Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam

aebmf kmlnXy
hnaÀi\w
III SEMESTER
CORE COURSE
MAL3 C10
Fw.-F. ae-bmfw
(2019 Admission onwards)
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
School of Distance Education,
Calicut University P.O.,
Malappuram - 673 635 Kerala,
190060
2
School of Distance Education
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
Study Material
III Semester
Core Course (MAL3 C10)
M.A. MALAYALAM
aebmf kmlnXy hnaÀi\w

Prepared by:
Dr. Neethu Gopi K.
Kannan Nivas, Panjal P.O,
Cheruthuruthi, Thrissur.
Scrutinized by:
Smt. Rughmini K,
Asst. Professor of Malayalam,
SDE, University of Calicut.
DISCLAIMER
“The author shall be solely responsible for the
content and views expressed in this book”
Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 2

Dt±-iy-e-£y-§Ä
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi\ imJsb¸än kmam-\y-[m-cW
Dm-¡p-I. ae-bm-f-hn-aÀi-\-¯nsâ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wma L«-§sf
]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-I. hnhn[ hnaÀi-\-co-Xn-IÄ ae-bm-f-¯nÂ
F§s\ {]tbm-Kn-¨p-sh¶v a\-Ên-em-¡p-I.
samUyp-Ä þ 1
1. kc-kz-Xo-hn-Pbw þ kn.-]n.-A-Nyp-X-ta-t\m³
2. Nn{X-tbm-K-\n-cq-]Ww þ Ipam-c-\m-im³
3. [À½-cm-P-hn-aÀi\w þ kztZ-im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-¸nÅ
samUyp-Ä þ 2
1. \njv]-£-\n-cq-]Ww þ Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ
2. Iebpw kuµ-cyhpw þ h¡w A_vZpÄJm-ZÀ
3. tIc-fo-b-I-e-Ifpw ^yq¨-dn-khpw þ tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-¸nÅ
4. hnjm-Ztam {]km-Ztam þ tUm.-sI.-`m-kvI-c³ \mbÀ
5. Imfn-Zm-k\pw Ime-¯nsâ Zmk³ þ tPmk^v ap-tÈcn
samUyp-Ä þ 3
1. ]pc-t£-]-W-Ie þ tUm.-sI.-F³. Fgp-¯-Ñ³
2. kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi-\hpw a\:imkv{Xhpw þ Fw. eoem-hXn
3. ]qX-¸m«v þ Fw. ]n. i¦p®n \mbÀ

samUyp-Ä þ 4
1. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Nph-¶-hmÂ þ \tc-{µ-{]-kmZv
2. B[p-\nI t\mh-ense cmw {]Xn-kÔn þ sI.-]n.-A-¸³
3. B[p-\n-I-hm-Zhpw \ho\ CS-Xp-]-£hpw þ _n cmPo-h³
4. A£-chpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw þ C hn cma-Ir-jvW³
samUyp-Ä þ 5
1. Ipe-Sbv¡pw Ipeo-\-bv¡p-a-¸pdw þ enwK-t`-Z-hn-Nmcw kc-kz-
Xn-b-½-bpsS IrXn-I-fnÂ þ sP. tZhnI
2. kmbvhhÀIÄ Xncp-¯nb Cµp-te-J-bp-sS kz]v\w (a-e-bmf
kmln-Xy-¯nsâ ae-_mÀ F¶ {]cq]w F¶ {]_-Ô-
¯nsâ Hcp `mKw) þ Fw.-A³kmcn
3. Ihn-Xbpw Ncn-{Xhpw þ sI.-Fw. \tc-{µ³ (tKm-{X-bm-\w, ]T-
\-§-fpw)
4. {]uV-tZ-io-b-X-bpsS Ømbo-cq-]Iw þ kp\nÂ ]n Cf-bnSw
(l-cn-X-\n-cq-]Ww ae-bm-f-¯nÂ FUn.-Pn.-a-[q-kq-Z³)
klm-b-I-{K-Ù-§Ä
1. kn ]n ANyp-X-ta-t\msâ \ncq-]-W-§Ä þ Sn Sn {]`m-I-c³
2. Ipam-c-\m-imsâ KZy-te-J-\-§Ä thmfyw 1 þ Ipam-c-\m-im³
kvamcI Ian-än, tXm¶-bv¡Â
3. kztZ-im-`n-am-\n-bpsS {KÙ-\n-cq-]-W-§Ä þ kztZ-im-`n-am\n
cmaIrjvW-¸nÅ
4. Iebpw Imehpw þ tUm.-sI.-`m-kv¡-c³ \mbÀ
5. Ie-Po-hnXw Xs¶ þ Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ
6. Ime-¯nsâ I®mSn þ ap-tÈcn

