ctbuh.

org/papers

Title: Frontiers in High-Rise Outrigger Design

Authors: Hi Sun Choi, Senior Principal, Thornton Tomasetti

Leonard Joseph, Principal, Thornton Tomasetti
SawTeen See, Managing Partner, Leslie E. Robertson Associates
Rupa Garai, Associate Director, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP

Subjects: Seismic
Structural Engineering
Wind Engineering

Keywords: Outriggers
Seismic
Structural Engineering
Wind

Publication Date: 2017

Original Publication: CTBUH Journal 2017 Issue III

Paper Type: 1. Book chapter/Part chapter

2. Journal paper
3. Conference proceeding
4. Unpublished conference paper
5. Magazine article
6. Unpublished

© Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat / Hi Sun Choi; Leonard Joseph; SawTeen See; Rupa Garai
Structural Engineering

Frontiers in High-Rise Outrigger Design

Abstract

CTBUH
In 2012, CTBUH published the first Outrigger Design for

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behavior tall buildings, sis of outrigger This guid prehensive

High-Rise Buildings Technical Guide. In 2016, the CTBUH

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and cons gger structural design solutions. addressing al load
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update the design guide with variations of outrigger

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Hi Sun for futur examples, to
Choi e resea and
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Leonard rch on stab from
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buildings, -rise build nton
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proposed or successfully implemented since that time.

turing facili ts analyzed,
ties, and facilities, hang

Hi Sun Choi Leonard M. Joseph

Neville ars, hote
designed,
Mathias, parking
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Skidmore Associate around historic
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An output
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and real project examples that demonstrate their

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viability and value. The second edition of the guide, 2/20/20

17 10:00:4
4 AM

published recently in 2017, includes innovative approaches to

address previously recognized design concerns and limitations. It also includes
SawTeen See Rupa Garai more project examples with new approaches to optimize building performance
through dampers incorporated within outrigger systems. This paper summarizes
Authors
the major updates of the second edition and highlights several projects of
Hi Sun Choi, Senior Principal
Thornton Tomasetti significance to the contemporary discussion of outrigger technology.
51 Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10010 Keywords: Outriggers, Structural Engineering, Wind, Seismic
United States
t: +1 917 661 7878
f: +1 917 661 7801 Design Considerations for Outriggers occurs between outrigger levels (see Figures 1
e: HChoi@thorntontomasetti.com
www.thorntontomasetti.com Supporting Complex Forms and 2).

Leonard M. Joseph, Principal “Stiffness Effects from Overall Systems” is a The effect of building taper is also discussed.
Thornton Tomasetti
707 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 4450 newly added section of the Technical Guide, For a building that tapers narrower with
Los Angeles, CA 90017 which discusses outrigger interactions with height, compared to a straight building of the
United States
t: +1 949 271 3320 complex architectural forms such as twisted, same total floor area, there are smaller wind
f: +1 949 271 3301 tilted, and tapered shapes, now common and seismic loads imposing on the building
www.thorntontomasetti.com
trends in contemporary tall building design. structure below thanks to reduced upper-floor
SawTeen See, Managing Partner For practicality, such designs utilize a vertical footprints and wind tributary “sail” areas, a
Leslie E. Robertson Associates core located within the building envelope relatively wider base, and reduced outrigger
40 Wall Street, 23rd Fl.
New York, NY 10005 for most of the height, with outriggers used arm lengths at the building top. The benefits
United States where the core alone provides insufficient are more pronounced for taller towers.
t: +1 212 750 9000
f: +1 212 750 9002 lateral strength or stiffness. A key point here
e: sawteen.see@lera.com is that the stiffness contribution of the
www.lera.com
outrigger system will be affected by overall Hybrid Outrigger Systems
Rupa Garai, Associate Director building geometry. Unlike a straight tower
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP with a central core and symmetrical Another new chapter discusses innovative
1 Front Street
San Francisco, CA 94111 outriggers to perimeter columns at each hybrid outrigger systems. While traditional
United States side, in a tilted structure, outriggers can be outrigger systems sustain maximum forces
t: +1 415 352 6847
f: +1 415 398 3214 asymmetrical and have varying lengths. A when the building is experiencing maximum
e: rupa.garai@som.com second point is that tilted structures have lateral displacements, hybrid outrigger
www.som.com
inherent lateral displacements due to the systems can exhibit different relationships.
destabilization effect of gravity loads alone, Several examples of hybrid outrigger systems
which should be expected. Surprisingly, a are presented.
study shows that lateral displacements of
tilted structures under wind loads can be less Damped outriggers
than those of an equivalent straight tower, if The most significant of these, damped
a beneficial stiffening effect of triangulation outrigger systems use the leverage of stiff

