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@@ô‹ÔÛa@âc@òÈßbu@@@@
@@òîiÛa@òîÜ×@@@@@@@@@
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‫إدارة رأس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻔﻜﺮي وﺗﻨﻤﻴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻮء اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮة‬
(‫) ﺗﺼﻮر ﻣﻘﺘﺮح‬
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@@ïÈßb§a@âbÈÜÛ@ïãbrÛa@ïaŠ‡Ûa@Ý—ÐÛa
@@âRPPW@L@çQTRX@MQTRW

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
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{‫ﺮٍ ﻓَﻘِﲑ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ ﺧ‬‫ ﻣِﻦ‬‫ ﺇِﻟَﻲ‬‫ﻟْﺖ‬‫ﺎ ﺃَ�ْﺰ‬‫ ﺇِ�ﱢﻲ ﻟِﻤ‬‫ﺏ‬‫} ﺭ‬


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E٢٤‫א‬W‫א‬F

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@õa‡çg


‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬KK
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K،‫א‬،‫א‬KK
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬EKKK‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬
،‫א‬،
،،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
K،


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 

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،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،
،‫א‬،‫א‬
K،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،
،ïi‹¨a@‹ßbqL‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ï@ àÃbØÛa@‡¼c@åi@çŒL‫א‬
،ï@ ãbàç‡Ûa@a@Ý‫א‬،Ý@ îÔÇ@ñ¼L‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،ïãbäíˆìÛa@îÈß@‡à«L‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K،
@‡îÇ@‡¼c@æb›ßŠL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K،‫א‬‫א‬

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Ý@ îÔÇ@ñ¼‫א‬ð@ Šb£@æbİÜ‫א‬‫א‬ 
ð@ ‡îà¨a@
@ a@‡jÇ‫א‬ï@ ãbäíˆìÛa@‡à«‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬k@ îj¨a@áîça‹ig@åi@‡èÏ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ð@ ‡îà¨a@a@‡jÇ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،k@ îİ©a@@pbz’@åi@‡à«‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
@áîça‹ig@åi@‡èÏ‫א‬‫א‬ïã‹ÔÛa@ïÜÇ‫א‬‫א‬،Íöb–@弋Ûa‡jÇ
@@Nkîj¨a
،‫א‬KF‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬K‫א‬K
‫א‬K ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬K ،‫א‬K ،‫א‬K ،‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

٦
 ‫‪@òaŠ‡Ûa@˜ƒÜß‬‬
‫@‬
‫‪ Z@òaŠ‡Ûa@æaìäÇ‬إدارة رأس اﻟﻤ ﺎل اﻟﻔﻜ ﺮي وﺗﻨﻤﻴﺘ ﻪ ﺑ ﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﺠ ﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﺿﻮء اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮة‪ " .‬ﺗﺼﻮر ﻣﻘﺘﺮح"‪.‬‬
‫‪.ðݾa@‡îÇ@ÑÜ‚@åi@bî« : sybjÜÛ@êaŠìn׆@òÛbŠ‬‬
‫‪ : òaŠ‡Ûa@Òa‡çc‬ه ﺪﻓﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﺒﺤ ﺚ ﻓ ﻲ أﺑ ﺮز اﻟﺘﺤ ﻮﻻت واﻟﺘﺤ ﺪﻳﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬ ﺎ ﻋﻼﻗ ﺔ ﺑ ﺮأس اﻟﻤ ﺎل اﻟﻔﻜ ﺮي‪ ،‬واﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﺸﻜﻞ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻠﻬ ﺎ اﻹﻃ ﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ واﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻲ ﻹدارة رأس اﻟﻤ ﺎل اﻟﻔﻜ ﺮي‪ .‬واﻟﺒﺤ ﺚ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫رأس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻔﻜﺮي آﻤﻔﻬﻮم ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻧﺤ ﻮ اﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎد اﻟﻤﺒﻨ ﻲ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ وﻣﺪى أهﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﺠ ﺎﻣﻌﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻ ﺮ‪ .‬آﻤ ﺎ اﺳ ﺘﻬﺪﻓﺖ اﻟﻜ ﺸﻒ ﻋ ﻦ أﺑﻌ ﺎد‬
‫إدارة رأس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻔﻜﺮي ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت واﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل اﻻهﺘﻤ ﺎم ﺑﻬ ﺎ ﺗﻔﻌﻴ ﻞ‬
‫إدارة رأس اﻟﻤ ﺎل اﻟﻔﻜ ﺮي وﺻ ﻮ ًﻻ إﻟ ﻰ ﺗﻤﻜﻴﻨ ﻪ ﻣ ﻦ رﻓ ﻊ اﻷداء اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤ ﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ‬
‫وﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ‪ .‬آﻤﺎ اﺳﺘﻬﺪﻓﺖ وﺿ ﻊ ﺗ ﺼﻮر ﻣﻘﺘ ﺮح ﻹدارة رأس اﻟﻤ ﺎل اﻟﻔﻜ ﺮي ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ : ò‬اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ اﻟﺪراﺳ ﺔ ﻣ ﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴ ﻞ اﻹﺳ ﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻲ ) ‪Strategic‬‬ ‫‪@ aŠ‡Ûa@wèäß‬‬
‫‪ (Analysis Approach‬ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﺜﻴﺔ وﻓﻘ ًﺎ ﻟﻨﻤ ﻮذج ) ‪ (Swot‬اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻨﺪ إﻟ ﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﻳ ﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮص واﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪات اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺘ ﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻴﺌ ﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠ ﻴﻢ اﻟﺠ ﺎﻣﻌﻲ و ﻧﻘ ﺎط اﻟﻘ ﻮة‬
‫واﻟ ﻀﻌﻒ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺘ ﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻴﺌ ﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠ ﻴﻢ اﻟﺠ ﺎﻣﻌﻲ اﻟ ﺴﻌﻮدي وﻗ ﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻧ ﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺪراﺳ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺳ ﺘﺔ ﻓ ﺼﻮل‪ ،‬ﺧ ﺼﺺ اﻟﻔ ﺼﻞ اﻷول آﺈﻃ ﺎر ﻋ ﺎم ﻟﻠﺪراﺳ ﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻔ ﺼﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺜ ﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳ ﺎت اﻟ ﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻔ ﺼﻮل اﻟﺜﺎﻟ ﺚ واﻟﺮاﺑ ﻊ واﻟﺨ ﺎﻣﺲ واﻟ ﺴﺎدس ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑ ﺔ‬
‫ﺿ ﻤﻦ اﻟﻔ ﺼﻞ اﻟ ﺴﺎدس ﺑﺎﻹﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﺗ ﺼﻮر ﻣﻘﺘ ﺮح‬ ‫ﻋﻠ ﻰ أﺳ ﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳ ﺔ‪ ،‬و ﱡ‬
‫ﻹﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ إدارة رأس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻔﻜﺮي ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ وﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪Z@òaŠ‡Ûa@wöbnã@áçc‬‬
‫)‪ (١‬اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮة ذات اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺮأس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻔﻜﺮي هﻲ )اﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻧﺤ ﻮ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘ ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻧﺤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ( وﻟﻜﻞ ﺗﺤﻮل ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺤ ﻮﻻت ﺳ ﻤﺎت‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨ ﺔ وه ﻲ ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ ﻣ ﻊ ﺑﻌ ﻀﻬﺎ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ آﺒﻴ ﺮ وﻣ ﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠ ﻰ آ ﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌ ﺎت‪ ،‬وﻟﻬ ﺎ‬
‫اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎت ﻣﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدي آﻤﺎ ﺣﻤﻠﺖ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪات وﻓﺮﺻ ًﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺠ ﺎﻣﻌﻲ وه ﻲ آ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻗ ﺪ أﺑ ﺮزت ﻣﻔﻬ ﻮم رأس اﻟﻤ ﺎل اﻟﻔﻜ ﺮي واﻟﺤﺎﺟ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ إدارﺗ ﻪ‬
‫وﺗﻨﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻟﻤﻮاﺟﻬﺔ اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢‬ﻳ ﺴﺘﻨﺪ رأس اﻟﻤ ﺎل اﻟﻔﻜ ﺮي إﻟ ﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﺳ ﺲ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳ ﺔ )ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻴ ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬إدارﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ( وﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧ ﺎت رﺋﻴ ﺴﻴﺔ وه ﻲ‬
‫‪ " :‬رأس اﻟﻤ ﺎل اﻟﺒ ﺸﺮي"‪ ،‬وﻣ ﺎ ﻳﺘ ﻀﻤﻨﻪ ﻣ ﻦ ﻗ ﺪرات وﻣﻠﻜ ﺎت "ورأس اﻟﻤ ﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠ ﻲ"‪ ،‬وﻣ ﺎ ﻳﺘ ﻀﻤﻨﻪ ﻣ ﻦ ﻗ ﺪرات ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴ ﺔ وﻧﻘ ﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ وﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰﻳﻬ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدات اﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ آﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت وﺣﻘ ﻮق اﻟﻨ ﺸﺮ وﻣﻘ ﺎﻳﻴﺲ اﻟﺠ ﻮدة و‬
‫" رأس ﻣ ﺎل اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ"‪ ،‬وﻣ ﺎ ﻳﺘ ﻀﻤﻨﻪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗ ﺎت اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻤﻬ ﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤ ﺎت‬

‫‪٧‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻ ﺮة ﻣ ﻊ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﺪﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬و ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻗﻴ ﺎس رأس اﻟﻤ ﺎل اﻟﻔﻜ ﺮي وﻓﻘ ًﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻘ ﺎﻳﻴﺲ آﻤﻴ ﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬أو ﻧﻮﻋﻴ ﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠ ﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻳ ﺪار ﺑﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬أو ﻣﻘ ﺎﻳﻴﺲ آﻤﻴ ﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٣‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤ ﺪ إدارة رأس اﻟﻤ ﺎل اﻟﻔﻜ ﺮي ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﻬ ﻮم اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻ ﺮ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ ﺑﻮﺻ ﻔﻬﺎ‬
‫)ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ وﻣﻨﻈﻤ ﺔ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺣﺎﺿ ﻨﺔ ﻟ ﺮأس اﻟﻤ ﺎل اﻟﻔﻜ ﺮي(‪ ،‬واﻧﻄﻼﻗ ًﺎ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ه ﺬا اﻟﻤﻔﻬ ﻮم ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ ﻓ ﺈن أﺑﻌ ﺎد إدارة رأس اﻟﻤ ﺎل اﻟﻔﻜ ﺮي ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت ه ﻲ‬
‫)ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓ ﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺪاﻋﻤ ﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺒﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤ ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ آﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ(‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٤‬ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ آﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ أﺑﻌﺎد إدارة رأس اﻟﻤ ﺎل اﻟﻔﻜ ﺮي ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت اﻟ ﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ أن‬
‫ﻳﻮاآ ﺐ اﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳ ﺎت اﻟﺘﺤ ﻮﻻت اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﺿ ﻬﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻰ آ ﻞ ﺑﻌ ﺪ وﺗ ﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻟﻬﺎ‪،‬ﻓﺘﺘ ﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳ ﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻴﻢ اﻟﺠ ﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﻣﻔﻬ ﻮم اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓ ﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﺘﻤ ﺪﻩ آ ﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﻨ ﺎءة‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻊ ﻣ ﻨﺢ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ اﺳ ﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ وﺣﺮﻳ ﺔ أآﺎدﻳﻤﻴ ﺔ وﺣ ﻮاﻓﺰ ﻣﻼﺋﻤ ﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﻌﺘﻤ ﺪ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺑﻨﺎه ﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎت ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮم ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻓﺘﺮاﺿ ﺎت اﻟﻤﺮوﻧ ﺔ واﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻴ ﻒ‬
‫واﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴ ﺮ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﺘﻤ ﺪ اﻟﻬ ﺮم اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤ ﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻠ ﻮب وﺗُﻄ ﻮﱢر ﻧﻈ ﻢ اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎل‪ ،‬وﻧﻈ ﻢ‬
‫إدارة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﺗﺴﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ ﺗﺮآﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬ ﻮم‬
‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ واﻟﺠﺪارة‪ ،‬وﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻣ ﻦ اﻧﺘﻘ ﺎل اﻟﺨﺒ ﺮة واﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟ ﻀﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺑ ﻴﻦ اﻟﻌ ﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ‪ ،‬آﻤ ﺎ ﻳﺘ ﺸﻜﻞ ﺳ ﻴﺎق ﺑﻴﺌ ﻲ ﻣﻼﺋ ﻢ ﻹدارة رأس اﻟﻤ ﺎل اﻟﻔﻜ ﺮي‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﻧﻈﻤ ًﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ًﺔ ﻟﺮﻓ ﻊ آﻔﺎﻳ ﺎت اﻟﻌ ﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﺗ ﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤﻔ ﺎهﻴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ إدارة اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒ ﺸﺮﻳﺔ وﻓ ﻖ ﻣﻔﻬ ﻮم اﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧ ﺎت واﻻﺳ ﺘﻌﺪادات اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠ ﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌ ﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ وﺗﻄ ﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻈ ﺎم اﻻﺳ ﺘﻘﻄﺎب واﻻﺧﺘﻴ ﺎر ﻟﺘﺰوﻳ ﺪ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺰﻳﻦ اﻟ ﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺸﻜﻠﻮن رأس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻔﻜﺮي‪ ،‬واﻋﺘﻤﺎد اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ (٥‬ﺗﻘ ﺪم اﻟﺪراﺳ ﺔ ﺗ ﺼﻮرًا ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣ ًﺎ ﻣﺒﻨﻴ ًﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣ ﺎ ﺗﻮﺻ ﻠﺖ إﻟﻴ ﻪ وﻳﺘ ﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﺘ ﺼﻮر‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺘ ﺮح )أه ﺪاف وﻣﻨﻄﻠﻘ ﺎت وﻣﺤ ﺪدات‪ ،‬آﻤ ﺎ ﻳﺘ ﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒ ﺎت ﺗﺮاه ﺎ اﻟﺪراﺳ ﺔ‬
‫ﺿﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺁﻟﻴﺎت ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ إدارة رأس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻔﻜﺮي ﻓﻲ آﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫أﺑﻌﺎد إدارة رأس اﻟﻤ ﺎل اﻟﻔﻜ ﺮي اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺣ ﺪدﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺪراﺳ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛ ﻢ وﺿ ﻌﺖ ﺗ ﺼﻤﻴﻤ ًﺎ ﻟﻮﺣ ﺪة‬
‫إدارة رأس اﻟﻤ ﺎل اﻟﻔﻜ ﺮي ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺎﻣﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬أه ﺪاﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وارﺗﺒﺎﻃﻬ ﺎ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤ ﻲ‪،‬‬
‫وهﻴﻜﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮح(‪.‬‬

‫واﷲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻓﻖ واﻟﻬﺎدي إﻟﻰ ﺳﻮاء اﻟﺴﺒﻴﻞ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪٨‬‬
 Abstract
Title of the study : Management of Intellectual Capital and Developing in
University Education in Light of Current Transformations
Ph.D Thesis prepared by : Mohayya Bin Khalaf Aeed Al Motayri
Objectives of the Study :
This study aims at searching at the most prominent social transformations and
challenges that have relation with intellectual capital and which represent in
their totality the general frame for the objective and social aspect for managing
intellectual capital . And researching in intellectual capital as modern concept
that emerged according to the change towards knowledge based economy and
the extend of the importance of current college education . The study aimed at
exploring the parameters of managing intellectual capital in universities and
through which we can make interest to boost management of intellectual capital
so as to enable it to raise organizational performance for the university . The
study also aimed at designing proposal for managing intellectual capital in
Saudi universities .
Methodology of the Study :
The study used Strategic Analysis Approach as research methodology
according to Swot Pattern which is based on specification of opportunities and
challenges that are included in the external environment of college education
as well as strength and limitations that included in the internal environment of
Saudi university education . The study composed from six chapters . The first
one is presented as general frame for the study . The second one for previous
studies . The third , fourth , fifth and sixth chapters as forwarded for answers of
study questions . The sixth chapter included results and recommendations of
the study .
The most important results of the study :
(١)The contemporary international transformations have relation with
intellectual capital which are (Transformations in the nature of knowledge,
knowledge based society , sophisticated technology and knowledge based
economy ) and for each type of these transformations have specific traits that
interact with each others in great and effective form on all societies and have
effects on Saudi university education , also they have threats and opportunities
on college education as well as showing the concept of intellectual capital and
the need to manage it and develop it for facing the effects .
(٢)Intellectual capital depends on collection of theoretical principles
(knowledge , economic , administrative , technological and social ) . It
composed from three basic components : " Human Capital " which contains
capabilities and abilities , : Structural capital " which contains organizational
abilities and transfer of knowledge besides sustaining it in the intellectual assets
as information systems and publication rights and " Beneficiaries Capital "
which contains relations that established by the current organizations with
those who benefit from their services. We can measure the intellectual capital
according to financial , qualitative and quantitative standards that are related

٩
with the method of managing the intellectual capital whether quantitatively or
qualitatively .
(٣)Management of Intellectual Capital depends on the current concept of the
university as ( informational , social and intellectual capital bearing
organization ) and from this concept of the university , the dimensions of
managing intellectual capital in the universities as " Competitive work policies,
Sustaining organizational culture, appropriate organizational structure and
effective systems for raising employees capabilities " .
(٤) Each dimension of managing the intellectual capital in Saudi Universities
requires to have ability to follow up the effects of the transformation that are
imposed by for each dimension . The policies of college education can grantee
the concept of competitiveness and adopt it as a policy besides giving the
university academic independence , freedom and incentives .The university
depends on its organizational structure on organizational designs that are based
on flexibility hypotheses, adaptability to development , inverted hierarchy ,
development of communication systems and knowledge systems . In the
university , a positive and coherent culture prevails that concentrates on the
concept of excellence and superiority besides positive work relations that
enable transfer of implied knowledge among workers . The environmental
context can represents for managing intellectual capital . The Saudi
Universities adopts effective systems for upgrading employees capabilities that
are based on the modern concepts in managing human resources according to
probable abilities and readiness of workers besides developing the polarization
systems and selection so as to provide university with qualified personnel who
represent the intellectual capital as well as adoption of modern programs in
training workers in response to informational , technological and economic
transformations .
(٥)The study presents proposal based on what had been achieved by it and
includes the proposed proposal (Objectives , Basics and Determinants as well
as certain requirements that are considered important by the study so as to be
implemented , then mechanisms of applying management of intellectual capital
in each dimension of it which was determined by the study, in addition
designing a format for managing intellectual capital in the university besides its
functions, objectives, organizational correlation and proposed structure ) .

