Information signals such as voice, video or binary data are sometimes transmitted directly from one point

to another over some communications medium. For example, voice signals are transmitted by way of
wires in the phone system. Coaxial cables carry video signals between two points, and twisted-pair is
often used to carry binary data from one point to another. However, when transmission distances are far,
cables are sometime impractical. In such cases, radio communication is used.
It is the process of modulation that creates a higher-frequency signal containing the original
information.

Modulation is a process of modifying the characteristics of signals in accordance with Characteristics of

another signal. Amplitude Modulation (or AM) is a system of modulation in which the amplitude of the
carrier is made proportional to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. It is a type of
modulation wherein the amplitude of the carrier is being varied in accordance with the modulating signal.
The message is transformed into signal thru a transducer, once this signal is used to modulate the
carrier, it is now called modulating signal. The carrier is sometimes called radio frequency signal and it
is a high frequency signal to be modulated by the modulating signal. The modulating signal is
sometimes termed as information signal, audio signal, modulating wave and it contains the information or
message.

The figure below illustrates the two signals being applied to a non-linear circuit and resulted to a carrier
having varied amplitude. This is called an amplitude modulated wave or simply AM wave.

NON-LINEAR
CIRCUIT

Figure 1

AM wave consists of:

➢ A carrier
➢ Upper sideband
➢ Lower sideband
Thus the form of AM is called Double
Sideband Full Carrier (DSBSC) or simply
called Standard AM
Figure 2

The AM wave resulted to signals with three frequencies. These are carrier and two sidebands namely the
upper sideband and the lower sideband. From the diagram, it can be seen that the envelope of the signal
follows the contours of the modulating signal. These are the sidebands and these shape the carrier
signal according to the modulating signal.
The modulation index (m) is the extent to which amplitude of the carrier wave is varied by modulating
wave. It also called as modulation factor, coefficient of modulation or depth of modulation. It can be
expressed in percentage called percent modulation (% m) and it is a measure of the extent to which a
carrier voltage is varied by the intelligence.
Mathematically, the modulation index is expressed as

𝐸𝑚
𝑚= where Em is the amplitude of the modulating signal (in volts) and
𝐸𝐶
Ec is the amplitude of the carrier (in volts)

Since both Em and Ec are amplitudes in volts, the modulation index is unitless. It is a ratio of two
amplitudes. Being Ec greater than Em, the modulation index is usually less than one (1), but ideally, the
modulation index is equal to one (1).

The percent modulation is the modulation index multiplied by 100.

𝐸𝑚
%𝑚 = 𝑚 × 100 = 𝐸𝐶
× 100
Figure 3

Degrees of Modulation

1. UNDERMODULATION
m << 1

2. 100% MODULATION or
EXACT MODULATION
m=1

3. OVERMODULATION
m>1

NOISE
 The instantaneous voltage of the modulating signal is

𝑒𝑚 = 𝐸𝑚 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡
where Em is the amplitude of the modulating signal
fm is the frequency of the modulating signal

The instantaneous voltage of the modulating signal is

𝑒𝑐 = 𝐸𝑐 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
where Ec is the amplitude of the carrier
fc is the frequency of the carrier
Figure 4

THE AM EQUATION

Let A be amplitude of the AM wave

𝐴 = 𝐸𝐶 + 𝑒𝑚
𝑒𝐴𝑀 = 𝐴 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑒𝐴𝑀 = (𝐸𝐶 + 𝑒𝑚 ) sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 = (𝐸𝐶 + 𝐸𝑚 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡) sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
𝑒𝐴𝑀 = 𝐸𝐶 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐸𝑚 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡

Recall:
1 1 𝐸𝑚
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = cos(𝐴 − 𝐵 ) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) and 𝑚 = then 𝐸𝑚 = 𝑚𝐸𝐶
2 2 𝐸𝐶
substitute
𝑚𝐸𝐶
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
𝑒𝐴𝑀 = 𝐸𝐶 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝐸𝑚 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡

𝑚𝐸𝐶 𝑚𝐸𝐶
𝑒𝐴𝑀 = 𝐸𝐶 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 − 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 ) − cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 )
2 2
𝑚𝐸𝐶 𝑚𝐸𝐶
𝑒𝐴𝑀 = 𝐸𝐶 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + cos 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡 − cos 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡
2 2
THE AM EQUATION

𝑚𝐸𝐶 𝑚𝐸𝐶
𝑒𝐴𝑀 = 𝐸𝐶 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + cos 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡 − cos 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡
2 2

CARRIER LOWER SIDEBAND UPPER SIDEBAND

𝑓𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 → frequency of the upper sideband

𝑓𝐿𝑆𝐵 = 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 →frequency of the lower sideband
𝑚𝐸
𝐸𝑆𝐵 = 2 𝐶 →amplitude of the sideband
 Em
Em Emax
Ec
Emin

Figure 5

Refer to Figure 5

Derivation of the modulation index formula, given the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the AM
wave:

𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐸𝑚 = 𝐸𝐶 = 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐸𝑚
2

𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐸𝐶 = 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 − ( )
2

2𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝐸𝐶 = 2
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐸𝐶 = 2

𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
2 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚= 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = the 2 cancelled out
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
2

𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚= 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛

POWER RELATIONS IN AM

The Total radiated power of the AM wave consists of the carrier power and the power from the
sidebands.

Pt → total radiated power Pc → carrier power and PUSB ,PLSB → sideband power

𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝐶 + 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 + 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵
Transformed using peak voltages
𝐸𝐶 2 (𝑚𝐸𝐶 ⁄2)2 (𝑚𝐸𝐶 ⁄2)2
𝑃𝑡 = + +
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅

(𝐸𝐶 ⁄√2)2 (𝑚𝐸𝐶 ⁄2√2)2 (𝑚𝐸𝐶 ⁄2√2)2 Transformed using rms voltages
𝑃𝑡 = + +
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
 𝐸𝐶 2 (𝑚𝐸𝐶 )2 (𝑚𝐸𝐶 )2 simplified
𝑃𝑡 = + +
2𝑅 8𝑅 8𝑅

𝐸𝐶 2 (𝑚𝐸𝐶 )2
𝑃𝑡 = + simplified
2𝑅 4𝑅

𝐸𝐶 2 𝑚2
𝑃𝑡 = (1 + ) 𝐸𝐶 2 𝐸𝐶 2
2𝑅 2 common factor and 𝑃𝐶 =
2𝑅 2𝑅

𝑚2
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝐶 (1 + ) TOTAL RADIATED POWER OF AM
2

𝑃𝐶 𝑚2 TOTAL SIDEBAND POWER

𝑃𝑆𝐵𝑇 =
2
Since PUSB = PLSB

𝑃𝐶 𝑚2 POWER OF EACH SIDEBAND

𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵 =
4

VOLTAGE RELATIONS CURRENT RELATIONS

𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝐶 (1 + ) 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝐶 (1 + )
2 2

𝑉𝑡 2 𝑉2 𝑚2 𝑚2
= (1 + ) 𝐼𝑡 2 𝑅 = 𝐼𝐶 2 𝑅 (1 + )
𝑅 𝑅 2 2

𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑉𝑡 2 = 𝑉𝐶 2 (1 + ) 𝐼𝑡 2 = 𝐼𝐶 2 (1 + )
2 2

𝑉𝑡 𝑚2 𝐼𝑡 𝑚2
= √1 + = √1 +
𝑉𝑐 2 𝐼𝑐 2

SIMULTANEOUS MODULATION

When the carrier is simultaneously modulated by more than one modulating signals having m 1,
m2, m3…etc. as their respective indexes

𝑚𝑇 2 = 𝑚1 2 + 𝑚2 2 + 𝑚3 2 + …

The total radiated for simultaneous modulation is

𝑚𝑡 2
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝐶 (1 + )
2
BANDWIDTH

AM in time domain AM in frequency domain

BW

The bandwidth is equal to the higher frequency minus the lower frequency. In AM the higher frequency if
fUSB and the lower frequency is fLSB.

𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝑈𝑆𝐵 − 𝑓𝐿𝑆𝐵
𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝑈𝑆𝐵 − 𝑓𝐿𝑆𝐵
𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 − (𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 )
𝐵𝑊 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 − 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚
𝑩𝑾 = 𝟐𝒇𝒎

PROBLEMS:
1. Determine the modulation factor of the signal shown:
a) . b)

80 V
60 V 50 V
20 V
15 V

-20 V
-60 V -15 V
-80 V
-50 V

𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 80 𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 20 𝑉 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 50 𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 15 𝑉

𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 80−20 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 50−15
𝑚= = 𝑚= =
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 80+20 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 50+15

𝟔𝟎 𝟑𝟓
𝒎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒎 = 𝟔𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟖𝟓
𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟖𝟓

%𝑚 = 𝑚 × 100 = 0.6 × 100 %𝑚 = 𝑚 × 100 = 0. 𝟓𝟑𝟖𝟓 × 100

%𝒎 = 𝟔𝟎% %𝒎 = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟖𝟓%
2. An audio signal
15 sin 2𝜋 (1500)𝑡
amplitude modulates
60 sin 2𝜋(100,000)𝑡
determine:
a) the modulation factor and % modulation
b) the fusb, flsb, fc (upper and lower sideband frequencies and carrier frequency)
c) AM equation

𝑒𝑚 = 15 sin 2𝜋(1500)𝑡 𝑒𝐶 = 60 sin 2𝜋(100,000)𝑡

𝒆𝒎 = 𝑬𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕 𝒆𝒄 = 𝑬𝒄 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄 𝒕
Based from the wave equations:
Em = 15 V Ec = 60 V fm = 1,500 Hz = 1.5 KHz fc = 100,000 Hz = 100 Khz
a)
𝐸𝑚 15
𝑚= = 𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 %𝑚 = 𝑚 × 100 = 0.25 × 100 %𝒎 = 𝟐𝟓%
𝐸𝐶 60

b)
𝑓𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 = 100,000 + 1,500 𝑓𝐿𝑆𝐵 = 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 = 100,000 – 1,500
𝒇𝑼𝑺𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑯𝒛 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟓 𝐊𝐇𝐳 𝒇𝑳𝑺𝑩 = 𝟗𝟖, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐇𝐳 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟓 𝐊𝐇𝐳
𝑓𝑐 = 100,000 𝐻𝑧 = 100 𝐾𝐻𝑧

c)
𝑚𝐸𝐶 0.25 × 60
𝐸𝑆𝐵 = = = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝐕
2 2
𝑚𝐸𝐶 𝑚𝐸𝐶
𝑒𝐴𝑀 = 𝐸𝐶 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + sin 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡 − sin 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡
2 2
𝒆𝑨𝑴 = 𝟔𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅(𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎)𝒕 + 𝟕. 𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝅(𝟗𝟖, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 )𝒕 − 𝟕. 𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝅(𝟏𝟎𝟏, 𝟓𝟎𝟎 )𝒕

3. For the AM wave

𝑒𝐴𝑀 = 75 sin 2𝜋(150,000) + 12.5 cos 2𝜋 (149,000)𝑡 − 12.5 cos 2𝜋(151,000)𝑡

Determine Em, Ec, m, Fc, fm

𝑚𝐸𝐶 𝑚𝐸𝐶
𝑒𝐴𝑀 = 𝐸𝐶 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + sin 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡 − sin 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡
2 2
𝑒𝐴𝑀 = 75 sin 2𝜋(150,000) + 12.5 cos 2𝜋(149,000)𝑡 − 12.5 cos 2𝜋(151,000)𝑡

Based from the AM wave equation:

Ec = 75 V fc = 150,000Hz = 150 KHz
ESB = 12.5 V fUSB = 151,000 Hz = 151 KHz fLSB = 149,000 Hz = 149 KHz

