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‫‪ -‬القسم الكمي ‪-‬‬

‫‪-‬طبعة‪ 2341‬هـ‪-‬‬
‫‪www.yzeeed.com/vb‬‬ ‫منتديات يزيد التعليمية‬

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: HI 9 ,WA 2 = > K L = 9 Ec# : ( (' )
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O % :7Je ,HR; ,9 R7; v :J !
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:
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)..(
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8 = ' 567
8 9 =
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9 >; <-'
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% &' ()* ,
A=?×:=8:
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% = 8 ; <-'
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= QGR ' 1 8 = R ' 567
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www.yzeeed.com/vb
% ? H' '" UF !" +V' ' : ( 9 )

4: 23'
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4: 23'
8 = ' 567
8 ? = &6F
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9=8
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% ' VZ <0 . :M <O/
4: 23'
? <OF 2GC =
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www.yzeeed.com/vb
( ? = ? × A ) [] 7
:M = <O/ = P6' ;< =
A 1 ? ]^ \ W!" ?X$ = $ – ?A = : ? – : A
( ? = : × 9 ) [] 7
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+ 8 NNNNNNN
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% +,- 8 ; <-'
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% ' VZ ; <-' 9XX = 8 M
?XX = 8
www.yzeeed.com/vb
R ' I0 XL Z =']] =

g<[ L !" : ( )
% Z
4: 23'
( + 8 ) 1 8 = =']]<' =
' 567
XL = [ ( + 8) + 8 ] × L
L >; <-'
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? = + 8 ?
– ? = 8 ?
?X = 8 ?
? >; <-'
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X = 8 = ,R '
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4: 23'
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8 + M = >; M < !"
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L
9 & \, ' UF NNNNN' W
,- H'
8+M
9 – 8 ? = NNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
L
d<' = e;f]' NNN' L c0 E`'
www.yzeeed.com/vb
?X – 8 X = 8 + M
8 – 8 X = ?X + M
8 a = ?M
a >; <-'
:=8
% +,-
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4: 23'
8 = ' 567
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? = 8 × NNNNNNN
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X X
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?=8:
? =8
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: E;<'
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: :
% <Z =
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4: 23'
k = c7' ' 1 8 = ,R ' 567
LX = k + 8
:X = k – 8
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$X = 8 ?
? >; <-'
9X = 8
k <B [
l ( LX = k + 8 ) c0 8 = 57
LX = k + 9X
9X – LX = k
X = k
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X 1 9X = <Z =
'
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% +,-
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4: 23'
8 = ' 567
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4: 23'
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?M ( ) ?: ( N ) ?L ( E ) ?9 ( )
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ML > : + 8 :
: – ML > 8 :
M? > 8 :
: >; <-'
?9 > 8
?L 1 ?9 1 ?: : R
?L = O0 /
www.yzeeed.com/vb
% &/;<
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4: 23'

AX = p &/;<
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:XX = p &/;<

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% Z =
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:? = ? + :X = O<[ ? × :X
?: = : + ?X = O<[ : × ?X
a = 9 + L = O<[ 9 × L
A = A + X = O<[ A × X
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M $
4: 23'
L = ?9 × NNNNNNNN
8 × NNNNNNNN L
M $
M=8 L = L
8 × NNNNNNN
M
www.yzeeed.com/vb
:X <O P6' =
t
<O<[ , aXX <OF 2GC : ( ?? )
% <Z =
' =
VZ I0
4: 23'
k = c7' ' 1 8 = ,R ' 567
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AX = 8
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4: 23'
8 ' 567
$ – A + 8 = ( M 4 ) + 8 9
$+8=M–89
$+M=8–89
L = 8 :
L=8
www.yzeeed.com/vb
EF 2GC &;

+V' ' c0 EF !" +V' ' Z : ( ?L )
% a + =
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+ 8 = c7' ' 1 8 = ,R ' 56
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(?+8) 1 (+ 8) 1 8 = >',R R *)' 567
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% &]<B = $ 6
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www.yzeeed.com/vb
$9 ( ) ML ( N ) LM ( E ) 9$ ( )
4: 23'
f' []
? = L + M = ' c]7h < '
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<B EF 2GC =<B = /]
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% +,- k <B I0
4: 23'
M? = a – ( k × a )
a + M? = k a
$ = k a
a=k
www.yzeeed.com/vb
' VZ jF A I0 X? +,-

= X9 <B b7 !" : ( : )
% +,-
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X? = ' × X9
? = ' × 9
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A=8A
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: = R '
H' /0 9 >; cB' <-B .* 1 = L CD !" : ( :: )
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8 = ' 567
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M = :A × NNNNNN
$
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:A ' =<x' W
,- H' ;< =
L48
M = NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
9
www.yzeeed.com/vb
9 × M = L – 8
A$ = L – 8
M: = 8 L + A$ = 8
% ' VZ <0 1 c;* 2<
A ' !" : ( :9 )
4: 23'
?
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?9 = 8
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% NNNNNNN
L
4: 23'
9 × NNNNNNN
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? = k + 8 ? <O<[
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k + NNNNNNNNN
8 : E;<'
4: 23'
k +8
? = NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
: = NNNNNNNN
9 k8
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)..(
)..(

!" –

: 86 9 / 0 121 34

567 . - +, '(
)* : ( % ) #$
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9 , .
567
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567 : 86 9
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567 : 86 9 ) / 0 121 =
567 . - 9
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%H – D G = . + D
D – D G = %H + .
D H = HI
%I = D

567 %I = '<
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567 O MM- '<
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567 G - 9!K 67 PK!,
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?: F
Y = N6-
X D = 0 @AB
YG=D N6-
/ 0 G 0 :
www.yzeeed.com/vb
D =Y
MMMMMMM -W
J
)*
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D = 67 HI N6-
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567 > -
HI = %I + MMMMMMMM
G D
%I – HI = MMMMMMM
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%I = MMMMMMM
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GI = D
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567 %I - L '(
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?: =>
D = L @AB

%I + D =
567 %I - L
HI ? D = N67 HI 86
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N67 HI 86 9 \ =

567 %I - L
( HI – D ) H = ( %I + D )
:I – D H = %I + D
D – D H = :I + %I
D = ]I
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67 ]I = '<
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L '(
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50 ^> !, J HI MM- 5F !K '<
L '(
)*
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- .
567 `
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a67
?: =>
D = '<
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a67 -
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% =(H+D)
( %% + D ) MMMMMMMMM
H
Q
bca
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%% + D = ( H + D ) H
%% + D = : + D H
: – %% = D – D H
O=D
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567 O = D = 0
67 %_ = ` + O = ` + D =
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567 e-0 - X 6 +aL0 #$0 121 '<
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Y = '<
6 +aL0 X D = '<
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567 e-0 -
: + Y = 6
567 e-0 -
?: F
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!d
YG=D
!d \VB 6 U!V
567 e-0 -
% =:+Y
( : + D ) MMMMM
H
Q
bca
MMM H Z, [T-
www.yzeeed.com/vb
:+D=(:+Y)H
:+D=.+YH
:
8( Y G MMMM- D @5B
:+YG=.+YH
YH–YG=:–.
Y=:
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567 : = Y = 6
67 %H = : × G = Y G = D = !d
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Y = h X D = 7 @AB

YH=D h \ 7
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G = Y MMMMMM G
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Q
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G × %H = Y : – D G
G_ = Y : – D G

8( Y H MMM- D @5B
G_ = Y : – (Y H) G
G_ = Y : – Y _
G_ = Y H
%. = Y
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67 G_ = %. × H = Y H = 7
[
'<
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/ 0 ] [
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; [
P(
567 . + -W
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?: F
Y = -W
X D = [
@AB
%I – Y = -W
X %I – D = [