7. Iebpw kuµ-cyhpw þ h¡w A_vZpÄ JmZÀ
8. Fsâ kmlnXy \ncq-]-W-§Ä þ BÀ. \tc-{µ-{]-kmZv
9. amdp¶ ae-bmf t\mhÂ þ sI.-]n.-A-¸³
10. A£-chpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw þ C hn cma-Ir-jvW³
11. hm¡p-Ifpw hkvXp-¡fpw þ _n . cmPo-h³
12. ae-_mÀ tZio-b-X-bpsS CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ þ Fw.-Sn. A³kmcn
13. lcn-X-\n-cq-]Ww ae-bm-f-¯nÂ þ Pn a[p-kq-Z³
14. tKm{X-bm-\w, ]T-\-§fpw þ A¿-¸-]-Wn-¡À
15. sXc-sª-Sp¯ {]_-Ô-§Ä þ sI.-F³.-F-gp-¯-Ñ³
16. Fgp-¯-Ñsâ Ie Nne hymk-`m-c-X-]-T-\-§fpw þ ]n.-sI.-_m-
e-Ir-jvW³
17. kXyw inhw kpµcw þ Fw eoem-hXn
18. ae-bmf \ncq-]Ww C¶se þ Fkv. Kp]vX³\m-bÀ
19. ap-tÈ-cnbpw ae-bmf \ncq-]-Whpw þ tUm. sI.-Fw.-tXm-
akv
20. \h-temIw þ tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-¸nÅ
21. ae-bmf kmlnXy hnaÀi\w þ kpIp-amÀ Ago-t¡mSv
22. ae-bmf kmlnXy \ncq-]Ww þ ]n.-hn. them-bp-[³ ]nÅ

DÅ-S¡w
Module 1 - 7
Module 2 - 34
Module 3 - 61
Module 4 - 75
Module 5 - 92

samUyp-Ä þ 1
{ioI-WvtT-izcw ]ß-\m-`-¸nÅ i_vZ-Xm-cm-h-en-bnÂ

hnaÀi\w F¶ ]Z-¯n\v ]cym-tem-N-\, hnNm-c-W, NÀ¨, KpW-
tZm-j-hn-Nn-´\w Fs¶ms¡ AÀ°w ]d-bp-¶p. \ncq-]Ww
sN¿pI F¶ AÀ°-¯nÂ hnaÀin-¡pI F¶pw {]tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-
v. CtX {KÙ-¯nÂ \ncq-]Ww F¶ ]Z-¯n\v hnNm-cw, Btem-
N-\, KpW-tZm-j-hn-Nn-´-\w, \nÝ-bw, ZÀi-\w, ImgvN, hnaÀi\w
({]-tXy-In¨v kmln-XymZn Ie-I-fp-sS) F¶pw AÀ°w ]d-bp-¶p.
hnaÀi-\hpw \ncq-]-Whpw X½nÂ hyXym-k-ap-s-¦nepw kam-\-
amb AÀ°¯nemWv s]mXpsh {]tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-Å-Xv.
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hne-bn-cp-¯Â tIhew
Bkzm-Z-\-¯nÂ \n¶pw hymJym-\-¯nÂ \n¶pw amdp-t¼m-gmWv
hnaÀi-\hpw \ncq-]-Whpw Dm-Ip-¶-Xv. C¯-c-¯nÂ kmln-
XymZnþIe-I-fpsS kmaq-ln-I, kmwkvIm-cnI, [mÀ½n-I-aq-ey-§sf
Is¯n A]-{K-Yn¨v bpàn-`-{Z-ambn kaÀ°n-¡p-t¼mÄ Ah
\ncq-]-W-¯n-sâ-tbm, hnaÀi-\-¯n-sâtbm Xe-¯n-tebv¡v Db-cp-
¶p. Hcp kmln-Xy-IrXn hni-I-e\w sNbvXv AXnsâ B´-cn-
Ihpw _mlyhpw Bb khn-ti-j-X-IÄ hne-bn-cp¯n aqey-
\nÀ®bw sN¿p¶ {Inbm-ß-Ihpw _p²n-]-c-hp-amb {]hÀ¯-\-
amWv hnaÀi\w (Criticism). kÀ¤m-ßI kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv
apJy-ambpw C{]-Imcw hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. krjvSnbpw hnaÀi-
\hpw kmln-Xy-¯nse ]c-kv]-c-_-Ô-apÅ {][m\ imJ-I-fm-Wv.
kpIp-amÀ-A-go-t¡mSv C§s\ \nco-£n-¡p¶p : kmln-
Xy-Ir-Xnsb a\-Ên-em-¡m-hp¶ CS-t¯mfw a\-Ên-em¡n AXnÂ
\n¶v Bkz-Zn-¡m³ Ignª B\-µ-¯nsâ ]n¶n-epÅ _p²n-]-
chpw `mh-]-c-hp-amb ASn-¯-d-sb-s¯¶ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡-emWv
kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi\w. kmln-Xy-cq-]-§-fmb t\mhÂ, sNdp-I-Y,
\mS-Iw, Ihn-X, Poh-Ncn{Xw, Bß-I-Y, bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw XpS-§n-
b-hsb B{i-bn-¨mWv hnaÀi-\hpw \ncq-]-Whpw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶-
Xv. kmln-Xy-cq-]-§sf IqSmsX kwKo-Xw, Nn{XI-e, \r¯w,
kn\na XpS-§nb Ie-Isf Bkv]-Z-am-¡nbpw hnaÀi-\-hpw, \ncq-