To solve for m and Em

𝑚𝐸𝐶 2𝐸𝑆𝐵 2 × 12.5 𝟏
𝐸𝑆𝐵 = 𝑚= = = 0.3333 =
2 𝐸𝐶 75 𝟑
𝑚𝐸𝐶 2𝐸𝑆𝐵 𝐸𝑚
𝐸𝑆𝐵 = 𝑚= = 𝐸𝑚 = 2𝐸𝑆𝐵 = 2 × 12.5 = 𝟐𝟓 𝐕
2 𝐸𝐶 𝐸𝑐
1
Or 𝐸𝑚 = 𝑚𝐸𝑐 = 3 × 75 = 𝟐𝟓 𝐕
 To solve for fm

𝑓𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 or 𝑓𝐿𝑆𝐵 = 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚
𝑓𝑚 = 𝑓𝑈𝑆𝐵 − 𝑓𝑐 = 151 − 150 = 𝟏 𝐊𝐇𝐳 𝑓𝑚 = 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝐿𝑆𝐵 = 150 − 149 = 𝟏 𝐊𝐇𝐳

4. If the carrier amplitude is 10 V and it is modulated 50% by a modulating signal, what will
the amplitude of the sideband be?
𝐸𝑐 = 10 𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚 = 0.5
𝑚𝐸𝐶 0.5 × 10
𝐸𝑆𝐵 = =
2 2
𝐸𝑆𝐵 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝐕

5. A 75 KHz carrier having an amplitude of 50 V is modulated by a 3 KHz audio signal

having an amplitude of 20 V. Determine the modulation index, % modulation, fusb, flsb,
AM equation.
Em = 20 V Ec = 50 V fm = 3 KHz fc = 75 Khz

𝐸𝑚 20
𝑚= = 𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟒
𝐸𝐶 50
%𝑚 = 𝑚 × 100 = 0.4 × 100 %𝒎 = 𝟒𝟎%

𝑓𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 = 75𝐾𝐻𝑧 + 3 𝐾𝐻𝑍 𝑓𝐿𝑆𝐵 = 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 = 75 KHZ − 3KHz

𝒇𝑼𝑺𝑩 = 𝟕𝟖 𝐊𝐇𝐳 𝒇𝑳𝑺𝑩 = 𝟕𝟐 𝐊𝐇𝐳

𝑚𝐸𝐶 0.4 × 50
𝐸𝑆𝐵 = = = 𝟏𝟎 𝐕
2 2
𝑚𝐸𝐶 𝑚𝐸𝐶
𝑒𝐴𝑀 = 𝐸𝐶 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + sin 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡 − sin 2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 )𝑡
2 2
𝒆𝑨𝑴 = 𝟓𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅(𝟕𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎)𝒕 + 𝟏𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅(𝟕𝟐, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 )𝒕 − 𝟏𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅(𝟕𝟖, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 )𝒕

6. A 400 W carrier is modulated to a depth of 75%. Calculate the total power in the
modulated wave.
𝑃𝐶 = 400 W m = 0.75
𝑚2 (0.75)2
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝐶 (1 + ) = 400 (1 + )
2 2
𝑃𝑡 = 𝟓𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝑾

7. The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8A when only the carrier is sent but it is
increases to 8.93A when the carrier is modulated by a single sine wave. Find the %
modulation.
Determine the antenna current when the depth of mode changes to 0.8.
𝐼𝑐 = 8A 𝐼𝑡 = 8.93 A

𝐼𝑡 𝑚2 𝐼 2 8.93 2
= √1 + 𝑚 = √[(𝐼 𝑡 ) − 1] 2 𝑚 = √[( ) − 1] 2
𝐼𝑐 2 𝐶 8
𝑚 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎
With m = 0.8
𝐼𝑡 𝑚2 𝑚2 0.82
= √1 + 𝐼𝑡 = 𝐼𝐶 √1 + = 8√1 + = 𝟗. 𝟏𝟗 𝐀
𝐼𝑐 2 2 2
8. A broadcast transmitter radiates 10 KW when the modulation percentage is 60. How
much of this is carrier power.

