Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Uic 774 3R PDF
Uic 774 3R PDF
5
QGHGLWLRQ2FWREHU
7UDQVODWLRQ
7UDFNEULGJH,QWHUDFWLRQ
5HFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRUFDOFXODWLRQV
,QWHUDFWLRQYRLHRXYUDJHVG
DUW
5HFRPPDQGDWLRQVSRXUOHVFDOFXOV
,QWHUDNWLRQ*OHLV%UFNH
(PSIHKOXQJHQIUGLH%HUHFKQXQJHQ
/HDIOHWWREHFODVVLILHGLQ6HFWLRQ
9,,:D\DQGZRUNV
$SSOLFDWLRQ
:LWKHIIHFWIURP-XO\
$OOPHPEHUVRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO8QLRQRI5DLOZD\V
7KLVOHDIOHWDSSOLHVWRVWDQGDUGJDXJHOLQHV
5HFRUGRIXSGDWHV
VWHGLWLRQ-XO\ /HDIOHWILUVWGUDIWHG
QGHGLWLRQ2FWREHU /HDIOHWUHYLVHG
7KHSHUVRQUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKLVOHDIOHWLVQDPHGLQWKH8,&&RGH
5
:DUQLQJ
1R SDUW RI WKLV SXEOLFDWLRQ PD\ EH FRSLHG UHSURGXFHG RU GLVWULEXWHG E\ DQ\ PHDQV ZKDWVRHYHU LQFOXGLQJ
HOHFWURQLF H[FHSW IRU SULYDWH DQG LQGLYLGXDO XVH ZLWKRXW WKH H[SUHVV SHUPLVVLRQ RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 8QLRQ RI
5DLOZD\V8,&7KHVDPHDSSOLHVIRUWUDQVODWLRQDGDSWDWLRQRUWUDQVIRUPDWLRQDUUDQJHPHQWRUUHSURGXFWLRQE\
DQ\ PHWKRG RU SURFHGXUH ZKDWVRHYHU 7KH VROH H[FHSWLRQV QRWLQJ WKH DXWKRU
V QDPH DQG WKH VRXUFH DUH
DQDO\VHVDQGEULHITXRWDWLRQVMXVWLILHGE\WKHFULWLFDODUJXPHQWDWLYHHGXFDWLRQDOVFLHQWLILFRULQIRUPDWLYHQDWXUH
RIWKHSXEOLFDWLRQLQWRZKLFKWKH\DUHLQFRUSRUDWHG
$UWLFOHV/DQG/RIWKH)UHQFK,QWHOOHFWXDO3URSHUW\&RGH
¸,QWHUQDWLRQDO8QLRQRI5DLOZD\V8,&3DULV
3ULQWHGE\WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO8QLRQRI5DLOZD\V8,&
UXH-HDQ5H\3DULV)UDQFH2FWREHU
'pS{W/pJDO2FWREHU
,6%1)UHQFKYHUVLRQ
,6%1*HUPDQYHUVLRQ
,6%1(QJOLVKYHUVLRQ
5
&RQWHQWV
6XPPDU\
%DVLFDVVXPSWLRQVFULWHULDDQGFRPSXWHUFDOFXODWLRQV
'HVFULSWLRQRIWKHSKHQRPHQRQ
5HYLHZRIWKHSULQFLSOHVJRYHUQLQJFRQWLQXRXVZHOGHGUDLORQDQHPEDQNPHQW
(IIHFWRIWKHSUHVHQFHRIDEULGJHLQWKHWUDFN
3DUDPHWHUVDIIHFWLQJWKHSKHQRPHQRQ
7UDFNEHKDYLRXU
%DOODVWHGWUDFN
8QEDOODVWHGWUDFN
%HKDYLRXURIWKHEULGJH
6WDWLFDUUDQJHPHQW
%HKDYLRXURIWKHVXSSRUWV
%HQGLQJEHKDYLRXURIWKHGHFN
$FWLRQVWREHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW
,QWURGXFWLRQ
$FWLRQVGXHWRFKDQJHVLQWHPSHUDWXUH
$FWLRQVGXHWREUDNLQJDQGDFFHOHUDWLRQ
$FWLRQVGXHWREHQGLQJRIWKHGHFN
&RQVHTXHQFHVIRUWKHEULGJHDQGIRUWKHWUDFN
&RPELQLQJWKHORDGFDVHHIIHFWV
3HUPLVVLEOHDGGLWLRQDOVWUHVVHVLQFRQWLQXRXVZHOGHGUDLORQWKHEULGJH
$EVROXWHDQGUHODWLYHGLVSODFHPHQW
(QGURWDWLRQVRIWKHGHFN
6XSSRUWUHDFWLRQV
5DLOH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHV
&DOFXODWLRQVXVLQJWKHOHDIOHW
3UHGLPHQVLRQLQJPHWKRG
'HVLJQPHWKRGXVLQJ3RLQWVDQGRIWKHOHDIOHW
&DOFXODWLRQVZLWKDFRPSXWHUSURJUDP
9DOLGDWLRQRIWKHFRPSXWHUSURJUDP
&ULWHULDWREHPHW
*HQHUDOUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRUFRPSXWHUDVVLVWHGLQWHUDFWLRQDQDO\VLV
5
6WUXFWXUHVFRQVLVWLQJRIRQHEULGJHGHFN
6WUXFWXUHVFRQVLVWLQJRIRQHVLPSO\VXSSRUWHGVLQJOHWUDFNEULGJHGHFNZLWKD
IL[HGEHDULQJDWRQHHQG
*HQHUDOPHWKRG
%DVLFJUDSKVDQGIRUPXODH
&KDQJHVLQWKHEDVLFDVVXPSWLRQV
6LJQVRIWKHHIIHFWVRIORDGFDVHVZKHQFRPELQLQJWKHORDGFDVHHIIHFWV
'RXEOHWUDFNEULGJHV
7HPSHUDWXUHDQGEUDNLQJHIIHFWV
9HUWLFDOEHQGLQJHIIHFWV
0XOWLSOHVSDQFRQWLQXRXVGHFN
0XOWLSOHVSDQFRQWLQXRXVGHFNZLWKIL[HGVXSSRUWDWRQHHQG
0XOWLSOHVSDQFRQWLQXRXVGHFNVZLWKDIL[HGVXSSRUWORFDWHGDWDQ
LQWHUPHGLDWHSRVLWLRQ
0XOWLSOHVSDQFRQWLQXRXVGHFNZLWKQRIL[HGVXSSRUW
6XFFHVVLRQRIGHFNV
$SSHQGL[$ 'LDJUDPVRILQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVGXHWREUDNLQJDQGWHPSHUDWXUH
YDULDWLRQVIRUVLPSO\VXSSRUWHGVLQJOHWUDFNGHFNVZLWKDIL[HG
VXSSRUWDWRQHHQG
$ &RQWLQXRXVZHOGHGUDLOV
$ :LWKDQH[SDQVLRQGHYLFH
5
& ([DPSOH6LPSO\VXSSRUWHGGHFNZLWKRQHHODVWLFIL[HGVXSSRUWGHFN
VODEEULGJHQRH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHXVHRIWKHSUHGLPHQVLRQLQJPHWKRGFDVH
RIDUDLOVWUHVVKLJKHUWKDQSHUPLVVLEOH
& ([DPSOHD6LPSO\VXSSRUWHGGHFNEULGJHZLWKRQHHODVWLFIL[HGVXSSRUW
GHFNVODEEULGJHQRH[SDQVLRQGHYLFH
& ([DPSOHE6LPSO\VXSSRUWHGGHFNZLWKRQHHODVWLFIL[HGVXSSRUWWKURXJK
JLUGHUEULGJHQRH[SDQVLRQGHYLFH
& ([DPSOH&RQWLQXRXVGHFNEULGJHZLWKRQHLQWHUPHGLDWHIL[HGVXSSRUW
GHFNVODEEULGJHQRH[SDQVLRQGHYLFH
& ([DPSOH&RQWLQXRXVGHFNZLWKRQHIL[HGVXSSRUWDWWKHHQGGHFNVODE
EULGJHZLWKH[SDQVLRQGHYLFH
$SSHQGL[' 9DOLGDWLRQRIWKHFRPSXWHUSURJUDPV
' 7HVWFDVH1R
' 7HVWFDVH1R
/LVWRIDEEUHYLDWLRQV
%LEOLRJUDSK\
5
6XPPDU\
,QWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQWUDFNDQGEULGJHLHWKHFRQVHTXHQFHVRIWKHEHKDYLRXURIRQHRQWKHEHKDYLRXU
RIWKHRWKHURFFXUVEHFDXVHWKH\DUHLQWHUOLQNHGUHJDUGOHVVRIZKHWKHUWKHWUDFNLVGLUHFWO\IDVWHQHG
RUKDVDEDOODVWEHG
7KLV LQWHUDFWLRQ WDNHV WKH IRUP RI IRUFHV LQ WKH UDLOV DQG LQ WKH GHFN DQG LWV EHDULQJV DV ZHOO DV
GLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHYDULRXVHOHPHQWVRIWKHEULGJHDQGWUDFN
,IWKHLQWHUDFWLRQLVXQGHUFRQWUROWKHQWKHEULGJHZLOOFRQWLQXHWRIXOILOLWVIXQFWLRQLHVXSSRUWLQJWKH
WUDFNZLWKRXWWKHWUDFNEHLQJVXEMHFWWRDQRPDOLHV
7KHUHDUHWZRW\SHVRIDQRPDO\UDLOIUDFWXUHVRUGLVUXSWLRQRIWKHOLQNEHWZHHQWUDFNDQGEULGJHVXFK
WKDW WUDFN VWDELOLW\ LV QR ORQJHU JXDUDQWHHG RQH QRWDEOH H[DPSOH RI LQVWDELOLW\ LV ZKHQ WKH EDOODVW
ORRVHQV IROORZLQJ FRQVLGHUDEOH GLVSODFHPHQW RI WKH EULGJH GHFN VXFK WKDW VXIILFLHQW UHVLVWDQFH WR
ODWHUDOEXFNOLQJDWWKHHQGVRIWKHEULGJHLVQRORQJHUJXDUDQWHHG
7KHUHIRUH LQWHUDFWLRQ VWULFWO\ VSHDNLQJ PXVW EH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW DV D VHUYLFHDELOLW\ OLPLW VWDWH
6/6DVUHJDUGVWKHEULGJHDVZHOODVEHLQJDQXOWLPDWHOLPLWVWDWH8/6DVUHJDUGVWKHUDLO)RUFHV
DQG GLVSODFHPHQWV PXVW WKHUHIRUH EH FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ WKH SDUWLDO VDIHW\ IDFWRUV IRU WKH ORDGV
FRQFHUQHG7KHUHOHYDQWIDFWRUVDUHDSSOLHGWRWKHIRUFHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHFKHFNVUHTXLUHGDWXOWLPDWH
OLPLWVWDWHDVUHJDUGVWKHVWUHQJWKRIWKHEHDULQJVDQGWKHVXEVWUXFWXUH
7KLVOHDIOHWZKLFKLVDUHVXOWRIWKHZRUNRI(55,6SHFLDOLVWV
&RPPLWWHH'JLYHVPHWKRGVIRU
FDOFXODWLQJWKHIRUFHVDQGGLVSODFHPHQWVWKDWDUHOLQNHGWRLQWHUDFWLRQSKHQRPHQD
7KH DFFHSWDEOH OLPLW VWDWHV IRU WKH WUDFN GHSHQG RQ LWV GHVLJQ DQG VWDWH RI PDLQWHQDQFH 7KH
SHUPLVVLEOHOLPLWYDOXHVJLYHQLQWKHOHDIOHWZKHWKHUIRUGLVSODFHPHQWVRUDGGLWLRQDOVWUHVVLQWKHUDLO
GXHWRLQWHUDFWLRQSKHQRPHQDDUHWKHYDOXHVWKDWDUHZLGHO\SHUPLWWHGIRUVWDQGDUGWUDFNFRPSRQHQWV
LQDJRRGVWDWHRIPDLQWHQDQFH,IDUDLOZD\IRULWVRZQUHDVRQVRSHUDWHVRXWVLGHWKHIRUHVHHQVFRSH
RIDSSOLFDWLRQWKDWUDLOZD\ZLOOVWLOOEHDEOHWRXVHWKHFDOFXODWLRQPHWKRGVLQWKLVOHDIOHWE\UHSODFLQJ
WKHFULWHULDJLYHQKHUHZLWKQHZFULWHULDEDVHGRQLWVRZQH[SHULHQFHDQGREVHUYDWLRQVWKLVPDLQO\
FRQFHUQV1PPIRUSHUPLVVLEOHDGGLWLRQDOFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHVVLQWKHUDLODQGPPGLVSODFHPHQW
RIWKHGHFNXQGHUEUDNLQJIRUFHV
6LPLODUO\WKHWUDFNVWUHQJWKWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWDQGWKHWHPSHUDWXUHLQFUHDVHHQYLVDJHGDUHGUDZQ
IURPWKHNQRZOHGJHRIWKHYDULRXVUDLOZD\V,WLVSHUIHFWO\SRVVLEOHWRXVHWKLVOHDIOHWEXWZLWKGLIIHUHQW
YDOXHVLIWKHQHHGZHUHWRDULVH
5
%DVLFDVVXPSWLRQVFULWHULDDQGFRPSXWHU
FDOFXODWLRQV
'HVFULSWLRQRIWKHSKHQRPHQRQ
1XPHURXVVWXGLHVKDYHLQYHVWLJDWHGWKHHYDOXDWLRQDQGOLPLWDWLRQRIUDLOVWUHVVHVDQGWKHVWDELOLW\RI
WKHWUDFNRQHPEDQNPHQWLHQRWRQEULGJHV6XFKVWXGLHVKDYHORRNHGERWKDWWKHHIIHFWVRIWKHUPDO
VWUHVVHVDORQHDQGDWWKHFRPELQHGHIIHFWVRIWKHUPDOVWUHVVHVDQGWUDIILFIRUFHV
7KH XVH RI DQ H[SDQGDEOH GHFN FDSDEOH RI PRYLQJ UHODWLYH WR WKH &:5 WUDFN LQWURGXFHV D
GLVFRQWLQXLW\ LQWR WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH WUDFN EHG 7KLV GLVFRQWLQXLW\ LV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU UHODWLYH
PRYHPHQWVEHWZHHQWKHWUDFNEHGDQGWKHWUDFNDVWKHGHFNH[SDQGVDQGFRQWUDFWVFDXVLQJIRUFHV
WREHDSSOLHGWRWKHUDLOVDQGWKHVWUXFWXUHDVZHOODVFKDQJHVLQWKHDGGLWLRQDOVWUHVVHVGXHWRIRUFHV
LQGXFHGE\WUDIILFORDGV
7KHQHHGIRUDUHYLHZRIWKHLVVXHVVXUURXQGLQJWKHXVHRI&:5KDVEHFRPHDSSDUHQW7KHIROORZLQJ
VHFWLRQVZLOOWKHUHIRUHGHVFULEHWKHSKHQRPHQDRQDEULGJHFDUU\LQJ&:5LQVRPHGHWDLO
5HYLHZRIWKHSULQFLSOHVJRYHUQLQJFRQWLQXRXVZHOGHGUDLORQDQ
HPEDQNPHQW
,QJHQHUDOWKHUDLOLVIL[HGWRWKHVOHHSHUE\HODVWLFIDVWHQLQJVZKLFKDSSO\DSUHGHILQHGFODPSLQJIRUFH
WR VHFXUH WKH UDLO WR WKH VOHHSHU 7KLV FODPSLQJ IRUFH LV QRUPDOO\ VXFK WKDW DOO WKH ORQJLWXGLQDO
PRYHPHQWRIWKHUDLOLVWUDQVPLWWHGWRWKHVOHHSHUVWKHUHVLVWDQFHWRUDLOVOHHSHUVOLGLQJEHLQJJUHDWHU
WKDQWKHUHVLVWDQFHWRORQJLWXGLQDOPRYHPHQWRIIHUHGE\WKHEDOODVW$VWKHIUHHPRYHPHQWRIWKHUDLOV
XQGHU WKH LQIOXHQFH RI WKHUPDO DQG WUDIILF IRUFHV LV RSSRVHG E\ WKH EDOODVW WKH UDLOV DUH VXEMHFW WR
ORQJLWXGLQDOIRUFHV
&RQWLQXRXV ZHOGHG UDLO LQFOXGHV D FHQWUDO ]RQH ZKHUH H[SDQVLRQ DQG FRQWUDFWLRQ DUH FRPSOHWHO\
SUHYHQWHGDQGWZREUHDWKHU]RQHVDWHDFKHQGVRPHPLQOHQJWK([SDQVLRQGHYLFHVDWWKH
HQGVRIWKH&:5KDYHDYDULDWLRQRIRSHQLQJRIPPDQGSHUPLWWKHIUHHPRYHPHQWRIWKHHQGVRI
WKH&:5
7KHWKHUPDOHIIHFWVJHQHUDWHGDUHKHQFHDVVKRZQLQ)LJRQWKHIROORZLQJSDJH
5
([SDQVLRQ]RQHDSSUR[P ([SDQVLRQ]RQHDSSUR[P
5DLOIRUFH
/HQJWKRI&:5
)LJ%HKDYLRXURI&:5XQGHUWKHHIIHFWVRIWHPSHUDWXUHFKDQJHV
ZKHUH a LVWKHFRHIILFLHQWRIWKHUPDOH[SDQVLRQ
D7 5
LVWKHFKDQJHLQUDLOWHPSHUDWXUHUHODWLYHWRWKHUHIHUHQFHRUOD\LQJWHPSHUDWXUH
( LV<RXQJ
V0RGXOXVIRUVWHHO1PP
$ LVWKHFRPELQHGFURVVVHFWLRQRIWZRUDLOV
) LVWKHIRUFHLQWKHWUDFN
(IIHFWRIWKHSUHVHQFHRIDEULGJHLQWKHWUDFN
,QWURGXFLQJDEULGJHXQGHUD&:5WUDFNPHDQVHIIHFWLYHO\WKDWWKH&:5WUDFNLVUHVWLQJRQDVXUIDFH
VXEMHFWWRGHIRUPDWLRQDQGPRYHPHQWVKHQFHFDXVLQJGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHWUDFN
*LYHQWKDWERWKWUDFNDQGEULGJHDUHDEOHWRPRYHDQ\IRUFHRUGLVSODFHPHQWWKDWDFWVRQRQHRIWKHP
ZLOOLQGXFHIRUFHVLQWKHRWKHU
,QWHUDFWLRQWKHUHIRUHWDNHVSODFHEHWZHHQWKHWUDFNDQGWKHEULGJHDVIROORZV
)RUFHV DSSOLHG WR D &:5 WUDFN LQGXFH DGGLWLRQDO IRUFHV LQWR WKH WUDFN DQGRU LQWR WKH EHDULQJV
VXSSRUWLQJWKHGHFNDQGPRYHPHQWVRIWKHWUDFNDQGRIWKHGHFN
$Q\PRYHPHQWRIWKHGHFNLQGXFHVDPRYHPHQWRIWKHWUDFNDQGDQDGGLWLRQDOIRUFHLQWKHWUDFN
DQGLQGLUHFWO\LQWKHEULGJHEHDULQJV
5
)LJ([DPSOHRIDFXUYHVKRZLQJUDLOVWUHVVHVGXHWRWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQVLQWKHEULGJHGHFN
3DUDPHWHUVDIIHFWLQJWKHSKHQRPHQRQ
$GLVWLQFWLRQFDQEHPDGHEHWZHHQEULGJHSDUDPHWHUVDQGWUDFNSDUDPHWHUV
%ULGJHSDUDPHWHUV
([SDQVLRQOHQJWK
,QFDVHRIDVLQJOHGHFNEULGJHZLWKDVLPSO\VXSSRUWHGGHFNRUDFRQWLQXRXVGHFNZLWKWKHIL[HGHODVWLF
VXSSRUWDWRQHHQGWKHH[SDQVLRQOHQJWKLVWKHVSDQOHQJWKRUWKHWRWDOOHQJWKRIWKHGHFN,IWKHIL[HG
HODVWLFVXSSRUWLVORFDWHGDWVRPHLQWHUPHGLDWHSRLQWWKHGHFNLVFRQVLGHUHGWRKDYHWZRH[SDQVLRQ
OHQJWKVRQHLWKHUVLGHRIWKHIL[HGHODVWLFVXSSRUWVHH3RLQW SDJH
)RXUW\SHVDUHSRVVLEOHIL[HGHODVWLFPRYLQJPRYLQJIULFWLRQDQGHODVWLF$OWKRXJKQRFOHDUGLVWLQFWLRQ
FDQEHPDGHEHWZHHQIL[HGHODVWLFDQGHODVWLFVXSSRUWLQWHUPVRIWKHRUHWLFDOEHKDYLRXULWLVXVHIXOWR
VWDWHWKDWIL[HGHODVWLFVXSSRUWVFRQVLVWRIDIL[HGEHDULQJRQDIOH[LEOHVXEVWUXFWXUHSLHURUDEXWPHQW
ZKLOHHODVWLFVXSSRUWVFRQVLVWRIDIOH[LEOHEHDULQJRQDIOH[LEOHVXEVWUXFWXUH
,Q FDVH RI D VXFFHVVLRQ RI GHFNV WKH WRWDO H[SDQVLRQ OHQJWK DW D FHUWDLQ MRLQW LV WKH VXP RI WKH
H[SDQVLRQOHQJWKVRIWKHWZRQHDUHVWGHFNV
5
)LJ([SDQVLRQOHQJWK
6SDQOHQJWK
%HFDXVHRIWKHIDFWWKDWWKHYHUWLFDOORDGLQJRQWKHGHFNFDXVHVDORQJLWXGLQDOGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHGHFN
HQGWKHVSDQOHQJWKLQIOXHQFHVWKHWUDFNEULGJHLQWHUDFWLRQ
6XSSRUWVWLIIQHVV
7KHUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHGHFNWRKRUL]RQWDOGLVSODFHPHQWLVDIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDPHWHUDVLWDIIHFWVDOOWKH
LQWHUDFWLRQSKHQRPHQD7KLVIDFWRULVGHWHUPLQHGSULPDULO\E\WKHWRWDOVWLIIQHVVRIWKHVXSSRUWV6HH
SRLQWSDJH IRUDGHYHORSPHQWRIWKLVSRLQW
7KHWRWDOVXSSRUWVWLIIQHVVLVFRPSRVHGRIWKHVWLIIQHVVRIHDFKVXSSRUW,QWXUQWKHVWLIIQHVVRIHDFK
VXSSRUWLVFRPSRVHGRIWKHVWLIIQHVVRIWKHEHDULQJDQGRIWKHYDULRXVFRPSRQHQWVRIWKHVXSSRUWWKH
SLHUWKHEDVHWKHIRXQGDWLRQVDQGWKHVRLOLQZKLFKWKH\DUHHPEHGGHG
%HQGLQJVWLIIQHVVRIWKHGHFN
7KHEHQGLQJVWLIIQHVVRIWKHGHFNLVDSDUDPHWHULQDVPXFKDVWKHYHUWLFDOGHIRUPDWLRQRIWKHGHFN
GLVSODFHV WKH XSSHU HGJH RI WKH GHFN LQ WKH KRUL]RQWDO GLUHFWLRQ 7KLV GHIRUPDWLRQ DOVR JHQHUDWHV
LQWHUDFWLRQIRUFHV
+HLJKWRIWKHGHFN
7KHGLVWDQFHRIWKHXSSHUVXUIDFHRIWKHGHFNVODEIURPWKHQHXWUDOD[LVRIWKHGHFNDQGWKHGLVWDQFH
RIWKHQHXWUDOD[LVIURPWKHFHQWUHRIURWDWLRQRIWKHEHDULQJDIIHFWWKHLQWHUDFWLRQSKHQRPHQDGXHWR
WKHEHQGLQJRIWKHGHFN
7UDFNSDUDPHWHUV
7UDFNUHVLVWDQFH
7KHUHVLVWDQFHNRIWKHWUDFNSHUXQLWOHQJWKWRORQJLWXGLQDOGLVSODFHPHQWXLVDQLPSRUWDQWSDUDPHWHU
7KLVSDUDPHWHULQWXUQGHSHQGVRQDODUJHQXPEHURIRWKHUIDFWRUVZKHWKHUWKHWUDFNLVORDGHGRU
XQORDGHGZKHWKHUWKHWUDFNLVEDOODVWHGRUQRWPDQQHULQZKLFKWKHWUDFNLVODLGWKHVWDQGDUGWRZKLFK
WKHWUDFNLVPDLQWDLQHGHWF,WLVHVVHQWLDOWKDWIXOOLQIRUPDWLRQFRQFHUQLQJWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ
WKHUDLODQGWKHGHFNDQGRUWKHHPEDQNPHQWLVDYDLODEOH
5
&URVVVHFWLRQDODUHDRIWKHUDLO
7KHFURVVVHFWLRQDODUHDRIWKHUDLO$LVDOVRDWUDFNSDUDPHWHU
7UDFNEHKDYLRXU
7KLVFKDSWHUGHVFULEHVWKHEHKDYLRXURIWKHWUDFNRQLWVVXSSRUWLQJVWUXFWXUHWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWWKH
W\SHRIWUDFN7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWUDFNGLVSODFHPHQWDQGIRUFHDSSOLHGGHSHQGVRQWKHWUDFN
VWUXFWXUHDGRSWHGWKHVWDQGDUGRIPDLQWHQDQFHDQ\GHIHFWVWKDWPD\EHSUHVHQWWKHYHUWLFDOORDG
DSSOLHGWRWKHUDLODQGWKHIUHTXHQF\RIWKHIRUFHVDSSOLHG
%DOODVWHGWUDFN
7KHUHVLVWDQFHWRORQJLWXGLQDOGLVSODFHPHQWGHSHQGVRQWKHIROORZLQJ
7KHUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHUDLOWRGLVSODFHPHQWUHODWLYHWRWKHVOHHSHU7KLVUHVLVWDQFHLVSURYLGHGE\WKH
UDLOIDVWHQLQJDQGLWVPDJQLWXGHGHSHQGVRQWKHHIILFLHQF\RIWKHFODPSLQJDFWLRQ
7KHUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHVOHHSHUUDLODVVHPEO\WRGLVSODFHPHQWUHODWLYHWRWKHGHFN7KLVUHVLVWDQFHLV
SURYLGHGE\WKHWHQGHQF\RIWKHEDOODVWWRUHVLVWDQ\PRYHPHQWRIWKHVOHHSHUDQGE\WKHIULFWLRQ
EHWZHHQEDOODVWDQGGHFN
)RUXQORDGHGEDOODVWHGWUDFNWKHVHFRQGRIWKHVHIDFWRUVLVIDUOHVVVLJQLILFDQWWKDQWKHIRUPHU
*HQHUDOSULQFLSOHVJRYHUQLQJWUDFNEHKDYLRXU
7KHUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHWUDFNWRORQJLWXGLQDOGLVSODFHPHQWVLVDIXQFWLRQRIWKHGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHUDLO
UHODWLYHWRLWVVXSSRUWLQJVWUXFWXUH7KLVUHVLVWDQFHLQFUHDVHVUDSLGO\ZKLOHWKHGLVSODFHPHQWUHPDLQV
ORZEXWUHPDLQVYLUWXDOO\FRQVWDQWRQFHWKHGLVSODFHPHQWKDVUHDFKHGDFHUWDLQPDJQLWXGH
)LJ VKRZV WKH UHVLVWDQFH RI WKH WUDFN WR ORQJLWXGLQDO GLVSODFHPHQW DV D IXQFWLRQ RI WKH DERYH
GLVSODFHPHQW
Resistance of the
track, k
Scatter range of curves
Theoretical relationship
(bilinear)
)LJ/RQJLWXGLQDOUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHWUDFNDVDIXQFWLRQRIORQJLWXGLQDOGLVSODFHPHQW
7KHUHVLVWDQFHWRORQJLWXGLQDOGLVSODFHPHQWLVKLJKHURQORDGHGWUDFNWKDQRQXQORDGHG
5
7KHUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHUDLOVWRORQJLWXGLQDOGLVSODFHPHQWUHODWLYHWRWKHVOHHSHUVLVWKHGHWHUPLQLQJIDFWRU
ZKHQWKHEDOODVWLVIUR]HQDQGLQWKHFDVHRIXQEDOODVWHGWUDFNVHH3RLQW SDJH
%LOLQHDUEHKDYLRXURIWKHWUDFN
Resistance k
of the track
Resistance of sleeper in ballast only (loaded track)
Displacement u
⇒ u0 ⇒
)LJ5HVLVWDQFHNRIWKHWUDFNSHUXQLWOHQJWKDVDIXQFWLRQRIWKHORQJLWXGLQDO
GLVSODFHPHQWXRIWKHUDLOV
7KH ELOLQHDU IXQFWLRQ DOORZV WKH UHVLVWDQFH RI WKH WUDFN WR EH UHSUHVHQWHG WR D OHYHO RI SUHFLVLRQ
VXIILFLHQWIRUFDOFXODWLRQSXUSRVHV
7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQUHVLVWDQFHDQGGLVSODFHPHQWYDULHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHW\SHRIWUDFNVWUXFWXUH
DQGPDLQWHQDQFHSURFHGXUHVDGRSWHG
7KHFRQYHQWLRQDOYDOXHVDVVXPHGIRUEDOODVWHGWUDFNZLWKUHIHUHQFHWR)LJDUHDVIROORZV
'LVSODFHPHQWXREHWZHHQHODVWLFDQGSODVWLF]RQHV
1% 6RPHUDLOZD\VDGRSWRWKHUYDOXHVIRUXRIRUWKHEDOODVWDORQHHJ16XVHVPP
5
&XUUHQWYDOXHVRIUHVLVWDQFHNLQWKHSODVWLF]RQH
N N1P 5HVLVWDQFHRIORDGHGWUDFNRUWUDFNZLWKIUR]HQEDOODVW
8QEDOODVWHGWUDFN
7KHELOLQHDUIXQFWLRQDOVRDSSOLHVLQWKHFDVHRIUDLOIDVWHQHGGLUHFWO\XVLQJUDLOIDVWHQLQJV,QWKLVFDVH
WKHGLVSODFHPHQWXRDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHSODVWLF]RQHLVPPDQGWKHUHVLVWDQFHNLVN1P
IRUXQORDGHGWUDFNDQGN1PIRUORDGHGWUDFN
7KHVSHFLDOFDVHRIUDLOHPEHGGHGLQUHVLQPD\EHGHDOWZLWKE\DGRSWLQJDOLQHDUUHODWLRQZLWKRXWD
SODVWLF]RQHZLWKWKHIROORZLQJYDOXHVIRUUHVLVWDQFHN
%HKDYLRXURIWKHEULGJH
,QRUGHUWRVWXG\WKHWUDFNEULGJHLQWHUDFWLRQRQWKHEULGJHVLGHWKHIROORZLQJDVSHFWVKDYHWREHWDNHQ
LQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ
7KHVWDWLFDUUDQJHPHQWRIWKHEULGJH
7KHEHKDYLRXURIWKHEHDULQJV
7KHEHKDYLRXURIWKHVXSSRUWV
7KHWRWDOVXSSRUWVWLIIQHVV
7KHEHQGLQJEHKDYLRXURIWKHGHFN
6WDWLFDUUDQJHPHQW
7KHVWDWLFDUUDQJHPHQWRIDEULGJHLVGHILQHGE\WKHQXPEHURIGHFNVWKHQXPEHURIVXSSRUWVSHUGHFN
LQFOXGLQJDQ\VKDUHGVXSSRUWVWKHSRVLWLRQVRIIL[HGDQGPRYDEOHVXSSRUWVWKHVSDQOHQJWKVWKH
H[SDQVLRQ OHQJWKV DQG WKH SRVLWLRQV RI WKH UDLO H[SDQVLRQ GHYLFHV LI DQ\ 7KH PRVW XVXDO VWDWLF
DUUDQJHPHQWVDUHVKRZQLQ)LJVHHSDJH
5
a)
Simply-supported deck / no rail expansion device Simply-supported deck / with rail expansion device
b)
Continuous deck / no rail expansion device Continuous deck / with rail expansion device
fixed support at one end fixed support at one end
c)
Continuous deck / no rail expansion device Continuous deck / with rail expansion device
fixed intermediate support fixed intermediate support
d)
)LJ2XWOLQHVRIWKHPRVWXVXDOVWDWLFDUUDQJHPHQWV
%HKDYLRXURIWKHVXSSRUWV
%HKDYLRXURIWKHEHDULQJV
7KHW\SHVRIEHDULQJVXVHGDQGWKHLUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVKDYHDPDMRUHIIHFWRQWKHUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHGHFN
WRGLVSODFHPHQW,QJHQHUDOWKHVWLIIQHVVRIDPRYLQJEHDULQJLVXVXDOO\LJQRUHG)RUPRUHDFFXUDWH
FDOFXODWLRQV DQG LQWKH FDVHRIDPRYLQJ EHDULQJZLWKDFHUWDLQGHJUHH RIHODVWLFVWLIIQHVVHJ DQ
HODVWRPHU EHDULQJ WKH VWLIIQHVV RI WKH EHDULQJ VKRXOG EH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW VHH 3RLQW
SDJH
7KHYDOXHRIWKHFRHIILFLHQWRIIULFWLRQPD\YDU\IURPWR
5HVLVWDQFHRIWKHVXSSRUWVWRKRUL]RQWDOGLVSODFHPHQW
7KHVWLIIQHVV.RIWKHVXSSRUWLQFOXGLQJLWVIRXQGDWLRQWRGLVSODFHPHQWDORQJWKHORQJLWXGLQDOD[LVRI
WKHEULGJHLVJLYHQE\
+ [ N1 ]
.
Sd L [ FP ]
5
:LWK dL dSdf dKdD
:KHUH d
S
WKHGLVSODFHPHQWDWWKHKHDGRIWKHVXSSRUWGXHWRHODVWLFGHIRUPDWLRQ
df WKHGLVSODFHPHQWDWWKHKHDGRIWKHVXSSRUWGXHWRURWDWLRQRIWKHIRXQGDWLRQ
RUIRXQGDWLRQVODE
d
K
WKH GLVSODFHPHQW RI WKH VXSSRUW GXH WR WKH KRUL]RQWDO PRYHPHQW RI WKH
IRXQGDWLRQ
d
D
WKHUHODWLYHGLVSODFHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHXSSHUDQGORZHUSDUWVRIWKHEHDULQJ
7KHYDOXHRIWKHGLVSODFHPHQWFRPSRQHQWLVGHWHUPLQHGDWWKHOHYHORIWKHEHDULQJRUDWWKHOHYHODW
ZKLFKRWKHUVWUXFWXUDODVVHPEOLHVDUHFRQQHFWHGWRWKHVXSSRUWVDVVKRZQLQ)LJEHORZ
)LJ)DFWRUVLQIOXHQFLQJVXSSRUWVWLIIQHVV.
)RXQGDWLRQVWLIIQHVV
:KHQFDOFXODWLQJWKHVWLIIQHVVRIWKHIRXQGDWLRQVLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRVHOHFWWKHPRGXOXVRIHODVWLFLW\
DSSURSULDWH WR WKH YDULRXV ORDG FDVHV WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQV EUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQ WDNLQJ LQWR
DFFRXQWWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGJHRWHFKQLFDOSDUDPHWHUVRIWKHVLWH
7KH VWDWLF PRGXOXV RI HODVWLFLW\ LV XVHG ZKHQ FDOFXODWLQJ WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQV DQG WKH G\QDPLF
PRGXOXVZKHQFDOFXODWLQJWKHHIIHFWVRIEUDNLQJDQGDFFHOHUDWLRQ
7RWDOVXSSRUWVWLIIQHVV
8VXDOO\ IRU EUDNLQJ DFWLRQV FDOFXODWLRQV RI WRWDO VXSSRUW VWLIIQHVV VKRXOG WDNH DFFRXQW RI WKH
FRQWULEXWLRQVRIDOOVXSSRUWVWKDWUHVLVWWKHORQJLWXGLQDOGLVSODFHPHQW
,Q PRVW FDVHV RQH VLQJOH IL[HG VXSSRUW LV FRQVLGHUHG :KHQ WKHUH DUH PRUH WKDQ RQH VXSSRUWV
FRQWULEXWLQJWRWKHWRWDOVWLIIQHVVWKHVXPRIWKHLUFRQWULEXWLRQVVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG,QWKHFDVHRI
VOLGLQJEHDULQJVZLWKIULFWLRQSRLQWSDJH VKRXOGEHDSSOLHG,QFDVHRIHODVWLFEHDULQJVWKH
WRWDOVXSSRUWVWLIIQHVVLVWKHVXPRIWKHVWLIIQHVVRIDOOWKHVXSSRUWVDQGWKHORFDWLRQRIWKHHIIHFWLYH
UHVXOWLQJIL[HGSRLQWVKRXOGEHGHWHUPLQHG
5
7KHWRWDOVWLIIQHVV.WRWLVWKXVJLYHQE\Ê.LÊ)IMN1FPZKHUH.LLVWKHVWLIIQHVVRIWKHVXSSRUWV
ZLWKIL[HGRUHODVWRPHUEHDULQJVDQG)IMLVWKHIULFWLRQUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHPRYDEOHEHDULQJV
%HQGLQJEHKDYLRXURIWKHGHFN
9HUWLFDOWUDIILFORDGVRQWKHEULGJHJHQHUDWHODUJHWUDFNEULGJHLQWHUDFWLRQIRUFHVDVDUHVXOWRIGHFN
EHQGLQJZKLFKFDXVHVORQJLWXGLQDOGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHXSSHUHGJHRIWKHGHFNHQG7KHLQWHUDFWLRQ
HIIHFWVGHSHQGSULPDULO\RQWKHIOH[LELOLW\RIWKHGHFNDQGRQWKHSRVLWLRQRILWVQHXWUDOD[LVEXWDUHDOVR
LQIOXHQFHGE\WKHVWLIIQHVVRIWKHIL[HGHODVWLFVXSSRUWDQGE\WKHKHLJKWRIWKHGHFN
+RUL]RQWDOGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHGHFNGXHWRWUDIILFORDGVUHPDLQVFRQVWDQWZKHQFRQVLGHUHGDORQJWKH
QHXWUDOD[LVEXWYDULHVZKHQPHDVXUHGDWWKHXSSHUSDUWRIWKHVODEVXSSRUWLQJWKHWUDFN7KHIOH[LELOLW\
RIWKHIL[HGVXSSRUWUHGXFHVWKHGLVSODFHPHQWVPHDVXUHGDERYHE\DFRQVWDQWDPRXQWHTXDOWRWKH
EDFNZDUGGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHVXSSRUW
7KHVH GLVSODFHPHQWV ZKLFK UHVXOW LQ LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH GHFN DQG WKH WUDFN JHQHUDWH ODUJH
IRUFHVLQWKHWUDFNDQGWKHVXSSRUWV)LJEHORZJLYHVDGHWDLOHGGLDJUDPRIWKHVLWXDWLRQ
)LJ(IIHFWRIGHFNEHQGLQJRQWKHHQGVHFWLRQV
$FWLRQVWREHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW
,QWURGXFWLRQ
7KHFDVHVWKDWFRXOGOHDGWRLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVDUHWKRVHWKDWFDXVHUHODWLYHGLVSODFHPHQWEHWZHHQ
WKHWUDFNDQGWKHGHFN
7KHFDVHVFRQFHUQHGDUHDVIROORZV
7KHWKHUPDOH[SDQVLRQRIWKHGHFNRQO\LQWKHFDVHRI&:5RUWKHWKHUPDOH[SDQVLRQRIWKHGHFN
DQGRIWKHUDLOZKHQHYHUDUDLOH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHLVSUHVHQW
+RUL]RQWDOEUDNLQJDQGDFFHOHUDWLRQIRUFHV
5RWDWLRQRIWKHGHFNRQLWVVXSSRUWVDVDUHVXOWRIWKHGHFNEHQGLQJXQGHUYHUWLFDOWUDIILFORDGV
'HIRUPDWLRQRIWKHFRQFUHWHVWUXFWXUHGXHWRFUHHSDQGVKULQNDJH
5
/RQJLWXGLQDOGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHVXSSRUWVXQGHUWKHLQIOXHQFHRIWKHWKHUPDOJUDGLHQW
'HIRUPDWLRQRIWKHVWUXFWXUHGXHWRWKHYHUWLFDOWHPSHUDWXUHJUDGLHQW
,QPRVWFDVHVWKHILUVWWKUHHHIIHFWVDUHRIPDMRULPSRUWDQFHIRUEULGJHGHVLJQ7KHHIIHFWVDUHDGGHG
LQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHUXOHVVHWRXWEHORZ(DFKORDGFDVHLVDOVRGLVFXVVHGLQDODWHUSDUDJUDSK
$FWLRQVGXHWRFKDQJHVLQWHPSHUDWXUH
7KHIROORZLQJDVSHFWVRIWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG
&KDQJHVLQWKHXQLIRUPFRPSRQHQWRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHZKLFKFDXVHVDFKDQJHLQOHQJWKLQDIUHH
PRYLQJVWUXFWXUH
'LIIHUHQFHVLQWHPSHUDWXUHEHWZHHQWKHGHFNDQGWKHUDLOVLQWKHFDVHRIWUDFNZLWKDQH[SDQVLRQ
GHYLFH
7KH UHIHUHQFH WHPSHUDWXUH IRU D EULGJH LV WKH WHPSHUDWXUH RI WKH GHFN ZKHQ WKH UDLO LV IL[HG 7KH
WHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHEULGJHGRHVQRWGHYLDWHIURPWKHUHIHUHQFHWHPSHUDWXUHE\PRUHWKDQ &DQG
WKH WHPSHUDWXUH RI WKH UDLO GRHV QRW GHYLDWH E\ PRUH WKDQ & 7KH GLIIHUHQFH LQ WHPSHUDWXUH
EHWZHHQGHFNDQGWUDFNGRHVQRWH[FHHG &LQWKHFDVHRIWUDFNZLWKDQH[SDQVLRQGHYLFH
,QWKHFDVHRI&:5DYDULDWLRQLQWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHWUDFNGRHVQRWFDXVHDGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKH
WUDFNDQGWKXVWKHUHLVQRLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWGXHWRWKHYDULDWLRQLQWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHWUDFN
$FWLRQVGXHWREUDNLQJDQGDFFHOHUDWLRQ
7KHEUDNLQJDQGDFFHOHUDWLRQIRUFHV)5DSSOLHGDWWKHWRSRIWKHUDLODUHDVVXPHGWREHGLVWULEXWHG
HYHQO\RYHUWKHOHQJWKXQGHUFRQVLGHUDWLRQ/IZLWKWKHIROORZLQJVWDQGDUGYDOXHV
TOEN N1PSHUWUDFNIRUGHVLJQEDVHGRQORDGPRGHO6:
:KHQXVLQJORDGPRGHO6:RQO\WKHOHQJWKRIWKHORDGVRQWKHVWUXFWXUHLVWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW
7KHVHVWDQGDUGYDOXHVDUHXVHGIRUDOOW\SHVRIWUDFN&:5RUMRLQWHGZLWKDQGZLWKRXWDQH[SDQVLRQ
GHYLFH
)RU OLQHV UHVWULFWHG WR VSHFLILF W\SHV RI WUDIILF LW LV SRVVLEOH WR XVH EUDNLQJ DQG DFFHOHUDWLRQ IRUFHV
HTXLYDOHQWWRRIWKHD[OHORDGLPSRVHGE\WKHYHKLFOHVFRQFHUQHGVWLOOXVLQJWKHPD[LPXPYDOXHV
PHQWLRQHGDERYH
7KHEUDNLQJDQGDFFHOHUDWLRQIRUFHVDUHWREHFRPELQHGZLWKWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJYHUWLFDOORDGV
,QWKHFDVHRIDEULGJHFDUU\LQJWZRRUPRUHWUDFNVWKHDFFHOHUDWLRQIRUFHVRQRQHWUDFNDUHWREH
DGGHGWRWKHEUDNLQJIRUFHVRQWKHRWKHU2QO\WZRWUDFNVQHHGWREHFRQVLGHUHG
5
$FWLRQVGXHWREHQGLQJRIWKHGHFN
9HUWLFDOWUDIILFORDGVFDXVHWKHGHFNWREHQGZKLFKLQWXUQFDXVHVURWDWLRQRIWKHHQGVHFWLRQVDQG
GLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHXSSHUHGJHRIWKHGHFNHQGDVH[SODLQHGLQSRLQWSDJH 7KHORDGVPD\
EHDSSOLHGWRWKHGHFNWRWKHHPEDQNPHQWDWERWKHQGVRIWKHGHFNRUWRWKHHPEDQNPHQWDWRQHHQG
RQO\DQGWKHURWDWLRQDQGGLVSODFHPHQWSKHQRPHQDDSSO\ERWKWRWKHRUHWLFDOORDGWUDLQVDQGDFWXDO
VSHFLILFWUDLQV
7KHVHSKHQRPHQDQHHGWREHFRQVLGHUHGIRUERWKGHFNHQGV7KHHIIHFWVLQWKHFDVHRIDWKURXJK
JLUGHUEULGJHGLIIHUIURPWKRVHREVHUYHGRQDGHFNVODEEULGJH
&RQVHTXHQFHVIRUWKHEULGJHDQGIRUWKHWUDFN
7KH SKHQRPHQD GHVFULEHG LQ WKH SUHYLRXV DUWLFOHV QHHG YHULILFDWLRQV WR EH PDGH FRQFHUQLQJ WKH
EULGJHDQGWKHWUDFN7KHGLIIHUHQWFULWHULDWREHVDWLVILHGDUHGHWDLOHGLQWKHIROORZLQJSRLQWV
&RPELQLQJWKHORDGFDVHHIIHFWV
)RUWKHFDOFXODWLRQRIWKHWRWDOVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQDQGLQRUGHUWRFRPSDUHWKHJOREDOVWUHVVLQWKHUDLO
ZLWKWKHSHUPLVVLEOHYDOXHVHWE\HDFKUDLOZD\WKHJOREDOHIIHFWÊ5LVFDOFXODWHGDVIROORZV
7KHYDOXHVRIWKHFRHIILFLHQWVIRUWKHVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQVabDQGgDUHFRPELQDWLRQIDFWRUV
)RUWKHFDOFXODWLRQRIWKHJOREDOYDOXHVRIUDLOVWUHVVHVDQGGLVSODFHPHQWVabDQGgDOOKDYHWKH
YDOXH IRUFRQWLQXRXVRUVLPSO\VXSSRUWHGGHFNV
3HUPLVVLEOHDGGLWLRQDOVWUHVVHVLQFRQWLQXRXVZHOGHGUDLORQWKHEULGJH
7KHRUHWLFDOVWDELOLW\FDOFXODWLRQVRQ8,&&:5RIDVWHHOJUDGHJLYLQJDWOHDVW1PPVWUHQJWK
PLQLPXP FXUYH UDGLXV P ODLG RQ EDOODVWHG WUDFN ZLWK FRQFUHWH VOHHSHUV DQG FRQVROLGDWHG
! FP GHHS EDOODVW ZHOO FRQVROLGDWHG EDOODVW JLYH D WRWDO SRVVLEOH YDOXH IRU WKH LQFUHDVH RI UDLO
VWUHVVHVGXHWRWKHWUDFNEULGJHLQWHUDFWLRQ
7KHPD[LPXPSHUPLVVLEOHDGGLWLRQDOFRPSUHVVLYHUDLOVWUHVVLV1PP
7KHPD[LPXPSHUPLVVLEOHDGGLWLRQDOWHQVLOHUDLOVWUHVVLV1PP
,QFDVHRI RWKHU UDLOV WKDQ 8,& WKH SHUPLVVLEOHDGGLWLRQDO FRPSUHVVLRQ DQG WHQVLOH UDLOVWUHVVHV
VKRXOGEHVSHFLILHGE\WKHUHOHYDQWDXWKRULW\
$EVROXWHDQGUHODWLYHGLVSODFHPHQW
/LPLWV KDYHWR EH SODFHG RQ WKH GLVSODFHPHQW RI WKH GHFN DQG WUDFN LQRUGHU WR SUHYHQWH[FHVVLYH
GHFRQVROLGDWLRQRIWKHEDOODVWEHFDXVHLIWKLVZHUHWRRFFXUWKHFRQGLWLRQVPHQWLRQHGLQWKHSUHYLRXV
VHFWLRQ PLJKW QR ORQJHU EH PHW 7KH GLVSODFHPHQW OLPLWV DOVR SOD\ D UROH LQ OLPLWLQJ LQGLUHFWO\ WKH
DGGLWLRQDOORQJLWXGLQDOVWUHVVLQWKHUDLOV
5
7KHVHOLPLWVDUHDVIROORZV
7KHPD[LPXPSHUPLVVLEOHGLVSODFHPHQWEHWZHHQUDLODQGGHFNRUHPEDQNPHQWXQGHUEUDNLQJDQG
