PHYSICAL SELF
human head illustrates the Divine Proportion.
What do men and women find attractive?
❑Symmetrical features of the face
❑Cleanliness
❑Graceful use of clothing
❑Hair and Skin
❑Scarred and adorned skin
❑Nose ❑Thick eyebrows
❑High cheekbones ❑Full lips
❑Large eyes ❑Small face
THE PHYSICAL SELF:
The self as impacted by the body
• The importance of beauty
• The impact of culture on body image and
body self-esteem.
• The Golden Ratio is what we call an
irrational number: it has an infinite number of
decimal places and it never repeats itself!
Generally, we round the Golden Ratio to
1.618.
• Beauty is in the eye of the beholder which
can vary by race, culture or era.
• This two-dimensional visual of the human
face is based upon the Golden Ratio. This
special number is believed to symbolize
perfect natural harmony.
• Even when viewed from the side, the
The first golden section (blue) from the front
of the head defines the position of the ear
opening. The successive golden sections
define the neck (yellow), the back of the eye
(green) and the front of the eye and back of
the nose and mouth (magenta). The
dimensions of the face from top to bottom
also exhibit the Divine Proportion, in the
positions of the eye brow (blue), nose
(yellow) and mouth (green and magenta).
The ear reflects the shape of a Fibonacci
spiral.
BOTH MEN AND WOMEN SHOULD BE
PROGRAMMED TO FIND BEAUTIFUL
• Clean and unblemished skin
• Thick and shiny hair
• Symmetrical faces
---- indicates good health and good genes.
FACES
• FACES that are average rather than
extreme tend to be ranked most attractive in
cross-cultural studies.
• Average features are considered beautiful
because they too signify good health and
good genes
• Unusual facial features are often judged as
more beautiful than those are not; rarity then
can often indicate beauty and are certainly
noticed more often than those that are
average.
FEMALE BEAUTY
• Is a combination of features that indicate
YOUTH and FERTILITY. In that sense,
beauty is temporary--- even the most
beautiful woman will become old, losing what
once made her beautiful. Women are
attractive with:
• High cheekbones
• Full lips
• Narrow jaw - because those features signify
low testosterone and high estrogen
• Large eyes – signal youth and fertility
FEMALE BEAUTY ACROSS DIFFERENT SHORTTERM, rather than LONG-TERM
CULTURES relationships.
• Roman women use the powdered form of
BEAUTY
the metal antimony in the eyes to make the
• Entirely or partially constructed from
whites sparkle and lampblack to line their
CULTURAL STANDARDS.
eyebrows.
• It is important. It matters. We notice
• European women (16th–17th century)
people’s faces immediately upon meeting
– “bella donna” (beautiful lady) put eye drops
them, and what we see affects what we think
into their eyes to make their retinas appear
about them.
larger.
GREEKS
• South Korean women wear big eye
• Symmetrical, in harmony and in proportion.
contacts to make their eyes appear large.
• Two-thirds as wide as it was high and it
FEMALE BEAUTY
could be divided into thirds, from chin to
• Since women are considered beautiful
upper lip, from upper lip to eyes, and from
when they display asset of features that
eyes to hairline.
indicate YOUTH AND FERTILITY, beautiful
women display a combination of ADULT • “GOLDEN RATIO” (Golden Section or
BEAUTY and BABY BEAUTY. Golden Mean) by Pythagoras
- mathematical concept could provide the
• Cuteness – refers primarily to “baby beauty”
mathematical model for the most beautiful
and features a small face, big eyes, a small
face.
mouth and a large head.
- mathematical number known as phi.
• Parental love is triggered by the presence - Stephen Marquardt, cosmetic surgeon,
of these features, which is why they are revived the theory and began mapping
present in all mammal babies. beautiful faces.
- “the Golden Mask” a visual
• They are also highlighted in some areas of
representation of the proportions that
popular culture and especially POP
should be found on a beautiful face
CULTURE from JAPAN (anime, manga,
(ideal mouth is 1.618 times wider
Hello Kitty, and Ulzang from SK).
than the nose).