20 | Structural Engineering CTBUH Journal | 2017 Issue III

 Lateral displacement (cm)
Tilted angle
Figure 1. Tilted 60-story study structures with outriggers and tilt angles of 0, 4, 7, 9, and Figure 2. Lateral displacements of 60-story tilted outrigger structures with tilt
13 degrees showing exaggerated gravity deformations. Source: Moon 2016 angles of 0, 4, 7, 9, and 13 degrees . Source: Moon 2016

outrigger arms projecting from a building
core to efficiently drive nonlinear damping
devices. The resulting supplementary
damping can significantly reduce tall building
accelerations, deformations, and forces from
vortex-induced oscillations (VIO) in wind, or
reduce building deformations and structural
demands in earthquakes. Supplementary
damping can take the form of viscous
dampers, viscoelastic dampers, tuned mass
dampers (TMDs), tuned liquid column
dampers (TLCDs), or sloshing dampers. But
mechanically damped outriggers can provide
supplementary damping contributions
comparable to a TMD or TLCD without the
attendant space, weight, or tuning
requirements.
columns in tall structures can be leveraged to
yield supplemental damping by introducing
vertically mounted dampers between the
outrigger ends and the perimeter column
(Smith and Willford 2007). These movements
are proportional to the lateral drift of the
structure and can typically be of relatively
small magnitude, particularly in wind events.
Mechanisms can be utilized to amplify these
relatively small vertical movements to
potentially increase supplementary damping.
A concept for one such mechanism – where
the damper movement and velocity are
amplified, thus increasing the supplemental
damping in the structure – was described by
Mathias et al. (2016).
A damped outrigger system disengages the
outrigger elements (reinforced concrete walls
or steel trusses cantilevered from the core)
from the floor framing at their top and bottom
edges and from the perimeter columns. This
makes it possible to generate relative vertical
movements between the outrigger ends and
the adjacent perimeter columns when a
structure is subjected to seismic and wind
loads; the drift displacements/velocities can
be captured to generate supplementary
damping. To increase the efficacy of a
damped outrigger system and create large
velocities that would generate increased
damping, the use of a mechanism has been
proposed (see Figure 3). The geometric

Viscous dampers work at all frequencies,

generate greater resistance as the driving
velocity increases, and convert motion to heat
based on the resistance times travel distance.
Viscous dampers are most efficient, compact,
and cost-effective when driven through larger
travel distances at higher velocities, making
the large relative movements between
outrigger tips and perimeter columns an
efficient location for placing relatively
compact dampers between them. To protect
the structure from excessive forces, modern
viscous dampers can be designed for a
nonlinear response to driving velocities using
either of two different strategies: nonlinear
resistance and pressure relief.

Mechanisms for increased damping with

outrigger systems
Relative vertical movements between ends of
stiff, disconnected outriggers and perimeter Figure 3. Schematic components of an amplification mechanism (displaced configuration of the system shown in red
dotted lines). © SOM