RUDFFHOHUDWLRQIRUFHVLVPP
)RUWKHVDPHEUDNLQJDQGRUDFFHOHUDWLRQIRUFHVWKHPD[LPXPDEVROXWHKRUL]RQWDOGLVSODFHPHQW
RI WKH GHFN dDEV LV PP LI WKH UDLOV UXQ DFURVV RQH RU ERWK HQGV RI WKH EULGJHHPEDQNPHQW
WUDQVLWLRQ
,QWKHFDVHRI&:5RQEDOODVWHGWUDFNZLWKH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHVWKHPD[LPXPSHUPLVVLEOHDEVROXWH
KRUL]RQWDOGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHGHFNXQGHUWKHVDPHORDGVLV PP
(QGURWDWLRQVRIWKHGHFN
7KHHQGURWDWLRQRIDEULGJHGHFNGXHWRWUDIILFORDGVLVDQLPSRUWDQWIDFWRUIRUGHWHUPLQLQJVDWLVIDFWRU\
WUDFNEULGJHLQWHUDFWLRQEHKDYLRXU,QRUGHUWRGHWHUPLQHDQDSSURSULDWHOLPLWWRWKHHQGURWDWLRQRID
EULGJH GHFN LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR FRQVLGHU DOVR RWKHU FULWHULD VXFK DV G\QDPLF HIIHFWV EDOODVW
PDLQWHQDQFHDQGSDVVHQJHUFRPIRUW
8QGHUYHUWLFDOORDGWKHGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHXSSHUHGJHRIWKHGHFNHQGPXVWDOVREHOLPLWHGLQ
RUGHUWRPDLQWDLQEDOODVWVWDELOLW\2EYLRXVO\WKHHIIHFWVRIWKLVGLVSODFHPHQWPXVWEHDGGHGWRWKH
HIIHFWV RI WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQ DQG RI EUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQ 7KLV OLPLW UHVXOWV LQ D PD[LPXP
SHUPLVVLEOHYDOXHIRUGHFNHQGURWDWLRQ
,QWKHFDVHRI&:5RQEDOODVWHGWUDFNWKHSHUPLVVLEOHGLVSODFHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHWRSRIWKHGHFN
HQG DQG WKH HPEDQNPHQW RU EHWZHHQ WKH WRS RI WZR FRQVHFXWLYH GHFN HQGV GXH WR YHUWLFDO
EHQGLQJLV
dq+ PPLQWKHWKUHHFDVHV
)RUDVLQJOHWUDFNGHFNWKLVURWDWLRQLVGHWHUPLQHGXQGHUWKHHIIHFWRID/0PXOWLSOLHGE\WKH
FRUUHVSRQGLQJG\QDPLFIDFWRU)RUDPXOWLSOHWUDFNGHFNDPD[LPXPRIWZRWUDFNVDUHORDGHG
7KH PD[LPXP YHUWLFDO GLVSODFHPHQW RI WKH XSSHU VXUIDFH RI WKH HQG RI D GHFN UHODWLYH WR WKH
DGMDFHQWFRQVWUXFWLRQKDVWREHOLPLWHG7KHSHUPLVVLEOHYDOXHVKRXOGEHVSHFLILHGE\WKHUHOHYDQW
DXWKRULW\
6XSSRUWUHDFWLRQV
7KHLQWHUDFWLRQDVGHVFULEHGLQWKLVSDUW$UHVXOWVLQKRUL]RQWDOVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQVDWWKHIL[HGHODVWLF
VXSSRUWV DQG WKHVH PXVW EH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW DORQJ ZLWK FRQYHQWLRQDO VXSSRUW UHDFWLRQV ZKHQ
FDOFXODWLQJWKHVWUXFWXUHDQGVXSSRUWV
5DLOH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHV
,WLVSUHIHUDEOHWRDYRLGH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHVLQWKHWUDFNEXWRQHVKRXOGDOZD\VEHLQVHUWHGDWWKHIUHH
HQGRIWKHGHFNLIWKHWRWDODGGLWLRQDOUDLOVWUHVVRUWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGGLVSODFHPHQWVH[FHHGWKH
SHUPLVVLEOHYDOXHV
8VLQJWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIORFDWLQJWKHIL[HGVXSSRUWDWWKHPLGGOHRIWKHGHFNLWLVSRVVLEOHWRLQFUHDVH
WKHOHQJWKRIDVLQJOHGHFNFDUU\LQJ&:5VHHKHUHLQDIWHU
5
*HQHUDOO\ VSHDNLQJ WKLV SURRI ZLOO OHDG WR WKH IROORZLQJ FRQFOXVLRQ ZKLFK VKRXOG EH YHULILHG WKH
PD[LPXPH[SDQVLRQOHQJWKRIDVLQJOHGHFNFDUU\LQJ&:5ZLWKRXWH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHZLOOEH
PIRUVWHHOVWUXFWXUHVFDUU\LQJEDOODVWHGWUDFNPD[LPXPOHQJWKRIGHFNZLWKIL[HGEHDULQJLQWKH
PLGGOHP
PIRUVWUXFWXUHVLQFRQFUHWHRUVWHHOZLWKFRQFUHWHVODEFDUU\LQJEDOODVWHGWUDFNPD[LPXPOHQJWK
RIGHFNZLWKIL[HGEHDULQJLQWKHPLGGOHP
,QWKHFDVHRIXQEDOODVWHGWUDFNDVSHFLILFHYDOXDWLRQVKRXOGEHGRQH
(YHQZKHQWKHFDOFXODWHGVWUHVVHVDQGGLVSODFHPHQWVGRQRWH[FHHGWKHSHUPLVVLEOHYDOXHVLWPD\
EHQHFHVVDU\WRILWDQH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHLQWKHWUDFN7KLVLVWKHFDVHZKHQWKHGDLO\YDULDWLRQRIWKH
OHQJWK RI WKH GHFN H[FHHGV WKH SHUPLVVLEOH YDOXHV WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH WUDFN PDLQWHQDQFH
FRQGLWLRQVSHUPLVVLEOHD/WREHGHILQHGE\HDFKUDLOZD\JHQHUDOO\EHWZHHQDQGPP
7KH FDOFXODWLRQV DUH PDGH XVLQJ D SUHFLVH WUDFN DUUDQJHPHQW &:5 H[SDQVLRQ GHYLFHV MRLQWV
:KHQ IRU DQ\ UHDVRQ IRU H[DPSOH PDLQWHQDQFH ZRUNV FRQVLVWLQJ RI VHYHULQJ &:5 WKLV WUDFN
DUUDQJHPHQW LV PRGLILHG WKH VHUYLFH FRQGLWLRQV RQ WKH EULGJH VKRXOG EH UHYLHZHG SURKLELWLRQ RI
EUDNLQJIRUH[DPSOHWKHEHDULQJVFRXOGDOVREHPRGLILHG
$QHZDQDO\VLVRIWKHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVVKRXOGEHPDGHZKHQWKHIXQFWLRQLQJRIWKHEHDULQJVDQG
RURIWKHVXSSRUWVLVFKDQJHG
&DOFXODWLRQVXVLQJWKHOHDIOHW
)RUGLPHQVLRQLQJWKHVWUXFWXUHIURPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIWUDFNEULGJHLQWHUDFWLRQWKUHHGLIIHUHQWVWHSV
RIFDOFXODWLRQVFDQEHXVHG
7KHSUHGLPHQVLRQLQJPHWKRGGHVFULEHGLQSRLQWSDJH DPHWKRGXVLQJWKHWRROVJLYHQLQ
SRLQWVSDJH DQGSDJH DQGWKHFRPSXWHUFDOFXODWLRQVGHVFULEHGLQSRLQWSDJH
3UHGLPHQVLRQLQJPHWKRG
:KHQFDOFXODWLQJWKHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVWKHVWLIIQHVVRIWKHVXSSRUWLVRQHRIWKHNH\SDUDPHWHUV7KH
VWLIIQHVV RI WKH VXSSRUW GHSHQGV XSRQ WKH VXSSRUW GHVLJQ DQG WKLV GHVLJQ GHSHQGV DPRQJ RWKHU
FRQVLGHUDWLRQV RQ WKH KRUL]RQWDO IRUFH RQ WKH VXSSRUW ,Q RUGHU WR REWDLQ DQ LQLWLDO HVWLPDWH RI WKH
KRUL]RQWDOIRUFHLQWKHVXSSRUWGXHWREUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQWKHIROORZLQJPHWKRGFDQEHXVHG
)RU EULGJHV FDUU\LQJ EDOODVWHG WUDFN ZLWK IL[HG VXSSRUW DW RQH HQG DQG ZLWK RU ZLWKRXW H[SDQVLRQ
GHYLFH DW WKH IUHH HQG WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLF EUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQ IRUFH WUDQVIHUUHG E\ WKH GHFN WR WKH
EHDULQJVLVWKHWRWDOEUDNLQJWUDFWLRQIRUFHDSSOLHGWRWKHUDLORYHUWKHEULGJHPXOWLSOLHGE\WKHUHGXFWLRQ
FRHIILFLHQWbJLYHQRQWKHQH[WSDJHDQGWKHPLQLPXPVWLIIQHVVRIWKHVXSSRUWPXVWEH.!b/
LQN1PP
5
7DEOH5HGXFWLRQFRHIILFLHQWVbIRUREWDLQLQJWKHSDUWRIWKHKRUL]RQWDOIRUFHRQWKHUDLOWUDQVIHUUHG
WRWKHVXSSRUWV
7KH WDEOH UHIHUV WR FRQWLQXRXV WUDFN RQO\ ,I IRU DQ\ UHDVRQ WKH FRQWLQXLW\ RI WKH WUDFN ZHUH WR EH
LQWHUUXSWHGPRGLILFDWLRQRIWKHWUDFNIRUPRUUDLOEUHDNDJHQHZDUUDQJHPHQWVPXVWEHPDGH7KH
UHVLVWDQFHRIWKHVXSSRUWVDQGRIWKHEHDULQJVXQGHUWKHQHZIRUFHVWUDQVPLWWHGE\WKHWUDFNVKRXOG
EHYHULILHGLQSDUWLFXODU
)RUEULGJHVFDUU\LQJWUDFNZLWKDQH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHDWERWKHQGVRIWKHGHFNWKHFRHIILFLHQWbLVHTXDO
WR
'HVLJQPHWKRGXVLQJ3RLQWVDQGRIWKHOHDIOHW
)RUVWUXFWXUHVFRQVLVWLQJRIRQHGHFNWKHYDOXHVRIWKHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVFDQEHFDOFXODWHGE\XVLQJ
WKHGHVLJQJUDSKVLQ$SSHQGLFHV$SDJH DQG%SDJH DQGWKHIRUPXODHJLYHQLQSRLQW
SDJH
7KHGHVLJQJUDSKVDQGIRUPXODHUHIHUWRVLQJOHWUDFNVWUXFWXUHVFRQVLVWLQJRIRQHVLPSO\VXSSRUWHG
EULGJHGHFNZLWKDIL[HGEHDULQJDWRQHHQG
3RLQW DOVRFRQWDLQVUXOHVWRHYDOXDWHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVLQVLQJOHGHFNEULGJHVZKLFKGLIIHUIURPWKH
VWDQGDUGWZRWUDFNVFRQWLQXRXVGHFNVHWF
5
7KHFULWHULDWREHVDWLVILHGIRUWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRISRLQWSDJH DUHWKHIROORZLQJ
,QWKHFDVHRIFRQWLQXRXVZHOGHGUDLO
7KHPD[LPXPSHUPLVVLEOHDGGLWLRQDOFRPSUHVVLYHUDLOVWUHVVGXHWRWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQRIWKH
GHFNEUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQDQGGHFNHQGURWDWLRQHYDOXDWHGIURPWKHGLDJUDPVDQGZLWKUHIHUHQFH
WRSRLQWSDJH LV1PPsUDLO1PP
7KH PD[LPXP SHUPLVVLEOH DEVROXWH KRUL]RQWDO GLVSODFHPHQW RI WKH GHFN GXH WR EUDNLQJ
DFFHOHUDWLRQHYDOXDWHGZLWK)VXSSRUWLVVXHGIURPWKHGLDJUDPVDQG.VXSSRUWLVPPdDEV PP
7KH PD[LPXP SHUPLVVLEOH DEVROXWH KRUL]RQWDO GLVSODFHPHQW RI WKH WRS RI WKH GHFNHQGV GXH WR
YHUWLFDOEHQGLQJLQFOXGLQJWKHG\QDPLFIDFWRUDQGFDOFXODWHGZLWKRXWFRQVLGHULQJDQ\LQWHUDFWLRQ
LVPPdq+PP
,QWKHFDVHRIDGHFNFDUU\LQJ&:5ZLWKDQH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHDWRQHHQG
7KH PD[LPXP SHUPLVVLEOH DEVROXWH KRUL]RQWDO GLVSODFHPHQW RI WKH GHFN GXH WR EUDNLQJ
DFFHOHUDWLRQLVPPdDEVPP
7KHPD[LPXPSHUPLVVLEOHDEVROXWHKRUL]RQWDOGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHWRSRIWKHGHFNHQGZLWKRXWWKH
H[SDQVLRQGHYLFHGXHWRYHUWLFDOEHQGLQJLVPPdq+PP
7KH PD[LPXP YHUWLFDO GLVSODFHPHQW RI WKH XSSHU VXUIDFH RI WKH HQG RI D GHFN UHODWLYH WR WKH
DGMDFHQWFRQVWUXFWLRQKDVWREHOLPLWHG7KHSHUPLVVLEOHYDOXHVKRXOGEHVSHFLILHGE\WKHUHOHYDQW
DXWKRULW\
,QWKHFDVHRIDGHFNFDUU\LQJDQH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHDWERWKHQGVRUZLWKMRLQWHGWUDFN
7KHPD[LPXPSHUPLVVLEOHDEVROXWHGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHGHFNGXHWREUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQLVPP
dDEVPP
7KHPD[LPXPOLIWLQJRIWKHWRSRIWKHGHFNHQGKDVWREHOLPLWHG7KHSHUPLVVLEOHYDOXHVKRXOGEH
VSHFLILHGE\WKHUHOHYDQWDXWKRULW\
7KHFULWHULDWREHVDWLVILHGDUHWKHVDPHDVPHQWLRQHGLQSRLQWSDJH IRUWKHSHUPLVVLEOH
DGGLWLRQDOWHQVLOHDQGFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHVVHVDVZHOODVIRUWKHGLIIHUHQWGLVSODFHPHQWV
7KH SHUPLVVLEOH GLVSODFHPHQW RI PP GXH WR EUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQ LV DOVR WR EH FRQVLGHUHG DV D
SHUPLVVLEOHUHODWLYHGLVSODFHPHQWEHWZHHQWZRFRQVHFXWLYHGHFNV
&DOFXODWLRQVZLWKDFRPSXWHUSURJUDP
9DOLGDWLRQRIWKHFRPSXWHUSURJUDP
&RPSXWHUSURJUDPVIRUWUDFNEULGJHLQWHUDFWLRQDQDO\VHVVKRXOGEHYDOLGDWHGEHIRUHXVHE\DQDO\VLQJ
WKHWHVWFDVHVUHSRUWHGLQ$SSHQGL['SDJH )RUWKHILUVWJURXSRIWHVWFDVHVWKHVROXWLRQLVDOVR
JLYHQLQWKLVOHDIOHWDVLWLVXVHIXOWRFDOLEUDWHVRPHVROXWLRQSDUDPHWHUV)RUWKHVHFRQGJURXSRIWHVW
FDVHVWKHVROXWLRQFDQEHREWDLQHGHLWKHUIURPWKH1DWLRQDO5DLOZD\$XWKRULW\RUIURP(55,
5
$VLQGLFDWHGLQSRLQWSDJH GLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIDQDO\VHVFDQEHPDGHDWGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVRI
DFFXUDF\7KHGLIIHUHQWW\SHVFDQEHJURXSHGLQWRWKHIROORZLQJWZRFDWHJRULHV
&RPSOHWHDQDO\VHVRIWKHVLPXOWDQHRXVHIIHFWVRIWKHUPDOYDULDWLRQVEUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQIRUFHV
YHUWLFDOGHIOHFWLRQV
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHFDSDELOLWLHVRIWKHFRPSXWHUSURJUDPHLWKHUWKHVLPSOLILHGRUWKHFRPSOHWHDQDO\VLV
FDQEHXVHG)RUWKLVUHDVRQERWKW\SHVRIDQDO\VLVKDYHEHHQFDUULHGRXWLQVROYLQJWKHWZRJURXSVRI
WHVWFDVHZKLFKDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ$SSHQGL['SDJH
$SURJUDPLVFRQVLGHUHGDVYDOLGDWHGZKHQWKHHUURURQWKHVLQJOHHIIHFWVDVZHOODVRQWKHRYHUDOO
HIIHFWLVOHVVWKDQZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJW\SHRIDQDO\VLVVXPRIWKHHIIHFWVRUJOREDO
HIIHFW/DUJHUWROHUDQFHVXSWRFDQEHDFFHSWHGLIWKHHUURULVRQWKHVDIHVLGH
&ULWHULDWREHPHW
7KHFULWHULDZKLFKKDYHWREHPHWLQWKHFDOFXODWLRQVGRQHZLWKDFRPSXWHUSURJUDPDUHWKHIROORZLQJ
,QWKHFDVHRIFRQWLQXRXVZHOGHGUDLO
7KHPD[LPXPSHUPLVVLEOHDGGLWLRQDOFRPSUHVVLYHUDLOVWUHVVGXHWRWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQRIWKH
GHFNEUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQDQGGHFNHQGURWDWLRQLV1PPsUDLO1PP
7KHPD[LPXPSHUPLVVLEOHDGGLWLRQDOWHQVLOHUDLOVWUHVVGXHWRWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQRIWKHGHFN
EUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQDQGGHFNHQGURWDWLRQLV1PPsUDLO 1PP
7KHPD[LPXPSHUPLVVLEOHUHODWLYHKRUL]RQWDOGLVSODFHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHGHFNDQGWKHUDLOGXHWR
EUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQLVPPdUHOPP
7KH PD[LPXP SHUPLVVLEOH DEVROXWH KRUL]RQWDO GLVSODFHPHQW RI WKH GHFN GXH WR EUDNLQJ
DFFHOHUDWLRQLVPPdDEVPP
7KHPD[LPXPSHUPLVVLEOHGLVSODFHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHWRSRIWKHGHFNHQGDQGWKHHPEDQNPHQWRU
EHWZHHQ WKH WRSV RI WZR FRQVHFXWLYH GHFNHQGV GXH WR YHUWLFDO EHQGLQJ LQFOXGLQJ WKH G\QDPLF
IDFWRULVPPd(q+PPZLWKLQWHUDFWLRQ
,QWKHFDVHRIDGHFNFDUU\LQJ&:5ZLWKDQH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHDWRQHHQG
7KHPD[LPXPSHUPLVVLEOHUHODWLYHKRUL]RQWDOGLVSODFHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHGHFNDQGWKHUDLOGXHWR
EUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQLVPPdUHOPP
7KH PD[LPXP SHUPLVVLEOH DEVROXWH KRUL]RQWDO GLVSODFHPHQW RI WKH GHFN GXH WR EUDNLQJ
DFFHOHUDWLRQLVPPdDEVPP
:KHUHWKHUHLVQRH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHWKHPD[LPXPSHUPLVVLEOHGLVSODFHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHWRSRI
WKH GHFNHQG DQG WKH HPEDQNPHQW RU EHWZHHQ WKH WRSV RI WZR FRQVHFXWLYH GHFNHQGV GXH WR
YHUWLFDOEHQGLQJLQFOXGLQJWKHG\QDPLFIDFWRULVPPd(q+PP
:KHUHDQH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHLVILWWHGWKHPD[LPXPOLIWLQJRIWKHWRSRIWKHGHFNHQGKDVWREHOLPLWHG
7KHSHUPLVVLEOHYDOXHVKRXOGEHVSHFLILHGE\WKHUHOHYDQWDXWKRULW\
,QWKHFDVHRIDGHFNFDUU\LQJWUDFNZLWKDQH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHDWERWKHQGVRUZLWKWUDFNZLWKMRLQWV
7KH PD[LPXP SHUPLVVLEOH DEVROXWH KRUL]RQWDO GLVSODFHPHQW RI WKH GHFN GXH WR EUDNLQJ
DFFHOHUDWLRQLVPPdDEVPP
7KHPD[LPXPSHUPLVVLEOHYHUWLFDOGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHXSSHUVXUIDFHRIWKHHQGRIDGHFNUHODWLYH
WRWKHDGMDFHQWFRQVWUXFWLRQKDVWREHOLPLWHG7KHSHUPLVVLEOHYDOXHVKRXOGEHVSHFLILHGE\WKH
UHOHYDQWDXWKRULW\
5
*HQHUDOUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRUFRPSXWHUDVVLVWHGLQWHUDFWLRQDQDO\VLV
7KHWUDFNVWUXFWXUHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVVKRXOGEHHYDOXDWHGLQWHUPVRIORQJLWXGLQDODFWLRQVFDUULHGE\
WKHVXSSRUWVUHDFWLRQVDWWKHIL[HGVXSSRUWVDGGLWLRQDOUDLOVWUHVVHVDVZHOODVDEVROXWHDQGUHODWLYH
GLVSODFHPHQWVRIWKHUDLOVDQGGHFNLQRUGHUWRGHWHUPLQHWKHTXDQWLWLHVWREHYHULILHGDFFRUGLQJWR
SRLQWSDJH
7KHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVVKRXOGEHHYDOXDWHGE\DVHULHVRIQRQOLQHDUVLPXODWLRQDQDO\VHVWRVWXG\WKH
EHKDYLRXURIWKHWUDFNEULGJHV\VWHPVXEMHFWHGWRWKHWKHUPDODFWLRQVRIWKHEULGJHGHFNDQGZKHUH