MALE BEAUTY
INDIANS
• Women are thought to look for indicators of
•The traditional ideals of beauty include:
high TESTOSTERONE in men’s faces, such
•Cleanliness
as:
•Graceful use of clothing
• Strong jaws
•How a woman carries herself
• Heavy eyebrows
•Her skin and hair should be well
• Thin lips
cared of
• Broad cheekbones, which indicate both
•Wearing of the “bindi” on the
good genes as well as the propensity to
forehead.
attain high status.
• Women who are not ovulating respond less
well to a hyper-masculine face
• Women are attracted to different types of
faces when they are looking for
 • Belk (1988)
- “knowingly or unknowingly, intentionally or
unintentionally, we regard our possessions
as parts of ourselves.
• Enhancing these self-constructions are
various possessions, which are regarded by
their owners as having different degrees of
centrality to one or more of their individual or
aggregate senses of self. The focus on
possessions rather than brands highlighted
the singularity of our relation with objects
once they are separated from their
commodity origins.

AFRICANS • Belk (1988) summarized that “the major

• Unadorned skin is seen as unattractive categories of extended self [are our] body,
internal processes, ideas, and experiences,
• Only woman whose body or face is marked and those persons, places, and things to
through scarification would be considered which one feels attached.
beautiful – the scars are both beautiful to
touch and to look at. • Belk (1988) noted that possessions
comprising the extended self serve not only
• Large plates inserted into the lower lip (and as cues for others to form impressions about
sometimes upper as well), which made a us but also as markers for individual and
woman more beautiful and marriageable. collective memory.
HIMBA OF NAMIBIA • The self was expected to continually
• Rub their bodies in red ochre to celebrate change over the life course, and
the fertility of earth and the life-giving photographs, gifts, and souvenirs were seen
qualities of blood, and which also make them as prominent among the objects anchoring
quite lovely. an individual’s or group’s memories of such
change. Inevitably it was not simply facts but
EUROPEANS
emotions that were found to be cured by
• Long nose came to signify beauty around
these objects.
the world, people in Malaysia, the
Philippines, and Indonesia, prior to
colonization, considered FLAT NOSES to be
the most attractive.
JAPANESE
•The ideal female beauty was symbolized by
the “geisha”, who wore thick white face paint,
shaved eyebrows and painted on both thick
black eyebrows and rosebud lips.
•JAPANESE blackened their teeth.
SEXUAL SELF fastest growing HIV epidemic in the Asia-
Pacific region in recent years.
• One in ten young filipino women age 15 to
19 is already a mother or pregnant with first THE BIOLOGY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
child (Final Results from the 2013 National • Refers to a broad spectrum in which
Demographic and Health Survey). humans display their sexuality.
• 8 percent are already mothers and another • Consists of the actions that relate to sex,
2 percent are pregnant with their first child. reproduction, and satisfaction through
stimulation of sexual organs.
• Among young adult women age 20 to 24,
43 percent are already mothers and 4 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
percent are pregnant with their first child. • FEMALES: External genitalia (VULVA)
Internal
• 44 percent for women with elementary
education versus 21 percent for women with • Reproductive organs: Ovaries, Uterus,
college education. Fallopian Tubes, Vagina
• The survey also reveals that one in five (19 • MALES: Penis and Testicles
percent) young adult Filipino women age 18
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
to 24 years had initiated their sexual activity
before age 18.
• The survey reveals that 15 percent of young
adult women age 20 to 24 had their first
marriage or began living with their first
spouse or partner by age 18.
• New HIV cases continued to increase in
2017, with a 3,147 percent surge since 2007
• In a February 2018 report, the DOH said
11,103 new cases were reported in 2017, up
19.85 percent from the 9,264 cases in 2016.