CTBUH Journal | 2017 Issue III Structural Engineering | 21

 n.F
n.F n.F
which is developed to minimize the loss of
rigidity due to flexural deformation. Similar
E.Ivv details can be developed with steel
E.Iv E.I
outriggers. The efficacy of the magnified
movement of damping systems depends on
the stiffness of the mechanism components
E.I
E.Ih E.Ihh and tolerances in the system. Thus, for each
structure utilizing mechanisms to magnify
2n.F.L = 2n.Fψ outrigger movement to increase supplemen-
2n.F.L
2n.F.L =ψ
=l 2n.F 2n.Fψ tary damping, the proportions and toler-
l ψ = L/l
E.Iv l where,
E.Iv E.Iwhere,
v ψ = L/l
where, ψ = L/l ances of the mechanism component should
be studied and balanced to maximize their
efficacy and structural performance.
n.F
n.F n.F
STATICS DEFORMED SHAPE Fused outrigger systems
STATICS
STATICS DEFORMED (blue)
DEFORMED SHAPE SHAPE Fused outrigger systems place a yielding
(blue)(blue) element in the outrigger load path to set a
E: Modulus of elasticity
Iv : Moment of inertia of vertical arm
practical upper limit on force demands at
E: Modulus
E:I Modulus
of elasticity
of elasticity
Iv : Moment
h : Moment of inertia of horizontal arm
Iv F: Moment
of inertia
: Force inofeach
inertia
of vertical
of vertical
damping arm
devicearm members and connections while absorbing
Ih : Moment
Ih n: Moment
Fψ
of inertia
: Number ofofinertia
of horizontal
dampingof horizontal
arm connected
devices arm to the mechanism some seismic energy. One example is using a
F : Force : Geometric
: Force
in eachindamping
each amplification
damping factor
devicedevice
n : Number
n : Numberof damping
of damping
devicesdevices
connected
connected
to the to
mechanism
the mechanism buckling restrained brace (BRB) element as
ψ : Geometric
ψ : Geometric
Figure 4.amplification
amplification
Free-body factor factor
diagram. © SOM Figure 5. Stiffened mechanism. © SOM
the diagonal member of a steel outrigger
amplification factor of ψ of the system outrigger frame core structure, which truss. Under extreme seismic conditions,
shown in the figure is ψ = L/l, considering provided only 1.5% damping. BRBs can be thought of as “metallic dampers”
the members connecting the central pin and since they absorb energy, even though they
ends of damping devices to be infinitely However, the vertical arms of the mechanism do not conform to the characteristics of
rigid. The goal is to keep the amplification that connect the central pin to the ends of conventional dampers, such as force related
factor as high as possible, in order to increase the horizontal dampers and the horizontal to velocity for viscous dampers, or relaxation
the relative displacement magnification and arm that connects the pin to the exterior for viscoelastic dampers.
thus increase the velocity in the damping column are capable of deforming, and there
device. is a need to consider fit-up tolerances that While energy absorption can benefit seismic
reduce the amplified movement (Δ) and behavior, the greater advantages of BRBs are
This concept was analytically tested on an thus the effective supplemental damping of in their linear elastic stiffness in wind load
under-design 320-meter building in the system. A free-body diagram with conditions, stable hysteretic behavior in
Shenzhen, China, using reinforced concrete deformed shape of the mechanism is shown earthquake load conditions, and reliable
outriggers connecting the core to the in Figure 4. In fact, if the arms of the maximum demands on connections and
perimeter columns at levels 15, 30, 45, and mechanism are too flexible, then the system adjacent members. Since BRB systems cost
60 in order to increase the structure’s lateral will not yield the desired amplified more than conventional steel outriggers,
stiffness in the short direction. The results of movement, thus negating the sole purpose BRBs make the most sense when the
the analysis demonstrated that the of adding such mechanisms. demand-limiting behavior reduces structural
horizontal damper (magnified movement) costs elsewhere.
solution provided an increased level of It is recommended that the minimum
Core wall
damping and performed better than the moment of inertia of the vertical arm of
Flange
other systems studied across all performance mechanism be such that the cantilever tip
Steel
indices compared (inter-story drift, roof deflection of the vertical arm under the bracing
Thicken wall RC ring
displacement, and floor acceleration) for maximum force capacity of the damper is beam
seismic and wind loads. Considering the limited to 20% of the damper stroke. The
Outrigger wall
mechanisms to be rigid, the option with minimum stiffness of the vertical arm can
horizontal dampers provided a total then be varied as necessary to achieve the Fuse shear dissipation
damping ratio of approximately 14.5%, while desired performance. component key element

the vertical (non-magnified) damper option

Megacolumn
provided approximately 4.5% total damping, Figure 5 shows the concept of a realistic
when compared to the base option of an mechanism with tapering stiffened arms, Figure 6. Diagram of a “fused” hybrid outrigger system.
© Arup

