Chapter 02 Operation and Control of Operation and Control of Transport Vehicles

Chapter 02
OPERATION AND CONTROL OF

OPERATION AND CONTROL OF
TRANSPORT VEHICLES
Dr. Pradeep Kumar Shrestha
L02 EG611CE Transportation Engg.
1
Dr. Pradeep K. Shrestha
O
Operation and control system
ti d t l t
– Vehicular control ‐ technological way in which
individual vehicles are guided on fixed facilities
– Flow control ‐ the means that permit the

efficient and smooth operation of streams of
vehicles
e c es aandd thee reduction
educ o o of co
conflicts
c s be
between
ee
vehicles
2
p y
3

4
V hi l C t l
Vehicle Control
• Th
The technological
t h l i l way in i which
hi h individual
i di id l vehicles
hi l
are guided on fixed facilities
• The set of tasks involved in navigating, guiding,

and maneuvering a vehicle via control of the
electrical, mechanical and other devices provided
on the vehicle for these purposes.
• Fully Manual or Semi automatic or Fully

automated
5
F ll M
Fully Manual Control
lC t l
• No
N Automation,
A t ti C
Conventional
ti l system
t
• The full‐time performance by the driver of all

aspects of the dynamic driving task and vehicle
control
• Additional features of information and warning

system
6
F ll M
lC t l
• Bli
Blindd Spot
S t Detection
D t ti
– an area around the vehicle that cannot be
di tl observed
directly b d by
b the
th driver
di
7
F ll M
lC t l
• Bli
Blindd Spot
S t Detection
D t ti
– Sensors to provide a driver with vital
i f
information
ti th t would
that ld beb diffi lt or
difficult
impossible to see
– Give
Gi e warning
arning if vehicle/object
ehicle/object is in blind spot
8
F ll M
lC t l
• GPS Navigation
N i ti
• Gi
Gives vocall as wellll as visual
i l
display
• Direction navigation, climate

i f
information,
ti l lit
locality
information etc.
9
F ll M
lC t l
• LLane departure
d t warning
i
– Alerts the driver is about to veer out of lane
and
d warns to
t gett back
b k into
i t lane.
l
– The
Th driver
di i responsible
is ibl for
f taking
t ki corrective
ti
action.
– video camera, laser,

or radar
d sensors
10
S iA t
Semi‐Automatic or Driver Assistance
ti Di A it
• th
the driver
di i primary
is i control
t l off the
th vehicle
hi l and
d
can override the support function
• support may be given to improve the dynamic

behavior of the vehicle or the ‘situation‐specific’
performance of the driver;
• Steering or accelerating,
accelerating automatic braking etc.
etc
• Vehicle
V hi l control
t l operator
t isi still
till driver
di
11
S iA t
ti Di A it
Features:
 Prevent drivers from exceeding the speed
 Keep the vehicle at a safe distance from the
vehicle ahead
hi l h d
 Stop and park the vehicle
 Safety features to avoid collisions
12
S iA t
ti Di A it
 Advanced cruise control
 A vehicle
hi l will ill automatically
i ll slow
l d
down or
speed up in response to the actions of the
vehicles in front of it
 Radar
R d or laser
l sensors to monitor
i the
h speed
d
and position of the vehicle in front
 BMW is first One Using this

13
S iA t
ti Di A it
 Automatic braking system
 meant to slow the vehicle to the point where
less damage is caused and fatalities are unlikely
 save lives and reduce the amount of property

damage that occurs during an accident
 Brake assist or activate brake to stope vehicle
 Use sensor, GPS