]-Whpw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p-v. am{X-a-Ã, kwkvIm-cw, Ncn-{Xw, aXw,
cmjv{So-bw,-im-kv{Xw, X¯z-Nn´ XpS-§nb a\p-jy-kw-_-Ô-amb
FÃm-hn-j-b-§-tfmSpw kPo-h-ambn CSs]-Sp¶ kÀ¤m-ß-I-ta-J-e-
bmWv hnaÀi-\hpw \ncq-]-W-hpw. Chbv¡v aäv kmln-Xy-P-\p-Êp-
I-sf-t¸mse kÀ¤m-ß-Ihpw auen-Ihpw Bb AkvXnXzapv.
kuµ-cy-t_m[w X¯z-Nn-´, kmaq-ln-I-kmw-kvIm-cnI Ah-
t_m[w XpS-§nb aqey-§sf \ho-\-amb ImgvN-¸m-SnÂ
]p\:krjvSn-¡p-I-bmWv hnaÀi-I\pw \ncq-]-I-\pw. kÀ¤m-ß-I-
amb Ign-hn-Ãm¯ HcmÄ¡v D¶-X-\mb hnaÀi-I-\m-Im³ Ign-bn-
Ã. A]-{K-Y-\w, bpàn-Nn-´, KpW-tZmj hnNn-´-\w, XXz-Nn´
apXem-b-hsb kuµ-cym-ß-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv hnaÀi-
\hpw \ncq-]-W-hpw.
F¨v.-F-kv.ssÌ-bn³_ÀKv C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-¶p. kmln-Xy-
s¯-¸än hnth-N-\-t¯msS hn[n {]kvXm-hn-¡p¶ Ie-bmWv
kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi-\w. AXm-bXv kmln-Xy-IrXn F{X-t¯mfw,
F´p-sImv \ÃtXm No¯tbm F¶v IW-¡m-¡m-sa¶v \nÝ-bn-
¡p¶ Ie. hymJym-\hpw hn[n-I-ev]n-¡-ep-amWv hnaÀi-\-¯nsâ
2 [À½-§-sf¶v slân lUvk¬ ]d-bp-¶p. kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi-\-
¯n\v aq¶v {][m-\-hn-`m-K-§Ä Dv.
1. \nb-ma-I hnaÀi\w (Legislative Criticism)
2. ssk²m-ńI hnaÀi\w (Theoretical Criticism)
3. hnh-c-Wm-ßI hnaÀi\w (Descriptive Criticism)

1. Ihn-IÄ F§s\ Fgp-XWw F¶ \nÀt±-i-§fpw D]-tZ-i-
§fpw BWv \nbm-aI hnaÀi\-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\w. GXp
`mj-bnepw BZyL«-§-fnÂ C¯-c-¯n-epÅ hnaÀi\ ]²-
Xn-IÄ Dm-bn-cn-¡pw. DZm-l-cWw : kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ Ihn-
in£
2. Imhy-X-¯zhpw kmln-Xy-aq-eyhpw Is-¯p-Ibpw At\z-
jn-¡p-I-bp-amWv ssk²m-ńIþhnaÀi\þ]²-Xn. {Ko¡nÂ
Acn-tÌm-«nÂ, tdmanÂ temwKn-\-kv, shÀPnÂ, Cw¥o-jnÂ
kÀ.-^n-en¸v knUv\n apX-embhcpsS IrXn-IÄ DZm-l-c-Ww.

3. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS KpW-tZm-j-hn-Nn-´\w \S¯n hne-bn-
cp-¯p¶ coXn-bmWv hnh-c-Wm-ßIþhnaÀi-\w. kmln-Xy-hn-
aÀi\w F¶ hn`mKw hmkvX-h-¯nÂ CXm-Wv. Cw¥o-jnÂ
{Inän-knkw F¶ ]Zw kmam-\y-ambn hnaÀi-\-s¯bpw \ncq-
]-W-s¯bpw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ hnaÀi-\-
km-lnXyw {][m-\-ambpw aq¶v hn`m-K-§-fp-v. H¶v : Ihn-
in-£, cv : kmlnXyaoamw-k, aq¶v : hymJym-\w.
Ihn-in-£-\n-bm-aI hnaÀi\-hpw, kmln-Xy-ao-amwk
ssk²m-ńI hnaÀi-\hpw hymJym\w hnh-c-Wm-ßI hnaÀi-
\hpw BIp-¶p.
{Inän-knkw F¶ hm¡nsâ \njv]¯n {Inän-t¡mkv
(Critikos) F¶ ]Z-¯nÂ \n-¶m-Wv. hnti-j-hn-Nn-´\w
F¶À°w. IrXn-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v am{X-a-Ã, kmln-Xy-Im-c-·msc Ipdn-
¨pÅ hnNn-´-\-§fpw ]T-\-§fpw \ncq-]-W-¯n-sâbpw hnaÀi-\-
¯n-sâbpw hnj-b-§-fm-Wv.
hymJym-\-aÃ hnaÀi\w
hymJym\w \ncq-]-Wtam hnaÀi-\tam AÃ. kwkvIr-X-
¯nÂ khn-ti-j-amb Hcp hnaÀi\ coXn-bmWv hymJym\ {]Øm-
\w. IrXn-bnse ]Z-§-fpsS AÀ°w, \m\mÀ°-§Ä, AXnsâ
hni-Zo-I-c-W-§Ä, Bi-b-hn-]p-eo-I-cWw XpS-§n-b-h-bmWv
hymJym-\-¯nÂ \S-¡p-¶-Xv. ]Zw apdn¨v A\zbw ]dªv kÔn-
k-am-km-Zn-I-fmb i_vZ-¡p-cp-¡p-IÄ Agn¨v ]ZmÀ°hpw XmÂ¸-
cymÀ°hpw sXfn-bn-¡-emWv hymJym\w F¶v BNm-cy-·mÀ ]d-
bp-¶p.
hni-I-e-\hpw aqey-\nÀW-bhpw kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi-\-¯nÂ
{][m-\-am-Wv. Fgp-¯p-Im-c³, hmb-\-¡m-c³, kaqlw F¶o ASn-
Øm-\-§-fnÂ Du¶n-s¡m-mWv hnaÀi-\-Nn´ Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv.
]t£ Cu ASn-Øm-\-§-fpsS A´À[m-c-bmbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-
¶Xv kwkvIm-cw, [mÀan-I-aq-eyw, \oXn-t_m-[w, bpàn-Nn-´, kuµ-
cy-im-kv{Xw, X¯z-Nn-´, {]]-©-ZÀi-\w, ]mcn-Øn-XnIAh-t_m-
[w, aX-ZÀi-\w, a\:imkv{Xw apX-e-bm-h-bm-Wv. CXv `mh-\-bntem
k¦Â¸-¯ntem am{Xw HXp¡n \nÂ¡p¶ kmlnXy {]hÀ¯-\-
a-Ã. sshÚm-\n-Ihpw ss[j-Wn-Ihpw {Inbm-ß-I-hp-amb {]{In-

