Civil Engineering Department

Structural Mechanics – 2

CIVIL0013

Spring 2019

Individual Assignment

Extensive Report

(Experiment1, Experiment2 and Experiment3)

Submitted By:

Student Name: Haitham Sulaiman Al Shaqsi

ID: 17f17275 , session-B

Submitted To:

Dr. Mahmood Dawood

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS:

1. Introduction............................................................................................................3

2. Methodology……………………………………………................................................
2.1 Experiment 1: Deflection of Simply supported Beams.......................................... 4
2.2 Experiment 2: load position …………………………………............................... 5
2.3 Experiment 3: Buckling on column …………....................................................... 6

3. Results and Analysis ……………………………………………………………..

3.1 Experiment 1: Deflection ……………………………….........................................8-11
3.2 Experiment 2: load position ………………………………………………………12-16
3.3 Experiment 3: Buckling of column ……………....................................................17,18

4. Discussions ……………………………………….….………….………………..

4.1 Experiment 1: Deflection ………………………………...........................................19

4.2 Experiment 2: Load position ………………………………….............................20
4.3 Experiment 3: Buckling of Struts……………….....................................................21

5. Conclusions and Recommendations…………………………………………….22

6. References ………………………………………………………………………. 23

2

 1. Introduction
Structural mechanics is one of the basic studies for each structure before start and that include
study of loads, materials behavior, deflection and other factors that may effect to structure.
Mechanics is investigating behavior for any structure under loads like buckling in the column,
bending in the beam, deflection and other effect. (edge 2017)

There are many types construction structure and each structure has specific per base. That based
on type used for that structure some is complex like truss and some is simple like frame. We can
divided structure to two types one to carry loads without any damage and collapse, second is to
support external loads. Each building is must be carried by two elements, which one is
horizontal know by beam and other is vertical known by column. Beams are classified to 4
different types each type classified based on type, number and location of support:

Ø Simply Supported Beam.

Ø Fixed Beams.

Ø Cantilever Beams.
Ø Continuously Supported Beams.

The structure needs beam and column to connected parts of support the load. Some problems
faced engineering structures such as buckling on column and deflection on beam. In the
structural, the deflection is movement in the beam from original place and that because applied
loads more than in the design. In addition, we can call deflection as displacement.(ski civ 2017)

In this report will be discuss result of the 3 experiments, experiment one is to demine defalcation
on fixed support in the simply supported in the four times. The first one when the load only
change, when span increases and decrease and other factors is constant, when Inertia is only
change. Finally, when material is change and we use steel, brass and Aluminum. In the second
experiment, we do it two times one when supported was fixed-fixed and second times when
supported was fixed- propped and in the both times we change location for loads only that
change other value was constant. The third experiment was done to column to determine
buckling in three type of support fixed-fixed, pinned-fixed and pinned- pinned.

3

 2. Methodology
2.1 Experiment (1): Deflection of Simply supported Beams:
Simply supported is a beam has supported only by pinned support and roller, the load can be at
any point in the beam.

The load applied at simply supported beam will be equally at sum of two support so, we can say
the beam is equilibrium.

The beam deflection based on its, its length, material, inertia and load.

¨ Materials and formula used:

§ Brass, Al , Steel , Backboard, Forcemeter, deflection reader

Figure 1 deflection reader

Y= W ×L3/ (48 ×E ×I) & I= b*d3/ 12

I= moment of Inertia L= span length
E= modulus of elasticity

¨ Procedures:
1. Fix reader as zero degree to avoid the error.
2. Put the loads on the hooks and make change in the load.
3. Record deflection value.
4. Change the length of sample.
5. Make change at beam material a( brass, AL and steel)

4

2.2 Experiment (2): effect of load location for different type of support

Fixed and propped support is different between each other in fixed has 3 type of reaction but in
propped only 2 type.

§ Fixed beam: that beam cannot rotate because is supported at ends.