Pt = 10 KW m = 0.6

𝑚2 𝑃𝑡 10
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝐶 (1 + 2
) 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑚2
= (0.6)2
= 8.47 KW
1+ 2 1+ 2

9. Determine the power content of the carrier and each of the sidebands for an AM signal
having a percent modulation of 80% and a total power of 2500W.

Pt = 2500 W m = 0.8

𝑚2 𝑃𝑡 2500
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝐶 (1 + 2
) 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑚2
= (0.8)2
= 1894 W
1+ 2 1+ 2

𝑃𝐶 𝑚2 1894 × (0.8)2
𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵 = = = 𝟑𝟎𝟑. 𝟎𝟒 𝑾
4 4

Or

𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝐶 + 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 + 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵 but 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵 𝑃𝑆𝐵𝑇 = 2𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 2𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵

𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝐶 2500 − 1894
𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵 = 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵 = = = 𝟑𝟎𝟑 𝑾
2 2

10. A 300 W carrier is simultaneously modulated by two audio waves with modulation
percentages of 55 and 65 respectively. What is the total sideband power?

Pc = 300 W m1 = 0.55 m2 = 0.65

𝑚𝑇 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = (0.55)2 + (0.65)2 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟓
2 2 2

𝑚 2 0.725
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝐶 (1 + 𝑡 ) = 300 (1 + )
2 2
𝑃𝑡 = 𝟒𝟎𝟖. 𝟕𝟓 𝐖

11. The antenna current of an AM broadcast transmitter modulated to a depth of 40% by an

audio wave is 11 A. It increases to 12 A as a result of simultaneous modulation by
another wave. What is the modulation index due to the second wave? What is the
modulation index due to the second wave? What is the modulation index of the second
wave?
𝐼𝑡1 = 11𝐴 𝐼𝑡2 = 12𝐴 𝑚1 = 0.4

𝐼𝑡1 11
𝐼𝐶 = = = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 𝐀
2 2
√1 + 𝑚1 √1 + (0.4)
2 2

𝐼𝑡2 𝑚𝑇 2 𝐼 2 12 2
= √1 + 𝑚𝑇 = √[( 𝐼𝑡2 ) − 1] 2 𝑚𝑇 = √[(10.58) − 1] 2
𝐼𝑐 2 𝐶
𝑚𝑇 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔
𝑚𝑇 2 = 𝑚1 2 + 𝑚2 2 𝑚2 = √𝑚 𝑇 2 − 𝑚1 2 = √(0.757)2 − (0.4)2 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓
12. A 68 KHz wave is amplitude modulated by a band of frequencies 300 – 3400 Hz.
Determine the frequency contained in the upper and lower sidebands of the modulated
wave. Find the bandwidth.
fc = 68 KHz fm1 = 300 Hz fm2 = 3400 Hz

𝑓𝑈𝑆𝐵1 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚1 = 68,000 + 300 𝑓𝐿𝑆𝐵1 = 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚1 = 68,000– 300

𝒇𝑼𝑺𝑩 = 𝟔𝟖, 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑯𝒛 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟑 𝐊𝐇𝐳 𝒇𝑳𝑺𝑩 = 𝟔𝟕, 𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝐇𝐳 = 𝟔𝟕. 𝟕𝐊𝐇𝐳

𝑓𝑈𝑆𝐵2 = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚2 = 68,000 + 3,400 𝑓𝐿𝑆𝐵2 = 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚2 = 6800– 3400

𝒇𝑼𝑺𝑩 = 𝟕𝟏, 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑯𝒛 = 𝟕𝟏. 𝟒 𝐊𝐇𝐳 𝒇𝑳𝑺𝑩 = 𝟔𝟒, 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝐇𝐳 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟔 𝐊𝐇𝐳

𝐵𝑊 = 2𝑓𝑚 𝐵𝑊1 = 2𝑓𝑚1 = 2 × 300 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝑯𝒛

𝐵𝑊2 = 2𝑓𝑚2 = 2 × 3400 = 𝟔𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝐻𝑧