kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

kÀ¤mßI cN\bpw
Bibhn\nab tijnbpw

tIma¬ tImgvkv (ae-bmfw)

_n.tImw
^Ìv skaÌÀ
(2011 Admission onwards)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Calicut University P.O. Malappuram, Kerala, India 673 635

108

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 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

B.Com
I Semester

Common Course in Malayalam

kÀ¤mßI cN\bpw Bibhn\nab tijnbpw

Prepared by:

SRI. A.P. SASIDHARAN

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, MALAYALAM
A.V.A.H ARTS & SCIENCE COLLEGE,
PAYYOLI ANGADI.

Sruitnized by:

Dr. K. M. Priyadarsanlal
Swathi, Malapparamba
Kozhikode - 673009

Layout: Computer Section, SDE

©
Reserved
kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw
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 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

CONTENTS PAGE Nos.

MODULE 1 05- 9

MODULE 2 10-12

MODULE 3 (A) 13-20

MODULE 3 (B) 21-22

MODULE 4 23-27

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 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

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 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

samUyqÄ þ1

kavrXn aRvPcn
tIcf Ncn- { X- ¯ n hm¡p- s Im- p w {]hr¯n sIm- p w kz´- a mb CSw ASbmfs¸- S p- ¯ nb
al-Xvhy-àn-Xz-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ HmÀ½-¡p-dn-¸p-I-fmWv kvarXn-a-RvP-cn-bn DÄs¡m-Ån-¨n-cn-
¡p-¶-Xv. PohnX k¦oÀ®-X-IÄ¡v ap¼n kvXw`n¨p \n¶p-t]m-hp¶ ]pXnb Xe-ap-dbv¡v hgn-Im-«n-
I-fm-bn-¯o-cm³ Cu HmÀ½-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ¡v Ign-bp-¶p--v.
Bß-IY- b
- p-sStbm Poh-Nc - n-{X-¯n-sâtbm ka-{K-Xtbm hym]vXntbm kvac-WI - Ä¡nÃ-. kvac-
W- I Ä Bß- I - Y - I - f mbpw Poh- N - c n- { X- ¡ p- d n- ¸ mbpw Ah- X - c n- ¸ n- ¡ - s ¸- S m- d p- - v . Pohn- X - ¯ nse
GsX-¦nepw ck-I-chpw kw`-h- _-lp-e-hp-amb kµÀ`-§-sf-tbm, Pohn-Xs¯ kzm[o-\n¨ hyàn-I-
sftbm Ipdn-¨pÅ HmÀa-I-fm-bn-cn¡pw Ch.
1. \mS-I-¯n\v ]n¶nse \mSIw: hn.-Sn.-`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Sv.
Ignª \qäm--n ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS Pohn-Xs¯ BsI amän adn¨ kw`-h-K-Xn-I-fpsS {][m\
hàmhpw {]tbm-àm-hp-am-bn-cp¶ hn.-Sn.-`-«-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ Bß-I-Ymw-i-amWv \mS-I-¯n\v ]n¶nse
\mS-Iw. hn.-Sn-bpsS {]kn-²-amb Bß-I-Y-IÄ "I®ocpw In\mhpw', "IÀ½-hn-]mIw' F¶n-h-bm-Wv.
IÀa-hn-]m-I-¯n \n¶v FSp¯p tNÀ¯n-«p-Å-XmWv Cu `mKw.
Xsâ Ime-L-«-¯nse A\o-Xn-I-tfmSv \nc-´cw Ie-ln-¡p-Ibpw hyh-Ø-Isf amän-a-dn-¡p-
¶-Xn ap³ssI FSp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvIÀ¯mhm-bn-cp¶p hn.-Sn. kvIqÄ Ime-L-«-
¯n Xs¶ "hnZymÀ°n'-F¶ t]cn-semcp amknI kz´w ]{Xm-[n-]-Xy-¯n hn.-Sn. ]pd-¯n-d-¡n-bn-
«p--v. kmaq-Zm-bnI ]cn-jvI-c-W-¯n-eqsS am{Xta bYmÀ° kzmX{´yw e`n-¡p-I-bp-Åq F¶v
a\-Ên-em-¡nb At±lw B hgn¡pÅ {]hÀ¯\§fn apgp-In. 1930 At±-l-¯nsâ PohnX¯nse
kw`-h-_-lp-e-amb hÀj-am-bn-cp-¶p. B hÀj-amWv tIc-fob \mSI Ncn-{X-¯nse Zo]vX-kva-cW-I-
fn-sem-¶m-b "ASp-¡f - b
- n \n¶v Ac-§t- ¯¡v' cwK-th-Zn-bn-se-¯p-¶X- v. \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b¯ - nse
kv{XoI-fpsS Zpcn-X-Po-hnXw aqÀ¯-ambn A\m-h-cWw sN¿p¶ Cu \mSIw kmaq-ly-am-ä-¯n-\pÅ
Blzm\w apg-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu \mSIw cq]-s¸-Sm-\n-S-bmb ]Ým-¯-e-amWv ]mT-`m-K¯v
]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶-Xv.
tbmK-t£a k` \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ D¶-a-\-amWv e£yw sh¨-sX-¦n bph-P-\-
kwLw kap-Zmbt`Z-as\y kaq-l-\-·-bmWv e£yw sh¨-Xv. hn.Sn. bph--P\kwLw {]hÀ¯-I
-\m-bn-cp-¶p. a\p-jy-scÃmw H¶mWv, \¼q-Xncn \mbÀ hyXym-k-§Ä Akw-_-Ô-am-Wv. hyàn-
kzm-X{´yw Pohn-X-¯n ssIh-cp-¯p-I, D¨-\o-N-Xz-§Ä Ah-km-\n-¸n¨v kaqe ]cn-jvImcw
\S-¸n-em-¡p-I, Iq«p-Ip-Spw-_-hy-hØ Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-I, kzPmXn hnhmlw, kv{Xohn-Zym-`ym-kw,
tLmjm-_-ln-jvI-cWw F¶nh \S-¸n-em-¡p-I, \¼q-Xn-cn bphm-¡Ä GXv sXmgn sN¿m\pw X¿m-
dm-hpI F¶n-h-bm-bn-cp¶p bph-P\ kwLw apt¶m«v sh¨ IÀ½ ]²-Xn-IÄ.
A¡m-e-¯mWv -sIm¨n \nba \nÀ½m-W-k-`-bn Hcp \¼q-Xncn _n Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«-Xv.
bmYm-Øn-IcpsS k½À±-^-e-ambn cmPmhv _nÃn\v AwKo-Imcw \ÂIn-bnÃ. AtXmsS ]cn-jvI-c-W-
hm-Zn-IÄ \ncm-i-cm-bn. Cu kµÀ`-¯n-emWv Ncn-{X-K-Xn-sb-¯s¶ amän-a-dn¨ \mSIw hn.-Sn.-c-Nn-
¡p-¶-Xv. \¼qXncn kap-Zm-b-¯nse {]mIr-X-amb BNm-c-§Ä kap-Zm-bmw-K-§sf t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-
I-bm-bn-cp¶p \mS-I-¯nsâ e£yw. BZy-\mep cwK-§Ä Fw.-BÀ.-sI.-kn-bpsS klm-b-t¯msS
"awK-tfm-Zbw' amkn-I-bn {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. Is¿-gp¯v {]Xn hmbn-¨-h-cp-sS-sSÃmw I®p-IÄ
Cud-\-Wn-ª-Xv hn.-Sn. HmÀ½n¡p-¶p.
1930Â tbmK-t£-ak - `- b
- psS hmÀjnIw CS-¡p¶n {Kma-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p Xocp-am-\n-¨n- cn¡p¶Xv.
hmÀjn-I-¯n\v thZn-bn \mSIw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-s¨-¦nepw BZy-sams¡ FXnÀ
¸p--m-bn. bph-P-\-kw-L-¯nsâ ià-amb \S-]-Sn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv \mS-Im-h-X-c-W-¯n\v A\p-aXn
e`n-¡p-¶-Xv.

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 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

kt½-f\ ]´-en-te¡v tLmj Dt]-£n¨v ad-¡p-S-bn-ÃmsX »ukv [cn-s¨-¯nb ]mÀÆXn

a\gn F¶ A´ÀÖ\w bmYmØnXn-IÀ¡v I\¯ Xncn-¨-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. \mSIw XpS-§nb BZy-
cwKw apXÂ ssIb-Sn-tbm-sS-bmWv ImWn-IÄ FXn-tc-ä-Xv. BZyw amdn \n¶-hÀ t]mepw ]n¶oSv
Xn¡n-¯n-c-¡n-sb-¯n. tÌPn\v ]n¶n hn.-Sn-tbm-sSm¸w C.-Fw.-Fkpw D-m-bn-cp-¶p. C.-Fw.-Fkv
BËm-Z-a-S-¡m-\m-hmsX XpÅn-¨m-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p F¶v hn.-Sn. HmÀ¡p-¶p. bmYm-Øn-I-Xz-¯nsâ
]Sp-Ip-gn-bn hoWp-t]mb Hcp kap-Zm-b-¯n\p ap¶n shfn-¨-¯nsâ Pme-I-§Ä Xpd-¶n-Sm³ Cu
\mS-Im-h-X-cWw sIm-p km[n¨p F¶v hn.-Sn. A`n-am-\-t¯msS HmÀan-¡p-¶p.
\nd-IpSw þ sNdp-ImSv
ka- X z- ] qÀW- a mb ]pXp- b pKw kz]v \ w I- n - c p¶, Iayq- W nÌv Fgp- ¯ p- I m- c ³ F¶
]Z-hn-bn A`n-am-\n-¨n-cp¶ sNdp-ImSv tKmhn-µ]
- n-jm-cS- n-bpsS Pohn-X¸
- mX F¶ Bß-IY - b- n \n¶pw
FSp- ¯ p- t NÀ¯n- « pÅ A[ymbamWv \nd- I p- S w. hn¹- h - k m- l n- X y- ¯ nsâ BNm- c y- Ø m- \ - a mWv
sNdp-Im-Sn-\p-Å-Xv. sXmgn-emfn hÀ¤-¯nsâ tamN-\-amWv Xsâ e£y-sa¶v {]Jym-]n-¡m³ sNdp-
ImSv k¶-²X {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p. a®nsâ amdn ac-W-]{Xw, acp-a-IÄ F¶n-h-bmWv At±-l-¯nsâ
{]kn² t\mh-ep-IÄ.
A¡me¯v kmlnXy \ncq-]-I³, Kth-j-I³, Ihn F¶o \ne-I-fn {]kn-²-\m-bn-cp-¶-
tUm.-sI.-F³ Fgp-¯-Ñs\ ]cn-N-b-s¸-«-Xns\¡pdn-¨mWv Cu A²ym-b-¯n sNdp-ImSv hni-Z-am-
¡p-¶Xv.
Adn-hnsâ \nd-Ip-S-am-bn-cp¶p sI.-F³.-F-gp-¯-ѳ. shdpw cmjv{So-b-¡m-c³ am{X-am-bn
-t¸m-Ip-am-bn-cp¶ Xsâ Pohn-X-¯n ]T\-¯nsâbpw Nn´-bp-sSbpw ]pXnb hgn ImWn¨p X¶
hgn-Im-«n-bm-bn-«mWv sI.-F³.-F-gp-¯-Ñs\ ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv. km[m-c-W-bmbn cmjv{So-bhpw
IpSpw-_-Po-hn-Xhpw H¶n-¨p-sIm-p t]mIpI Ffp-¸-a-Ã. C.-Fw.-F-kns\ t]mepÅ kPo-h-cm-jv{Sob
\mb-I-·mÀ \mSp-\n-d-ªp-\n-¶-t¸mÄ IpSpw_w AhÀ¡v A\y-am-bn-cp-¶p. CXv c-n-s\bpw H¶n-¨p-
sIm-p t]mIm³ Ign-ª-XmWv PohnX hnP-b-sa¶v sNdp-ImSv ]d-bp-¶p. ho«n-\-I¯pw cmjv{Sobw
NÀ¨ sN¿m\pw IpSpw- _ mw- K - § sf AS¡w AXn ]¦m- f n- I - f m- ¡ m\pw At±- l - ¯ n\v
km[n- ¨ n- « p- - v .
kvIqÄ amÌ-dpsS tPmenbpw ho«p ]Wn-Ifpw Ign-ª-Xn\p tijhpw _m¡n hcp¶ kabw
Fs´-¦nepw ]Tn-¡-W-sa¶ B{K-l-amWv sI.-Fw.-F-gp-¯-Ñ-\p-ambn ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sm³ CS-bm-¡n-b-Xv.
sNdp-Ic lbÀ Fen-saâdn kvIqfnse slUvam-Ì-dm-bn-cns¡¯s¶ hnZzm³ ]co-£bv¡v ]Tn-¡p-
Ibpw sNbvXn-cp¶ Fgp-¯-ѳ sNdp-Im-Sn\v HcÛpX-am-bn-cp-¶p. tPmen In«n-bn«pw ]Tn-¡pI F¶Xv
sNdp-Im-Sn-\v hniz-kn-¡m³ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ]n¶oSv Fgp-¯-Ñsâ ]mX ]n´p-S-cm³ At±lw
Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶p. Fgp-¯-Ñsâ klm-bhpw \nc-´c t{]mÕm-l-\hpw sIm-v am{X-amWv X\n¡v
hnZzm³ ]co£ ]mkm- h m³ km[n- ¨ Xv F¶v sNdp- I mSv A\p- k va- c n- ¡ p- ¶ p.
3. Abn-¯-¯n-s\-Xnsc : F.-sI.Pn
tIc-f¯ - nse Iayq-WnÌv {]Øm-\¯ - nsâ Bth-tim-Öz-ea - mb A[ym-ba
- mWv F.-sI.-Pn-bpsS
Poh-N-cn-{Xw. tIc-f-¯nsâ cmjv{Sob kmaqly aWvU-e-§-fn Pzen-¨p-\n-¶n-cp¶ hyàn-Xz-am-bn-
cp¶p At±-l-¯n-tâ-Xv. kmaq-ly-\o-Xn¡p th-n ka-c-ap-J-§-fn {Iqc-amb aÀ±-\-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-
\m-bn-¯oÀ¶n«pw {]Xo-£b - psS cmjv{Sobw ssIhn-SmsX apt¶m«p t]mb P\-\m-bI- \
- m-bn-cp¶p At±-
lw. At±-l-¯nsâ Bß-I-Y-bmb "Pohn-XIY'bn \ns¶-Sp-¯n-«pÅXmWv "Abn¯¯n-s\-Xnsc'
F¶ `mKw.
`n¶n-¸n¨v `cn-¡pI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p {_n«ojv `c-W-X-{´w. \m\m-PmXn aX-ØÀ Pohn-¡p¶
C´y-bn ]e-X-c-¯n-epÅ kwi-b-§-fpw, A´:On{Z-§fpw krjvSn¨v X½n-e-Sn-¸n¨v kz´w Øm\w
Dd-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p `cWm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ sNbvXn-cp-¶-Xv. Cu kmlNcy¯n FÃm P\-§-sfbpw
DÄs¸-Sp¯n cmjv{So-b-{]-hÀ¯\w Akm-[y-am-bn-cp-¶p. Abn-¯-¯n\pw aä-\m-Nm-c-§Ä¡pw
FXn-cmbn Hcp kacw \S-¯m³ tIcfm {]tZiv tIm¬{Kkv I½nän Xocp-am-\n-¨p. kXym-{K-l-
t\-Xmhv sI.-tI-f-¸-\m-bn-cp-¶p. Kpcp-hm-bqÀ t£{Xw FÃm-hÀ¡p-ambn Xpd-¶p-sIm-Sp-¡m³ th-n-

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 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

bm-bn-cp¶p kXym-{K-lw. ka-c-¯nsâ hf--n-bÀ Iym]vä-\m-bn-cp¶p F.-sI.-Pn. tIm¬{K-kn Xs¶

Hcp hn`mKw ka-c\o¡s¯ FXnÀ¯n-cp-¶p. taÂPm-Xn-¡m-cpsS FXnÀ¸v shdpsX k¼m-Zn-t¡-XnÃ
F¶ A`n-{]m-b-am-bn-cp¶p ]eÀ¡pw. In-«nb Ah-kcw ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯m³ F.-sI.-Pn.
Xocp-am-\n-¨p-. PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bvs¡-Xn-cmbn ià-amb {]Nm-cWw \S-¯m³ At±lw Cd-§n-¯n-cn-
¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
]¿-¶qcn It-m¯v t£{X-¯n\p ap¼nse s]mXp-\n-c-¯n-eqsS lcn-P-\§Ä¡v \S-¡m³
Ah-Im-i-ap--m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. CXn-s\-Xn-cmbn F.-sI.-Pnbpw, tIc-fo-b\pw kv{XoI-sfbpw Ip«n-I-sf-bp-
saÃmw DÄs¸-Sp¯n Hcp tLmj-bm{X kwL-Sn-¸n-¡p-I-bp--m-bn. t£{X-¯n\p ap¼n F¯n-b-
t¸mÄ Ipdp-h-Sn-I-fp-ambn Hcp henb P\-¡q«w tLmj-bm-{X-sb B{I-an-¨p. `oI-c-amb aÀ±-\-§Ä
F.-sI.-Pn¡v t\cntS-n h¶p, At±-l-¯nsâ Pohn-X-¯nse BZy A\p-`-h-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. Cu
kw`-h-t¯msS A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS {i² CXn ]Xn-bp-Ibpw FÃm-hÀ¡pw bm{X sN¿m-\pÅ Ah-
Imiw A\p-h-Zn-¡pbpw sNbvXp.
Kpcp-hm-bqÀ kXym-{Klw \S-¯m³ Hcp I½n-än-bp--m-bn-cp-¶p. t£{X-¯n-\-S-p¯p Xs¶
bm-bn-cp¶p kXym-{K-l-Iym¼v. t£{Xm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ kXym-{K-ln-Isf ]e ]e coXnbnepw ]oUn-¸n-¨n-
cp-¶p. kXym-{K-ln-Isf apgp-h³ ASn-¨p-sImÃpw F¶v `oj-Wnbpw D-m-bn. PmXn-bn Xmgv¶-hÀ
Kpcp-hm-bq-c-¼-e-¯n {]th-in-¡p-¶Xv k\m-X-\n-IÄ¡v Nn´n-¡p-hm³ t]mep-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
tIm¬{Kkv kXym-{Kl--¯n\v ap³I-s¿-Sp-¡p-¶Xv I-v tIm¬{Kkv hnSm³ t]mepw AhÀ X¿m-dm-
bn. F¶m taÂPmXn lnµp-¡-fn Xs¶ Hcp hn`mKw C¯cw ]cn-jvI-c-W-§sf t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-
¡ m \ p w
X¿m-dmbn F¶-XmWv bmYmÀ°yw.
1931 \hw-_À H¶n-\mWv kXym-{Klw Bcw-`n-¡p-hm³ Xocp-am-\n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. HIvtSm-_À 21\v
I®q-cn \n¶v Kpcp-hm-bq-cn-te¡v kp{_-Ò-Wy³ Xncp-ap-¼nsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ- Hcp ImÂ\SPmY
]pd-s¸-«p. Cu PmY-bpsS hf--n-bÀ Iym]vä-\m-bn-cp¶p F.-sI.-Pn. hgn-I-fn-seÃmw Bth-tim-Öz-e-
amb kzoI-cW - a- mWv e`n-¨n-cp-¶X
- v. \hw-_À H¶n\v kXym-{Klw Bcw-`n-¨p. F¶m P\a\:km£nsb
AwKo-I-cn-¡m³ A[n-Im-cn-IÄ X¿m-dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AhÀ Xncp-ap-¼ns\ AdÌv sNbvXp. Kpcp-hm-bqÀ
kXym-{Klw Hcp AJn-te´ym {]iv\-ambn hfÀ¶p. F¶m t£{Xm-[n-Im-cn-bmb kmaq-Xncn
cmPm-hn\v Hcp amähpw D-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. kXym-{K-l-¯n-s\-Xn-cmbn Hcp sFIy-ap-¶Wn D-m-¡m-\m-
bn-cp¶p k\m-X-\-ln-µp-¡-fpsS {iaw.
1932 P\p-hcn \memw Xn¿Xn cm{Xn F.-sI.-Pnbpw Iq«cpw AdÌv sN¿-s¸-«p. Bdp amks¯
ITn-\-X-S-hn\v in£n¨v I®qÀ sk³-{SÂ Pbn-en-e-b-¨p. CXv Xsâ c-m-as¯ PbnÂhmk-am-bn-
«mWv F.-sI.-Pn HmÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xv. ]e Imc-W-§-fmepw F.-sI.-Pn-bpsS cmjv{So-b-Po-hn-X-¯nse Hcp
{][m\ A[ym-b-am-bn-cp¶p Pbn Pohn-Xw. Cu {]mh-iyw At±-l-¯n-t\msSm¸w Pbn-en-ep--m-bn-
cp-¶Xv P\-Iob {]iv\-§-fn kPo-h-ambn CS-s]-«n-cp¶, P\-§Ä¡mbn kz´w Poh³ t]mepw
XyPn-¡m³ X¿m-dm-bn-cp¶ hn¹-h-Im-cn-Ifmbncp¶p. Pbn-en A[n-Im-cn-IÄ XS-hp-Im-tcmSv hfsc
{Iqc-am-bn-«mWv s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp-¶-Xv. ITn-\-ambn tPmen-sb-Sp¸n¡pIbpw arKo-b-ambn aÀ±n-¡p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp-¶p.
Pbn-en sh¨mWv F.-sI.Pn hn¹-h-{]-Øm-\-hp-ambn ASp-¡p-¶-Xv. ]n¡mew tIc-f-¯nse
Iayq-WnÌv {]Øm-\-¯nsâ {][m\ t\Xm-sh¶ \ne-bn DbÀ¶p hcm³ CS-bmb kml-Ncyw
Cu Pbn Pohn-X-am-bn-cp-¶p. Pbn-en sh¨mWv F.-sI.-Pn. IrjvW-]n-Åsb ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
A¶p Xs¶ Hcp-d¨ cmjv{Sob-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp¶p IrjvW-]n-Å. F´v ]oU-\-§fpw kln-¡m-\pÅ
a\-Êp-d¸pw A\oXn FhnsS I-mepw tNmZyw sN¿m-\pÅ [oc-Xbpw AZ vtZ-l-¯n\p-mbn-cp-
¶p F¶v F.-sI.-Pn. HmÀ½n--¡p-¶p. cmjv{So-b-ambn Xs¶ hfÀ¯n-b-Xn Hcp {][m\ Øm\w
IrjvW-]n-Å-bv¡p-s- ¶v- F.-sI.-Pn. ]d-bp-¶p. Pbn-en sh¨v Ah-cn-hcpw {Iqc-amb aÀ±-\-§Ä¡v
hnt[-b-cm-bn-«p--v. Hcp XhW aÀ±-\-¯n acn-¨p-t]m-sb-¶p-hsc hmÀ¯-bp--m-bn-cp-¶p.
Cu ]oU-\-§-sf-sbÃmw AXn-Po-hn-¡m-\pÅ Icp-¯m-bn-¯oÀ¶Xv temI-¯nsâ amä-s¯-

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

7
 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

¡p-dn-¨pÅ henb {]Xo-£-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. IS-eqÀ Pbn-en `£Ww t]mep-an-ÃmsX Ignª Znh-k-

§-fnepw At±lw Nn´n-¨Xv Kpcp-hm-bqÀ kXym-{K-l-¯nsâ ]ptcm-K-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨m-bn-cp-¶p. XShv
Ignªv ]pd¯v h¶ A¶p Xs¶ kXym-{K-¯nsâ ka-c-¸-´-en F¯n {]hÀ¯\w Xp-S-cp-I-bm-
bn-cp¶pF¶vF.sI.PnHmÀ½n-¡p-¶p.
B a\p-jy³ \o Xs¶ þ tdmkn tXmakv
aebmf \mS-Ik - m-ln-Xy-Nc- n-{X-¯nse \nXy-hn-kvab
- a
- mb kn.-sP.-tXm-ak
- n-s\-¡p-dn¨v kl-[À½n-
Wn-bmb tdmkn tXmakv Fgp-Xnb Poh-N-cn-{X-amWv "Ch³ Fsâ {]nb kn.s-P'. AXn \ns¶-
Sp¯v tNÀ¯ `mK-amWv B a\p-jy³ \o Xs¶. ss__nÄ ]Ým-¯-e-¯n kn.-sP.-F-gp-Xnb \mS-
I-¯nsâ t]cv IqSnbmWv CXv. hyh-Øm-]n-X-amb H¶-nt\mSpw s]mcp-¯-s¸-SmsX, A\o-Xn-It-- fmSv
\nc-´cw Ie-ln-¨ p-s Im--n-c p¶ [n¡m-cn- bmb Hcp Iem- I m- c- \ m- bn- cp¶p kn.- sP. \mS- I - I r¯v ,
kzX-{´-Nn-´-I³ F¶o \ne-I-fnseÃmw At±lw ae-bm-f-`m-jbv¡v kw`m-h-\-IÄ \ÂIn-bn-«p--v.

am\p-jn-I-_-Ô-§-sfbpw aqey-§-sf-bp-saÃmw ]W-¯nsâ I®n-eqsS am{Xw ImWp¶

I¨-hS kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ temI¯v, AXn \n¶v hyXy-kvX-ambn Nn´n¨ hyàn-bm-bn-cp¶p,
kn.-sP. F¶v tdmkn tXma-kv A\p-kva-cn-¡p-¶p. Aªqdv hÀj-§Ä Pohn-¨n-cp-¶mepw {]mhÀ¯n-
I-am-¡m³ Ign-bm¯ ]²-Xn-I-fm-bn-cp¶p kn.-sP-bpsS a\Êv \nd-sb. AXp-sIm-v Xs¶ {]mtbm-
KnI Pohn-¯n \n¶v At±lw AI-¶p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]Xnhv ssien-I-sfbpw k{¼-Zm-b-§-
sfbpw Xncp-¯n-sb-gp-Xp¶ \mS-I-§Ä cNn-¡-Ww, tIcf¯n\v Hcp Øncw \mS-I-thZn D-m-h-Ww,
cmjv{So-b-þ-kmw-kv¡m-cnI cwK-§Ä ip²o-I-cn-¡-Ww, Xsâ hnizm-k-{]-am-W-§Ä AwKo-I-cn-¡p¶
hnim-e-amb Hcp kulr-Z-temIw D-m-¡Ww F¶n-§s\ Ipsd kz]v\-§-fm-bn-cp¶p kn.-sPbv¡v
D-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. Ønc-h-cp-am-\-apÅ Hcp tPmen CÃm-¯-Xn-\m \nXy-Po-hn-X-¯n Hcp]mSv {]bm-k-
§Ä D-m-bn-cp-¶p. kz]v\-§-sf-bpw, bmYmÀ°y-§-sfbpw s]mcp-¯-s¸-Sp-¯m-\m-hmsX sRcp-§n-
¡- g n- t b- Ah- Ø - b m- b n- c p¶p B IpSpw- _ - ¯ n- \ p- - m - b n- c p- ¶ - X v . ]W- a p- - m - ¡ m³ kn.sP \S¯nb
{ia-§Ä h³]-cm-P-b-§-fmbn. km¼-¯nI kn.sP \S¯nb {ia-§Ä h³]-cm-P-b-§-fmbn.
km¼- ¯ nI temI- ¯ nse Ifn- I Ä Adn- b m- ¯ Xp sIm- p am{Xw At±lw ]än- ¡ - s ¸- « n- « p- - v .
tIm«-b¯v \n¶pw Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c-t¯¡v IpSpw_w amdn-¯m-a-kn¨ Ime-¯pÅ A\p-`-h-§-fmWv
]mT-`m-K¯v A\p-kva-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. {]tXy-In¨v Hcp Imc-Whpw D-m-bn-«Ã Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v hoSv
hmS-Ibv¡v FSp¯v Xma-kn-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-¨-Xv. Ip¶nsâ apI-fn {]Ir-Xn-kp-µ-c-amb Hcn-S-¯m-bn-
cp¶p hoSv . \mS- I - I r¯pw Nn´- I - \ p- a m- b n- c p¶ kn.- s P- b psS A¡m- e s¯ \Ã kplr¯v
Pn.-Ip-am-c] - n-Åb
- m-bn-cp-¶p. A¶p Xs¶, {]kn-²\ - mb Ihn-bm-bn-cp¶p At±-lw. hf-sc-¡p-d¨v kplr-
¯p-¡Ä am{Xta kn.-sP.¡v D-m-bn-cp-¶p-Åq. Ah-cp-am-bpÅ ASp-¸-am-Is« hfsc Xo£-Whpw
AKm-[-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p.
hmSI sImSp-t¡-- Xn-\m \nXy-s¨-ehv t]mepw \nÀÆ-ln-¡m³ Ign-bm¯ \mfp-I-fm-bn-
cp¶p AXv. kn.sPbv¡v ]d-b-¯¡ hcp-am\apÅ tPmen-sbm-¶p-an-Ã. Cu {]bm-k-§-sfm¶pw
At±-l-s¯ Ae-«n-bn-cp-¶p-an-Ã. Ft¸mgpw henb kz]v\-§-fm-bn-cp¶p kn.-sP-b¡v D-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv.
]e-cp-ambpw ]¦v tNÀ¶v \à kn\n-a-IÄ ]nSn-¡m-\pÅ "Iem-tI-cfw' F¶ Hcp kn\nam I¼\n
XpS-§m-\pÅ Btem-N-\-bm-bn-cp¶p Xe \ndsb. CXn-\m-h-iy-amb ]T-\-§fpw XpS-§n-¡-gn-
ªn-cp-¶p. km¼-¯nI Imcy-§-fn IW-¡pw, {i²bpw ImWn-¡m-¯-Xp-sIm-p Xs¶ ]Ww Bcp-
sS-sbm-s¡tbm ssII-fn-eqsS adnªp t]mbn. Cu \ncm-im-`-cn-X-amb Ime-¯mWv AZy aI³ P\n-
¡p- ¶ - X v . aIsâ P\- \ - t i- j - a mWv kn.- s P.Xsâ D]- \ ymk kam- l m- c - a mb "Ch- s \sâ {]nb-
]p-{X³' {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. tdmkn tXma-knsâ ]nXmhpw ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Im-c-\p-am-bn-cp¶
Fw.-]n.t]mfnsâ \ncymWw C¡m-e¯v Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_¯ - n-t\ä I\¯ BLm-Xa - m-bn-cp-¶p. t]mÄ
XpS§n sh¨ Syqt«m-dn-b tImtf-Pnsâ {]hÀ¯\w apt¶m«v sIm-p-t]m-Im³ kn.-sP-am-{Xta D-m-
bn-cp-¶p-Åq.
ae-bmf¯nse B[p-\nI Ihn-X-bpsS XpS-¡-¡m-c³ F¶v hnti-jn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ A¿-¸-Wn-
¡À C¡m- e ¯v kn.- s P- b - p sS ASp¯ kplr¯pw A`yp- Z - b - I mw- £ n- b p- a m- b n- c p- ¶ p. Xsâ
kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw
8
 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

""ss{Iw 27'' F¶ \mSIw a\-Ên-em-hp¶ HcmÄ A¿-¸¸ - W

- n-¡À am{Xta DÅq F¶v kn.-sP. BßmÀ°-
ambn hniz-kn-¨n-cp-¶p.
Ime-¯n-\¸ - pdw Nn´n-¡p-Ipbw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX Iem-Im-c\ - m-bn-cp¶p kn.-sP. Xsâ
Imes¯ Iem-km-ln-Xy-§-fnse ]Xn-hp-k-{¼-Zm-b-§sf Hcn-¡epw AwKo-I-cn-¡m³ Ign-bp¶
a\-Êm-bn-cp-¶nà At±-l-¯n-tâ-Xv. "B a\p-jy³ \o Xs¶' tdUntbm \mS-I-¯nsâ cq-]-¯n-emWv
BZyw Fgp-Xn-bXv . ]n¶o-SmWv tÌPv \mS-I-am¡n amän-b-Xv. AsXmcp h³hn-P-b-am-bn-cp-¶p.
kn.-sP.-Hcp ]ip-hn-s\-t¸m-en-cp-s¶-¦n F¶mWv tdmkn tXmakv B{K-ln-¡p-¶-Xv. BSn-s\-
t¸mse I--sXÃmw ISn¨v Hcn-S¯pw AS-§n-\n¡m-sX-bmWv kn.-sP-bpsS Pohn-X-co-Xn. H¶v
apgp-ap-¸n¨v ASp-¯-Xn-te¡v Xe \o«p¶ Hcp ]ip-hn-s\-t¸mse Bbn-cp-s¶-¦n F¶v AhÀ B{K-
ln-¨p-t]m-hp-¶p. kn.-sP-bpsS Imem-Xo-Xa - mb Nn´-sbbpw XXz-im-kv{X-§s
- fbpw kvt\ln-¡p¶ hn\o-
X-bmb Hcm-cm-[n-I-bpsS kzcw \ap¡o Poh-N-cn-{X-¡p-dn-¸n sXfnªp tIÄ¡mw.

