Psychology

Self from various perspectives

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training

January 4-20, 2017
 Psychology

The self as a cognitive construction

The Self as a Proactive and Agentic

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 The self as a Cognitive Construction

True VS
Multiple False
Real and VS Selves
Global VS Ideal Unified
Differentiated Self Selves
Me-Self Models
concepts
I-self
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
 Who Am I?

William James’
Me Self and I Self
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
 Me-self & I - self

Me-self: Empirical Self

(William James)
Material Self mine, “my arm, my bag”
• Tangible objects, people, or places that carry the designation of mine
• Bodily self & Extracorporeal self (beyond the body, e.g., emotional investment)

Social Self “ours” e.g., our parents, siblings, romantic partners

• How we are regarded and recognized by others
• Relational self: interpersonal relationships

Spiritual Self Inner or psychological self, subjective being

• Self-perceived abilities, attitudes, emotions, interests, values, motives
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
 Me-self & I - self

I-self
Individual Self Individual traits, abilities and possessions
• Spiritual self and aspects of the material self (body, possessions, initials)
• Example: I am tall. I am shy.

Relational Self Other people with whom we have a personal relationship

• Aspects of the social self
• Example: I am Noah’s dad.
Social roles, social categories, and social group
Collective Self membership
• Aspects of social self
• Example: I am a Filipino.
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
 Me-self & I - self

INDIVIDUAL SELF:
Material self: Biological & Physical Body

• Brain and Nervous

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

System
 Me-self & I - self

DEVELOPMENT

Sullivan: 7 stages
Erikson: 8 Infancy, childhood, juvenile
Psychosocial era, preadolescence, early
adolescence, late
stages adolescence, adulthood
Jung: 4
stages:
childhood,
Freud: youth,
College. Understanding the Self Training. January midlife,
5Miriam
Psychosexual Stages 4-20, 2017 old
age
 Me-self & I - self
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 Me-self & I - self

Development of Personality accdg to Jung’s

Analytical Theory
• Stages of Development
• Childhood
• Anarchic
• Monarchic
• Dualistic
• Youth
• The period from puberty until middle life
• Major difficulty to overcome is conservative principle
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

or the tendency to cling to childhood

 Me-self & I - self
Development of Personality accdg
to Jung’s Analytical Theory
• Stages of Development
• Middle Life
• Begins at approximately age 35 or 40
• Period of anxiety and potential
• Old Age
• Diminution of consciousness
• Death is the goal of life
• Self-Realization (Individuation)
• Requires assimilation of unconsciousness into total self
• Process of integrating opposites into a harmonious self
• Rarely achieved
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
 Me-self & I - self

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 Me-self & I - self

Harry Sullivan’s Developmental Epochs

Stage Age Significant Other Interpersonal process Learnings

Infancy 0-2 Mother Tenderness Good/Bad

Childhood 2-6 Parents Imaginary Playmates Syntaxic Language

Juvenile Era 6-8.5 Playmates Living with Peers Competition,

Compromise,
Cooperation
Preadolescence 8.5-13 Single Chum Intimacy Affection & respect
Early Adolescence 13-15 Several Chums Intimacy & Lust Balance, Security
Operations
Late Adolescence 15 - the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017 Lover
Miriam College. Understanding Fusion & Intimacy and Discovery of self and
Lust world
 Me-self & I - self

INDIVIDUAL SELF
Spiritual Self: Subjective being

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Jung’s Analytical Psychology

Erikson’s Ego Psychology

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
 Me-self & I - self

Freud’s Levels of Consciousness

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 Me-self & I - self
Freud’s Structure of Personality

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 Me-self & I - self

Levels of Psyche

Jung’s
Analytical Psychology
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
 Me-self & I - self

Levels of Psyche
• Conscious
• Psychic images sensed by the ego
• Personal Unconscious
• Repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences
• Collective Unconscious
• Ideas from the experiences inherited from our ancestors
• Archetypes
• Archaic images derived from the collective unconscious
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
 Me-self & I - self
Jungian Archetypes
Helps us understand feminine
Anima behavior in males (moods &
(feminine) feelings)
Mask that is adopted in response
to the demands
of social convention