14
S iA t
ti Di A it
 Driver’ss drowsiness detection system
Driver
L02 EG611CE Transportation Engg. Source: Toyota
15
S iA t
ti Di A it
 Driver’s drowsiness detection system
 Monitoring
i i theh driver’s
d i ’ eyes and
d face
f f signs
for i
of drowsiness.
 If the system determines that the driver is

h i
having trouble
bl staying
i awake,
k iti may take
k
corrective action
16
S iA t
ti Di A it
 Lane Keeping Assist
 Video/laser/infrared
id /l /i f d sensor to detect
d l
lane
departure
 Automatically activate the lane keeping

mechanism
h i andd gently
l steer vehicle
hi l to the
h
center of the lane.
17
Autonomous driving
• The control of all driving tasks is fully effected by
autonomous on‐board systems in the vehicle
without intervention from the driver
• Vehicle control operator is on board system
18
A t
Autonomous Driving
Di i
 Use a variety of techniques to detect their

surroundings such as radar,
surroundings, radar laser,
laser GPS,
GPS odometer
etc.
 Advanced control systems identify appropriate

navigation paths,
paths as well as obstacles and relevant
signage
 Tesla Car, Google Car (Waymo)
19
Google Car
Google Car
20
Automated Highway Systems
• Road lanes with sensor to communicate with
vehicle
• Vehicle and Road based system for automatic
drivingg
• Roadside to vehicle and vehicle to vehicle
communications
• Vehicle control is effected through guidance and
control inputs are derived from on‐board
on board sensors,
sensors
• Vehicle is guided by the road rather than by the
driver
21

Source: FHWA, USA
22
Fl
Flow Control
C t l
• It consists of the means that permit the efficient
and smooth operation of streams of vehicles and
the reduction of conflicts between vehicles.
• This system includes various types of

ssigning,
g g, marking,
a g, aand
d ssignal
g a sys
systems
e s aand
d thee
underlying rules of operation.
23
Traffic Control
Road Markings
R d M ki
Traffic Sign Islands
Pavement marking
Regulatory Divisional Island
Kerb marking
Warningg g
Channelizing Island
Object marking
Object marking
Informatory Pedestrian Refuse
Reflectors ,
Rotary
Delineators
Street Light
Traffic Signals
Regulatory
Warning
Informatory
24
A
Automatic Road Enforcement
i R dE f
• SSpeedd cameras ‐ Radar
R d or Electromagnetic
El t ti loops
l
burried in each lane of road to identify vehicles
t
traveling
li over the
th legal
l l speed
d limit.
li it
• Red light cameras ‐ Detect vehicles that cross a stop

line or designated stopping place while a red traffic
light is showing.
• Bus/HOV lane cameras ‐ Identify vehicles traveling in

lanes reserved for buses/HOV.
buses/HOV
25
A
Automatic Road Enforcement
i R dE f
• Level crossing cameras - identify vehicles crossing

railways at grade illegally.
• Double white line cameras - identify vehicles

crossing these lines.
26
Traffic Control and Management
• Traffic flow monitoring
27

• Traffic flow monitoring
• Gathers accurate, real‐time data about traffic

volume,
l type, speed,
d directional
di i l flow,
fl and d
driver behavior patterns.
• Predict problems more accurately and manage

g
congestion
28
• Traffic information dissemination
29

• Traffic information dissemination
• Real‐time traffic monitoring systems based on GPS
• Real time travel information display
• Provides detailed information about the traffic

conditions
30
• Traffic estimation and prediction
• Collection of real time data
• Estimate the current network conditions,

conditions
estimate and predict traffic through traffic
models
• Generate efficient traffic management

schemes
31

Incident detection and management
• Automatic traffic incident detection system
• Reduce incidence induced congestion

g byy improving
p g
authorities' ability to detect and clear incidents
• Video camera detect the any incidence such as

accident and response to incidence.
32
• HOV lane, Reversible lane management - High‐

Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lane,
lane reversible lane are
to relieve congestion and maximize the capacity of
highways. Dynamic information can be displayed
to indicate the lane.
33