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

9
 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

samUyqÄ þ2

hnNm-c-km-ln-Xn, teJ-\-k-am-lmcw
1. ae-bmfw ad-¡p-¶-hÀ þ Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h³ \mbÀ.
Ne-¨n-{X-Im-c³, t\mh-en-kväv, IYm-Ir¯v F¶o \ne-I-fnseÃmw ae-bmfn hmb-\-¡mÀ¡v
kp]-cn-Nn-X-\mb Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h³ \mb-cpsS teJ-\-am-Wv "ae-bmfw ad-¡p-¶-hÀ'. `mj A\y-am-
Ip-¶-tXmsS P\-Po-hnXw Xs¶-bmWv A\ym-[o-\-am-bn-t¸m-Ip-¶-Xv F¶ Xncn-¨-dn-hmWv Cu teJ-\-
¯n-\-Sn-Øm-\w. C´y-bnse asämcp `mjm-kw-Øm-\¯pw ImWm¯ coXn-bn kz´w `mjsbsb
AhK-Wn-¡p-¶-h-cmWv tIc-fobÀ F¶v Fw.-Sn.-Ip-ä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p--v. Hmtcm P\-k-aq-l-¯n-sâbpw
\ne-\n¸v Ah-cpsS amXr-`mj Bbn-cns¡ ae-bm-fn-IÄ Ah-cpsS `mjsb Ifªv Ipfn¨v aämtcm
Bbn-¯o-cm³ {ian-¡p-I-bm-Wv. kz´w `mj ]Tn-¡msX Xs¶ tIc-f-¯n Hcp hnZymÀ°n¡v
D¶-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡m³ Ign-bp-sa¶ sshcp²yw Fw.-Sn.-F-Sp¯p Im«p-¶p.
alm-ßm-KmÔn kÀÆ-I-em-imem hn.-kn. Bbn \nb-an-X-\mb tUm:bp.-BÀ.-A-\-´-aqÀ¯n-
bmWv A¡m-Z-anI Xe-¯n c-mw `mj-bmbn Xcw Xmgv¯-s¸« ae-bmf¯nsâ Ønbn BZy-
ambn {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. At±lw ae-bmfn t]mep-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. PohnX ]cn-k-c¯v H¶m-a-X-mb `mj
F§ns\ ]T-\-ta-J-e-bn c-m-a-Xmbn F¶v C¶pw ae-bm-fn-Isf Atem-k-c-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶n-Ã. \nÀ_-
Ô-ambpw ]Tn-t¡- H¶mw `mj-bmbn Cw¥ojv amdn. Cw¥ojv ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn-t\m-SÃ AXn\p ap¶nÂ
\mw {]ISn-¸n-¡p¶ A[-a-t_m-[-amWv tNmZyw sN¿-s¸-tS--Xv F¶v teJ-I³ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
hfsc¡mew {_n«ojv B[n-]-Xy-¯n Ign-ªXnsâ Zqjy-^-e-§Ä aäm-tc-¡mÄ _m[n-¨Xv tIc-fo-
b-sc-bm-sW¶v Fw.-Sn. \oco-£n-¡p-¶p. Cw¥ojv A[n-\n-thi¯n\v ap¼n ae-bm-fn-IÄ ap«p-a-S-¡n-
b-Xnsâ kqN-\-bmWv Cw¥o-jn-t\mSv \mw ImWn-¡p¶ Aan-Xm-Z-chv F¶v Fw.-Sn.-]-d-bp-¶p.
ae-bm-fn-IÄ Xs¶ `cWw Gsä-Sp-¯-Xn\v tij-amWv ae-bmf `mjbv¡v Gsd ZpÀ¤Xn D-m-
b-sX¶v Fw.Sn Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. C´y-bnse asämcp kwkvYm\¯pw Cusbm-c-h-Ø-bn-Ã. tIc-fo-b-
sc-¡mÄ ap¼v Cw¥--n t]mbn Cw¥ojv ]Tn¨ _wKm-fn-IÄ¡v t]mepw kz´w `mj-tbmSv BZ-
chp-mbn-cp-¶p. F¶m ae-bm-f-a-dn-bnà F¶p ]d-bp-¶-XmWv Ìmäkv knw_-embn aebmfnIÄ
Im¯p kq£n-¡p-¶-Xv.
`c-W-`m-jbpw tImS-Xn-`m-jbpw ]T-\-`m-jbpw ae-bm-f-am-b-Xp-sIm-v am{Xw Cub-h-Øbv¡v
]cn-lm-c-am-Ip-I-bn-Ã. amtd--Xv ae-bm-fn-bpsS at\m-`m-h-am-Wv. Cw¥ojpw lnµnbpw Ip«n-IÄ ]Tn-¡-
s«. AtXm-sSm¸w \½psS Fgp-¯-Ñ-s\-bpw, Bims\bpw hÅ-t¯m-fn-s\bpw Adn-bpI F¶Xv
Hc-`n-am-\-ambn Icp-Xp¶ ho-£Ww hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sNt¿-- Xp--v. hnI-e-amb kmaq-ly-
t_m-[-¯ns\Xnsc Ie-ln-¨p-sIm-v am{Xta ae-bm-fn¯w \ap¡v Xncn-¨p-]n-Sn-¡m³ Ign-bp-I-bpÅq
F¶v teJ- I ³ Nq- n - ¡ m- « p- ¶ p.
2. ASp-¡f Xncn¨p ]nSn-¡pI þ kmdm tPmk^v
BtKmf h¡-cW - ¯- n-sâ-bpw, I¨-hS- k
- w-kvIm-c¯
- n-sâbpw ]pXnb Ime¯v ae-bm-fn-bpsS
`£- W - k w- k v I m- c - s ¯- ¡ p- d n- ¨ pÅ ]p\ÀhnNn´\- a mWv h\nXm hntam- N - \ {]hÀ¯- I - b mb
kmdm tPmk-^nsâ Cu teJ-\w. kzImcy km[y-X-I-fn-Ãm¯ Hcp temI-¯n \n¶mWv \man-t¸mÄ
kzIm-cy-Ip-¯I - I
- f - psS temI¯v F¯n-t¨À¶-sX¶v teJnI hni-Za - m-¡p-¶p. Cu amä¯n\nS-bnepw
kv{XoIfpsS ØnXn ]g-b-Xn-s\-¡mÄ Zb-\o-b-ambn XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. kv{Xo hntam-N\ kn²m-´-§-
fn Hcp {][m\ \nco-£-W-amWv Cc« Nqj-W-¯n-tâ-Xv. ap-Xemfn¯ LS-\-bn kv{Xo ]pcp-j-·mÀ
Npj-W-¯n\v Hcp t]mse hnt[-b-cm-Wv. F¶m Hcp kv{Xobm-bXv sIm-v am{Xw ]pcp-j-\nÂ
\n¶v hyXy-kvX-ambn hoSn-\-I¯v ho«½ F¶ \ne-bn AhÄ c-m-a-sXmcp Nqj-W-¯n\p IqsS
hn-t[-b-bm-bn-¯o-cp-¶p--v. `£Ww ]mIw sN¿p-I, Ip«n-Isf ]cn-N-cn¡pI F¶nh Hc-[zm-\-am-bn-
t¸mepw ]pcpjm-[n-]-Xy-tem-I¯v ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sm-dnà F¶-XmWv bmYmÀ°yw.

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

10
 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

ASp-¡-f-bn kv{XoIÄ ]pcp-j-\n \n¶v hyXy-kvX-ambn thX\w ]äm¯ ASn-a¯w

A\p-`h - n-¡p-¶p F¶ Xncn-¨d- n-hn \n¶mWv "ASp-¡f _ln-jvIc - n-¡pI' F¶ ap{Zm-hmIyw DbÀ¶p
h¶-Xv. {]mNo\ tKm{X-k-ap-Zm-b-¯n Xs¶ ASp-¡f F¶ k¦ev]w D-m-bn-cp-¶p. tKm{X¯nse
apgp-h³ AwK-§fpw h«-an-«n-cp-¶v In«nb `£Ww hoXw sh¨v Ign-¨ HcnSambncp¶p CXv. AhnsS
kv { Xoþ- ] p- c pj hnth- N \w D- m - b n- c p- ¶ nà F¶v FwKÂknsâ ]T- \ - § Ä shfn- s ¸- S p- ¯ p- ¶ p.
]n¡mew Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Hc-«n-a-dn-bn-eqsSbmWv kv{XoIÄ s]mXp-th-Zn-bn \n¶v ASp-¡-f-bn-te¡v
HXp-§n-t¸m-Ip-¶Xv F¶v FwKÂkv \nco-£n-¡p-¶p.
]pcp-jm-[n-]X - y-tem-I¯v s]®n-sâ CSw ASp-¡f am{X-am-bn. ]qap-Jt- ¯¡v kv{XobpsS {]th-
i\w \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-«p. `£Ww ]mIw sN¿Â kv{XobpsS am{Xw Npa-X-e-bm-bn. Cu ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-
amb Ah-Ø-bn \n¶v c£-t\-Sm³ th-n-bmWv kv{Xo hmZn-IÄ ASp-¡f _ln-jvI-cn-¡m³
Blzm\w sNbvX-Xv. apX-em-fn¯w Cu ap{Zm-hm-Iys¯bpw apX-se-Sp-¯p. kv{Xosb klm-bn-¡pI
F¶ hymtP\ eLp-b-{´-§fpw sX¿mÀ sNbvX `£-W-§fpw sIm-v ASp-¡f \nd-bv¡p-¶p.
_lp- c m- j v { S- I p- ¯ I I¼\n D¸- ¶ - § Ä ASp- ¡ f It¿- d m³ XpS- § n. ^mÌv ^ p- U p- I - f pw,
Sn³^p-Up-I-fpw, AXnsâ cpNn-¡pw, aW-¯n\pw ZoÀLm-bp-kvkn\pw th-n tNÀ¡p¶ cmk
-h-kvXp-¡fpw Kpcp-X-c-amb Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-§Ä D-m-¡m³ XpS-§n. AtXmsS Cu `£-W-kw-kvImcw
Xncp-¯-s¸-tS--Xm-sW¶v A`n-{]mbw DbÀ¶p hcm³ XpS-§n. Cu kml-N-cy-¯n km{am-Py¯z¯n-
s\-Xn-cmb kacw ASp-¡-f-bn \n¶m-cw-`n-¡-W-sa¶v teJnI ]d-bp-¶p. ASp-¡f_lnjvIcn-¡-
eà Xncn-¨p-]n-Sn-¡-emWv Bhiyw F¶v AhÀhyàam¡p¶p.\½Ä F´pIgn¡Ww F¶p
Xocp-am-\n-¡p¶ I¼-\n-IÄs¡-Xn-cm-bn, \½psS ]cn-k-c-¯p--m-Ip¶, cmk-h-kvXp-¡-fpw, IoS-\m-in-
\n-Ifpw tNcm¯ ]g-§fpw ]¨-¡-dn-Ifpw ]Icw sh¨p-sIm--pÅ Hcp ]pXnb `£WkwkvImcw
hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¯m am{Xta C¶pÅ {]iv\-§Ä¡v ]cn-lmcw D-m-hp-I-bpÅq F¶v kmdm tPmk^v
hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p.
3. tIc-fo-b-Xbpw þ kn\n-a-bpsS ]cn-N-c-Whpw þ Pn.-]n.-cm-a-N-{µ³
\½psS Ime-L-«-¯n-se, Gähpw A[nIw P\-§sf BIÀjn-¡p¶ am[yaw F¶ \ne-bnÂ
-km-aq-ly-Po-hn-X-¯n kn\na \S-¯p¶ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fmWv Cu teJ-\-¯nsâ hnj-bw. Ne-¨n-{X-
¯nsâ aqey-hn-Nmc NÀ¨ \S-¯p-¶-Xn-t\m-sSm-¸w, kn\n-a-bn {]Xn-^-en-¡p¶ tIc-fo-bX F´mWv
F¶-Xn-s\-¡pdn hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-XmWo teJ-\w.
Hcp hyXykvX `mjm-tZ-io-bX F¶ \ne-bn ae-bm-fn-bpsS kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ GXv {]I-S-
h-i-§-fmWv kn\n-a-bn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶Xv F¶ At\z-jWw DXvI-WvT-IÄ \ndª Nne ka-Im-
enI {]iv\-§-fn-te-¡m-sW-¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. ae-bm-f-¯nse BZy-Ime kn\n-a-IÄ kuµ-cy-¯n-sâbpw
kmaq-ly-t_m-[-¯n-sâbpw Imcy-¯n hfsc ]n¶n-em-bn-cp-¶p. BÀ«v kn\n-a-I-fmWv CXn\v amäw
hcp-¯p-¶-Xv. ^nenw skmssk-än-I-fn-eqsS temI-kn-\n-a-bp-ambn _Ôw Øm]n-¨n-cp¶ Hcp \yq\-]-
£- ¯ n- \ p- t h- - n - b m- b n- c p¶p C¯cw kn\n- a - I Ä ]pd- ¯ n- d - § n- b n- c p- ¶ - X v . hntZi kn\n- a - b psS
IrXy-Xbpw kq£va-Xbpw Iem-`w-Knbpw AhÀ ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n. A§ns\ ImgvN-bpsS Hcp ]pXnb
kwkvImcw ChnsS cq]-s¸-«p.
90IÄ¡v tijw BÀ«v kn\n-a-bpsS ta·-IÄ A\p-I-cn¨v hmWn-Py-kn-\n-a-IÄ h¶-tXmsS
kam-´c kn\n-a-I-fpsS Imew Ah-km-\n-¨p. tIc-fob {]Ir-Xnsb Imev]-\n-I-amb kuµ-cy-h-kvXp-
hmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶ {]h-W-X-bmWv kn\na {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. kÀÆ Xn·-I-fp-sSbpw tI{µ-amWv
{Kmaw F¶ ImgvN-¸m-SmWv an¡ kn\n-a-I-fp-sSbpw tI{µ-hn-j-bw. C¯cw kn\n-a-I-fn Hcp ]gb
Xd-hmSpw a¡sf Im¯n-cn-¡p¶ A½bpw, hb-epw, Ipf-¡-S-hpw, ]ip-¡-fp-saÃmw \·-bp-sSbpw
]cn-ip-²n-bp-sSbpw {]Xo-I-ambn amdp-¶p.
tIc-fo-bX F¶m ]gb ^yqU tIc-f-am-sW¶ sXän-²m-c-Wbpw kn\n-a-IÄ D-m-¡p-
¶p--v. C¶-s¯ {]iv\§Äs¡Ãmw ImcWw ]gb tIc-fob PohnXw CÃm--XmbXmWv F¶v C¯cw
kn\n-a-IÄ hyà-am-¡p-¶p. CÃ-§-fpw, \mep-sI-«p-I-fpw, A¼-e-a-Wn-I-fpw, imkv{Xo-b-kw-KoX
It¨-cn-I-fpw, hnf-¡p-Ifpw \ndªp \n¡p¶ khÀW taÂt¡m-bva-\n-e-\n¡p¶ tIc-f-am-Wn-
hnsS {]Xy-£-am-Ip-¶-Xv. tIc-fob hmkvXp-in-ev]-im-e-Ifpw kn\n-a-bn CtX ImgvN-¸m-Sn Xs¶-
kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw
11
 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

bmWv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-sX¶pw teJ-I³ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. `mj, thjw, BNmcw, `£-Ww, kwKoXw