• Compared with the 342 HIV infections • UTERUS
reported in 2007, the 2017 figure is 3,147 - Once the egg has left the ovary it
percent higher. can be fertilized and implant itself in
the lining of the uterus. The main
• In contrast, new HIV cases reported
function of the uterus is to nourish the
worldwide had gone down, from 2.1 million in
developing fetus prior to birth.
2015 to 1.8 million in 2016, according to the
latest figures provided by the World Health
Organization and the UN AIDS Programme.
• THE OVARIES
• The health department said of the new -The ovary is an organ found in the
cases in 2017, more than 95 percent female reproductive system that
involved male transmission. A total of 38 produces an ovum. When released,
cases involved minors under 15 years old. this travels down the fallopian tube
into the uterus, where it may become
• In terms of percentage increase, the UN
fertilized by a sperm.
said in August 2017 the country has the
• Females have a monthly reproductive
cycle; at certain intervals the ovaries release
an egg, which passes through the fallopian
tube into the uterus.
• If, in this transit, it meets with sperm, the
sperm might penetrate and merge with the
egg, fertilizing it.
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Males also have both internal and external
genitalia that are responsible for procreation
and sexual intercourse.
• The main male sex organs are the penis
and the testicles, the latter of which produce
semen and sperm.
• Males produce their sperm on a cycle, and
unlike the female's ovulation cycle, the male
sperm production cycle is constantly
producing millions of sperm daily.
• The semen and sperm, as a result of sexual
intercourse, can fertilize an ovum in the
female's body; the fertilized ovum (zygote)
develops into a fetus, which is later born as a
child.
HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
• This is defined as any activity – solitary,
between two persons, or in a group – that
induces sexual arousal.
• The inherited sexual response patterns.
• The degree of restraint or other types of
influence exerted on the individual by society
in the expression of his sexuality.
SOLITARY BEHAVIOR
• Self-gratification means self-stimulation
that leads to sexual arousal and generally,
sexual climax.
• Usually, takes place in private, but can also
be done in a sociosexual relationship.
• Generally, begins at or before puberty and
very common among males but becomes
less frequent when sociosexual activity is
available.
SOCIOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR
• This usually begins in childhood and may
be motivated by curiosity, such as showing
or examining genitalia.
• Petting may be done as an expression of
affection and a source of pleasure,
preliminary to coitus.
THE SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE
• Sexual motivation, often referred to as
libido, is a person's overall sexual drive or
desire for sexual activity.
• This is motivated by biological,
psychological, and social factors.
• In most mammals, sex hormones control
the ability to engage in sexual behaviors.
• However, sex hormones do not directly
regulate the ability to copulate in humans.
• They are influenced on the motivation to
engage in sexual behaviors.
THE SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE
• Desire phase
- Sexual urges occur in response to
sexual cues or fantasies.
• Arousal Stage
- A subjective sense of sexual pleasure
and physiological signs of sexual
arousal: in males: penile tumescence
(increased flow of blood into the
penis); in females: vasocongestion
(blood pools in the pelvic area)
 leading to vaginal lubrication and
breast tumescence (erect nipples).
• Plateau phase
- Brief period of time before orgasm.
• Orgasm phase
- In males, feelings of the inevitability
of ejaculation, followed by
ejaculation; in females, contractions
of the walls of the lower third of the
vagina.
• Resolution phase
- Decrease in arousal occurs after
orgasm (particularly in men).
• The sexual response cycle is a model that
describes the physiological responses that
take place during sexual activity.
• According to William Masters and Virginia
Johnson, the cycle consists of four phases.
Excitement Phase:
• Desire – sexual urges occur in response to
sexual cues or fantasies.
• Arousal – a subjective sense of sexual
pleasure and physiological signs of sexual
arousal.
• Penile Tumescence – increased flow of
blood into penis.
• Vasocongestion – blood pools in the pelvic
area leading to vaginal lubrication and breast
tumescence.