Source:https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov
34
• Ramp metering
• Ramp metering prevents large groups of vehicle

enteringg freewayy ((expressway)
p y) which can often
inturpt the flow and accident
• Flow is regulated by the use of a traffic signal or

a timed gate.
g
35
Traveler's information system
• Route guidance and navigation
g g
• Traffic information
• Environmental information dissemination
Environmental information dissemination
36
Commercial Vehicle Operation
• Electronic clearance
– Provides automated inspection / weight
facilities
– Inspection system that allows trucks with good
safetyy records and weight
g limit to p pass byy
screening site
– trucks to more quickly pass through border
inspection points.
37
Commercial Vehicle Operation
• Advance vehicle location system – Locate the
f i ht vehicle
frieght hi l in
i reall time
ti
• Vehicle routing problem – find shortest path in

real time and suggest the route
• Hazardous material incidence response –

immediate assistance in the event of an incident
involving a vehicle transporting hazardous
material
t i l
38
Electronic Payment Services
Electronic toll collection
El
Electronic parking payment
i ki
Electronic fare payment
39
Advanced Public Transport Management

Advanced Public Transport Management
Bus Dispatch Information Center
Real-Time Transit Information
Bus/Transit Priority
Smart Bus
Advanced Vehicle Location
Electronic Fare Payment

40
Transportation System Management
Transportation System Management
• Transportation systems management (TSM) is a

series of techniques designed to maximize the
efficiency of the existing transportation system
by reducing dependence on single occupant
vehicles
• The basic objective of TSM is to make efficient

use of existing facilities through improved
management and operation of vehicles and the
roadway
41
Transportation System
p y
Management
• Low‐cost
• Designed to maximize the efficiency of the existing
transportation system
• Reduce travel demand and dependence on single
occupant
p vehicles,,
• Improve air quality,
• Reduce or eliminate the need for new and
expensive transportation infrastructure
42
TSM methods
TSM methods
Two methods:
• Demand Management ‐ Changing the way people
travel – Travel Demand Management
• Supply Management ‐ Changing the transportation

facility itself ‐ Supply Management
43
Transportation Demand Management

Transportation Demand Management
• Mobility management or travel demand

management
• Various strategies that change travel behavior i.e.

To change
g how,, when and where p people
p travel
• Low cost method to increase transport system

efficiency
44
Principles of TDM
• Provide an incentive to change travel mode, time
or destination
• Improve the transportation options available to

consumers
• Reduce the need for physical travel ‐ through

mobility substitutes ‐ more efficient land use
45
Some TDM Measures
• Ride sharing ‐ Car Pool, Van Pool
• Road/parking pricing ‐ vehicle use fees, road

tolls,, congestion
g pricingg , HOT lanes,, road space
p p
rationing, distance based pricing
• Trip reduction ordinances – vehicle trip reduction
• Flexible work schedule ‐ compressed work week,

staggered
gg work schedule
46
Some TDM Measures
• Vehicle restriction ‐ odd and even, car free
day bicycle day
day,
• Telework ‐ work from home, distance learning

(open university)
• Smart growth ‐ smart land use development

(compact, mixed‐use development within existing
urban areas)
47
Supply Management
Supply Management
Types:
• Creating efficient use of road space ‐ To improve the

flow of traffic, usually without altering the total
number of vehicles that use the roadway
• Providing and improving transit services
48
Effi i t
Efficient use of road space
f d
• TTraffic
ffi operations
ti i
improvements t – Widening
Wid i
intersections, creating one‐way streets, separate
l
lanes f right
for i ht and
d left
l ft turns,
t restricting
t i ti right
i ht turn,
t
improving markings, grade separations
• Traffic signalization improvements – signal

coordination
di ti (green
( wave),
) actuated
t t d signals
i l etc.
t
• IImprovements t for
f pedestrians
d ti andd bicycles
bi l –
widening side walks, pedestrian facilities,
li hti bikeways
lighting, bik etc.
t
49
Efficient use of road space
• Priority lane – Bus lane, HOV lanes, contra flow
lane Reversible lane etc.
lane, etc
• Parking management ‐ eliminate road side

parking, restrict free parking, priority parking for
HOV,
HOV
• Intermodal coordination ‐ park and ride facilities,

facilities
transit interface improvement
50
Providing and Improving Transit
Service
• Encourage transit use by providing
economical, reliable, and fast transit service
, ,
• Providing
Providing Transit Service ‐
Transit Service BRT, MRT etc. (detail
BRT MRT etc (detail
will be discussed later)
• Improving Transit Service ‐ park and ride, kiss
and ride, bus improvement, bus lane, signal
priority etc.
51
Evolution of Cities & Transport
Network
52
Evolution of Cities and Transport
Network
53
Evolution of Cities
and Transport
d
Network
54
Factors affecting transport demand
Factors affecting transport demand
• Density ‐ Population, Household, employment etc.
• Land Use Mix i.e. different types of land uses (residential,
commercial,i l institutional,
i i i l recreational,
i l etc.))
• Centeredness – employment, commercial, entertainment,
and other major activities
acti ities concentrated in central business
b siness
districts (CBDs),
• Connectivity – Connection and directness of travel
between destinations
• Transit Accessibility –the the quality of transit serving a
particular location
• Walkabilityy ‐ compact,
p , mixed‐use,, walkable areas.
55
Transit Oriented Cities

Transit Oriented Cities
• High Density
• Centralized activities
Centralized activities
• Connected by Transit line
• Mix land use
Mi l d
56
Auto dependent Cities
Auto dependent Cities
• Low Density
• Separated Use
Separated Use
• Decentralized activities
• Connected by grid
pattern and cul‐de‐sac
57
Vicious Circle of Road Development

Vicious Circle of Road Development
Traffic Congestion
Demand of New
People Living further
Road/ Wide Road
& traveling more
& traveling more
Accessibility & Mobility
of Land increase
Increase Land Value, More
Residential & commercial
Development
58
Car and public transport vicious circle
Car and public‐transport vicious circle
59
Breaking the car/public‐transport
vicious circle
60
End of Chapter 02
Thank You
61

Chapter 02 Operation and Control of Operation and Control of Transport Vehicles

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Chapter 02 Operation and Control of Operation and Control of Transport Vehicles

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Chapter 02

OPERATION AND CONTROL OF

– Flow control ‐ the means that permit the

Operation and control system

• The set of tasks involved in navigating, guiding,

• Fully Manual or Semi automatic or Fully

• The full‐time performance by the driver of all

• Additional features of information and warning

• Direction navigation, climate

– video camera, laser,

• support may be given to improve the dynamic

 BMW is first One Using this

less damage is caused and fatalities are unlikely

 save lives and reduce the amount of property

 Brake assist or activate brake to stope vehicle

 Use sensor, GPS

 If the system determines that the driver is

 Automatically activate the lane keeping

• Vehicle control operator is on board system

 Use a variety of techniques to detect their

 Advanced control systems identify appropriate

 Tesla Car, Google Car (Waymo)

Automated Highway Systems

Source: FHWA, USA

• This system includes various types of

• Red light cameras ‐ Detect vehicles that cross a stop

• Bus/HOV lane cameras ‐ Identify vehicles traveling in

• Level crossing cameras - identify vehicles crossing

• Double white line cameras - identify vehicles

Traffic Control and Management

• Gathers accurate, real‐time data about traffic

• Predict problems more accurately and manage

Traffic Control and Management

• Real time travel information display

• Provides detailed information about the traffic

• Collection of real time data

• Estimate the current network conditions,

• Generate efficient traffic management

Traffic Control and Management

• Reduce incidence induced congestion

• Video camera detect the any incidence such as

• HOV lane, Reversible lane management - High‐

Traffic Control and Management

• Ramp metering prevents large groups of vehicle

• Flow is regulated by the use of a traffic signal or

• Vehicle routing problem – find shortest path in

• Hazardous material incidence response –

Advanced Public Transport Management

Bus Dispatch Information Center

Real-Time Transit Information

Advanced Vehicle Location

Electronic Fare Payment

• Transportation systems management (TSM) is a

• The basic objective of TSM is to make efficient

• Supply Management ‐ Changing the transportation

Transportation Demand Management

• Mobility management or travel demand

• Various strategies that change travel behavior i.e.

• Low cost method to increase transport system

• Improve the transportation options available to

• Reduce the need for physical travel ‐ through

• Road/parking pricing ‐ vehicle use fees, road