F¶n-h-sbÃmw Hcp ]pXnb- -k-hÀW sslµh \thm-°m-\-¯n\v A\p-Iq-e-\-am-bn-«mWv kn\n-a-bnÂ
D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-sX¶pw Nq-n¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p.
\mb-I-k-¦ev]w kv{Xosb c-mw Xc-¡m-cn-bmbn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw kv{Xohn-tam-N-\m-i-b-
§sf ]cn-lk - n¨v XÅp-Ib- mWv sN¿p-¶X
- v. IpSpw-_s¯ kw_-Ôn¨ apX-em-fn-¯a - q-ey-§f
- psS {]N-
cWw am{X-amWv kn\n-a-IÄ km[n-¡p--¶-Xv.
CXn-s\m-c-]-hmZw F¶ \ne-bn Nne kn\n-a-Ifpw ae-bm-f-¯n-ep--m-bn-«p--v. {]Xn-I-c-W
-ti-jn-bpÅ C¯cw kn\n-a-I-fn-eqsS am{Xta tIc-fob kn\n-abv¡v \ne-\n-ev]p--m-hp-I-bpÅq F¶v
teJ-I³ hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p.
4. Ie-bnse kztZ-in-{]-Øm-\hpw ]p\-cp-²m-c-Whpw
þ hnP-b-Ip-amÀ tat\m³
`mc- X ob inev ] , Nn{X- I - e - I - f n \mfn- X p- h - s c- b p- m - b n- « pÅ ssieo- h y- X n- b m- \ - § - f pw,
ho£-W-ssh-hn-[y-§-fpw, Bibt`Z-§fpw kmaq-ly-N-cn{X kmwkvIm-cnI ]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ
]cn-tim-[n-¡p-Ibpw hnebncp¯p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ k¼qÀ®-I-e-m]-T\ IrXn-bmWv {]ikvX Iem-\n-
cq-]-I-\-mb hnP-b-Ip-amÀ tat\msâ "`mc-Xob Ie Ccp-]Xmw \qäm--nÂ'. CXn \ns¶-Sp¯p tNÀ¯n-
«p-Å-XmWv Ie-bnse kztZin {]Øm-\hpw ]p\-cp-²m-c-Whpw F¶ teJ-\w.
20mw \qäm- - n - e mWv `mc- X ob Nn{X- I - e - b n sshhn- [ y- § fpw Bi- b - h y- X n- b m- \ - § fpw
{]Xy-£-am-Ip-¶-Xv. AXp-h-scbpw C´y³ Nn{X-I-e-bpsS Ah-km-\-hm¡v cmPm-c-hn-hÀa-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
chn-hÀ½-bpsS ac-W-t¯msS At±-l-¯nsâ Nn{X-§Ä¡pw {]kàn \jvS-s¸-«p. Ir{Xn-ahpw
`mc-Xo-bm-ßmhv \jvS-s¸-«Xpw F¶v Ah hnaÀin-¡-s¸-«p. {_n«o-jp-ImÀ C´ysb ]mÝm-Xy-h-XvI-cn-
¡p-¶-Xnsâ `mK-ambn `mj, thjw, BNm-cw, Ie-IÄ F¶n-h-bn-seÃmw Ah-cpsS B[n-]Xyw
Dd-¸n-¡p-I-bp--m-bn. CXv Xncn-¨-dnª Ipd¨v t]sc-¦nepw `mc-Xo-b-I-e-I-fpsS {]m[m-\y-s¯-¡p-dn¨v
{]N- c Ww \S- ¯ p- ¶ p- - v . SmtKmÀ IpSpw- _ - ¯ nsâ henb kw`m- h - \ - I Ä- C- ¡ mcy¯nep- - m - b n- « p- - v .
cho-{µ-\mY SmtKmdpw, ZzntP-{µ-\mY SmtKm-dpw, "icn-bmb kztZin Ie'bv¡v th-n BßmÀ°-amb
]cn- { i- a - § Ä \S- ¯ p- ¶ p- - v .
_wKmÄ hn`-P-\-t¯msS kztZin Nn´ ià-am-bn. "Iebn-eqsS kmwkvIm-cnI tZio-bX'
F¶ k¦ev]w C¡m-e-¯m-Wp--m-Ip-¶-Xv. GXv Iebv¡pw cmjv{Sobaps-¶pw Xncn-¨-dn-b-s¸-«p.
{_n«ojvcmPn\pw kwkvIm-c-¯n\pw ]Icw C´y³ tZio-b-Xbpw kwkvIm-chpw Ie-Ifpw F¶
Bibw {]_-e-am-bn. CXv kmh-[m\w lnµp-tZ-io-b-hm-Z-¯n\v ASn-Øm-\-ambn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
tZio-bX {]Xn-tem-a-]-c-am-bn-¯o-cp¶ L«-am-bn-cp¶p CXv.
{_n«ojv Iem-Nn-´-I-\mb C.-_n.-lm-th {_n«ojv kwkvImcw C´y³ Ie-I-fn-ep--m-¡nb
amä-§sf hni-Z-]-T-\-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-¡p-¶p--v. hyh-km-b-h¡-c-W-t¯mSv _Ô-s¸« Ie-Isf
"`uXn-I-Ie' F¶m-W-t±lw hnfn¡p¶Xv. `mc-Xo-b-Ie B[ym-ßn-I-am-Wv. AXn\v hyh-km-b-t¯mSv
_Ô-an-Ã. ]mc-¼-cy-¯n-te¡v aS§n `mc-Xob Iesb Xncn-¨p-]n-Sn-¡m³ Iem-Im-c-·msc At±lw
HmÀ½-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. `mc-Xob Nn´-bn XmÂ]-cy-ap--m-bn-cp¶ knÌÀ \nth-ZnX Zriy-`mj C´y³
{]Xn-tcm-[-¯nsâ `mK-am-I-W-sa¶v hmZn-¨p.
`mc-Xob Ie-I-fpsS ]p\-cp-²m-cWw "_wKmÄ kvIqÄ' {]Øm-\-hp-am-bmWv _Ô-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
_wKm-fn "I¡¯ kvIqÄ Hm^v BÀSvkv' Bbn-cp¶p CXnsâ tI{µw. ]mÝm-Xy-I-e-I-fp-am-
bpÅ _Ôw hn«v `mc-Xob Iem-]m-c-¼cyw DÄs¡m-Åm³ -lm-thens\t]m-ep-Å-hÀ Iem-Im-c-·msc
t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. hnaÀi-\§ - Ä¡n-Sb - nepw kztZ-in-Ie - m-{]-Øm\w bmYmÀ°y-am-hp-Ib - m-bn-cp-¶p. `mc-
Xo- b - X bpw sshtZ- i n- I - X bpw H¶n¨p t]mhnà F¶v B\µ- I p- a m- c n- k zm- a n- s b- t ¸m- e pÅ
Iem-Nn-´-IÀ hyà-am-¡p-¶p--v. ]mÝm-Xy-Nn-{X-Ie _mly-am-sW-¦n `mc-Xo-b-Ie {]Xo-Im-ß-Ihpw
B´-cn-I-hp-am-Wv. At\Iw ssII-fpÅ ssZh-k-¦Â]-§Ä Cu {]Xo-Im-ß-IX ASn-Øm-\-am¡n
cq]-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. {]Xy-£-amb ]mÝm-Xy-ho-£-W-s¯-¡mÄ ]tcm-£hpw B´-cn-I-hp-amb `mc-Xob
\nco£W-¯n-\mWv `mc-Xo-b-I-em-Im-c-·mÀ {i² sNep-t¯-- Xv F¶ ImgvN-¸mSv CtXmsS kzoIm-
cy-am-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw
12
 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

samUyqÄ þ3

Fþ hmWn-Py-¡-¯p-IÄ

hnhn-[-Xcw Fgp-¯p-IÄ : hyh-kmb temIw hnI-kn-¡p-¶-Xn-\-\p-k-cn¨v Bh-iy-§fpw hyXy-

kvX-§-fm-bn-¯oÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. Bh-iy-§Ä Fgp-¯n-eqsS \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-¶-Xn-\m hnhn[ Xcw
Fgp-¯p-I-fp-ap--v. C¡m-e¯v Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-¯n-\mbn [mcmfw kwhn-[m-\-§Ä Ds--¦n t]mepw
I¯n-S-]m-Sp-IÄ¡pÅ {]m[m\yw H«pw- Ip-d-ªn-«n-Ã.
HutZym-KnI cwK¯v hyàn-I-sf-¡mÄ {]m[m\yw Øm]-\-§Ä¡m-Wv. Hu]-Nm-cnI I¯n-S-
]m-Sp-IÄ¡v- A-Xn-tâ-Xmb kmt¦-Xn-I-Xzhpw \nb-am-h-en-Ifpw D-v. HutZym-KnI Øm\¯v Bfp-I-
Ä amdn hcp-t¼mgpw Øm]-\-¯n\v `mj Ht¶-bpÅp F¶-XmWv bmYmÀ°yw.
Fgp-¯p-I-sfÃmw Htc Xc-¯n-ep-Å-h-b-Ã. Hmtcm Bh-iy-¯n\pw Hmtcm-tcm Xcw Fgp-¯p-
Ifpw hyXy-kvX-amb `mj-Ifpw, A`n-kw-t_m-[-\-I-fp-am-Wp-Å-Xv.
hmWn-Pym-h-iy-¯n-\pÅ Fgp-¯p-Isf C{]-Imcw Xncn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
1. tPmen-¡p-th--n-bpÅ At]-£-IÄ, ip]mÀi-¡-¯p-IÄ
2. A`n-{]mbw tNmZn-¡Â I¯p-IÄ
3. kÀ¡p-eÀ I¯p-IÄ
4. XpSÀ{]-hÀ¯-\-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Fgp-¯p-IÄ
5. \nth-Z-\w, I¼nktµ-i-§Ä
6. At\z-j-W-§Ä
7. Hm^-dp-IÄ, Izt«-j-\p-IÄ
8. kzoI-c-W-§Ä, HmÀU-dp-IÄ
9. HmÀUÀ, kzoI-cWw þ Ch d±m-¡Â
10. km[-\-§Â hm§epw hn¡epw
11. Ah-Im-i-§Ä, ]cm-Xn-IÄ
12. ]Ww ]ncn-s¨-Sp-¡Â
13. _m¦nwKv Fgp-¯p-IÄ
14. C³jq-d³kv
15. sdbn hgn km[-\-§Ä Ab-¡p-¶-Xn\v
16. Ib-äp-a-Xn, Cd-¡p-aXn
17. GP³kn Bh-iymÀ°w
18. Kh¬saâp-am-bpÅ Fgp-¯p-IÄ
19. I¼\n sk{I-«-dn-bpsS Fgp-¯p-IÄ
20. ]{Xm-[n-]À¡pÅ Fgp-¯p-IÄ
tPmen¡pth- - n - b pÅ At]- £ - I Ä:

Hcp hym]m-c-im-e-bn Hgnhp hcn-Ibpw Hcp- ]pXnb \nb-a\w thW-sa¶v Xocp-am-\n-¡p-

Ibpw sNbvXm ]{X-¯n ]ckyw sN¿p-I-bmWv th--Xv. km[m-c-W-bmbn hym]m-c-im-e-bpsS
t]cv ]c- k y- ¯ n D- m - h m- d n- à .

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

13
 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

DZm:
{]kn-²-amb Hcp hym]m-c-im-e-bn-te¡v ¢À¡nsâ Bh-iyap-v. hnZym-`ymk tbmKy-X-bpw,
{]Xo-£n-¡p¶ i¼-fhpw ImWn¨v 20.12.2012\Iw At]-£n-¡p-I.
amXr-`qan
]n.-_n.-\-¼À :543
Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw

At]-£-I³ kzm[o\w sNep-¯m-Xn-cn-¡m-\mWv hym]m-c-im-e-bpsS t]cv shbv-¡m-Xn-cp-¶-Xv.

Cu Hgn- h n- t e¡v Hcp DtZym- K mÀ°n At]- £ n- ¡ p- t ¼mÄ Nne Imcy- § Ä {i²n- t ¡- - X p- - v .
]{X-]-c-kys¯ ASn-Øm-\-am¡n At]-£n-¡p-t¼mÄ ]{X-¯nsâ t]cpw ]c-ky-Xn-¿-Xnbpw
Fgp-XW - w. At]-£I - \v tPmen-tbm-SpÅ XmÂ]cyw hyà-am-¡W - w. GXv t]mÌn-te-¡mWv At]£
F¶v {]tXyIw Fgp-X-Ww. tbmKy-Xbpw {]hr¯n ]cn-N-bhpw hyà-am-¡-Ww. A\m-h-iy-ambn
kzbw ]pI-gv¯p-I-tbm, AanX hn\bw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-Itbm Acp-Xv. ]Tn¨ tImgvkp-IÄ, Øm]\w
F¶nh hyà-am-¡-Ww. ]cn-Nbw hyà-am-¡p-t¼mÄ Øm]-\-¯nsâ t]cpw, F´p-sIm-v AhnSw
hn«p-t]m-cp¶p F¶pw Fgp-X-Ww. hb-kv, A[n-I-tbm-KyX F¶nh ImWn-¡-Ww. Bh-iy-sa-¦nÂ
{]Xo-£n-¡p¶ Ipdª i¼fw Fgp-X-Ww. Fgp¯v JWvUn-I-I-fmbn Fgp-X-Ww. Hmtcm JWvUn-I-
bnepw Hmtcm Bi-bta D-m-hm³ ]mSp-Åq. sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-sW-¦n Xsâ Ign-hnsâ
]c-am-h[n Øm]-\] - p-tcm-KX
- n¡v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-sa¶v hmKvZm\w sN¿-Ww. A`n-kw-t_m[\ kÀ Ft¶m
{]nb-s¸« kÀ Ft¶m BImw. hniz-kvX-X-tbmsS, BZc-]qÀÆw F¶n-§s\ Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡mw.

A`n{]mbw tNmZn-¡Â I¯p-IÄ:

Hcp tPmen-¡pÅ At]-£-bn At]-£-I-s\-¸än tNmZn-¡p¶Xn\v GsX-¦nepw hyàn-bp-
sStbm Øm]-\-¯n-sâtbm t]cv \nÀt±-in-¨n-«p-s- ¦n Øm]\ DS-abv¡v Ah-tcmSv FgpXn tNmZn-
¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. DtZym-KmÀ°n-sb-¡p-dn¨v F´m-W-`n-{]m-b-sa¶v sXmgn-ep-Sa \nÀt±-in-¡-s¸« hyàn-
tbmSv FgpXn tNmZn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mWv A`n-{]mbw tNmZn-¡Â I¯v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. C¯cw Fgp-
¯p-I-fn Xmsg ]d-bp¶ hnh-- c - § Ä D- m - b n- c n- ¡ - W w.
Fgp¯v Fgp-Xm-\pÅ kml-Ncyw
B{K-ln-¡p¶ hnh-c-§Ä
hnh-c-§Ä cl-ky-ambn kq£n-¡m-sa¶ Dd¸v
C¯-c-samcp Ah-kcw D-m-bm C§-s\-bpÅ Imcy-§Ä Xncn¨p sN¿m-sa¶ k¶-²-X.
CXv asämcmÄ \ap¡v sNbv X p Xtc- klmbw Bh- i y- s ¸- S p¶ Fgp- ¯ m- W v . AXp- s Im- v
kz´w taÂhn-em-k-sa-gp-Xnb Ìms¼m-«n¨ Hcp IhÀ DÅ-S¡w sNt¿--Xm-Wv. adp-]-Sn-IÄ hyàhpw
kXy- k - Ô - h p- a m- b n- c n- ¡ - W w. t{Zml- _ p- ² n- t bm- s S- b pÅ kao- ] \w Hgn- h m- ¡ p- ¶ - X mWv \Ã- X v .
hyà-amb adp-]Sn \ÂIm³ Ign-bn-sÃ-¦n Adn-bp¶ asäm-cm-fpsS hnemkw \ÂIp-¶Xpw C¯cw
Fgp-¯p-I-fn km[m-c-W-am-Wv.

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

14
 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

A`n-{]mbw tNmZn-¡Â I¯nsâ amXrI

Øew:
Xn¿Xn:
C³t^m-knkv; Fd-Wm-Ipfw
kÀ,
R§-fpsS I¼-\n-bn knÌw A\-en-Ìmbn At]-£n¨ taml³Zmkv F¶ Bfnsâ
kz`m-h-§tfbpw Ign-hn-s\bpw Ipdn¨v Xm¦-tfmSv At\z-jn-¡m³ th-n Fgp-Xn-bn-«p--v. AbmÄ
F´p-sIm--mWv BZys¯ tPmen Dt]-£n-¡m³ CS-bm-b-sX-¶pw, Abm-sf-¡p-dn¨v Xm¦Ä¡-dn-bm-
hp¶ aäv Imcy-§fpw Adn-bn-¡p-¶Xv D]-Im-c-am-bn-cn¡pw. C¯cw Hcm-hiyw Xm¦Ä¡pw D-m-hp-I-
bm-sW-¦n GXv klmbhpw {]Xo-£n-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
\ÂInb hnh-c-§Ä cl-ky-ambn kq£n-¡p-sa¶v Dd¸v \ÂIp-¶p.

hniz-kvX-X-tbmsS,
amtÌgvkv Iayq-Wn-t¡-j³kv
tImgn-t¡m-Sv.
ip]mÀi-¡-¯p-IÄ
tPmen e`n-¡m³ Hc-t]-£-Is\ klm-bn-¡p-Itbm, I¨-h-Sm-hiyw hmbv]-tbm, aäv klm-b-
§tfm Xc-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-Itbm BWv ip]mÀi-¡-¯p-I-fpsS {][m-\-e-£yw.
GsX-¦nepw Hcp sXmgnÂim-e-bn At]-£-I\v tPmen e`n-¡m³ AbmÄ ap¼v tPmen
sNbvX Øm]-\-¯nsâ tae-[n-Im-cn-bn \n¶v e`n-¡p¶ kz`mh kÀ«n-^n-¡-ämWv tPmen-¡m-bpÅ
ip]mÀi-¡-¯p-I-fn {][m-\w. CXn {]tXy-In-¨m-scbpw A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sN¿m-dn-Ã. At]-£-
I\v Bh-iy-apÅnS-s¯Ãmw CXp-]-tbm-Kn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
amXrI:
Fd-Wm-Ipfw
10.12.2011

{io. ctajv _m_p Ignª 3 hÀj-ambn R§fpsS Øm]-\-¯n tPmen sN¿p-I-bm-Wv.

Cu Imew apgp-h³ AbmfpsS tkh\w Xr]vXn-I-c-am-bn-cp-¶p. tae-[n-Im-cn-IÄ¡pw kl-{]-hÀ¯-
IÀ¡pw kÀÆ-k-½-X-\mb Abm-fpsS Imcy-£-a-X-bpw, kz`m-h-ip-²nbpw AwKo-I-cn-t¡-- Xm-Wv.

amt\-PÀ (H-¸v)
^m¡¬ Atkm-kn-tbävkv
Fd-Wm-Ipfw
I¨-hS- m-hi
- ymÀ°w hmbv]tbm aäv klm-b§
- tem Bh-iy-s¸-«mWv ip]mÀi-¡¯
- p-Is
- f-¦nÂ
AXn Xmsg-¸-d-bp¶ hnh-c-§Ä FÃmw D-m-bn-cn-¡-Ww.
1. ip]mÀi sN¿p¶ Bfnsâ apgp-h³ t]cv
2. ip]mÀi sN¿p¶Xv F´n\v th- n - b mWv
3. F´p klm-b-amWv {]Xo-£n-¡p-¶Xv
4. At]-£-Isâ km¼-¯nI ØnXn, kz`mhw F¶n-h-sb-¸än
5. sNbvXp sImSp-¡p¶ klm-b-¯n-\v ap³Iq-«n-bpÅ \µn.

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

15
 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

C¯cw Fgp-¯p-IÄ hyà-hpw kXy-k-Ôhpw Bbn-cn-¡-Ww. kq£va-X-tbm-sSbpw

D¯-c-hm-Zn-¯-t¯m-sSbpw BWv Fgp¯v X¿m-dm-t¡-- Xv. Fgp-¯n ]dª amXn-cn-sbÃmw
At]- £ - I ³ s]cp- a m- d p- ¶ p- v F¶v Dd¸v hcp- t ¯- - X p- a m- W v .
kÀ¡p-eÀ Fgp-¯p-IÄ (s]mXp Adn-bn-¸p-I-Ä)

Hcp ]pXnb hym]mc Øm]-\-¯nsâ Øm]-\w, ssIam-äw, Poh-\-¡m-cpsS amäw, taÂhn-em-

k¯nsâ amäw hym]m- c - k w- h n- [ m- \ - ¯ n- \ - I - ¯ p- - m - I p¶ amäw F¶nh hym]m- c - i m- e - b p- a mbn
_Ô- a p- Å - h - s cbpw, ]äp- I m- s cbpw s]mXp- P - \ - § - s fbpw Adn- b n- t ¡- - X p- - v . c- v amÀ¤- § - f mWv
CXn- \ mbn kzoI- c n- ¡ m- d p- Å - X v ; ]{X- § - f n ]c- k y- a mbpw, t\cn- « pÅ Fgp- ¯ p- I Ä hgn- b pw.
s]mXp Adn-bn-¸p-IÄ hmb-\-¡m-cpsS hnizmkw BÀÖn-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ hn[-¯n-em-bn-cn-¡Ww
X¿m-dm-t¡-- Xv. cq]-¯nepw DÅ-S-¡-¯nepw BIÀj-I-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww.
amXrI:
Hcp XpWn hym]m-c-im-e-bpsS {]hÀ¯\w Bcw-`n-¡p-¶Xv kw_-Ôn-¨v.
Ieym¬ knÂIvkv
XriqÀ
10 amˬv 2011
am\y-sc,
Ieym¬ knÂIvknsâ Hcp ]pXnb imJ Xriq-cn {]hÀ¯\w Bcw-`n-¡p¶ hnhcw kt´m-
j-]qÀÆw Adn-bn-¡p-¶p.
]«v hkv{X-§-fpsS tiJ-c-W-¯nepw hn]-W-\-¯nepw cmPym-´-c-{]-ikvXn ssIh-cn¨
R§-fpsS ]pXnb tjmdq-anepw Xm¦-fpsS Bh-iy-¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨v ske-£³kv R§Ä Hcp-¡n-
bn-«p--v. Ipdª hne-bnepw IqSp-X KpW-ta-·-bpw R§Ä Dd¸p hcp-¯p-¶p.
hniz-kvX-X-tbmsS
P\-d amt\-PIeym¬ knÂIvkv
BhÀ¯-\-¡-¯p-IÄ
s]mXp-A-dn-bn-¸p-I-tfmSv _Ô-ap-Å-h-bmWv BhÀ¯-\-¡-¯p-IÄ. s]mXpAdn-bn-¸p-IÄ
Bfp-IÄ¡v hym]m-c-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Adnhv \ÂIp-I-bm-sW-¦n Cu Adn-hns\ HmÀU-dp-I-fm¡n
amäp-I-bmWv BhÀ¯-\-¡-¯p-IÄ sN¿p-¶-Xv. s]mXp-A-dn-bn¸v F{X t]À I-n-cn-¡m-sa¶pw AXnsâ
t]cn am{Xw F{X t]À Xsâ hym]m-c-ime kµÀin-¨n-«p-v F¶pw kq£va-Zr-jvSn-bmb Hcp hym]m-
cn¡v a\-Ên-em-¡m³ km[n-¡pw. s]mXp Adn-bn-¸n\v tijw Xsâ I¨-h-S-¯n D-mb hÀ²-\hv
F{X- t ¯mfw AXp- a mbn _Ô- s ¸«v F{X HmÀU- d p- I - Ä h¶p F¶nh IrXy- a mbn tcJ-
s¸-Sp-¯p¶ cPn-ÌÀ kq£n-¨n-cn-¡W - w. CXnsâ ASn-Øm-\¯
- n C\nbpw Xmev]cyw P\n-¨n-«n-Ãm¯
Bfp-Isf tXSn-bmWv BhÀ¯-\-¡-¯p-IÄ Ab-¡p-¶-Xv.
X§Ä¡v Hcp Øncw ]äp-Im-cs\ In«m-t\m, tIh-eamb Hcp kµÀ i-\t- am, At\z-jW - tam
HmÀU-dm¡n amämt\m BWv C¯cw I¯pIÄ Ab-¡p-¶-Xv. C{]-Imcw ap¼-b¨ Fgp¯p-I-fpsS
XpSÀ¨-bmbn hnev]-\bv¡v t{]cW sNep¯ns¡m--p-Å-Xm-bn-cn¡pw Ch. AXpsIm-v Xs¶ Hmtcm
D]-t`m-àm-hn-sâbpw Xmev]-cy-§Ä, A\n-jvS-§Ä F¶nh a\-Ên-em-¡n-s¡m-v thWw C¯cw
Fgp-¯p-IÄ X¿m-dm-¡m³. hmb-\-¡m-cs\ kv]Àin¡p¶ Xc-¯nÂ, hne-bnepw Ihnª Fs´-
¦nepw B\p- I q- e y- § Ä \ÂIp- ¶ Xv {]kvXm- h n- ¨ p- s Im- - m - b n- c n¡pw Cu Fgp- ¯ p- I Ä
X¿m- d m- t ¡- - X v.

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

16
 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³
amXrI:
am\y-tc,
R§Ä CubnsS {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ Ip«n-I-fpsS BtcmKyw F¶ ]pkvX-I-s¯-¸än \n§-fpsS
hne-tb-dnb A`n-{]mbw Bh-iy-s¸«v Fgp-¯-b-¨n-cp-¶p. F¶m ka-b-¡p-dhv sIm-mImw
Xm¦Ä¡-Xn\v adp-]Sn H¶pw t]mÌv sNbvX-Xmbn I--Xn-Ã.
{]kn-²o-I-cn-¨-Xn\v tijw \m\m-`m-K-§-fn \n¶pw R§Ä¡v \à coXn-bn-epÅ {]Xn-I-c-W-
amWv e`n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. Cubh-k-c-¯n Xm¦-sft¸msem-cm-fn \n¶v hne-tb-dnb \nco-£-W-§Ä
Cu ]pkv X - I - s ¯- ¡ p- d n- ¨ p- - m - h - W - s a¶v R§Ä B{K- l n- ¡ p- ¶ p. Xm¦- f psS hnim- e - a mb
kulr-Z-tem-Ihpw hmb-\m-tem-Ihpw Aev]-k-a-b-t¯¡v R§Ä¡p IqsS D]-Im-c-s¸Spw F¶v
{]Xo-£n-¡p-¶p.
hniz-kvX-cmb
C³em³Uv ]»n-t¡-j³kv
sat½m-dm-w
sNdpXpw A{X {]m[m-\y-an-Ãm¯ Imcy-§Ä¡pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶XmWv sat½m-dm--w.
Bcw- ` n- ¡ p- t ¼mgpw Ah- k m- \ n- ¡ p- t ¼mgpw kwt_m- [ - \ - I Ä tNÀ¡m- d n- Ã . NphsS H¸pw
shbv¡m-dn-Ã. X¿m-dm-¡p¶ ¢mÀ¡nsâ C\n-jy sh¡m-dp--v.
amXrI: sat½m- d m- w
Pb-`m-cXv t_¡dn Xn¿Xn:
tImgn-t¡mSv tdmUv
I®qÀ
{io.-sI.-BÀ.-t_-¡dn
amt\-PÀ¡v
Ignª c-p amk-§-fmbn Xm¦fn \n¶pw ]mgvk t_mIvkp-IÄ e`n-¡p-¶n-Ã. F{Xbpw
thKw F¯n¨p Xcp-hm³ XmÂ]-cy-s¸-Sp-¶p.
]n.-sI.hn
C³{Sm-aq-d Fgp-¯p-IÄ
slUv Hm^o- k n \n¶pw AXnsâ imJm Hm^o- k p- I - f n- t e¡pw hIp- ¸ p- I - f n- t e¡pw
Ab-¡p¶ Fgp-¯p-I-Ä¡mWv C³{Smaqd Fgp-¯p-IÄ F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Ch A\u]-Nm-cn-I-
am-bmWv Fgp-Xm-dp-Å-Xv. A`n-kw-t_m-[\, D]kw-lmcw F¶nh D-m-hm-dn-Ã. ktµiw hfsc Npcp-
¡n-bmWv Fgp-Xm-dp-Å-Xv.
ssk^À I¼n-IÄ:
thK¯n Bi-b-hn-\n-abw \S-¡m³ th-n-bmWv sSen-{Km-ap-Isf
B{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. ktµ-i-§Ä cl-ky-am-¡m\pw Ffp-¸-¯n Imcy-§Ä \S-¡m-\p-amWv hym]m-c-
im-e-IÄ ssk^À I¼n-Isf B{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. cl-ky-amb AÀ°-apÅ Hcp Iq«w A£-c-§tfm
A¡-§tfm BWn-h. Hmtcm {Kq¸nepw A©v A¡-§tfm AsÃ-¦n A£-c-§tfm am{Xta D-m-
hm-dp-Åq. CXv Ab-¡p¶ Bfn\pw e`n-¡p¶ Bfn\pw am{Xta a\-Ên-em-¡m³ Ign-bp-I-bp-Åq.
Hm^-dp-IÄ/sIzmt«-j-\p-IÄ
Ch c-pw HcÀ°-¯n Hcp-t]m-se-bmWv s]cp-am-dp-¶-Xv. F¶m kq£vamw-i-¯n hyXym-
k- a p- - v . ]cn- K - W - \ - b v ¡ mbn kaÀ¸n- ¡ p¶ \nÀt±- i - a mWv Hm^À. tÌm¡p- I - f p- s Stbm
Nc-¡p-I-fp-sStbm hne \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶-XmWv sIzmt«-j³. Hc-t\z-j-W-¯n-\pÅ adp-]-Sn-bmWv
Izt«-j³ \ÂIp-¶-sX-¦nÂ, Hm^-dp-IÄ¡v ]n¶n Hc-t\z-jWw thW-sa-¶n-Ã.aµ-K-Xn-bnemb
I¨-h-Ss¯ Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\mWv km[m-c-W-bmbn Hm^-dp-IÄ {]Jym-]n-¡p-¶-Xv.

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

17
 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

_m¦nwKv Fgp-¯p-IÄ
B[p-\nI temI¯v hyh-km-birwJ-e-bpsS \ne-\n-ev]n\pw ]ptcm-K-Xn¡pw _m¦p-IÄ¡v
kp{]-[m\amb ]¦p--v. km¼-¯nI hn\n-a-b-¯nsâ CS-\n-e-¡m-c³ F¶ \ne-bnepw aqe-[\
\nt£-]-¯nepw [\-k-am-lm-c-W-¯nepw, hmbv]-IÄ \ÂIp-¶-Xnepw _m¦p-IÄ¡v hf-sc-b-[nIw
sN¿m- \ p- - v . Hcp _m¦n\v {][m- \ - a mbpw c- v [À½- § - f m- W p- Å - X v .
1. \nt£]w kzoI-cn-¡Â
2. hmbv] \ÂIÂ
\nt£]§Ä aq¶p Xc-¯n-em-Wp-Å-Xv.
Ønc- \ n- t £- ] - § Ä, tkhnwKvkv F¡u- v , Id- v F¡u- v
Ønc-\n-t£-]-§Ä:
CXv \nt£]Isâ k¼m- Z y- ¯ n\p th- n - b p- Å - X m- W v . Hcp \nÝnX Imew hsc ]Ww
kpc-£n-X-am-bn-cn-¡m\pw CXv klm-bn-¡p-¶p. Imem-h[n A\p-k-cn¨mWv ]en-i-\n-c¡v Xocp-am-\n-
¡p-¶-Xv. _m¦n\v Cu \nt£]w D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. AXp-sIm-v Xs¶ aäv \nt£-c-§-sf-
¡mÄ ]eni CXn\v \ÂIm- d p- - v .
skhnwKvkv sUt¸m-knäv:
ssZ\w- Z n\ Bh- i y- § Ä¡pÅ XpI- b mWv tkhnwKv k v _m¦n \nt£- ] n- ¡ p- ¶ - X v .
\nt£-]-I\v _m¦v \nbaw A\p-k-cn¨v XpI ]n³h-en-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
Idâ v sUt¸m-knäv :
CXn \nt£-]n-¡p¶ ]Ww F{X thW-sa-¦nepw Ft¸mÄ thW-sa-¦nepw ]n³h-en-¡m-hp-
¶-Xm-Wv. km¼-¯nI kpc-£n-X-Xz-amWv CXnsâ ASn-Øm-\w. hym]m-cn-IÄ¡v s]mXpsh CXn-emWv
Xmev]cyw. _m¦p-IÄ km[m-c-W-bmbn Cu \nt£-]-¯n\v ]eni \ÂIm-dn-Ã.
_m¦p-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-ta-Je hnim-e-am-b-Xn-\m _m¦nwKv Fgp-¯p-IÄ¡pw sshhn-[y-
ap--v. CS]mSp-IÄ Htc Xc-¯n-ep-Åh Bb-Xn-\m A¨-Sn¨ t^md-§-fmWv A[n-Ihpw D]-tbm-Kn-
¡p-¶-Xv.
_m¦nwKv Fgp-¯p-IÄ km[m-c-W-bmbn \mev hn`m-K-§-fn-emWv hcp-¶Xv.
1. Iymjp-Ifpw sN¡p-Ifpw
2. _nÂkv Hm^v FIvtk©v
3. tÌm¡p-Ifpw Hml-cn-Ifpw
4. Idâ v A ¡ u - - p - I Ä
hmWn-Py-]-c-amb I¯n-S-]m-Sp-I-fpsS kn²m-´-§fpw \S-]-Sn-{I-a-§fpw
Bib hn\n-ab D]m-[n-bmbn«mWv a\p-jy³ `mj `mj- Is-¯p¶-Xv. kw`m-j-W-`m-jbv¡v
kq£va-Xbpw, Ønc-Xbpw Ipd-hmWv F¶ tXm¶-en \n¶mWv Fgp-¯p-hnZy cq]-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
Fgp-¯n-eqsSbpÅ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-¯nsâ {][m-\-D-]m-[n-I-fmWv I¯p-IÄ. I¯p-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-
¨p-sIm--pÅ Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-amWv I¯n-S-]m-Sp-IÄ. Cu hn\n-abw hyàn-IÄ X½n-tem, hym]m-c-
im-e-IÄ X½n-tem, tPmbnsâ tÌm¡v I¼-\n-IÄ X½ntem BImw. hym]m-c-¯nsâ {]hÀ¯-\-
§Ä¡pw, \ne-\n-ev]n\pw I¯n-S-]m-Sp-IÄ¡v {][m\ ]¦p--v. C¯cw Fgp-¯p-I-fn ktµ-i-§Ä
hyàhpw Hcp kwi-b-¯n\pw CS-\ÂIm-¯Xpw Bbn-cn-¡-Ww. 20mw \qäm--nsâ Bcw-`-Imew hsc
Is¯-gp¯v hfsc {]bmkw \nd-ª-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m ssS¸-vssd-äÀ AS-¡-apÅ kmt¦-XnI
hnZyIÄ C¶v CXv hfsc Ffp-¸a - p-ÅX
- m-¡n-¯oÀ¯ncn¡p-¶p. hmWn-Py-¡¯ - p-If
- psS {]m[m\ khn-
ti-jX kmln-Xy-`w-Kn-tb-¡mÄ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw e£yw sh¡p¶p F¶-Xm-Wv. AXn-\m `mjm-{]-
tbm- K - § Ä BhÀ¯\ hnc- k hpw I¯p- I Ä Hcp t]mep- Å Xpw Bbn- c n- ¡ pw.
Is¯-gp-Xmt\m hmbn¡mt\m A[nIw kabw CÃm-¯X - n-\m ]c-am-h[n Npcp¡n Fgp-XpI CXnsâ
kz`m-h-am-Wv. Imcy-§Ä hyà-ambpw kv]jvS-ambpw Fgp-X-Ww. AXn-\m-h-iy-amb `mjbpw
kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw
18
 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

ssienbpw D- m bn- c n- ¡ - W w.
hmWnPy¡¯p-I-fpsS LS\
Xe-s¡«v: Xe-s¡«v hyà-ambpw `wKn-bmbpw A¨-Sn-¨n-cn-¡-Ww. hym]m-c-im-e-bpsS t]cv,
hnem-kw, t^m¬, Cþ-sa-bn A{Ukv F¶nh D-m-bn-cn-¡-Ww.
taÂhn-emkw:
CXv kzoIÀ¯m-hn-sâtbm hym]m-c-im-e-bp-sStbm t]cpw taÂhn-em-k-hp-amWv. Gähpw
apI-fn CS-Xp-h-i-¯mWv CXv Fgp-Xp-¶-Xv. km[m-c-W-bmbn Ih-dnsâ taÂhiw NXp-cmIrXn-bnÂ
apdn- s ¨- S p¯v Snjyp- t ]- ¸ À H«n- ¨ mWv t]mÌv sN¿p- ¶ - X v . Cu Pme- I - k w- h n- [ m\w c- p XhW
taÂhn-emkw Fgp-Xp-¶-Xn \ns¶m-gn-hm-Im-\pÅ amÀ¤-am-Wv.
A`n-kw-t_m-[\:
taÂhn-em-k-¡mc\pÅ Hu]-Nm-cnI kwt_m-[-\-bm-Wn-Xv. am\ysc F¶mWv s]mXpth
Fgp-Xp-¶-Xv.
tI{µ-`mKw:
Chn-sS-bmWv ktµiw Fgp-tX-- Xv. Ah-iy-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn¨v ktµ-ihpw amdpw. {]m[m-\y-a-
\p-k-cn¨v JWvUn-I-I-fmbn Xncn-¡-Ww.
Hu]-Nm-cnI kam-]\w:
kzoIÀ¯m-hn-t\m-SpÅ BZ-chv ChnsS {]I-Sa - m-¡W
- w. Fgp¯v Ah-km-\n-¸n¨ tijw Xmsg-
bm-WnXv Fgp-Xm-dp-Å-Xv. hniz-kvX-X-tbmsS, hn\-b-]qÀÆw F¶n-§s\ A-h-km-\n-¸n¡mw
H¸v:
Hu]-Nm-cn-I-k-am-]-\-¯n\v Xmsg-bm-hWw H¸v. H¸v sh¡p¶ Bfnsâ t]cpw Fgp-Xm-dp--v.
A\p-_-Ô-¡p-dn¸v:
Ign- b p- ¶ n- S - t ¯mfw CsXm- g n- h m- ¡ p- I . kzoIÀ¯m- h nsâ {]tXyI {i²- b n htc-
Imcy-§-fmWv C§s\ Fgp-Xp-¶-Xv.
khn-ti-j-X-IÄ:
hmWn-Py-cw-Ks¯ _Ô-§Ä \ne-\n-dp-¯p-¶-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb hyàn-Xz-hpw, acym-Zbpw
Fgp¯pIÄ¡p- - m - h - W w. ^b \¶mbn ]Tn¨v Hcp IcSv cq]w D- m - ¡ nb tijw Fgp- X p- ¶ -
XmWv \Ã-Xv. sshIm-cn-I- kao]\-§Ä¡v C¯cw Fgp-¯p-I-fn Øm\-an-Ã. hyà-Xbpw
kv]jvS-Xbpw D-m-bn-cn-¡-Ww-. ]n¶oSv sXämbn hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-Sm³ CS-bm-h-cp-Xv. ]c-am-h[n Npcp¡n
Fgp- X m³ {ian- ¡ - W w. Fgp- ¯ p- I - f n acym- Z bpw HuNn- X yhpw \nÀ_- Ô - a m- b n- c n- ¡ - W w.
hnaÀi-\-§Ä t]mepw AXncp IS-¶m-h-cp-Xv.
]c-ky-`mj:
km[-\-§Ä, tkh-\-§Ä, Bi-b-§Ä F¶n-h-sb-¸än D]-t`m-àm-¡sf Adn-bn-¡m-\pÅ
D]m-[n-bmWv ]ckyw F¶v \nÀÆ-Nn-¡mw. I¨hS kwkvIm-c-¯n-sâk \ne-\nev]v Xs¶ ]c-ky-
§fnem-Wv. apS-¡p-ap-Xe
- nsâ `qcn-`mKw iX-am-\hpw C¶v ]c-ky-¯n-\m\v \o¡n sh¡p-¶X - v. Dev]¶w
]pd-¯n-d§pw ap¼v Xs¶ ]c-ky-§Ä h-cp-¶p. ap¼v \ntXym-]-tbmK km[-\-§Ä¡v ]ckyw th-
F¶m-bn-cp¶p ImgvN-¸m-Sv. C¶v AXpw amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Acn, D¸v, apfIv FÃm-än\pw ]c-ky-§-fp--v.
NSp-e-hpw, BIÀj-Wo-b-hp-amb `mj-bmWv ]c-ky-¯n-\m-h-iyw. Gähpw efn-Xhpw kwKo-
Xm-ß-Ihpw Bbn-cn¡pw ]c-ky-§Ä. ]c-ky-hm-¡p-I-fn IpSp-§n-bmWv D]-t`m-àmhv amÀ¡-än-se-
¯p-¶-Xv. C¶v ]c-ky-hm-N-I-sa-gp¯v Hcp ]T-\-im-J-bm-bn-t¸mepw amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]c-ky-`mj en]n
hyh-Ø-bptSXv am{X-a-Ã. Iem-km-ln-Xy-§-fpsS A\-´-km-[y-X-IÄ FÃmw {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-
bmWv {i²mÀl-amb ]cky§Ä ]pd-¯p-h-cp-¶-Xv.

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

19
 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

Fkv.-Fw.-F-Êp-IÄ:
samss_ t^mWp-I-fpsS {]Nm-c-t¯msS cq]-s¸« Bi-b- h-n\nabcoXn-bm-Wn-Xv. ktµ-i-
§Ä Ab-¡pI F¶-Xn-\-¸pdw h³ P\-¡q-«-§-fps-S ]n´pW-t\-SpI F¶p-hsc F¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶p
Fkv.-Fw.-F-Êp-I-fpsS {]tbm-P\w. Fkv.-Fw.-FÊ -- nsâ hn]-W-\-km-[y-X-IÄ Gsd apX-se-Sp-¡p-¶Xv
sSen-hn-j³ Nm\-ep-I-fm-Wv. Ah-cpsS P\-{]nb ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS ASn-Øm\w Xs¶ Fkv.-Fw.-F-Êp-
I-fm-Wv. F^v.-Fw.-td-Un-tbm-I-fpsS {][m\ hcp-am\ amÀ¤w Xs¶ satÊ-Pp-I-fm-Wv. `mj-bn hyh-
Øm-]n-X-amb hymI-c-W, en]n k{¼-Z-bm-§-sf-sbÃmw Xncp-¯n-¡p-dn-¨mWv Fkv.-Fw-.F-Êp-IÄ {]N-
cn-¡p-¶-Xv. kz´-amb Hcp en]n hyhØ Xs¶ CXn-\p--v. hm¡p-IÄ¡v ]Icw NnÓ-§tfm Hä
A£-c-§tfm D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv CXnsâ kz`m-h-am-Wv.
DZm: you - u
Okay - k
Good Night - Gdn8
There fore - thr4

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

20
 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³
samUyqÄ þ3 _n

ae-bm-fhpw hnhc-km-t¦-XnI hnZybpw

hni-Z-]-T\w
1. C\n hmb\ Cþ-hmb\ þ hn.-sI.-B-ZÀiv
]pXnb Ime¯v Pohn-X-¯nsâ FÃm taJ-e-I-fnepw kzm[o\w sNep-¯ns¡m-ncn-¡p¶
hnh-c-km-t¦XnI hnZybpsS km[y-X-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ At\z-j-W-amWv Cu teJ\w. CeIvt{Sm-Wn-Iv
bpK-¯n hm-b-\-bpsS temI¯p-mhp¶ amä-§sf hni-Z-]-T-\-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-¡p-I-bmWv
teJ-I³.
UnPn-ä kmt¦-XnI hnZy D]-tbm-Kn¨v ]pkvX-I-¯nsâ DÅ-S-¡s¯ Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv
tIm¸n-bmbn kq£n¨v I¼yq-«À, samss_Â t^m¬ t]mse-bpÅ ssk_À D]-I-c-W-§-fneqsS
hmbn-¡p¶ coXn-bmWv Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv hmb-\. km[m-cW A¨-Sn-]p-kvX-I-§Ä¡v D-m-hm-dpÅ
]cn-an-Xn-Isf Cþ-hm-b-\-bn Hgn-hm-¡m³ km[n-¡pw. A¨-Sn-]p-kvX-I-¯nsâ \ne-hm-chpw \nd-hpw
hep-¸-hp-saÃmw Xocp-am-\n-¨ncp-¶Xv {]km-[-I-·m-cm-bn-cp-s¶-¦n C.-hm-b-\-bn hmb-\-¡m-cmWv
]pkvXIw kwhn-[m\w sN¿p-¶X - v. IhÀ, A£-c¯ - nsâ, hep¸w. Nn{X-§Ä, IYm-]m-{X-¯nsâ t]cp-
IÄ F¶nh hmb-\-¡m-csâ B{K-l-a-\p-k-cn¨v amäm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. C§s\ hmb-\-bpsS temI¯v
h¼n¨ hyàn-kzm-X-{´y-amWv Cþ-hm-b\ hn`m-h\w sN¿p-¶-Xv.
ImgvN-¡p-dhv sIm-v A¨-Sn-¸p-kvXIw hmbn-¡m³ Ign-bm-¯-hÀ¡v A£-c-§Ä hep-Xm¡n
Cþ-hm-b\ \S-¯m³ Ign-bpw. AXp-t]mse `mjm-t`-Z-§fpw \ap-¡m-h-iy-apÅ coXn-bn {Iao-I-cn-
¡mw. IuXp-I-¯n\p th-n hmb-\-¡m-csâ Øe-¯mWv IY \S-¡p-¶-Xv F¶ coXn-bn amäw
hcp-¯mw. C{]-Imcw hmb-\-¡m-c-\p-ambn Câ-dm-£³ \S-¯m³ km[y-X-bpÅ hmb-\-bmWv
Cþ-hm-b\ - .
km[m-cW hmb\ t\Àhm-b\ (Linear Reading) BWv. t]Pp-Isf \¼À {Ia-¯n hmbn-¨p-
t]m- I p¶ coXn- b m- W n- X v . ASn- ¡ p- d n- ¸ p- I Ä, A\p- _ - Ô - § Ä F¶n- h - b n- e q- s S- b mWv IqSp- X Â
hnh-c§ - Ä \ÂIp-¶X - v. C.-hm-b\- b- n Cu Ø - m-\¯v ssl¸À en¦p-If - mWv klm-b¯ - n-s\-¯p¶Xv.
IqSp-X Adn-tb- hnh-c-§Ä¡v AXp-ambn _Ô-s¸« t]Pn-\mbn aukv ¢n¡v sNbvXm aXn.
DZm-l-c-W-am-bn KmÔn-Pn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Hcp ]cm-aÀi-¯n KmÔn-Pnsb¡pdn¨v IqSp-X Adn-b-W-
sa¶v tXm¶p¶ hmb-\-¡m-c\v ssl¸À en¦p-I-fn-eqsS KmÔn-Pn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ sh_vssk-än-te-s¡-
¯mw. Hcp ]pkvXIw hmbn¨p XpS-§p¶ BÄ Ht«sd ]pkvX-I-§-fn-emWv hmb\ Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-
¶-Xv. CXns\ t\m¬ eo\n-bÀ hmb\ F¶mWv hnfn-¡p-¶-Xv. Umhn-©n-tImUv hmbn-¡p¶ HcmÄ¡v
At¸mÄ Xs¶ AXn-sâ kn\nabpw ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. A§ns\ hkvXpXm kw_-Ô-amb sXfn-hp-
I-sfÃmw tiJ-cn-¨p-sIm--pÅ Hcp hmb-\-bmbn Cu hmb\ amdp-¶p. am{X-aà bm{Xm-th-f-I-fnepw
aäpw `mc- t a- d nb ]pkv X - I - § Ä H¸w sIm- p \S- t ¡- - X nsâ Bh- i yhpw hcp- ¶ n- Ã .
2. ae-bmfw sh_vssk-äp-IÄ þ tSmw.-sP.-a-§m«v
B[p- \ nI temI¯v CâÀs\äv D- m - ¡ nb hn¹hw atäXv am[y- a - § Ä D- m - ¡ nb hn¹- h -
t¯-¡mfpw Bghpw ]c¸papÅ-Xm-bn-cp¶p F¶v teJ-I³ hni-Z-am-¡p-¶p. CâÀs\-äp-ambn
_Ô-s¸-SmsX hnh-c-W-ti-J-c-Wta km[y-a-Ãm¯ Hcp temI-¯mWv \mw Pohn-¡p-¶-Xv.
s\änsâ km[y- X - I Ä a\- Ê n- e m- ¡ nb ]{X- § Ä sh_v s käv Bcw- ` n¨XmWv ae- b mfw
CâÀs\änsâ XpS-¡w. Zo]n-I-bmWv BZy-ambn sskäv DZvLm-S\w sNbvX ]{Xw. C¶v {][m\
]{X- § Äs¡Ãmw sh_v s sk- ä p- I - f p- - v .
]{X-§Ä¡v ]pdsa hmÀ¯-Ifpw kn\n-a-Ifpw sKbn-ap-Ifpw Nmäv dqap-I-fpw, ]mN-I-hn-[n-Ifpw
FÃmw \ÂIp¶ Nne t]mÀ«- e p- I fpw ae- b m- f - ¯ n D- v . bmlq ae- b m- f w, kn^n ae- b m- f w,
sh_vtemIw F¶nh AXn Nne-Xm-Wv. ae-bm-f-¯nse {][m\ skÀ¨v F©n-\mb At\zjn
sh_vtemI¯n-sâ-Xm-Wv. ]{X-§Ä am{X-aÃ, Snhn Nm\-ep-Ifpw C¶v sh_vsskän e`y-am-Wv.

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

21
 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

ae-bm-f-¯n ]pd-¯n-d-§p¶ an¡ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä¡pw C¶v CâÀs\äv ]Xn-¸p-I-fp-

-v. CâÀs\-än am{Xw e`n-¡p¶ Nne {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä thsd-bp-ap--v. enän amK-kn-\p-I-
fpsS ]mc¼cyamWv Ch-bn ]eXpw ]n´p-S-cp-¶-Xv. P\-{]n-b-am-[y-a-§-fpsS `mjbpw Ah-X-c-W-
co-Xnbpw Dt]-£n-¨mWv enän amK-kn-\p-IÄ {]kn-²o-Ic - n-¨n-cp-¶X
- v. ae-bm-f¯
- nse BZy CâÀs\äv
amknI 1998Â Bcw-`n¨ "]pg'-bm-Wv. Kuc-h-ta-dnb hmb\ Bh-iy-s¸-Sp¶ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§fpw
Ch- b n- e p- - v . \nL- - p - I Ä, kÀÆ- h n- Ú m- \ - t Im- i - § Ä F¶n- h bpw CâÀs\- ä n e`y- a m- ¡ m- \ pÅ
{ia-§Ä Ct¸mgpw XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv.

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

22
 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³
samUyqÄ þ4

hnhÀ¯\w
hnhÀ¯\w: \nÀÆ-N-\-§Ä :
hnhÀ¯\w F¶ AÀ°- ¯ n Cw¥o- j n D]- t bm- K n- ¡ p¶ ]Zw {Sm³kv - t e- j ³
(Translation)F¶mWv. {]mNo\ {^©n \n¶mWv CXv Cw¥o-jn F¯n-b-Xv. ""Hcp `mj-bn \n¶v
asäm-¶n-te¡v amäp¶ {]{Inb, Hcp hyXykvX `mj-bn-epÅ ]mTw''þ F¶mWv HmIvkvt^mÀUv Un£-
\-dn hnh À¯\s¯ \nÀÆ-Nn-¡p-¶X - v. sP.-kn.-Imävt^mÀUnsâ A`n-{]m-b¯
- n ""Hcp `mjm-]m-Ts¯
asämcp `mj-bnse Xpey-amb ]mTw sIm-v BtZiw sN¿p-¶-XmWv hnhÀ¯\w'' F¶p ImWmw.
C¶p s]mXpsh kzoI-cn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv ""AÀ°w \jvS-s¸-SmsX Hcm-i-bs¯ Hcp `mj-bnÂ
\n¶v asämcp `mjbnte¡v amäp-¶-XmWv hnhÀ¯\w'' F¶ tUmISvÀ tPm¬ksâ \nÀÆ-N-\-am-
Wv.
hnhÀ¯\w: hnhn[ t]cp-IÄ
hnhÀ¯\w F¶ AÀ°-¯n ]cn-`mj samgn-amäw, `mjm-´c - o-Ic
- Ww, `mjm-´c
- W
- w, `mjm-
\p-hmZw, XÀÖa F¶o t]cp-IÄ IqSn ae-bm-f-¯n D-v. CXn XÀÖa Ad_n-¸-Z-amWv
t{kmX `mj (Source Language)
GXv `mj-bn \n¶mtWm Hcp IrXn hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶Xv AXmWv t{kmX-`m-j.
e£y-`mj (Target Language)
GXv `mj-bnte¡mtWm hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶Xv AXmWv e£y-`m-j.
{]Xy£ hnhÀ¯\w:
Hcp `mj-bn \n¶v t\cn«v asämcp `mj-bn-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-t¼mÄ {]Xy£ hnhÀ¯-
\w. Cw¥o-jn \n¶mWv Gä-hp-a-[nIw {]Xy-£-hn-hÀ¯-\-§Ä D-m-bn-«p-Å-Xv.
]tcm£ hnhÀ¯\w :
{]Xy-£-hn-hÀ¯-\-¯n \n¶v ho-pw asämcp `mj-bn-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶-Xn\v
]tcm£ hnhÀ¯\w F¶p ]d-bp-¶p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn {^©v `mj-bn \n¶pw Hcp IrXn BZyw
Cw¥o-jn-te¡pw ]n¶oSv Cw¥o-jn \n¶pw ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡pw hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXm {^©v
IrXn-bpsS ]tcm-£-hn-hÀ¯-\-amWv ae-bm-f-¯n-ep-Å-sX¶v ]d-bmw.
hnhÀ¯\w ]e-hn-[w:
hnhÀ¯Isâ XmÂ]-cy-a-\p-k-cn¨v aq¶p hn[-¯n-epÅ hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä D-v. ]Zm-\p-]-Zw,
A\p-K-Xw, Bi-b-hn-hÀ¯\w F¶n-h-bm-W-h. t{kmX-`m-j-bnse ]Z-§Ä¡v Xpeyw ]Z-§Ä
e£y-`m-j-bn Is-¯n hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶-XmWv ]Zm-\p-]-Z- hn-hÀ¯-\w. Bi-b-¯n Hcp
hyXym-k-hp-an-ÃmsX hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶-XmWv A\p-KX hnhÀ¯-\w. CXn t{kmX-`m-j-bnse
Xpey F®w ]Z- § Ä e£y- ` m- j - b n D- m - h Ww F¶n- à . kz´w \ne- b n Iq«n- t ¨À¯Xpw
A\m-hi- y-sa¶v tXm¶p-¶ph Hgn-hm-¡nbpw \S-¯p-¶X - mWv Bi-bh- n-hÀ¯-\w. CXn hnhÀ¯I\v
Hcp ]mSv kzmX- { ´y- a p- - v .
hnhÀ¯Isâ tbmKy-X-IÄ:
hnhÀ¯I\v t{kmX-`m-j-I-fn \à kzm[o\w D-m-bn-cn-¡-Ww. hnj-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨v \Ã
[mc-W-bp--m-bn-cn-¡-Ww. aqe-Ir-XntbmSv ]c-am-h[n kXy-k-ÔX ]men-¡-Ww. GsX-¦nepw `mKw
hnhÀ¯- \ - ¯ n Hgn- h m- ¡ n- b n- « p- s - ¦ n AXv ]n¶oSv kqNn- ¸ n- t ¡- - X m- W v .
hnhÀ¯\ Ncn{Xw:
e`n-¨-Xn sht¨-ähpw {]mNo-\-amb hnhÀ¯\w ""tdmskäm'' F¶ inem-te-J-\-am-sW¶v
F¶ Ncn{XImc- · mÀ A`n- { ]m- b - s ¸- S p- ¶ p. _n.- k n. c- m w \qäm- - n - e mWv CsX- g p- X - s ¸- « - X v .

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

23
 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

bq-tdm-¸n hnhÀ¯-\-¯n\v ASp¡pw Nn«-bp-ap--m-bXv ss__nÄ XÀÖa hgn-bmWv. ss__nÄ

]gb \nbaw lo{_p `mj-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p. km[m-c-W-¡m-cmb blq-Z-·mÀ¡v th-n-bmWv {Ko¡v `mj-
bn AXnsâ XÀÖaIÄ D-m-b-Xv. {Ko¡v `mj-bpsS hnhÀ¯-\-]m-c-¼-cys¯ tdma-¡mÀ apt¶m«v
sIm-p-t]m-bn. aXm-[n-jvTnX hnhÀ¯-\s¯ aX-\n-c-t]£am¡m\pÅ ]cn-{i-a-§fpw D-m-bn. tlma-
dpsS IrXn- I Ä, t¹mtäm- h nsâ IrXn- I Ä, {Ko¡v \mS- I - § Ä F¶nh emän- \ n- t e¡v
samgn-amäw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶Xv Cu kml-N-cy-¯n-em-Wv. {Ko¡v `mj-bnse ]pXnb \na-b-¯n\p emän³
hnhÀ¯- \ - § - f p- - m - b n. CXn {][m\w skâ v sPtdm- a nsâ hnhÀ¯- \ - § Ä Bbn- c p- ¶ p.
i_v Z - s ¯- ¡ mÄ Bi- b - ¯ n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn- b - X n- \ m skâ v sPtdm- a ns\ "imkv { Xob
hnhÀ¯-\-¯nsâ ]nXmhv' F¶v hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
hnhÀ¯-\-¯n {i²mÀl-amb kw`m-h\ \ÂInb asämcp `mj Ad-_n-bm-Wv. {]mNo\
hnÚm-\-tI-{µ-amb _mKvZm-Zn-emWv Ad_n `mjm hnhÀ-¯\§Ä Gsdbpw \S-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. {Ko¡v
kmln-Xy-¯nse {][m\ IrXn-Is-- fÃmw Ad-_n-bn-te¡v samgn-amäw sN¿-s¸-«p. `mc-Xob IrXn-Ifpw
Ad-_n-I-fn-te¡v hn-hÀ¯-\w sN¿-s¸-«n-«p--v. ]©-X-{´-I-Y-IÄ "Ieoe Za\' F¶ t]cn-emWv
Ad-_n-bn hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
H³]Xmw \qäm--n-emWv Cw¥ojv kmln-Xy-¯n hnhÀ¯\w kPo-h-am-Ip-¶-Xv. temI-km-
ln-Xy-¯nse ]e {][m-\-Ir-Xn-Ifpw C¡m-e¯v Cw¥o-jn-te¡v amä-s¸-«n-«p--v. "amÌÀ ]okkv Hm^v
thÄUv enä-td-¨À' F¶ t]cn temI-km-ln-Xy-kw-{Klw Cw¥o-jn {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨n«p-v.
ss__nÄ ]cn-`m-j-bpsS {]m[m\yw
temI-`m-j-I-fn Gä-hp-a-[nIw hn-hÀ¯\w sN¿-s¸« {KÙw InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS thZ-{K-Ù-
amb ss__nÄ BWv. ]gb \nbaw lo{_p `mj-bn-em-b-Xn-\m km[m-c-W-¡m-cmb blq-Z-·mÀ¡v
a\-Ên-em-hm³ th-n {]mtZinI `mj-I-fn-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ]n¡mew {InkvXp-
aX{]N-cWw \S-¶n-S-s¯-Ãmw- ss__nfpI-fp--m-bn. aX-t_m-[-\-¯nsâ kmcmwiw \jvS-s¸-SmsX
km[m-c-W-¡mÀ¡v Ffp¸w a\-Ên-emIpw hn[w efnX at\m-l-c-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p Cu hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä.
GXv `mj-bn-sebpw kpµ-c-amb IrXn GsX¶v tNmZn-¨m B `mj-bnse ss__nÄ F¶v D¯cw
In«pw hn[-am-bn-cp¶ Cu hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä. CÃm-Xm-bn-t¸m-Ip-am-bn-cp¶ ]e `mj-I-fp-sSbpw
\ne-\n-ev]n\pw Icp-¯mÀÖn-¡-en\pw Cu hnhÀ¯-\§Ä klm-bn-¨n-«p--v.
hnhÀ¯\w ae-bm-f-¯nÂ:
hfsc¡mew ap¼v Xs¶ Xangv kwkvIr-X-Ir-Xn-IÄ ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-
s¸-«n-cp-¶p. cmam-b-Ww, alm-`m-cXw F¶n-hbv¡v F®aä hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä D-m-bn-«p--v. ]n¶oSv
kwkvIr-X-¯n \n¶v t\cn«v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-s¸-«Xv Imfn-Zm-k-sâ-bpw `mk-sâbpw IrXn-I-fm-Wv.
alm- ` m- c X XÀÖ- a - b n- e qsS tIc- f - h ym- k ³ F¶v Ipªn- ¡ p- « ³ X¼p- c m- \ pw, Imfn- Z m- k sâ
IrXn-IÄ hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXv tIcf Imfn-Zm-k³ F¶v tIc-f-hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-bn-¯-¼p-cm\pw, cmam-
bW XÀÖ-a-bn-eqsS tIcf hmevaoIn F¶v hÅ-t¯mfpw {]kn²cmbn. Hcp IrXn¡v Xs¶ H¶n-
tesd hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. imIp-´-f-¯n\v am{Xw 20tesd hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä D-m-
bn-«p--v.
Cw¥ojv ]cn- N n- X - a m- b - t Xm- s S Cw¥ojn \n¶pw hnhÀ¯- \ - § Ä D- m - h m³ XpS- § n.
amXyp BÀt\mÄU,v Hen-hÀ tKmÄUv kvan¯v, sS¶n-k¬, Ioävkv F¶n-hÀ hnhÀ¯-\-¯n-eqsS
ae-bm-f-¯n kp]-cn-Nn-X-cmbn. dp_mbnbm-¯nsâ Cw¥ojv ]cn-`mj hmbn¨ ]e Ihn-Ifpw
ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v AXv hnhÀ¯\w sN-bvXp. C¶pw hnhÀ¯-\-¯nsâ taJe ae-bm-f-¯nÂ
kPo-h-am-Wv. GXm-s-Ãm temI-`m-jm-Ir-Xn-I-fpw ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-s¸-«-Xmbn
ImWmw.