567 > 86
www.yzeeed.com/vb
-W
/ 0 ] [
'(
567 > 86 :
( %I – Y ) ] = %I – D

567 . + -W
\ [
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:
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@5B
( %I – Y ) ] = %I – (. + Y H)
]I – Y ] = H – Y H
Y H – Y ] = ]I + H ?
Y G = :.
%_ = Y
D = [
j
67 :I = . + GH = . + ( %_ ) H = D
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567 R7 !k K X V, \ 5d '<
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Y = '<
V, X D = '<
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567 R7 !k
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+, :
YH=D
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567 R7 !k :
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H: – Y : = _ – D
:
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H: – Y : = _ – Y H
Y H – Y : = H: + _ ?
Y H = %.
`=Y
J
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67 %. = ` × H = Y H = '<
+,
www.yzeeed.com/vb
U!V 67 HI - . N6-

/ 0 121 '<
9 : ( %% ) #$
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P( . 67 G] -W

?: F
Y = N6-
X D = '<

@AB
HI + Y = N6-
X HI + D =
67 HI -
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9 :
YG=D
67 G] -W
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67 %] = Y
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X L / 0 G F X F / 0 : Z : ( %H ) #$
; GH Pd0 l5 '(
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?: ( % ) F
l = L X Y = F X D = Z @AB

F / 0 : Z :
Y:=D
L / 0 G F :
lG=Y
GH Pd0 l5 :
GH = l + Y + D
?:
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B =
; F [5"
Y +Y+Y:
GH = MMMMMMMMM
G Y
GH = MMMMMMMMM +Y]
G
Q
bca
MM G Z,
[T-
G × GH = Y + Y %]
G × GH = Y %_

567 _ = Y
www.yzeeed.com/vb
?: ( H ) F
D = L @AB

D G = F
D %H = D G × : = Z
GH =
l5
GH = D %H + D G + D
GH = D %_
H=D
J
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567 _ = H × G = D G = F
mL !k K nB +L0 / 0 121 '<

o>- : ( %G ) #$
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d 'p, nB / 0 4L d '(
567
?: ( % ) F
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567 mL !k D = nB @AB
] – D G = o>-
567 mL !k D G = o>- @AB
nB / 0 4L d '(
567 mL !k :
(]–D)]=]–DG
H] – D ] = ] – D G
D G – D ] = H] + ] ?
D H = HI
%I = D
J
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67 GI = %I × G = D G = '<
o>-
: ( H ) F
Y = '<
nB +L0 @AB X D = '<
o>- @AB
] – Y = nB +L0 X ] – D = o>-
567 mL !k
nB +L0 / 0 121 '<
o>- :
YG=D
nB / 0 4L d '(
567 mL !k :
(]–Y)]=]–D
H] – Y ] = ] – D
www.yzeeed.com/vb
?:
8( Y G MMM- D @5B
H] – Y ] = ] – Y G
Y G – Y ] = ] – H]
Y H = HI
%I = Y
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Q Z, +q NaL0 / 0 121 Q %`Ì Q : ( %: ) #$
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: + D G = X : + D = +q (
567 e-0 -) Q %``: Q
NaL0 \ 9 U!n0 Q %``: Q :
(:+D)H=:+DG
.+DH=:+DG
:–.=DH–DG
:=D
67 %H = : × G = D G = Q %`Ì Q
67 HH = %I + %H = Q HIII Q
'p, 67 %. + - SA

67 O. N6-
L : ( %] ) #$
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?: F
Y = N6-
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O. = Y + D 67 O. N6-
L :
%. = Y – D 67 %. + - SA
:
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:. = D
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67 :. = L
www.yzeeed.com/vb
U!V
567 %I - N6-0 / 0 121 '<
[0 : ( %_ ) #$
; '<
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'p, 67 HI -W

?: F

567 %I = %I – HI = '<
-W

67 GI = %I × G = -W
/ 0 G = '<
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. + D =
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-V -< + V = $$$$$
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?@ / NO CX =
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www.yzeeed.com/vb
>: ( ) :-&
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C × E × = BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB =
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: _k-& 6F ' q TQ<-&
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# L-Z ;<
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www.yzeeed.com/vb
UQ
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[;F1&
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a+O &2Z Y,M

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4 'H-&
www.yzeeed.com/vb
! #-F IZ a,*? &23 #,:

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www.yzeeed.com/vb
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4=I

'H-& ×
?;-& =
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NO =
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www.yzeeed.com/vb
Y!;g NO Ne Y(,g NO E Ne ` Y;p NO X M @ "! : ( X )

;-& - U <-&
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)..(
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... > N? > 7[ > 7T > 7S > 7N > 7R > Q > 77
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www.yzeeed.com/vb
def
7 = :;3
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[
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B: ( 7 )
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S = 7( N ) + R
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[ = 7 + ( N × R)
7T = N + ( N × [)
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[Y = Y + ( N × RS)
7SR = S + ( N × [Y)
R7N = T + ( N × 7SR)
TR7 = [ + ( N × R7N)
www.yzeeed.com/vb
B: * ;%, 33G P ) () *+2 &' ;+ : ( Q ) 56

... > RNQ > NYQ > 7TQ > QQ
B:
Q? = ab ;% iGC DE" $3 ;+ ! ;% a . 9
QQ = Q? + Q
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B:
R=(7×N)+7
S=N+R
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B: * ;%, 33G P ) () *+2 &' ;+ 9< : ( 7? ) 56

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B:
7S = 7 + 7Y
NNS = 7S × 7S
7T = 7 + 7S
NST = 7T × 7T
7[ = 7 + 7T
NQ= = 7[ × 7[
7Q = 7 + 7[
www.yzeeed.com/vb
B: *+
() :;3 9< : ( 77 ) 56
... > SQ > RR > 7[ > Q > Y
B:
Y = N( 7 ) + R
Q = N( N ) + Y
7[ = N( R ) + Q
RR = N( Y ) + 7[
SQ = N( S ) + RR
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B: * *+

: ( 7N ) 56
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B:
R
7N = = + R
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: ( 7R ) 56
B:
R=7+N
= = 7 – 7?
Y=7+R
Q=7–=
S=7+Y
[=7–Q
T=7+S
www.yzeeed.com/vb
... > = > [ > S > R > 7 : *+

() j4C 9< : ( 7Y ) 56
B:
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l+2 &' W W;+ : ( 7S ) 56
... > .... > .... > 7?Y > RT > 7R > S > N
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RT = R – R= = R – 7R × R
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() !6 : ( 7T ) 56
B:
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Y = N( N )
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Y= = N( [ )
TY = N( Q )
( .... > N[ > N7 > 7S > = > R ) : ( : ( 7[ ) 56
B:
R
==T+R
7S = T + =
www.yzeeed.com/vb
N7 = T + 7S
N[ = T + N7
RR = T + N[
( ... > TR > R7 > 7S > [ > R ) : *GO *

: ( 7Q ) 56
B:
R=N+7
[=Y+R
7S = Q + [
R7 = 7T + 7S
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7N[ = TY + TR
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: ( 7= ) 56
B:
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T = N + N( N )
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B:
N
R = ?( R ) + N
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YN = R( R ) + 7S
7NR = Y( R ) + YN
www.yzeeed.com/vb
B: * *+
() j4C F4 : ( N7 ) 56
... > ST > R[ > NN > 77
B:
77
NN = 77 + 77
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B:
R
Y
T=R+R
Q=Y+Y
7N = T + T
7T = Q + Q
NY = 7N + 7N
RN = 7T + 7T
www.yzeeed.com/vb
B: * *+
() j4C F4 : ( NY ) 56
B:
( = = R × R ) = $ R
( NS = S × S ) NS $ S
( TY = Q × Q ) TY $ Q
def
TY = @
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B:
Y? = RQ + N
Y? = 7R + N[
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def
NN = @
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B:
R
[=(Y)+R
7T = ( S + Y ) + [
RS = ( 7? + = ) + 7T
[Y = ( N? + 7= ) + RS
7SR = ( Y? + R= ) + [Y
R7N = ( Q? + [= ) + 7SR
TR7 = ( 7T? + 7S= ) + R7N
def
TR7 = @
www.yzeeed.com/vb
B: * *+
() j4C F4 : ( N[ ) 56
B:
Y
T=N+Y
7? = Y + T
7Q = Q + 7?
RY = 7T + 7Q
TT = RN + RY
def
TT = @
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B:
S
==Y+S
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N?? = ( YQ + Y= ) + 7?R
R=R = ( =T + =[ ) + N??
def
R=R = @
www.yzeeed.com/vb
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www.yzeeed.com/vb
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www.yzeeed.com/vb
)..( – )..(
() %* +,- . !" #$! %&' : ( )

6* 2, %& (7 6 45 / $ 01&' 2 +3/
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%* %K %&' 2 (79 'L6 MN$! J H$I' : ( G )

#$! S TR U6 45 (7 % 0O HP QR
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F'
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www.yzeeed.com/vb
TR G( 5 Y'L #$! 2ZB[ \<LK 0K! L : ( C )

8 7
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UQX
C C C
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8 0<6L a L TR
:: 9
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8 Tb[ 2 % @AB . % 6 5
:: 9
C
( = 6
C
( 5 = 6 5
@AB? × >$ × < = % (7
@AB? × 5 × G = 5
5 = @AB?
( G5 = EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
5 × G
UQX
( G5 = % @AB
www.yzeeed.com/vb
O S !" $* Z'/ J T!6 2 (L7 : ( J )

8 (L7 a (7 . ( C F
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L . ( g 0, W1 f09' ( g J ]'D W1 f09 TO
8 FbO 0*
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8 ( C !" T! 26 M$*
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8 lK 2 l `Kp NZ 909d
( G ( V ) ( _ ( EZ ) ( 4 ( q ) ( ( / )
:: 9
= l `Kp + 0066 V& & l9N,
www.yzeeed.com/vb
TD ( / ) $N6/ rB
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:: 9
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G + J + J = 0<6L
( _ = 0<6L
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( >$ + < ) G = 0<6L f09
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G × G = 0<6L f09
( _ = 0<6L f09
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8 ( G = | m | Tj* UK& F* f09 Ya 0<6L f09 #L/
:: 9
( J = W1 <s = 0<6L >&
G – 0, W1 <s + ]'D W1 <s = 0<6L
G – J + J = 0<6L
= 0<6L
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( >$ + < ) G = 0<6L f09
( J + ) G = 0<6L f09
J × G = 0<6L f09
( CG = 0<6L f09
www.yzeeed.com/vb
g G5 F6L 26 W1K T `* $KI *^ !" 2 : ( G )

8 `* L TR
:: 9
G
h, g = W1 L
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8 (EZ) c (/) 06 0* L vKN (O . !"
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G G G
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G
GG5 + _ = ( EZ / )
G
JG5 = ( EZ / )
: ] = EZ /
(KO G5 = EZ /
W1V V . @iID Y'L6 lK : z/ Ya !" 2 : ( _ )
8 lK f09 TR . ( 5 <s tn,
:: 9
W1V V . @iID Y'L6 lK 2 : F W&s ,&
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UQX
] h, = lK `KI
] 5 = lK `KI
] 5 = ] 5 × C = × C = + + = lK f09 UQX
www.yzeeed.com/vb
tn, W1V V . `* z/ \I !" 2 : ( 5 )

= `* L TR ( C <s
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TO' EEEEEEEE
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:: 9
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= EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
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= 2, `* `KI
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:: 9
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] C = ] × J × EEEEEEEEE
= J 'bK *^ `Kp
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8 L
:: 9
G = +<s 0K$* `* L
( <^ ) × EEEEEEEEE
G
G
G5 = ( ] 5 ) × EEEEEEEEE = +<s 0K$* `* L

G
5 = $Kp UQX
www.yzeeed.com/vb
8 lK L z/ \I !" 2 : ( k )

:: 9
= lK L
C EEZ × _ × C × EEEEEEEEE
G
× G × EEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEE = lK L
G G
G
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8 = <09
:: 9
Z,' lK aj, wB30 x, y,
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J UQX
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8 W1 L TR ] 5 lK `KI TO QR W1V
:: 9
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] × h, = ] 5
] 5
( 5 = h,
G G
g G5 = g × ( 5 ) = h, g = W1 L
www.yzeeed.com/vb
V . @iID Y'L6 lK z/ \I !" 2 : ( GC )

8 W1 f09 TR ] 5 lK `KI TO QR W1V
:: 9
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] 5
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( 5 = h,
( g = 5 × g G = h, g G = W1 f09
TO QR W1V V . `* z/ \I !" 2 : ( G_ )
8 W1 L TR ] 5 $KI
:: 9
h, ] =
] 5 h, ] = ] 5
( 5 = h,
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TO QR W1V V . `* z/ \I !" 2 : ( G5 )
8 W1 f09 TR ] 5 $KI
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h, ] =
] 5 h, ] = ] 5
( 5 = h,
( g = 5 × g × G = h, g G = W1 f09
QR W1V V . (x6 2 z/ \I !" 2 : ( GJ )
8 W1 f09 ' L Z'/ ( C $KI TO
:: 9
h, = W1V V . 2 `KI : F W&s
( C = W1 <s tn, = 2L `KI
G G G
( g k = g × ( C ) = h, g = W1 L UQX
( g J = ( C ) × g G = h, g G = W1 f09'
www.yzeeed.com/vb
tn6 ]K& F O g^, `*B/ c ' c @ c { c m c 0<6L EZ q / : ( G4 )

0<6L L 0* NL !"* \I O . 0<6L @iI/ /
8 ' @ { m !" L'
:: 9
: W&s
= 0$ L
Y<s ? I&' Ya 0<6L L EEEEEEEEE
G
0$
UQX
= ' @ { m !" L
0<6L L EEEEEEEEEE
G
0<6L L = ' @ { m !" L G
0<6L L
G = EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEE
' @ { m !" L
: G = ' @ { m !" L : 0<6L L
L T^*<6 T1V K* (B 0<6L *^ !" : ( G )
G
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:: 9
m c m G I&' 0<6L >A,
UQX
CG = m × m G
G
CG = m G
G
J = m
_=m
UQX
( _ = W1 <s = 0<6L >&
UQX
_ = h,
( G = EEEEEEEEE
G
F'
G G G
( g _ = ( G ) × g = h, g = W1 L
www.yzeeed.com/vb
c | V F O . M$* C \I *^ ( : ( Gk )

`* TO *' c f'D `* @iI/ tn }dD `* TO l09*
G }dD `* `KI T/ HK& QR c NOD `* @iI/ tn f'D

8 NOD `* `KI c (
G G :: 9
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:: wB30 x, y, h
G
( ) + G( ) = G( G )
G
G=_
G
=G
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UQX
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m
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m
] :: wB30 x, y, h & NOD `*
( m ) + G( m ) = G( ] )
G
G
mG=
G
m=_
G=m
UQX
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8 ( EZ / ) ]X ( E / ) NL,
:: 9
E /
= EEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEE
_ EZ /
$* Ns
www.yzeeed.com/vb
0<6L FKV (B T bO W1V z/ Ya !" : ( C )
8 Y'L W1 L TR ( G 0<6L <s TO QR c ' T { m
:: 9
T m 0<6L <s (*
W1 <s tn, Up/ ( T m) <^ T/ ~i,
( G = h, UQX
F'
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G
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G
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\< ]K& { c m 06<^ 0* L ns/ 2 c ( F&AB '
8 ,<D
:: 9
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( J = W&^ f09 tn, UQX
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wB30 x, y,
G
( J ) + G( ) = G( m { )
CJ + J_ = G( m { )
= G( m { )
= m {
UQX
( = { c m 06<^ 0* L ns/
f09 c g G = EZ W1 f09 z/ \I !" 2 : ( CC )

8 = EZ q / lK f09 TR c g = q W1 f09 = / W1
:: 9
:: EZ W1 2
h, g G = f09
h, g G = g G
www.yzeeed.com/vb
( J = h,
:: q c / W1 2
h, g G = f09
h, g G = g
_ = h,
UQX
( = _ + J = EZ / = EZ q
( = _ + _ = q /
UQX
( G = + + = q / + EZ q + EZ / = EZ q / lK f09
:: z/ \I !" 2 : ( C_ )

8 V EZ q / !" f09 #L/
:: 9
V q / (1^ lK
[ G() + G(J) = G(V q) ] wB30 x, y, = q
= EZ q = q V UQX 0sL Y'L6 EZ q V lK T/ *'
J : = EZ 'b c V 'b V7X EE
ZBV J = EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
G
@iID Y'L6 EZ q V lK UQX
= EZ q = q V = EZ V F'
(V EZ) + (EZ q) + ( q /) + ( / V) = V EZ q / !" f09
( C_ = ( + ( + ( J + ( = V EZ q / !" f09
`* ! ]K& F O 0&s T!6 2 (L7 : ( C5 )

( c ( _ F O V$*/ !" K0<6L Z'/ $*B/' c ( _ $KI
8 (L7 (7 . 0$* O ]K& V&
:: 9
@AB? × >$ × < = (L7 (7
× _ × _ = (L7 (7
C
( G = (L7 (7
www.yzeeed.com/vb
]K& &s' ( G5 &AB (1s 2)i) B" 0N,7 L : ( CJ )

:: 2 ( $KI @iID Y'L6 lK !
:: 9
: W&s
@AB? × W&^ f09 = (1s 2)i) B" 0N,7 L
( $KI @iID Y'L6 lK ! ]K& W&^ T/ *
UQX
( G_ = + + = &iI/ / @7 = W&^ f09
F'
G5 × G_ = (1s B" 0N,7 L
G
( J = (1s B" 0N,7 L
! ]K& &s' ( G5 &AB (1^ 2)i B" (7 : ( C4 )

:: G( ] J F6L lK
:: 9
:: W&s
@AB? × W&^ L = B" (7
G5 × ] J = B" (7
C
( ] _ = B" (7
L TR G( C 7' ( 5 &AB (1s 2)i) B" : ( C )

8 &s
:: 9
:: W&s
@AB? × W&^ L = B" (7
5 × W&^ L = C
G
( J = W&^ L
www.yzeeed.com/vb
TR ( 5 &AB' ( &s `KI (1s 2&*B . : ( Ck )

8 = 7
:: 9
:: W&s
= .F (7
@AB? × W&^ L × EEEEEEEEE
C
= .F (7
5 × ( >$ × < ) × EEEEEEEEE
C
= .F (7
5 × ( × ) × EEEEEEEEE
C
C
( 5 = .F (7
( _ <s tn, ' ( F&AB 1s 1V ,</ : ( _ )

h, 8 F7 TR
:: 9
@ :: W&s
@ G h, g = ,<? (7
× G( _ ) × g = ,<? (7
× J × g = ,<? (7
C
( g J = ,<? (7
( + ' ( G &s <s (1s Y1V g'[ : ( _ )

8 = &AB TR
:: 9
wB30 x, y,
G
( @AB? ) + G( J ) = G( )
CJ – = G( @AB? )
J_ = G( @AB? )
( = @AB?
8 = <s tn, TR G( G5J F6L +O : ( _G )

:: 9
:: W&s
G
h, g _ = W! L
G
h, × C_ × _ = G5J
www.yzeeed.com/vb
= Gh,
( = h,
]K& 'B `^' ( G <s W1* g9 `* V EZ q / : ( _C )

8 EZ q / lK L . W1 f09
:: 9
= EZ q / lK L
@AB? × W&^ × EEEEEEEEE
G
= EZ q / lK L
× G × EEEEEEEEE
G
G
( = EZ q / lK L
V EZ q E / !" f09 #L/ z/ \I !" 2 : ( __ )

:: 9
( C = E / c ( 5 = q /
:: wB30 x, y,
G
( q E ) + G( E / ) = G( q / )
G
( q E ) + k = G5
J = G( q E )
_ = q E
= !" f09
(/ V) + (V EZ) + (EZ q) + (q E ) + (E /)
G + 5 + G + _ + C = !" f09
( J = !" f09
8 z/ \I !" 2 Z 26 M$* V& (O : ( _5 )

:: 9
J M$* V&
8W1 L TR ( _ c ( C +V$*/ W1V V 0<6L (B : ( _J )

:: 9
0<6L <s Z, wB30 x, y,
G
(_) + G(C) = G(<^)
J + k = G(<^)
www.yzeeed.com/vb
G5 = G(<^)
5 = <^
5 = W1 <s = 0<6L <s : xi
UQX
G5 = W1 <s tn,
F'
G
h, g = W1 L
G
(G5) × g = W1 L
g JG5 = W1 L
TR FI& t$I F TO' . J = F<09 K0<6L >B/ $<s : ( _4 )
8= F6L
:: 9
m = >$ c m G = < >A,
UQX
m J = f09
m J = J
= m
F'
( G = × G = m G = <
( = m = >$
UQX
>$ × < = 0<6L L
× G = 0<6L L
G
( G = 0<6L L
8 !" f09 #L/ : ( _ )

:: 9
4 = { + m T/ ~i, !" i
J + ({+ m) + + 4 + 5 = !" f09
J + 4 + + 4 + 5 = !" f09
( CJ = !" f09
www.yzeeed.com/vb
8 = S H,O QX 26 0<6L f09 : ( _k )

:: 9
( >$ + < ) G = f09
( S C + S 5 ) G = f09
S × G = f09
S J = f09
× J = f09
J = f09
8 M$* `07 NL* KKx M$* LO Y/ : ( 5 )

:: 9
U$* G5 = 5 × 5 = M$*K 2K! V$
M$* = KKx M$* V&
G = EEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEE KKx
= EEEEE M$* V& = NL
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
5 G5 M$*K 2K! V$
<s W1V V !* $I' ! `* L NO/ : ( 5 )
8 ( ]
] :: 9
G = `* L
( <^ ) EEEEEEEEE
G
G
( ] ) × EEEEEEEE
= `* L
G
= `* L
G × EEEEEEEEE
G
G
( = `* L
8 $KI A&I QX `* L t&p6 (O : ( 5G )

:: 9
( G = ( 6A&p Ns ) `* `KI >A,
G
( _ = ( 6A&p Ns ) L
UQX
( _ = ( 6A&p $* ) `* `KI
G
( J = ( A&p $* ) L
UQX
M _ L HA&p
www.yzeeed.com/vb
`KI T/ HK& QR c (1s 2&*B . ! ]K& (L7 : ( 5C )
%i ,' c . Y'L 2N,7 @AB?' c . 5 Y'L !" $* &s
TR c M?B _ vKN `* 6K T $ TX l0 0N,7 Z'D
8 Y'L * (L7 %i AK!
:: 9
= .FK 0N,7 L
2N,7 Z @AB × W&^ f09 × EEEEEEEEE
G
= .FK 0N,7 L
× ( 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 ) × EEEEEEEEE
G
= .FK 0N,7 L
× G × EEEEEEEEE
G
G
(O = .FK 0N,7 L
UQX
B CG = _ × = AK!6
' . bO W1V B c $6 M0) YB9 ]K& : ( 5_ )

| EZ / | TO QR c EZ . / q 0<6L FB F<09 ]K& $s q <^
8 Y'L W1 <s tn, TR c ( 5 =
:: 9
T'L6 +<s TX 0<6L y1n
( 5 = . q = EZ / UQX
W1 <s tn, = ( . q ) T/ ~i,'
UQX
( 5 = W1 <s tn,
lK ",/ ( = | V / | 0 0<6L V EZ q / : +,V/ !" 2 : ( 55 )

J = | q E | c ( = | E / | TX l09* q / `Kp ]K& E 2 'b (1^ q E /
8 V EZ q E / !" L c (
:: 9
q / Z, wB30 x, y, c 'b (1s q E / lK T/ *
G
( J ) + G( ) = G( q / )
CJ + J_ = G( q / )
= G( q / )
= q /
= EZ V = q / F'
www.yzeeed.com/vb
G
( = × = V EZ q / 0<6L L
G = q E / lK L
( G_ = × J × EEEEEEEEE
G
lK L + 0<6L L = V EZ q E / !" L
G_ + = V EZ q E / !" L
G
( _ = V EZ q E / !" L
G Y'L 6L' ' 606L* &s ]K& &AB b lK : ( 5J )
8 &s c G(
:: 9
+ m = @AB? c m = W&^ >A,
= lK L
@AB? × W&^ × EEEEEEEEE
G
= G
( + m ) × m × EEEEEEEEE
G
m + Gm = _G
= _G – m + Gm
=(J–m)(4+m)
I *ZX 4 : = m X
N^ *ZX J=m '/
UQX
J = m = W&^
r P ' E `* &iID An g^ B c `* V EZ q / : ( 54 )

8 V EZ q / NOD `* L ]X r P ' E }dD `* L NL,
:: 9
G = V E UQX _ = V / `KI >A,
wB30 x, h & EZ E `KI Z, F'
G
( E V ) + G( V E ) = G( E E )
G
( G ) + G( G ) = G( E E )
_ + _ = G( E E )
= G( E E )
] G = ] = E E
J = _ × _ = V EZ q / `* L
= ] G × ] G = E P ' E `* L
www.yzeeed.com/vb
:: qK<
J : = V EZ q / NOD `* L : r B ' E }dD `* L
G : = V EZ q / NOD `* L : r B ' E }dD `* L
@7 TO QR ^*<6 M$* L T! +,V/ !" : ( 5 )
8 Y'L M606L* !" f09 TR c G( F6L
:: 9
CJ =
EEEEEEEE = `* L
5
J = `* `KI
@iID V& × `Kp = !" f09
( 4G = G × J = !" f09
L NL, c T$* T ' E / c V EZ q / c +,V/ !" 2 : ( 5k )

8 ' . q E L ]X V ' T
:: 9
( = T / `KI c ( _ = V / `KI >A,
UQX
( = ' T `KI c ( C = V T `KI
G
( C = × C = V ' T L
:: *'
( = ' E `KI c ( C = q E `KI
G
( C = × C = ' . q E L
:: NL,
= EEEE V ' T L
C = EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
C ' . q E L
L (x6 2 f09 Y'L @iID Y'L6 lK f09 : ( J )
8 2 2L L TR G( G lK
:: 9
C = @iID h*<6 lK f09
G J = (x6 2L f09
C = G J
= F'
EEEEEEEEEEE G = G G
G
www.yzeeed.com/vb
G ]
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE = @iID h*<6 lK L
_
G ]
EEEEEEEEEEEEE = G
_
= G
EEEEEEEEEEEEEE
]
G ] C
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE = 2L L
G G
G ] C
( EEEEEEEEE ) EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE = 2L L
G G
G ]
× EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
× EEEEEEEEE C = 2L L
_ G
× EEEEEEEE ] C
× EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE = 2L L
_ G
]
G
( C = 2L L
W1 L 0* NL TR W1V f09 Y'L `* f09 : ( J )
82 EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
`* L
:: 9
_ = `* f09
h, g G = W1V f09
UQX
W1V f09 = `* f09
h, g G = _
h, g = G
G = h,
EEEEEEEEEEE
G g

g × GEEEEEEEE _ F'
G
_ = EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEE g h, W1 L
g = EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE = EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
g G G `* L

c ( c ( J &iI/ / lK m'* 26 W1 L : ( JG )
8 2 (
:: 9
www.yzeeed.com/vb
1s 'P 2 W1 <s ]K& . 0<09 'b

( = W1K <s MK +a ' TR za
F'
( 5 = h,
g G5 = G( 5 ) g = Gh, g = W1 L
: L
'b (1s lK / 2 06 D TX
... c { C c G c 5 } c { 5 c _ c C }
c ZBV C = EZ 'b 0 q 2 'b (1s EZ q / lK : ( JC )

8 = q / c ] G = | EZ q |
:: 9
:: 206L 20)i lK 2
= | q / | = C 'bK Z `Kp
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
G
= | EZ q | = J 'bK Z `Kp
] × EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
G
UQX
= ] G
] × EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
G
( _ =
UQX
= q /
_ = EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
( G = EEEEEEEEEE
G G
L TR 6L' (_ + m) c ( + m) +$KI 0<6L : ( J_ )

8 2 (C + m) c (G + m) +$KI 0<6L
:: 9
= ( _ + m ) ( + m) = 'D 0<6L L
= _ + m + m _ + Gm
= _ + m 5 + Gm
kJ = m 5 + Gm
( C + m ) ( G + m ) = D 0<6L L
J + m G + m C + Gm = D 0<6L L
J + m 5 + Gm = D 0<6L L
www.yzeeed.com/vb
J + kJ = D 0<6L L

G = D 0<6L L
}d/ TR 5 : 5 : C : C : G V&D ` N6 2 ! @iI/ : ( J5 )

8 2 0 'P
:: 9
= 5 + 5 + C + C + G = #6 %bZ/ @7
× ( G – T ) = 2[ 'P @7
5 = T = 2[ @iI/ V&
ZBV 5_ = × C = × ( G – 5 )
G = 2 'P }d/
ZBV J = 5_ × EEEEEEEEE

TR __ 6L' I& S$I/ $*B/ 0<6L `KI TO QX : ( JJ )
8 <09
:: 9
m _ = < c m = >$ >A,
__ = m × m _ = L
__ = Gm _
CJ = Gm
J=m
UQX
G_ = J × _ = < c J = >$
F'
( >$ + < ) × G = f09
( J + G_ ) × G = f09
C × G = f09
J = f09
L TR g J = `* L' f09 A, F W1V' `* : ( J4 )
8 2 W1
:: 9
g J = `* L
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g ] _ = `* `KI
g ] J = g ] _ × _ = `* f09
h, g G = W1 f09
h, g G = g ] J
g]
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE = h,
g
UQX
g]
J_ = G( EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE ) × g = Gh, g = W1 L
g
TR ( G c ( k +V$*/ 0<6L L t$I 6L `* : ( J )

8 2 0<6L f09 ]X `* f09 0* NL
:: 9
>$ × < = 0<6L L
G × k = 0<6L L
G
( = 0<6L L
× G = `* L
G
( CJ = `* L
F'
( J = `* `KI
_ = `* f09
J × _ = `* f09
( G_ = `* f09
( >$ + < ) G = 0<6L f09
( G + k ) G = 0<6L f09
× G = 0<6L f09
( GG = 0<6L f09
UQX
G = EEEEEEEEEEE `* f09
G_ = EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEEE
GG 0<6L f09
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& T$6N' c bO* T96 T1V B'7 !" 2 : ( Jk )

8 01 0 2<09 0* A . M' B^* Fp$*
:: 9
m = }n W1 <s tn, >A,
+ m = N! W1 <s tn, T!0
UQX
g m G = g h, G = }n W1 f09
g G + g m G = g ( + m ) G = g h, G = N! W1 f09
g G = g m G – g G + g m G = 01 2<09 0* A
T/ HK& QR c W1 ]K& 'B / `* +,V/ !" 2 : ( 4 )
8 W1 L c `* L
:: 9
G
= `* L
G
=
] G=
W1 <s tn, = `* <s !" i ~i,
wB30 x, h & <^ Z,
G
( ] G) + G( ] G) = G( . / )
+ = G( . / )
_=./
g J = g G( _ ) = g Gh, = W1 L
W1V V (B @iID h*<6 EZ q / lK B'7 !" 2 : ( 4 )

8 | E V | Z'/ . ( _ <s tn,
:: 9
q m/ ]X bO W1 <s tn, (,
| V E | : | V . | = | E . | T/ *
| V E | : _ = | V . | UQX
@iID h*<6 lK T/ *
ZBV J = q 'b m0s UQX
( G = | E . | T/ 7, 26*' 206 20)i) lK
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tn, Y'L 'b (1^ 2 C 'bK *^ `Kp TD

| V E | : | V . | = | E . | T/ *
| V E | : _ = G UQX
G – _ = | V E |
( G = | V E |
8W1 f09 ( _ c ( C +V$*/ W1V V 0<6L (B : ( 4G )

:: 9
wB30 x, h & 0<6L <s Z,
G
( _ ) + G( C ) = G( <^ )
J + k = G( <^ )
G5 = G( <^ )
5 = <^
5 = W1 <s = 0<6L <s
G5 = W1 <s tn, F'
h, g G = W1 f09
G5 × g G = W1 f09
g 5 = W1 f09
8 +,V/ V EZ q / 0<6L : ( 4C )

:: 9
m = EEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE 5
G+m J
mJ=(G+m)5
m J = + m 5
m 5 – m J =
m =
UQX
G = G + = G + m = 0<6L
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c ( 0<6L FKV (B c W1V `*B +i&/ !" 2 : ( 4_ )

8 [ EZ q / ] m^ . ( J I&'
:: 9
:: W&s
^
. = m^
W1 f09 × EEEEEEEEE
CJ
ZBV k = . 'b !" #L
UQX
k = m^
W1 f09 × EEEEEEEE
CJ
UQX
= m^
g h, G × EEEEE
_
F'
= m^
g h, × EEEEEE
G
(1^ lK 2 = 0<6L <s = h,
Z, wB30 x, y, h &
= F'
= W1 <s tn, = T/ *
= m^
g × EEEEEE
G
g 5 = m^
8 = | V / | TR G = | EZ / | TO QX *^ !" 2 : ( 45 )

:: 9
06'P m0s T! 0$Kp h*<6' 'b (1^ lK 2
ZBV _5 = 0V9
] × 1^ 'b 2$KI / =
] × 1^ 'b 2$KI / = G
G = 1^ 'b 2$KI /

EEEEEEEEEEEE
]
]
] = EEEEEEEEEEE × EEEEEEEEEEE
G = 1^ 'b 2$KI /
] ] UQX
] =|V/|
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tn6 ]K& `^ EZ q / lK m'B H,O QX *^ !" 2 : ( 4J )
8 NOD ]X }dD lK L NL, T E V lK @iI/
:: 9
' lK & WBN& 0}n lK
W0}d MK _ & WBN& 0N! lK
UQX
_ : = 0N! lK ]X 0}n lK L NL,
8 = ( { + m ) 0s *^ !" 2 : ( 44 )

:: 9
206L 20)i lK 2
= ( { + m )
EEEEEEE
G
UQX
4={+m
TO QX *^ !" 2 2) 6L 2 : ( 4 )

8 = @ 0s TR ] C = | / . |
:: 9
@ . @ T/ ( ~i,
@ . Z, wB30 x, y, '
UQX
G:
=
] = ::: : : ] = : : J: –: G: ( : : ]: : C )] = | @ . |
C – Y'L F,R 2) 6L 2 `s & WBN& @ TD'
C : = @ 0s UQX
8 Y'L *^ !" f09 : ( 4k )

:: 9
m `Kp Z, B^, 2, !" i
5 = : :@: : :+: :@ ] = m
( GJ = 5 + 5 + J + + G = !" f09 UQX
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c / bO W1V *^ !" 2 : ( )

8 Y'L EZ q / Y1 @<^ f09 TR c = | EZ q | m^
:: 9
^
/ = m^
W1 f09 × EEEEEEEEEE
CJ
_5 =
W1 f09 × EEEEEEEEEE
CJ
= W1 f09
F'
h, g G = W1 f09
h, g G =
_ = h,
EEEEEEEEE
g
UQX
h, + h, + m^ = EZ q / Y1 @<^ f09
_ + EEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEEE _ + = EZ q / Y1 @<^ f09
g g
+ = EZ q / Y1 @<^ f09

EEEEEEEEEE
g
www.yzeeed.com/vb
)..( – )..(
! "#$ %&' ()$ * ' : ( )

+ ,-
/: (.
2
1 = "#
2 = "#$ %&'
1 × 333333333
O
9 (56 7 (89 : ; <8& = : ( 2 )

:
/: (.
?>: @A B>CD': BD> E- ; : ">
. (89 ! E:D BF G6 (89
HIJ
2 : =
+ LM E- (56 7 : ( K )

/: (.
?F × @ = (89
2
P 2O = O × N = (89
2
1 = "#
1 O = 2( 2 ) × 1 = "#

= "# 3333333
1 2 = 1 O × 3333333
2 2
HIJ
1 N = 1 2 + 1 O = "#$ !: "#
"#$ !: "# – (89 =
1 N – 2O =
( 1 – O ) N =
www.yzeeed.com/vb
. RM LM ST@ (56 7 : ( O )

22 = 1 P O %& %T @A ;8
33333333
`
/: (.
2
P N = O × O = 2 = %&
[[ = O × 333333333
333333333 22 = 2( 2 ) × 33333333
22 = 2 1 = "#
` ` `
"# – %& =
[[ / N =
33333333
`
2 2O = 33333333333333333333
P 33333333 [[ / 2 =
` `
V: P 2 BFT @A %& LM ST@ (56 7 : ( U )

8\ 7 P [ = | Z | = | 3 : | =| $ 3Y | = | X M |
+
/: (.
O =
1 N = 2( O ) 1 = 2 1 = "#
1 K2 = 1 N × 2 = <8D#
2
P OO = 2 × 2 = 2 = %&
<8D# – %& = 8\
1 K2 – OO = 8\
= | 3 M | = | : M | P K BFT @A %& LM ST@ (56 : ( N )

+ = ]^7 P U
/: (.
2
P _ = 2(K) = 2 = %&
2 = 3 $ 3Y ;
P 22U = K × U × 33333333
2
2 = 3Y X : ;
P 22U = K × U × 33333333
2
=
( 3Y X : ; + 3 $ 3Y ; ) – %&
( 22U + 22U ) – _ =
OU – _ =
2
P OU =
www.yzeeed.com/vb
P O BFT @A $ 3Y X M %& LM ST@ (56 7 : ( ` )

+ ( (56 7 #:$ a!M F&'M '
/: ( ) (.
( "# – %& ) 2 = 8\
( 1 O – N ) 2 = 8\
1 [ – K2 = 8\
8\ – %& =
( 1 [ – K2 ) – N =
N / 1 [ =
/: bc
A %&'M <> "'=> 8f ]M P 7 de
<59: <89&9 <89 8f <89 g= 7 Y@
: 9h 8C: g@F
= ( 8C: g@F ) <89 8f <89
( gi: < gi ) <8&9 <8D# C! / %&
1 O / N = 1 2 2 / N =
l9 Y@ P ( k8: j 8 ) <89 8f <89 g Y@D ]i
1 O / N = ( 8C: g@F ) ]9 mC ]g:D l5:
1 [ / K2 = ( 1 O / N ) × 2 = Hh 8f n@ o ]@587
= E:D ;8 Hh Y@ ]p
h 8f / %&
N / 1 [ = 1 [ + N / = 1[ + K2 / N = ( 1 [ / K2 ) / N =
/: bc
www.yzeeed.com/vb
< ( qro jJ ( Z ) "# = : ( [ )

+ ( n ) "#
/: (.
1 = 2() × 1 = 2 1 = Z "#
1 s2U = 2(sU) × 1 = 2 1 = ] "#
1 22U = 2(U) × 1 = 2 1 = n "#
1 2U = 1 s2U + 1 = ] V: Z <8D# n@ o
] V: Z <8D# n@ o – n "# = ( qro
1 2U – 1 22U = ( qro
1 = ( qro
(n) "# < ( qro E:D (Z) "# = HIJ
jJ ( M ) rh 9 "8\! "# = : ( _ )

( n ) "8=5 "# rh ( $ ) ]M H > + ( qro
+ <89g:9 <8D8\! <8D#:
/: (.
1 = 2() × 1 = 2 1 = (M) rh 9 "8\! "#
1 = 2() × 1 = 2 1 = ($) rh 9 "8\! "#
1 _ = 2(K) × 1 = 2 1 = "8=5 "#
<8D8\! <8D# – "8=5 "# = ( qro
1 2 – 1 _ = ( qro
1 ` = ( qro
` : = 1 ` : 1 = ( qro jJ "8\! "# = HIJ
8f ] : 2P K2 E:D ,$M (89 *h IJ : ( s )
+ ( (56 t8. 7 <8Fu &9 <8
/: (.
?F × @ = (89
O × @ = K2
P [ = @
/: v neTi @AM Y@ ]p
.. (56 7 h
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P = K – O = ( ) %u
P# ; %T ( D K O = ?F ]i )
( <8Fu &9
P O = O – [ = ( 2 ) %u
P# ; %T ( D O [ = @ ]i )
( <8Fu &9
P ] O = (K ) %u
( 2(O) + 2( O ) = 2(D@ ) w'@f87 g x < ]i )
P U = K – [ = ( O ) %u
( U = =9 qro HIJ K = @ < Z@F qro: [ = @ ]i )
P ] K = ( U ) %u
( 2( K ) + 2( K ) = 2( D@ ) w'@f87 g x < ]i )
HIJ
P ] ` + s = ] K + U + ] O + O + = ( (56 t8.
*h I^7 g:9 #:$ )& %& ,$M (56 : ( )
+ "@ "# 7 2P Oss E:D %&
/: (.
2
= %&
2
= Oss
P 2s = %& %T @A HIJ
P U = "# ! l:
1 2U = 2( U ) 1 = 2 1 = "@ "#
+ ,$M (56 7 3Y X M ; : ( 2 )

/: (.
= ;
nCD'y × "> × 3333333
2
2 = ;
P 2O = N × [ × 33333333
2
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E:g ':o (89 7 B D E- 5 : ( K )

+ z'8v 7 B D E- 5 H=gD
($) (3Y) (X) (M)
/: (.
= eh ( M )
333333
K
+ P N = "# ! @A ]h IJ ]@ qro : ( O )

/: (.
K = ( qro
; – "# 33333333
O
/ 2(N) 1 × 3333333
N × N × 3333333 K = ( qro
2 O
[ – 1 2` = ( qro
[ – ( KO × 2` ) = ( qro
NN`[ = ( qro
IJ N !: (Z) rh "#$ ! (& (56 7 : ( U )

+ E:D ]^7 Z X j> E$@ > 3Y M ]h
/: (.
X Z M ; – "# ! =
/ 2 1 × 33333333
| X Z | × | Z M | × 3333333 =
2 2 2
/ ( N ) 1 33333333
N × N × 33333333 =
2 2
[ – 1 [ =
IJ N !: (Z) rh "#$ ! (& (56 7 : ( N )

+ E:D 8\ ]^7 Z X j> E$@ > 3Y M ]h
/: (.
X Z M ; = 8\
= 8\
| X Z | × | Z M | × 3333333
2
= 8\
N × N × 3333333
2
[ = 8\
www.yzeeed.com/vb
{:|' M ;8.& "#$ ()$ Z@ %& (& (56 7 : ( ` )
]^7 "# t8. j> )p: "# rh j> %g %&
+ E:D
/: (.
] = :@:: :+ :@ ] =
%& – "# =
2
( %u ) – 2 1 =
2
( 2 ) – 2( ] ) 1 =
O – 1 [ =
F& ": 2O ( qro ]h IJ (& (56 7 : ( [ )

+ E:g ze89 E}@9 Po ]^7
/: (.
2O 33 = ze89 E}@9 ?>
N = 33333333
O
`2 = N × O × K = Po.
+ Y:M : ( _ )

/: (.
2
1 × 33333333 = g@F "# !
2
2
P `` = 2(`) × 33322 = g@F "# !
333333 × 333333333
` 2 2
P _N = O × O = %&
2 22 = 8C "#
P UO = 2( ` ) × 33333333
`
8C "# – %& = 8C
2
P O2 = UO – _N = 8C
HIJ
2
P _ = 2P O2 + 2P `` = z n@ o
(56 7 RF5 9 89& Po : ( 2s )

+':o
/: (.
www.yzeeed.com/vb
K
P Nsss = Os × 2s × 2s = RF5 Po
K
P 2Oss = 2s × s × 2 = X@. :i RF5 Po
K
P 2Oss = 2s × s × 2 = X@. RF5 Po
K
P 2ss = ( 2Oss + 2Oss ) – Nsss = Po
+ Z "# 7 ( qro : ( 2 )

/: (.
] = E# n
"# × 33333333
KNs
_s = E# n
1 O = 2( O ) × 1 × 33333333
KNs
= P# ;
[ = O × O × 33333333
2
P# ; – E# n =
[ – 1 O =
F& ": ( 2 – 1 ) O =
+ E:D 9 (56 7 : ( 22 )

/: (.
( %& + () = 85 IJ
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+ E:D 9 %& 7 ( qro : ( 2K )

/: (.
= × 333333
333333 × 333333
= < gi ;
O 2 2
= 333333
3333333 × 333333
× 333333
= gi ;
[ 2 2 2
<8 n@ o – %& = ( qro

U = 3333333
3333333 K – = ( qro
[ [
P _ = | $ 3Y | P O = | $ M | P K = | X M | (56 7 : ( 2O )
+ RM
/: (.
P K = 3 $ @A $ogJ <5 g 3 3Y $ 3 X M <8 &6D <
2 = 3 3Y $ ;
P KU = K × _ × 333333333
2
2 = 3Y $ M ;
P [ = O × _ × 333333333
2
2
P OU = KU – [ =
P K = (]) (Z) <8D# < Heh ! @A ]h IJ : ( 2U )
P 2 = | { | ]G& H > + RM
/: (.
O = N + 2 + N = 2 + <g n@ o = (89 @A
N = "# = (89 ?>
[O = N × O = (89
1 [ = 1 2( K ) × 2 = ( 2 1 ) × 2 = <8D#
<8D# – (89 =
1 [ – [O =
+ : ( 2N )

/: (.
www.yzeeed.com/vb
= nCD'y × "> × 333333

s = U × O × 333333 = 8=5 ;
2 2
O = 2 × 2 = %&
= 8\! ;
2 = 2 × 2 × 333333
2
( 8\! ; + %& ) – ; =
O = N – s = ( 2 + O ) – s =
&9 3 $ 3Y ; )$ P' $ 3Y X M %& ':o (56 7 : ( 2` )

+ Y:G7 2 = | X M | ]h I^7 . neTi
/: (.
2 = ; %T @A
] = 2 × 3333333333
] = 2 ( 2 ) × 3333333333 ] = neTi &9 ;

neTi &9 ; – %& =

] / O =
7 . ':o (56 7 h [ BFT @A %& ()$ "#$ * ' : ( 2[ )

+
/: (.
NO = [ × [ = %&
1 N = 1 2( O ) = 1 2 = "#
"# – %& =
( 1 – O ) N = 1 N – NO =
(89 l)$ P' P U ! "#$ (& (56 7 : ( 2_ )

X V: [ $ M ] !9 3Y ~ : [ 3 M ] !9 $ *h IJ P [ = | 3 M | B87 ~ M 3 M
+ ( (56 Y:G7 [ 3Y M ] !9
/: (.
P s = ~ M ~ 3 3 M (89 = "#
| X 3Y | = = | X M | l: 2 = | 3Y M | l: O = | $ M | l: [ = | 3 M |
P = | X 3Y | = ?F HIJ
+ = | ~ 3 3 | Y@ w'@f87 g x <
P N = | ~ 3 3 | w'@f87 g x <: s = | ~ 3 M | [ = | 3 M | ]M o
www.yzeeed.com/vb
HIJ
@ × ?F = ( (56
2
P N = N × = |~ 3 3 | × | 3Y X | = ( (56
<8D#$ F&' ' $ 3Y X M (89 ':o (56 7 : ( Ks )