b-bpsS kuµ-cym-ßIBhn-jv¡m-c-amWv hnaÀi-\hpw \ncq-]-
Whpw.
Iesb hne-bn-cp-¯p¶ asämcp Ie-bmWv CXv. hnaÀi-
I³ IrXnsb ap³\nÀ¯n Hcp tNmZyw tNmZn-¡p-Ibpw AXn\v
kzbw D¯cw ImWp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Cu D¯cw kaq-l-
s¯bpw hmb-\-¡m-c-s\bpw t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯m-\pÅ [mÀ½nI
D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw hnaÀi-I-\p-v. AXnÂ HcmÄ F{X-Iv hnP-bn-
¡p-¶pthm A{X-t¯mfw {]kvXpX hnaÀi-\hpw kmÀ°-I-am-hp-
¶p. Hfn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶-hsb Is-¯p¶ KthjW {]{In-b-bpsS
coXn-imkv{Xw \ncq-]-W-¯nepw {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-Wv. IS-enÂ Hfn-
ªn-cn-¡p¶ Nn¸n-Isf ImWp-t¼m-gp-m-Ip¶ BËm-Z-amWv A\p-
hm-N-I\v e`n-t¡--Xv.
Bkzm-Z-Is\ IrXn-bpsS Iemw-i-¯n-\-¸p-d-¯pÅ Úm\-
a-WvU-e-¯n-te¡v Iq«n-s¡m-p-t]m-Ip¶ ss[jWnI {]{In-b-
bmWv hnaÀi-\hpw \ncq-]-W-hpw. IrXnsb ap³\nÀ¯n-bpÅ
kzX-{´hpw bpàn-`-{Z-hp-amb kwhm-Z-amWv hnaÀi-\hpw \ncq-]-
W]T-\-hpw. kaq-l-s¯bpw kwkvIm-c-s¯bpw ap³\nÀ¯n-
bpÅ Iem-]-c-amb tNmtZym-¯cBJym-\hpw hniZoIc-W-hp-
amWv CXv. \ncq-]-W-§fpw hnaÀi-\-§fpw KZy BJym-\-§-fm-
Wv. KZy-¯nsâ iànbpw kuµ-cyhpw {Inbm-ß-I-ambn Bhn-
jv¡-cn-¡p-hm³ {]m]vX-amb kmln-Xy-P-\p-ÊmWv hnaÀi-\w.
Chbv¡v KZy-hp-am-bpÅ _Ôw thÀs¸-Sp-¯m³ Ign-bm-¯-Xm-Wv.
Cu AÀ°-¯n-emWv kpIp-amÀ Ago-t¡mSv "hnaÀi-\mýw KZyw'
F¶v \nco-£n-¡p-¶-Xv.
Cw¥o-jnse {In«n-knkw F¶ hm¡n\v kam-\-amWv ae-bm-
f-¯nse hnaÀi-\hpw \ncq-]-Whpw. hnaÀi-Isâ A\p-`hw
am{Xw cN-\m-{]-{In-bbv¡v apXÂ Iq«m-Ip-¶n-Ã. am\-hnI imkv{X-
hn-j-b-§-fmb a\:imkv{Xw, XXz-im-kv{Xw, ùXn-I-im-kv{Xw,
{]Ir-Xn-hn-Úm-\o-bw, \mtSm-Sn-hn-Úm-\o-bw, kmaq-ln-I-im-
kv{Xw, kwkvImc Ncn-{X-hn-Úm-\w, \c-hw-i-im-kv{Xw, ssZh-im-
kv{Xw, CXn-lm-k-]p-cm-W-hn-Úm-\obw apX-ebmb sshÚm-\nI
taJ-e-I-fn-epÅ [mc-Wbpw kq£va-amb Ah-t_m-[hpw hnaÀi-
I\pw \ncq-]-I\pw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e¯v \n¶p-
sImv Cu Adn-hp-Isf kuµ-cym-ß-I-ambpw kq£va-ambpw
kÀKm-ß-I-ambn {]tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv hnaÀi-\hpw \ncq-]-
Whpw anI-hp-ä-Xm-hp-¶-Xv. Fgp-¯n\pw hmb-\bv¡pw hgn-Im-«n-
bmWv CXpcpw. hnaÀi-\hpw \ncq-]-Whpw kaq-l-¯n\v Znim-
t_m[w \ÂIp-¶p. kmln-Xy-¯n\v ]pXp-ssI-h-gn-IÄ Dm-¡p-
¶p. hmb-\-¡mÀ¡v \h-`m-hpIXzhpw Fgp-¯p-ImÀ¡v ]pXp-c-N-
\m-k-{¼-Zm-b-§fpw k½m-\n-¡p-¶p. ka-{K-amb ]cn-hÀ¯\w
krjvSn-¡p¶ ImgvN-¸m-Sp-IÄ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. \nÀÆ-Nn-¡pI,
Xcw-Xn-cn-¡p-I, hymJym-\n-¡pI, aqey-\nÀWbw \S-¯pI F¶o
{Ia-¯nÂ hnaÀi\w \S-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. ]uckvXy hnaÀi-\-k-
{¼-Zmbw 3 Xc-¯nÂ Dv.
1. JWvU\w
2. aWvU\w
3. KpW-tZmj hnNn-´-\w.
JWvU-\-hn-aÀi\w : CXn\v FXnÀhmZw F¶v i_vZ-Xm-cm-h-en-
bnÂ AÀ°w ]d-bp-¶p. Hcp IrXnsb ASn-apSn hnaÀin¨v
FXnÀ¡p¶ coXn-bmWv JWvU-\-hn-aÀi-\-¯n-tâ-Xv.
aWvU-\-hn-aÀi\w : {KÙ-Im-cs\ ]n³Xm§n A\p-Iq-e-ambn
sN¿p¶ hnaÀi\w F¶v i_vZ-Xm-cm-h-en-bnÂ AÀ°w ]d-bp-¶p.
KpW-tZmj hnNn-´\w : Hcp IrXn-bpsS KpWhpw tZmjhpw
FSp¯p ImWn¨v IrXnsb hne-bn-cp-¯p¶ coXn-bmWv KpW-tZm-
j-hn-Nn-´-\w.
hnaÀi-\-§Ä¡v ]mÝmXy\ncq-]-W-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯nÂþ{]Xn-
]m-Zy-]-cw, Bkzm-Z-\-]-cw, hnth-N-\-]-cw, aqey-\nÀW-b-]cw F¶n-
§s\ hÀKo-I-c-W-ap-v. hnÂ_Àkvt¡m«nsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ
[mÀ½nIw (ethical or moral), at\mhnÚm-\obw
(Psychological), kmaq-lnIw (Sociological), cq]-]cw
(Formalistic), kuµ-cym-ßIw (Aesthetic), BZn-{]-
cq]m-ßIw (Archetype) F¶n-§s\ 5 hnaÀi\ kao-]-\-§-fp-
v. IqSmsX Cw{]-j-Wn-Ìv, sdmamân-Iv, anÌn-kn-kw, ¢mkn-Iv,
ssÌen-Ìn-Ivkv, FIvkn-Ì³jy-en-kw, Cta-Pn-kw, kv{SIvN-d-en-
kw, FIvkv{]-j-W-enkw, amPn-¡Â dnb-enkw XpS-§nb
At\Iw ]²-Xn-Ifpw \ncq-]W hnaÀi k{¼-Zm-b-§-fmbn \ne-
\nÂ¡p-¶p-v.

1. [mÀ½nIw
Hcp IrXn DÄs¡m-Åp¶ hnjbw F{]-Im-c-amWv hyàn¡pw
kaq-l-¯n\pw KpWtam tZmjtam Bbn-¯o-cp-¶Xv F¶
hnNn-´-\-amWv [mÀanI hnaÀi-\-¯n\v B[m-cw.
2. at\m-hn-Úm-\obw
a\:imkv{X-kn-²m-´-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨psImv IrXn-tbbpw
Fgp-¯p-Im-c-s\bpw hmb-\-¡m-c-s\bpw ka-{K-ambn A]-{K-
Yn-¡p¶ coXn-bmWv at\m-hnÚm\ob hnaÀi\w.
3. kmaq-lnIw
kmln-Xy-¯nsâ kmaq-lnI Xe-§sf ap³\nÀ¯n-s¡mv
\S-¯p¶ hnaÀi-\w. hyàn-bp-sSbpw kaq-l-¯n-sâbpw
\·-bmWv Cu hnaÀi-\-]-²-Xn-bpsS BXy-ńI e£yw.
4. cq]-]cw
`mjm-im-kv{X-kn-²m-´-§-fp-sSbpw knwt_m-fn-k-¯n-sâbpw
ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ IrXn-I-fpsS cq]-khntij-X-Isf kq£-a-
ambn A]-{K-Yn-¡p-¶-XmWv cq]-]-c-hn-aÀi-\w.
5. kuµ-cym-ßIw
IrXn-bpsS DÅ-S-¡-¯nepw `mj-bnepw AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶
emh-Wymw-i-§sf kuµ-cym-ß-I-ambn aqey-\nÀWbw \S-¯p-
¶-XmWv CXnsâ coXn.
6. BZn-{]-cq-]m-ßIw
a\p-jy-a-\-Ênsâ At_m[ þ D]-t_m[ Xe-§-fnÂ IpSn-bn-cn-
¡p¶ {]mà-\-kw-kvIm-cs¯ IrXn-I-fnÂ Is¯n A]-{K-
Yn-¡p¶ coXn-im-kv{X-amWv Cu hnaÀi\ ]²-Xn-bpsS
ImXÂ.

7. Cw{]-j-WnÌv ({]-Xo-Xn-hm-Z-]-c-amb hnaÀi-\w)
kmlnXy krjvSn hnaÀi-Isâ a\-Ên-ep-m-¡p¶ kuµ-cym-
\p-`q-Xn-sbbpw {]Xn-I-c-W-§-sfbpw Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-I-bmWv
Cu hnaÀi\ ]²-Xn.
8. sdmamânIv
IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS hyàn-Xzw, Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ am\-kn-I-X-
ew, IrXn-bpsS `mhm-ß-IX XpS-§n-b-h-bnÂ {i²-bq-¶n-
s¡mv \S-¯p¶ hnaÀi-\-co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. sshb-àn-Im-\p-`-
h-§Ä¡mWv CXv {]m[m\yw \ÂIp-¶-Xv.
9. anÌnknkw
{]]-©-¯nsâ ka-{K-Xsb \nÀW-bn-¡p¶ DZm-¯hpw ip²-
hp-amb BXy-ńIkXyw kÀKm-ßIcN-\-Isf ap³\nÀ¯n
At\z-jn-¡p¶ \ncq-]W k{¼-Zm-b-amWv anÌnIv hnaÀi\
coXn.
10. ¢mknIv
¢mknIvþZÀi-\-§-sfbpw aqey-§-sfbpw Ah-ew-_-am¡n
{]mNo-\m-Nm-cy-·mÀ apt¶m«ph¨ ZÀi-\-§sf kzmwio-I-cn-
¡p-Itbm D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Itbm sNbvXp sImv \S-¯p¶
ssk²m-ńI hnaÀi\ k{¼-Zm-b-amWv ¢mknIv hnaÀi-\-
¯nsâ apJ-ap-{Z.
11. ssÌen-ÌnIvkv
Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ cN\m k{¼-Zm-bw, IrXn-bpsS BJym\
khn-ti-jX apX-em-b-h-bpsS shfn-¨-¯nÂ IrXnsb A\-\y-
am-¡p¶ ssiensb Is-¯p¶ kao-]\coXn-bmWv ssieo
hnÚm\ hnaÀi-\-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\w.
12. kv{SIvN-d-enkw (L-S-\m-hmZ \ncq-]-Ww)
kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnIDÂ¸¶w F¶ \ne-bnÂ
kmlnXyIrXn-I-fpsS _mly-B-`y-ćLS-\-Isf A]-{K-Yn¨v

a\-Ên-em-¡m-\pÅ {ia-amWv Cu hnaÀi-\-]-²-Xn-bpsS
{]tXy-I-X.
13. FIvkv{]-j-\nkw
Hcp IrXn-bnÂ DÅ-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶ ssNX-\ys¯ Ah-X-cn-¸n-
¡p¶ k{¼-Zm-b-am-Wn-Xv.
14. FIvkn-Ì³jy-enkw
hyàn-bpsS \ne-\nÂ¸p-ambn _Ô-s¸« BXy-ń-Ik-
Xys¯ At\z-jn-¡p¶ Nn´m-]-²-Xn-bmWv Cu hnaÀi-\-
¯nsâ ASn-¯-d.
15. Cta-Pnkw
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bnse _nw_-§Ä Ah-bpsS AÀ°w, hn\n-
ab-coXn F¶nh Is-¯n A]-{K-Y\ hnt[-b-am-¡p¶ coXn.
16. am¡n-¡Â dnb-enkw
`mh-\-bv¡pw, kz]v\-¯n\pw AXo-X-amb k¦-ev]-§tfmSpw
[mÀanI aqey-hy-h-Ø-I-tfmSpw Ie-ln-¡p¶ cN-\-I-sf khn-
ti-j-ambn ]Tn-¡p¶ hnaÀi\ k{¼-Zm-bw.
17. ZmZm-bnkw
\ne-hn-epÅ Iemk-¦-ev]-§-tfmSpw [mÀanI aqey-hy-h-Ø-I-
tfmSpw Ie-ln-¡p¶ cN-\-Isf khn-ti-j-ambn ]Tn-¡p¶
hnaÀi-\-k-{¼-Zm-bw.
18. lyqa-\nkw
a\p-jy-\-·sb tI{µ-Øm-\¯v \nÀ¯n-s¡mv Hcp IrXnsb
]cn-tim-[n-¡p¶ Nn´m-]-²-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.
19. a\:imkv{X-hn-aÀi\w
knÜv t{^mbnUv, ImÄ bpMv, BÂ{Ûv BUveÀ XpS-
§nb {]kn-²-cmb a\:imkv{X-Nn-´-I-·m-cpsS kn²m-´-§sf

D]-tbm-Kn¨p sImv \S-¯p¶ A]-{K-Y-\m-ßI ]T-\-§-
fmWv a\:imkv{X hnaÀi\w
20. sân-\nkw
kv{Xo]p-cpj kao-]-\-¯nÂ \n¶p sImv IrXnsb ka-{K-
ambn hne-bn-cp-¯p-I-bmWv sân-\nÌv hnaÀi-\w.
21. Ct¡m-Cu-kvsX-änIvkv
a\p-jysâ \ne-\nÂ¸n\v ASn-Øm\w ]cn-Øn-Xn-bm-sW¶
imkv{Xob Ah-t_m-[s¯ IrXn-IÄ F{]-Im-c-amWv emh-
Wym-ß-I-ambn DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-sX¶ At\z-j-W-amWv ]cn-
ØnXn kuµ-cy-im-kv{X-¯nsâ kz`m-hw.
22. dnb-enkw
IrXn-bnÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ Pohn-X-bm-YmÀYy-§sf aqey-
\nÀWbw \S¯p¶ hnaÀi\ k{¼-Zm-b-am-Wv dnb-en-ÌnIv
hnaÀi-\w.
23. ^yq¨-dnkw
`qX-Im-es¯ \ntj-[n-¡p-¶Xpw tim`-\-am-b `mhnsb
e£yw sh¡p-¶-Xp-amb IrXn-Isf khn-ti-j-ambn ]Tn-
¡p¶ coXn-bmWv ^yq¨-dnÌv hnaÀi-\w.
24. \mNz-d-enkw
{]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn a\p-jyÀ t\cn«v CS-]-gIn e`n-¡p¶ A\p-`-h-
§sf IrXn-I-fnÂ Is¯n ]Tn-¡p¶ coXn-bmWv \mNz-d-en-
ÌnIv hnaÀi-\-¯n-\p-Å-Xv.
25. ZfnXv hmZw
]mÀiz-hÂ¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ P\-X-bpsS kzXzs¯ aqey-
\nÀWbw \S¯n ]p\À\nÀh-Nn-¡p¶XmWv CXnsâ Nn´m-]-
²-Xn.