¨ Materials and formula used :

Steel, Backboard, Forcemeter

Figure 2 apparatus with two reactions

A) Fixed-Fixed beam:

Figure 3 fixed-fixed beam

5

To find deflection:
2
&'( (*+,-) &-'( &((3-)4
𝐸𝐼 𝑌mid span = − −
/0 0 5

From that formula, we can find deflection and this formula used only for fixed-fixed support.
B= distance from right side , A= distance from left side. , w= applied load

RL = WB2(L+2A)/L3 & ML = WAB2/L2 , to find Left reaction and left moment

RR = WA2(L+2B)/L3 & ML = WBA2/L2 , to find right reaction and moment

B) Fixed- Propped beam:

Figure 4 fixed- propped beam

- To find deflection
D
𝐿
𝑅 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 × 𝐿D 𝑊 H2 − 𝐴K 𝑀 × 𝐿,
𝐸 𝐼 𝑌 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = − −
48 6 8
- To find reaction Left & Right:
&' O &- O
𝑅L== +* =𝑁 & 𝑅R = −* = 𝑁.
* *

6

 - To find Moment:

𝑊 𝐴 𝐵 (𝐿 + 𝐵) 𝑁
𝑀= = R𝑚𝑚
2 𝐿,

¨ Procedures:
1. Make reader equal to zero.
2. Applied load in different location to that sample. Do again to fixed-propped support.

2.3 Experiment 3: Loading and Buckling of Struts.

Buckling is called for deformation in column and buckling happen by result of existing load in
the column.
Buckling may happen because more load in the column, support not proper, size of steel and
column size all that can effect to happen failure on the column.

¨ Materials and formula used:

§ Steel, Dial indicators, Column

Figure 5 Buckling apparatus

¨ Procedures :
1. Put the column on the machine first use fixed- fixed support and applied different loads
2. This step use fixed-pin support.
3. Finally, on pinned-pinned support and applied loads.

7

 3. Results Analysis

Experiment 1: Deflection of Simply supported Beams

Table (1): showing The Effect of Load

Relationship between load and deflection

3

2.5

2
DEFLECTION

1.5
Y (th.)
1 Y (Ex.)

0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
LOAD

Figure 6 Relationship between load & deflection

8

 Table (2) : The Effect of span

Effect of span
4.5
4
3.5
DEFLECTTION

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
SPAN

y (th.) y (Ex.)

Figure 7 Effect of span

9

 Table (3) : The Effect of the material

Effect of Young's modulus

Steel Barss Alunium

0.75
YEx. 0.29
0.85

4.83
Yth. 2.44
3.7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Figure 8 Effect of modulus (E)

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 Table (4): The Effect of the Inertia

Effect of Inertia
3

2.5

2
Deflection

1.5

0.5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Inertia

Yth. Yex.

Figure 9 Effect of Inertia (I)

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Experiment 2:
a- Effect of load position in fixed - fixed
Table 5 Effect of loan in fixed-fixed

L= 400 mm , I = 175 mm2 , E = 69000 Gpa

Deflection in Fixed-Fixed support

Y th Y Ex

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Figure 10 Deflection in Fixed-Fixed

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 Reaction in Fixed-Fixed support
R left R right

2.5

1.5

1
R

0.5

0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Figure 11 Reaction in fixed-fixed

Moment in Fixed-Fixed support

M th- left M th- right

200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Figure 12 Moment in fixed- fixed

Simple calculation:

RL = WB2(L+2A)/L3

= (30)(300)2(400+(2*100)/(400)3 = 2.53 N

ML = WAB2/L2

= 3(100)(300)2 / (400)2 = 168.7 N/MM

RR = WA2(L+2B)/L3

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 = (3)(100)2(400+(2*300)/(400)3 = 0.46 N

MR = WBA2/L2

= 3(300)(100)2 / (400)2 = 56.2 N/MM

Because we use AL, E= 69000 N/mm2, I= 175. mm4

4
2
ST((2U(V) SVT( SH(YVK
3 X 3
𝑌mid span= WX Z
[\

Waa 4
4]^_`( (WaaU(](aa) 4]^aa]4aa( 4H ( Y^aaK
3 3
𝑌mid span= WX X Z
= −0.42𝑚𝑚
5bcccdefg.ec/

b- Effect of load position in fixed-propped

L= 400 mm , I = 175 mm2 , E = 69000 Gpa
Table 6 Load position effect on fixed-pin

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 Deflection in Fixed-pin support
Y th Y Ex

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Figure 13 Deflection in Fixed- propped

Reaction in Fixed-pin support

R left R right

4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
R

1
0.5
0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Figure 14 Reaction in Fixed- pin

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 Moment in Fixed-Pin support
M