▪ Muscle tension increases
▪ Heart rate quickens and breathing is
accelerated
▪ Skin may become flushed
▪ Nipples become hardened or erect
▪ Blood flow to the genital increases
▪ Vaginal lubrication begins
▪ Vaginal walls begin to swell
▪ Testicles swell, scrotum tightens, secreting
a lubricating liquid
• Plateau
- The vagina continues to swell from
increased blood flow, and the vaginal
walls turn a dark purple.
- The woman's clitoris becomes highly
sensitive (may even be painful to
touch) and retracts under the clitoral
hood to avoid direct stimulation from
the penis
- The man's testicles are withdrawn up
into the scrotum.
- Muscle spasms may begin in the feet,
face, and hands.
SEXUAL CLIMAX
• Involuntary muscle contractions begin.
• Blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing
are at their highest rates, with a rapid intake
of oxygen.
•In women, the muscles of the vagina
contract. The uterus also undergoes
rhythmic contractions.
• In men, rhythmic contractions of the
muscles at the base of the penis result in the
ejaculation of semen.
RESOLUTION
• During resolution, the body slowly returns
to its normal level of functioning, and swelled
and erect body parts return to their previous
size and color.
• This phase is marked by a general sense of
wellbeing, enhanced intimacy and, often,
fatigue.
• Some women are capable of a rapid return
to the orgasm phase with further sexual
stimulation and may experience multiple
orgasms.
• Men need recovery time after orgasm,
called a refractory period, during which they
cannot reach orgasm again.
• Hypothalamus
- is a small area in the center of the
brain that has many jobs. It plays an
 important role in hormone production
and helps to stimulate many
important processes in the body.
- The body's normal, balanced state of
being is known as homeostasis. The
body is always trying to achieve this
balance. The main job of the
hypothalamus to keep the body in this
state as much as possible.
• Studies with lab animals have shown that
destruction of certain areas of the
hypothalamus causes complete elimination
of sexual behavior.
▪ Body Temperature
▪ Thirst
▪ Appetite and weight control
▪ Emotions
▪ Sleep Cycles
▪ Sex Behaviors
▪ Childbirth
▪ Blood Pressure and Heart Rate
▪ Balancing bodily fluids
NEUROTRANSMITTER
• Dopamine is a “reward chemical” because
it saturates the brain with a feeling of
exhilaration when a person engages in
certain activities (in this case sex).
• Dopamine is the chemical that is
responsible for the addictive nature of sex.
Examples of Risky Sexual Behavior
▪ Unprotected sex
▪ Multiple sexual partners
▪ Anal sex
▪ Sex and drugs
▪ Paying for sex
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
• STDs are infections transmitted from an
infected person to an uninfected person.
• Can be caused by bacteria, viruses,
parasites.
• Chlamydia
- is a common sexually transmitted
disease. It is caused by bacteria
called Chlamydia trachomatis.
- It can infect both men and women.
- Women can get chlamydia in the
cervix, rectum, or throat. Men can get
chlamydia in the urethra (inside the
penis), rectum, or throat.
- Abnormal vaginal discharge, which
may have a strong smell, a burning
sensation when urinating, pain during
intercourse.
- Discharge from your penis, a burning
sensation when urinating, burning or
itching around the opening of your
penis, pain and swelling in one or
both testicles (although this is less
common).
- In women, an untreated infection can
spread to your uterus and fallopian
tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory
disease (PID). PID can cause
permanent damage to your
reproductive system. This can lead to
long term pelvic pain, infertility, and
ectopic pregnancy.
• Gonorrhea
- It can cause infections in the genitals,
rectum, and throat. It is a very
common infection, especially among
young people ages 15-24 years.
- You can get gonorrhea by having
vaginal, anal, or oral sex with
someone who has gonorrhea. A
pregnant woman with gonorrhea can
give the infection to her baby during
childbirth.
- Painful or burning sensation when
urinating; Increased vaginal
discharge; Vaginal bleeding between
periods. Discharge; Anal itching;
Soreness; Bleeding; Painful bowel
movements.
•Syphilis
- A person with primary syphilis
generally has a sore or sores at the
original site of infection. These sores
usually occur on or around the
genitals, around the anus or in the
rectum, or in or around the mouth.
These sores are usually (but not
always) firm, round, and painless.
- Symptoms of secondary syphilis
include skin rash, swollen lymph
nodes, and fever. The signs and
symptoms of primary and secondary
syphilis can be mild, and they might
not be noticed.
- During the latent stage, there are no
signs or symptoms. Tertiary syphilis
is associated with severe medical
problems. A doctor can usually
diagnose tertiary syphilis with the
help of multiple tests. It can affect the
heart, brain, and other organs of the
body.
- Neurosyphilis and Ocular Syphilis
severe headache; difficulty
coordinating muscle movements;
paralysis (not able to move certain
parts of your body); numbness; and
dementia (mental disorder).
MATERIALISTIC AND ECONOMIC SELF
• Material Self
- Refers to tangible objects, people, or
places that carry the designation of
my or mine .
- Bodily self and extracorporeal
(beyond the body) self.
• Material Purchases
Think of your last expensive purchase
• Was it a need? Or a want?
• “Comforts” versus “pleasures”
(Skivotsky, 1976).
• People in industrialized countries
pursued comforts to the detriment of
pleasures live in a “joyless economy”
(Skivotsky, 1976).
• Materialism
- is a personal attitude which attaches
importance to acquiring and
consuming material goods
• As a personality trait, it includes three
original personality trait – nongenerosity,
envy, and possessiveness.
• As a value, it promotes acquisition
centrality, the belief that possessions are
the key to happiness and that success
can be judged by a person's material
wealth and the quality and price of
material goods she or he can buy.
On Materialism and Happiness
• Using two measures of subjective
wellbeing, one study found that
materialism was negatively related to
happiness.
• Materialism also positively correlates
with more serious psychological issues
like depression, narcissism, and
paranoia.
• On the other hand, lower levels of
wellbeing can cause people to be more
materialistic in an effort to get external
gratification.
To Do or To Have?
• Experiential Purchases
– those purchases made with the
primary intention of acquiring a life
experience; an event, or a series of
events that one “consumes”.
 – those purchases made with the
primary intention of acquiring a
material possession; a tangible
object physically retained in one’s
possession.
What makes experience more satisfying?
• Experiences improve with time.
▪ Experiences give us pleasure in
retrospect – in the memories we
revisit and the stories we tell.
• Experiences are resistant to advantageous
comparisons.
▪ Social comparisons and
counterfactual comparisons can
diminish the subjective value of
material possessions.
• Experiences have more social value.
▪ Experiences are more likely than
material possessions to foster social
relationships.
SPIRITUAL SELF
Is religiosity different from spirituality?
• Some people identify themselves as
“spiritual and religious” but others identify
themselves as “spiritual but not religious”.
• Recent qualitative findings showed that
Filipino youth view religiosity and spirituality
as overlapping constructs (Ocampo et. al.,
2013).
• Religion
- usually connotes specific behavioral,
doctrinal, and institutional features.
• Spirituality
- is typically used to represent an
individual’s subjective experiences in
attempting to understand life’s
ultimate questions and find meaning
and purpose that transcend the
concerns of mundane life.
William James’ Spiritual Self
• He equated religion with spirituality, that is,
in relation to the divine. However, he
disregarded institutional religion. Spirituality
is more related to the character of the person
or the personality of an individual
• Spirituality is faith in God.
▪ Trusting God during hard times, and
religious adherence.
• Spirituality having a relationship with God.
▪ Claiming God as a friend and having
a special connection with Him
through the Holy Spirit.
• Spirituality is having a positive character.
▪ It is about developing a good
character, which meant being moral,
optimistic and steadfast in times of
difficulties.
• Religiosity is devotion to God.
▪ Obeying God’s commandments,
reading and following the bible, and
surrendering to God’s will.
