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INFORMATION
AMPLITUDE
BASEBAND CARRIER
MODIFIES THE FREQUENCY OF THE
MODULATING UNMODULATED
PHASE
INTELLIGENCE
MODULATION
MODULATION
ANALOG DIGITAL
AM Signal Parameters:
fc = carrier signal m = modulating index
fm = modulating signal Pc = carrier power
fUSB = upper sideband PUSB = USB power
fLSB = lower sideband PLSB = LSB power
Vc = carrier signal amplitude PT = Transmitter Power
Vm = modulating signal amplitude = Total AM power
VSB = sideband signal amplitude
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Information signal
MODULATOR Modulated signal
Carrier signal
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
fLSB fUSB
VUSB = VLSB
The carrier is 90 out of phase with the upper and lower
sideband and the sidebands are 180 out of phase with
each other.
MODULATION index
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑚 + 𝑉𝑐
Vm
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑉𝑚
Vmax
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
Vc
Vm 𝑉𝑚 =
2
Vmin
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 +𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑐 =
2
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚= =
𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
MODULATION index
𝑚𝑇 = 𝑚1 2 + 𝑚2 2 + 𝑚3 2 + ⋯ 𝑚𝑛 2
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 2 + 𝑉2 2 + 𝑉3 2 + ⋯ 𝑉𝑛 2
Am SIGNAL COMPONENTS
fm
fLSB = fc – fm fUSB = fc + fm
fm fm
0 Hz
BW = 2fm
Sample problem no. 1:
𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝐶 1+ 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝐶 1+
2 2
DOUBLE SIDEBAND-suppressed CARRIER
𝑚2
𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝐶
2
𝑚2 𝑚𝑉𝐶 𝑚2 𝑚𝐼𝐶
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝐶 =
2 2 2 2
singLE SIDEBAND-FULL CARRIER
𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝐶 1+ 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝐶 1+
4 4
singLE SIDEBAND-suppresses CARRIER
𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝐶 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝐶
4 4
singLE SIDEBAND-REDUCED CARRIER
𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝐶 0.1 + 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝐶 0.1 +
4 4
Sample problem no. 5:
SSB Advantage
✓ Power Conservation
✓ Bandwidth Conservation
✓ Selective Fading
AM Broadcasting and
✓ Noise Reduction
TV Video uses DSB.
SSB Disadvantage
✓ Complex Receivers
✓ Tuning Difficulties
POWER SAVING
𝑃𝐶𝐴𝑀 − 𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 = × 100%
𝑃𝐶𝐴𝑀
Sample problem no. 13:
FM Signal Parameters:
fc = carrier signal fmin = minimum frequency
fm = modulating signal fmax = maximum frequency
Vc = carrier signal amplitude
Vm = modulating signal amplitude
m = modulating index
= frequency deviation
PT = transmitter power
frequency MODULATION
Information signal
MODULATOR Modulated signal
𝑣𝑓𝑚 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡))
Carrier signal
𝑣𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
frequency MODULATION
Carrier signal
Modulating signal
Modulated signal
MODULATION index
𝐶. 𝑆. = 2𝛿 = 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛
Fm bandwidth
Fm bandwidth
= frequency deviation/shift
= phase deviation/shift (radian)
fm = modulating frequency
phase MODULATION
Information signal
MODULATOR Modulated signal
𝑣𝑓𝑚 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡))
Carrier signal
𝑣𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
PHASE MODULATION
Modulating signal
FM signal
PM signal
PHASE modulation
ADVANTAGES OF FM:
✓ The main benefit of FM over AM is its superior immunity
to noise, made possible by the clipper limiter circuits in
the receiver, which effectively strip off all the noise
variations, leaving a constant-amplitude FM signal.
✓ Another major benefit of FM is that interfering signals
on the same frequency are effectively rejected.
✓ Third advantage of FM over AM is its efficiency.
Am vs fm
DISADVANTAGES OF FM:
✓ The greatest disadvantage of FM is that it simply uses
too much spectrum space. The bandwidth of an FM
signal is considerably wider than that of an AM signal
transmitting similar information.
✓ One major disadvantage of FM in the past involved the
complexity of the circuits used for frequency modulation
and demodulation in comparison with the simple circuits
used for amplitude modulation and demodulation.