CHAPTER 2 – AM MODULATION

OUTLINE
Introduction to AM
Principles of AM
AM Modulators and Transmitters
AM Modulating Circuits
AM Demodulators and Receivers
Receiver Parameters
AM Receiver Circuits
Introduction SSB Systems
SSB Generation
SSB Transmitters and Receivers
OUTLINE 1
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLE OF AM
◦ AM Envelope
◦ AM Frequency Spectrum and BW
◦ Coefficient of Mod and Percent Mod
◦ Mathematical Analysis
◦ AM Voltage Distribution Analysis
◦ AM Power Distribution
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Modulation – carry signal information on radio wave
Why we need modulation?
◦ To make special frequency (=carrier frequency) that suitable for transmission
◦ To make special wavelength that rational → antenna
◦ length
◦ To make different between transmitters
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Information signals are transported between a transmitter and receiver
over some form of transmission medium. However, original signals are
seldom in a form that is suitable for transmission.
Therefore, they must be transformed into a form that is more suitable
for transmission. The process of impressing low-frequency information
signals onto a high-frequency carrier signal is called modulation.
Demodulation is the reverse process where the received signals are
transformed back to their original form.
PRINCIPLE OF AM
Amplitude modulation :
is the process of changing the amplitude of a relatively high frequency
carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the
modulating signal (information signal)
PRINCIPLE OF AM
There are 2 inputs to the modulation device (often
called modulator):
◦ A single, high-frequency RF carrier signal of constant
amplitude
◦ Low-frequency information signals that maybe a single
frequency or a complex waveform made up of many
frequencies
In the modulator, the information modulates the RF
carrier producing a modulated waveform, often called
an AM envelope
AM Modulation
AM
Modulation/Demodulation
AM Modulation - Example
The AM Envelope
When a modulating signal is applied to the carrier signal, the amplitude
of the output wave varies in accordance with the modulating signal
AM Frequency Spectrum and
BW
AM Frequency Spectrum and
BW
AM Frequency Spectrum and
BW
Coefficient of Mod and
Percent Mod
Coefficient of Mod and
Percent Mod
AM Waveform:
Coefficient of Mod and
Percent Mod
Coefficient of Mod and
Percent Mod
Varying Modulation Index
◦ The normal value of m is in the range of 0 to 1.
Exercise
Solution
Solution
Mathematical Analysis
Mathematical Analysis
Mathematical Analysis
Mathematical Analysis
Review of Basic Maths: 1
sin x sin y  [  cos( x  y )  cos( x  y )]
2
1
cos x cos y  [cos( x  y )  cos( x  y )]
2
1
sin x cos y  [sin( x  y )  sin( x  y )]
2
uv uv
Substitute u  x  y, v  x - y, then x  ,y
2 2
uv uv
sin u  sin v  2 sin cos
2 2
uv uv
cos u  cos v  2 cos cos
2 2
uv uv
cos u  cos v  2 sin sin
2 2
AM Voltage Distribution
Analysis
 Voltage & Power Distribution
Vam t   1 m sin 2f mt Ec sin 2f c t 

Constant + Modulating
Unmodulated Carrier
Signal

 mE  mEc
Vam t   Ec sin 2f c t    c cos2 ( f c  f m ) t   cos2 ( f c  f m )t 
 2  2

Lower Side Frequency Upper Side Frequency

Carrier Signal (Volts) Signal (Volts) Signal (Volts)
AM Voltage Distribution
Analysis
AM Voltage Distribution
Analysis
AM Power Distribution
AM Power Distribution
AM Power Distribution
Exercise
The 1000 watt AM signal is transmitted to the
receiver. If the power of the carrier is 800 watt, find
1. Index modulation
2. Total side band power
Solution
Exercise
Solution
Solution
Solution