Establishing Baseline Performance for

Off-the-Shelf Nitrile Seals for the India Mark II

Hand Pump System
 Outline
• Motivation
• Baseline for Seal Performance
• Approach
• Statistical Analysis
• Conclusions
Photo: www.smiles-foundation.org
 Cause of Death (Children under 5)

340,000 per year

Liu et al. Lancet 2012
780 million people
Photo: Simon Ashton
4 millions India Mark II
One pump serve
150 to 250 people
https://thewaterproject.org
4 millions India Mark II
15% are dysfunctional
70 % due to hardware problems
https://www.fairwaterafrica.org
Photo: Simon Ashton
Livelihood Education Family
 Outline
• Motivation
• Baseline for Seal Performance
• Approach
• Statistical Analysis
• Conclusions
Baseline for Seal Performance
Baseline for Seal Performance
 India Mark II Seals

Check valve seal

Cup seal
 VLOM Guidelines
The Village Level Operation and Management of
maintenance (VLOM) project guidelines:
• Easily maintained by a villager caretaker;
• Manufactured in-country;
• Robust and reliable under field conditions;
• Cost effective;
• Community choice of when to service pumps;
• Community choice of who will service pump; and
• Direct payment to repairers by the community.
 VLOM Guidelines
The Village Level Operation and Management of
maintenance (VLOM) project guidelines:
• Easily maintained by a villager caretaker;
• Manufactured in-country; India Mark II in India:
Down from 70 % failure
• Robust and reliable under field conditions;
rates in the 70’s to about
• Cost effective; 20 % in the 80’s
• Community choice of when to service pumps;
• Community choice of who will service pump; and
• Direct payment to repairers by the community.
 Outline
• Motivation
• Baseline for Seal Performance
• Approach
• Statistical Analysis
• Conclusions
Approach
Hand Pumps
UGANDA
Test Rig
 Outline
• Motivation
• Baseline for Seal Performance
• Approach
• Statistical Analysis
• Conclusions
 Statistical Analysis
Geometry Material

Leak
Performance
Geometric Variation
Material Variation
Zero-Cycle Leak Performance
110 seals tested – 5 failed
Principal Component Test
 Outline
• Motivation
• Baseline for Seal Performance
• Approach
• Statistical Analysis
• Conclusions
Conclusions
Conclusions