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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the the research methodology of Molluscicidal Effectsof

Crude Plant Extracts (Azadirachta Indica, Sandoricum Koetjape & Harpullia

Arborea) on Pomacea Caniculata, In this part the researchers outlines the research

design, data gathering research procedure, statistical treatment & flow chart.

Research Design

The type of research design that the researchers used are quantitative and

experimental, Since the researchers aims to measure the effectiveness of each

extracts on Pomacea caniculata. It is experimental because the researchers will test

the extracts on Pomacea caniculata how effective it is and how many snails will die

on each extracts.
Data Gathering

The researchers directly collected the Pomacea canaliculata or Golden apple

snail in Rosario Batangas same as the crude extracts that will be used in the

experiment namely Azarictha Indica, Sandoricum Koetjape and Harpulia Arborea.

The data collected will be used by the researchers to identify which is the best crude

extracts that can control the Pomacea Canaliculata in rice fields so that the problem

of farmers will be lessen and to make their lives easier.

Research Procedure

Plant extracts used as organic molluscicide and vermicide in this study were

produced using plant materials known to be effective in controlling golden apple

snail and giant earthworm. The experimental material used were fresh Malasantol

(Sandoricum vidalii) fruit known to have molluscicidal property, fresh bark of Uas

tree (Harpulia arborea (Blanco) Radlk.), and fresh bark of a tree locally known as

Dumliing (Parkia species) which was recently known by the researcher to have

molluscicidal properties. Preparation involved milling, extracting, filtrating, and

mixing of plant extracts at predetermined ratio. The crude plant extracts were

prepared by weighing 1 kilogram of plant part used dissolving them in 2 liters of tap

water. That is, one kilo of fresh Malasantol fruit was diluted in 2 liters of water, one

kilo of fresh bark of Harpulia was pounded and extracted in 2 liters of water, and,
one kilo of fresh bark of Dumliing (Parkia sp.) was pounded and extracted in 2 liters

of water. Each solution was strained to remove the residues. Individual extracts were

then combined at 1:1 to 1:1:1 ratio and dosages were then taken from each of the

combined extract/solution as treatments.

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In International Rice Research Institute ( IRRI 2002) it includes that

“There are more than 100 species of apple snails that exists. Two species,

Pomacea caniculata and Pomacea maculata, commonly known as Golden

Apple Snails, are highly invasive and cause damage to rice crops. They

were introduced to Asia, from South America, in the 1980s as potential

food for people, but it unfortunately became a major pest of rice”

In ( A.Mclndoe 2015) article he states that “ There is so many ways

to control them” such as Copper Tape, Egg Shells & Sea Shells,

Diatomaceous Earth such as Organic Extract.

Locale Literature

In the article of ( International Rice Institute Sept. 2002) they

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stated that “Philippines is known as one of the agricultural country in the

world. In the region of Calabarzon, a municipality called Rosario,

Batangas is known as the Rice Granary of Batangas. The municipality`s

revenue every year is increasing due to the increase in agricultural and

tourism. Rosario, Batangas has a 12.163.45 hectares or 43.56% of rice

field. Approximately 22,000 species of mollusk are found in the Rice

fields of the Philippines. If no control measure is taken, they can

completely destroy 1 𝑚2 of fields overnight. This damage could lead to

more than 50% yield loss. Sometimes chemical control may be needed if

other practices fail. Check locally available products that have low

toxicity to humans and the environment”

In Dr. John Stanisic (2006) Journal he states that “The Pomacea

Canaliculata is a small and golden snail. It is called “Golden Apple

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Snail”, and it is also known as “Golden Kuhol”. In the Philippines, it was

introduced between 1982 and 1984. Golden apple snails become a serious

problem for farmers because it eats crops and plants in these days in the

Philippines.”

Foreign Studies

In Silvia C. Peña et,al. study they stated that “Histopathological

changes in kidney, digestive gland, foot, and gills of Pomacea canaliculata

due to copper exposure were studied to assess copper’s effects on tissues

of its different organs and also for the possibility of being used as a

biomarker. Three-month-old snails were exposed to copper (67.5µg L-1)

for seven days and were excised and fixed in 10% formalin. Routine

histological preparation and examination exhibited

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varied forms and degrees of aberrations. These include hydropic

degeneration, disintegration and loss of cells, elongation of kidney

tubules, hyperplasia of K corpuscles in the digestive gland, flattened

epithelium and muscular bundles in foot in complete disarray, dilations

and folding of the gill

filaments. Gross and subtle tissue alterations in these organs may lend

support to the role of P. canaliculata as a biomarker for copper

contamination.”

According to Shyamala Gowri (June 2010) study

‘Phytochemical investigation was carried out on the crude

methanol and aqueous extracts of the seeds of Harpullia arborea

(Blanco) Radlk. (Sapindaceae). The antimicrobial activity of the

extract was testedagainst standard strains and clinical isolates of

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some bacteria using the disc diffusion method. Preliminary

phytochemical studies revealed the presence of glycosides,

steroids, saponins and resins as the chemical class present in the

extracts. The extracts showed inhibitory activity against clinical

isolates of Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas

aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. The results

showed that the methanol extract was more potent than the

aqueous extract.”

Locale Studies

In Palis, F.V. Macatula et al. (1997) study they stated that

“The Golden Apple Snail (GAS) Pomacea caniculata has

become a major pest of lowland rice fields after introduction

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into the country. Originating from South America, its coming to

the Philippines was aimed at providing an alternative protein

source for middle to low income of Filipino Families

According to R. C. Joshi | M. S. De La Cruz | A.v. Duca (2002)

study “The invasion of Golden Apple Snail (GAS) Pomacea

caniculata. In Asian rice farms such as Philippines propelled the

misuse of synthetic commercial pesticides. The use of pesticides

increased production costs and destroyed the biodiversity of

aquatic flora and fauna (DA-FAO 1989, Halwart 1994).”

 Process Output

- The researcher would -

like to measure the

following.

-Mortality Rate

-Number of Pomacea

caniculata will die

- Number of extracts that

will use in the experiment

- Number of Pomacea

caniculata that will

collect.

-Time Duration

- Number of changes on

physical appearance of the

Pomacea caniculata
 Input

- The researchers

will use different

organic extracts to

control snails.

-The organic

extracts that will

use for controlling

the snails are

Azarictha indica,

Sandoricum

koetjape & Harpula

arborea.