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

24
 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

kÀKm-ßI kmln-Xy-hn-hÀ¯\w
hnhÀ¯\w BÀ¡pw Ffp¸w hg-§p¶ {]{In-b-b-Ã. t{kmXe£y`mj-I-fn Adn-hp-Å-Xp-
sIm-v am{Xw hnhÀ¯\w \¶m-h-W-sa-¶n-Ã. hnhÀ¯-\-¯nsâ Imcy-¯n Gähpw {]bm-k
-ta-dn-bXv kÀKm-ßI IrXn-I-fpsS hnhÀ¯-\-am-Wv. ""hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-t¼mÄ \jvS-s¸-Sp¶sXt´m
AXmWv IhnX'' F¶v tdm_À«v t{^mÌv ]d-bp-¶Xv hn-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ ]cn-anXn a\-Ênem¡nbmWv.
Ihn- X - b psS hr¯- h pw, Xmfhpw, `mh- h p- s aÃmw tNmÀ¶p t]mImsX asämcp `mj- b nÂ
]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn-¡pI Ffp-¸-a-Ã. kmlnXyw sshIm-cn-Ihpw hyàn-]-c-hp-am-b-Xn-\m hnhÀ¯-I\v
AXpÄs¡m-Åm³ Ign-ªn-sÃ-¦n ]cm-P-b-am-bn-¯o-cpw. Hmtcm kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn¡pw AXn-tâ-Xmb
XpSÀ¨bpw, ]mc- ¼ - c yhpw D- m - b n- c n- ¡ pw. CsXm- c n- ¡ epw AtX coXn- b n asämcp `mj- b nÂ
Bhn- j v I - c n- ¡ m³ Ign- s ª¶v hcn- à . N§- ¼ p- g - ¡ - h n- X - I - f psS sshIm- c nIXtbm, ]nbpsS
Krlm-Xp-c-Xz-tam, CS-tÈ-cn-bpsS {Kmao-W-Xtbm ]cn-t¡Â¡msX hnhÀ¯\w sN¿pI Ffp-¸-a-Ã.
t\mhÂ, IY F¶n-h-bpsS hnhÀ¯-\-¯nepw AtX {]iv\§Ä D-v. Cµp-teJ hnhÀ¯-
\-¯n Imc-W-hÀ F¶ ]Zw KARANAVAR F¶p Xs¶-bmWv UyqaÀKv hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX-Xv.
Iq«p IpSpw-_-¯nse kÀÆm-[n-Im-cn-bmb Imc-W-hÀ A¦n-fn\v Xpey-a-Ã. AXp-t]mse \mep-sI-«pw,
Xpf-kn-¯-d-bpw, A¼-e-a-Wn-Ifpw H¶pw Xs¶ B ]Ým-¯-e-¯n asämcp `mjm kwkvIm-c-¯n\v
DÄs¡m-Åm-\m-hn-Ã. _joÀ IrXn-IÄ Cw¥o-jn-te¡v amäp-t¼mÄ D-mb hnj-a-X-Isf¡pdn¨v BjÀ
]d-bp-¶p--v, AXnse sNdv¡m, s]t® F¶o hnfn-I-fnse sshIm-cnI Xo£WX Cw¥o-jn-te¡v
samgn-amäw sN¿m³ Ign-bn-Ã.
ae-bm-f¯
- nse {]tem-`\
- o-ba
- mb t\mh "Jkm-¡nsâ CXn-lmkw' {KÙ-Im-c³ Xs¶-bmWv
Legend of Khasak F¶ t]cn hnh-À¯\w sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶Xv, F¶n«pw Hcp]mSv {]bm-k-§Ä
hnhÀ¯-\-¯n-\p--m-bn. AXnse A¸p-¡nfnsb A¸p Z ]mcäv F¶mWv XÀÖa sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶-
Xv. Nq« F¶ ]Z-¯n\v Xpey-amb ]Zw Cw¥o-jn-en-Ãm-¯X
- n-\m ss^_À tSmÀ¨v F¶mWv hnhÀ¯\w
sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ae-bm-f-¯nse "Nq«' A\p-`hw Hcn-¡epw Cw¥o-jn e`n-¡p-I-bnà F¶p-d-¸v.

tIc-f-¯nse Xoc-`m-j-bpsS Xmfw kq£n-¡p¶ sN½o³ XÀÖ-a-bnepw AtX {]iv\-§Ä

D- m - b n- « p- - v . AXnse sIm¨p- a p- X - e mfn F¶ {]tbmKw A§ns\¯s¶bm- W v Cw¥ojnepw
\ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Chn-sS-sbÃmw ]cn-`m-j-bn tNmÀ¶p t]mIp-¶Xv Hcp `mj-bpsS ]mc-¼-cy-
hpw, kwkvIm-chpw {]Ir-Xn ]Ým-¯-e-§-fp-am-Wv.
imkv{X Ir-Xn-I-fpsS hnhÀ¯\w:
imkv{X-Nn´ {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶X - nepw hnÚm\w ]¦p-sh-bv¡p-¶X - nepw hnhÀ¯-\¯
- n\v {][m\
Øm\- a p- - v . imkv { Xw bpàn- \ n- j v T - a m- b - X p- s Im- v Xs¶ kmlnXyIrXn- I Ä hnhÀ¯\w
sN¿p-t¼m-gpÅ {]iv\-§Ä imkv{X-hn-hÀ¯-\-¯n-ep--m-hm-dn-Ã. F¶m kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ¡n-
Ãm¯ Nne {]tXy-I- {]iv\§Ä imkv{X-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS hnhÀ¯-\-¯n-\p--v. GXv hnjbw? BÀ¡p-
th-n? F¶o c-p {]iv\-§Ä BWv BZyw hcp-¶-Xv. kmt¦Xn imkv{Xhpw, t]m¸p-eÀ kb³kpw
c-v kma-{Kn-IÄ Xs¶-bm-Wv. t]m¸p-eÀ kb³kn Ipsd-¡qSn kzmX{´yw hnhÀ¯-- I - \ p - - v .
hnhÀ¯\w Ip«n-IÄ¡m-sW-¦n ck-I-chpw Bbn-cn-¡Ww.
imkv{X-hn-j-b-§Ä kmÀÆ-eu-Io-I-am-b-Xn-\m kmt¦-XnI ]Z-§Ä A§ns\ Xs¶ kzoI-
cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv \Ã-Xv. ck-X-{´-¯nse aqe-I-§-fpsS t]cp-IÄ, `uXn-I-im-kv{X-¯nse D]-I-c-W-§-
fpsS t]cp-IÄ, Poh-imkv{ X-¯nse imkv{X\m-a-§Ä F¶nh `mjm-hn-hÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶Xv
bpàn-b-Ã. imkv{X-`mj X\n¨p sN¿p-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ Iq«mb kwhm-Z-¯n-eqsS hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-
¶-XmWv Ffp-¸w-. t{kmX e£y-`m-j-I-fnse [mc-Wbpw hnj-b-¯nse AKm-[-Úm-\hpw hnhÀ¯-
I\v D- m - b n- c n- t ¡- - X p- a m- W v.

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

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 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

{]kw-K-]-cn-`mj:
Zzn`m-jn-I-fmb ]cn-`mj-I-cmWv km[m-cW {]kwK ]cn-`mj \nÀÆln-¡p-¶-Xv. CXv hfsc
D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-apÅ {]hr-¯n-bm-Wv. IrXn-IÄ hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-t¼mÄ ]p\:]cn-tim-[-\-bv¡pw
Xncp-¯-ep-IÄ¡pw Ah-kcw e`n-¡p-sa-¦n {]kw-K-th-Zn-bn AXp--m-hm-dn-Ã. {]mkw-Kn-Isâ Dt±-
i-ip-²nbpw \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpw Adn-bp¶ Bfn\v am{Xta {]kw-K-]-cn-`mj \à `mj-bn \S-¯m³ Ign-
bq.
{]kw-K-]-cn-`mj c-p Xc-¯n-ep--v. khn-cma XÀÖ-a-bpw, Ahn-cm-a-XÀÖ-a-bp-am-W-h. {]mkw-
Kn- I ³ {]kw- K n- ¨ p- s Im- - n - c n- s ¡- ¯ s¶ XpSÀ¨- b mb hnhÀ¯- \ hpw \S- ¡ p- ¶ - X mWv khn- c ma
XÀÖ-a. {]kwKw ]qÀ®-ambn Ah-km-\n¨ tijw Ipdn-s¨-Sp¯ t\mSvkp-I-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ
hnhÀ¯\w Iebpw Iui-ehpw
imkv{X-þ-km-ln-Xy-hn-j-b-§-fn hnhÀ¯-\-¯n\v {]tXyI \nb-a-§-fp-v. kmlnXyw sshIm-
cn-I-am-b-Xn-\m hnhÀ¯\w {]bm-k-ap-Å-Xm-Wv. aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS kuµcyw ]c-am-h[n kq£n-¡m³
hnhÀ¯-I\v Ign-tb-- Xm-Wv. hnhÀ¯-Isâ at\m-[À½§Ä¡pw Iem-t_m-[-¯n\pw kmln-Xy
-]-cn-N-b-¯n\pw ChnsS {][m\ Øm\-ap--v. hnh-À¯\w ChnsS Ie-bmbn amdp-¶p.
hnhÀ¯\w Hcp Iui-e-hp-am-Wv. (Craft)B[p-\nI temI¯v FÃm taJ-e-I-fnepw hnhÀ¯-
I\v Øm\-ap-v. I¨-h-Sw, hnZym-`ym-kw, tImS-Xn, `c-Ww, cmjv{Sobw, imkv{Xw, bp²w- F¶o
cwK-§-fnepw hnhÀ¯\w Bh-iy-am-Ip-¶p--v. Ch-bn-tem-tcm-¶n-sâbpw `mjbv¡v AXn-sâ-Xmb
kmt¦-Xn-Ibpw, Npäp-]m-Sp-Ifpw D-v. Cu kml-N-cy-¯n hnhÀ¯\w Hcp Iuiew IqSn-bm-sW¶v
]d-bmw. DZm-l-c-W-¯n-\mbn tImSXn tcJ-IÄ hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p¶ Hcm-fn\v IhnX hnhÀ¯\w
sN¿m³ Ign-b-W-sa--¶nÃ. Chn-sS-bm-Wv hnhÀ¯\w Hcp Iuie-am-Ip-¶-Xv.
hnhÀ¯\ D]-I-c-W-§Ä:
t{kmX-e-£y-`m-j-I-fn ]Z-ti-J-c-§Ä ]c-am-h[n DÄs¡m-Åp¶ Zzn`m-jm-\n-L- p-¡Ä,
]cym-b-§Ä e`n-¡m³ ]cymb-\n-L- p, hn-]coX]-Z-§Ä e`n-¡m³ hn]-co-X-]-Z-tIm-iw, Xnkm-dkv
F¶ d^-d-³kv {KÙw, D¨m-cW \nL--p-¡Ä F¶nh \Ã-co-Xn-bn-epÅ hnhÀ¯-\-¯n\v Bh-iy-
amb D]-I-c-W-§-fm-Wv.
en]y-´-cWw (Transliteration)
Hcp `mj asämcp `mj-bpsS en]n-bn Fgp-Xp-¶-XmWv en]y-´-c-Ww. How are you? F¶Xv
lu BÀ bq Fs¶-gp-Xn-bm en]y-´-c-W-ambn. en]y-´-cW-¯n en]n am{Xta amdp-¶p-Åq.
`mj amdp-¶n-Ã. C¶v Fkv.-Fw.F-kv. sN¿m-\pÅ `mj Gsdbpw en]y-´-c-W-am-Wv. \½psS
tZio-b-Km\w _wKm-fn-bn \n¶pÅ en]y-´-c-W-am-Wv.
b{´- XÀÖa:
B[p-\n-I-tem-I-¯nsâ thK-Xbpw ka-b-an-Ãm-bvabpw hnhÀ¯-\- cwK-s¯bpw kzm[o-\n-¨-
Xnsâ ^e-amWv b{´-XÀÖ-a. 1933Â djy-¡m-c-\mb kvanÀtWmhv t{Smb³kvIn-bmWv BZy-ambn
b{´-hn-hÀ¯\w F¶ Bibw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xv. bp²-Im-e¯v ssk\n-I-tIm-Up-IÄ A]-{K-Yn-¡m³
b{´-kl- mbw Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cu hgn-¡pÅ Btem-N\ - I
- f
- mWv Ata-cn-¡bn b{´-hn-hÀ¯\w
km[y-am-¡n-b-Xv. 1954 BIpt¼m-tg¡pw IBMsâ klm-b-t¯msS hnhÀ¯\w hnP-b-I-c-ambn
\nÀÆ-ln-¡-s¸-«p.
hnhÀ¯-\¯- n-\m-hi
- y-amb tkm^vät- hÀ \nÀ½n-¡p-Ib
- mWv I¼yq-«À hnhÀ¯-\¯
- nsâ BZy-
]-Sn. Zzn`mjm \nL--p-¡Ä, hymI-cW \nb-a-§Ä, hmIy-L-S-\m-co-Xn-IÄ, ssien-IÄ F¶n-h-sbÃmw
CXn DÄs¡m-Å-Ww. kn{Sm³, temtKm-kv, Pn.-C.Sn F¶n-h-bmWv hn-hÀ¯\¯n-\m-h-iy-amb
{]m[m-\- I-¼yq«À `mj-IÄ

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

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 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

b{´XÀÖ-abv¡v \mep L«-§-fm-Wp-Å-Xv. \nL--p-]-cn-tim-[-\, t{kmX-]m-Tm-]-{K-Y-\w,

kzcq-]-hn-\n-a-bw, e£y-]m-Tm-]-{KY\w F¶n-h-bm-W-h. \nL--p-¡Ä I¼yq-«-dn ^oUv sN¿p-t¼mÄ
hymI-c-W L-S-\-I-sfÃmw DÄs¸Spt¯-- Xm-Wv. t{kmX`m-jm-]-{K-Y-\-¯n t{kmX-`m-j-bpsS
hymI-cWw IqSn t{]m{Km-an DÄs¡mÅn-¨m hnhÀ¯\w Ffp-¸-am-Ipw. kzcq-]-hn-\n-abw Gsd
{]bm- k - § Ä D- m - ¡ n- t b- ¡ mw. t{kmX- e - £ y- ` m- j - I Ä X½n henb hyXym- k - a p- s - ¦ nÂ
kzcq-]-hn-\n-abw hnj-a-I-c-am-bn-cn-¡pw. e£y-]m-tTm-Zv{K-Y-\-¯n Gähpw tbmPn-¨Xv Is--¯p-I-
bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv.

I¼yq-«À {]Nm-c-¯n h¶v Gsd-bm-sb-¦nepw hnhÀ¯-\-ta-J-e-bn Gsd-sbm¶pw

apt¶-dm³ AXn\v Ign-ªn-«n-Ã. IhnX t]mse [z\ym-ß-I-amb kmln-Xy-cq-]-§Ä hnhÀ¯\w
sN¿p-¶-Xn I¼yq-«À ]cm-Pbw Xs¶-bm-sW¶v ]d-tb-n hcpw.

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

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 kvIqÄ Hm^v Un̳kv FUyqt¡j³

First Semester B.Com Model Question Paper

MA IA 07 (02) ae-bmf kmlnXy ]cnNbw
kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw
Time: 3 Hrs Weightage
:27
(I) Ht¶m ct- m hmIy- § - f n D¯cw Fgp- X pI .
shbn-täPv 1
1. F´n \n¶mWv ASp-¡f Xncn¨p ]nSn-t¡-- Xv?
2. ae- b m- f n- b psS amtd- at\m- ` mhw F´v ?
3. Cw¥ojv B[n-]-Xy-s¯-¡p-dn¨v s\lvdp ]d-ª-sX´v?
4. kn\n-a-bn {]Xy-£-am-Ip¶ khÀW-_nw-_-§Ä Gh?
5. cmjv{So-b-¡mÀ ho«n Ah-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-sX-´p-sIm-v?
6. IrjvW-¸n-Å-sb-¡p-dn¨v F.-sI.-Pn-bpsS HmÀa F´v?
7. en]y-´-cWw F¶m-se´v?
8. t{kmX-`m-j, e£y-`mj F¶n-h-sb´v?
9. ssl¸À en¦p-IÄ F¶m-se´v? 9x1=9

(II) As©-®-¯n\v Hmtcm JWvUn-I-bn D¯cw Fgp-XpI. shbn-täPv 2

10. ASp-¡f _ln-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn \n¶pw kv{Xosb XS-bp-¶-sX´v?

11. kztZin Nn{X-Ie cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p¶-Xn _wKmÄ kvIqfnsâ ]s¦´v?
12. kn\na hln-¡p¶ {]Xyb imkv{X {]N-cWsa´v?
13. hn.Sn \mS-I-sa-gp-Xm-\p--mb kml-Ncyw hnh-cn-¡p-I.
14. kn.-sP-bpsS kz]v\-§Ä F´m-bn-cp-¶p?
15. A`n-{]mbw tNmZn¡Â I¯v F¶m-se´v?
16. Cþ-hm-b-\-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Fs´Ãmw? 5x2=10

(III) c- p ]pd- ¯ n Ihn- b msX c- v tNmZy- § Ä¡v D¯- c - s a- g p- X p- I .

shbn-täPv 4
17. Abn-¯-¯n-s\-Xn-cmb F.-sI.-Pn-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä hnh-cn-¡p-I.
18. `mc-Xob Nn{X-I-e-bpsS hnImk ]cn-Wm-a-§Ä hni-Z-am-¡p-I.
19. kÀKm-ßI IrXn-IÄ hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p-t¼m-gpÅ {]iv\-§Ä hnh-cn-¡p-I.
2x4=8

kÀ¤m-ßI cN-\bpw Bi-b-hn-\n-ab tijnbpw

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