SELF
Persona person’s striving Shadow
for unity
Unpleasant & socially
reprehensible thoughts, feelings,
and actions

Helps us understand masculine Animus

behavior in females (thinking &
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017 (masculine)
reasoning)
 Global VS Differentiated Models
• Gestalt: The whole is more than • Psychoanalysis: The psyche is
the sum of its parts divided into the id, ego, superego
• Phenomenological/Humanistic: • Self as personality divided into
The person is a total person and traits (e.g. Big Five Factors)
cannot be reduced into parts • The self as divided into
dimensions:
• Physical-biological, emotional,
behavioral, social, moral, spiritual

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 Real and Ideal Self-Concepts

Real and Ideal Self-concepts

• Idealized self: Feeling alienated from self, they create an

Horney idealized self-image (an extravagantly positive picture

of themselves)
• Real Self: self-realization

Rogers • Person-centered theory

• Self-actualizing tendency

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 Real and Ideal Self-Concepts

Karen Horney’s Psychoanalytic Social Theory

Feeling alienated from

The idealized self-
self, they create an
idealized self-image image includes three Incongruence leads
aspects: neurotic search
(an extravagantly for glory, claims, & to self-hatred
positive picture of
themselves)
pride

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 Real and Ideal Self-Concepts
Real Self & Ideal Self

Ideal Self

NORMAL SELF

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 Real and Ideal Self-Concepts

Self-image in the Neurotic

Splits self into:
•Despised self
•Ideal self
Swings between hating self
and pretending to be perfect

PRETENDING PERFECTION SELF-HATRED

•Neurotic search for GLORY •relentless demands on self (tyranny of the
*Need for perfection should)
*Vindictive triumph • merciless self-accusation
*Neurotic ambition •self-contempt
•Neurotic CLAIMS •self-frustration
•Neurotic PRIDE •self-torment/self-torture
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
•self-destructive actions and impulses.
 Real and Ideal Self-Concepts

Rogers’ Person-Centered Theory

(1) There is a tendency for all matter, both
organic and inorganic, to evolve from
simpler to more complex forms called
formative tendency

(2) There is a tendency within all humans

and other organisms to move toward
completion or fulfillment of potentials
called the actualizing tendency

(3) Actualizing tendency is the only motive

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

people possess.
 Real and Ideal Self-Concepts

Self-Concept

CONGRUENT
Real Ideal
INCONGRUENT
Real Ideal
Self Self Self Self

• There is considerable • There is little overlap between real

overlap between real self & self & ideal self
ideal self • Mismatch = anxiety
• Close match = harmony • Person will become defensive and
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
use distortion and denial to
reduce incongruence
 Real and Ideal Self-Concepts
Rogers: Requirements for
Actualization

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 Multiple VS Unified Selves

Klein’s Concept of Splitting

Actualization Theories

Disposition /Trait Theories

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
 Mutiple VS Unified Selves

Klein’s Concept of Splitting

Good Me Bad Me

A picture of both the “good me” and the “bad me”

enables infants to deal with both pleasurable and
destructive impulses toward external objects.
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
 Mutiple VS Unified Selves

Klein’s Concept of Splitting

Good Me Bad Me

Splitting enables people to see both positive and negative

aspects of themselves and others. One must learn to unify
both in order to have an integrated perception of self and
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

others.
 Mutiple VS Unified Selves

Unified self: Theories of Actualization

Jung Adler Fromm Maslow

Positive
Striving for Freedom:
Self-realization
success
Love & work
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
 Mutiple VS Unified Selves

Unified Self: Actualization

Maslows Rogers May Allport

Rediscover Adjustment to
Actualization: Actualize the selfhood – an the environment
Full Potential perceived self accurate and growth
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017 perceived self
 Mutiple VS Unified Selves
Maslow's 8-Stage Hierarchy of Needs

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 Mutiple VS Unified Selves

Allport's Structure of Personality

single dominant
characteristic that
Cardinal directs most of a
person’s activities.

Personal 5 to 10 qualities that

Disposition (3 Central characterize a person’s
levels) daily interactions

characteristics that are

Secondary exhibited in specific
situations
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
 Mutiple VS Unified Selves
Allport's Theory
MOTIVATIONAL TRAITS PROPRIUM
• Personal dispositions that • Behaviors and characteristics
initiates action; what you do
that people regard as warm
and central in their lives

STYLISTIC DISPOSITION • Core of a person

• Personal dispositions that guide
actions
• Sort of equivalent to the self
or the ego

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 Mutiple VS Unified Selves

Allport: Propriate Functions

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 Mutiple VS Unified Selves

Allport's Mature Personality

(3) emotional
(1) extension of (2) warm relating
security or self-
the sense of self of self to others
acceptance

(4) possess a
realistic (5) insight and (6) unifying
perception of humor philosophy of life
their environment

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 Mutiple VS Unified Selves
Cattell’s Source Trait vs. Surface Trait

Source Surface
*basic traits that underlie *personality characteristics
surface traits easily seen by others

Shy Being quiet

(Surface trait) (Surface trait)

Introversion
(Source trait)

Dislikes
Withdrawn
crowd
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
(Surface trait)
(Surface trait)
 Mutiple VS Unified Selves
Catell’s Theory:
Personality Traits
ABILITY ATTITUDES
*how far or how a specific course of action, or
desire to act, in response to a
fast one can given situation
perform
Personality ERGS
MOTIVATION
traits drives or motives, such as sex,
(DYNAMIC) hunger, loneliness, pity, fear

TEMPERAMENT SEMS
*how a person behaves learned or acquired dynamic
traits that can satisfy several
ergs at the same time

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 Mutiple VS Unified Selves

Eysenck’s 4-level Hierarchy of Behavior

Organization
(1) specific (3) traits, or
acts or personal
cognitions dispositions

(2) habitual (4) types or

acts or superfactors
cognitions
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
 Mutiple VS Unified Selves

Eysenck’s Hierarchy of Behavior

Organization

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 Mutiple VS Unified Selves

McCrae & Costa's Big Five Personality

Factors

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 Mutiple VS Unified Selves
Behavior Patterns &Value Structure:
Surface, Societal, & Core Values
Accommodative Surface Hiya Utang na loob Pakikisama
Value (propriety/ dignity) (gratitude/
solidarity/ norm of
(companionship/
esteem/SIR)
Sikolohiyang
Pilipino
reciprocity)

SURFACE Associated Behavioral Biro Lambing (sweetness) Tampo

Patterns (joke) (affective
disappointment)

Confrontative Surface Bahala na Lakas ng loob (guts) Pakikibaka (cooperative

Value (determination) resistance)

CORE Pivotal Interpersonal Pakiramdam (pakipag kapwa tao)

Value (shared inner perception)

Core Value KAPWA

(shared identity)

Linking Social Personal Kagandahang loob (pagkamakatao)

Values (shared humanity)

SOCIETALMiriam Associated Societal

College. Understanding Karangalan
the Self Training. (dignity)
January 4-20, 2017 Katarungan Kalayaan
Values (justice) (freedom)
 2 Uri ng Kapwa Mutiple VS Unified Selves

Sikolohiyang
Pilipino

Ibang Hindi Ibang

Tao ("outsider") Tao ("one-of-
us")

Pakikitungo: civility Pakikipagpalagayang-loob:

Pakikisalamuha: act of mixing act of mutual trust
Pakikilahok: act of joining Pakikisangkot:
Pakikibagay: conformity act of joining others
Pakikisama: being united with the group Pakikipagkaisa:
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
being one with others
 Mutiple VS Unified Selves
2 Uri ng Kapwa
Sikolohiyang
Pilipino
Ibang Hindi Ibang
Tao ("outsider") Tao ("one-of-
us")

Pagsasarili: individuation
Pag – iwas: avoidance Pagkukubli : masking
Paghiwalay: separation Pagwawalang-bahala: lack of concern
Pagmamalaki: autonomy Pagsalungat: disagree
Pakikinabang:
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January 4-20, 2017
 True Self VS False Self:
Defense Mechanisms
False self defends the True Self (Winnicot)

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 True VS False Selves

Theory comparisons:
Defense
• Distort reality to Mechanism
keep the unconscious from entering the conscious
Freud

• To maintain idealized self-concept (ex. Compartmentalization)

Horney

• Safeguarding tendencies (e.g. aggression, excuses, withdrawal)

Adler

• Authorianism (S&M), destructiveness, conformity

Fromm Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
 True VS False Selves

Defense Mechanism (cont’d)

Sullivan
• Security Operations: Dissociation & Selective Inattention

Rogers
• Incongruence: distortion & denial

Skinner
• Reinforced defenses

Evoluti • Exists because of its evolutionary benefit

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
onary
 The Self as Proactive and Agentic
Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory

Kelly’s Psychology of Personal Constructs

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 The Self as Proactive and Agentic

Bandura’s Triadic Reciprocal Causation

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 The Self as Proactive and Agentic

Bandura’s
Concept
of Self-
Efficacy

*proxy agency -

*collective
agency
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
 The Self as Proactive and Agentic

Bandura’s Concept of Self-Regulation

Self- • monitor our own performance
Observation

Judgmental • self-evaluation based on personal

standards, standard of reference, value
Process of activity, and performance attribution

• create incentives for own actions

Self-reaction through self-reinforcement or self-
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
punishment
 The Self as Proactive and Agentic
Bandura:
Self-Regulation Through Moral Agency

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

 The Self as Proactive and Agentic

Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory

(1) Individuals anticipate
events by the meanings or (2) Behavior is shaped by
interpretations they place interpretation or
on those events called construction of the world
constructs

(4) People are not victims

of circumstances, because (3) Every construction is
they are capable of
changing their
open to revision or
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
interpretations of events.
replacement
(constructive alternativism)
 The Self as Proactive and Agentic
Kelly’s Constructs
Core Constructs Loose Constructs Peripheral Constructs

• Important beliefs that • Beliefs that are • Beliefs that are

are part of the unstable, weak, and relatively unimportant
individual's personal poorly defined to the person and that
identity. • lead to erratic and can be changed rather
often invalid easily.
predictions about how
the world operates

Pre-emptive Constructs Propositional Constructs Constellatory Constructs

• includes only its own • leaves all of its • allows its elements to
elements and maintains elements open to belong to other
that these elements modification constructs
cannot apply to other concurrently
constructs • once identified in a
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017 particular way, these
elements are fixed
 The Self as Proactive and Agentic
Kelly’s 11 Corollaries
(1) Construction
anticipate future events according to their
interpretations of recurrent themes

(2) Individuality
people have different experiences, therefore
construe events in different ways

(3) Organization
organize their personal constructs in a
hierarchical system

(4) Dichotomy
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

people construe events in an either-or manner

 The Self as Proactive and Agentic

Kelly’s 11 Corollaries
(5) Choice

people choose the alternative that they see as extending

their range of future choices

(6) Range

constructs are limited to a particular range of

convenience; not relevant to all situations

(7) Experience

people continually revise their constructs as the result of

experience

(8) Modulation
Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017
some new experiences do not lead to a revision of
constructs because these are concrete or impermeable
 The Self as Proactive and Agentic
Kelly’s 11 Corollaries
(9) Fragmentation

people’s behavior is sometimes inconsistent because their construct

system can readily admit incompatible elements

(10) Commonality
personal constructs of people with similar experiences tend to be
similar

(11) Sociality

people can communicate with others because they are able to

Miriam College. Understanding the Self Training. January 4-20, 2017

construe others’ constructions.

References
Ashcraft, D. ( ). Personality Theories Workbook. 4th Ed.
Feist, J., & Feist, G. J. (2009). Theories of Personality, 7th Ed. New York: McGraw Hill.
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/James/Principles/prin10.htm
http://faculty.washington.edu/jdb/452/452_chapter_02.pdf
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=neurotransmitters+and+effect+on+the+body
&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=613&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiux
LyX6a_RAhWCGZQKHZH6BjEQ_AUIBigB#tbm=isch&q=erikson%27s+eight+st
ages+of+development&imgrc=-reEdEOmJ9gbvM%3A
Winnicot. True Self and False Self
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