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 50 100 150 200 250

Figure 15 Moment in fixed- pin

Simple calculation:
M = WAB(L+B) / (2L2)
= 3(100)(300)(400+300) / (2*4002) = 196.8 N.mm
RL = WB/L + M/L
= 3(300)/(400) + (196.8) / (400) = 2.74 N
RR = WA/L – M/L
= 3(100)/(400) - (196.8) / (400) = 0.25 N

2 4
j klmn ×*4 &H(3-K O×*(
ü 𝐸 𝐼 𝑌 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = − −
/0 5 0

D
400
2.2 × 400D 3 H 2 − 225K 196.8 × 400,
12075000𝑌 = − −
48 6 8

So, Y= -1.2 mm

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Experiment 3:
1. Fixed – fixed :
Table 7 Buckling in fixed-fixed

Load (N) e Buckling (mm)

50 0 1
70 0 1.5
80 0 2

Buckling in column
2.5

2
2
1.5
Buckling

1.5
1
1
0.5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Load

Figure 16 buckling in fixed-fixed

2. Fixed-pined:
Table 8 Buckling in fixed-pin

Load (N) Buckling (mm)

e=0 e=2 mm e=6 mm
50 2 3 4
70 6 8 12
80 20 26 59

buckling when load =70

15
10
5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Figure 17 Buckling in Fixed- propped

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3. Pined-pined:

Table 9 Buckling in pin - pin

Load (N) Buckling (mm)

e=0 e=2 mm e=6 mm
30 5 9 19
35 14 26 44
40 92 116 144

buckling when load=30

20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Figure 18 Buckling in propped-propped

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 4. Discussion

4.1 Experiment 1: Deflection of Simply supported Beams:

This experiment to determine effect of 4 factors which are the length of beam, load, the beam’s
material and last the moment of Inertia that to determine deflection on simply beam.
Case (1), Effect of load:
From table (1), we can see when the load increases the deflection also will be increase and that
means there is positive relationship between deflection and load as shown in the figure (6).
Shows, when load was 5N the deflection was 0.75mm but when loaded was 10N the deflection
was 1.51 mm so, the change reach to double.
Case (2), Effect of span:
From table (2) and figure (6) the can observe the relationship between deflection and span of
beam is positive relation. So, when span is big the deflection will also big and that because the
distance between support and load will be increase. As result above when span was 500mm the
deflection was 0.44 mm and when span 700 mm the deflection was 1.25mm so, for 100mm span
equal to 0.44 mm deflection. In this case may occur some error when read value from Degital
indector.
Case (3), Effect of material:
The main value can effect for any material is the Young’s modulus (E) because each material has
&k4
different value of ( E) and (E) value is include it at formula of deflection as shown 𝑦nu = /0[\

As shown in fig (7) and table (3), E of steel 207 Gpa, Aluminum 69 Gpa and Brass 105Gpa but
recording to result the highest deflection was to Aluminum than steel and that because value of
moment of Inertia is can make different.

Case (4), Effect of Inertia:

As shown by the results table (4) & figure (8) we can observe the relationship between Inertia
and deflection is reverse relation that is mean when (I) is big deflection is less. When I=45mm4
the deflection is equal to 2.21 mm and when I=175mm4 deflection was 0.75mm.

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4.2 Experiment 2: Reactions and Fixing Moment of a fixed-fixed beam & fixed-propped beam.
In this experiment three basic will be consider it which, deflection, moment and the reaction but
load position is changing:

Case (1), Fixed-Fixed beam:

As you know in the fixed support, there are three type of reaction one is vertical, horizontal and
moment. From the table-5, we can observe when the load position near the middle of span the
deflection will be maximum value because will be far away from the support. From result when
the distance between left support and load= 100mm the deflection was 1.85 mm and when
distance was 200 mm the deflection= 2.1 mm so, from result we can say the relationship is
positive relation. On the other hand, and recording to our result the moment is decreases when
the load equal to half of span or in middle but the moment increase when the load is will be near
support as result when distance between load and left support = 100 mm left moment was =168.7
N.mm and right moment was 56.2 N.mm because far away from support. The total reaction left
& right must equal to 3N because this simply supported beam so, the load will divided only on
two supports Left & right. Also, reaction increase when the load will closer from support as
when the distance between load and support was 100mm the reaction was 1.6 N more than when
distance 200mm it was 1 N. (ski civ 2017)

Case (2), Fixed-propped beam:

In this case one support is fixed and other is propped so, will be different in result not like when
both support was fixed-fixed. As result above in the table 6 approximately the result is similar to
result when support was fixed- fixed the difference in the fixed- pin only moment at fixed
support because on propped support the moment on it is equal to zero. The result show the
deflection is bigger than when support was fixed-fixed =1.84 mm but, when is fixed –propped
is deflection was 2.93 mm in same position of load. Therefore, the fixed support can take more
loads the pin support.
As shown on the result we can observe difference between experimental and theoretical results.
And that may occurs some mistake when take value or when fixed loads.

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4.3 Experiment 3: Loading and Buckling of Struts

The last experiment to determine buckling of a column in 3 different support Fixed-Fixed,

Fixed–Pin and Pin-Pin. The basic factor that effect in the buckling is load, length, Material, type
of support and finally load position.

Case 1: Fixed-Fixed support:

In this case the support was fixed-fixed ,from result in the table(7) we take (e) as a constant and
equal to zero so, when load increase the deflection will be also increase when load = 50N
buckling was 1mm, when load= 80N the buckling was 2mm. The buckling value not too much if
we compared by other type of support.

Case 2: Fixed- propped:

Fixed- pin support for column is extremely strong because one side has fixed support. In this
case and from result on table(8) we can observe the value of (e) can make change because when
load was constant 50N but e=0, e=2, e=6 the buckling consecutively 2mm, 3mm, 59mm so.
Buckling increase when value of (e ) and load increase.

Case 3: Propped-Propped:

In the final case, we used pin-pin support to determine buckling in the column. Belong to the
table result # (9), as result show when the value of (e) increase the buckling will be also increase
as e= 0, 2 ,6 when load 50N the buckling 5 N ,9 N ,19 N. The result in the table show big
difference when add load to simple, the buckling will by high if we compere it that value with
fixed-fixed support or fixed-pin support.( Access eng 2016)

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 5. Conclusion
In conclusion, this report has comprehensive for three experiments. First experiment was to
determine the effect of load, span, material and moment of inertia. It has found in all that four
factors the effect to happen deflection. In addition, when used formula to find deflection by
theoretical way we found different in value and that may be human error or operates damage. In
the second experiment, the aim for this experiment to observe the deflection when the beam is
fixed-fixed support and when the beam fixed- pin support. In addition, from the result we found
the difference in deflection, moment and reaction between left support & right support. Also, for
this experiment we applied 9 different equation to find result by theoretical way. In the last
experiment, we used column not beam to determine the buckling in three different cases, when
support fixed-fixed, fixed-pin and pin-pin. As a result the biggest deflection was when the
support pin-pin. From the result, we observed in all cases the steel material is the strongest
material and high Young’s modulus. There were some differences in the result between
theoretical and experimental which are some errors may when record the value or machine error.

6. Recommendations

All engineers must know the weakness point for every structure and should be determine the
value of deflection for beam and buckling for column. Also, choose good material to avoid
failure on the structure .

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7. References:

1- Sky civ cloud engineering software (2017) [online] available from

[https://skyciv.com/tutorials/what-is-deflection/] [24-apr-2019]

2- Mechanicalc ( 2014) tables ( online) available from:[

https://mechanicalc.com/reference/beam-deflection-tables][24-Apr-2019]

3- Engineers Edge (2017) “Structural Beam Deflection Equation” [Online] Available

from : https://www.engineersedge.com/beam_calc_menu.shtml [25-Apr 2019]

4- Continuum mechanics (2017), Classical Column Buckling [online] Available on; [

https://www.continuummechanics.org/columnbuckling.html] [21-Apr-2019]

5- Engineering tool box (2004) “Basic Information for Engineering [online] Available
from: [https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/beams-fixed-both-ends-support-loads-
deflection-d_809.html] [27-Apr-2019]

6- Access Engineering (2016) “Analysis of a Fixed-Fixed [online] Available from:

[https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/browse/spreadsheet_S0025_Analysis_of_
a_Fixed_Fixed_Beam] [26- Apr-2019]

7- Science direc (2019)” Fixed Beam [online] Available from:

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/fixed-beam] [25-Apr-2019]

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