+ ( qro 7 $ 3Y lgrh
/: (.
2
P s = U × 2 = (89
2 2 = "#$ ! = <8D# F&'
P 1 2 = ( 2 ) × 1 × 333333
2
"# ! – (89 = ( (56
1 2 – s = ( (56
2
P ( 1 – U ) 2 = ( (56
e jJ BFT P8D PD $ 3Y X M %& (& (56 7 : ( K )

+ ( 8f qro jJ ( qro = 7 . g:9 qrYM
/: (.
= { ?C
_ = 2(K) = %&
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= 333333333333333333333
33333 3333333333333333333
[ ( 8f qro
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+
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F& ": 333333 2 = ( qro
2 [
www.yzeeed.com/vb
/: ( 2 ) (.
OU = ( qro =
= 333333333
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[ KNs
K = 2 × 333333
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= | ~ 3Y ~ M | , @A E-: ~ $ ~ 3Y ~ X ~ M %&
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. <5 g =hM l (h ;8 ]9g:9 ]D#$ *!
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1 K2 = 2 ( O ) 1 2 = 2 1 2 = <8D#
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P 2[ = [ × N = (89
<8D# – (89 =
1 K2 – 2[ =
www.yzeeed.com/vb
"#$ ! * ' P 2N 8. (89 ':o (56 7 : ( KU )

+ 8f t8. 2P 1 [ l9: . P | $ 3Y | @A
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@lo = (89 ?>
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?F + @ = K
?F + [ = K
U = ?F
1 O = 1 O × 2 × [s
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KNs KNs KNs
{@ @A + $ M + M X + X 3Y = 8\ t8.
1 O + U + [ + U = 8\ t8.
1 O + [ = 8\ t8.
www.yzeeed.com/vb
)..( – )..(
(! # )* #+ ,-./0 &' !" # $% : ( )

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V'' × % &E = (! U )* <=G 45
&E = (! U )* <=G 45
V'' × DDDDDDDD
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www.yzeeed.com/vb
[T% )* :.0 # "!N. @ Y Z !. :WX #+ : ( E )

9 #
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9 d M> e/5 f%*" Og " $W+ ` " E''' (%SX A0 6Z ./5 P7+
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% ]R ; % '' = % h &
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9 S-+ 6?5 k. A/." (, 4M .+ ` O "%k0 .@ E'''' $ 45 j/"
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E'''' × % E = 1"5 k. 45
E = 1"5 k. 45
E'''' × DDDDDDDDD
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www.yzeeed.com/vb
@ . %Slc mbB #+ ^%Z +?%* :." :T k. :WX : ( V )

9 h. e/5 S/4 1 ^%c A+%*0
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9 1-% <=> 45 $o
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F G &'' $ 45 <=G :." ? . # - $% : ( )

9 # - :WX #+ 1-% <=> S/." # 3 $o
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h -k e/5 q- $% % R' = 1-% <=> @
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H'' = ]' + ]' + R' + R' = ^3 #+ s/W k
E' = R' + &' + H' + ]' = ) > #+ s/W k
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&' = E' + H' + &' + &' = %v #+ s/W k

]' = H' + V' + R' + H' = w!0 #+ s/W k
H' = &' + H' + V' + V' = STZ #+ s/W k
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9 %Sl #+ x/*b 6\ 3 _%s s/W0 :nZ ( D3
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:nc # ? # [-T %Sl #+ ' x o s/W 6c # [-T
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L = + + + ] = ) > #+ ) k
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&' = &' – ]' = %v #+ T% k
&' = R' – i' = w!0 #+ T% k
' = V' – L' = STZ #+ T% k
H' = R' – ]' = 6\ 3 #+ T% k
www.yzeeed.com/vb
1 e?c %SlZ @.v = ){! +?%* !" # - $% : ( & )

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9 (? @0 [T% eB ?c %SX 1 ^4 " @ ( <
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H''' = ?c %SX #+
&''' = [T% %SX #+
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h '''
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E E
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( "!N. 3 T ) e.}M? m%I* ^%2 34 p! : ( R )

d LL] d M W/.. ~G M ( % ) -@ T!G% gM?
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E = – H] = )"%v :*+ #+ |%s k
9 d M = -@ T!G :nZ x/ " (Z #+ ( D3
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1 g "% 1-"=.T 4%"t $b !" # # - $% : ( E )

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p!. #M" M ./WT 4!*k.
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V = d LLV d 5 4%"B
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] : V
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)..(
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F@ K 2D= M 89: L
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T = @ ;YM4) ?@- O
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' = ] 7 + N J 3Z& T = ] + N 3> )XB : ( T )

( K ( /0 T(. 7(-
( ) : #()
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7 E& .;^L
(T=]+N)×7
= ] 7 + N J
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K( _ ( /0 J(. T(-
_ ( /0 ) : #()
7=7
=77
K=7
J = 7
7 = T 7
J = J 7
7K = _ 7
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S J = c) PWM- $: D&V" )XB S T = :- H;<= c : ( [ )

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J ( /0 ) : #()
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% _T ( % _ ( /0 % KT ( . % K ( -
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%N 7
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7 "- 8i2- : ( )
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7 % T
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%T
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K ( - ) : #()
t+" ,: 7 = 7 × 7 = t+() ?,: #iO #> *?a2 #iO 7
b,: K = 7 – 7 = E:W)
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' = N S J % = N % 7 : ( )
7 ( K ( /0 T ( . ( -
K ( /0 ) : #()
= N × /////////
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J × = N × 7
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T[ ( [ ( /0 [ ( . 7[ ( -
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7 = [ +
7 = [ + 7
= [ + 7
[ = [ +
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( ( /0 [(. K(-
( /0 ) : #()
7 = _ – N
[ = N
= N
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' r^ C?: $> . 0 7 =) .;C= x;( : ( _ )

C?: 7K ( C?: 7J ( /0 C?: 7 ( . C?: 77 ( -
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U- 0 7 x;(
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7 = î) = #:- I T = *RV) = ;W>- Q)XB
7 O |C2 I 7 z;= )s // . K ,?( +?, &;{ : ( [ )

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= bL;) "
7 × 7 = bL;) "
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= ] DI 7 = 7 + ] S = N DI 7 = 7 – N
K = 7 × 7 = ( + ) × 7 = ( !;) + ,) ) × 7 = #?,) c?(
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= ")) c?( ?
I ?+?, r
O . L; :I r,: : ( 7 )
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7 7 7 7
$ K ( $ J ( /0 $ ( . $ 7 ( -
7
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+ N) 7 = c?()
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7 = N
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T ///L #:- DG =^W+ Q?>I .
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[K = 7 + _ = =^W) G + .?) G = #0;) b&
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7 – ( 7 ( /0 j ( . ( -
7 j ( ) : #()
7 j = – K – – 7 j = – ( j ) K + 7( j ) – ( j ) 7
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?) E& g) () : ( 7 )
T 7
[ ! ( ! ( /0 ! ( . ! (-
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..... S S S [ S _ S T S
;& )=- = HW= P?(a) ) 3- ~"F2
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' K E+i) r:) 3> )XB ?& r:) 3%
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J ( K ( /0 ( . Q"WM ( -
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= 7 = K =) AB "WM K =)
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7// = ;?@) )C
e= = ////////
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N+7 +N7
( ( /0 7(. (-

( - ) : #()
+N7=N+7
N–N7=–7
N=
' N % T $> S K = N % 3> )XB : ( 7J )

K ( J ( /0 ( . 7 ( -
( . ) : #()

K = N DI K = N × /////////

T = K × % T
= K × /////////

.> $> . ; U<) .>I . ; 77T
F{ : ( 7_ )
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+
K( _ ( /0 J(. T(-
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_ ( /0 ) : #()
e)?) L;oL
cC& .)>- T +) .)>4) = 77T > T = × T 34 ( - ) W- k)
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www.yzeeed.com/vb

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‫يزيد التعليمية‬

‫‪ -‬القسم الكمي ‪-‬‬

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