Chapter3 Amplitude Modulation

Morse code The simplest and historically earliest form of radio was the transmission of ______ by
switching a carrier on and off.
Reginald Aubrey -a prolific radio inventor and engineer
Fessenden
Dec.23,1900 On _____,Fessenden transmitted a few words using a spark-gap TX (10ksparks/s)w/ a carbon
microphone connected in series w/ the antenna.
envelope If the peaks of the individual waveforms of the modulated signal are joined, the resulting
______ resembles the original modulating signal.
carrier The higher-freq signal that is combined w/ an information signal to produce the modulated
waveform is called the _____.
nonlinear Amplitude modulation is essentially a ______ process.

Amplitude modulation _____ is created by using the instantaneous modulating signal voltage to vary the amplitude
of the modulated signal.
______ involves the addition of the instantaneous baseband amplitude to the peak carrier
amplitude.
modulation index -the ratio between the amplitudes of the modulating signal and the carrier
The amount by w/c the signal amplitude is changed in modulation depends on the _____.
overmodulation When the modulation index is greater than 1, _____ is present.
splatter Overmodulation creates side/spurious freq known as _____.

*The modulated AM waveform is not a sine wave.

*Each modulating freq produces two side freq.
Upper sideband
Lower sideband
narrow ______ BW allows more signals to be transmitted simultaneously than does a wider BW.
total power The ______ is the sum of the power in the carrier and sidebands.
*The total power in an AM signal increases w/ modulation, reaching a value 50% greater than
that of the unmodulated carrier for 100% modulation.
*The extra power w/ modulation goes into the sidebands: the carrier power does not change
w/ modulation.
*The useful power, that is, the power that carries information (sideband power), is rather small,
reaching a maximum of the 1/3 of the total signal power for 100% modulation and much
less at lower modulation indices. AM transmission is more efficient when the modulation
index is as close to 1 as practical.

Quadrature AM It is possible to send two separate information signals using amplitude modulation at one
(QUAM / QAM) carrier freq. This can be accomplished by generating two carriers at the same freq but
separated in phase by 90deg. Because of the 90deg phase shift involved, the scheme is
called _____.
synchronous Recovery of the two information signals requires _____ using two balanced demodulators.
detection
C-QUAM Variation of QUAM is used for AM stereo broadcasting. The scheme used is called _____ and
was developed by Motorola, Inc.
*It is possible to improve the efficiency of an AM signal by suppressing the carrier, but this
changes the envelope so that it no longer resembles the information signal, making
demodulation more difficult.

1/3 Removing the carrier from a fully modulated AM signal would change the power available for
the sidebands from _____ of the total to all of it.
two-tone test signal Another form of SSB modulation that is often used for TX measurements is the _____.
 (the carrier and the LSB are suppressed)
carrier power _____ is useless as a measure of the power in a DSBSC or SSBSC signal, it is theoretically
zero for these signals.
peak envelope power It is simply the power at modulation peaks.
(PEP) It is not the same as instantaneous peak power.
It is one-half the maximum instantaneous power.
*The average power w/ voice modulation varies from PEP/4 to PEP/3.
pre-emphasis -boost the higher audio frequencies before modulation

amplitude modulation -a modulation scheme in w/c the amplitude of a high-frequency signal is varied in accordance
w/ the instantaneous amplitude of an information signal
envelope -the curve produced by joining the tips of the individual RF cycles of a modulated wave
modulation index -measure of the extent of modulation of a signal
overmodulation -modulation to a greater depth than allowed (m>1)
PEP -the power measured at modulation peaks in an AM or single-sideband signal
QAM -tansmission of two separate information signals using two amplitude-modulated carriers at the
same freq but differing in phase by 90deg
side freq -a signal component in a modulated signal, at a freq different from that of the carrier
sideband -all of the side freq to one side of the carrier freq
SSB -any AM scheme in w/c only one of the two sidebands is transmitted
suppressed-carrier -an AM signal in w/c the carrier-freq component is eliminated and only one or both sidebands
signal are transmitted
splatter -colloquial term used to described additional side freq produced by overmodulation or
distortion in an AM system
two-tone test signal -signal consisting of two audio freq, not harmonically related, used to test single-sideband TX