• Religiosity is participation in religious
activities.
▪ Going to mass and confessions,
praying the rosary and novena, and
attending religious processions.
• Religiosity is being moral.
▪ Knowing what is right and wrong,
and avoiding committing sins.
How do Filipinos develop their spirituality?
• Through the influence of socialization
agents.
▪ The family exposes us to religious beliefs
and practices. Friends, relatives, and
teachers who provide opportunities to
participate in religious activities also serve
a role in the development of our spirituality.
• By having a role in a religious community.
▪ Allowing young persons to have
participation in a special way to the
community they belong to imbues their
lives with meaning.
• Through challenging personal experiences. traditional practices such as hilot or
▪ Overcoming difficult life experiences massage.
and remorse for recalcitrance aids in
developing one’s spirituality. How were the Pre-colonial Filipinos
“Christianized”?
• Through encountering some blocks in • Mass baptism
spirituality. • Reduccion policies
• Attitude of the Spanish clergy in the early
▪ Having weak faith in God, materialistic phase
concerns, influence of negative models,
• Adaptation of Christianity to the local
and preoccupation with personal problems. context
Early Filipino religious beliefs • “Spanish colonials built a Church on a
• The 175 ethnolinguistic groups of the
foundation of native religions that
Philippines each had their own form of worshipped a plethora of gods, goddesses
indigenous government prior to Islam and
and demigods...The Spaniards did not
Catholicism. obliterate these earlier religions but brought
• Characterized as animistic, commonly in a more powerful God.”
referred to as Anitism or Bathalism, or the -James Goodno, The Philippines:
more modern, less Tagalog-centric Land of Broken Promises
Dayawism. Modern Catholicism: Folk Catholicism
• These beliefs now constitute the Philippine • Self-flagellation and crucifixion
Mythology. • Spiritual healing using baptismal water
• Cult of the Virgin Mary
Prior to Spanish colonizers, early Filipinos • Veneration of Saints
believe that: • Cult of the Child Jesus
• There is a parallel spirit world. • Anting-anting or amulets
• There were spirits (anito) everywhere. • Death and other rituals

• The events in the human world were

influenced by the actions and interventions of
these spirits.
Babaylan
• Women or feminized men of the various
ethnic groups of the pre-colonial Philippine
Islands.
• Works as spirit mediums and have spirit
guides or spirit companions.
• Specializations: Healing and herbalism,
divination, and sorcery.
Albularyo
• Or arbularyo, is a witch doctor commonly
found in the more rural areas of the
Philippines who heals using herbs or
POLITICAL SELF
• Politics
- The art or science concerned with
winning and holding control over a
government.
• The art or science of concerned with
guiding or influencing governmental policy.
• Basically rooted with in the home.
▪ Parents
▪ Siblings
• Citizenship
- The most basic identification with the
nation and as such, oriented towards
 the state and its expression in law • Growing Up in a Muslim Filipino
and policies. Community
- Citizenship was frequently described • Growing Up in Four Marginal
in terms of attributes associated with Philippine Communities of the
belonging to a larger community and Christian Majority
process by which citizens negotiate • Growing Up in an Urban Poor
the nature and extent of rights as Community
individuals and their obligation to • Growing Up in a Developmental
community. Community
• Analysis of Philippine Educational
• Democracy Policy
- The process of fundamentally, a way
of life, a means of relating with other Barriers and Bridges of Democratic Culture
individuals, groups and the state, and • Poverty
collective process of decision-making • Corruption
in order to attain political liberty, • Patrimonialism
social justice, and equality. • Personalism
• Inequality
Becoming a Filipino Citizen
• The awareness and understanding of self • If the government officials and the society
and community are both the foundation of cooperate with each other, respect each
democratic practice and result of it. other, know how to handle situations or
Citizenship, by convention, is the most basic problems, this will lead to a better democratic
identification with the nation and as such, is government.