RQUDLOH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHLVILWWHGRIWKHUDLODVZHOODVWRWKHYHUWLFDOORDGVDQGWKHORQJLWXGLQDOEUDNLQJ
RUDFFHOHUDWLRQIRUFHV
7KHWUDFNVWUXFWXUHLQWHUDFWLRQVKRXOGEHFDOFXODWHGZLWKDVWUXFWXUDODUUDQJHPHQWRIWKHW\SHVKRZQ
LQ)LJWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQW
WKH EULGJH SDUDPHWHUV PHQWLRQHG LQ SRLQWV SDJH DQG SDJH VXFK DV VWDWLF
DUUDQJHPHQWRIWKHEULGJHJHRPHWU\RIWKHGHFNVDQGVXSSRUWVGHFNOHQJWKVVXSSRUWVSLHUEDVH
IRXQGDWLRQVDQGVRLOEHQGLQJVWLIIQHVVHVDQGKHLJKWRIWKHGHFNV
WKH ORDGV DQG LPSRVHG GLVSODFHPHQWV PHQWLRQHG LQ SRLQW SDJH VXFK DV WHPSHUDWXUH
YDULDWLRQRIWKHGHFNVWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQRIWKHUDLOVLQFDVHRIWUDFNZLWKH[SDQVLRQGHYLFH
EUDNLQJDQGDFFHOHUDWLRQYHUWLFDOEHQGLQJRIWKHGHFNVGXHWRWUDLQORDGV
5DLOH[SDQVLRQMRLQWLISUHVHQW
7UDFN
(PEDQNPHQW
1RQOLQHDUVSULQJVEDOODVWFRQQHFWLRQ
%ULGJHGHFN
)LJ6WUXFWXUDOGLDJUDPIRUWKHHYDOXDWLRQRIWUDFNEULGJHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWV
,QJHQHUDOWKHFHQWUHOLQHVRIWKHWUDFNDQGRIWKHGHFNVKRXOGEHORFDWHGLQWKHPRGHOH[DFWO\LQWKHLU
DFWXDOSRVLWLRQDVVKRZQLQ)LJVHHSDJH
6LPLODUO\WKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHFRQVWUDLQWVVKRXOGEHWKRVHRIWKHEHDULQJGHYLFHVVSHFLILFDOO\RIWKHLU
URWDWLRQFHQWUHLQFDVHRIIL[HGEHDULQJV
7KHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWUDFNHOHPHQWVDQGGHFNHOHPHQWVDVZHOODVEHWZHHQGHFNHOHPHQWVDQG
VXSSRUWVPD\EHPRGHOOHGXVLQJULJLGHOHPHQWV)RUVLPSOLFLW\WKHKHLJKWRIWKHWUDFNPD\EHWDNHQ
DVHTXDOWRWKHKHLJKWRIWKHWRSRIWKHGHFN)RUWKHWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQDQGEUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQ
5
ORDGFDVHVWKHGHFNVPD\EHPRGHOOHGZLWKRXWWDNLQJDFFRXQWRIWKHGLIIHUHQFHRIKHLJKWEHWZHHQWKH
WUDFNWKHWRSRIWKHGHFNDQGWKHWRSRIWKHEHDULQJV
,WLVQRWQHFHVVDU\WRFRQVLGHUDGHWDLOHGPRGHORIWKHVXEVWUXFWXUHEHDULQJSLHUIRXQGDWLRQV\VWHP
DQGEHDULQJDEXWPHQWIRXQGDWLRQV\VWHPVZKHQVWDQGDUGEULGJHVDUHFRQVLGHUHG
7KH KRUL]RQWDO IOH[LELOLW\ RI WKH VXEVWUXFWXUH HOHPHQWV SLHUV DEXWPHQWV PD\ WKHQ EH HYDOXDWHG
VHSDUDWHO\ DQG WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW ZKHQ GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH VWLIIQHVV RI WKH FRQVWUDLQWV VHH )LJ
SDJH DFFRUGLQJWRSRLQWSDJH 2QWKHFRQWUDU\WKHVXEVWUXFWXUHVKRXOGEHDFFXUDWHO\
PRGHOOHGIRUVSHFLDOEULGJHW\SHVVXFKDVDUFKEULGJHVFDEOHVWD\HGEULGJHVRUWUXVVEULGJHV
7UDFNUDLO
FHQWUHOLQH
'HFNFHQWUHOLQH
&RQVWUDLQWEHDULQJ
/RQJLWXGLQDOYLHZRIWKHPRGHO 7UDQVYHUVHFURVVVHFWLRQRIWKHGHFN
)LJ7\SLFDOPRGHORIWKHWUDFNGHFNEHDULQJV\VWHP
,QDQ\FDVHIRUWKHGHFNHOHPHQWVWKHUDLOHOHPHQWVWKHFRQVWUDLQWVPRGHOOLQJIL[HGVXSSRUWVDQGWKH
VXEVWUXFWXUHHOHPHQWVLIDQ\DOLQHDUHODVWLFEHKDYLRXUVKRXOGEHDVVXPHGZKLOHIRUWKHHOHPHQWV
FRQQHFWLQJUDLODQGGHFNHOHPHQWVDQRQOLQHDUODZUHSURGXFLQJWKHDFWXDOEHKDYLRXURIWKHEDOODVW
UDLO IDVWHQLQJ V\VWHP RU RI WKH GLUHFW IDVWHQLQJ VKRXOG EH DVVXPHG WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH DFWXDO
YHUWLFDOORDGVHH3RLQW SDJH $QHODVWRSODVWLFODZZKRVHSODVWLFWKUHVKROGGHSHQGVRQWKH
YHUWLFDOORDGVXFKDVWKHRQHVVKRZQLQ)LJSDJH PD\EHDVVXPHGIRUVLPSOLFLW\)RUWKHPRYLQJ
EHDULQJVPDGHRIVOLGLQJGHYLFHVWKHQHHGWRWDNHDFFRXQWRIIULFWLRQVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG,QVXFK
FDVHVDQHOHPHQWZKRVHORQJLWXGLQDOUHVLVWDQFHGHSHQGVRQWKHYHUWLFDOUHDFWLRQVKRXOGEHXVHG
5
5DLOH[SDQVLRQMRLQWLISUHVHQW
7UDFN
(PEDQNPHQW
GHFN
6SULQJUHSURGXFLQJWKHVWLIIQHVVRIWKHIRXQGDWLRQSLHUEHDULQJV\VWHP
6SULQJUHSURGXFLQJWKHVWLIIQHVVRIWKHIRXQGDWLRQDEXWPHQWEHDULQJV\VWHP
)LJ6LPSOLILHGVWUXFWXUDOPRGHOIRULQWHUDFWLRQDQDO\VHV
'HSHQGLQJRIWKHGXUDWLRQRIWKHDSSOLHGDFWLRQORQJIRUWKHUPDOYDULDWLRQVVKRUWIRUWUDLQORDGVDQG
KRUL]RQWDO IRUFHV DQG WKH W\SH RI VRLO GLIIHUHQW IRXQGDWLRQ VWLIIQHVVHV FDQ EH FRQVLGHUHG IRU WKH
GLIIHUHQWORDGFDVHVDOZD\VDVVXPLQJKRZHYHUWKHPRVWFRQVHUYDWLYHFRQGLWLRQV:KHQWKHVWLIIQHVV
RIWKHVXEVWUXFWXUHHOHPHQWVSLHUVDEXWPHQWVLVXQFHUWDLQHJDVDUHVXOWRIFRQFUHWHFUDFNLQJRU
VRLOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWKHWZRH[WUHPHYDOXHVRIWKHLQWHUYDOZLWKLQZKLFKWKHDFWXDOYDOXHVDUHLQFOXGHG
VKRXOGEHWDNHQDQGWZRDQDO\VHVFDUULHGRXWIRUHDFKORDGFDVH,QXVXDOVLWXDWLRQVDFRQVHUYDWLYH
HYDOXDWLRQRIWKHVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQVDQGRIWKHUDLOVWUHVVHVZLOOEHREWDLQHGE\FRQVLGHULQJUHVSHFWLYHO\
WKHPD[LPXPDQGWKHPLQLPXPYDOXHVRIWKHVXSSRUWVWLIIQHVV
$Q XSSHU OLPLW IRU WKH VWLIIQHVV RI D SLHU ZLWK D IL[HG EHDULQJ PD\ EH REWDLQHG E\ DVVXPLQJ WKH
IRXQGDWLRQVWREHSHUIHFWO\ULJLGDQGDOOWKHWROHUDQFHVLQWKHEHDULQJGHYLFHWREH]HUR
0RGHOOLQJWKHWUDFNDQGGHFNVDVGLVFUHWHHOHPHQWVVKRXOGJXDUDQWHHDQDFFXUDWHHYDOXDWLRQRIWKH
LWHPVRIPDMRULQWHUHVWVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQVDEVROXWHDQGUHODWLYHGLVSODFHPHQWVRIWUDFNDQGGHFNVUDLO
VWUHVVHV)RUWKLVSXUSRVHDILQLWHHOHPHQWPRGHOPD\EHXVHIXOO\DGRSWHGZKHUHWKHWUDFNDQGWKH
GHFNHOHPHQWVDUHPRGHOOHGGLVFUHWHO\RYHUZLWKDPD[LPXPHOHPHQWOHQJWKRIP7KHPRGHO
VKRXOGDOVRLQFOXGHDSDUWRIWKHWUDFNRQWKHDGMDFHQWHPEDQNPHQWVRYHUDWOHDVWP
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHLPSRUWDQFHDQGWKHVWUXFWXUDOVFKHPHRIWKHEULGJHGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIDQDO\VHVPD\
EHPDGHDWGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVRIDFFXUDF\7ZRPDMRUFDWHJRULHVRIDQDO\VHVPD\EHFRQVLGHUHG
&RPSOHWHDQDO\VHVRIWKHMRLQWHIIHFWVRIWKHUPDOYDULDWLRQVEUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQIRUFHVYHUWLFDO
GHIOHFWLRQVVLPXODWLQJWKHWUDLQWUDYHOOLQJWKHIXOOOHQJWKRIWKHEULGJHZLWKDVWHSE\VWHSDOJRULWKP
%RWKW\SHVRIDQDO\VHVVKRXOGEHFDUULHGRXWFRQVLGHULQJWKHQRQOLQHDUEHKDYLRXURIWKHWUDFNGHFN
FRQQHFWLRQEDOODVW DQGIDVWHQLQJVDQG LIIULFWLRQLV WREH FRQVLGHUHGRIWKH VOLGLQJ EHDULQJV 7KH
HIIHFWVRIWKHWUDLQIRUFHVVKRXOGEHHYDOXDWHGE\FRQVLGHULQJGLIIHUHQWORQJLWXGLQDOUHVLVWDQFHVIRUWKH
WUDFNLQWKHGLIIHUHQWSDUWVZKLFKDUHHLWKHUORDGHGRUQRWE\WKHWUDLQ
5
:KHQVLPSOLILHGVHSDUDWHDQDO\VHVDUHFDUULHGRXWWKHWHPSHUDWXUHHIIHFWVVKRXOGEHHYDOXDWHGXVLQJ
WKHPLQLPXPYDOXHRIWKHORQJLWXGLQDOUHVLVWDQFHGHULYHGIURPWKHW\SLFDOHODVWRSODVWLFODZRI)LJ
SDJH +RZHYHU WUDLQ HIIHFWV YHUWLFDO GHIOHFWLRQ DQG ORQJLWXGLQDO IRUFHV VKRXOG EH HYDOXDWHG E\
FRQVLGHULQJWKHORZHVWUHVLVWDQFHLQWKHSDUWVRIWUDFNZKHUHWKHUHLVQRWUDLQORDGDQGWKHKLJKHVW
UHVLVWDQFHZKHUHWKHUHLVDWUDLQORDG
:KHQDQDO\VLQJWKHHIIHFWVRIYHUWLFDOGHIOHFWLRQLQVLQJOHVSDQEULGJHVWUDLQORDGVVKRXOGEHDSSOLHG
WRWKHEULGJHDQGLIWKHWUDLQLVORQJHQRXJKWRWKHHPEDQNPHQWRQRQHVLGHRQO\&RQVLGHULQJERWK
HPEDQNPHQWVORDGHGZRXOGOHDGWRDFRQVLGHUDEOHRYHUHVWLPDWLRQRIWKHHIIHFWVZKHQDWUDLQPRYHV
IURP WKH EULGJH WR WKH HPEDQNPHQW WKH LQFUHDVH LQ ORQJLWXGLQDO UHVLVWDQFH RI WKH EDOODVW RQ WKH
HPEDQNPHQWRFFXUVZKHQWKHGHFNLVDOUHDG\IXOO\GHIOHFWHGDQGKDVQRLQIOXHQFHRQWKHLQWHUDFWLRQ
HIIHFWV
:KHQ DQDO\VLQJ PXOWLVSDQ EULGJHV HLWKHU ZLWK VLPSO\ VXSSRUWHG VSDQV RU ZLWK D FRQWLQXRXV GHFN
VHYHUDOSRVLWLRQVRIWKHWUDLQVKRXOGEHFKHFNHGLQRUGHUWRILQGWKHPRVWXQIDYRXUDEOHFRQGLWLRQV
:KHQ PDNLQJ FRPSOHWH DQDO\VHV WKH DVVXPHG ODZ IRU WKH EDOODVW VKRXOG WDNH LQWR DFFRXQW WKH
GHSHQGHQFHRILWVORQJLWXGLQDOUHVLVWDQFHWRYHUWLFDOEDOODVWVWUHVVHVLHRQWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHYHUWLFDO
WUDLQORDGV
*HQHUDOO\VSHDNLQJDFRPSOHWHDQDO\VLVVKRXOGFRYHUWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHWKHUPDODFWLRQVIROORZHG
E\WKHIRUFHVH[HUWHGE\WKHPRYLQJWUDLQYHUWLFDOORDGVDQGEUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQIRUFHVDWWKHVDPH
WLPHLQWKHVDPHDQDO\VLV,QDQ\FDVHWKHWUDLQVKRXOGVWDUWRXWVLGHWKHEULGJHRUIDUIURPWKHSRLQW
ZKHUHWKHPD[LPXPHIIHFWVDUHVRXJKW
,QWKHFDVHRI&:5WKHWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQLQWKHWUDFNPD\EHDVVXPHGWREH]HURDVLWGRHVQRW
DIIHFW WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ HIIHFWV VXSSRUW UHDFWLRQV DGGLWLRQDO UDLO VWUHVVHV DEVROXWH DQG UHODWLYH
GLVSODFHPHQWVRIWUDFNDQGGHFNZKLOHWKHPD[LPXPDQGPLQLPXPYDOXHVUHOHYDQWWRWKHGHFNVKRXOG
EHFRQVLGHUHG+RZHYHUZKHQWKHUHDUHH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQLQWKHWUDFN
VKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGDQGWKHPRVWXQIDYRXUDEOHFRQGLWLRQVIRULQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVVKRXOGEHVRXJKW
7KHYHUWLFDOORDGVDQGEUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQIRUFHVPD\EHDSSOLHGVWDWLFDOO\ZLWKWKHYDOXHVVSHFLILHG
LQSRLQWSDJH :KHUHDFRPSOHWHDQDO\VLVLVFDUULHGRXWWKHWUDLQORDGVVKRXOGWUDYHODOODORQJ
WKH HQWLUH EULGJH DQG WKH PD[LPXP YDOXHV RI WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ HIIHFWV VSHFLILHG DERYH VKRXOG EH
UHFRUGHGGXULQJWKHDQDO\VLV
,Q RUGHU WR HYDOXDWH WKH PD[LPXP LQWHUDFWLRQ HIIHFWV WKH PRVW XQIDYRXUDEOH VLWXDWLRQV VKRXOG EH
FRQVLGHUHGWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWSRVLWLYHRUQHJDWLYHWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQVDQGGLIIHUHQWSRVLWLRQVRI
WKHWUDLQVWUDYHOOLQJDORQJWKHEULGJH'LIIHUHQWWHPSHUDWXUHVLJQDQGWUDYHOOLQJGLUHFWLRQFRQGLWLRQVZLOO
JHQHUDOO\JLYHPD[LPXPYDOXHVIRUWKHGLIIHUHQWHIIHFWV,QWKHFDVHRIGRXEOHWUDFNVWUXFWXUHVWZR
PRYLQJWUDLQVVKRXOGEHFRPELQHGVRWKDWWKHPD[LPXPHIIHFWVDUHREWDLQHG6HYHUDODQDO\VHVDUH
QHHGHGLQVRPHFDVHVWRLGHQWLI\WKHPRVWXQIDYRXUDEOHVLWXDWLRQV
5
6WUXFWXUHVFRQVLVWLQJRIRQHEULGJHGHFN
6WUXFWXUHVFRQVLVWLQJRIRQHVLPSO\VXSSRUWHGVLQJOHWUDFNEULGJH
GHFNZLWKDIL[HGEHDULQJDWRQHHQG
*HQHUDOPHWKRG
7KHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVGXHWRGLIIHUHQWDFWLRQVGHSHQGXSRQDODUJHQXPEHURISDUDPHWHUVDQGVKRXOG
EHFKHFNHGDJDLQVWWKHUHTXLUHGFULWHULD
,QWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQWUDFNDQGVWUXFWXUHUHVXOWVLQGLVSODFHPHQWVUDLOVWUHVVHVDQGVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQV
7KHHIIHFWVWREHFRQVLGHUHGDUHWKHVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQWKHUDLOVWUHVVDWWKHHQGQHDUWKHIL[HGEHDULQJ
WKHUDLOVWUHVVDWWKHHQGQHDUWKHPRYDEOHEHDULQJWKHDEVROXWHGHFNGLVSODFHPHQWDWWKHHQGQHDU
WKHIL[HGEHDULQJDQGWKHUHODWLYHGLVSODFHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHWUDFNDQGWKHGHFNRUWKHHPEDQNPHQW
7KHUHVXOWLQJYDOXHVRIGLVSODFHPHQWVDQGUDLOVWUHVVHVVKRXOGEHFKHFNHGDJDLQVWWKHFULWHULDJLYHQ
LQSRLQWSDJH
7KH HIIHFWV RI WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WUDFN DQG GHFN VKRXOG EH GHWHUPLQHG IRU WKH IROORZLQJ ORDG
FDVHV WHPSHUDWXUH FKDQJHV EUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQ IRUFHV DQG YHUWLFDO EHQGLQJ RI WKH GHFN 7KH
PHWKRGXVHGIRUFRPELQLQJWKHLQGLYLGXDOORDGFDVHVLVJLYHQLQSRLQWSDJH
7KHPDJQLWXGHRIWKHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVGHSHQGVQRWRQO\RQWKHDFWLRQVEXWDOVRXSRQVHYHUDORIWKH
WUDFNEULGJHV\VWHPSDUDPHWHUV:KHQGHWHUPLQLQJWKHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVWKHIROORZLQJSDUDPHWHUV
VKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGWKHGHFNOHQJWK/WKHKRUL]RQWDOVWLIIQHVVRIWKHVXSSRUW.VXSSRUWWKHKRUL]RQWDO
UHVLVWDQFHRIWKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHWUDFNDQGWKHVWUXFWXUHRUWKHHPEDQNPHQWNUDLODQGWKHWUDFN
EULGJH V\VWHP SDUDPHWHUV UHOHYDQW WR WKH EHQGLQJ RI WKH GHFN LH WKH SRVLWLRQV RI WKH WUDFN WKH
EHDULQJVDQGWKHQHXWUDOD[LVWKHPRPHQWRILQHUWLD,DQGWKHPRGXOXVRIHODVWLFLW\(
7KHYDOXHVRIWKHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVVKRXOGEHGHWHUPLQHGXVLQJWKHGHVLJQFXUYHVDQGIRUPXODHJLYHQ
LQ WKLV FKDSWHU 7KH GHVLJQ FXUYHV DQG IRUPXODH DUH EDVHG RQ FHUWDLQ DVVXPSWLRQV UHJDUGLQJ IRU
LQVWDQFHWKHPDJQLWXGHRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQVDQGWKHPDJQLWXGHDQGWKHSRVLWLRQRIEUDNLQJ
IRUFHV7KHXVHRIRWKHUDVVXPSWLRQVJLYHVGLIIHUHQWUHVXOWVSRLQWSDJH VKRZVKRZWRGHDO
ZLWKFKDQJHVLQWKHEDVLFDVVXPSWLRQV
7KHGHVLJQFXUYHVDQGIRUPXODHDUHYDOLGIRUVLQJOHWUDFNEULGJHVFDUU\LQJFRQWLQXRXVZHOGHGUDLOV
&:5RUZLWKDQH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHLQWKHWUDFN8VHRIWKHGHVLJQFXUYHVDQGIRUPXODHIRUGRXEOH
WUDFNEULGJHVLVFRYHUHGLQSRLQWSDJH
7KHGHVLJQFXUYHVDUHOLPLWHGWRVSDQOHQJWK/ P)RUEULGJHVZLWKVSDQOHQJWKJUHDWHUWKDQ
PVSHFLILFFDOFXODWLRQVVKRXOGEHPDGH
%DVLFJUDSKVDQGIRUPXODH
7KH LQWHUDFWLRQ HIIHFWV GXH WR WKH ORDG FDVHV WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQ EUDNLQJ DV VSHFLILHG LQ /RDG
0RGHODQGYHUWLFDOEHQGLQJDUHGHWHUPLQHGIURPJUDSKV
7KHIROORZLQJDVVXPSWLRQVZHUHPDGHLQGUDZLQJWKHEDVLFJUDSKV
6LQJOHWUDFN
8,&UDLO
5
1RIULFWLRQLQWKHPRYDEOHEHDULQJV
'HVLJQFXUYHVIRUWKHLQWHUDFWLRQGXHWRWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQDQGEUDNLQJ
DVVSHFLILHGLQ/RDG0RGHO
7KHGHVLJQFXUYHVDUHJLYHQLQ$SSHQGL[$SDJH 7KH\DUHGLYLGHGLQWRIRXUJURXSVDFFRUGLQJWR
WKHORDGFDVHVDQGZKHWKHURUQRWDQH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHLVXVHG
7KHH[SDQVLRQOHQJWKRIWKHGHFNLVVKRZQRQWKH[D[LVDQGWKHYDOXHRIWKHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVRQWKH
\D[LV
7KHIROORZLQJDGGLWLRQDODVVXPSWLRQVZHUHPDGH
%UDNLQJIRUFHN1PZLWKDPD[LPXPWRWDOIRUFHRIN1
([SDQVLRQOHQJWKP
7KHYDOXHVRI)VXSSRUWDQGsUDLOIRUDJLYHQYDOXHRI.VXSSRUWDQGNUDLODUHREWDLQHGE\SHUIRUPLQJDOLQHDU
LQWHUSRODWLRQ RU H[WUDSRODWLRQ ZLWK UHJDUG WR WKH YDOXH RI NUDLO DQG WKHQ SHUIRUPLQJ D OLQHDU
LQWHUSRODWLRQZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHYDOXHRI.VXSSRUWXVLQJWKHFORVHVWWZRYDOXHVRI.VXSSRUW.DQG.RU
.DQG.
