organism and
believed that the growth of this
microorganisms can be inhibited by heat
Robert Koch (1879)
 He showed that many kinds of organisms
could cause infection, he is best
remembered by isolation of TB bacilli
 He also advocated the use of bichloride of
mercury as an antiseptic.
Wilhelm Roentgen (1895)
 Discovered X-RAYS for localization of
foreign bodies and visualization of fractures.
Madame Curie
 Discovered and named RADIUM in 1898
Joseph Lister
 First used a carbolic solution on a dressing
as well as carbolic spray in the operating
room
 He also believed that infection will not occur
if sutures were soaked in an antiseptic sol’n
 Father of Modern Antisepsis
 Pioneer of Antiseptic Surgery
Sir James Young Simpson
 Discovered the 1st use chloroform and
opposed the principle of antiseptic
technique of Lister
Dr. William Stewart Halsted
 Initiated the use of rubber gloves as
protection of delicate hands from harsh
antiseptic
Dr. Philip Syng Physick
 Found out that the body absorbs suture
made from animal tissues during animal
experimentation
  He was the first surgeon to realized the use Joseph Bigelow (1878)
of this suture
 Introduced the method of crushing a bladder
 Father of American Surgery
stones and washing the fragments from the
Egas Moniz bladder

 Portuguese physician who first do Dr. Heidbrink and Dr. Boothy

CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY (1927)
 Perfected the gas machines and face
Joseph Priestley masks

 Discovered the use of combination of Dr. George Crule and Harvey Cushing
oxygen and nitrous oxide in operation
 Emphasized the importance of keeping
Harvey Cushing accurate record of patient’s condition during
surgery
 Brought one of the first sphygmomanometer
invented in Italy to America in 1959 Dr. Freidrich Tredelenburg
 Develop many surgical instruments like
 Develop endotracheal anesthesia
cushing forcep
 Founder of German Surgical Society in
 Father of Modern Neurological Surgery
1872
 Pioneer of Brain Surgery
SURGERY IN THE 20TH & 21ST CENTURY
William Thomas Green Morton
 The first artificial heart was installed on
 An American Dentist who first publicly
1982
demonstrated the use of inhaled ether as a
 The first heart and lung transplant was
surgical anesthetic in 1846
performed in 1987
Horace Wells (1846)  Laser was used in keyhole surgery in 2008
to treat brain cancer
 An American dentist who pioneered the use  In 2005 the first face transplant was
of anesthesia in dentistry, specifically performed
nitrous oxide
 The first leg transplant took place in 2011
Ernst Von Bergmann (1886)  First womb transplant was carried out in
2012
 A German surgeon who introduced steam
sterilizer for surgical supplies and the use of
bichloride solution for sterilization of
instruments and linens
 Pioneer of Aseptic Surgery
Dr. Chavalier Jackson

 Developed laryngoscope as an aid in

intubation

Philadelphia Obstetrician

 Believed that infection occurred by an act of

providence or accident
Itenerant Lithotomist

 Performed the removal of stones from the

bladder through incision
SURGERY - branch of medicine concern with disease and
conditions requiring or amenable to operative or manual
procedures. It involves making an opening into the body, repair or
replace a body part.
EXCISION – removal
INSICION – cutting
RESECTION – surgical removal of a considerable portion of an
organ
DISSECTION – separation of tissues
STERILIZATION – the process which all pathogenic and non-
pathogenic including spores are killed
DISINFECTION – the process of destroying all pathogenic
organism except spores bearing ones
SEPTIC/SEPSIS – a general reaction, usually the result of action
of bacteria or their products or both
CONTAMINATION – soiling to, to render unfit
INFECTION – the invasion of the body or part by a pathogenic
agent that produces injury
SUTURES – a material use to stitch tissue together and hold them
until healing has taken place
LIGATURES – a material that is tied around the blood vessels to
occlude the lumen, commonly called as “tie”
ANALGESIA – reduction or absence of response to painful stimuli
ANESTHESIA – loss of feeling or sensation, with or without loss of
consciousness
ANTISEPTIC – substance which combat sepsis and cause
bacteriostasis, they are used in the skin and tissue and arrest the
growth of endogenous bacteria
BACTERICIDES/GERMICIDES – agents which kills bacteria / that
are recognized more as bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal
PERIOPERATIVE – an encompassing term that incorporate the
three phases of surgical experience namely: pre-operative, intra-
operative, post-operative phase of operation
PRE-OPERATIVE – begins from the time the decision is made for
the surgical intervention to the transference of patient to operating
room
INTRA-OPERATIVE – from the time that the patient is received in
the operating room until admission to the recovery room
POST-OPERATIVE – begins from the time the patient is received
in the recovery room to the follow-up home/clinic evaluation
MICROORGANISM – living microorganisms, invisible to the naked
eye
PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISM – microorganism that cause
infectious disease and invade healthy tissues through their own
power such as production of toxins
SPORES – an inactive but viable form of bacteria which is
resistant to methods of destruction
ADHESION – union of two normally separate surfaces
AMPUTATION – removal of limb or appendages of the body
ANASTOMOSIS – connection between two tubular organs
BIOPSY – examination of tissue removed from a living body
BRONCHOSCOPY – inspection of the tracheo-bronchial tree
CALCULUS – small hard mass formed in a hollow organ; also
called as stone
CATARACT – opacity of the lens of the eye
CIRCUMSICION – excision of the foreskin of the penis
DEHISCENCE – separation of edges previously joined
DILATATION AND CURETTAGE – expanding of ostium uteri to
permit scraping of the walls of the uterus
ENUCLEATION – removal of an organ from its supporting tissue’
ESOPHAGOSCOPY – direct visual examination of esophagus
EVISCERATION – protrusion of an organ through a surgical
incision
FENESTRATION – the action of perforating
FISSURE – narrow slit or cleft
HEMOSTASIS – arrest of bleeding
INSICION AND DRAINAGE – cutting and withdrawal of discharge
INFARCT – an area of necrosis following cessation of blood supply
LACERATION – wound produced by tearing of tissues
LAMINECTOMY – excision of the posterior arch of vertebra
LOBECTOMY – excision of lobe
MAMMOPLASTY – plastic surgery of the breast
OCCLUSION – state of being closed
SCLEROSIS – induration of hardening, usually due to scarring
after inflammation
SHUNT – to divert or turn to one side
SKIN GRAFTING – a portion of skin is being implanted to replace
a loss part
STENOSIS – narrowing of a body passage
SYNOVECTOMY – excision of the synovial membrane
TRANSFUSION – induction of blood and other body fluid into body
circulation
TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF THE PROSTATE –
resection of the prostate through urethra
TREPHINATION – opening of the skull through a trephine
TUMOR – swelling or enlargement due to pathologic tissue
overgrowth
VAGOTOMY – interruption of impulses carried by a vagus nerve
VENIPUNCTURE – puncture of vein for therapeutic purposes or
for collection of blood sample
VESICLE – small sac like cavity; a blister
VISCERA – any large interior organ