22 | Structural Engineering CTBUH Journal | 2017 Issue III

Figure 7. Physical test for fused outrigger component. © Arup

Another example is a concrete outrigger
system with a structural fuse link. A steel
plate “shear link” element makes the final
connection from concrete outrigger tip to
the perimeter column. By sizing it to remain
elastic under wind loads, the outrigger
provides desired building lateral stiffness and
overturning resistance contributions, but can
yield during a large seismic event (see
Figures 6 and 7). Damaged shear-link
elements could be replaced after major
seismic events, and shear-link connections
could be delayed during construction to
reduce gravity force transfers from
differential core and column shortening.
System Organization and Examples
Mixed steel-concrete core and outrigger
systems are now separated into two systems:
elastic and yielding outrigger systems. The
335-meter tall Wilshire Grand Center in Los
Angeles and Chongqing Raffles City in China,
consisting of eight towers, the two tallest of
which are 354 meters, are added as examples
of mixed steel-concrete core and yielding
outrigger system. The Lotte World Tower in
Seoul is an example of an elastic system. The
project features are summarized below.
Yielding outrigger system
Wilshire Grand Center, Los Angeles
The 335-meter, 62-story tower of the Wilshire
Grand Center was completed in 2017 (see
Figure 8). Since the floor plan and reinforced
concrete core plan are elongated, three sets
of outriggers connect the core to 10 of the
perimeter concrete-filled steel box columns
to supplement core transverse stiffness for
occupant comfort, help resist transverse
overturning under strength-level winds, and
absorb energy in seismic events. Multistory
steel belt trusses occur at two of the three
outrigger levels to distribute transverse
overturning forces across all columns,
enforce similar shortening at all the
perimeter columns, and provide “virtual
outrigger” assistance for longitudinal
overturning forces. BRBs at all outrigger
diagonals set reliable upper limits on

Figure 8. Wilshire Grand Center, Los Figure 9. Wilshire Grand Center – isometric Figure 10. Chongqing Raffles City, Chongqing. © Capitaland
Angeles. © Wilshire Grand Center showing outriggers at three levels, belt trusses
not drawn here. © AC Martin

CTBUH Journal | 2017 Issue III Structural Engineering | 23

 MEGACOLUMN

TYP. CJP

WELDMENT

Figure 13. Lotte World Tower – outrigger-to-

megacolumn connection. © LERA

CJP
CASTING

Megacolumn with Hybrid outrigger

System Core wall belt truss Second frame system

Figure 11. Chongqing Raffles City – structural system. © Arup CASTING

demands at connections, at columns, and in world (see Figure 12). The US$2.5 billion tower
transverse walls where high shear occurs at and adjacent development features a variety
“panel zones” from outrigger action during of uses, including office, retail,
DELAY FINAL CONNECTION
extreme events. The BRBs work elastically hotel, officetel (a combination
Figure 14. Lotte World Tower – outrigger-to-core-wall
under service loads. Demonstration of office/apartment common in
connection. © LERA
satisfactory seismic performance is shown by South Korea), parking,
figures based on nonlinear response history museum, and observation CASTING
analyses at the maximum considered space. CORE WALL

earthquake level (see Figure 9).

The tower has a tapered
Chongqing Raffles City shape – with sloping
Two 300-plus-meter towers in a six-tower concrete core walls in the
complex use a central concrete core, corner middle third of the building DIAGONAL
OUTRIGGER
megacolumns, multiple belt trusses engaging and columns sloping in two TRUSS
secondary perimeter frames, and corner directions. Occupying the CASTING
outriggers (see Figures 10 and 11). The majority of the tower (from DIAGONAL
outriggers include a shear dissipation the ground level to the 71st OUTRIGGER
TRUSS
component, or “structural fuse,” described floor), the office and
previously in the Fused Outrigger section. The officetel floors are steel- Figure 15. Lotte World Tower – casting for outrigger-to-
core-wall connection. © LERA
component was designed to remain elastic for framed with a slab-on-truss
gravity and wind load combinations and deck, whereas the hotel TYP. COMPLETE JOINT
seismic events at the 475-year Mean floors (from levels 87 to 101) PENETRATION (CJP)

Recurrence Interval level. For maximum are concrete flat slabs with
TYP. CJP
considered events (MCEs), the “fuse” will yield drop panels. The diagrid
in shear, providing energy dissipation while structure at the top of the
limiting the forces applied to concrete building contains premium
outriggers, megacolumns, and their office, museum, and
connections. observation floors, which
are also steel-framed with a
Elastic outrigger system: slab-on-truss deck, and
Lotte World Tower, Seoul forms the exterior portion
BENT PLATE
At 555 meters, the 123-story Lotte World of the “lantern”
Tower stands as the fifth-tallest building in the structure above the Figure 12. Lotte World Figure 16. Lotte World Tower – weldment for outrigger-
Tower, Seoul. © LERA to-core-wall connection. © LERA

24 | Structural Engineering CTBUH Journal | 2017 Issue III

highest occupied floor. Though the tapered
shape of the building led to challenging
At Lotte World Tower, the belt
structural complexities, it was effective at
minimizing wind loads.