7KHUHLVQRJUDSKIRUUHODWLYHUDLOGLVSODFHPHQWDVUHODWLYHUDLOGLVSODFHPHQWLVQRWQHHGHGIRUYHULI\LQJ
WKHHIIHFWVRIWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQDQGDOZD\VOLHVZLWKLQWKHOLPLWYDOXHIRUWKHHIIHFWVGXHWREUDNLQJ
DVORQJDVWKHDEVROXWHGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHGHFNVWD\VZLWKLQWKHOLPLWYDOXHRIPP
7KHUHLVQRJUDSKIRUDEVROXWHGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHGHFN7KHYDOXHRIWKHDEVROXWHGLVSODFHPHQWRI
WKH GHFN >dGHFNIL[HG@ PD\ EH REWDLQHG E\ GLYLGLQJ WKH VXSSRUW UHDFWLRQ )VXSSRUW E\ WKH VXSSRUW
VWLIIQHVV.VXSSRUW
'HVLJQ FXUYHV IRU WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ GXH WR YHUWLFDO EHQGLQJ RI WKH EULGJH
GHFN
7KHGHVLJQFXUYHVIRUWKHHYDOXDWLRQRIWKHLQWHUDFWLRQGXHWRYHUWLFDOEHQGLQJRIWKHEULGJHGHFNKDYH
EHHQHYDOXDWHGZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRDVWDQGDUGORQJLWXGLQDOSODVWLFVKHDUUHVLVWDQFHHTXDOWR N1P
DQG N1PIRUXQORDGHGDQGORDGHGWUDFNUHVSHFWLYHO\
7KHGHVLJQFKDUWVDUHJLYHQIRUWKHIROORZLQJWZRGLIIHUHQWVLWXDWLRQV
GHFNEULGJHWKHWUDFNOLHVRQWKHWRSRIWKHEULGJHGHFNGHFNQHXWUDOD[LVEHORZWUDFND[LV
WKURXJK JLUGHU EULGJH WKH WUDFN OLHV EHWZHHQ WKH JLUGHUV VXSSRUWLQJ WKH VODE GHFN QHXWUDO D[LV
DERYHWUDFND[LV
$GGLWLRQDOV\PEROVDUHXVHGLQWKHGHVLJQFKDUWV
&RPSUHVVLRQVWUHVVHVDUHFRQVLGHUHGWREHQHJDWLYHDQGWHQVLOHVWUHVVHVSRVLWLYH
5
7KHFKDUWVWRHYDOXDWHsUDLODWWKHIL[HGDQGPRYDEOHHQGVDQG)VXSSRUWDUHJLYHQLQ$SSHQGL[%7KH\
DUHGUDZQIRUQ+ PPIRUGHFNEULGJHVDQGQ+ PPIRUWKURXJKJLUGHUEULGJHV)RUQ+YDOXHV
RWKHUWKDQDQGPPWKHIROORZLQJIRUPXODHDSSO\
s >Q+@ s >@[Q+
UDLO UDLO
,IDUDLOH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHLVORFDWHGDWWKHPRYDEOHHQGRIWKHGHFNWKHUDLOVWUHVVDWWKDWSRVLWLRQ
VKRXOGEHDVVXPHG]HUR ZKLOH WKHUDLOVWUHVVDWWKHIL[HG HQG DQG WKHVXSSRUW UHDFWLRQ VKRXOG EH
HYDOXDWHGZLWKWKHGLDJUDPVRI$SSHQGL[%SDJH
&KDQJHVLQWKHEDVLFDVVXPSWLRQV
&URVVVHFWLRQDODUHDRIWKHUDLO
7KHEDVLFJUDSKVRIWKHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVGXHWRWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQDQGEUDNLQJUHODWHWRWKHFURVV
VHFWLRQDODUHDRIWKH8,&UDLOLH[PWUDFN
7KHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVIRUGLIIHUHQWWUDFNW\SHVPD\EHFDOFXODWHGXVLQJWKHIRUPXODHEHORZLQZKLFK
$LVWKHFURVVVHFWLRQDODUHDRIDWUDFNZLWK8,&UDLOVDQG$UDLOLVWKHFURVVVHFWLRQDODUHDRIWKH
WUDFNWREHFRQVLGHUHGWZRUDLOV>P@
)RUWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQ
)RUEUDNLQJ
)RUYHUWLFDOEHQGLQJ
%UDNLQJIRUFH
7KHEDVLFJUDSKVRIWKHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVGXHWREUDNLQJDUHEDVHGRQDEUDNLQJIRUFHRIN1P
DQGJLYHWKHDEVROXWHYDOXHVRIWKHUDLOVWUHVVHVDQGVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQV
5
7KHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVIRUDQ6:EUDNLQJIRUFHRUDQ/0DFFHOHUDWLRQIRUFHPD\EHFDOFXODWHGE\
XVLQJ WKH IRUPXODH EHORZ ZKHUH 4/ LV WKH WRWDO KRUL]RQWDO ORDG RQ WKH GHFN GXH WR EUDNLQJ DQG
DFFHOHUDWLRQH[SUHVVHGLQN1P
7KHVLJQVRIWKHUDLOVWUHVVHVDQGUHDFWLRQVGHSHQGRQWKHVLJQRIWKHEUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQIRUFHV
1RUPDOO\ERWKVLJQVVKDOOEHFRQVLGHUHGLQRUGHUWRILQGWKHPRVWXQIDYRXUDEOHFRPELQDWLRQVZLWKWKH
RWKHUHIIHFWVDFFRUGLQJWRSRLQWSDJH
7HPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQIRU&:5
7KHEDVLFJUDSKVRILQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVGXHWRWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQDUHEDVHGRQDGHFNWHPSHUDWXUH
YDULDWLRQ RI& DQGDQaYDOXH [ 7KH LQWHUDFWLRQ HIIHFWV IRURWKHUSRVLWLYH YDOXHVRI
WHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQDQGRWKHUaYDOXHVFDQEHFDOFXODWHGXVLQJWKHIRUPXODHEHORZZKHUHD7LVWKH
WHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQWREHFRQVLGHUHG
± a D7
) VXSSRUW ) VXSSRUW [ , ¼ , & ]
±
, ¼ &
± Ñ a ( D7 ) á
s UDLO s UDLO > ¼ &@ Ò â
±
Ó , ã
7KHHIIHFWVRIDQHJDWLYHWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQPD\EHFDOFXODWHGE\PXOWLSO\LQJWKHUHVXOWVREWDLQHG
IRUWKHSRVLWLYHWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQE\
,QWKHFDVHRI&:5WUDFNLWLVQRWQHFHVVDU\WRFRQVLGHUWKHWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQLQWKHUDLOV,QIDFW
WKHWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQLQWKHUDLOVKDVQRLQIOXHQFHRQ)VXSSRUWDQGWKHYHULILFDWLRQRIWKHYDOXHRI
sUDLOLVUHOHYDQWRQO\WRWKHDGGLWLRQDOVWUHVVLQWKHUDLOGXHWRWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKHGHFN
7HPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQ LQ VWUXFWXUHV FDUU\LQJ WUDFN ZLWK DQ H[SDQVLRQ
GHYLFH
7KHEDVLFJUDSKVIRULQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVGXHWRWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQDUHEDVHGRQDGHFNWHPSHUDWXUH
YDULDWLRQ RI & DQG D UDLO WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQ RI & DQG DQ aYDOXH RI [ 7KH
LQWHUDFWLRQ HIIHFWV IRU RWKHU SRVLWLYH YDOXHV RI WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQ PD\ EH FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ WKH
IRUPXODHEHORZ,QWKHVHIRUPXODHWKHWHPSHUDWXUHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHGHFNDQGWKHUDLOKDVD
FRQVWDQWYDOXHRI&
±
) VXSSRUW [ D7 GHFN DD7 , ] [ N1 ]
a
[ ) VXSSRUW [ a7GHFN DD7 ] [ D7 GHFN ± ] ]
±
,
5
7KHYDOXHRIWKHDGGLWLRQDOUDLOVWUHVVGXHWRWKHWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQPD\EHWDNHQDV
7KHHIIHFWVRIQHJDWLYHWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQVPD\EHFDOFXODWHGE\PXOWLSO\LQJWKHUHVXOWVREWDLQHG
IURPWKHSRVLWLYHWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQVE\
1RUPDOO\ ERWK VLJQV VKRXOG EH FRQVLGHUHG IRU WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQV LQ RUGHU WR ILQG WKH PRVW
XQIDYRXUDEOHFRPELQDWLRQVZLWKWKHRWKHUHIIHFWVDFFRUGLQJWRSRLQW
)ULFWLRQLQWKHPRYDEOHVXSSRUWV
7KH HIIHFWV RI IULFWLRQ FDQQRW EH H[DPLQHG VHSDUDWHO\ IRU HDFK ORDG FDVH WHPSHUDWXUH EUDNLQJ
YHUWLFDOEHQGLQJ5DWKHUWKHHIIHFWRIIULFWLRQRQWKHRYHUDOOHIIHFWVFDOFXODWHGLQSRLQWVKRXOGEH
FRQVLGHUHG
7KHHIIHFWVRIIULFWLRQRQUDLOVWUHVVHVDQGGLVSODFHPHQWVDUHDOZD\VIDYRXUDEOHHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQ
VXSSRUWVWLIIQHVVLVORZVRWKDWLJQRULQJIULFWLRQLVLQJHQHUDOFRQVHUYDWLYHIRUVDIHW\
)ULFWLRQSURGXFHVDUHDFWLRQIRUFHLQPRYDEOHVXSSRUWVDQGLQFUHDVHVWKDWRIIL[HGVXSSRUWVXQGHU
WKHLQIOXHQFHRIWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQVDQGYHUWLFDOEHQGLQJ
7KHORQJLWXGLQDOUHDFWLRQRIWKHPRYDEOHVXSSRUW)PRYDEOHLVJLYHQE\
) PRYDEOH ( I ) ) YHUWLFDO
ZKHUHILVWKHFRHIILFLHQWRIIULFWLRQDQG)YHUWLFDOLVWKHYHUWLFDOVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQ
8VHRIWKLVIRUPXODUHTXLUHVWZRYDOXHVWRKDYHEHHQFDOFXODWHGEHIRUHKDQGWKHIL[HGVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQ
IRULQILQLWHVWLIIQHVVDQG]HURIULFWLRQ)VXSSRUWDQGWKHIL[HGVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQIRUWKHDFWXDOVWLIIQHVV
.DQG]HURIULFWLRQ
S)PRYDEOHILVWKHDOJHEUDLFVXPRIWKHUHDFWLRQVRIWKHPRYDEOHVXSSRUWVDVVXPLQJRSSRVLWHVLJQV
IRUPRYDEOHEHDULQJVRQRSSRVLWHVLGHVRIWKHIL[HGVXSSRUW
6LJQVRIWKHHIIHFWVRIORDGFDVHVZKHQFRPELQLQJWKHORDGFDVHHIIHFWV
7KH YDOXHV RI WKH VXSSRUW UHDFWLRQV DQG UDLO VWUHVVHV GXH WR WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQV DQG EUDNLQJ
DFFHOHUDWLRQIRUFHVREWDLQHGIURPWKHJUDSKVVKRXOGEHWDNHQZLWKERWKWKHSRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHVLJQV
WRILQGWKHPRVWXQIDYRXUDEOHFRQGLWLRQZKLOHWKHVLJQVRIWKHVDPHTXDQWLWLHVIRUWKHHIIHFWVRIYHUWLFDO
EHQGLQJDUHJLYHQGLUHFWO\E\WKHJUDSKV
5
'RXEOHWUDFNEULGJHV
7HPSHUDWXUHDQGEUDNLQJHIIHFWV
$OOWKHEDVLFLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWJUDSKVZHUHSORWWHGIRUVLQJOHWUDFNEULGJHV
,QWKHFDVHRIDGRXEOHWUDFNEULGJHEUDNLQJIRUFHVRQRQHWUDFNDQGDFFHOHUDWLRQIRUFHVRQWKHRWKHU
VKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG
7KHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVIRUDGRXEOHWUDFNEULGJHPD\EHFDOFXODWHGXVLQJWKHJUDSKVIRUVLQJOHWUDFN
EULGJHV>.@DQGWKHIRUPXODHEHORZZKHUH4/LQN1LVWKHVXPRIWKHEUDNLQJDQGDFFHOHUDWLRQ
IRUFHVDFWLQJRQWKHWZRWUDFNVDQG.LQN1PLVWKHVXSSRUWVWLIIQHVVIRUGRXEOHWUDFN
7HPSHUDWXUHHIIHFWV
.
( ) VXSSRUW [ . ] ) GRXEOHWUDFN Ë ) VXSSRUW Û VLQJOHWUDFN
Í Ý
Ës . Û
( s UDLO [ . ] )
GRXEOHWUDFN Í UDLO Ý VLQJOHWUDFN
%UDNLQJ HIIHFWV
4/ .
( ) VXSSRUW [ . ] ) GRXEOHWUDFN Ë)
Û
/ Í VXSSRUW Ý VLQJOHWUDFN
)L[HGHQG
4/ .
( s UDLO [ . ] ) GRXEOHWUDFN Ë s UDLO Û VLQJOHWUDFN 1PP
/ Í Ý
0RYDEOHHQG
4/ .
( s UDLO [ . ] ) GRXEOHWUDFN Ë s UDLO Û VLQJOHWUDFN 1PP
/ Í Ý
) VXSSRUW [ . ]
( d GHFN [ . ] ) GRXEOHWUDFN Ë
Û GRXEOHWUDFN
Í . Ý
9HUWLFDOEHQGLQJHIIHFWV
,QWKHFDVHRIGRXEOHWUDFNEULGJHVWKHVWLIIQHVVYDOXHRIWKHIL[HGVXSSRUWVKRXOGEHKDOYHGEHIRUH
EHLQJ XVHG LQ WKH GLDJUDPV 7KH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW dQ+ GXH WR HQG URWDWLRQ VKRXOG EH
FDOFXODWHGRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHDFWXDOGHIRUPHGVKDSHRIWKHGHFNXQGHUWKHORDGVDFWLQJRQERWKWUDFNV
DWWKH VDPH WLPH ,I LPSRUWDQW WKUHHGLPHQVLRQDO HIIHFWV FDQ RFFXUGXHWR WKHDV\PPHWU\RIORDGV
JLYLQJULVHWRLPSRUWDQWGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHYDOXHVRIdQ+IRUHDFKRIWKHWZRWUDFNVGLIIHUHQW
YDOXHVRIdQ+VKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGIRUHDFK7KHUHDFWLRQRIWKHIL[HGVXSSRUWVKRXOGEHFDOFXODWHG
E\DGGLQJWKHFRQWULEXWLRQVRIWKHWZRWUDFNVREWDLQHGVHSDUDWHO\
5
0XOWLSOHVSDQFRQWLQXRXVGHFN
0XOWLSOHVSDQFRQWLQXRXVGHFNZLWKIL[HGVXSSRUWDWRQHHQG
7HPSHUDWXUHDQGEUDNLQJHIIHFWV
)RU WKH WHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQ DQG EUDNLQJORDG FDVHV D PXOWLSOHVSDQ FRQWLQXRXV GHFN ZLWK IL[HG
VXSSRUWDWRQHHQGPD\EHWUHDWHGDVDVLPSO\VXSSRUWHGGHFNZLWKIL[HGVXSSRUWDWRQHHQG7KH
HIIHFW RI WKH IULFWLRQ LQ WKH PRYDEOH EHDULQJV PD\ EH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW E\ DSSO\LQJ WKH
UHFRPPHQGDWLRQVRISRLQWSDJH
9HUWLFDOEHQGLQJHIIHFWV
7KHHQGURWDWLRQGLVSODFHPHQWdQ+VKRXOGEHFDOFXODWHGDWWKHIL[HGHQGRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHDFWXDO
GHIRUPHGVKDSHRIWKHGHFNXQGHUWKHWUDLQORDGV7KHORDGFRQGLWLRQWREHFRQVLGHUHGLVWKHRQHLQ
ZKLFKFRQVHUYDWLYHO\RQO\WKHILUVWVSDQQHDUWKHIL[HGVXSSRUWLVORDGHGDVVKRZQLQ)LJ,QWKH
FDVHRIGRXEOHWUDFNEULGJHVERWKWUDFNVRQWKHILUVWVSDQVKRXOGEHORDGHGZKLOHWKHVWLIIQHVVYDOXH
RIWKHIL[HGVXSSRUWVKRXOGEHKDOYHGEHIRUHEHLQJXVHGLQWKHGLDJUDPVIRUVLQJOHWUDFNEULGJHV
,ILPSRUWDQWWKUHHGLPHQVLRQDOHIIHFWVDUHOLDEOHWRRFFXUGXHWRWKHDV\PPHWU\RIORDGVJLYLQJULVHWR
LPSRUWDQWGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHYDOXHVRIdQ+FRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKHWZRWUDFNVGLIIHUHQWYDOXHVRI
dQ+VKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGIRUHDFK7KHUHDFWLRQRIWKHIL[HGVXSSRUWVKRXOGEHFDOFXODWHGE\DGGLQJ
WKHFRQWULEXWLRQVRIWKHWZRWUDFNVREWDLQHGVHSDUDWHO\
ΘH ΘH
6LQJOHWUDFNEULGJH 'RXEOHWUDFNEULGJH
)LJ/RDGFRQGLWLRQVWRHYDOXDWHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVGXHWRYHUWLFDOORDGVIRUFRQWLQXRXVEULGJHV
ZLWKIL[HGHQGVXSSRUW
0XOWLSOHVSDQFRQWLQXRXVGHFNVZLWKDIL[HGVXSSRUWORFDWHGDWDQ
LQWHUPHGLDWHSRVLWLRQ
7HPSHUDWXUHDQGEUDNLQJHIIHFWV
%UDNLQJORDGFDVH
)RU WKH EUDNLQJ ORDGFDVH D PXOWLSOHVSDQ FRQWLQXRXV GHFN ZLWK D IL[HG VXSSRUW ORFDWHG DW DQ
LQWHUPHGLDWHSRVLWLRQPD\EHWUHDWHGDVDVLPSO\VXSSRUWHGGHFNZLWKIL[HGVXSSRUWDWRQHHQG
5
7HPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQORDGFDVH
7KHVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQDWWKHIL[HGEHDULQJORFDWHGDWDQLQWHUPHGLDWHSRVLWLRQRIWKHGHFNLVREWDLQHG
DVWKHDOJHEUDLFVXPRIWKHVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQVGHWHUPLQHGIRUWKHVLPSOHFDVHVREWDLQHGE\GLYLGLQJWKH
VWDWLF DUUDQJHPHQW ZLWK WKH IL[HG VXSSRUW ORFDWHG DW DQ LQWHUPHGLDWH SRVLWLRQ LQWR WZR VWDWLF
DUUDQJHPHQWVZKHUHWKHIL[HGVXSSRUWLVORFDWHGDWWKHHQGRIWKHQRWLRQDOGHFN
L1 L L1 L
5VXSSRUW 5VXSSRUW
5VXSSRUW
7KHVWUHVVLQWKHUDLODWWKHPRYDEOHVXSSRUWLVGHULYHGIURPWKHYDOXHREWDLQHGIURPWKHFXUYHVIRU
VLPSO\VXSSRUWHGGHFNJLYHQLQ$SSHQGL[$SDJH ZLWKWKHKHOSRIWKHIROORZLQJDQDO\WLFDOIRUPXOD
s UDLO ( /, , N ) ± s UDLO ( /, ., N )
s UDLO ( / /, ., N ) s UDLO ( /, ., N ) /
/
σrail (L1 + L, K, k)
L1 L
5
9HUWLFDOEHQGLQJHIIHFWVVLQJOHRUGRXEOHWUDFNEULGJHV
7KHHQGURWDWLRQGLVSODFHPHQWdQ+DWWKHIL[HGVXSSRUWVKRXOGEHFDOFXODWHGRQWKHEDVLVRIWKH
DFWXDO GHIRUPHG VKDSH RI WKH GHFN XQGHU WKH WUDLQ ORDGV *HQHUDOO\ WKH ORDG FRQGLWLRQV WR EH
FRQVLGHUHGDUHWKRVHVKRZQLQ)LJ,QWKHFDVHRIGRXEOHWUDFNEULGJHVERWKWUDFNVDWWKHVDPH
WLPHVKRXOGEHORDGHGZKLOHWKHVWLIIQHVVYDOXHRIWKHIL[HGVXSSRUWVKDOOEHKDOYHGEHIRUHEHLQJXVHG
LQWKHGLDJUDPV,ILPSRUWDQWWKUHHGLPHQVLRQDOHIIHFWV DUHOLDEOHWRRFFXUGXHWRWKHDV\PPHWU\RI
ORDGV JLYLQJ ULVH WR LPSRUWDQW GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKH YDOXHV RI dQ+ FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR WKH WZR
WUDFNVGLIIHUHQWYDOXHVRIdQ+VKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGIRUHDFK7KHUHDFWLRQRIWKHIL[HGVXSSRUWLV
FDOFXODWHG E\ DGGLQJ WKH FRQWULEXWLRQV RI WKH WZR WUDFNV REWDLQHG VHSDUDWHO\ XVLQJ WKH FKDUWV LQ
$SSHQGL[%VHHSDJH
sUDLO0OHIW
ΘH ΘH
sUDLO0ULJKW
ΘH ΘH
)VXSSRUW
ΘH ΘH
6LQJOHWUDFNEULGJH 'RXEOHWUDFNEULGJH
)LJ/RDGFRQGLWLRQVWRHYDOXDWHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVGXHWRYHUWLFDOORDGVIRUFRQWLQXRXVEULGJHV
ZLWKLQWHUPHGLDWHIL[HGVXSSRUW
0XOWLSOHVSDQFRQWLQXRXVGHFNZLWKQRIL[HGVXSSRUW
)RUWKHFDOFXODWLRQRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQHIIHFWVLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRGHWHUPLQHWKHILFWLWLRXVIL[HG
SRLQWRUJUDYLW\FHQWUHRIWKHVWLIIQHVVHV
7KH VDPH LV DSSOLFDEOH IRUWKH FDVH ZLWK PRUH WKDQ RQH IL[HG EHDULQJ DQG IRU WKH FDVH RIVLPSO\
VXSSRUWHGGHFNZLWKRXWDQ\IL[HGEHDULQJ
5
6XFFHVVLRQRIGHFNV
,QWURGXFWLRQ
)RUUHDVRQVRIOLIHF\FOHFRVWVDQGFRPIRUWDUDLOZD\EULGJHVKRXOGEHGHVLJQHGLQVXFKDZD\WKDW
&:5LVSRVVLEOHZLWKRXWUDLOH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHV
2QHZD\RIDYRLGLQJUDLOH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHVRQORQJEULGJHVLVWRGLYLGHWKHVHEULGJHVLQWRVHSDUDWH
GHFNV
,QWKHFDVHRIDVXFFHVVLRQRIVLPSOHGHFNEULGJHVWKHHIIHFWVRIDFWLRQVFDQEHUHGXFHGE\VKRUWHQLQJ
WKHOHQJWKRIWKHILUVWDQGODVWGHFNV
:KHQLQDGHVLJQRIDSDUWLFXODUEULGJHUDLOH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHVFDQQRWEHDYRLGHGWKHGHVLJQHUVKRXOG
FRQWDFWWKHUHOHYDQWUDLOZD\DXWKRULW\
9HULILFDWLRQDQGFULWHULD
,QWKH FDVH RI D VXFFHVVLRQRIGHFNVWKH YHULILFDWLRQVKRXOGEH JHQHUDOO\ FDUULHG RXW E\ FRPSXWHU
DQDO\VLV
7KHYDOLGDWLRQVRIWKHFRPSXWHUSURJUDPWKHFULWHULDWREHPHWDQGWKHJHQHUDOUXOHVIRUFRPSXWHU
DVVLVWHGLQWHUDFWLRQDQDO\VLVDUHJLYHQLQSRLQWVSDJH SDJH DQGSDJH
)RUVLPSOHFRQILJXUDWLRQVLHFKDUDFWHULVHGE\UHJXODUFRQGLWLRQVUHJDUGLQJVWLIIQHVVRISLHUVVSDQ
OHQJWKV VWDWLF DUUDQJHPHQW HWF VLPSOLILHG UXOHV PD\ EH XVHG WR HYDOXDWH LQWHUDFWLRQ HIIHFWV
DFFRUGLQJWRSRLQWSDJH