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@òzЗÛa @Êìšì¾a
٥٦ K‫א‬‫ א‬J٢
٦٥ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J٣
٧٥ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J٤
٨٣ K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
٩١ K‫א‬‫ א‬J١
٩٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
٩٦ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J٣
٩٨ K‫א‬ J٤
١٠٠ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J٥
١٥٥-١٠٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٠٥ K
١٠٦ K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W
١٠٩ K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
١١٥ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
١١٧ K‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
١٢٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
١٢٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
١٢٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
١٢٧ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
١٣٠ K‫א‬‫א‬W
١٣٠ K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
١٣٥ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
١٣٨ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
١٣٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
١٤٥ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

١٢
@òzЗÛa @Êìšì¾a
١٤٥ KW‫א‬ J١
١٤٩ KW‫א‬ J٢
١٥١ K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J٣
١٥٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
٢٤٦-١٥٦ K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٧ K
١٥٨ K‫א‬‫א‬W
١٦٦ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
١٦٨ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J٢
١٧٠ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J٣
١٧٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
١٧٣ 
١٧٥ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
١٧٦ K‫א‬‫א‬
١٧٨ K‫א‬‫א‬
١٨١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٨٦ K‫א‬‫א‬
١٨٨ K‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٢ K‫א‬‫א‬W
١٩٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
١٩٩ K‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
٢١٣ K‫א‬،‫א‬
٢١٥ ‫א‬‫א‬
٢١٩ K‫א‬W‫א‬
٢٢٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٣
 @òzЗÛa @Êìšì¾a
٢٢٥ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٣٠ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٣٥ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٣٩ 
٢٤٠ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٥٦-٢٤٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
٢٤٨ 
٢٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬W
٢٥٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
٢٥١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
٢٥٧ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
٢٦٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
٢٦٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
٢٦٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
٢٦٧ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
٢٧١ K‫א‬‫א‬
٢٨٨ K‫א‬‫א‬
٢٩٠ K‫א‬‫א‬
٢٩٢ K‫א‬‫א‬

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 @ÞbØ’þaë@Þëa‡§a@‘‹èÏ
@
@òzЗÛa @@ÝØ“Ûa @@â
١٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EsowtF‫א‬  K١
٥٨ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٢
٦٩ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٣
٩٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K٤
٩٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  K٥
١٢٥ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٦
١٣١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٧
١٣١ K‫א‬‫א‬  K٨
١٣٢ K‫א‬‫א‬  K٩
١٣٣ KEF‫א‬‫א‬  K١٠
١٣٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K١١
K‫א‬
١٥٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K١٢
١٨٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K١٣
٢١١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K١٤
٢١٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K١٥
٢١٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K١٦
٢١٦ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K١٧
٢٢١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K١٨
٢٣٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K١٩
٢٦٧ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٢٠

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K ‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J


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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
K
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K،،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬KKKK‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢ J١،،١٩٩٠،z?‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ?‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kx١٥،١٩٩٢،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،z، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x١١،٢٠٠٥
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

١٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
––،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٠٠٤،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫?א‬‫א‬،x١٣
E ‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx١٣٥،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٣،٢٠٠٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫؛‬ ‫א‬
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬
KK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
،‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 E٪٤٢F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 x١٨٦
 ،١٨٢،٢٠٠٢،‫א‬z ‫א‬
(Tacit knowledgeF{‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٧٣–٧٢W،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z‫א‬
‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٩،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٠٢F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

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z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
 ‫א‬?‫?א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kx٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٤١،٢٠٠٣‫א‬‫א‬zK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ? ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE١٤،١٩٨٧،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x٣٦٩،١٩٩٨،z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٠٠٤F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٩٢٠٠٥F،‫א‬
KE٢٠٠٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬zK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٥،٢٠٠٢

٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٧٨،٢٠٠٥،‫א‬zK?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬Kx٦٧،٢٠٠٢،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Intellectual Capital F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬EManagement
@@@NòaŠ‡Ûa@òÜØ“ß
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢،٢٠٠٦،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،x٤٤٤٥٩،١٤٢٥،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K٢
‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬

٢٢
‫א‬z‫א‬E١٤٢٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢٤٣ J٢٣٨،‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx١٨ J١٦،٢٠٠٥،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬
،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،x٢٥٧،٢٠٠٢
KE١٤٢٥F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬x٣١٥،١٩٩٨،،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،x٦٥٦٤،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬z ،x٤٤٠،١٤٢٥
?‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬x٢١٢،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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،x٣،٢٠٠٥،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،،
Kx٤٧،٢٠٠٠،‫א‬‫א‬z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،?‫א‬
?KK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،x٤٤٤،١٤٢٥،‫א‬‫א‬z?  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،x١٨٦ J١٨٢،٢٠٠٢،‫א‬z
‫א‬،‫א‬

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،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬x٧ J٦،٢٠٠٦،‫א‬z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬، E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٤٢،٢٠٠٣،z‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
zx٢٠٠٤،‫א‬zx١٤،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Kx٢٠٠٣،‫א‬zx٢٠٠٢،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫ א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫؟‬E‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫؟‬،‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
EStrategic Analysis ApproachF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ESwotF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
،٢٠٠٦،zK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x١١٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،E١٤،٢٠٠٥،F‫א‬
ESwotF،ESwotF‫א‬‫א‬
strengths– weaknesses organizational z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬xopportunities & threats
،‫א‬ESwotFKK‫א‬
،x١٩ J١٧،٢٠٠٥،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eopportunities F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EthreatsF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EstrengthsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
EweaknessesF‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x٢٢ J٢١،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬zx٩،٢٠٠٠،z‫א‬
Kx٢٨٨،٢٠٠٣،zx٨٨ J٨٧،٢٠٠١،z
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٧
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬،E
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESwotF

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١F

‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬ 
External Environment
Internal Environment
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ 
‫ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬- ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻧﺤﻮ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ 
.‫ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬- ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ 
‫اﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬
.‫ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬- ‫اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ 
.‫ ﻧﻈﻢ رﻓﻊ آﻔﺎﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ‬- ‫رﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎر واﻹﺑﺪاع‬
‫اﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎم إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة‬ 

‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ 
EStrengthsF‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
EOpportunitiesF‫א‬
EWeaknessesF‫א‬‫א‬ (Strategic Fit) EThreatsF‫א‬‫א‬



@Þb¾a@‘cŠ@ì®@ÞìznÛa@ 
@òÈßb§a@À@ð‹ØÐÛa 
IC



@‘cŠ@ñŠa†g@Õîjİm@òîvîmag 
@@òÈßb§a@À@ð‹ØÐÛa@Þb¾a
Competitive Position

 


@@ðìÓ@ïÏbäm@ÉÓìß
Competitive Advantage


Kx٢٢٩،٢٠٠٣،zW‫א‬

٢٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٦٢،١٩٨٧،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?
 ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x٢٠٠٤،‫א‬zK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢٠٠٢،‫א‬zx٢٠٠٢،zx٢٠٠٥،zx٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
? ?،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ? ?،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ?

٣٠
،،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬zK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬zx،٢٠٠٥،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬zx٢٠٠٤،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬zx٢٠٠٦،‫א‬
Kx٢٠٠٥،‫א‬‫א‬zx٢٠٠٥،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
KE‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬-
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx١٨،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬zK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬? 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،
Kx١٥،١٤٢٦،‫א‬zK? ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٦،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x٥٨١،،z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،x٣٠،٢٠٠٢،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬?‫?א‬‫א‬
Kx٨٥،١٩٩٦،z‫א‬‫א‬

‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x٢٧،٢٠٠٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٠٠٠،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Kx١٦٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬


٣٣
 K‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٦٩،١٩٨٤،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،x٤٤،١٩٨٥،z?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬،x٢٤٥،١٩٩٧،z?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،١٩٩٢،‫א‬z? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x١١
‫א‬‫א‬z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٥،١٩٩٦،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Kx٤٥٨،١٩٩١،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
@@NòϋȾa@óÜÇ@j¾a@†b—nÓüa
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Kx٣ J٢،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kx١٠٣،٢٠٠٢،‫א‬z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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@@@Nòìàܾa@Ë@Þì–þa
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬   
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،١٩٩٥،‫א‬z?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x٣٠
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
x٣٦٨،٢٠٠٥،zx١٣،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kx٢٢٧،٢٠٠٣،z
‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
K‫א‬
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@@N튇nÛa@ò÷îç@ì›Ç
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢٧،٢٠٠٠،z،

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‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
K،،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -

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 
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


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

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼــــﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳــــــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘــﺔ‬


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
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـــﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬
K
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E١٩٩٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
@åíìØm@À@bç‹qcë@ñ‹–bȾa@òî¾bÈÛa@paÌn¾a@ @Z@æaìäÈi@HâRPPV@Lïàî—ÈÛa@‡Ûb‚@I@òaŠ†@HQI
@@NáÜȾa
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E ‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
@ê‹qcë@ð‹ØÐÛa@Þb¾a@‘cŠ@óÜÇ@ÖbÐã⁄a@Z@æaìäÈi@HâRPPU@Lb–@‡¼cë@ïu‹Ð¾a@Þ†bÇ@I@òaŠ†@HRI
@òîÇbä—Ûa@pb׋“Ûa@ñ†bÓ@åß@òäîÇ@õaŠŁ@òîÇýİna@òaŠ†@LòîÇbä—Ûa@pb׋“Ûa@b−@À
@@NòîÓa‹ÈÛa
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EICEF
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
@ 
@pbßìÜȾa@ë@áÄãë@kb¨a@âìÜÇ@wßa‹i@Z@@æaìäÈi@HâRPPU@L@îjrÛa@‹ bß@íìu@I@òaŠ†@HSI
@NòϋȾa@†b—nÓaë@òϋȾa@ñŠa†⁄@ïàÜÈÛa@Šb ⁄a@õìš@À@òí†ìÈÛa@pbÈßb§a@À@pbjnؾaë
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١٠٥٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
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@Ûa@òíŠa†⁄aë@òîàÜÈÛa@pýØ“@ ¾a@Z@æaìäÈi@HâRPPU@L†ëa‡Ûa@‡¼@åi@弋Ûa@‡jÇI@òaŠ†@HTI
@@Nòîßý⁄a@†ìÈ@åi@‡à«@âbß⁄a@òÈßbu@À@튇nÛa@ò÷îç@õb›Çc@éuaìm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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E٢٠٣F‫א‬‫א‬،
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٤٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
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@ð†ìÈÛa@ïÛbÈÛa@áîÜÈnÛa@òibvna@ @Z@æaìäÈi@HâRPPU@LînÈÛa@æa‡¼@‡à«@‡Ûb‚@I@òaŠ†@HUI
@@Nò¾ìÈÛa@pbí‡znÛ
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬?‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

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،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
KE‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬
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@†a‡Çg@åß@òÈßb§a@òÐîÃë@À@ÞìznÛaë@ò¾ìÈÛa@ ZæaìäÈi@HâRPPU@L•bà©a@ÝÇb“ß@I@òaŠ†@HVI
@@Nòí‹“jÛa@†Šaì¾a@òîàäm@¶g@òÜßbÈÛa@ôìÔÛa
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
@ñ†ì§a@ñŠa†gë@ð‹ØÐÛa@Þb¾a@‘cŠ@òÓýÇ@Z@æaìäÈi@HâRPPT@L‘bjÇ@‡à«@òÜîèI@Z@òaŠ†@HWI
@@NHÔß@xˆì¹ë@òîÜîÜ¥@òaŠ†I@òÜßb“Ûa
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬،‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
،E
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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@òí‹ÄäÛa@µi@ Hð‹ØÐÛaI@ À‹È¾a@Þb¾a@‘cŠ@‘bîÓ@Z@ æaìäÈi@HRPPT@ L‡îi‹ÈÛa‡èÏ@âb—ÇI@ òaŠ†@HXI
@@NÕîjİnÛaë
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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@òÈßb§a@Z@òϋȾa@pbàÄä¾@òîvîmag@bíúŠ@Z@æaìäÈi@HâRPPT@L@‡¼þa@æbàîÜ@æbÏ‹ÇI@òaŠ†@HYI
@@Nbuˆì¹
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
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@ð‹ØÐÛa@Þb¾a@‘cŠë@òîϋȾa@kîÛbþa@µi@òÓýÈÛa@Z@æaìäÈi@HâRPPS@L@æb‚ß@‡Ûb‚I@òaŠ†@HQPI
@ñŠa†g@Ûbª@ð‹í‡ß@åß@òäîÇ@õaŠŁ@òîÜîÜ¥@òaŠ†@Lïvîmaüa@ïÐäÛa@éuìnÛa@À@bçqdmë
@@NÝ–ì¾a@òäí‡ß@À@™b©a@ÊbİÔÛa@pb׋’
‫א‬ J‫א‬  J‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬KE ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬?
 ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬

٤٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
@Þb¾a@‘cŠ@À@Šbàrnüaë@òϋȾa@ñŠa†gI@Z@æaìäÈi@HâRPPR@L@îjrÛa@‹ bß@íìu@I@òaŠ†@HQQI
@@HïÜîÜ¥@ð‹Äã@xˆì¹I@pbÈßb§a@À@À‹È¾a
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEKK‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K،‫א‬

٤٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬FW
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
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@òíìàänÛa@paŠbè¾a@ádž@À@bçŠë†ë@òϋȾa@ñŠa†g@Z@æaìäÈi@HRPPR@L@ð‹qþa@ë@Úý¾a@I@@òaŠ†@@HQRI
@@N@pbàÄäàÜÛ
‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E١٠٨F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
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@òîÔîÔ¨a@ñë‹rÛa@Z@ð‹ØÐÛa@Þb¾a@‘cŠI@@Z@æaìäÈi@HâRPPQ@L@ðäÈÛa@ïÜÇ@‡È@I@@òaŠ†@HQSI
@@NHåí‹“ÈÛaë@ð†b¨a@æ‹ÔÛa@ÞbàÇc@pbàÄä¾
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
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@õa†þa@À@ð‹ØÐÛa@Þb¾a@‘cŠ@Šbàrna@‹qc@Z@æaìäÈi@@H@âRPPP@L@‡îjÇ@µy@áÌãI@@òaŠ†@HQTI
@@NïàÄä¾a
،‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EStewartF

٤٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K?‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٠٥F‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٠٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢٠٠٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٠٤F‫א‬ 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٠٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٠٤،‫א‬F‫א‬ 
،E٢٠٠٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٠٤،‫א‬F‫א‬ 
‫א‬، ،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،E‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 
‫א‬E٢٠٠١‫א‬F‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F١٩٩٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E٢٠٠٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٠٠٤‫א‬F‫א‬E٢٠٠٤‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


E٢٠٠٣،F‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬


E٢٠٠٣،F،E٢٠٠٥،‫א‬F 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٠٠٠F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٠٥‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
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 @@@Nòîjäuþa@pbaŠ‡Ûa@Z@bîãbq
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 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬EKelly, ٢٠٠٤F‫א‬‫א‬E١F
K،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ @
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬EPeppard and Rylander, ٢٠٠١F‫א‬E٢F
K??W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K??‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 @@Nð‹ØÐÛa@Þb¾a@‘cŠ@pbãbîi@†a‡Çg@Z@æaìäÈi@H@P.N. Bukh, RPPQ@I@æë‹‚eë@…bi@òaŠ†@HSI
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ @
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E١٩F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K،

K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬EMadsen, ٢٠٠١F‫א‬E٤F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬EKirk, ٢٠٠٠F‫א‬E٥F
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ESalisbury, ٢٠٠٠F ‫א‬E٦F
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECapturingF‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬EKoenig – ٢٠٠٠F‫א‬E٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ECore AssetF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEKK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

@@Nð‹ØÐÛa@Þb¾a@‘cŠ@îÐ¥@Z@æaìäÈi@HMiller – QYYX@I@‹ÜÜîß@òaŠ†@HXI
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

–‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫–א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

@@NòflàÄflä¾ a@ñ†bîÔÛa@Z@æaìäÈi@H@Bolin- QYYW@I@µÛìi@òaŠ†@HYI
،E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

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،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F •
KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

@Z@æaìäÈi@HYoundt, M.A. & Shell S.A. – QYYVI@Nc@N‘N@Ý’ë@NcNâ@L@p‡ãìí@òaŠ†@HQPI
@@NïàîÄänÛa@õa†þaë@ð‹ØÐÛa@Þb¾a@‘cŠë@Lòí‹“jÛa@†Šaì¾a@ñŠa†g@áÄã
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬E٢٠٨F
K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

@Þb¾a@‘cŠ@Þý‚@åß@òîÜíìznÛa@ñ†bîÔÛa@Z@æaìäÈi@H@Webster- QYYU@I@jíë@òaŠ†@HQQI
@Nð‹ØÐÛa
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬

٥٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬G
K‫א‬‫א‬G
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G
K‫א‬G
K‫א‬G
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
?
 ‫א‬‫א‬? ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬W‫א‬EHusen and Tuijnman, ١٩٩١F‫א‬E١٢F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،١٩٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١٠F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


٥٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E٢٠٠٤،F‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٠١F‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٠٠١،F 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٠٠١،F‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٠٠،F‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٠٠،F‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

٦٠
E٢٠٠١،F‫א‬E٢٠٠٤،F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬E١٩٩٨،F‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،F‫א‬E١٩٩٧،F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٩٩٧
‫א‬E١٩٩٥،FE١٩٩٧،F‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬، ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬


٦١
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻـــــﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍجملﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻲ‬


W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
K‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J




٦٢
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ 
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍجملﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻲ‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

٦٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE،F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬ E
 ‫א‬F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx٤٤٣،٤٣٠،٢٠٠٠،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

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 @@NïÈßb§a@áîÜÈnÛa@óÜÇ@bèmbbØÈãaë@ñ‹–bȾa@òî¾bÈÛa@püìznÛa@Z@üëc
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
W‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
@@NòϋȾa@òÈîj @À@ÞìznÛa@MQ
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬

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EKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KxNonaka, ١٩٩١, p١٠z،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKK‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬x٣٦٨،٢٠٠٦، ‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬
،x٤٩٤،٢٠٠١،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ?،
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٦٥،٢٠٠١،z،x٢٩٧،١٩٩٧،z‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 x٢١٩،٢٠٠٦،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F،x٦٧،٢٠٠٥،z‫א‬
‫א‬E
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x٣٢٤،٢٠٠٦،‫א‬z

٦٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،EF،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ ،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
WxNonaka, ١٩٩١, P١١zEF
‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬-
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫ א‬-
K
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٦٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٢
K،‫א‬?‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x٣٥٠،٢٠٠٠،‫א‬z
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx٥،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٤٨،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬‫א‬z
‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، 

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٤٣٢،٢٠٠٠،z
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٢،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬zK ‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x٧،٢٠٠٤،z?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫؛‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬z?
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٩،٢٠٠٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٤٢٢٠٠٤،‫א‬‫א‬zK?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬،
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٧٠
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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@NòϋȾa@Éànª@ì®@ÞìznÛa@MR
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١،١٤٢٦،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬? ‫א‬?
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،x١٣،١٩٩٠،z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٩،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬?‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
Kx٥،١٤٢٦،‫א‬z? ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٦،٢٠٠٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
z، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬x٣ J٢،١٤٢٦
W،‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

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،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
E٢F
‫א‬‫א‬















‫א‬‫א‬x٤،٢٠٠٧‫א‬z‫א‬
Kx٤٢،٢٠٠٣z


F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬zK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x٣٥،٢٠٠٤،
،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬،
Kx٣٧

٧٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Kx٢٣،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬،x٣٩،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬
‫א‬F،‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x٢٤،١٩٩١،z?‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،١٩٩١،z? ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢٤

٧٤
?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٥،١٩٩١،z‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 JW‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ K١
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
? ?‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

٧٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،x٣٩٣٧،٢٠٠٤، ‫א‬‫א‬zK‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،
 JW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
?  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬?
Kx٤٢،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬‫א‬z
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬Kx٩،١٤٢٦،‫א‬z،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kx٤٣،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٣
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬‫א‬z ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x٤٥
K،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
K


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
??  ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Kx١٣،١٤٢٦،‫א‬z? 
K‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

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x٢٢،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،٢٠٠٢‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Kx٤٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،١٩٩٥،z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
Kx٣٥
? ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Kx٣٤،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
zE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Wx٥٦–٥٥،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
x٣٧،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

٧٩
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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@@NòÔîÓ‡Ûa@bîuìÛìäØnÛa@ì®@ÞìznÛa@MS
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?x٤٤،١٩٨٥،z?‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢٦{٢٠٠٣،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬، ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬Kx٦١،١٩٨٥،z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬

٨٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
@x٩،١٩٨٨،z‫א‬‫א‬

?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٪٦٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٪٢F? ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
Kx٢٠،١٩٩٥،‫א‬z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J١١٠،٢٠٠١z‫א‬ ‫א‬
Wx١١١
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬،‫א‬

٨١
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬z‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬x٢٢،٢٠٠٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬ K١
Kx٢٣٤،١٩٩٨،zE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F،
 ‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
،١٩٩٨،zKx٣٥٣٢،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬
Kx٢٣٦–٢٣٤
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F،‫א‬ K٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
z?  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٥٠،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬?،
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx٥٤،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
Kx٢٩،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx٣٩٤–٣٩١،٢٠٠٢،zE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٠٠٠،F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
?،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
،x٤٩٠،٢٠٠٠z

٨٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Wx٥،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬z
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx٧،٢٠٠٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣F

٥٠٪ ٤٦٪
٤٥٪
٤٠٪
٣٥٪
٢٦٪
٣٠٪
٢٥٪
٢٠٪ ١٤٪
١٥٪ ٨٪ ١١٪

١٠٪
٥٪
٠٪
١٩٩٠ ١٩٩٢ ١٩٩٤ ١٩٩٦ ١٩٩٨


Kx٧،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬


٨٤
E١٩٩٨ J١٩٩٦F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx٥١–٤٩،٢٠٠٥،‫א‬z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٠٠٠،z‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٥١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٪٤٠F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٣٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E٢٢٠F‫א‬
Kx٤٤٤،٢٠٠٠،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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K‫א‬،Kx٧٦،١٩٩٨،z‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٥F‫א‬E٢٥٠F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢١،١٩٩٩،z
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
Kx٤٣،٢٠٠١،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
z?
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
Kx١٦،٢٠٠٥،‫א‬


 W  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬
،،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
Kx٤٣٢،٢٠٠٠،z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
Kx١٧١،٢٠٠٥،‫א‬z? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،?
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ?
،z? ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx٣٦٨،٢٠٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
x٦٨،١٩٨٥z‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬zK
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬ EFKx٩٠،١٩٨٥
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٤٤٩،٢٠٠٠،z‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،١٩٨٥،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x٢٦
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢٨،١٩٨٥،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx٦٣،١٩٨٨،z
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
Kx٦٨،١٩٨٨،z‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،١٩٨٨،z‫א‬
Kx٦٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
،‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٤٢٣،١٩٩٠،z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢٩،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٩٩،٢٠٠٥،‫א‬z‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،x١٥،١٩٨٥،‫א‬z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬{
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
Kx٣٠،١٩٩٠،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

@@NòϋȾa@óÜÇ@j¾a@†b—nÓüa@@ì®@@ÞìznÛa@MT
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٤٥،٢٠٠٠،z?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
?
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬
Kx٧٠،١٩٩٨،z
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx١١،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬

٩١
،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
K‫א‬ J٥
٥،٢٠٠١،‫א‬zK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
Kx٦ J
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
x٤،٢٠٠٥،‫א‬z‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٩٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx٣٢٣ J٣٢٢،٢٠٠٦،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬
،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬x٧،٢٠٠٤،zx١٨،١٩٩٦
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،١٤٢٦،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
x٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z،،x٧٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E‫א‬،،،،،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F
،E٥٠٠FE٤٢٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٣٤٥FE١٩٩٦F ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
x٣٥٠،٢٠٠٠،z‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬E٪٤{٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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E٪٥٥F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٪٦٦F،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٠٠٤،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٪٧٠F
Kx١١
‫א‬‫א‬E٪٨٠F‫א‬‫א‬ 
،E٥٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kx٤،٢٠٠٤،zK‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
EKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F
Kx٧١،١٩٩٨،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kx٧٦،١٤٢٦،‫א‬z‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٩٤

  ،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٧،٢٠٠٤،z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
x٢،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
Kx٨١،١٤٢٦،‫א‬zE‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Wx٣٣١–٣٢٦،٢٠٠٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ J
KE‫א‬

٩٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
K،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬

٩٦
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٥،٢٠٠٤،z،E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬

٩٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ -

 {‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ -
EKKKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬EF‫א‬،
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ -
‫א‬،  ‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٣٣،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z?‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx١١٤،٢٠٠٥،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٠٠٦،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬z‫א‬Kx٩٣ J٨٣،٢٠٠٥،‫א‬z‫א‬Kx٣٨٥ J٣٦٨
‫א‬‫א‬،x٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z‫א‬x٩٠ J٨٦،٢٠٠٥
،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kx٢٠٠٠،z‫א‬x١٩٩٩
،‫א‬zx٣٢،١٩٩٧،z‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢٠٠٥،‫א‬‫א‬z،x٤٤٥،٤٣٨،٢٠٠٠


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬


W‫א‬‫ א‬J١
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

٩٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬F،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫ א‬J
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٠٠
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫ א‬J٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  -
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? National Intellectual capital E‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١،٢٠٠٦،z? ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

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 W‫ א‬J
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J٣
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬
K
،‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ J
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F -
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  -
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

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‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬K
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬، ‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
،‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬J١
E٢٢{٦٧٠{٠٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E١٦{٥F‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٠٠٤F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E٪٧٢{٩F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬zE٪٢{٥FE٢٠٠٤FE١٩٩٢F‫א‬
Kx٣،١٤٢٥
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E١٤٢١–١٤٢٠F‫א‬E٪٨٩{٥F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E٢٩{٧F‫א‬E١٤٤١ J١٤٤٠F
‫א‬E٦٢٠{٠٠٠F١٤٣١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ٢٢ J١٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢٠٠٥،١٤٢٥،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬zE٪١٤F‫א‬


١٠٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٤F
















Kx٢ J٥،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

١٠٧
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬
  
٤٧٩٦٣٧ ٢٣١٤١٨ ٢٤٨٢١٩ 
٢٠٦٦٣١٢ ١٠١٥٧٥٥ ١٠٥٠٥٥٧ ٤ J١
٢٤٥٤٩٩٤ ١٢٠٠٣٤٧ ١٢٥٤٦٤٧ ٩ J٥
٢٠٥١٤٨١ ١٠١٠٤٩٧ ١٠٤٠٩٨٤ ١٤ J١٠
١٧٤١٨٣٢ ٨٦٥٧٨٥ ٨٧٦٠٤٧ ١٩ J١٥
١٣٩٣٣٤٩ ٧٢٩٨٥٦ ٦٦٣٤٩٣ ٢٤ J٢٠
١١٢٨٢٦٧ ٥٩٧٦٩٨ ٥٣٠٥٦٩ ٢٩ J٢٥
٩٢٨٠٤٠ ٤٧٦٣٥٩ ٤٥١٦٨١ ٣٤ J٣٠
٧٦٩٨٤٠ ٣٩١١٨٤ ٣٧٨٦٥٦ ٣٩ J٣٥
٦٣٠٦٥٠ ٣١٨٥٩٠ ٣١٢٠٦٠ ٤٤ J٤٠
٤٨٣٠٠٢ ٢٤٤٩٠٠ ٢٣٨١٠٢ ٤٩ J٤٥
٣٦٦٩٨٢ ١٨٧٨٠١ ١٧٩١٨١ ٥٤ J٥٠
٢٩٠٧٨٠ ١٥١٥٤٦ ١٣٩٢٣٤ ٥٩ J٥٥
٢٢٤٩٧٣ ١٢١٦٤١ ١٠٣٣٣٢ ٦٤ J٦٠
١٩١٩١١ ٧٩٤٨٢ ١١٢٤٢٩ ٦٩ J٦٥
١٦٤٩٣١ ٧٣٧٠٤ ٩١٢٢٧ ٧٤ J٧٠
٩١٥٤٢ ٣٦٧٨٠ ٥٤٧٦٢ ٧٩ J٧٥
٦٣٨٥٢ ٢٧١٠٥ ٣٦٧٤٧ ٨٤ J٨٠
٦٦٤٣٠ ٢٨٣٠٦ ٣٨١٢٤ ٨٥
١٥٥٨٨٨٠٥ ٧٧٨٨٧٥٤ ٧٨٠٠٠٥١ ‫א‬
KE١٤٢٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W،‫א‬

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،‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬
K،،‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K،‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 W
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٠،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣،٢٠٠٤، z‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٤٢٥F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
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@Nòî¾bÈÛa@ñŠbvnÛa@òàÄä¾@âbà›ãüa@MS
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١٤٢٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٤٨F٢٠٠٥‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،E١٤٩F‫א‬،‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٤٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ F‫א‬
Kxwww.commerce.gov.sa/wto/zK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W??،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬-
KE٪٧٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
Kxwww.commerce.gov.sa/wto/z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

١١٢
 ‫א‬E
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F
‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬ J٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٤،١٤١٣،z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
٢٠٠٣E٪٤٩{٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣،١٤٢٥،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬E٪٥٠{١F

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢١{٥١٩FE٤٠{٢١٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤٢٥ J١٤٢٤F‫א‬
‫א‬zK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٦٩،١٤٢٥،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E٪٢٥F‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x٥٥،١٤١٤،‫א‬z‫א‬
،
،١٤١٣،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x٥ J٤
،٢٠٠٥‫א‬E١٤ J١٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠٦L٤L٢٩‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬?
E١٩F،
‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
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@@@N ìÛa@Šaì¨a@MU
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
Kxwww.kacnd.org./center z


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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
E٦٠F‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٠٣L١٢L٢٧F 
‫א‬E W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kxwww.kacnd.org./center zK‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬E٧٠F، ‫א‬‫א‬،E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kxwww.kacnd.org./center z

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑـــﻊ‬
‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌـــــﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜـــﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬

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@@Nñ‹–bȾa@òíŠa†⁄a@Ý‚a‡¾a@Èji@énÓýÇë@ð‹ØÐÛa@Þb¾a@‘cŠ@Z@bîãbq
@@@NébîÓ@Ö‹ ë@ð‹ØÐÛa@Þb¾a@‘cŠ@pbãìØß@xˆb¹@Z@brÛbq
@@NpbàÄä¾a@À@ð‹ØÐÛa@Þb¾a@‘cŠ@õbäi@Z@bÈiaŠ
@NïÈßb§a@áîÜÈnÛaë@ð‹ØÐÛa@Þb¾a@‘cŠ@ñŠa†g@Z@bßb‚

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬
‫ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬،‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻱ‬

K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Wx٧–٥،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FE ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،E‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
، ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٦،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬Kx٧،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z?  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EIntellectual CapitalF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EICF‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬z،x١٣،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z‫א‬
Kx٣٦١،٢٠٠٥،zx١٤،٢٠٠٣،
F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F 
?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٤،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬xKoeing ،٢٠٠٠z 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١٩٩٧FEHarvard Business ReviewF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬FESkandiaF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?،‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٤،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z?
 ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،٢٠٠٥،z‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٦٩–٣٦٨

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E١٩٨٩F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE١٩٩٧‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬E١٩٩٧‫א‬FE٢٠٠٥‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬?‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬E١٩٩٥F ‫א‬‫א‬ 
،،،
‫א‬‫א‬

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
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،x٧٤،١٩٩٤،‫א‬zx٨،١٩٩٥،z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٧٦ J١٧٥،١٩٩٤،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 EF -
‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،١٩٩٩،FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٤٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬EF -
KEKelley, ١٩٩٨ : ١٢FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٢٤
‫א‬?W‫א‬EF‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
KEYoundt, et. Al, ١٩٩٦ : ٨٣٩FK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KESpender, ١٩٩٦: ٤٦FK
،‫א‬WEF -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEWebster, ١٩٩٥: ١٣٦FK‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ،٢٠٠٠،z -
‫א‬‫א‬?W‫א‬‫א‬x١٧
E  F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ?‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x١٣ J١١،١٩٩٩،‫א‬FK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WEF -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
KEUlrich, ١٩٩٨ :١٢٦FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، W‫א‬EF -
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEYogesh, ١٩٩٨W٢F
‫א‬‫א‬ ?EF -


١٢٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١ : ١٩٩٨،FK 
‫א‬ WEF -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEHamel, ١٩٩٤ :١٩FK‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٧٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F -
Explicit Knowledge،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Tacit
KEDalf, ٢٠٠١ : ٢٥٨FK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?E‫א‬F -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEStrewart, ١٩٩٩ :٥٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬EF -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEEndres, ١٩٩٧ :٤٦FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K ‫א‬‫א‬

١٢٦
E،‫א‬،F K٢
‫א‬،‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
ETacet KnowledgeFEExplict KnowledgeF
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
EKKKKK،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

١٢٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٠٠٢، ‫א‬z‫א‬ESveiby,١٩٩٨F‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kx٣٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٢٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EFEFE‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬
K،‫א‬‫ א‬-
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬{  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
EKKKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -
KE‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬
، ،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
KE‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
 

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‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬،‫א‬F
،‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬F{‫ﻭﻥ‬‫ﺘَﻔَﻜﱠـﺮ‬‫ ﻳ‬‫ـﻢ‬‫ﻠﱠﻬ‬‫ ﻟَﻌ‬‫ﺺ‬‫ﺺِ ﺍﻟْﻘَـﺼ‬‫} ﻓَﺎﻗْـﺼ‬‫א‬EF
W

ً‫ـﺔ‬‫ ﻟَﺂﻳ‬‫ ﻓِـﻲ ﺫَﻟِـﻚ‬‫ }ﺇِﻥ‬E٢٤ ‫א‬WF{‫ﻭﻥ‬‫ﺘَﻔَﻜﱠﺮ‬‫ﻡٍ ﻳ‬‫ﻞُ ﺍﻟْﺂﻳﺎﺕِ ﻟِﻘَﻮ‬‫ �ُﻔَﺼ‬‫ }ﻛَﺬَﻟِﻚ‬E١٧٦‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬ E١١ ‫א‬W‫א‬F{‫ﻭﻥ‬‫ﺘَﻔَﻜﱠﺮ‬‫ﻡٍ ﻳ‬‫ﻟِﻘَﻮ‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
ِ‫ﺎﺕ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻄﱠﻴ‬‫ ﻣِﻦ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺎﻫ‬‫ﺯَﻗْﻨ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺮِ ﻭ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺍﻟْﺒ‬‫ ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻟْﺒ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺎﻫ‬‫ﻠْﻨ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ ﻭ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﻨِﻲ ﺁﺩ‬‫ﺎ ﺑ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ ﻛَﺮ‬‫ﻟَﻘَﺪ‬‫}ﻭ‬‫א‬

–‫א‬‫א‬ ،E٧٠W‫א‬‫א‬F{‫ﺎ ﺗَﻔْﻀِﻴﻼ‬‫ﻠَﻘْﻨ‬‫ ﺧ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻠَﻰ ﻛَﺜِﲑٍ ﻣِﻤ‬‫ ﻋ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺎﻫ‬‫ﻓَﻀﱠﻠْﻨ‬‫ﻭ‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬–
‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٣٠
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F
 ‫א‬
KE‫א‬FE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،x٣١،١٩٨٧،z‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬FEF
Kx٣١zE‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E١١‫א‬W‫א‬F{ٍ‫ﺎﺕ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ ﺩ‬‫ ﺃُﻭﺗُﻮﺍ ﺍﻟْﻌِﻠْﻢ‬‫ﺍﻟﱠﺬِﻳﻦ‬‫ ﻭ‬‫ﻜُﻢ‬‫ﻮﺍ ﻣِﻨ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ ﺁﻣ‬‫ ﺍﻟﱠﺬِﻳﻦ‬‫ﻓَﻊِ ﺍﻟﻠﱠﻪ‬‫ﺮ‬‫}ﻳ‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،x١٤٢٦،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،zKE
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x٣٦٩،٢٠٠٥
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٣٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،x٢٠،٢٠٠٣،
Kx٣٣،١٩٩٦،zK‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
W،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
Hansen, ١٩٩٩ ; zxCastles, ١٩٩٩; ١ ٢z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kx٣٦٩،٢٠٠٥،zE‫א‬

١٣٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،xDrucker, ١٩٩٩, ٧٥z‫א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٠٠٤F
‫א‬?‫؛‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?
K? ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٩ J٣٥،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z


‫א‬ESkandiaF 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ E١٨٢٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EEdvinssonF،
‫א‬‫א‬، E١٩٩١F‫א‬
E٢٠٠١F،‫א‬‫א‬ 
E٣٠٠٠F،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١١٠٠٠F،
x٢٥٢٤،٢٠٠٣،z‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

١٣٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
Know – F‫א‬،EKnow – HowF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEDavid, ١٩٩٥, ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EWhy


‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KxHellregel &Solcum Sarvary , ١٩٩٩, ٩٧z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬ECapital AssetsF‫א‬
،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٥،٢٠٠٠،z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢٦–٢٥،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F‫א‬
KE٢٠٠١ J١٩٩٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x٢٠٠٦،‫א‬z،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٠٠F
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٠٠K،KF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

١٣٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٧،٢٠٠٦،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،،،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
x٢٤،٢٠٠٤،z‫א‬‫א‬
Wx٣٦٨،٢٠٠٥،z
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٥٥،٢٠٠٥،z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٣٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
xKinlow z،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٦٥،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٣٦،٢٠٠٤،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F
،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEKK‫א‬
Kx١٢٥،٢٠٠٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٣٨
،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x٦٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬،ESveiby , ١٩٩٨F،‫א‬
Kx٣٨،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ESveiby
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENonaka, ١٩٩٥F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٠٣F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Kx٨٥،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬
‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Kx٤٢،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬

١٣٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٦F

‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎق‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻲ‬

‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎق‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫( ﻧﻘﻞ وإدارة وﺗﻮﻃﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻧﺔ‬٥)

‫ﻧﺸﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ (٦)

‫اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬

(٨)
‫اﻟﺴﻴﺎق‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻳﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬
‫اﻷد‬
‫وﺣﺎﺿﻨﺎت اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫( رأس اﻟﻤﺎل‬٤)
‫اﻟﻤﺸﺮوﻋﺎ واﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻔﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﻢ واﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫إدارة اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺔ‬
(٧)
‫( اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎت واﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬٣) ‫اﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬
‫واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬


Kx٤٢،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
،٢٠٠٣،
 ‫א‬zKx٤١،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬z
Kx٥٩

١٤٠
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٦٠،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٥،٢٠٠٤،z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬،‫א‬ ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٤١،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬z
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

١٤١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫א‬‫א‬ 
،x٤٧،٢٠٠٦،‫א‬z? ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?
Kx٣٨،١٩٩١،z?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F
‫א‬،E ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 JWKx٤٧،٢٠٠٦،‫א‬z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،٢٠٠٦،‫א‬z،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Wx٥٢ J٤٦
W‫א‬‫א‬E١
KEF،‫א‬‫ א‬-

١٤٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬‫ א‬-
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
،‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬-
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
KEKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬-
EKKK‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬ -
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫ א‬-
KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K -
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬ -
،zK ‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٨،١٩٩١
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٤٠،١٩٩١،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬

١٤٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬Kx٣٥٠،٢٠٠٦،٢z ‫א‬ E٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

١٤٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬?،? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?


K‫א‬‫א‬W
K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬EStewartF‫א‬E١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬، 
x٢٦،٢٠٠٣،zx١٣،٢٠٠٠،z
 ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬،x٨٦،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z
‫א‬EHuman CapitalF‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EStructural CapitalF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬

١٤٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٧F
EStewartF‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺯﺒﺎﺌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ‬



‫ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ‬ 

EStewart, ١٩٩٩ : ٧٥FW‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESveibyFE٢F
K‫א‬،‫א‬ -
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬-
KE‫א‬
ESveibyF‫א‬‫א‬
E٨F
ESveibyF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ J

x٢٩،٢٠٠٣،z‫א‬

١٤٦
 ‫א‬WESullivanF E٣F
‫א‬‫א‬EHow- KnowFEF،E‫א‬F
W‫א‬‫א‬،
KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬––‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
KE‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬J
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
E٩F
@æbÐîÛì@‡äÇ@ð‹ØÐÛa@Þb¾a@‘cŠ@pbãìØß

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

xMertins, ٢٠٠١ zW‫א‬

١٤٧
‫א‬EEdvinson – SKandia F–‫א‬E٤F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
، ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬E J‫א‬F
E١٠F
EF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 


‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


Kx٣٠،٢٠٠٣،z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬EASTDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–٩٠،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z ‫א‬
Kx٩٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬

١٤٨
 ‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
KE،،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  -
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ -
KE‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬




   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 



‫ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﺰﺑﻮن‬

‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﻣﻊ اﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻌـــــــــــﺎرف‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪار اﻹﻧﻔﺎق‬

‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴـــــــــﺎت‬

‫ﻗﺪرة اﻹﺑﺪاع‬

‫ﻣﻬــــــﺎرات‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴــــــﺎت‬


‫ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬

‫آﻔﺎﻳﺎت‬




x٩٢،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬zW‫א‬

١٤٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
? ?، ?‫א‬
‫א‬z‫א‬،
‫א‬،Kx٨٥،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EMontague instituteF،
‫א‬
،٢٥،٢٠٠٠،‫א‬z? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬x٢٧
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬FEF،‫א‬

 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬‫א‬E٪٨٠F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J٢
E ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٥٠،٢٠٠٢،‫א‬z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J٦
W‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬،،،‫א‬ J
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ J٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J٨
Kx٥١،٢٠٠٢،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J٩
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، J١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬J١١
KEKK‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، J١٢
،‫א‬? ‫א‬?E ‫א‬F
Kxwww. Montagua.comzK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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،Ebyton Bowen, ١٩٩٨F J
،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٠٠
‫א‬،xTom Brwon , ١٩٩٨z‫א‬ J
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
،EWilliam C. Miller ١٩٩٨F J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F J
،ERamona Dzinkowski , ١٩٩٩F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ،ETomas A. stewartF‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٠٠٠،F،E
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E١٩٩٩ASTDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?‫א‬
  J
‫א‬EP.N. Ratogi, ٢٠٠٠F‫א‬KK
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E٢٠٠١F J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬


١٥٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 


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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬، ،
‫א‬ x٢٢٨–٢٢٧،١٩٩٧،z‫א‬
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKE‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
Kx٢٣،٢٠٠٠،z?‫א‬،‫א‬

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،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬EFEF 
،‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،، ‫א‬
K‫א‬
ETom Brown ١٩٩٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
Kx١٠١،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ FKE ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬FE‫א‬FEKK
KEKK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ERamona Dzinkowski ١٩٩٨F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

١٥٥
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
W‫א‬،x١٠٣،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
K‫ א‬ J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
EDzin KowskiF‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ETom BrownF
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDzinkowskiF
E ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬،EBrown F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬EDaniel, ١٩٩٧: ٣F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٥٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫؟‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
،٢٠٠٣،zKx٣٦–٣٥،٢٠٠٠،zK
Kx٣٢
‫א‬EDrucker,١٩٩٩W٦٠F
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Leonard & straus, ١٩٩٩: ١ ٢) (Quinnet, ١٩٩٦ : ٧٤ F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧٨
W‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬

١٥٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
EFE،F
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬  
‫א‬،‫א‬   EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬، 
،٢٠٠٠،F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx٣٧،٣٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬FW‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ J J‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬J٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

١٥٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W ‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx١٩٩٠،z‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
،١٩٩٧،z،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬Kx٢٢٦
‫؟‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫؟‬E 
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   -
‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٥٩
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬
‫؟‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KW‫ א‬J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٦٠
‫א‬،x٧٥،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kx٧٨،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬Kx٨٤
 ،١٤١٩،‫א‬z
W
‫א‬،‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
،‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬،‫א‬ ? ?
‫א‬،x٥٠،٢٠٠٥،z‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٦١
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
Wx١٦،١٥،١٤٠٧،z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬?،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬

١٦٢
?
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
Kx١٣ J١١،٢٠٠٥،‫א‬z

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٦٣
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
KW‫ א‬J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬ J
z‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬،x١٨٩،١٨٨،٢٠٠٦،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

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 
، ‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x١٠٧،٢٠٠٥،‫א‬z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،
 ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬KK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،x٣،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J٣
 ‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ?
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x١١٣،٢٠٠٥،‫א‬‫א‬z
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،EKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

١٦٦
‫א‬‫א‬Kx٤٢،١٩٩٥،‫א‬zE
 ‫א‬‫א‬F
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٦٧
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬zK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٩٧–٩٤،٢٠٠٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ،، F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ -
،‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
  F‫א‬‫א‬ -
E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٦٨
‫‪‬א‪، ‬א‪ ?‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬
‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬
‫‪‬א‪F‬א‪،‬א‪،‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪KE‬‬
‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪K‬‬
‫‪E١٢F‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮﻳﺔ اﻷآﺎدﻳﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﺗﺠﺎهﺎت اﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬

‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ داﻋﻤﺔ‬ ‫@‬

‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﻋﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﻢ اﺗﺼﺎل‬ ‫إدارة رأس‬ ‫ﻹدارة رأس اﻟﻔﻜﺮي‬
‫ﻧﻈﻢ إدارة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻔﻜﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪارات اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜﺎت ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﺴﻴﺎق اﻟﺒﻴﺌ‬

‫ﻧﻈﻢ رﻓﻊ آﻔﺎﻳﺎت‬

‫أﻋﻀﺎء هﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎء ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ‬
‫إدارة اﻟﻤﻮارد‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬

‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪Z‬‬
‫‪z‬א‪W‬א‪x‬‬

‫‪١٦٩‬‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬، K١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬، K٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ‬
‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴـــــﻌﻮﺩﻱ‬

@@NòîÏbäm@ÝàÇ@pbbî@Z@üëc
@NpbÈßb§a@À@òîàîÄänÛa@òÏbÔrÛa@Z@bîãbq
@NpbÈßbvÜÛ@òîàîÄänÛa@òîäjÛa@Z@brÛbq
@NµÜßbÈÛa@pbíbÐ×@ÉÏŠ@áÄã@Z@bÈiaŠ

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ‬
‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ‬
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@@N‡îè¸
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ K٣
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

@@NòîÏbänÛa@ÝàÈÛa@pbbî@Z@üëc
‫א‬?EpoliciesF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬x٥٨١،١٩٩٦،z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 ،?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?E F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،z? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٧،٢٠٠٠
،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫؛‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬،x٣٠،٢٠٠٢،z
Kx٨٥،١٩٩٦،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E‫א‬F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?،‫א‬
،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kx١٣،٢٠٠١
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
،٢٠٠٥،zK
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٧٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٤٥٠،٢٠٠٠،z‫א‬‫א‬

١٧٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?‫א‬K?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،٢٠٠٣،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x١٤٤ J١٤٣
‫א‬?W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬z،? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kx٧٧،٢٠٠٤
W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬  K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
 F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF،E‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٠٠٣، ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Wx٣٢٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

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 K J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J


‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x٩–٨،٢٠٠٠z‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
K‫א‬
K‫א‬ J٦
‫א‬x١٩ J٧،K،‫א‬‫א‬z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

١٧٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F x٣٦١،١٩٩١،‫א‬z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
Kx٣٦١،١٩٩١،‫א‬z‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K،‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J

١٧٧
 K‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Wx٢٥،٢٠٠٣،z
 ‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬

١٧٨
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٧٩
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Kx٣٣٩،٢٠٠٣،z? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، 
K‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
x٢١٣،٢٠٠٣z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬x٨،١٤٢٥z‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬x٤٢ J٤١،٢٠٠٣z‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 JW،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٨٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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KK،،‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،z‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
{  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x٢٧،١٤٢٤
‫א‬‫א‬ KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬‫?א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،


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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx١٩١،٢٠٠٠،‫א‬zx١٢٥،٢٠٠٥،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٣،٢٠٠١–z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،E١٩٨٨F‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x٢٠،٢٠٠١،z?‫א‬‫א‬
? ‫?א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
  ?
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٠٠١، z

١٨٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x٤٧
K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،،،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬،
Kx١٥،٢٠٠١،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،،‫א‬‫א‬ 
٤٢،٢٠٠١،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬،
Wx٤٣–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬

١٨٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،x٤٤٤،١٤٢٥،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،E١٩٨٨F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٩٨٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٤٢٥F‫א‬
KE١٤٢٧F،E١٤٢٤F?‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،? ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٨٥
،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W،x٢٢ J٢١،٢٠٠٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
Kx١٩،٢٠٠٥،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W،‫א‬‫א‬

١٨٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
Kx٢٠١ J١٨٥،٢٠٠١،zK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
WxEdvinsson, ١٩٩٦, p٣٥٦z‫א‬‫א‬،
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
KE
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

١٨٧
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١٤٢٨F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،، ٢٠٠٤
‫א‬zK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥١F
Kx٢٠٠٤،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 JW‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
،‫א‬‫א‬F
،‫א‬ E‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٨٨
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬x١٤٢٧،‫א‬z{x١٤٢٥،z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EKK ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬
،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٨٩
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،،z‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬x٤٥٨،١٩٩١،zx١،٢٠٠٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EScheinF
 ‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
KESchein, ١٩٨٥, p٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?EKurt LewinF
،١٩٩٧،z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬،x٢٤٥
?‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KxKoberg and Chusmir, ١٩٨٧, p. ٣٩٨z?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kx١١،١٩٩٢،z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x٥
 ،١٩٩٦z
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
?
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٤٥٨،١٩٩١،z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


١٩٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx١٨،٢٠٠٥،z‫א‬‫א‬
Schein, z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
WKx١٩٩٥, p.١٠٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬،x٤،١٩٩٦
،٢٠٠٥،z‫א‬‫א‬ 
Kx١٩
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

١٩١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
،١٩٩٩،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J٥
Kx٦٤
W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KxOtt, ١٩٨٩, p. ١٥z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، x٥٤،٢٠٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

١٩٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx٣،٢٠٠٥،z‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
Kx٤٥٨،١٩٩١،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬EBolman and DealF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
Kx٤٤٨ J٤٤٧،١٩٩٥،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 JW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
Kx٤٧،١٩٩٦،‫א‬zK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٩٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KxOtt, ١٩٨٩, p. ٢٧z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W K٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx٨،٢٠٠٥،z
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٩،٢٠٠٥،
WxOtt, ١٩٨٩, p. ٤٨z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FWx٣٢٦،٢٠٠٣z
KE‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF 
WxSchein, ١٩٩١, p. ٢٤٧zW
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬

١٩٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬
KEKKK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٠٠٠،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٥٥
،‫א‬ ?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢٤،١٩٩٥،‫א‬z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،


،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x٢١٤،١٩٨٩،‫א‬z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬
?
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?،
 ‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،x٢٣،١٩٩٩،z
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K

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،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ -
KE‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Mortines & z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WKxTerblance,٢٠٠٣, p٦٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

١٩٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K٥
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٤٥،١٩٩٩،zK‫א‬

١٩٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٣F

‫א‬

‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬ 


Kx٢٦،١٩٩٩،zW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬-
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E 
K
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ -
K

١٩٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬-
‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ -
F‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬،E F
xPeters & Waterman, ١٩٨٢,pp.١٣ ١٨z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٠٠
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K
Clifford & zE F
WxCavanagh,١٩٨٥, p٢٢١
K‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٧٢،٢٠٠٥،z،‫א‬
 J J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٠١
،‫א‬z،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬Kx٧٩،٢٠٠٧
‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٧٣،٢٠٠٥،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬،K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx٣٧٤ J٣٧٣،٢٠٠٥،zK‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،x٧٠،٢٠٠٥،z
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،z‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?EF،x٩،١٤١٦
،xBala, ١٩٩٦,p.١٨z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
KxMarqwardt, ٢٠٠٢,p.٢٣٥z?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،،F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

٢٠٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
Kx٨٧،٢٠٠٥،‫א‬zKE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Kx١١،١٤١٦،z‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF،‫א‬
W،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬W 
،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

٢٠٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٩٠،٢٠٠٥،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،
W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ -
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬-
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 K‫א‬‫א‬W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬? 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢٨ J٢٥،١٩٩٧،‫א‬z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEFK?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬? -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEF?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? -
KE‫א‬F?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 JW‫א‬
 ƒ
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،EF ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫ƒ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫ƒ א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

٢٠٧
 J٢٨،١٩٩٧،‫א‬z‫א‬
Kx٢٩
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx٣٢١،٢٠٠١،‫א‬z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 F
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kx١٦،٢٠٠٥،z‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬?،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،١٩٩٩،z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x٢٣
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

٢٠٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣١٧،٢٠٠١،‫א‬z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E‫א‬F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،x٧٩،١٩٩٩،z
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx١٠٤،١٩٩٩،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬

K‫א‬K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬Kx٣٢٦،٢٠٠١، ‫א‬z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EFKxRobert, ١٩٨٠, p. ١٨z‫א‬
Wx٤٧٠–٤٦٩،١٩٩١،z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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F‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ƒ
W‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
 JW
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬، K٥
K‫א‬
Kx٣٢٧،٢٠٠١،‫א‬zK‫א‬ K٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EyF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣١٩،٢٠٠١،‫א‬

٢١٠
،‫א‬‫א‬
x٢٤٨ J٢٤٢،١٩٩٧،x٣٢٥،٢٠٠١z‫א‬x٥٠٥،١٩٩٧z
W‫א‬
  ‫א‬،،‫א‬‫ א‬K١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،
K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٦
Kx٥٢٢،z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
Kx٥٢٢،١٩٩١
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢١١
‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
،
،١٩٩٣،z‫א‬‫א‬،
Kx٨٣
‫א‬E‫א‬F، ‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٪٥٠F J J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
z‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١١٧–١١١،٢٠٠٠،‫א‬z،x٣٢٤،٢٠٠١،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،x٢٢٨،٢٠٠٦،zKx٨٥
 ،١٩٩٣،z
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬EF ،‫א‬،‫א‬
،١٩٩١،F?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 JW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ x٤٩٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢١٢
،،‫א‬،‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
E
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
Kx٥٣١،١٩٩١،z
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?? ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،،،، 
‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢٥،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢١٣
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
–،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣١٧،٢٠٠١،‫א‬z

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٥٤،١٩٩٩،zE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
EResponsiveF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬KK
،x١٠–٩،١٩٩٧،z? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬
W‫א‬

٢١٤
 K‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
Kx٢٩١،١٩٩٧،z
‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٠٥،١٩٩٧،z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E
 FE F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،x٤٤،٢٠٠٥،z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
KE  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٨،١٩٩١،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
K ‫א‬
 J J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx٥٠٥،١٩٩١،z 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

٢١٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E L F‫א‬ELF‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٥٣٠،١٩٩،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

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 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 JW‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
Kx٧٧،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢٦٢،١٩٩٩،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢١٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،١٩٩١،z‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kx٤٧٠
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، x١١١،٢٠٠٦،‫א‬z
W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ K١
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE،–‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Wx١١١،٢٠٠٦،‫א‬z،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬ J
KE‫א‬‫א‬

٢١٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x١١٠،٢٠٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؛‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
K‫א‬‫א‬ K
W‫א‬‫א‬E٢
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬K 
K‫א‬

٢٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٢٩،١٢٨،٢٠٠٠

،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬x١١٢،٢٠٠٦
KE‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨

x١١٦،٢٠٠٦z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

٢٢١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،x٥٢٨،١٩٩١،zKEKKK
 ،،F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢٩،٢٠٠٥،z‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬  ،x١٤٦،٢٠٠٠،z
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ EF 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫؛‬،E ‫א‬‫א‬F
Kx١٤٦،١٩٩٩،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٢٢
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٥٠٥،١٩٩١،z?

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬?
 ‫א‬‫?א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx١٠٤،١٩٩٩،z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢٢١ J٢٢٠،٢٠٠٦،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

٢٢٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E١F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
،‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٢٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬E F 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤٢٤،F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF،‫א‬
Wx٢٧،١٤٢٤،z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

٢٢٥
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

E١٤F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬

Kx١٤٢٤،zW‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


٢٢٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E١٥F
‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




Kx١٠٧،١٩٩٩،zW‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

٢٢٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
E١٦F


‫א‬ 

‫א‬

‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

Kx١١٠،١٩٩٩،z


K‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F 
‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 F
،١٩٩١،z‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٦٠

٢٢٨
‫א‬?‫א‬EF 
EF? ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?
 
Kx٢٥،٢٠٠٠،z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬ ?،‫א‬
Kx٣٦٠،١٩٩١،z?‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،EF‫א‬،،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KxDrucker, ١٩٧٤, P.٢٠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Kx٥٠
 ،٢٠٠٠،z?
 ‫א‬‫א‬?
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬


٢٢٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
Kx٥٢،٢٠٠٠،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬E١٤٧،١٩٨٩،‫א‬F
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

٢٣٠
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،? ‫?א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


E١٧F








K‫א‬Z
Kx٣٤،١٩٨٩،‫א‬zW‫א‬

٢٣١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬––‫א‬‫ א‬J
،،‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬،

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
 ‫א‬‫?א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، -
‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

٢٣٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ -
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬–F‫א‬‫א‬
،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،  ‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٥٦،٢٠٠٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٣٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٢،٢٠٠١،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢٣ J

E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
–‫א‬– ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x٣٥٧،٢٠٠٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٠٠٥،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،x٣٥٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -

٢٣٥
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
E١٨F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬ 


Kx٢٣،٢٠٠١،‫א‬zW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
Kx٣٥،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬zK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٣٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬،،‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، 
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

٢٣٧
،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kx٣٥٨،٢٠٠٥،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
zK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٥٨،٢٠٠٥،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

٢٣٨
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
،‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
Kx٣٥٩،٢٠٠٥،z
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، 
‫א‬،‫א‬٢٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?Kx٢٠٠،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
Kx٢٠١،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬z?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٣٩
  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،x٦،١٤٢٥،‫א‬zE‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١٤٢٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢٤٢،٢٣٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x١٦
،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

٢٤٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،x١٩٤،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬z ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
J١٩٤،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٩٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬EKKK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 JW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫ א‬-
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫ א‬-
Kx١٦،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٤٢
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،z‫א‬
Kx١٤٠،١٩٩٠،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ? 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٣٧،٢٠٠٥،z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬-
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

٢٤٣
  ،‫א‬ -
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
،‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EKK‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٥٢،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬zK
‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
،‫א‬، J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٥٤ J١٥٣،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J٥
K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

٢٤٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx١٥٥،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬z‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z ‫א‬‫א‬
 ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٨،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬zK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
Kx٢٤١،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬zK

٢٤٥
‫א‬‫א‬ 
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
z‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Wx١٨٥–١٨٤،٢٠٠١،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬E١
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-

٢٤٦
 W‫א‬E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
،‫א‬،‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F
  ƒ
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ƒ
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٤٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EvisionF‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
Kx٣٠١–٣٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٩F

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬

Kx٣٠١،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٤٨
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬  ‫א‬
K،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Kx٤٠،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W
K‫א‬‫א‬E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E
K‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٣
Kx٥٥٥١،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٠٠٥،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٣٤٠ J٣٣٧

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
،٢٠٠١،z‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٠٩–١٠٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬،x٥٥،١٩٩٩،z‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،? ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٥٦،١٩٩٩،zKK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٥٩،١٩٩٩،zK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
Kx٥،٢٠٠٥،z‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٤٤،٢٠٠٥،z‫א‬‫א‬

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،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx١٤١،١٣٧،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
Kx٢٢،١٩٩٩،z‫א‬‫ א‬-

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٪٦٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٥١
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٤،١٩٩٩،zKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬EKKK‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Kx١٢٧،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫؟‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F K٤
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬


٢٥٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
،
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
KEKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ -
Kx١٥٠–١٤٤


٢٥٣
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،

٢٥٤
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F
KEKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬،‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬zx٣٠١،٢٦٣،٢٠٠٥،‫א‬z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬zx١٢٦،٢٠٠٢،z،x١٥٥،١٩٩٤،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ z‫א‬،x١١٣٩
،x١٤٢٥‫א‬‫א‬zx١٤٢٥
،‫א‬‫א‬x١٤٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬z
‫א‬E١٤٢١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٥٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
E١٩٩٣٠‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬x٦٥،٢٠٠٠،‫א‬‫א‬z
،١٩٩٣،‫א‬zx٤١،٢١،١٩٩٣،‫א‬z،‫א‬
Kx١٦٣،٢٠٠٠،‫א‬z،x٢١٠،٢٠٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
KEF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،

٢٥٦
 @@Z@ÑÈ›Ûa@ÂbÔã@Nl
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫ א‬J٢
W‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K،
،،‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
zK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kx٢٣٨،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٥٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫ א‬J٣
K‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E J–F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

٢٥٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬،
K
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
W‫א‬ J٤
K‫א‬K
‫א‬،،‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٦٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬


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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـــﻞ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻘﱰﺡ ﻹﺳﱰﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻱ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬

K‫א‬‫א‬W 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫• א‬
K‫• א‬
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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻘﱰﺡ ﻹﺳﱰﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻱ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬
@@@N‡îè¸
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F
 ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬، J
K‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٦٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
KMission Determination‫א‬K١
KEnvironmental AnalysisK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
Objectives Determination K‫א‬‫א‬K٣
KStrategy SettingK‫א‬‫א‬K٤
Kx١٠٤،١٩٩٤،z،Strategy needs‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J –‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
W‫א‬‫א‬

٢٦٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬W
Vision@Z@òíú‹Ûa
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
،z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬x٨٧،١٤٢٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
@@Mission@Z@òÛb‹Ûa
?‫א‬ 
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،x٩١،١٤٢٢،z?،
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
@@NòßbÈÛa@Òa‡çþa@Z@bîãbq
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F
KE‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
@Nð†ìÈÛa@ïÈßb§a@áîÜÈnÜÛ@òjäÛbi@òîuŠb©a@ò÷îjÛa@ÝîÜ¥@pbîİÈß@HcI
@@Hñ‹–bȾa@òî¾bÈÛa@püìznÛa@I
@

K‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮص‬

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‫‪ -‬ﻋﺪم ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻗﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴ ﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻻﻧﺘ ﺸﺎر اﻟﻮاﺳ ﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ أدى إﻟ ﻰ‬
‫وﺗﻨ ﺎﻣﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﺟ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﻧﻘ ﺪ اﻟﻤ ﺼﺎدر‪ ،‬واﻟﻘ ﺮاءة‬ ‫ﺳ ﻬﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﺤ ﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬وآ ﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻨ ﻮع‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﻗ ﺪة ﻟﻠﻤ ﻀﺎﻣﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺿ ﻮء ﻗ ﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ واﺗﺠﺎهﺎﺗﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬أدى اﻟﺘﺤ ﻮل ﻓ ﻲ ﺑﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ‬
‫‪ -‬أوﺟ ﺪ اﻟﺘ ﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻬ ﺎدر ﻣ ﺸﻜﻠﺔ آﺒﻴ ﺮة‬ ‫ﻇﻬ ﻮر ﺗﺨﺼ ﺼﺎت ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪة ﺑ ﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬
‫أﻣ ﺎم اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌ ﺎت ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻬ ﺎ واﺳ ﺘﺜﻤﺎرهﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠ ﺎﻣﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻤﺜ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎرف اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘ ﺔ‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر أﺻﺒﺢ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻤﺘﺎح‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت ووﺳ ﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت‬
‫ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘ ﺎء وﻹﺟ ﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠ ﺔ ﺿ ﻴﻘﺎً‪،‬‬ ‫وﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬ ﺎ إﻟ ﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻇﻬ ﻮر اﺗﺠﺎه ﺎت‬
‫وهﺬا ﺿﺎﻋﻒ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪة ﻓ ﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳ ﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻴﻢ ﺗﺘﻤﺜ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴ ﺮ ﺑﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﺼ ﺼﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ ﻟﺘﻮاآ ﺐ‬ ‫اﻻهﺘﻤ ﺎم ﺑﻌﻠ ﻮم اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻨﺒ ﺆ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼ ﺼﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳ ﺪة ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺣ ﺴﺎب‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎهﺎت اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼ ﺼﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺠ ﺎل‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻓﺘﺤ ﺖ ﺁﻓ ﺎق ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪة أﻣ ﺎم ﺑﻌ ﺾ اﻟ ﺪول‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴ ﺎت واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻮﺳ ﻊ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠ ﻴﺺ اﻟﻔﺠ ﻮة اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ واﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻋﺒ ﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت ﻟﻤﻮاﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺰاﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠ ﻴﺺ اﻟﻔﺠ ﻮة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻊ أن اﻟ ﺪول‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧ ﺸﺮ وإﺣ ﻼل ﺛﻘﺎﻓ ﺔ ﻣ ﺸﺠﻌﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗﺤ ﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺣﻘﻘ ﺖ ﺗﻘ ﺪﻣًﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا اﻟﻤﺠ ﺎل ﻗﻠﻴﻠ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ اﻟ ﻀﻤﻨﻴﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ﺻ ﺮﻳﺤﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ﺪد‪ ،‬وه ﻲ ﺗﻜ ﺎد ﺗﻘﺘ ﺼﺮ ﻋﻠ ﻰ )اﻟﻬﻨ ﺪ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﺘﺒﺼﺮ ﺑﺄهﻤﻴﺔ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳﺐ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ‪ ،‬إﺳﺮاﺋﻴﻞ(‬
‫أﺳ ﺎﻟﻴﺐ وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮه ﺎ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﻤﺮار‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻇﻬ ﺮت اﺗﺠﺎه ﺎت إدارﻳ ﺔ واﻗﺘ ﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴ ﺮ ﻣﻈ ﺎهﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻌﻴ ﻖ ه ﺬﻩ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻨ ﺎدي ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳ ﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ اﻟ ﻀﻤﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻜﻬ ﺎ ﺑﻌ ﺾ اﻷﻓ ﺮاد إﻟ ﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻇﻬﻮر ﻣﻌﺎرف ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ )اﻟﺘﻨﺒ ﺆ واﻟﺤ ﺪس‬ ‫ﺻ ﺮﻳﺤﺔ وﻣﺘﺪاوﻟ ﺔ‪ ،‬وه ﺬا ﻳﻌ ﺰز دور‬
‫واﻟﺒ ﺼﻴﺮة( أوﺟ ﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﺟ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﻣﻨ ﺎهﺞ ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﻠ ﻚ ﻣﺨ ﺰون ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻠﻜﺎت وﺿﺒﻂ ﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫واﻓﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎهﺞ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﺤﻮﻟ ﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﺳ ﻠﻌﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﺤ ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺤﻜ ﻢ اﻟﻠ ﻮاﺋﺢ و)اﻷﻧﻈﻤ ﺔ اﻟﺮﺳ ﻤﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬وﻏﻠﺒ ﺔ‬ ‫وأﺻ ﺒﺢ اﻟﻤﻜ ﻮن اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﻲ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﻨ ﺘﺞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻜ ﻮن اﻟﺒﻴﺮوﻗﺮاﻃ ﻲ اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠ ﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ هﻮ اﻷﺑﺮز واﻷﺛﻤﻦ‪ ،‬وﺗﺮاﺟﻌ ﺖ‬
‫واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫أهﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧ ﺎت اﻟﻤﺎدﻳ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠ ﺎت‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﺼ ﺼﺎت‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﻴﻦ أن واﻗ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ اﻧﻔ ﺼﺎل واﻧﻌﺰاﻟﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻘ ﺮرات‬ ‫أي ﻣﻜ ﺎن ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻮﻗ ﺖ اﻟ ﺬي ﻻ‬
‫اﻟﺪراﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘ ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ إﻻ ﻣﻦ ﻣ ﺼﺪرهﺎ اﻟﻤﺒﺘﻜ ﺮ ﻟﻬ ﺎ‬
‫واﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻤﻪ آﺒﺮاءة اﺧﺘﺮاع‪ ،‬وهﻮ ﻣ ﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻘﻲ ﺗﺒﻌﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ واﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﻲ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎره ﺎ اﻟﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ذﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻤ ﻮ أهﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻴﻢ اﻟﺠ ﺎﻣﻌﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻ ﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ وﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪهﺎ‪ ،‬وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﻘﻠﻬ ﺎ‬
‫وﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬ ﺎ إﻟ ﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ذات ﻣﻐ ﺰى‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺗﻨﻤﻮي‪.‬‬
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 ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪K٢‬א‪‬א‪K‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮص‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺤﻮﻟﺖ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﻣ ﺪﺧﻞ ﺗﻨﻤ ﻮي‪ ،‬ﺑ ﻞ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴ ﻖ ﻣﺠﺘﻤ ﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ﻳﺘﻄﻠ ﺐ اﻟﺤﻔ ﺎظ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫أهﻢ ﻣﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻ ﺮ‪ ،‬وﺗﺮاﺟﻌ ﺖ‬
‫اﺳ ﺘﻤﺮارﻳﺔ دورة اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ﺑﻤﺮاﺣﻠﻬ ﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﻠ ﺴﻠﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ اﻷهﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤ ﻮارد اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴ ﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺤ ﺼﻮل ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﻴ ﺪة وﻓﻬﻤﻬ ﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وإﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬ ﺎ وﻧ ﺸﺮهﺎ وﺗ ﺪاوﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟﺤ ﺼﻮل ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻳﺆدي اﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺠﺘﻤ ﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﺗﻮاﺻ ﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة وهﻜﺬا‪.‬‬ ‫أﻓ ﻀﻞ ﺑ ﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺸﻌﻮب ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﺼﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ )ﻗﻴ ﺎدة(‬ ‫وﺗﻮاﺻ ﻞ أﻓ ﻀﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺻ ﻌﻴﺪ اﻷﻗ ﺎﻟﻴﻢ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺪوﻟ ﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮًا ﻟﻀﺨﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻮل‪ ،‬وﺗﻘ ﺪﻳﻢ ﺣﻠ ﻮل ﻟﻠﻤ ﺸﻜﻼت‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‪ ،‬وﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻧﻮع ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻌﺪاﻟ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺘﻮزﻳ ﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ أن ﺗﻌﺘ ﺮض ﺳ ﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺤ ﻮل اﻹﻳﺠ ﺎﺑﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤ ﻦ ﺷ ﺄن أي ﻓ ﺮد أن ﻳﺤﻈ ﻰ ﺑﻔﺮﺻ ﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ هﻲ اﻟﻤﺆهﻠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ﺑﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻣ ﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﻟﻶﺧ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒ ﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت آﻤﻨﻈﻤ ﺎت ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴ ﺔ ﺑﺘﻘ ﺪﻳﻢ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻳﻤ ّﻜ ﻦ اﻟﺘﺤ ﻮل ﻧﺤ ﻮ ﻣﺠﺘﻤ ﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌ ﺎت‬
‫ﻧﻤ ﻮذج وأﻃ ﺮ ﻋﻤ ﻞ ﺗﺤﻘ ﻖ اﻟﺘﻜﻴ ﻒ اﻟ ﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻣ ﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒ ﺎت اﻟﻨﻈ ﺎم اﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎدي‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻮل ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬وهﻲ أآﺜ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ وهﻮ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻳﻘﻮم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻗ ﺪرة ﻋﻠ ﻰ أن ﺗﻘ ﺪم ﻧﻤ ﻮذج‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻳﺤﻘﻖ أﻓﻀﻞ وﺿﻊ ﻳﻤﻜّﻦ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻣ ﺎ ﻳﻌ ﺮف‬
‫ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺳﻤﺎت وﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻨﺎﺟﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑ ـ )رأس اﻟﻤ ﺎل اﻟﻔﻜ ﺮي اﻟ ﻮﻃﻨﻲ( ‪National‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻈﻬ ﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺎت اﻟﺘﺤ ﻮل ﺿ ﻌﻔًﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻧ ﺐ‬ ‫‪ Intellectual capital‬وه ﻮ " ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﻮارد‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﻲ ﻟ ﺒﻌﺾ اﻟ ﺪول ﻓ ﻲ ﻧﻈ ﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ وﻟﻬ ﺬا‬ ‫ﻏﻴ ﺮ اﻟﻤﺎدﻳ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻜﻬ ﺎ أﻓ ﺮاد وﻣﺆﺳ ﺴﺎت دوﻟ ﺔ‬
‫ﻻﺑ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ وﺟ ﻮد هﻴﻜ ﻞ ﻣﺆﺳ ﺴﻲ ﻳ ﺪﻋﻢ ﺧﻴ ﺎر‬ ‫ﻣ ﺎ‪ ،‬وﺗ ﺴﻬﻢ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ إﻳﺠ ﺎﺑﻲ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﻘ ﺪﻣﻬﺎ اﻗﺘ ﺼﺎدﻳًﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤ ﻮل‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴ ﻖ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺒ ﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫واﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴًﺎ" ]ﻋﺰﻣﻲ‪٢٠٠٦ ،‬م‪ ،‬ص‪.[١‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻮاﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺨﻴﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻳﻌ ﺰز ه ﺬا اﻟﺘﺤ ﻮل اﻟﺘﻮﺟ ﻪ اﻟﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﻲ‪ ،‬وﺗﻔﻌﻴ ﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬وﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻴﻤ ﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬آﻤ ﺎ ﻳﺤﻔ ﺰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠ ﻒ اﻟﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺎت ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎرآﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪K٣‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮص‬

