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Magnetic Circuits PDF
Magnetic Circuits PDF
Magnetic Circuits
1.1 Introduction
Practically all transformers and electric machinery use magnetic
material for shaping and directing the magnetic fields which act as
the medium for transferring and converting energy. Thus it is
important to analyze and describe magnetic field quantities for
understanding these devices. Magnetic materials play a big role in
determining the properties of a piece of electromagnetic equipment
or the electric machine and affect its size and efficiency.
This chapter will develop some basic tools for the analysis of
magnetic field systems and will provide a brief introduction to the
2 Chapter One
thumb rule
“If the conductor is held with the right hand with the thumb
indicating the direction of current in the conductor then, the
I
fingertips will indicate the direction of magnetic field intensity ”.
Fig.1.1 can explains Thumb rule
H
Magnetic Circuit 3
Fig.1.1 Field around an infinitely long, straight conductor carrying a
current.
Ampere’s law:
∫ H.dl = ∑ i (1.1)
∫ H.dl = Ni (1.4)
Then Hl = H * 2π r = Ni (1.5)
1 ID + OD
Where r = *
2 2
Where as shown in Fig.1.2 ID and OD are inner and outer
diameter of the core of the triode.
The quantity Ni is called the magnetomotive force (mmf), and its
unit is Ampere-turn (At).
N
H= i At/m (1.6)
l
From Eqs. (1.3) And (1.6)
uNi
B= Tesla (1.7)
l
6 Chapter One
If we assume that all the fluxes are confined in the toroid, that
is, there is no magnetic leakage, the flux crossing the cross section
of the toroid is:
φ = ∫ B dA (1.8)
uNi Ni Ni mmf
φ= A= = = (1.10)
l l / uA ℜ ℜ
l
Where ℜ= (1.11)
uA
ℜ is called the reluctance of the magnetic. Equation (1.10)
φ
Bc = (1.12)
Ac
10 Chapter One
φ
Bg = (1.13)
Ag
RThick
RThin
Fig.1.7
Solution:
(a)
70 *10 −2
RThick = = 18568.03 At/Web
2000 * 4 * π *10 −7 *15 *10 *10 −4
80 * 10 −2
RThin = = 31830.91 At/Web
2000 * 4 * π * 10 −7 * 10 * 10 * 10 −4
Then, RThick + RThin = 50398.94 At/Web
500 *1
Then, φ = = 0.009921Wb
50398.94
0.009921
(b) BThick = = 0.6614 T
150 *10 −4
0.009921
BThin = −4
= 0.9921 T
100 *10
0.012
(c) BThick = = 0.8 T
15 *10 *10 −4
Magnetic Circuit 13
0.012
BThin = = 1.2 T
10 *10 *10 −4
0.8
H Thick = −7
= 318.31 At / m
2000 * 4π *10
1.2
H Thin = = 477.46 At / m
2000 * 4π *10 −7
F = 318.31* 2 * 35 *10-2 + 477.46 * 2 * 40 *10 −2 = 604.79 At
604.79
Then, i = = 1.2096 A
500
Solution:
B = 1 * 10 −3 / 0.001 = 1Wb / m 2
The ampere-turn for air gap is:
B 1
ATa = *l = * 5 *10 −3 = 3.978 AT
µ0 4π *10 −7
5 *10 −4 weber in the magnetic circuit. Take u r , for steel and iron
as 825 and 165 respectively: Neglect leakage and fringing.
16 Chapter One
Fig.1.8
Solution:
φ=5 x 10-4 Wb ; A= 10 cm2=10-3 m2
Then, B=5 * 10-4/10-3=0.5 Wb/m2
B 0.5
H= = −7
= 3.977 * 10 5 At / m
u o 4π * 10
−4
Air gap length is = 0.2 * 2 = 0.4mm = 4 * 10 m
5 −4
Then, Ampere-turn required = 3.977 * 10 * 4 * 10 = 159 At
B 0.5
Cast steel path H = = = 482 At / m
u o u r 4π * 10 −7 * 825
Cast steel path length = π * D / 2 cm
Fig.1.9
Solution:
The Two mmfs aid each other. Then,
mmf=600*0.28+300*0.56=336 At
336
H= = 267.38 At / m
2π * 20 *10 −2
B=1.14 T From the curve shown in Fig.1.4
(b) φ=1.14*2*2*10-4=0.000456 Wb
B 1.14
(c) u r = = −7
= 3393
u0 H 4π * 10 * 267.38
18 Chapter One
Fig.1.10
Solution:
mmfs of the two coils oppose each other
Then,
Magnetic Circuit 19
φ1 =
(700 − 200) * 0.5 = 0.392 *10 −3 Wb
0.637 *10 6
500 * 0.5
φ2 = 6
= 0.196 *10 −3 Wb
1.274 *10
φ = φ1 + φ 2 = 0.588 *10 −3 Wb
0.392 *10 −3 2
Then, B g1 = = 0. 627 Wb / m
6.25 *10 −4
0.196 *10 −3
And, B g 2 = −4
= 0.3135 Wb / m 2
6.25 *10
φ1 φ2
φ
20 Chapter One
Fig.1.11 Fig.1.12
Fig.1.13
Solution:
B=1.4 T Throughout H c = 0
Ni = H g1 * g1 + H g 2 * g 2
B
H g1 = H g 2 =
u0
g1 = g 2 = g
B
Ni = 2 * g
u0
u 0 Ni 4π *10 −7 * 500 * 20
g= = = 4.5 mm
2B 2 *1.4
22 Chapter One
Fig.1.14
Fig.1.15
Rr = RL and Rg1 = Rg 2
Also from the The magnetization data we can draw the following
figure:-
24 Chapter One
1.4
1.2
0.8
B
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
400 440 500 600 800
H
1
The average value of u r u o ≅ = 0.002
500
30 * 10 −2
Rr = = 200000 At / Web. .