7KH VLWXDWLRQV ZKHUH VLPSOLILHG UXOHV FDQ EH DSSOLHG DUH VHOHFWHG VR WKDW UDLO VWUHVVHV DQG
GLVSODFHPHQWV DUH ZHOO ZLWKLQ WKH DFFHSWDEOH YDOXHV WKXV DVVXULQJ JRRG VDIHW\ DQG PDLQWHQDQFH
FRQGLWLRQVIRUWUDFN9HULILFDWLRQVRIUDLOVWUHVVHVDQGGLVSODFHPHQWVDUHWKXVDYRLGHGDQGVLPSOLILHG
HYDOXDWLRQVFDQWKHQEHFDUULHGRXWRQO\IRUVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQV
6LPSOLILHGUXOHV
'HFNFRQILJXUDWLRQFRQGLWLRQV
7KHVLPSOLILHGUXOHVPD\EHDSSOLHGLIWKHIROORZLQJFRQGLWLRQVRIWKHGHFNFRQILJXUDWLRQDUHVDWLVILHG
LQDGGLWLRQWRWKHFRQGLWLRQVDOUHDG\VWDWHGIRUVLPSOHGHFNEULGJHVLQSRLQWVSDJH DQG
SDJH
7KH WUDFN RQ WKH EULGJH DQG DW OHDVW RQ P RI WKH HPEDQNPHQW DW ERWK VLGHV RI WKH EULGJH
FRQVLVWVRI&:5ZLWKRXWDUDLOH[SDQVLRQGHYLFH
$OOWKHGHFNVKDYHWKHVDPHVWDWLFDUUDQJHPHQWIL[HGVXSSRUWDWWKHVDPHSRVLWLRQ
7KH QXPEHU RI GHFNV LV PRUH WKDQ HYHQ WKRXJK WKH VLPSOLILHG UXOHV VWDWHG KHUH FDQ VWLOO EH
DSSOLHGIRUEULGJHVZLWKGHFNVRUOHVVDVWKH\FDQJLYHDQRYHUFRQVHUYDWLYHHVWLPDWLRQRIVXSSRUW
UHDFWLRQV
5
,QWKHFDVHRI&PD[LPXPWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQRIGHFNVWKHLUOHQJWKLVOHVVWKDQP
,QWKHFDVHRI&PD[LPXPWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQRIGHFNVDQGQRSRVVLELOLW\RIIUR]HQEDOODVW
WKHLUOHQJWKLVOHVVWKDQPLQFDVHRIDPD[LPXPWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQRIGHFNVEHWZHHQ&
DQG&DQGQRSRVVLELOLW\RIIUR]HQEDOODVWWKHYDOXHRIWKHPD[LPXPSHUPLVVLEOHOHQJWKRIWKH
GHFNVFDQEHLQWHUSRODWHGEHWZHHQPDQGP
7KHOHQJWKRIHDFKGHFNGRHVQRWGLIIHUE\PRUHWKDQZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHDYHUDJHYDOXHRIWKH
GHFNOHQJWKV
,Q WKH FDVH RI & PD[LPXP WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQ RI GHFNV DQG P PD[LPXP OHQJWK RI WKH
GHFNV WKH VWLIIQHVV RI WKH IL[HG VXSSRUWV LV JUHDWHU WKDQ />P@ >N1PPWUDFN@ PXOWLSOLHG E\ WKH
QXPEHURIWUDFNV
,Q WKH FDVH RI & PD[LPXP WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQ RI GHFNV DQG P PD[LPXP OHQJWK RI WKH
GHFNV WKH VWLIIQHVV RI WKH IL[HG VXSSRUWV LV JUHDWHU WKDQ />P@ >N1PPWUDFN@ PXOWLSOLHG E\ WKH
QXPEHURIWUDFNV
)RUGHFNOHQJWKVEHWZHHQDQGPLQWHUSRODWLRQLVSHUPLVVLEOH
7KHVWLIIQHVVRIWKHIL[HGVXSSRUWRQWKHDEXWPHQWVKRXOGQRWEHOHVVWKDQWKHDYHUDJHYDOXHRIWKH
VXSSRUWVWLIIQHVVHV
7KH PD[LPXP GLVSODFHPHQW RI WKH GHFNHQG ZLWK UHIHUHQFH WR WKH DGMDFHQW DEXWPHQW GXH WR
YHUWLFDOEHQGLQJDWWKHWRSRIWKHVODEVXSSRUWLQJWKHWUDFNHYDOXDWHGZLWKRXWWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQW
WKHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWLVOHVVWKDQPP
7KHVXPRIWKHDEVROXWHGLVSODFHPHQWVRIWZRFRQVHFXWLYHGHFNHQGVGXHWRYHUWLFDOEHQGLQJDW
WKHWRSRIWKHVODEVXSSRUWLQJWKHWUDFNHYDOXDWHGZLWKRXWWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWWKHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFW
LVOHVVWKDQPP
9HULILFDWLRQZLWKWKHVLPSOLILHGUXOHV
:KHQ WKH FRQGLWLRQV RI SRLQW SDJH DUH VDWLVILHG QR YHULILFDWLRQ RI UDLO VWUHVVHV DQG
GLVSODFHPHQWVGXHWREUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQLVQHHGHG
5
&DOFXODWLRQRIWKHVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQV
:KHQWKHFRQGLWLRQVRISRLQWSDJH DUHVDWLVILHGWKHVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQVGXHWRWHPSHUDWXUH
YDULDWLRQVEUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQDQGYHUWLFDOEHQGLQJPD\EHFDOFXODWHGXVLQJWKHVLPSOLILHGUXOHVLQ
WKHIROORZLQJWDEOHWKHSLHUVPHQWLRQHGDUHWKRVHZLWKDIL[HGVXSSRUW
,QWHUPHGLDWHSLHUV 4/
$VVXPLQJWKDWWKHILUVWGHFNLVWKHRQHZLWKWKHIL[HGVXSSRUWRQWKHDEXWPHQWWKHIROORZLQJQRWHV
DSSO\
6XSSRUWUHDFWLRQGXHWRWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQ)VXSSRUWD7
)VXSSRUWDEXWPHQWD7VKRXOGEHFDOFXODWHGXVLQJWKHJUDSKVRI$SSHQGL[$SDJH ZKHUH/LVWKH
OHQJWKRIWKHILUVWGHFN
6XSSRUWUHDFWLRQGXHWREUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQ)VXSSRUW%UDNLQJ
4 >N1PWUDFN@IRUGRXEOHWUDFNWKHUHDFWLRQLVHTXDOWRGRXEOHWKHVLQJOHWUDFNFDVHWKHFDVH
RIWZR/0EUDNLQJWUDLQVLVDVVXPHGIRUVLPSOLFLW\IRUGRXEOHWUDFNEULGJHVZLWKQHJOLJLEOHHUURUV
/LVWKHOHQJWKRIWKHGHFNFRQQHFWHGWRWKHIL[HGVXSSRUW
n ZKHQWKHVWLIIQHVVRIWKHDEXWPHQWLVWKHVDPHDVWKDWRIWKHSLHUV
n ZKHQWKHVWLIIQHVVRIWKHDEXWPHQWLVILYHWLPHVJUHDWHUWKDQWKDWRIWKHSLHUV
n PD\EHLQWHUSRODWHGIRULQWHUPHGLDWHVWLIIQHVVHV
6XSSRUWUHDFWLRQGXHWRYHUWLFDOEHQGLQJ)VXSSRUWq+
)VXSSRUWDEXWPHQWq+VKRXOGEHFDOFXODWHGZLWKWKHJUDSKVLQ$SSHQGL[%SDJH
7KH VXSSRUW UHDFWLRQV DW WKH LQWHUPHGLDWH SLHUV GXH WR YHUWLFDO EHQGLQJ DUH DVVXPHG WR EH ]HUR
DOWKRXJK WKHLU PD[LPXP YDOXHV DUH QRW 7KLV LV EHFDXVH WKH ORDG FRQGLWLRQV ZKLFK SURGXFH WKH
PD[LPXPYDOXHRIWKHVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQVGXHWREUDNLQJJLYHULVHWRQHJOLJLEOHYDOXHVIRUWKHVXSSRUW
UHDFWLRQVGXHWRYHUWLFDOEHQGLQJ
5
&RQVLGHUDWLRQVIRUFRPSXWHUDQDO\VLV
7KH LQWHUDFWLRQ HIIHFWV GXH WR EUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQ IRUFHV DQG YHUWLFDO EHQGLQJ PD\ EH FDOFXODWHG
VHSDUDWHO\,QVXFKDFDVHWKHVWUXFWXUDOPRGHOVDUHGLIIHUHQWIRUWKHWZRW\SHVRIDQDO\VHVDVLQILQLWH
GHFN VWLIIQHVV LV WR EH DVVXPHG ZKHQ EUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQ HIIHFWV DUH DQDO\VHG ZKLOH WKH UHDO
VWLIIQHVVVKDOOEHDVVXPHGZKHQYHUWLFDOEHQGLQJHIIHFWVDUHDQDO\VHG)RUERWKORDGFDVHVDVPDQ\
DQDO\VHVDUHUHTXLUHGDVWKHUHDUHGLIIHUHQWSRVLWLRQVRIWKHWUDLQVRQWKHEULGJHWREHFRQVLGHUHG
1RUPDOO\RQO\WKHFRQGLWLRQVIRUZKLFKWKHWUDLQVFRPSOHWHO\RFFXSLHV\HLWKHURQHWZRXSWRDOOWKH
GHFNVSDQVOHDGWRWKHPD[LPXPHIIHFWVIRUUDLOVWUHVVHVGLVSODFHPHQWVDQGVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQV,Q
FDVHRIEUDNLQJWKHVHORDGFRQGLWLRQVFRUUHVSRQGWRWKHWUDLQVWRSSLQJZLWKLWVKHDGRQHDFKVXSSRUW
+RZHYHU ZKHQ FRPELQLQJ WKH HIIHFWV RI EUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQ DQG YHUWLFDO EHQGLQJ FRQVLVWHQW ORDG
FRQGLWLRQVVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG,QIDFWFRPELQLQJWKHPD[LPXPHQYHORSHYDOXHVRIWKHWZRHIIHFWV
FDQOHDGWRFRQVLGHUDEOHRYHUHVWLPDWLRQRIWKHWRWDOHIIHFW
:KHQHYDOXDWLQJWKHGLVSODFHPHQWDWWKHHQGVRIWKHGHFNWKHHIIHFWVRIEUDNLQJDFFHOHUDWLRQDQGRI
YHUWLFDOEHQGLQJVKRXOGEHHYDOXDWHGVHSDUDWHO\HYHQZKHQDFRPSOHWHDQDO\VLVLVFDUULHGRXWVLQFH
WKHYHULILFDWLRQVPXVWEHFDUULHGRXWVHSDUDWHO\IRUWKHWZRHIIHFWV
5
$SSHQGLFHV
$SSHQGL[$ 'LDJUDPVRILQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVGXHWR
EUDNLQJDQGWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQVIRU
VLPSO\VXSSRUWHGVLQJOHWUDFNGHFNVZLWK
DIL[HGVXSSRUWDWRQHHQG
$ &RQWLQXRXVZHOGHGUDLOV
sUDLOIL[HG
100
90
80
70
60
[N/mm2]
50 K2k60
K2k40
40
K5k60
30 K5k40
20 K20k60
K20k40
10
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
6SDQ>P@
5
$SSHQGLFHV
sUDLOPRYDEOH
6SDQ>P@
)VXSSRUW
6SDQ>P@
)LJ%UDNLQJORDGFDVHN1P
VXSSRUWUHDFWLRQ
5
$SSHQGLFHV
sUDLOIL[HG
100
90
80
70
60
[N/mm ]
2
50
40
K20k40
30 K20k20
20 K5k20
K2k20
10 K5k40
K2k40
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
6SDQ>P@
sUDLOPRYDEOH
6SDQ>P@
5
$SSHQGLFHV
)VXSSRUW
6SDQ>P@
5
$SSHQGLFHV
$ :LWKDQH[SDQVLRQGHYLFH
)VXSSRUW
8000
K20k40
K20k60
7000
K2k40
6000 K2k60
5000
[kN]
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
6SDQ>P@
)LJ%UDNLQJORDGFDVHN1P
UHDFWLRQRIWKHIL[HGVXSSRUW
sUDLOIL[HG
100
90
K2k60
80
70 K2k40
60
[N/mm 2]
50
40
30
K20k60
20
K20k40
10
0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
6SDQ>P@
)LJ%UDNLQJORDGFDVHN1P
IL[HGVXSSRUW
5
$SSHQGLFHV
)VXSSRUW
6SDQ>P@
5
$SSHQGLFHV
$SSHQGL[% 'LDJUDPVRILQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVXQGHU
YHUWLFDOEHQGLQJ
gamma=0.0 / K20
80.0
70.0
60.0
(M Pa)
50.0
r ail,F
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
SPA N L ENGT H (m )
5
$SSHQGLFHV
60.0
(MPa)40.0
rail,F
20.0
0.0
-20.0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
SPAN LENGTH
-10.0
-20.0
(M Pa)
-30.0
r a il,M
-40.0
-50.0
-60.0
-70.0
-80.0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
S PA N L ENGT H ( m )
5
$SSHQGLFHV
-20.0
-40.0
-60.0
(MPa)
rail,M
-80.0
gamma=-5 / K2
gamma=0.0 / K2
gamma=-5 / K5
-100.0
gamma=0.0 / K5
gamma=-5 / K20
gamma=0.0 / K20
-120.0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
SPAN LENGTH
% 'HFNEULGJH)VXSSRUW
gamma=0.5 / K2 S UP P O R T REAC T IO N
gamma=0.0 / K2 ENV EL O P E, Θ H = 8m m , A 6 0
2500.0 gamma=0.5 / K5
gamma=0.0 / K5
gamma=0.5 / K20
gamma=0.0 / K20
2000.0
1500.0
F s uppor t ( KN)
1000.0
500.0
0.0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
S PA N L ENGT H ( m )
5
$SSHQGLFHV
% 7KURXJKJLUGHUEULGJH)VXSSRUW
1500.0
(KN)
support
F 1000.0
500.0
0.0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
SPAN LENGTH
5
$SSHQGLFHV
$SSHQGL[& ([DPSOHV
& ([DPSOH 6LPSO\VXSSRUWHG GHFN ZLWK RQH HODVWLF IL[HG VXSSRUW
GHFN VODE EULGJH QR H[SDQVLRQ GHYLFH XVH RI WKH
SUHGLPHQVLRQLQJ PHWKRGFDVH RI D UDLO VWUHVV KLJKHU WKDQ
SHUPLVVLEOH
,QSXWGDWD
6LPSO\VXSSRUWHGGHFN
RQHWUDFN
GHFNOHQJWK / P
IL[HGVXSSRUWDWRQHHQG
QRIULFWLRQLQWKHPRYDEOHEHDULQJ
GHFNEULGJHZLWK ( (N1PO P$ P+ P
w Pg w+ q+>/0@ PP
8,&FRQWLQXRXVZHOGHGUDLO
UHVLVWDQFHRIWKHXQORDGHGWUDFNDGLVSODFHPHQWRIPPEHWZHHQWKHHODVWLF]RQHDQGWKH
SODVWLF]RQHDQGDUHVLVWDQFHRIN1PRIWKHSODVWLFSKDVHÃNXQORDGHG
UHVLVWDQFHRIWKHORDGHGWUDFNDGLVSODFHPHQWRIPPEHWZHHQWKHHODVWLF]RQHDQGWKH
SODVWLF]RQHDQGDUHVLVWDQFHRIN1PRIWKHSODVWLFSKDVHÃNORDGHG
FRHIILFLHQWRIWKHUPDOH[SDQVLRQ a [
WHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQRIWKHUDLOV D7UDLOV &
WHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQRIWKHGHFN D7GHFN &
ORDGGXHWREUDNLQJDQGDFFHOHUDWLRQ N1P
7KHVWLIIQHVVRIWKHIL[HGVXSSRUW.LVGHWHUPLQHGLQDILUVWVWHSZLWKSRLQWSDJH
7KHEUDNLQJIRUFHWUDQVIHUUHGIURPWKH
UDLOVWRWKHEHDULQJLV [[ N1
DQGWKHPLQLPXPUHTXLUHGVWLIIQHVVRI
WKHIL[HGEHDULQJLV N1PP N1PP/
9HULILFDWLRQRIsUDLO
sUDLOGXHWRWKHYDULDWLRQRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHLQWKHUDLOLVQRWDQDGGLWLRQDOVWUHVVIRUWKH
YHULILFDWLRQ
5
$SSHQGLFHV
'LDJUDPVIRUWKHLQWHUDFWLRQGXHWRWKHYHUWLFDOEHQGLQJGHFNEULGJHDQGq+ PP/ P
. /g ,QWHUSRODWLRQEHWZHHQg .DQGg .WKHQEHWZHHQ.DQG.
sUDLOIL[HG>PP@ 1PPWHQVLRQ
sUDLOPRYDEOH>PP@ 1PPFRPSUHVVLRQ
6RUHSUHVHQWDWLYHYDOXHDGGLWLRQDOFRPSUHVVLYHUDLOVWUHVVRI1PP
9HULILFDWLRQ
[sUDLOIL[HG>D7@[sUDLOIL[HG>EUDNLQJ@[sUDLOIL[HG>q+@
1PP1PP
[sUDLOPRY>D7@[sUDLOPRY>EUDNLQJ@[sUDLOPRY>+q@
1PP!1PP
7KHVWUHVVFRQGLWLRQKDVQRWEHHQPHW$JUHDWHUVWLIIQHVVKDVWREHIRXQGLQRUGHUWRVDWLVI\
WKLVFRQGLWLRQ8VLQJWKHSUHFHGLQJFDOFXODWLRQVDQGFKDQJLQJ. /WR. /JLYHV
1PPIRUEUDNLQJ1PPIRUWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQDQG1PPIRUYHUWLFDOEHQGLQJ
1PP!1PP'XHWRWKHLQFUHDVHGVWUHVVDWWKHPRYDEOHVXSSRUW
IRUWKHYHUWLFDOEHQGLQJFDVHWKHWRWDOVWUHVVLVJUHDWHUWKDQSUHYLRXVO\
)RUWKLVUHDVRQLWVHHPVSUHIHUDEOHWRUHSODFHWKHPVLPSO\VXSSRUWHGVWUXFWXUHE\D
FRQWLQXRXVVWUXFWXUHRUWRVHHNDVLJQLILFDQWUHGXFWLRQLQWKHYDOXHq+
5
$SSHQGLFHV
& ([DPSOH D 6LPSO\VXSSRUWHG GHFN EULGJH ZLWK RQH HODVWLF IL[HG
VXSSRUWGHFNVODEEULGJHQRH[SDQVLRQGHYLFH
,QSXWGDWD
6LPSO\VXSSRUWHGGHFN
RQHWUDFN
GHFNOHQJWK / P
IL[HGVXSSRUWDWRQHHQGVWLIIQHVV . N1PP /N1PP
QRIULFWLRQLQWKHPRYDEOHEHDULQJ
GHFNEULGJHZLWK ( (N1PO P$ P+ P
w Pg w+ q+>/0@ PP
8,& FRQWLQXRXVZHOGHGUDLO
UHVLVWDQFHRIWKHXQORDGHGWUDFNDGLVSODFHPHQWRIPPEHWZHHQWKHHODVWLF]RQHDQGWKH
SODVWLF]RQHDQGDUHVLVWDQFHRIN1PRIWKHSODVWLFSKDVHÃNXQORDGHG
UHVLVWDQFHRIWKHORDGHGWUDFNDGLVSODFHPHQWRIPPEHWZHHQWKHHODVWLF]RQHDQGWKH
SODVWLF]RQHDQGDUHVLVWDQFHRIN1PRIWKHSODVWLFSKDVHÃNORDGHG
FRHIILFLHQWRIWKHUPDOH[SDQVLRQ a [
WHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQRIWKHUDLOV D7UDLOV &
WHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQRIWKHGHFN D7GHFN &
ORDGGXHWREUDNLQJ N1P
9HULILFDWLRQRI sUDLO
sUDLOGXHWRWKHYDULDWLRQRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHLQWKHUDLOLVQRWDQDGGLWLRQDOVWUHVVIRUWKH
YHULILFDWLRQ
'LDJUDPVLQILJXUHV DQGRISRLQW $$SSHQGL[$SDJH IRUWKHLQWHUDFWLRQGXHWR
WKHWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQDQGGXHWREUDNLQJZLWKRXWDQH[SDQVLRQGHYLFH
WHPSHUDWXUHZLWKD7GHFN&. / .N N1PP NDQG/ P
EUDNLQJZLWK. / .N N1PP NDQG/ P
sUDLOIL[HG>D 7@ 1PP
sUDLOPRYDEOH>D 7@ 1PP
sUDLOIL[HG>EUDNLQJ@ 1PP
sUDLOPRYDEOH>EUDNLQJ@ 1PP
5
$SSHQGLFHV
6RUHSUHVHQWDWLYHYDOXHDGGLWLRQDOFRPSUHVVLYHUDLOVWUHVVRI1PP
sUDLOIL[HG>q+@
sUDLOPRYDEOH>q+@ [^` 1PP
)RUWKHVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQ
)VXSSRUW>q+@ )VXSSRUW>PP@[q+ [ N1
9HULILFDWLRQRIsUDLO
9HULILFDWLRQRIdUHODWLYH
7KHYHULILFDWLRQRIWKHUHODWLYHGLVSODFHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHUDLODQGWKHGHFNRUWKHSODWIRUPGXH
WREUDNLQJDQGDFFHOHUDWLRQLVDVVXUHGZKHQWKHYHULILFDWLRQRIdGHFNIL[HGLVVDWLVILHG
9HULILFDWLRQRIdGHFNIL[HG
9HULILFDWLRQRIdq+
dq+PPWKHFULWHULDLVVDWLVILHG
+RUL]RQWDOVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQV
)VXSSRUW>D7@ N1
)VXSSRUW>EUDNLQJ@ N1
)VXSSRUW>q+@ N1
)VXSSRUW>WRWDO@ a)VXSSRUW>D7@b)VXSSRUW>EUDNLQJ@g)VXSSRUW>Q+@
)VXSSRUW>WRWDO@ N1
5
$SSHQGLFHV
& ([DPSOHE6LPSO\VXSSRUWHGGHFNZLWKRQHHODVWLFIL[HGVXSSRUW
WKURXJKJLUGHUEULGJHQRH[SDQVLRQGHYLFH
,QSXWGDWD
6LPSO\VXSSRUWHGGHFN
RQHWUDFN
GHFNOHQJWK / P
IL[HGVXSSRUWDWRQHHQGVWLIIQHVV . N1PP /
QRIULFWLRQLQWKHPRYDEOHEHDULQJ
WKURXJKJLUGHUEULGJHZLWK ( (N1PO P$ P+ P
w Pg w+ q+>/0@ PP
8,& FRQWLQXRXVZHOGHGUDLO
UHVLVWDQFHRIWKHXQORDGHGWUDFNDGLVSODFHPHQWRIPPEHWZHHQWKHHODVWLF]RQHDQGWKH
SODVWLF]RQHDQGDUHVLVWDQFHRIN1PRIWKHSODVWLFSKDVHÃNXQORDGHG
UHVLVWDQFHRIWKHORDGHGWUDFNDGLVSODFHPHQWRIPPEHWZHHQWKHHODVWLF]RQHDQGWKH
SODVWLF]RQHDQGDUHVLVWDQFHRIN1PRIWKHSODVWLFSKDVHÃNORDGHG
FRHIILFLHQWRIWKHUPDOH[SDQVLRQ a [
WHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQRIWKHUDLOV D7UDLOV &
WHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQRIWKHGHFN D7GHFN &
ORDGGXHWREUDNLQJ N1P
9HULILFDWLRQRIsUDLO
sUDLO GXH WR WKH YDULDWLRQ RI WKH WHPSHUDWXUH LQ WKH UDLO LV QRW DQ DGGLWLRQDO VWUHVV IRU WKH
YHULILFDWLRQ
5
$SSHQGLFHV
6RUHSUHVHQWDWLYHYDOXHDGGLWLRQDOFRPSUHVVLYHUDLOVWUHVVRI1PP
sUDLOIL[HG>q+@ [>@ 1PP
sUDLOPRYDEOH>q+@ [^` 1PP
)RUWKHVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQ
)VXSSRUW>q+@ )VXSSRUW>PP@[>q+@ [ N1
9HULILFDWLRQRIsUDLO
9HULILFDWLRQRIdUHODWLYH
7KHYHULILFDWLRQRIWKHUHODWLYHGLVSODFHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHUDLODQGWKHGHFNRUWKHSODWIRUPGXH
WREUDNLQJDQGDFFHOHUDWLRQLVDVVXUHGZKHQWKHYHULILFDWLRQRIdGHFNIL[HGLVVDWLVILHG
9HULILFDWLRQRIdGHFNIL[HG
9HULILFDWLRQRIdq+
dq+ PPPPWKHFULWHULRQLVPHW
6XSSRUWUHDFWLRQV
)VXSSRUW>D7@ N1
)VXSSRUW>EUDNLQJ@ N1
)VXSSRUW>q+@ N1
)VXSSRUW>WRWDO@ a)VXSSRUW>D7@b)VXSSRUW>EUDNLQJ@g)VXSSRUW>Q+@
)VXSSRUW>WRWDO@ N1
5
$SSHQGLFHV
& ([DPSOH &RQWLQXRXV GHFN EULGJH ZLWK RQH LQWHUPHGLDWH IL[HG
VXSSRUWGHFNVODEEULGJHQRH[SDQVLRQGHYLFH
,QSXWGDWD
0XOWLVSDQFRQWLQXRXVGHFN
GRXEOHWUDFN
GHFNOHQJWK / PVSDQVRIP
LQWHUPHGLDWHIL[HGVXSSRUWVWLIIQHVV . N1PP /
QRIULFWLRQLQWKHPRYDEOHEHDULQJV
GHFNEULGJHZLWK ( (N1PO P$ P
+ P w P g w+
q+/>PD[@ PPq+5>PD[@ PP
8,&FRQWLQXRXVZHOGHGUDLO
UHVLVWDQFHRIWKHXQORDGHGWUDFNDGLVSODFHPHQWRIPPEHWZHHQWKHHODVWLF]RQHDQGWKH
SODVWLF]RQHDQGDUHVLVWDQFHRIN1PRIWKHSODVWLFSKDVHÃNXQORDGHG
UHVLVWDQFHRIWKHORDGHGWUDFNDGLVSODFHPHQWRIPPEHWZHHQWKHHODVWLF]RQHDQGWKH
SODVWLF]RQHDQGDUHVLVWDQFHRIN1PRIWKHSODVWLFSKDVHÃNORDGHG
FRHIILFLHQWRIWKHUPDOH[SDQVLRQ a [
WHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQRIWKHUDLOV D7UDLOV &
WHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQRIWKHGHFN D7GHFN &
ORDGGXHWREUDNLQJDQGDFFHOHUDWLRQ RQHWUDFNDFFHOHUDWLRQRIN1PZLWKDWRWDO
RIPD[LPXPN1
DQG RQH WUDFN EUDNLQJ RI N1P ZLWK D
PD[LPXPRIN1
9HULILFDWLRQRIsUDLO
sUDLOGXHWRWKHYDULDWLRQRIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHLQWKHUDLOLVQRWDQDGGLWLRQDOVWUHVVIRUWKH
YHULILFDWLRQ
7HPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQ
'LDJUDPLQILJXUHSDJH SRLQW$$SSHQGL[$IRUWKHLQWHUDFWLRQGXHWRWKH
WHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQZLWKRXWDQH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHVLQJOHWUDFN
D 7GHFN &8,&ZLWK/ P. [/ /N N1PP
sUDLO>D 7@P/N 1PPsUDLO>D 7@PN 1PP
sUDLO>D 7@8,&& 1PP
sUDLO>D 7@8,&& [^$$` 1PP
sUDLO>D 7@8,&& [ 1PP
sUDLO>D 7@GRXEOHWUDFN/ sUDLO>D 7@VLQJOHWUDFN/ 1PP
5
$SSHQGLFHV
%UDNLQJ
'LDJUDPLQILJXUHSDJH RISRLQW$$SSHQGL[$IRUWKHLQWHUDFWLRQGXHWREUDNLQJ
ZLWKRXWDQH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHVLQJOHWUDFN8,&
ZLWK/ P. [/ /N N1PP
sUDLO>EUDNLQJ@VLQJOHWUDFN/8,& 1PPVLQJOHWUDFN
sUDLO>EUDNLQJ@VLQJOHWUDFN/8,& $$ 1PP
sUDLO>EUDNLQJ@GRXEOHWUDFN/ [ 1PP
9HUWLFDOEHQGLQJ
'LDJUDPLQILJXUHRISRLQW%SDJH IRUWKHLQWHUDFWLRQGXHWRWKHYHUWLFDOEHQGLQJGHFN
EULGJHDQGq+ PP
ZLWK. /g / P
sUDLOq+ 1PP
sUDLOq+ [^` 1PP
sUDLO8,& [$$ 1PP
9HULILFDWLRQ
[sUDLO>D7@[sUDLO>EUDNLQJ@[sUDLO>q+@ 1PP
1PP1PP
9HULILFDWLRQRIdUHODWLYH
7KHYHULILFDWLRQRIWKHUHODWLYHGLVSODFHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHUDLODQGWKHGHFNRUWKHSODWIRUPGXH
WREUDNLQJDQGDFFHOHUDWLRQLVDVVXUHGZKHQWKHYHULILFDWLRQRIdGHFNIL[HGLVVDWLVILHG
9HULILFDWLRQRIdGHFNIL[HG
9HULILFDWLRQ
dGHFNIL[HG )VXSS.VXSS PPPP
9HULILFDWLRQRId>q+@
d>q+@PD[ PPPP
5
$SSHQGLFHV
6XSSRUWUHDFWLRQV
7HPSHUDWXUH
'LDJUDPLQILJXUHSDJH RISRLQW$$SSHQGL[$IRUWKHLQWHUDFWLRQGXHWRWKH
WHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQZLWKRXWDQH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHVLQJOHWUDFN
D7GHFN &8,&ZLWK/ PDQGP. [/ /N N1PP
)VXSS>D7@P/N N1)VXSS>D7@P/N N1
)VXSS>D7@8,&& N1
)VXSS>D7@8,&& [^$$` N1
)VXSS>D7@8,&& [ N1
)VXSS>D7@GRXEOHWUDFN/ )VXSS>D7@VLQJOHWUDFN/ N1
%UDNLQJ
)VXSS>EUDNLQJ@GRXEOHWUDFN/8,& N1
9HUWLFDOEHQGLQJ
'LDJUDPLQILJXUHRISRLQW%SDJH IRUWKHLQWHUDFWLRQGXHWRWKHYHUWLFDOEHQGLQJGHFN
EULGJHDQGq+ PP. /g / P
)VXSSq+ N1
)VXSSq+ [^` N1
)VXSS8,& [$$ N1
)VXSS>WRWDO@ a)VXSS>D7@b)VXSS>EUDNLQJ@g)VXSS>q+@
LIa b g )VXSS N1
,QSXWGDWD
0XOWLVSDQFRQWLQXRXVGHFN
VLQJOHWUDFN
GHFNOHQJWK / PVSDQVRIP
LQWHUPHGLDWHIL[HGVXSSRUWVWLIIQHVV . N1PP
QRIULFWLRQLQWKHPRYDEOHEHDULQJV
GHFNEULGJHZLWK ( (N1PO P$ P+ P
w Pg w+ q+>N1P@ PP
5
$SSHQGLFHV
H[SDQVLRQGHYLFHDWRQHHQGDQG8,&UDLOV
UHVLVWDQFHRIWKHXQORDGHGWUDFNDGLVSODFHPHQWRIPPEHWZHHQWKHHODVWLF]RQHDQGWKH
SODVWLF]RQHDQGDUHVLVWDQFHRIN1PRIWKHSODVWLFSKDVHÃNXQORDGHG
UHVLVWDQFHRIWKHORDGHGWUDFNDGLVSODFHPHQWRIPPEHWZHHQWKHHODVWLF]RQHDQGWKH
SODVWLF]RQHDQGDUHVLVWDQFHRIN1PRIWKHSODVWLFSKDVHÃNORDGHG
FRHIILFLHQWRIWKHUPDOH[SDQVLRQ a [
WHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQRIWKHUDLOV D7UDLO &
WHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQRIWKHGHFN D7GHFN &
ORDGGXHWREUDNLQJ RQHWUDFN DFFHOHUDWLRQ RI N1P ZLWK D WRWDO RI
DQGDFFHOHUDWLRQ PD[LPXPN1
DQG RQHWUDFN EUDNLQJ RI N1P ZLWK D PD[LPXP RI
N1
9HULILFDWLRQRIsUDLO
6RUHSUHVHQWDWLYHYDOXHDGGLWLRQDOFRPSUHVVLYHUDLOVWUHVVRI1PP
sUDLOIL[HG>q+@
sUDLOPRELOH>q+@ 1PP
5
$SSHQGLFHV
9HULILFDWLRQ
[sUDLOIL[>D7@[sUDLOIL[>EUDNLQJ@[sUDLOIL[>q+@ 1PP
1PPFRPSUHVVLRQ
9HULILFDWLRQRIdUHODWLYH
7KHYHULILFDWLRQRIWKHUHODWLYHGLVSODFHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHUDLODQGWKHGHFNRUWKHSODWIRUPGXH
WREUDNLQJDQGDFFHOHUDWLRQLVDVVXUHGZKHQWKHYHULILFDWLRQdGHFNIL[HGLVVDWLVILHG
9HULILFDWLRQRIdGHFNIL[HG
'LDJUDPIRUWKHLQWHUDFWLRQGXHWREUDNLQJZLWKDQH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHZLWK. /NDQG
/ P
)VXSSRUW>EUDNLQJ@ N1LQWHUSRODWLRQEHWZHHQDQG
9HULILFDWLRQRId>q+@
d>q+@ PPPP
6XSSRUWUHDFWLRQV
5
$SSHQGLFHV
$SSHQGL[' 9DOLGDWLRQRIWKHFRPSXWHUSURJUDPV
' 7HVWFDVH1R
VLQJOHVSDQ EULGJHV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW GHFN W\SHV VSDQ OHQJWKV DQG ORQJLWXGLQDO VWLIIQHVVHV ZHUH
DQDO\VHG)RUHDFKVWUXFWXUHERWKWUDLQUXQQLQJGLUHFWLRQVZHUHFRQVLGHUHG7KHFDVHVOLVWHGLQWKH
WDEOHEHORZZHUHDQDO\VHG(LVWKH<RXQJ
VPRGXOXV,LVWKHPRPHQWRILQHUWLD+LVWKHKHLJKW6LV
WKHFURVVVHFWLRQDODUHDYLLVWKHQHXWUDOD[LVRUGLQDWH7KHGHFNW\SHVDUHVFKHPDWLFDOO\GHSLFWHGLQ
WKHILJXUHEHORZ7KHSRVLWLRQRIWKHFHQWUHRIJUDYLW\RIWKHUDLOVLVFRQVLGHUHGIRUVLPSOLFLW\WRFRLQFLGH
ZLWKWKHWRSRIWKH5&VODELQDOOFDVHV
0.30
H
H H
0.50
5
$SSHQGLFHV
PP
$V FDQ EH VHHQ IURP WKH WDEOH WZR YDOXHV IRU WKH KRUL]RQWDO IOH[LELOLW\ RI WKH IL[HG VXSSRUW ZHUH
H[DPLQHGIRUHDFKVWUXFWXUH
%DOODVWHGWUDFNZDVDVVXPHGZLWKWKHIROORZLQJSDLURIUHVLVWDQFHSDUDPHWHUV
7KHUPDOYDULDWLRQVHTXDOWR&IRUWKHGHFNDQG&IRUWKHUDLOZHUHFRQVLGHUHG.1PYHUWLFDO
ORDGVDQG.1PKRUL]RQWDOEUDNLQJIRUFHVZHUHDVVXPHG7KHWUDLQZDVDVVXPHGWREHPORQJ
5
$SSHQGLFHV
7KH EUDNLQJ IRUFHV DV ZHOO DV WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI WUDYHO ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG WR EH DFWLQJ IURP WKH IL[HG
VXSSRUWWRZDUGVWKHPRYDEOHVXSSRUWGLUHFWLQKDOIRIWKHFDVHVDQGWKHUHYHUVHGLUHFWIRUWKH
UHPDLQLQJKDOI:LWKDSRVLWLYHWKHUPDOYDULDWLRQEHLQJDSSOLHGWRWKHGHFNLWZDVH[SHFWHGWKDWWKH
PD[LPXP DQG PLQLPXP UDLO VWUHVVHV ZRXOG EH IRXQG LQ WKH IRUPHU VLWXDWLRQ DQG WKH PD[LPXP
DEVROXWHVXSSRUWUHDFWLRQVLQWKHODWWHU
7KHPRGHOZDVEDVHGRQWKHFRQILJXUDWLRQVKRZQEHORZZLWKPRIHPEDQNPHQWFRQVLGHUHGRQ
HDFKVLGHRIWKHEULGJH
90 m
300 m var. 300 m
,QRUGHUWRHYDOXDWHWKHLQIOXHQFHRIHDFKFRPSRQHQWRILQWHUDFWLRQWKUHHDQDO\VHVZHUHFDUULHGRXW
IRUHDFKFDVH,QWKHILUVWDQDO\VLVDQDO\VHVRURQO\WKHYHUWLFDOORDGVWUDYHOOHGDORQJWKHEULGJH
LQRUGHUWRILQGWKHQHWHIIHFWRIWKHHQGURWDWLRQ,QWKHVHFRQGDQDO\VLVDQDO\VHVRUWKHGHFNZDV
DVVXPHGULJLGLQRUGHUWRHYDOXDWHWKHHIIHFWVRIEUDNLQJIRUFHVDORQH,QWKHWKLUGDQDO\VLVDQDO\VHV
RUWKHWKUHHHIIHFWVZHUHHYDOXDWHGDSSO\LQJWKHWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQILUVWDQGWKHQWKHPRYLQJ
WUDLQORDGV+DYLQJFDOFXODWHGWKHWKUHHFRQWULEXWLRQVVHSDUDWHO\LWZDVWKHQSRVVLEOHWRFRPSDUHWKH
VLPSOHVXPRIWKHFRQWULEXWLRQVZLWKWKHRYHUDOOHIIHFWV
7KHWDEOHVEHORZVKRZWKHUHVXOWVUHOHYDQWWRDOOWKHFDVHVH[DPLQHG7KHILUVWFROXPQVGHVFULEHWKH
VWUXFWXUDOV\VWHPVWKHVL[WKDQGVHYHQWKFROXPQVSHFLI\WKHTXDQWLWLHVFRQVLGHUHGDQGWKHUHOHYDQW
XQLWV WKH IROORZLQJ IRXU FROXPQV JLYH WKH PD[LPXP HIIHFWV RI WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQV LQ WKH UDLO
WHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQLQWKHGHFNEUDNLQJDFWLRQVDQGHQGURWDWLRQUHVSHFWLYHO\7KHQH[WWZRFROXPQV
JLYHWKHVXPRIWKHPD[LPXPHIIHFWVHYDOXDWHGVHSDUDWHO\DQGWKHWRWDOHIIHFWVLHWKHHQYHORSHRI
WKHUHVXOWVREWDLQHGLQWKHWKLUGDQDO\VLV7KHFRPSDULVRQRIWKHVHWZRFROXPQVDOORZVWKHSHUFHQWDJH
HUURUWREHHYDOXDWHG7KLVLVVKRZQLQWKHIROORZLQJFROXPQ6LQFHWKHPD[LPXPHIIHFWLVVRPHWLPHV
JLYHQ E\ WKH WHPSHUDWXUH YDULDWLRQ DORQH WKH IROORZLQJ WZR FROXPQV JLYH WKH DEVROXWH PD[LPXP
EHWZHHQWKHVXPRIHIIHFWVDQGWKHWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQHIIHFWDORQJZLWKWKHSHUFHQWDJHHUURURQ
WKHDEVROXWHYDOXHV7KHHIIHFWVRIWKHWUDFNVWUXFWXUHLQWHUDFWLRQDUHJLYHQLQWHUPVRIDGGLWLRQDOUDLO
VWUHVVHVUHODWLYHGLVSODFHPHQWEHWZHHQUDLODQGGHFNDEVROXWHGLVSODFHPHQWVRIWKHGHFNUHDFWLRQ
DWWKHIL[HGVXSSRUW7KHILQDOWZRFROXPQVDOORZWKHWRWDOUDLOVWUHVVHVWREHFRPSDUHGGLUHFWO\LH
LQFOXGLQJWKHUDLOVWUHVVHVGXHWRWKHUDLOWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQ
7KH IXQGDPHQWDO FDVHV WR EH WHVWHG DUH WKRVH ODEHOOHG ( DQG ( 7KHVH FDVHV VKRXOG EH
VDWLVILHGZLWKLQWKHWROHUDQFHVJLYHQDERYH7KHRWKHUFDVHVDUHJLYHQIRUDVXSSOHPHQWDU\FKHFN
ZKHQWKHUHVXOWVIRUWKHIXQGDPHQWDOFDVHVDUHQRWVDWLVIDFWRU\
5
$SSHQGLFHV
' 7HVWFDVH1R
7KHEULGJHFRQILJXUDWLRQLVVKRZQEHORZ
60 m
100 m 60 m 60 m 60 m 60 m 60 m 100 m
7KH PDLQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG WKH FRQVLGHUHG HIIHFWV RI WKH VSDQ EULGJH PRGHOV DUH JLYHQ LQ WKH
IROORZLQJWDEOH
(LV<RXQJ¶VPRGXOXV,LVWKHPRPHQWRILQHUWLD+LVWKHVHFWLRQKHLJKW6LVWKHFURVVVHFWLRQDODUHD
YLLVWKHQHXWUDOD[LVRUGLQDWH7KHSRVLWLRQRIWKHEDU\FHQWUHRIWKHUDLOVLVFRQVLGHUHGIRUVLPSOLFLW\
WRFRLQFLGHZLWKWKHWRSRIWKH5&VODELQDOOFDVHV
7ZRW\SHVRIDQDO\VHVKDYHEHHQXVHG,QWKHPXOWLVWHSDQDO\VHVWKHWUDLQLVWUDYHOOLQJDORQJWKHEULGJH
DQGWKHEDOODVWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUHDXWRPDWLFDOO\YDULHGE\WKHSURJUDPDFFRUGLQJWRWKHYHUWLFDOORDGV
DSSOLHG ,Q WKHVH DQDO\VHV WKH WHPSHUDWXUH HIIHFWV ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG VHSDUDWHO\ VLQFH WKH\ FDQ
LQFUHDVHRUGHFUHDVHWKHVLQJOHHIIHFWDFFRUGLQJWRWKHVLJQRIWKHYDULDWLRQDQGLWKDVEHHQFOHDUO\
VKRZQLQSUDFWLFHWKDWWKHLUHIIHFWLVSUDFWLFDOO\DGGLWLYHWRWKHWUDLQORDGHIIHFWV
7KHIROORZLQJDVVXPSWLRQVKDYHDOVREHHQPDGH
WKHPHFKDQLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHEDOODVWDUHWDNHQHTXDOWR.1PIRUXQORDGHGEDOODVWDQG
.1PIRUORDGHGEDOODVW.1PYHUWLFDOORDGZKLOHWKHGLVSODFHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHHODVWLFDQG
SODVWLF]RQHVLVWDNHQHTXDOWR PP
WKHHODVWLFSODVWLFODZLVDVVXPHGIRUWKHEDOODVWEHKDYLRXUXQGHUORQJLWXGLQDODFWLRQV
5
$SSHQGLFHV
WKHWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQRIWKHGHFNLVWDNHQHTXDOWR&DQGWKHWKHUPDOFRHIILFLHQWLVWDNHQ
HTXDOWRZKLOH]HURWKHUPDOYDULDWLRQLVDVVXPHGIRUWKHUDLOV
WKHWUDLQLVDVVXPHGWREHPORQJ
7KH PRGHO LV EDVHG RQ WKH FRQILJXUDWLRQ VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH VHH SDJH ZKHUH P RI
HPEDQNPHQWLVFRQVLGHUHGRQHDFKVLGHRIWKHEULGJH$QDO\VHV*DQG*DUHRQHVWHSDQDO\VHV
PDGHIRUWKHSXUSRVHVRIFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHWUDLQH[DFWO\FHQWUHGRQWKHEULGJH
5
$SSHQGLFHV
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
A1-3 1 30 1 1 rail stress MPa -126 -13,22 -12,76 -14,98 -40,96 -38,89 -5,3 41,0 5,3 Sum -166,96
A1-3 1 30 1 1 rel.displac. m 0 -7,72E-03 1,61E-03 -2,11E-03 -8,22E-03 -8,82E-03 6,8 8,22E-03 -6,8 Global -164,89
A1-3 1 30 1 1 abs.displac. m 0 -1,59E-03 1,08E-03 2,99E-03 2,49E-03 3,17E-03 21,5 2,49E-03 -21,5 %error -1,3
A1-3 1 30 1 1 supp. react. KN 0 306,22 -324,2 706,34 688,36 736,82 6,6 688,4 -6,6
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
A4-6 1 30 1 2 rail stress MPa -126 -13,22 -12,7 -24,75 -50,67 -23,9 -112,0 50,7 112,0 Sum -176,67
A4-6 1 30 1 2 rel.displac. m 0 -7,72E-03 -1,61E-03 -2,39E-03 -1,17E-02 -9,24E-03 -26,8 1,17E-02 26,8 Global -149,9
A4-6 1 30 1 2 abs.displac. m 0 -1,59E-03 -1,08E-03 3,28E-03 6,11E-04 -1,59E-03 61,5 1,59E-03 0,0 %error -17,9
A4-6 1 30 1 2 supp.react. KN 0 306,22 324,41 666,97 1297,6 1199,5 -8,2 1297,6 8,2
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
B1-3 1 30 5 1 rail stress MPa -126 -9,63 -16,84 -6,38 -32,85 -30,79 -6,7 32,9 6,7 Sum -158,85
B1-3 1 30 5 1 rel.displac. m 0 -6,45E-03 2,03E-03 -1,20E-03 -5,62E-03 -6,82E-03 17,6 6,45E-03 -5,5 Global -156,79
B1-3 1 30 5 1 abs.displac. m 0 -3,16E-03 2,01E-03 1,12E-03 -3,40E-05 -3,16E-03 98,9 3,16E-03 0,0 %error -1,3
B1-3 1 30 5 1 supp.react. KN 0 172,6 -120,37 303,4 355,63 380,32 6,5 355,6 -6,5
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
B4-6 1 30 5 2 rail stress MPa -126 -9,63 -12,37 -8,99 -30,99 -9,63 -221,8 31,0 221,8 Sum -156,99
B4-6 1 30 5 2 rel.displac. m 0 -6,45E-03 -2,02E-03 -1,56E-03 -1,00E-02 -6,81E-03 -47,3 1,00E-02 47,3 Global -135,63
B4-6 1 30 5 2 abs.displac. m 0 -3,16E-03 -2,01E-03 1,54E-03 -3,64E-03 -3,59E-03 -1,3 3,64E-03 1,3 %error -15,7
B4-6 1 30 5 2 supp.react. KN 0 172,6 120,76 283,31 576,67 559,62 -3,0 576,7 3,0
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
C1-3 1 45 1 1 rail stress MPa -126 -22,02 -14,92 -17,47 -54,41 -49,36 -10,2 54,4 10,2 Sum -180,41
C1-3 1 45 1 1 rel.displac. m 0 -1,20E-02 1,78E-03 -2,38E-03 -1,26E-02 -1,31E-02 3,9 1,26E-02 -3,9 Global -175,36
C1-3 1 45 1 1 abs.displac. m 0 -1,71E-03 1,24E-03 3,51E-03 3,05E-03 4,06E-03 24,9 3,05E-03 -24,9 %error -2,9
C1-3 1 45 1 1 supp.react. KN 0 504,34 -557,79 883,63 830,18 857,91 3,2 830,2 -3,2
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
C4-6 1 45 1 2 rail stress MPa -126 -22,02 -14,7 -28,93 -65,65 -31,7 -107,1 65,7 107,1 Sum -191,65
C4-6 1 45 1 2 rel.displac. m 0 -1,20E-02 -1,76E-03 -2,70E-03 -1,65E-02 -1,36E-02 -21,1 1,65E-02 21,1 Global -157,7
C4-6 1 45 1 2 abs.displac. m 0 -1,71E-03 -1,24E-03 3,84E-03 8,92E-04 -1,71E-03 47,7 1,71E-03 0,0 %error -21,5
C4-6 1 45 1 2 supp.react. KN 0 504,34 557,59 812,14 1874,07 1727,72 -8,5 1874,1 8,5
6LPSO\VXSSRUWHGRQHVSDQEULGJHV
5
$SSHQGLFHV
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
D1-3 1 45 5 1 rail stress MPa -126 -17,57 -21,7 -8,03 -47,3 -42,52 -11,2 47,3 11,2 Sum -173,3
D1-3 1 45 5 1 rel.displac. m 0 -1,02E-02 2,43E-03 -1,39E-03 -9,16E-03 -1,09E-02 15,9 1,02E-02 -6,3 Global -168,52
D1-3 1 45 5 1 abs.displac. m 0 -3,91E-03 2,61E-03 1,46E-03 1,63E-04 -3,91E-03 95,8 3,91E-03 0,0 %error -2,8
D1-3 1 45 5 1 supp.react. KN 0 321,13 -235,15 417,32 503,3 520,44 3,3 503,3 -3,3
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
D4-6 1 45 5 2 rail stress MPa -126 -17,57 -20,65 -10,98 -49,2 -17,57 -180,0 49,2 180,0 Sum -175,2
D4-6 1 45 5 2 rel.displac. m 0 -1,02E-02 -2,42E-03 -1,79E-03 -1,44E-02 -1,07E-02 -34,7 1,44E-02 34,7 Global -143,57
D4-6 1 45 5 2 abs.displac. m 0 -3,91E-03 -2,62E-03 1,95E-03 -4,58E-03 -4,48E-03 -2,3 4,58E-03 2,3 %error -22,0
D4-6 1 45 5 2 supp.react. KN 0 321,13 236,2 380,77 938,1 903,68 -3,8 938,1 3,8
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
E1-3 1 60 1 1 rail stress MPa -126 -30,67 -16,42 -16,98 -64,07 -56,4 -13,6 64,1 13,6 Sum -190,07
E1-3 1 60 1 1 rel.displac. m 0 -1,64E-02 1,90E-03 -2,70E-03 -1,72E-02 -1,73E-02 0,8 1,72E-02 -0,8 Global -182,4
E1-3 1 60 1 1 abs.displac. m 0 -1,69E-03 1,36E-03 3,77E-03 3,43E-03 4,56E-03 24,8 3,43E-03 -24,8 %error -4,2
E1-3 1 60 1 1 supp.react. KN 0 700,12 -813,22 977,7 864,6 874,42 1,1 864,6 -1,1
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
E4-6 1 60 1 2 rail stress MPa -126 -30,67 -15,95 -28,22 -74,84 -36,06 -107,5 74,8 107,5 Sum -200,84
E4-6 1 60 1 2 rel.displac. m 0 -1,64E-02 -1,85E-03 -3,12E-03 -2,13E-02 -1,78E-02 -19,8 2,13E-02 19,8 Global -162,06