‫‪٢٦٨‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻨﻄﻮي ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻧﻘ ﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠ ﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺔ دون‬
‫ﻧﻘ ﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻘ ﻒ ﺧﻠﻔﻬ ﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺧﻄ ﺮ ﻳﻬ ﺪد‬
‫اﻟﻘ ﺪرة اﻹﺑﺪاﻋﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤ ﻊ‪ ،‬وﻳﻌﻄ ﻞ ﻣﻠﻜ ﺎت‬
‫اﻻﺑﺘﻜ ﺎر واﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴ ﺮ اﻟﻨﺎﻗ ﺪ واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠ ﻲ‪ ،‬وه ﻮ ﻣ ﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻔ ﺮض ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت دورًا ﻣ ﺄﻣﻮ ً‬
‫ﻻ ﻓ ﻲ إﻧﺘ ﺎج‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ واﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎراﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓﺮﺿﺖ اﻟﺘﻄﻮرات اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳﺐ واﻟﺘﺄهﻴ ﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻤﺮة وذات‬
‫ﻣ ﻀﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺠ ﺪدة ﺗﻮاآ ﺐ اﻟﺘﻐﻴ ﺮات اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻼﺣﻘ ﺔ‪ ،‬آﻤ ﺎ ﻓﺮﺿ ﺖ ﺗﻐﻴ ﺮًا ﻓ ﻲ أﺳ ﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳﺐ وﻣﻨﺎهﺠ ﻪ‪ ،‬وﻇﻬ ﻮر ﻣﺮاآ ﺰ اﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳﺐ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻ ﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت‪ ،‬وﻧﻈ ﻢ وﺁﻟﻴ ﺎت ﻣﺘﻌ ﺪدة‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗ ﺰداد اﻟﻔﺠ ﻮة اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ ﺑ ﻴﻦ اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻘ ﺪم واﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻨ ﺎﻣﻲ‪ ،‬وﻳﻨﻤ ﻮ اﻟﻔ ﺮق ﻣ ﻊ اﻟﻮﻗ ﺖ‪ ،‬ﻷن وﺗﻴ ﺮة‬
‫اﻟﺘﻄ ﻮر اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟ ﻮﺟﻲ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻘ ﺪم ﺳ ﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺪاً‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺟﻬ ﻮد اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻨ ﺎﻣﻲ ﺗﻨﺤ ﺼﺮ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎوﻻت اﻟﻠﺤﺎق دون اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫دﻋ ﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺟ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﺗﺒﻨ ﻲ اﻟ ﺪول اﺳ ﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄ ﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻌﻠ ﻮم واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒ ﺮ ﻧﻈ ﻢ وﻃﻨﻴ ﺔ‬
‫ﻹدارة اﻷﻧ ﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺑﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻊ ﺗﺮﺳ ﻴﺦ ﻟﻠﻌﻤ ﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟ ﻮﺟﻲ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﺼﻌﻴﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻲ‪ ،‬وهﺬا ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻨﺎﻣ ﺖ ﻣﺨ ﺎوف اﻟﺘﻘ ﺎدم واﻟ ﺰوال ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤ ﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ودﻋﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺒﻨﻰ هﻴﺎآﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻧﺔ وﻣﺘﻜﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪K٤‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪K‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ ﺷ ﺒﻜﺎت ﺗ ﺮﺑﻂ ﺑ ﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺎت‬
‫واﻷﻓﺮاد‪ ،‬وﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺸﻔﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ وﻧﻘﻠﻬ ﺎ ﺑ ﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪،‬‬
‫آﻤ ﺎ ﺗ ﻮﻓﺮ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺎت اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎل ﺧﻴ ﺎرات ﻣﺘﻌ ﺪدة وه ﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺰاﻳﺪ وﺗﻨﻮع ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ ،‬وهﺬا ﻣﻦ ﺷ ﺄﻧﻪ أن ﻳﺤ ﺴﻦ‬
‫أداء اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت واﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻀﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺧﻠﻘﺖ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﺮﺻًﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺠ ﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﻌ ﺪدة‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻ ﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ‬
‫اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت‪ ،‬واﻟﻮﺳ ﺎﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌ ﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻮة اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮص‬
‫‪ -‬أدى اﻻﻧﺘ ﺸﺎر اﻟﻮاﺳ ﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠ ﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪة‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺟﻮهﺮي ﻓﻲ آﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨ ﺘﺞ‪ ،‬آﻤ ﺎ أدى اﻟﺘﻮﺟ ﻪ ﻧﺤ ﻮ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ ﻓﺎﺋﻘ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺪﻗ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﺗﺤﺮﻳ ﺮ اﻟﻘﻴ ﻮد اﻟﻤﻔﺮوﺿ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻧﺘ ﺸﺎر‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﺪﻧﻴ ﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳ ﻄﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣ ّﻜ ﻦ ذﻟ ﻚ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺪول ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤ ﺼﻮل ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗﻠ ﻚ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ‬
‫وﺗﻮﻃﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬أوﺟ ﺪ اﻟﺘﺤ ﻮل ﻧﺤ ﻮ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘ ﺔ وﻋﻴ ًﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴ ًﺎ ﺑﺄهﻤﻴ ﺔ ه ﺬا اﻟﺘﺤ ﻮل‪ ،‬وأﺟﺒ ﺮ ﻣﻌﻈ ﻢ اﻟ ﻨﻈﻢ‬
‫اﻟ ﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ واﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺟﻌ ﻞ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪاد ﻟﺘﺒﻌﺎت هﺬا اﻟﺘﺤ ﻮل ﻓ ﻲ ﺳ ﻠﻢ اﻷوﻟﻮﻳ ﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴ ﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻧﻌﻜ ﺲ ذﻟ ﻚ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟ ﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎت‬
‫واﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴ ﺎت واﻟﺨﻄ ﻂ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴ ﺔ ﻟﺘﻘ ﺪم اﻻﺳ ﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳ ﺒﺔ‪ ،‬آﻤ ﺎ أﺣ ﺪث ﺗﻐﻴ ﺮًا ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻔ ﺎهﻴﻢ ﺗﻨﻤﻴ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮص‬
‫‪٢٦٩‬‬
 ‫‪ -‬أﺣ ﺪﺛﺖ ﺳ ﻴﺎدة اﻻهﺘﻤ ﺎم ﺑﺎﻷﺻ ﻮل ﻏﻴ ﺮ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻨ ﺎﻣﻰ ﺻ ﺮاع ﻋ ﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗ ﺸﺘﺮك ﻓﻴ ﻪ اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﻤﻮﺳ ﺔ‪ ،‬أو اﻷﺻ ﻮل اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ اﻋﺘﺒ ﺮت‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮة ﻟﻠﻘﺎرات واﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗ ﺔ واﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣ ﺎت‬ ‫ه ﻲ اﻟﺜ ﺮوة اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤ ﺎت اﻟﻘ ﺮن‪،‬وأدى ذﻟ ﻚ‬
‫ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﺳ ﺘﻘﻄﺎب اﻟﻌﻘ ﻮل اﻟﻤﺒﺪﻋ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻓﻴﻤ ﺎ ﺗﺘﻨ ﺎﻓﺲ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﺗﻄﻮر ﻓﻲ ﻣﻔﺎهﻴﻢ إدارة اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒ ﺸﺮﻳﺔ وﻓ ﻖ‬
‫اﻟ ﺸﺮآﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ ﺔ واﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر رأس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻔﻜﺮي‪ ،‬وارﺗﻘ ﻰ اﻻهﺘﻤ ﺎم ﺑ ﻪ‬
‫اﻟﺤ ﺼﻮل ﻋﻠ ﻰ رأس اﻟﻤ ﺎل اﻟﻔﻜ ﺮي ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠ ﻒ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻘ ﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻨ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤ ﺎت اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺎ‬
‫دول اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺎول اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨ ﻲ ﺿ ﻤﻨًﺎ ﺗﻄ ﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣ ﺔ ﺗﻨﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﻮارد‬
‫اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺜﺮوة‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﻣﺤﻮرهﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬أدى ﻇﻬ ﻮر )اﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎد اﻟﺮﻗﻤ ﻲ( وه ﻮ أﺣ ﺪ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺘﺰاﻳ ﺪ اﻟﻔﺠ ﻮة اﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎدﻳﺔ ﺑ ﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺪول اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫أﺷﻜﺎل اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ ﻇﻬ ﻮر‬
‫واﻟ ﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑ ﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﻐﻨ ﻲ واﻟﺠﻨ ﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎوﻻت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة واﻋﺪة ﻣﺜﻞ؛ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ‪ ،‬وﻣﻊ أن اﻟﻤﺒﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎد اﻟﻤﺒﻨ ﻲ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬واﻹدارة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻳﻌ ﺪون ﻓ ﻲ ﻇ ﻞ اﻧﺘ ﺸﺎر اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ﺑﺘﻮزﻳ ﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨ ﻲ ﺗﻐﻴ ﺮًا ﺟ ﺬرﻳًﺎ ﻟ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴ ﺔ اﻷﻧ ﺸﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎدل ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻳﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻧ ﻮع ﻣ ﻦ ﻋﺪاﻟ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻮزﻳ ﻊ ﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﺨﻔ ﻴﺾ اﻟﻜﻠﻔ ﺔ‪ ،‬وإﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ آﺒﻴ ﺮة‬
‫اﻟﺜﺮوات‪ ،‬إﻻ أن اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺪول اﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜ ﻦ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺣ ﺪث ﺗﻐﻴﻴ ﺮ آﺒﻴ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ هﻴﺎآ ﻞ اﻟﻤﻬ ﻦ‪ ،‬وﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺮﻳﺲ اﻟﺜ ﺮوات ﻳ ﺰداد ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺪول اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤ ﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺘﻠ ﻚ اﻟﻤﻬ ﻦ‪ ،‬وﻓ ﻲ ﻗ ﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ‬
‫ﻳﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﻔﺠﻮة ﻋﻤﻠﻴًﺎ ﺗﺰداد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ آﺒﻴﺮ ‪.‬‬ ‫واﻹﻧﺘ ﺎج أﻳ ﻀﺎً‪،‬وأﻋﺎدت اﻟﻜﺜﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺪول هﻴﻜﻠ ﺔ‬
‫اﻗﺘ ﺼﺎداﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻣﺮاﺟﻌ ﺔ اﻟﻨ ﻮاﺣﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺄﻗﺼﻰ درﺟﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻬﻦ اﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪة‪ ،‬وﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺠ ﻮدة‪ ،‬وﺗﺮﺳ ﺦ ﻗ ﻴﻢ اﻟﻮﻗ ﺖ واﻟﺠ ﻮدة واﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎد‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻮارد‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟﻌ ﻞ اﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎد اﻟﻤﺒﻨ ﻰ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤ ﺎت‬
‫اﻷﻋﻤ ﺎل ﺗ ﻮﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﻳ ﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘ ﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬وﺗ ﻀﻊ‬
‫اﺳ ﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴ ﺔ ﺿ ﻤﻦ إﻃﺎره ﺎ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤ ﻲ‪،‬‬
‫وﺑﻌ ﻀًﺎ ﻣ ﻦ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤ ﺎت ﺑ ﺎت ﻳ ﺴﻮق ﻧﻔ ﺴﻪ‬
‫آﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮص‬

‫‪٢٧٠‬‬
 ‫‪ -‬أﺳ ﻘﻄﺖ اﻟﺤ ﺪود اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﺣ ٍﺪ آﺒﻴ ﺮ‪،‬‬
‫وﺳ ﻬﻠﺖ اﻟﻬﻴﺎآ ﻞ اﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎدﻳﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳ ﺪة ﻣ ﻦ اﻧﺘﻘ ﺎل‬
‫اﻟ ﺴﻠﻊ ورؤوس اﻷﻣ ﻮال واﻷﻳ ﺪي اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠ ﺔ‪ ،‬وزاد‬
‫اﻟﺮه ﺎن ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻧﻈ ﻢ ﺗﻨﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﻮارد اﻟﺒ ﺸﺮﻳﺔ وﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫رأﺳﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﻟﻠﻮﻓﺎء ﺑﻬﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﻌﻠ ﻲ اﻟﺘﺤ ﻮل ﻧﺤ ﻮ اﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎد اﻟﻤﺒﻨ ﻲ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺷ ﺄن اﻹﺑ ﺪاع واﻻﺑﺘﻜ ﺎر‪ ،‬واﻟ ﺬآﺎء‬
‫واﻟﺨﻴ ﺎل واﻟﻤﺒ ﺎدرة‪ ،‬واﻟﺒ ﺼﻴﺮة اﻟﻨﺎﻓ ﺬة‪ ،‬وه ﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎﻻت ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻗﺪرات وﻣﻬﺎرات ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺌﺔ أﺧﺮى آﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ أﺳﺎﺗﺬة اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪@Nð†ìÈÛa@ïÈßb§a@áîÜÈnÜÛ@òjäÛbi@@òîÜ‚a‡Ûa@ò÷îjÛa@ÝîÜ¥@pbîİÈß@HlI‬‬
‫‪@@Hð‹ØÐÛa@Þb¾a@‘cŠ@ñŠa†g@†bÈic@I‬‬
‫‪K١‬א‪‬א‪@‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻀﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻘﻮة‬

‫‪٢٧١‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟ ﻢ ﺗ ﺼﻞ اﻟﻨﺘ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ إﻗﺎﻣ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻳﻊ اﻟﺮاﺋﺪة اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﺴﺘﻬﺪف ﺗﻄ ﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ إﻟ ﻰ واﻗ ﻊ اﻟﺤﻴ ﺎة اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟ ﻢ ﺗ ﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬
‫ﻋﻠ ﻰ أﺣ ﻮال أﺳ ﺎﺗﺬة اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻬ ﺬا ﻟ ﻢ ﺗﻈﻬ ﺮ‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺠﻬ ﺎ اﻟﻤﺮﺟ ﻮة وهﻨ ﺎك ﺣﻠﻘ ﺔ ﻣﻔﻘ ﻮدة ﺑ ﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ وﺑﻴﻦ أن ﻳﺠﺪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘ ﻪ إﻟ ﻰ واﻗ ﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺤ ﺪ ﺗ ﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﺠﻠ ﺲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ًﺎ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﺳ ﺘﻘﻼﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗ ﺆدي اﻟﻠ ﻮاﺋﺢ اﻟﻤﻮﺣ ﺪة‬
‫واﻹﺟ ﺮاءات اﻟﺒﻴﺮوﻗﺮاﻃﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﺗﺤ ﻮل‬
‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺎت ﻣﺪرﺳﻴﺔ إذ‬
‫ﻳﺆدي اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﻂ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻌﻴﺸﻪ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت اﻟ ﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﺧ ﺘﻼف ﻇﺮوﻓﻬ ﺎ إﻟ ﻰ ﺗﺤ ﻮل اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﻤﺪارس‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﻴﻖ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ واﻟﻠﻮاﺋﺢ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ أه ﺪاف ﺳﻴﺎﺳ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬ ﻲ ﻗﺪﻳﻤ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ أﻏﻠﺒﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬وﻧﻤﻄﻴ ﺔ‬
‫وﺗﻔﺘﺮض ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﻓﻲ آﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﺗﻌﺒ ﺮ اﻟﺤ ﻮاﻓﺰ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻬ ﺎت‬
‫اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻨ ﺔ ﻟﺘﺤ ﺴﻴﻦ وﺗﻄ ﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺆﺳ ﺴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ وﻳ ﺸﻌﺮ اﻟﻜﺜﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ أﻋ ﻀﺎء هﻴﺌ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳﺲ ﺑ ﺄن اﻟﻔ ﺮص ﺧ ﺎرج اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ أﻓ ﻀﻞ‬
‫وأآﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬هﻨﺎك ﺑﻂء ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺮر ﻓﻲ اﺳ ﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤ ﻮﻻت واﻟﺘﺤ ﺪﻳﺎت‪ ،‬وه ﻮ ﻳﺮﺟ ﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺪرﺟ ﺔ‬
‫اﻷوﻟﻰ إﻟﻰ ﺷﺪة ارﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻮزارة اﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻴﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻲ ﻣ ﻦ ﺟﻬ ﺔ‪ ،‬وارﺗﺒﺎﻃﻬ ﺎ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻠﻮاﺋﺢ اﻟﻤﻮﺣ ﺪة‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ أﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻨ ﻲ ﺿ ﻌﻒ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﺒ ﺎدرة‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﺟﻬ ﺎت ﺧﻄ ﻂ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎدي ﺑﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻴﻢ اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺤ ﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﺴﻮق‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓﻜ ﺮ اﻟﻘﻴ ﺎدة‪ ،‬اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺆآ ﺪ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳ ﺒﺎت‬
‫آﺜﻴﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮورة ﺗﻄ ﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻴﻢ اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻲ‪،‬‬
‫وﻗ ﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤ ﺖ ه ﺬا اﻻهﺘﻤ ﺎم ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ًﺎ ﺑﺘﻘ ﺪﻳﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻤ ﺸﺮوﻋﻴﻦ اﻷول ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺠ ﻲ‬
‫وه ﻮ ﻣ ﺎ ﻳﻌ ﺮف )ﺑﻮﺛﻴﻘ ﺔ اﻵراء( و اﻟﺜ ﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺤﻠ ﻲ وه ﻮ )ﻣ ﺸﺮوع‬
‫ﺁﻓﺎق(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻴﻢ اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﻨﺺ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻄ ﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺆﺳ ﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻴﻢ اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻲ وﺑﺎﺗﺠ ﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻹﺑ ﺪاع واﻻﺑﺘﻜ ﺎر وإﻳﺠ ﺎد ﺣﻠ ﻮل‬
‫ﻟﻤ ﺸﻜﻼت اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻧﻄﻼﻗ ًﺎ ﻣ ﻦ دور‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ رﺳ ﻢ ﻣﻌ ﺎﻟﻢ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻃﻨﻬ ﺎ اﻟ ﺬي ﺗﻤ ﺪﻩ ﺑ ﺎﻷﻃﺮ اﻟﺒ ﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻜﻔﺎءات واﻟﻤﻬﺎرات ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻹدراك اﻟﻤﺘﻨ ﺎﻣﻲ ﻓ ﻲ اﻷوﺳ ﺎط اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴ ﺔ‬
‫ﺑ ﻀﺮورة آﻔﺎﻟ ﺔ اﺳ ﺘﻘﻼل اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ واﻟﺤﺮﻳ ﺔ‬
‫اﻷآﺎدﻳﻤﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻊ وﺟ ﻮد اﻷﺳ ﺎس اﻟﻨﻈ ﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻻﺳ ﺘﻘﻼل اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻬ ﺎ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺘ ﺼﺮف ﺑﻤ ﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﺎﺷ ﻰ ﻣ ﻊ إﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺗﻬ ﺎ ﻣ ﻦ ﺟﻬ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣ ﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬
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‫א‬‫א‬K٢
‫ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻀﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻘﻮة‬

