Direct Translation Techniques

Direct Translation Techniques are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source
language can be transposed into the target language. Direct translation techniques include:

 Borrowing

 Calque

 Literal Translation

A. Borrowing

Borrowing is the idea of taking the word from the source language (SL) and
maintaining it in the target language (TL). It is considered as the simplest
techniqueand tends to be employed in two situations: either when discussing a new
technical process for which no term exists within the target language (TL), or when
translator wants to use the foreigner term to add flavor to the target text
(TT)

SL TL
Mixer Mikser
Computer komputer

B. Calque

Calque is a ‘special kind’ of borrowing. A calque is adopted when an expression

from the source text (ST) is transferred literally into the target text (TT).
The translation using calque imitates the structure of manner of an expression
of the source language, the structure of the translation is usually stranger
from the target language.

SL TL
Directorate General Direktorat Jendral
Photo Studio Studio Foto

C. Literal Translation

Literal translation can be definedas word for word translation. The structure
of the translation will be the same as the structure in the source language. It is used
the most common in translating between languages of the same family and
culture
 SL TL
Killing two birds with one stone Membunuh dua burung dengan satu batu

the car is broken Mobilnya Rusak

Oblique Translation

Oblique consists of four techniques, namely transposition, modulation, equivalence, and

adaptation. Translators usually employ oblique translation when word for word translation is
impossible

A. Transposition

Vinay and Darbelnet referred to transposition as changing word class without

changing meaning. It refers to the changing of one part of speech for another
i.e., verb for noun, noun for preposition.

SL TL

adept Sangat terampil

B. Modulation

Closely related to transposition which is a shift in grammatical categories,

modulation is a shift in cognitive categories. Modulation can be adopted
when, though literal or transposition translation results grammatically correct
utterance, the patterns of target languagein the target textare considered as
abnormal or awkward. in brief, Transposition is the first technique or step towards
oblique translation.

 Operates at the grammatical level

 Consists of the replacement of a word class by another word class without
changing the meaning
 SL TL
I make a wish on the Aku mengucapkan kepada bintang kecil yang
first little star that I
see in the sky. pertama muncul di langit.

C. Equivalence

Equivalence usescompletely different phrases for two expressions (source and

target expressions) in the same situation. It refers to a strategy to describe the same
situation by using completely different stylistic or structural methods for
producing ‘equivalent texts’.

SL TL
Killing two birds
Sekali merengkuh dayung, dua tiga pulau terlampau
with one shot

D. Adaptation

It is a shift in cultural environment. It refers to a method used in cases

where the type of situation being referred to by the source language
message is unknown in the target language culture.

SL TL
as white as snow seputih kapas