E4-6 1 60 1 2 abs.displac. m 0 -1,69E-03 -1,36E-03 4,16E-03 1,11E-03 -1,69E-03 34,3 1,69E-03 0,0 %error -23,9
E4-6 1 60 1 2 supp.react. KN 0 700,12 817,74 855,61 2373,47 2196,1 -8,1 2373,5 8,1
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
F1-3 1 60 5 1 rail stress MPa -126 -25,97 -25,85 -10,11 -61,93 -51,71 -19,8 61,9 19,8 Sum -187,93
F1-3 1 60 5 1 rel.displac. m 0 -1,42E-02 2,77E-03 -1,67E-03 -1,31E-02 -1,50E-02 12,6 1,42E-02 -5,2 Global -177,71
F1-3 1 60 5 1 abs.displac. m 0 -4,35E-03 3,18E-03 1,64E-03 4,74E-04 -4,35E-03 89,1 4,35E-03 0,0 %error -5,8
F1-3 1 60 5 1 supp.react. KN 0 482,92 -381,29 501,84 603,47 609,33 1,0 603,5 -1,0
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
F4-6 1 60 5 2 rail stress MPa -126 -25,97 -25,58 -10,23 -61,78 -26,97 -129,1 61,8 129,1 Sum -187,78
F4-6 1 60 5 2 rel.displac. m 0 -1,42E-02 -2,75E-03 -2,18E-03 -1,91E-02 -1,48E-02 -29,5 1,91E-02 29,5 Global -152,97
F4-6 1 60 5 2 abs.displac. m 0 -4,35E-03 -3,19E-03 2,29E-03 -5,25E-03 -5,13E-03 -2,4 5,25E-03 2,4 %error -22,8
F4-6 1 60 5 2 supp.react. KN 0 482,92 383,07 436,75 1302,74 1250,6 -4,2 1302,7 4,2
6LPSO\VXSSRUWHGRQHVSDQEULGJHV
5
$SSHQGLFHV
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
G1-3 2 90 1 1 rail stress MPa -126 -47,33 -17,13 -18,03 -82,49 -61,63 -33,8 82,5 33,8 Sum -208,49
G1-3 2 90 1 1 rel.displac. m 0 -2,48E-02 1,93E-03 -3,35E-03 -2,62E-02 -2,51E-02 -4,5 2,62E-02 4,5 Global -187,63
G1-3 2 90 1 1 abs.displac. m 0 -1,22E-03 1,31E-03 3,20E-03 3,29E-03 4,03E-03 18,5 3,29E-03 -18,5 %error -11,1
G1-3 2 90 1 1 supp.react. KN 0 1094,7 -1410,8 923,59 607,49 1094,7 44,5 1094,7 0,0
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
G4-6 2 90 1 2 rail stress MPa -126 -47,33 -16,16 -17,51 -81 -47,33 -71,1 81,0 71,1 Sum -207
G4-6 2 90 1 2 rel.displac. m 0 -2,48E-02 -1,84E-03 -4,10E-03 -3,08E-02 -2,57E-02 -19,6 3,08E-02 19,6 Global -173,33
G4-6 2 90 1 2 abs.displac. m 0 -1,22E-03 -1,30E-03 3,69E-03 1,17E-03 -1,22E-03 3,9 1,22E-03 0,0 %error -19,4
G4-6 2 90 1 2 supp.react. KN 0 1094,7 1404,7 590,52 3089,92 2909,3 -6,2 3089,9 6,2
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
H1-3 2 90 5 1 rail stress MPa -126 -43,14 -24,58 -17,65 -85,37 -62,23 -37,2 85,4 37,2 Sum -211,37
H1-3 2 90 5 1 rel.displac. m 0 -2,26E-02 3,20E-03 -2,47E-03 -2,19E-02 -2,31E-02 5,2 2,26E-02 -2,0 Global -188,23
H1-3 2 90 5 1 abs.displac. m 0 -4,09E-03 3,84E-03 1,47E-03 1,22E-03 -4,09E-03 70,2 4,09E-03 0,0 %error -12,3
H1-3 2 90 5 1 supp.react. KN 0 858,67 -828,67 580,61 610,61 858,67 28,9 858,7 0,0
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
H4-6 2 90 5 2 rail stress MPa -126 -43,14 -29,62 -17,46 -90,22 -43,14 -109,1 90,2 109,1 Sum -216,22
H4-6 2 90 5 2 rel.displac. m 0 -2,26E-02 -3,12E-03 -3,52E-03 -2,93E-02 -2,33E-02 -25,4 2,93E-02 25,4 Global -169,14
H4-6 2 90 5 2 abs.displac. m 0 -4,09E-03 -3,84E-03 2,60E-03 -5,33E-03 -5,24E-03 -1,8 5,33E-03 1,8 %error -27,8
H4-6 2 90 5 2 supp.react. KN 0 858,67 830,22 364,35 2053,24 1975,7 -3,9 2053,2 3,9
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
I1-3 3 30 1 1 rail stress MPa -126 -14,14 -12,77 -2,71 -29,62 -29,15 -1,6 29,6 1,6 Sum -155,62
I1-3 3 30 1 1 rel.displac. m 0 -8,02E-03 1,62E-03 -4,27E-04 -6,83E-03 -8,15E-03 16,2 8,02E-03 -1,6 Global -155,15
I1-3 3 30 1 1 abs.displac. m 0 -1,16E-03 1,08E-03 5,49E-04 4,65E-04 -1,16E-03 60,0 1,16E-03 0,0 %error -0,3
I1-3 3 30 1 1 supp.react. KN 0 344,42 -323,72 132,82 153,52 344,42 55,4 344,4 0,0
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
I4-6 3 30 1 2 rail stress MPa -126 -14,14 -12,7 -4,29 -31,13 -14,14 -120,2 31,1 120,2 Sum -157,13
I4-6 3 30 1 2 rel.displac. m 0 -8,02E-03 -1,61E-03 -4,76E-04 -1,01E-02 -8,73E-03 -15,7 1,01E-02 15,7 Global -140,14
I4-6 3 30 1 2 abs.displac. m 0 -1,16E-03 -1,08E-03 5,96E-04 -1,65E-03 -1,56E-03 -5,9 1,65E-03 5,9 %error -12,1
I4-6 3 30 1 2 supp.react. KN 0 344,42 323,96 119,3 787,68 755,81 -4,2 787,7 4,2
6LPSO\VXSSRUWHGRQHVSDQEULGJHV
5
$SSHQGLFHV
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
J1-3 3 30 5 1 rail stress MPa -126 -9,91 -11,55 -1,22 -22,68 -26,98 15,9 22,7 -15,9 Sum -148,68
J1-3 3 30 5 1 rel.displac. m 0 -6,51E-03 2,03E-03 -2,23E-04 -4,71E-03 -6,84E-03 31,1 6,51E-03 -4,8 Global -152,98
J1-3 3 30 5 1 abs.displac. m 0 -3,05E-03 2,00E-03 1,69E-04 -8,77E-04 -3,05E-03 71,2 3,05E-03 0,0 %error 2,8
J1-3 3 30 5 1 supp.react. KN 0 182,58 -120,28 49,06 111,36 182,58 39,0 182,6 0,0
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
J4-6 3 30 5 2 rail stress MPa -126 -9,91 -12,37 -1,35 -23,63 -13,12 -80,1 23,6 80,1 Sum -149,63
J4-6 3 30 5 2 rel.displac. m 0 -6,51E-03 -2,02E-03 -3,02E-04 -8,84E-03 -6,87E-03 -28,6 8,84E-03 28,6 Global -139,12
J4-6 3 30 5 2 abs.displac. m 0 -3,05E-03 -2,01E-03 2,56E-04 -4,81E-03 -4,71E-03 -2,0 4,81E-03 2,0 %error -7,6
J4-6 3 30 5 2 supp.react. KN 0 182,58 120,72 44,45 347,75 341,8 -1,7 347,8 1,7
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
K1-3 3 45 1 1 rail stress MPa -126 -22,95 -14,96 -6 -43,91 -39,69 -10,6 43,9 10,6 Sum -169,91
K1-3 3 45 1 1 rel.displac. m 0 -1,23E-02 1,79E-03 -7,52E-04 -1,13E-02 -1,32E-02 14,4 1,23E-02 -6,5 Global -165,69
K1-3 3 45 1 1 abs.displac. m 0 -1,25E-03 1,24E-03 8,97E-04 8,87E-04 -1,25E-03 28,8 1,25E-03 0,0 %error -2,5
K1-3 3 45 1 1 supp.react. KN 0 547,49 -556,7 179,12 169,91 547,49 69,0 547,5 0,0
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
K4-6 3 45 1 2 rail stress MPa -126 -22,95 -14,72 -10,32 -47,99 -22,95 -109,1 48,0 109,1 Sum -173,99
K4-6 3 45 1 2 rel.displac. m 0 -1,23E-02 -1,76E-03 -6,39E-04 -1,47E-02 -1,35E-02 -9,2 1,47E-02 9,2 Global -148,95
K4-6 3 45 1 2 abs.displac. m 0 -1,25E-03 -1,24E-03 8,16E-04 -1,67E-03 -1,57E-03 -6,3 1,67E-03 6,3 %error -16,8
K4-6 3 45 1 2 supp.react. KN 0 547,49 556,48 214,71 1318,68 1264 -4,3 1318,7 4,3
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
L1-3 3 45 5 1 rail stress MPa -126 -17,88 -21,79 -3,52 -43,19 -38,78 -11,4 43,2 11,4 Sum -169,19
L1-3 3 45 5 1 rel.displac. m 0 -1,03E-02 2,44E-03 -5,44E-04 -8,41E-03 -1,17E-02 28,0 1,03E-02 -11,8 Global -164,78
L1-3 3 45 5 1 abs.displac. m 0 -3,70E-03 2,61E-03 4,56E-04 -6,37E-04 -3,73E-03 82,9 3,70E-03 -0,8 %error -2,7
L1-3 3 45 5 1 supp.react. KN 0 334,11 -234,88 75,99 175,22 334,11 47,6 334,1 0,0
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
L4-6 3 45 5 2 rail stress MPa -126 -17,88 -21,65 -5,37 -44,9 -17,88 -151,1 44,9 151,1 Sum -170,9
L4-6 3 45 5 2 rel.displac. m 0 -1,03E-02 -2,42E-03 -3,92E-04 -1,31E-02 -1,09E-02 -20,7 1,31E-02 20,7 Global -143,88
L4-6 3 45 5 2 abs.displac. m 0 -3,70E-03 -2,62E-03 2,83E-04 -6,04E-03 -5,98E-03 -1,1 6,04E-03 1,1 %error -18,8
L4-6 3 45 5 2 supp.react. KN 0 334,11 236,06 91,52 661,69 652,36 -1,4 661,7 1,4
6LPSO\VXSSRUWHGRQHVSDQEULGJHV
5
$SSHQGLFHV
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
M1-3 3 60 1 1 rail stress MPa -126 -31,48 -16,45 -10,91 -58,84 -42,44 -38,6 58,8 38,6 Sum -184,84
M1-3 3 60 1 1 rel.displac. m 0 -1,66E-02 1,90E-03 -1,37E-03 -1,60E-02 -1,81E-02 11,5 1,66E-02 -8,6 Global -168,44
M1-3 3 60 1 1 abs.displac. m 0 -1,30E-03 1,35E-03 1,34E-03 1,39E-03 1,68E-03 17,0 1,39E-03 -17,0 %error -9,7
M1-3 3 60 1 1 supp.react. KN 0 742,17 -812,33 238,92 168,76 742,17 77,3 742,2 0,0
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
M4-6 3 60 1 2 rail stress MPa -126 -31,48 -15,96 -18,8 -66,24 -30,44 -117,6 66,2 117,6 Sum -192,24
M4-6 3 60 1 2 rel.displac. m 0 -1,66E-02 -1,85E-03 -1,13E-03 -1,95E-02 -1,82E-02 -7,6 1,95E-02 7,6 Global -156,44
M4-6 3 60 1 2 abs.displac. m 0 -1,30E-03 -1,35E-03 1,16E-03 -1,49E-03 -1,41E-03 -5,8 1,49E-03 5,8 %error -22,9
M4-6 3 60 1 2 supp.react. KN 0 742,17 810,78 338,35 1891,3 1816,5 -4,1 1891,3 4,1
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
N1-3 3 60 5 1 rail stress MPa -126 -26,31 -21,36 -7,89 -55,56 -49,4 -12,5 55,6 12,5 Sum -181,56
N1-3 3 60 5 1 rel.displac. m 0 -1,43E-02 2,78E-03 -1,13E-03 -1,26E-02 -1,67E-02 24,6 1,43E-02 -14,8 Global -175,4
N1-3 3 60 5 1 abs.displac. m 0 -4,19E-03 3,18E-03 8,06E-04 -2,12E-04 -4,19E-03 94,9 4,19E-03 0,0 %error -3,5
N1-3 3 60 5 1 supp.react. KN 0 497,35 -381,04 112,22 228,53 497,35 54,1 497,4 0,0
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
N4-6 3 60 5 2 rail stress MPa -126 -26,31 -25,59 -11,66 -63,56 -26,31 -141,6 63,6 141,6 Sum -189,56
N4-6 3 60 5 2 rel.displac. m 0 -1,43E-02 -2,75E-03 -7,85E-04 -1,78E-02 -1,50E-02 -18,9 1,78E-02 18,9 Global -152,31
N4-6 3 60 5 2 abs.displac. m 0 -4,19E-03 -3,19E-03 3,99E-04 -6,98E-03 -6,92E-03 -1,0 6,98E-03 1,0 %error -24,5
N4-6 3 60 5 2 supp.react. KN 0 497,35 382,92 160,43 1040,7 1030,7 -1,0 1040,7 1,0
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
O1-3 3 90 1 1 rail stress MPa -126 -47,52 -17,01 -22,31 -86,84 -65,56 -32,5 86,8 32,5 Sum -212,84
O1-3 3 90 1 1 rel.displac. m 0 -2,47E-02 1,92E-03 -2,51E-03 -2,53E-02 -2,79E-02 9,2 2,53E-02 -9,2 Global -191,56
O1-3 3 90 1 1 abs.displac. m 0 -1,19E-03 1,31E-03 2,38E-03 2,49E-03 2,94E-03 15,3 2,49E-03 -15,3 %error -11,1
O1-3 3 90 1 1 supp.react. KN 0 1108,7 -1413,5 389,82 85,02 1108,7 92,3 1108,7 0,0
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
O4-6 3 90 1 2 rail stress MPa -126 -47,52 -16,14 -38,68 -102,34 -59,4 -72,3 102,3 72,3 Sum -228,34
O4-6 3 90 1 2 rel.displac. m 0 -2,47E-02 -1,84E-03 -2,10E-03 -2,86E-02 -2,75E-02 -4,0 2,86E-02 4,0 Global -185,4
O4-6 3 90 1 2 abs.displac. m 0 -1,19E-03 -1,30E-03 2,07E-03 -4,32E-04 -1,23E-03 64,9 1,19E-03 -3,1 %error -23,2
O4-6 3 90 1 2 supp.react. KN 0 1108,7 1407,9 631,14 3147,74 2990,2 -5,3 3147,7 5,3
6LPSO\VXSSRUWHGRQHVSDQEULGJHV
5
$SSHQGLFHV
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
P1-3 3 90 5 1 rail stress MPa -126 -43,14 -30,16 -18,76 -92,06 -67,52 -36,3 92,1 36,3 Sum -218,06
P1-3 3 90 5 1 rel.displac. m 0 -2,25E-02 3,19E-03 -2,16E-03 -2,15E-02 -2,69E-02 20,0 2,25E-02 -16,2 Global -193,52
P1-3 3 90 5 1 abs.displac. m 0 -4,13E-03 3,84E-03 1,64E-03 1,35E-03 -4,13E-03 67,3 4,13E-03 0,0 %error -12,7
P1-3 3 90 5 1 supp.react. KN 0 860,3 -829,67 228,7 259,33 860,3 69,9 860,3 0,0
case No. deck type span long.dis. direction Quantity Unit T° rail T° deck Braking End rot. Sum Global effect %Error mx(sm,T°) %Error total stress
P4-6 3 90 5 2 rail stress MPa -126 -43,14 -29,6 -28,3 -101,04 -43,14 -134,2 101,0 134,2 Sum -227,04
P4-6 3 90 5 2 rel.displac. m 0 -2,25E-02 -3,12E-03 -1,60E-03 -2,72E-02 -2,37E-02 -15,1 2,72E-02 15,1 Global -169,14
P4-6 3 90 5 2 abs.displac. m 0 -4,13E-03 -3,85E-03 9,63E-04 -7,02E-03 -6,97E-03 -0,6 7,02E-03 0,6 %error -34,2
P4-6 3 90 5 2 supp.react. KN 0 860,3 831,06 371 2062,36 2040 -1,1 2062,4 1,1
6LPSO\VXSSRUWHGRQHVSDQEULGJHV
5
/LVWRIDEEUHYLDWLRQV
$ &RPELQHGFURVVVHFWLRQRIWZR8,&UDLOV
( <RXQJ
VPRGXOXV
)UDLOV )RUFHLQWKHUDLOV
)VXSSRUW 6XSSRUWUHDFWLRQN1
+ 'LVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHXSSHUVLGHRIWKHGHFNVODERQZKLFKWKHWUDFN
OLHVDQGWKHFHQWUHRIURWDWLRQRIWKHIL[HGVXSSRUW
, 0RPHQWRILQHUWLDRIWKHGHFN
. 6XSSRUWVWLIIQHVV
/ ([SDQVLRQOHQJWKRIWKHGHFN>P@
4/ 7RWDOKRUL]RQWDOORDGRQWKHGHFNGXHWREUDNLQJRUDFFHOHUDWLRQ
I )ULFWLRQFRHIILFLHQW
N /RQJLWXGLQDOUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHWUDFNWRWKHGLVSODFHPHQW
TODN &KDUDFWHULVWLFKRUL]RQWDODFFHOHUDWLRQIRUFHV
TOEN &KDUDFWHULVWLFKRUL]RQWDOEUDNLQJIRUFHV
[ 'LVWDQFHRIWKHQHXWUDOD[LVWRWKHWRSRUWRWKHERWWRPRIWKHGHFN
D7UDLO 7HPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQLQWKHUDLO
D7GHFN 7HPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQLQWKHGHFN
DD7 'LIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHWHPSHUDWXUHYDULDWLRQVLQWKHUDLODQGLQWKHGHFN
q 5RWDWLRQRIWKHFURVVVHFWLRQDWWKHHQGRIWKHGHFN
5
a &RHIILFLHQWRIWKHUPDOH[SDQVLRQ
b 5HGXFWLRQFRHIILFLHQWIRUWKHKRUL]RQWDOIRUFHVRQWKHUDLOV
g w+YDOXHXVHGLQFDOLEUDWLQJGLDJUDPV
dUDLO 'LVSODFHPHQWRIWKHUDLO
dDEV $EVROXWHGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHGHFN
dUHO 5HODWLYHGLVSODFHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHGHFNDQGWKHUDLO
dS 'LVSODFHPHQWDWWKHKHDGRIWKHVXSSRUWGXHWRHODVWLFGHIRUPDWLRQ
df 'LVSODFHPHQWDWWKHKHDGRIWKHVXSSRUWGXHWRURWDWLRQRIWKHIRXQGDWLRQ
dK 'LVSODFHPHQWRIWKHVXSSRUWGXHWRWKHKRUL]RQWDOPRYHPHQWRIWKH
IRXQGDWLRQ
dD 5HODWLYHGLVSODFHPHQWEHWZHHQWKHXSSHUDQGORZHUSDUWVRIWKHEHDULQJ
dqH 'LVSODFHPHQWRIWKHVODEGXHWRWKHURWDWLRQRIWKHHQGVHFWLRQRIWKH
GHFN
sUDLO 5DLOVWUHVV
w 'LVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHXSSHUVXUIDFHRIWKHGHFNVODEDQGWKHGHFN
QHXWUDOD[LVSRVLWLYHLIWKHQHXWUDOD[LVLVEHORZWKHXSSHUVXUIDFH
5
%LEOLRJUDSK\
(55,UHSRUWV
(55,
0LQXWHVRI(55,'&RPPLWWHHPHHWLQJVDQGRI*-PHHWLQJLQ6WUDVERXUJ
'7UDFNEULGJHLQWHUDFWLRQ
3URI'ROFH
1XPHULFDOVLPXODWLRQRIWUDFNVWUXFWXUHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVGXHWRWKHUPDOYDULDWLRQEUDNLQJIRUFHVDQG
YHUWLFDOORDGV&DVHVFRQVLGHUHGE\8,&/HDIOHW5ZLWK$SSHQGL[$7UDFNVWUXFWXUHV\VWHPV
ZLWKRXWUDLOH[SDQVLRQMRLQW5LJLGGHFNPRGHOOLQJ$SSHQGL[%7UDFNVWUXFWXUHV\VWHPVZLWKRXWUDLO
H[SDQVLRQMRLQWGHIRUPDEOHGHFNPRGHOOLQJ$SSHQGL[&7UDFNVWUXFWXUHV\VWHPVZLWKUDLOH[SDQVLRQ
MRLQW5LJLGGHFNPRGHOOLQJ
1XPHULFDOVLPXODWLRQRIWUDFNVWUXFWXUHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVGXHWRWKHUPDOYDULDWLRQEUDNLQJIRUFHVDQG
YHUWLFDO ORDGV FDVHV RI VLQJOHVSDQ EULGJHV VLPSOLILHG RQHVWHS PRGHO DQG FRPSOHWH PXOWLVWHS
PRGHO
'LDJUDPVDQGVWDWLVWLFDODQDO\VHVRIWUDFNVWUXFWXUHLQWHUDFWLRQGDWDVLPSOLILHGPRGHOIRUEULGJHVZLWK
GLODWDWLRQOHQJWKVPZLWKRXWUDLOH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHVDQG
PZLWKUDLOH[SDQVLRQGHYLFHV
'HVLJQFKDUWVDQGIRUPXODHWRHYDOXDWHWUDFNVWUXFWXUHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVIRUEUDNLQJDQGWHPSHUDWXUH
YDULDWLRQV
7UDFNEULGJHLQWHUDFWLRQVLQGHFNVXFFHVVLRQEULGJHVGHFNV/ P
1XPHULFDOVLPXODWLRQRIWUDFNVWUXFWXUHLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVGXHWRWKHUPDOYDULDWLRQEUDNLQJIRUFHVDQG
YHUWLFDOORDGV&DVHRIVLQJOHVSDQEULGJHVZLWK$SSHQGLFHVDQG
7UDFNEULGJHLQWHUDFWLRQVLQGHFNVXFFHVVLRQEULGJHVVXPPDU\GLDJUDPV
2WKHU
61&)
*HQHUDOVWXG\RIWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHORQJLWXGLQDOIRUFHVRQUDLOZD\EULGJHV
6WXG\RIWUDFNEULGJHLQWHUDFWLRQLQWKHFDVHRIORQJEULGJHVZLWKPXOWLSOHVLPSO\VXSSRUWHGVSDQV
16
,QIOXHQFHRIWKHYDOXHRID7DQG$UDLORQ)VXSSRUWDQGsUDLO
5