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‫‪ -‬ﺗﺘ ﺴﻢ ﺳ ﻠﻮآﻴﺎت اﻟﻌ ﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓ ﻲ ‪ -‬ﻏﻴ ﺎب اﻟﺮؤﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻤ ﺸﺘﺮآﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺠﺘﻤ ﻊ ﺣﻮﻟﻬ ﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳ ﺴﺎت اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴ ﺔ ﺑﺄﺧﻼﻗﻴ ﺎت ﻋﻤ ﻞ اﻟﺠﻬ ﻮد ﺳ ﻌﻴًﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴ ﻖ ﻣ ﻀﺎﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻮﺣ ﺪ أو‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ ﺗﻠ ﻚ اﻟ ﺴﺎﺋﺪة ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺆﺳ ﺴﺎت ﺗﻮﻓ ﻖ ﺑ ﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻤ ﺎذج اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻟ ﺪى أﻋ ﻀﺎء هﻴﺌ ﺔ‬
‫إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴ ﺔ أو ﺧﺪﻣﻴ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺣﻴ ﺚ أﺻ ﻮﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳﺲ ﺣ ﻮل دور اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ‪ ،‬وأوﻟﻮﻳ ﺎت اﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ‬
‫وﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬وﺳﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻬﺎ وﻣﻈﺎهﺮهﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﻠ ﺔ اﻷﻧ ﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴ ﺔ ذات اﻟﻄ ﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻤ ﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘ ﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻨ ﺎﻣﻰ إدراك ﺑﺄهﻤﻴ ﺔ ﺳ ﻴﺎدة ﺛﻘﺎﻓ ﺔ ﺗﺒﻌ ﺚ اﻟﻨ ﺸﺎط ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺤﻴ ﺎة اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﺘ ﻴﺢ أﺟ ﻮاء‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴ ﺔ ﻣﺤﻔ ﺰة داﺧ ﻞ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺤﻮار واﻟﻨﻘﺎش وﺗﻌﺰز داﻓﻌﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﺎس ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ‪.‬‬
‫إﻃﺎر اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟ ﻰ اﻹﺑ ﺪاع واﻻﺑﺘﻜ ﺎر ﻓ ﻲ ‪ -‬ﺗﻔﺘ ﺮض اﻷﻧﻈﻤ ﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴ ﺔ أن اﻟﻌ ﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت اﻟ ﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وﻓ ﻲ إﻃ ﺎر ﺗﻮﺟ ﻪ أﻋ ﻀﺎء هﻴﺌ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳﺲ ﻳﻐﻴ ﺮون اﺗﺠﺎه ﺎﺗﻬﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﻤﻴ ﺰ واﻟﺠ ﺪارة‪ ،‬وﻳ ﺴﺘﺠﻴﺒﻮن ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴ ﺮ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ واﺣ ﺪة‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻊ أن اﻟﻨ ﺎس‬
‫وهﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮاآ ﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻮن‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮون ﺑﻄﺮق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻓﺠ ﻮة ﺑ ﻴﻦ اﻟﻘ ﻴﻢ وﺑ ﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳ ﺎت‪ ،‬وﺗﺘﺨ ﺬ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻈ ﺎهﺮ ﻋﺪﻳ ﺪة‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ ﺳ ﻴﺎدة اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﺘ ﺎب‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻤﺘ ﻊ أﺳ ﺘﺎذ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ ﺑﻤ ﺴﺘﻮى ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺠ ﺎﻣﻌﻲ أو اﻟﻤ ﺬآﺮات آﻤﺮﺟ ﻊ وﺣﻴ ﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟ ﻮﻋﻲ واﻟﻨ ﻀﺞ‪ ،‬وه ﻮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎدة‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻊ أن اﻟﻘ ﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻨ ﺔ ﺗﺆآ ﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ أن‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺤ ﻞ ﺗﻜ ﺮﻳﻢ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ وﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ وﻋ ﺪم اﻻﻋﺘﻤ ﺎد ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤ ﻊ‪ ،‬وﻟﻬ ﺬا ﻓ ﺈن أي ﻣﺤﺎوﻟ ﺔ ﺟ ﺎدة ﻣﺼﺪر ﻣﻌ ﻴﻦ ه ﻮ اﻷﺳ ﺎس‪ ،‬وهﻨ ﺎك ﻣﻈ ﺎهﺮ أﺧ ﺮى‬
‫ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ أو ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﺗﺠﺎهﺎت أﻋﻀﺎء هﻴﺌ ﺔ آﺜﻴﺮة ﺟﺪًا ﻻ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻟﺬآﺮهﺎ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳﺲ ﻧﺤ ﻮ ﻗ ﻀﺎﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ‪ -‬ﻳﺴﻮد ﺷﻌﻮر ﻋﺎم ﺑﺎﻟ ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ داﺧ ﻞ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت ﺳ ﻮاء‬
‫واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ وﺗﺤ ﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﻴ ﺎة اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴ ﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻄ ﻼب‪ ،‬وﺑ ﻴﻦ أﻋ ﻀﺎء هﻴﺌ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳﺲ وهﻨ ﺎك‬
‫واﻟﻤﺴﺎهﻤﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴ ﻖ وﻇ ﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ ﺣ ﺪﻳﺚ ﺣ ﻮل ﺿ ﻌﻒ اﻟﺤ ﻮاﻓﺰ‪ ،‬وﺿ ﻌﻒ ﻧﻈ ﺎم‬
‫وﻣﺸﺎرآﺔ ﻣﻌﺎرﻓﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺠ ﺪ اﻷﺟ ﻮر‪ ،‬وﻋ ﺪم وﺿ ﻮح اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻻﺧﺘﻴ ﺎر أﻋ ﻀﺎء‬
‫اﺳ ﺘﻨﺎدًا إﻟ ﻰ ﻣ ﺴﺘﻮى وﻋﻴ ﻪ اﻟﻤﺠ ﺎل هﻴﺌ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳﺲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺻ ﺐ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﺤﺘ ﺎج ه ﺬﻩ‬
‫اﻷﻣ ﻮر إﻟ ﻰ ﺑﺤ ﻮث ﻣﻌﻤﻘ ﺔ ﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻈ ﻮاهﺮ إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﺠﺎح‪.‬‬
‫أﺳ ﺒﺎﺑﻬﺎ‪] .‬ﻧ ﺪوة ﺗﻨﻤﻴ ﺔ أﻋ ﻀﺎء هﻴﺌ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳﺲ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‪٢٠٠٤ ،‬م‪،‬ص‪.[٢٣٨‬‬
‫‪ -‬هﻨ ﺎك ﺗﻐﻴﻴ ﺮ ﻣﻠﺤ ﻮظ ﻓ ﻲ اﺗﺠﺎه ﺎت أﻋ ﻀﺎء هﻴﺌ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮًا ﻟﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺣ ﻮاﻓﺰ‬
‫ﺗﻔﻮق ﻣ ﺎ ه ﻮ ﻣﻮﺟ ﻮد ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻ ﺔ ﻣ ﻊ ﻇﻬ ﻮر‬
‫ﺑﻌ ﺾ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت واﻟﻜﻠﻴ ﺎت اﻷهﻠﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وه ﺬا ﻳﻬ ﺪد‬
‫ﺻ ﻮرة اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴ ﺔ آﻤﻜ ﺎن ﻣﺮﻏ ﻮب اﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻴ ﻪ‪ ،‬وﻳ ﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺣﺠ ﻢ اﻟﻤ ﻮارد اﻟﺒ ﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺮض ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺮب‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟ ﻢ ﺗ ﺼﻞ ﺛﻘﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓ ﺴﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻮﺟ ﻪ ﻧﺤ ﻮ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻼء‬
‫اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬وه ﻲ ﺗﻮﺟ ﻪ ﻋ ﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟ ﻢ ﺗ ﺼﻞ إﻟ ﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت اﻟ ﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ورﺑﻤ ﺎ ﻳﻌ ﻮد ذﻟ ﻚ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫أﺳﺎﺳ ﻲ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟ ﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺤﻜ ﻮﻣﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈ ﺮة إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻴﻢ اﻟﺠ ﺎﻣﻌﻲ آﺨﺪﻣ ﺔ ﺗﻘ ﺪﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﺪوﻟ ﺔ‬
‫وﻟﻴﺴﺖ آﺎﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻷﺻﻮل اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪٢٧٤‬‬
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‫‪‬‬ ‫‪K٣‬א‪‬א‪‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻀﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻘﻮة‬

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‫‪ -‬ﺿ ﻌﻒ اﻷﻃ ﺮ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺤﻘ ﻖ ﻣﻔﻬ ﻮم اﻟ ﺸﺮاآﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤ ﺎ ﻳ ﺆدي إﻟ ﻰ ﻧ ﻮع ﻣ ﻦ اﻻﻧﻔ ﺼﺎل ﺑ ﻴﻦ‬
‫أﻋ ﻀﺎء هﻴﺌ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼ ﺼﻴﻦ وﺑ ﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﻬ ﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪة‪ ،‬وﻃﻮل إﺟ ﺮاءات اﻟﻤﻮاﻓﻘ ﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗﻘ ﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﻌ ﻀﻮ‬
‫ﻻﺳﺘ ﺸﺎرة إﻟ ﻰ ﺟﻬ ﺔ ﺧﺎرﺟﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻃ ﻮل اﻟﻔﺘ ﺮة اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺸﺮ اﻟﺒﺤﻮث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﻼت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻐﻠ ﺐ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت اﻟ ﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻊ آ ﻞ ﻣﺤ ﺎوﻻت‬
‫اﻹﺻ ﻼح‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤ ﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺮوﻗﺮاﻃﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬آﺜ ﺮة وﻃ ﻮل‬
‫اﻹﺟﺮاءات‪ ،‬وﻃﻮل اﻟﺰﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﺮق‪ ،‬واﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ ﻓ ﻲ أداء‬
‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل‪ ،‬وهﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎت ﻻ ﺗﻼﺋﻢ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﺤ ﻮﻻت وﻻ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻌ ﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺗ ﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻈﻬ ﻮر رأس اﻟﻤ ﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮي‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﺗﺄﺧ ﺬ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺎت اﻟﺘﻄ ﻮﻳﺮ واﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴ ﺮ ﻃﺎﺑﻌ ًﺎ ﻣﺆﺳ ﺴﻴﺎً‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻔ ﻞ ﻟﻬ ﺎ اﻻﺳ ﺘﻤﺮارﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ووﺟﻮده ﺎ ﻳ ﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣ ﺸﻜﻼت ﻗﺎﺋﻤ ﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻳ ﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻤﻔﻬ ﻮم اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻤﻨ ﻊ‬
‫ﻼ‪.‬‬‫ﻇﻬﻮر ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت أﺻ ً‬
‫ﺗﻮاﺟﻪ اﻷﻓﻜ ﺎر اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﻳ ﺪة ﺻ ﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﻴ ﺮ اﻷﻓﻜ ﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻘﺪﻳﻤ ﺔ اﻟﺮاﺳ ﺨﺔ‪ ،‬وآﺜﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻓﻜ ﺎر اﻟﺠﺪﻳ ﺪة ﻻ ﻳﺠ ﺪ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘ ﻮم ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤ ﺎت اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت اﻟ ﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻓﺘ ﺮاض أن‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت آﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ وﻣﻨﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗ ﺼﻤﻴﻢ واﺣ ﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﻘ ﺪ‬
‫أﻧ ﻪ ﺗ ﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺻ ﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬وه ﺬﻩ ﻣﻐﺎﻟﻄ ﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ إذ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟ ﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ واﺣﺪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﻈﺮوف واﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺘﺒ ﻊ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت اﻟ ﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﺷ ﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻈ ﻴﻢ اﻟﻬﺮﻣ ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴ ﺪي‪ ،‬وه ﻮ ﻳ ﺴﺘﻨﺪ إﻟ ﻰ اﻓﺘ ﺮاض أن اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟ ﺪﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻄﻠ ﻖ‪ ،‬وﺗﺘﻮﺟ ﻪ إﻟ ﻰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴ ﻖ‬
‫ﻣ ﺎ ﺗﺮﻏﺒ ﻪ ﺗﻠ ﻚ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﺒ ﻊ‬
‫وزارة اﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻴﻢ اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺒﻌﻴ ﺔ ﺷ ﺪﻳﺪة‪ ،‬وه ﺬا ﻳﺨ ﺎﻟﻒ ﻣ ﺎ ه ﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻄ ﺮوح ﻓ ﻲ اﻷدﺑﻴ ﺎت إذ ﺗﺘﺒﻨ ﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤ ﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻ ﺮة‬
‫هﻴﺎآﻞ ﻣﺮﻧﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻤﻘﺘﻀﺎهﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ه ﻲ ﺗﻘ ﺪﻳﻢ اﻟﺘ ﺴﻬﻴﻼت ﻟﺨﺪﻣ ﺔ ه ﺬا‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ وإﻧﺠﺎﺣﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺼﻮر ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎل ﺑ ﻴﻦ اﻷﻗ ﺴﺎم‬
‫داﺧﻞ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت‪ ،‬وﺿﻌﻒ اﻟﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻲ‪،‬‬
‫وﺗﻘ ﺎدم اﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴ ﺰات اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺑﻬ ﺬﻩ اﻟ ﻨﻈﻢ‪ ،‬وﺿ ﻌﻒ ﻧﻈ ﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻹدارﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وﺿﻌﻒ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘ ﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﻠ ﺔ اﻻﺳ ﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﺠ ﺎل اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤ ﻲ‬
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‫واﻹداري ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺠﺮي ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻴ ﺔ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟ ﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت اﻟ ﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺿ ﻮء‬
‫اﻟﺘﺤ ﺴﻦ اﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﻲ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻴﺰاﻧﻴ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وذﻟ ﻚ‬
‫ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل ﺗﻄ ﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻈ ﻢ اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎل‪،‬‬
‫وﻧﻈ ﻢ إدارة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت اﻹدارﻳ ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﻧﻈ ﻢ اﻟ ﺮﺑﻂ اﻟ ﺸﺒﻜﻲ ﺑ ﻴﻦ ﻓ ﺮوع‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت وأﻗ ﺴﺎﻣﻬﺎ وآﻠﻴﺎﺗﻬ ﺎ‪،‬‬
‫وﺗ ﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﺎﺳ ﺒﺎت واﻷﺟﻬ ﺰة‬
‫اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﺳ ﺘﺤﺪﺛﺖ ﺑﻌ ﺾ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت‬
‫وآ ﺎﻻت ﻟﻠﺘﻄ ﻮﻳﺮ واﻟ ﺒﻌﺾ اﻵﺧ ﺮ‬
‫اﺗﺠ ﻪ إﻟ ﻰ دﻋ ﻢ إدارة اﻟﺘﻄ ﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻜﻮادر اﻟﺒ ﺸﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺆهﻠ ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وأدى ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ دﻋ ﻢ ﻇﻬ ﻮر اﻟﺒﺤ ﺚ‬
‫واﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻹﺻﻼح اﻟﺒﻨﻰ اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴ ﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ وﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ إﺟ ﺮاءات اﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ‪،‬‬
‫وﺗﻤﻜﻴﻦ أﻋﻀﺎء هﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻄ ﻮﻳﺮ ﻗ ﺪراﺗﻬﻢ‪ ،‬وﺗﺒﻨ ﺖ أﻏﻠ ﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎت اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﻣﻔﻬ ﻮم اﻟﺠ ﻮدة‬
‫اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ وﺳﻌﺖ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺛﻤ ﺔ اﺗﺠ ﺎﻩ إﻟ ﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴ ﻞ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬
‫اﻹدارﻳ ﺔ‪ ،‬وه ﻲ ﻳﺠ ﺐ أن ﺗﻜ ﻮن‬
‫ﻼ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ )ﻗ ﺴﻢ –‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠ ﺔ أﺻ ً‬
‫آﻠﻴ ﺔ‪-‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ( وﺣ ﺼﺮ اﻹﺟ ﺮاءات‬
‫ﻋﺒﺮ هﺬا اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ‪ ،‬وﺗﻘﻠ ﻴﺺ اﻟﻔﺘ ﺮة‬
‫اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻳ ﺴﺘﻐﺮﻗﻬﺎ اﻧﺘﻘ ﺎل‬
‫اﻹﺟﺮاء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى إﻟﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
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‫‪K٤‬א‪‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻀﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻘﻮة‬
‫‪ -‬وﺟﻮد اﺗﺠﺎهﺎت ﻟﺪى ﺑﻌﺾ أﻋﻀﺎء هﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌ ﺪ اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤ ﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻴ ﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻤ ﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧ ﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘ ﺎج إﻟ ﻰ دورات وﺑ ﺮاﻣﺞ ﺗﺄهﻴ ﻞ‪ ،‬وأن‬ ‫ﺗ ﺴﻮدهﺎ أﻧ ﺸﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ وﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وه ﺬا‬
‫اﻟﺒ ﺮاﻣﺞ واﻟ ﺪورات أﻗ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮم ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻧﻈﺮﻳًﺎ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺠ ﺎﻣﻌﻲ أن‬
‫ﻟﻸﺳ ﺘﺎذ‪ ،‬وﻟﻬ ﺬا ﺗﻘ ﻮم اﻟﺤﺎﺟ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﺑ ﺮاﻣﺞ ودورات‬ ‫ﻳ ﺘﻌﻠﻢ وﻳﻄ ﻮر ﻣﻬﺎراﺗ ﻪ وﻗﺪراﺗ ﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪف ﺗﺄهﻴﻞ ﻋﻀﻮ هﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫واﺳﺘﻌﺪاداﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻘ ﺺ اﻟﺒ ﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤ ﺼﻤﻤﺔ أﺳﺎﺳ ًﺎ ﻟﺘﺰوﻳ ﺪ أﻋ ﻀﺎء‬
‫هﻴﺌ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻬ ﺎرات اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﺤ ﺾ اﻟ ﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤ ﺪة‬
‫واﺿ ﻄﺮار ﺑﻌ ﺾ أﻋ ﻀﺎء هﻴﺌ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳﺲ إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫اﻷﺳ ﺎﺗﺬة ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗﻄ ﻮﻳﺮ ﻗ ﺪراﺗﻬﻢ ﻓ ﻲ‬
‫اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ إﻟ ﻰ ﻣﻌﺎه ﺪ دون اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻄﻠ ﻮب ﺧ ﺎرج‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠ ﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﺼ ﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻓ ﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠ ﺎل اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ ﺎ‪،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﺮض ﻣﻦ أﻋ ﻀﺎء هﻴﺌ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳﺲ اﻟﻤ ﺆهﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫آﺎﻟﺤﺎﺳ ﺒﺎت واﻟﺒ ﺮاﻣﺞ وﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠ ﻴﻢ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،‬وزﻳ ﺎدة اﻟﻄﻠ ﺐ ﻓ ﻲ ﺿ ﻮء اﻓﺘﺘ ﺎح ﺟﺎﻣﻌ ﺎت ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻊ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻠﺰﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وهﺬا رﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪارة واﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﻘ ﺼﻮر ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺒ ﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﻬ ﺪف إﻟ ﻰ ﺗﻨﻤﻴ ﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺳ ﺘﻌﺪادات اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠ ﺔ ﻷﻋ ﻀﺎء هﻴﺌ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳﺲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﺠ ﺎل اﻟﺪراﺳ ﺎت اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻨﺒ ﺆ‪،‬‬
‫ووﺿﻊ اﻻﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﺪرة اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪف ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ أﻋﻀﺎء هﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳﺲ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋ ﻞ اﻹﻳﺠ ﺎﺑﻲ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻣﻬ ﺎرات‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻼﻗﺎت ﻋﻤ ﻞ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗﺒ ﺎدل اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎرف‬
‫اﻟ ﻀﻤﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺨﺒ ﺮات اﻟﻤﺘﺮاآﻤ ﺔ ﻣ ﻊ اﻷﻗ ﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ‬
‫وﺧﺒﺮة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻧﻌ ﺪام اﻟﺒ ﺮاﻣﺞ واﻟ ﺪورات اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗ ﺴﺘﻬﺪف ﺗﺒ ﺼﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻋ ﻀﻮ هﻴﺌ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳﺲ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴ ﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻳ ﻞ ﻣﻌﺎرﻓ ﻪ‬
‫وﻣﻬﺎراﺗﻪ وﺧﺒﺮاﺗ ﻪ اﻟﻔﺮدﻳ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﻣﻌ ﺎرف وﻣﻬ ﺎرات‬
‫وﺧﺒﺮات ﺗﻔﻴﺪ اﻟﻘ ﺴﻢ واﻟﻜﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﻤ ﻲ ﻟﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬وﺗﻔﻴ ﺪ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ آﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋ ﺪم اﺳ ﺘﻨﺎد ﻓﻠ ﺴﻔﺔ اﻟﺘ ﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﻋ ﻀﻮ‬
‫هﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺲ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺰاﻳ ﺎ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓ ﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤ ﻮارد اﻟﺒ ﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻤﻴﺰة )رأس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻔﻜﺮي(‪.‬‬
‫‪‬א‪W‬א‪‬א‪K‬‬