oriented towards the state and its expression
in law and policy. Filipino Values and Traits
• The Filipino Hospitality
• Participatory, Redistributive Democracy • Respect for Elders
• Identity and a Sense of Belonging • Close Family Ties
• Effective Citizenship in Democracy • Cheerful Personality
• Self-sacrifice
An Overview of Filipino Perspectives on • Bayanihan
Democracy and Citizenship • Bahala na Attitude
• Micro-order • Colonial Mentality
▪ Family • Manana Habit
▪ Peers • Ningas Kugon
▪ Schools • Pride
▪ Local Church • Crab Mentality
An Overview of Filipino Perspectives on • Filipino Time
Democracy and Citizenship Filipino Markers
Macro-order • Proverbs or Salawikain
▪ Economic Systems • Superstitions
▪ Political Systems • Myths and Legends
▪ Cultural Systems • Heroes and Icons
• Growing up in a Traditional Oral
Community How to Be A Good Filipino
• Growing Up in Two Transitional 1. Be an active Filipino citizen
Communities 2. Study the Philippine History
3. Support local products SELECTIVE SELF-PRESENTATION AND
4. Speak the Filipino language IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT
5. Do not spread fake news and be • Self-presentation
democratic in engaging with dissent – process of controlling how one is
perceived by other people (Golfman,
Application/Assessment 1959 and Leary,1995)
• Make an acrostic which will describe you, in
relation to your being a Filipino • Anything posted online should be
F considered “public” no matter what our
I “privacy” settings are.
L
• Personal Identity
I
P – interpersonal level of self which
I differentiates the individual as unique
N from others.
O • Social Identity
- level of self whereby the individual
is identified by his or her group
memberships.
DIGITAL SELF • Social media friends are more updated
about their daily activities, connections and
• Almost two-thirds of the world’s population thoughts than their immediate families.
now has a mobile phone.
• Diaries that were once private or shared
• More than half of the world’s web traffic now only with friends are now posted as blogs
comes from mobile phones. which can be viewed by anyone.
• More than half of all mobile connections • Before, photographers are not visible but
around the world are now “broadband”. now, the trend is arms-length self-
• More than one in five of the world’s photography (selfie/groupie).
population shopped online in the past 30
• Family album turned to individual photo
days. gallery.
• Online Identity Results:
- The sum of all our characteristics and •Phenomenon of oversharing
our interactions.
• “fear of missing out”
• Partial Identity • People would like to remain updated
- Subset of characteristics that make
and they keep on sharing online
up our identity. because it adds a sense of
• Persona confidence.
- partial identity we create that • Disinhibition effect
represents ourselves in a specific • Causes people to believe that they
situation. are able to express their true self
better online.
• “Confessions, along with contemplation,
self-examination, learning, reading and
writing self-critical letters to friends are a part
of “technologies of the self” through which we
seek to purge and cleanse ourselves” –
(Foucault, 1998)
• We should have a filtering system to
whatever we share online and information we
believe in which are being shared or posted
by others online.
Setting Boundaries to Your Online Self:
Smart Sharing

Before posting or sharing anything online,

consider the following:
• Is this post/story necessary?
• Is there a real benefit to this post? Is it
funny, warm-hearted, teachable – or am I just
making noise online without purpose?
• Will this seem funny in 5,10, or 15 years?
Or is this post better suited for sharing with a
small group of family members? Or maybe
not at all.
• Have we (as a family or parent/child)
resolved this issue? An issue that is still
being worked out at home, or one that is
either vulnerable or highly emotional, should
not be made public.
• Is it appropriate? Does it stay within the
boundaries of our family values?
Additional guidelines for proper sharing of
information and ethical use of the internet:
• Stick to safer sites.
• Guard your passwords.
• Limit what you share
• Remember that anything you put online or
post on a site is there forever, even if you try
to delete it.
•Do not be mean or embarrass other people
online.
•Always tell if you see strange or bad
behavior online.
•Be choosy about your online friends.
•Be patient.