0.002 * 2 * 3.75 * 10 −4
0.5 * 10 −3
R g1 = = 530516.5 At / Web.
4π * 10 −7 * 2 * 3.75 * 10 − 4
10 * 10 −2
Rc = = 26666 At / Web.
0.002 * 5 * 3.75 * 10 − 4
0.5 * 10 −3
R gc = = 212206 At / Web.
4π * 10 −7 * 2 * 3.75 * 10 − 4
Magnetic Circuit 25
Rr + R g1
NI = φ * Rc + R gc +
2
2100000 + 530516.5
NI = 1.7 * 10 −3 * 26666 + 212206 + = 576 At
2
Lenz’s Law
30 Chapter One
Fig.1.15
Magnetic Circuit 31
Fig.1.16
Electromagnetic Force
Solution:
N2
QL= (1.16)
l / uA
Then
0.1*10 −3 *1
N = L * l / uA = = 1007 turns
(4π *10 −7 * 7.85 *10 −5 )
dI
Then, e = L (1.17)
dt
Hence, a coil has a self-inductance of one hennery if one volt is
induced in it when current through it changes at the rate of one
ampere/second.
40 Chapter One
Example 7-13. Two indentical coils X and Y of 1,000 turns each lie
in parallel planes such that 80% of flux produced by one coil links
with the other. If a current of 5 A flowing in X produces a flux of
0.5 mWb in it, find the mutual inductance between X and Y
N 2φ1
Solution. Formula used M =
I1
Flux produced in X=0.05mWb=0.05*10-3Wb
Flux linked witrh Y=0.05*10-3*0.8=0.04*10-3
Then,
1000 * 0.04 * 10 −3
M= = 8 * 10 −3 H = 8mH
5
It may be shown that the energy loss per unit volume for each
cycle of magnetization is equal to the area of the hysteresis loop.
The area of the loop will depend on the nature of the material and
the value of Bmax (Fig.1.18), and an approximate empirical
relationship discovered by Steinmetz is:
Wh = λh Bmax
n
Jouls / m 3 (1.18)
In this expression Wh is the loss per unit volume for each cycle of
magnetization; the index n has a value of about 1.6 to 1.8 for many
materials; and the coefficient λh is a property of the material, with
typical values of 500 for 4 percent silicon steel and 3000 for cast
iron.
When the material is subjected to an alternating magnetic field of
constant amplitude there will be a constant energy loss per cycle,
and the power absorbed is therefore proportional to the frequency.
Magnetic Circuit 47
Assuming the Steinmetz law, we have the following expression for
the hysteresis loss per unit volume
Ph = λh Bmax
1.6
f watts / m3 (1.19)
Where f is the frequency in Hertz.
Solution:
(a) Wh = xy * (area of BH loop)
(C) Wh = η Bmax
1.8
fV W
Fig.1.19 Fig.1.20
52 Chapter One
Problems
١- An iron ring of mean length 10 cm has as air gap of 1 mm
and a winding of 200 turns. If the relative permeability of iron is
300 when a current of 1A Rows through the coil, find the flux
density.
Fig.1.21
٤- A cast-steed DC electromagnet shown in Fig.1.22 has a coil
of 1000 turns on its central limb. Determine the current that the
coil should carry to produce a flux of 2.5 mWb in the. air-gap.
Neglect leakage. Dimensions are given in cm: The magnetization
curve for cast steel is as under
Flux density (Wb/my) :~ 0.2 0.5 0.7 l.0 1.2
Amp-turns/meter : 300 540 650 900 1150
Fig.1.22
58 Chapter One
Fig.1.23
Fig.1.24
Fig.1.25