‫‪٢٧٨‬‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
، ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،

٢٧٩
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F ‫א‬،‫א‬  
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
،
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J٢
‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٨١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫?א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٨٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

٢٨٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
K‫א‬E١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬

٢٨٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
KE‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٨٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ J
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬

٢٨٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬،

K‫א‬E٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J
،،‫א‬‫א‬

٢٨٧
،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

٢٨٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
@@Þb¾a@‘cŠ@ñŠa†g@ÝØîç
E٢٠F

‫إدارة رأس اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻔﻜﺮي‬

‫ﺎﻟ ﺎ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﻢ إدارة‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎس رأس اﻟﻤﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ رأس‬

‫اآﺘﺸﺎف و رﻋﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎل اﻟﻔﻜﺮي‬
‫اﻟ ﺘ ﺰ‬

‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻹدارﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺮ اﻟﻨﺘﺎج اﻟﻔﻜﺮي‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺛﻴﻖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎج اﻟﻔﻜﺮي‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎرﻳﺮ رأس اﻟﻤﺎل‬
@
‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮي‬

x‫א‬z‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
K‫א‬
K،‫א‬ J٥

٢٨٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬

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 @Zbèvöbnã@Œ‹icë@òaŠ‡Ûa@˜ƒÜß
@@Nò߇Ôß
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EStrategic Analysis ApproachF‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESwotF‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

٢٩٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 ،‫א‬‫א‬،،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
KE‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

@@Nbèvöbnã@Œ‹icë@òaŠ‡Ûa@˜ƒÜß@Z@üëc
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬K١
KE  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
@@ZïÜí@bß@émb@Œ‹icë@òϋȾa@òÈîj @À@ÞìznÛaMc
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٩٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ -
K،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬  -
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬
K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
@@ZïÜí@bß@émb@Œ‹icë@LòϋȾa@Éànª@ì®@ÞìznÛa@Ml
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٩٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K ،‫א‬‫א‬
@@MZïÜí@bß@émb@Œ‹icë@LòÔîÓ‡Ûa@bîuìÛìäØnÛa@ì®@ÞìznÛa@Mx
F‫א‬‫א‬ -
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ -
K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F،E
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F،E‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،EF‫א‬
K

٢٩٥
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -
KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬،E،‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬

@ZïÜí@bß@émb@Œ‹ic@åßë@LòϋȾa@óÜÇ@j¾a@†b—nÓüa@ì®@ÞìznÛa @M†
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

٢٩٦
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

@@Hpbí‡znÛaë@™‹ÐÛaI@ñ‹–bȾa@òî¾bÈÛa@püìznÛa
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
W،‫א‬‫ א‬J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤٢٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٪٢{٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬، 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٤٢٦L١٠L٩
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬‫א‬ K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، E١٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؛‬،،
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEKK‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J ‫א‬،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -
KEKK‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ -
KEKK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
KE
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

٣٠٠
،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
E‫؟‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K
  ‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KK
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬، -
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، -
،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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،‫א‬ -
،‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ -
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?‫؟‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ?
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EFE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F J
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKK،F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬،E
 ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬
K

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬KK ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F J
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

٣٠٧
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F J
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
KE‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ J
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

٣٠٨
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬،‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬،  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،، ،F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬،،‫א‬F
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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 @@òaŠ‡Ûa@pbî–ìm@Z@bîãbq
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‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬EF
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬،،،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫?א‬EKK،،،
K?،‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
،‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١١
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٢
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬



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@pbyÔ¾a@Z@brÛbq
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W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،،،،،‫א‬


٣١٢
 






‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣١٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬، K١
K٢٠٠٥،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬، K٢
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W ‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬ K٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٤
K١٩٨٤،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬ K٥
،٢٠٠٠،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
K٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WW‫א‬ K٧
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،
K‫א‬،١٤٢٥،‫א‬

٣١٤
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٨
K٢٠٠٤،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ، K٩
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٠
‫א‬،‫א‬،،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K١٤١٦،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W، K١١
K١٩٩٧،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،
‫א‬W‫א‬،،‫א‬‫ א‬K١٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
،E٨F،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٩٦،E١F‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬ K١٣
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٩٣
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬،‫א‬ K١٤
K٢٠٠٠،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٥
K٢٠٠٥،

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٦
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٢،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٧
?K٢٠٠٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
K٢٠٠٢،?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٨
?K٢٠٠٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
K٢٠٠٣،?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١٩
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫ א‬K٢٠
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٢١
K٢٠٠٦،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،، K٢٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠١،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬W، K٢٣
K١٩٩٩،‫א‬،‫א‬

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?‫א‬‫א‬?،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢٤
K١٤٢٥،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ K٢٥
‫א‬،‫א‬،? ‫א‬‫?א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K١٤٢٥L١١L٣ J٢‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٢٦
K١٩٩٢،،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٢٧
K١٩٩٠،‫א‬،،٢،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،، K٢٨
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬
K١٩٩٨،،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬W K٢٩
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬، K٣٠
K‫א‬،٢٠٠٣،?،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬، K٣١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢، ‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٥،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬، K٣٢
،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

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?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K٣٣
‫א‬،٢٦‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،?
 
K٢٠٠٢،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K٣٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٤٢٦،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،، K٣٥
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠١،E١٦٨F‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٣٦
،E١F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?،‫א‬
K٢٠٠٠،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫ א‬K٣٧
،١٤٢٤‫א‬،١‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K٢٠٠٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫ א‬K٣٨
،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٣،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؛‬،‫א‬ K٣٩
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٣،‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K٤٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٤١
K٢٠٠٥،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،?
 ?‫א‬‫א‬W، K٤٢
K٢٠٠٥،،‫א‬
،
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٤٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٩٩،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W، K٤٤
K١٩٩٧،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٤٥
K٢٠٠٦،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،٣،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K٤٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬، K٤٧
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬، K٤٨
K٢٠٠٥،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W، K٤٩
K٢٠٠١،،E٢٠F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

٣١٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬، K٥٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬، K٥١
K٢٠٠٦،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K٥٢
،‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
K١٤١٣،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٥٣
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٩٨،‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬، K٥٤
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K٢٠٠٥،‫א‬
HRM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K٥٥
K٢٠٠٣،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫؟‬KKK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W، K٥٦
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠١،‫א‬،٣،٢٥،‫א‬
،
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٥٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬

٣٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K٥٨
،‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٤١٩
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K٥٩
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠١،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K٦٠
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠١،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٦١
K٢٠٠١،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K٦٢
K٢٠٠١،‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K٦٣
K٢٠٠٣،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K٦٤
K١٩٩٣،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬،، K٦٥
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢٤،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٦٦
K١٩٩٦،،‫א‬

٣٢١
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٦٧
K٢٠٠٧،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫ א‬K٦٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K٢٠٠٥،،‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K٦٩
K٢٠٠٥،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬ K٧٠
K٢٠٠٦،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K٧١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٠٠٥،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
K‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬ K٧٢
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K١٩٩٥،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬ K٧٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬، K٧٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

٣٢٢
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K٢٠٠٣،‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬،‫ א‬K٧٥
K٢٠٠٥،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
، ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬، K٧٦
‫א‬،٣،٢٨،
 
K١٩٩٨،
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫ א‬K٧٧
K٢٠٠٦،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K٧٨
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٠،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K٧٩
K٢٠٠٦،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫ א‬K٨٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K١٩٩٤،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬ K٨١
K‫א‬،٢٠٠٣،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬، K٨٢
K١٩٨٨،،‫א‬

٣٢٣
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬، K٨٣
K١٩٩٠،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٨٤
K٢٠٠٥،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W،‫ א‬K٨٥
K٢٠٠٥،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،٢
‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬K ،‫ א‬K٨٦
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K٢٠٠٢
‫א‬W،‫א‬‫ א‬K٨٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٨٨
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٨٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٨٩
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٩٩،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬ K٩٠
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K٩١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٥،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K٩٢
K٢٠٠١،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬K٩٣
K١٩٩٨،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٦،‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬K٩٤
‫א‬E١٢F‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٩٩،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٩٥
K١٩٩١،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W،، K٩٦
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W، K٩٧
K١٩٩٩،‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K٩٨
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
K٢٠٠٦،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬K٩٩
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣٢٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬، K١٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤
‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٠١
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫ א‬K١٠٢
،
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٠٣
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠١،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬،،‫ א‬K١٠٤
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٩٩،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١٠٥
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬،E‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬، K١٠٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٥،،‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١٠٧
K٢٠٠٣،‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬،‫ א‬K١٠٨
‫א‬، ‫א‬
K١٩٩٦،
،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١٠٩
K‫א‬،٢٠٠٥،٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١١٠
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٣، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠١،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،W،‫ א‬K١١١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٨٩،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١١٢
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫ א‬K١١٣
K١٤١٤،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١١٤
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

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،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٩٧
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١١٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢
K٢٠٠٠،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١١٦
K٢٠٠٠،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١١٧
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬F‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،،E٩٧F‫א‬،E٢٦F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬ K١١٨
K٢٠٠١،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ،‫א‬ K١١٩
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢٠
،K
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬ K١٢١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،E٦٠F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٩٥
،٣، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢٢
K١٩٨١،،‫א‬‫א‬

٣٢٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢٣
K٢٠٠٥،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K١٢٤
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٦،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٢٥
K٢٠٠٦،‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٢٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬، ، ‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٠،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١٢٧
K١٩٩٧،‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫ א‬K١٢٨
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٥
?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١٢٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٣٠
،‫א‬
K٢٠٠٦،،‫א‬‫א‬،Cybrarians Journal

٣٢٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١٣١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٦،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١٣٢
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٨٥،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١٣٣
K٢٠٠٦،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١٣٤
K٢٠٠٣،،‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١٣٥
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٥
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬، K١٣٦
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٧،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٩٦،
‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬K١٣٧
‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،E
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬

٣٣٠
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١٣٨
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٣،٢٨‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WW K١٣٩
K٢٠٠٠،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬، K١٤٠
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K٢٠٠٣،
W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،،‫ א‬K١٤١
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫ א‬K١٤٢
،‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٢،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٤٣
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٠،‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،، K١٤٤
K٢٠٠١،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬W،، K١٤٥
K١٩٩٩،،‫א‬

٣٣١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٤٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٠،،‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫ א‬K١٤٧
K٢٠٠٥،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬W،،،‫א‬ K١٤٨
K١٩٩٥،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬ K١٤٩
،٣٣،
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٣،‫א‬،‫א‬،١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١٥٠
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٥١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K٢٠٠٢
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٥٢
K٢٠٠٠،‫א‬،‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١٥٣
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٩٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٥٤
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬

٣٣٢
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٨٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١٥٥
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٩٩،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١٥٦
K٢٠٠٠،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٥٧
K١٩٩٣،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬، K١٥٨
،‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫ א‬K١٥٩
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٦٠
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K١٤٠٧،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬، K١٦١
K٢٠٠٢،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬، K١٦٢
K١٩٨٧،،١،

٣٣٣
‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٦٣
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬W، K١٦٤
K١٩٩٧،‫א‬،‫א‬،E٢٧F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬K١٦٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٦٦
،‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٣F‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،
K،١٤٢٤‫א‬
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٦٧
K١٩٩٧،E٢٧F‫א‬،E١٠٢F‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٦٨
،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،١٩٩٩،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
K،
، ‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬ K١٦٩
،‫א‬،E١١٥F‫א‬،
K٢٠٠٠،‫א‬
٧،
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W،  K١٧٠
K٢٠٠٣،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬W،، K١٧١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣٣٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
K٢٠٠٥،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٧٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٣،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K ، K١٧٣
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬، K١٧٤
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٩٥‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬، K١٧٥
K١٤٢٢،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬ K١٧٦
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
٣ J٢‫א‬،،
K٢٠٠٥،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٧٧
،‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٣

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‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٧٨
،‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬،E٢٦F‫א‬
K،،١٩٩٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١٧٩
K١٩٨٩،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،
  K١٨٠
K٢٠٠٢،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٨١
K٢٠٠٥،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،E٤١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬، K١٨٢
،١٧‫א‬،٥٦‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢٠٠٠
،،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٨٣
K١٩٩١،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١٨٤
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K٢٠٠٣،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W،،‫ א‬K١٨٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٦،‫א‬

٣٣٦
‫א‬W‫א‬،‫ א‬K١٨٦
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K١٤٢٤،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬،‫ א‬K١٨٧
،‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٢،٢٦‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٨٨
K٢٠٠٤،،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٨٩
K٢٠٠٢،،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٩٠
K٢٠٠٥،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١٩١
K‫א‬،،٢٠٠٤،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ، K١٩٢
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K٢٠٠٣،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W،، K١٩٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K١٩٨٥،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣٣٧
‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬ K١٩٤
،E١١٩F ‫א‬،
 ،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠١،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،، K١٩٥
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٩٦
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K١٩٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
K٢٠٠١،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٩٨
E٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K١٩٩٥
،‫א‬‫א‬W، K١٩٩
،،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٩٨،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  K٢٠٠
K١٩٩٦،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٢٠١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،‫א‬

٣٣٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫ א‬K٢٠٢
،
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٤١٩،‫א‬،٤٨،١٣،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬، K٢٠٣
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬،E٣١F‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
K١٩٩٢،‫א‬E٧٤F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،‫ א‬K٢٠٤
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،١٤٢٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W، K٢٠٥
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٠
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٠٦
K‫א‬،١٤٢٥،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٠٧
K‫א‬،١٤٢٠،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٠٨
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨F‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
K١٤٢٦،‫א‬
K١٤٢٥،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٠٩

٣٣٩
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٢١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٠٠٤،‫א‬،E‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬، K٢١١
K١٩٩١،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W،‫ א‬K٢١٢
K،٢٠٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬W،‫ א‬K٢١٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬
K٢٠٠٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬، K٢١٤
K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W، K٢١٥
‫א‬،١٦‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٩٩٤،،٥٦
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬K٢١٦
K١٩٩١،٣‫א‬،٢١،

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