The tower’s primary lateral load and gravity

system consists of eight concrete
megacolumns, concrete core walls, and a
series of outriggers and belt trusses located at
the mechanical, refuge, sky lobby, and hotel
amenity floors. The belt trusses transfer the
diagrid “lantern” structure to the column
configuration of the hotel floors and transfer
the columns of the hotel floors to the
megacolumns at the officetel and office floors.
Outriggers have been used in tall buildings
since the original World Trade Center twin
towers in New York. They are used to increase
the stance of the building in resisting lateral
loads from wind or earthquakes, thereby
reducing overturning moments acting on the
core. They are also used to control differential
vertical displacements between the core and
the perimeter columns. At Lotte World Tower,
only two levels of outriggers, tying the
perimeter megacolumns to the concrete core,
were needed to control the tower’s drift and
lateral accelerations due to wind loads. The
3.3-by-3.3-meter megacolumns at the ground
level (unbraced for the first eight levels) are
comparatively small compared to other
towers of similar height, and even qualify as
“slender” members.
The effects of creep and shrinkage, such as
“
trusses are located on the exterior of the
megacolumns, thus reducing the
complexities and eliminating the three-
dimensional structural steel connections
that would otherwise be required.
floors above and below the outrigger, the
outriggers at Lotte World Tower have a simple
cap plate and base plate to transfer its vertical
loads through bearing to the concrete
megacolumns and the concrete shear walls
(see Figures 12 and 13).
With the architectural geometry dictating the
megacolumn locations, the outrigger needed
to be skewed in plan relative to the core wall.
Two options were provided for the outrigger
to megacolumn connection; one using a
casting (see Figure 14) and the other using a
weldment (see Figure 15). Castings for
outrigger connections have previously been
used in the Shanghai World Financial Center.
In many other projects, belt trusses are
located to run through the center of the
megacolumn to intersect with the center of
the outrigger, creating complicated connec-
tions. For Lotte World Tower, the belt trusses
are located on the exterior of the megacol-
strategically refined, as the above project
samples and newly revised Technical Guide
”
chapter summaries have indicated. 
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the other
co-chairs of CTBUH Outrigger Working Group,
Dr. Goman Ho and Neville Mathias, as well as
all the other contributors, for sharing their
knowledge and the lessons learned from their
projects.
References
MATHIAS, N.; RANAUDO, F. & SARKISIAN, M. 2016.
“Mechanical Amplification of Relative Movements in
Damped Outriggers for Wind and Seismic Response
Mitigation.” International Journal of High-Rise Buildings 5(1):
51–62.
MOON, K. S. 2016. “Outrigger Systems for Structural Design
of Complex-Shaped Tall
Buildings.” International Journal of High-Rise Buildings 5(1):
13–20.

differential settlements between the umn, thus reducing the complexities and SMITH, R. J. & WILLFORD, M. R. 2007. “The Damped
perimeter columns and the services core, also eliminating the three-dimensional structural Outrigger Concept for Tall Buildings.” The Structural Design
had to be taken into account. The potential steel connections that would otherwise be of Tall and Special Buildings 16: 501–7.

imbalance of the floor was partly addressed required (see Figure 16).
by vertically cambering the megacolumns
during construction, allowing forces to be
transferred through the outrigger members as Conclusion Editor’s Note:
This research paper
CTBUH

the megacolumns settle further than the

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2/20/2017
10:00:44
AM

effective mediator in this reciprocal dialogue,

Unlike other projects where the outriggers but it is by no means a static solution. It must Web Shop.
have vertical steel members extending several constantly be improved upon and http://store.ctbuh.org

CTBUH Journal | 2017 Issue III Structural Engineering | 25