26. kwkvIm-c-]-T\w
kmwkvIm-cnI LS-I-§sf ap³\nÀ¯n kmlnXyA]-{K-Y\w
\S-¯p-I-bmWv Cu ]T-\-]-²-Xn-bnÂ.
27. Iogm-f-]-T\w
Iogmf{]Xn-\n-[m-\s¯ hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-ambn kao-]n-¡p¶
Nn´m-]-²-Xn-bmWv Iogm-f-]-T\¯nsâ coXn-im-kv{Xw.
28. hnaÀi-\m-ßI hyh-lm-cm-]-{K-Y\w
IrXnsb khn-tij hyhlm-c-am-XrI F¶ \ne-bnÂ A]-{K-
Yn¨v ]Tn-¡p¶ k{¼-Zm-b-am-Wv hnaÀi-\m-ßI hyh-lm-cm-]-
{K-Y-\w.
hnaÀi-\-¯nepw \ncq]W-¯nepw C¯-c-¯n-epÅ
At\Iw kao-]\ coXn-IÄ \ne-hn-ep-v. kwkvIr-X-¯n-sâbpw
Cw¥o-jn-sâbpw kzm[o-\-^-e-am-bmWv ae-bmf kmln-Xy-\n-cq-
]Whpw hnaÀi-\hpw cq]-s¸-«-Xv. F¶n-cp-¶mepw ae-bm-f-¯nse
B[p-\nI \ncq-]-Ws¯ hfÀ¯nbXpw Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXpw ]mÝm-
Xy-\n-cq-]W k{¼-Zm-b-§-fm-Wv. AXm-bXv ]mÝmXyk¼À¡w
apXÂ¡v hnaÀi-\-¯nÂ auen-I-amb amä-§Ä kw`-hn¨p XpS-§n.
Hcp IrXn-bpsS cq]-`m-h-in-Â¸§-tfm-sSm¸w AXv A\p-hm-N-I-cnÂ
krjvSn-¡p¶ {]Xn-I-cWw IqSn Is-¯m³ hnaÀi-IÀ k¶-²-
cm-bn. krjvSn-bp-sSbpw Bkzm-Z-\-¯n-sâbpw hymJym-\-¯n-
sâbpw Xe-§-fnÂ \n¶pÅ Cu At\z-jWw kmln-Xy-]p-tcm-K-
Xn¡v hgn Xpd¶p sImSp-¯p. C¶m-Is« ]mÝm-Xy]uckvXy
\ncq-]W ]²-Xn-I-fpsS ka-\zbw IqSp-X-embn ae-bm-f-¯nÂ
{]Xy-£-s¸«p XpS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ae-bm-f-¯nse BZys¯
hnaÀi\{KÙ-ambn IcptXXv 'eoemXneI'amWv. aWn-{]-hm-f-
`m-jm-inev] hnNm-chpw Ae-¦m-c, ck-hn-i-I-e-\-§fpw BXy-ń-I-
ambn `mj-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw KpW-tZmj hnNn-´-
\hpw hnaÀi-\hpw BWv Cu IrXn.
ae-bmf kmlnXy hnaÀi\ Ncn{Xw
tIcfhÀ½ hen-b-tIm-bn-¯-¼p-cm³ F.-BÀ.-cm-Pm-cm-P-
hÀ½, kn.-]n.-A-Nyp-X-tam-t\m³ XpS-§n-b-hÀ BZy-Ime ae-bmf
\ncq-]-W-km-ln-Xys¯ apt¶m«v \bn-¨p. tIc-f-hÀ½ hen-b-tIm-
bn-¯-¼p-cm³ t]mjI-hn-aÀi-\-¯n-sâbpw F.-BÀ.-cm-P-cm-P-hÀ½
aWvU\hnaÀi-\-¯n-sâbpw kn.-]n. ANyp-X-ta-t\m³
JWvU\hnaÀi-\-¯n-sâbpw coXn-bmWv s]mXpsh ]n³Xp-S-cp-¶-
Xv. Ch-cpsS hnaÀi-\-§Ä ae-bmf kmln-Xy-¯n\v \ho-\-amb
Znim-t_m[w \ÂIp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. XpSÀ¶v Ipam-c-\m-im³,
DÅqÀ, hÅ-t¯mÄ apX-emb alm-I-hn-Ifpw aä-t\Iw {]Xn-`-
Ifpw ae-bmf hnaÀi-\s¯ ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n-¨p. kn.-A-´-¸m-bn,
kmln-Xy-]-©m-\-\³, ]n.-sI.-\m-cm-b-W-]n-Å, kztZ-im-`n-am\n cma-
Ir-jvW-]nÅ XpS-§n-b-hÀ ae-bmf kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi-\-¯n\v
iànbpw Kuc-hhpw \ÂIn. ae-bmfkmlnXy hnaÀi-\-¯n\v
BZy-L-«-¯nÂ auen-I-kw-`m-h\ \ÂIn-b-h-cnÂ {][m-\n-I-fmWv
A¸³ X¼p-cm³, aqÀt¡m¯v Ipam-c³, Fw.-BÀ,-\m-bÀ, kÀZmÀ
sI.-Fw. ]Wn-¡À, BäqÀ IrjvW-]n-jm-c-Sn, hS-¡pw-IqÀ cmP-cm-P-
hÀ½ XpS-§n-b-hÀ.
]mÝm-Xy-km-lnXy hnaÀi-\-kn-²m-´-§-sfbpw ]²-Xn-I-
sf-bpw-a-e-bmf kmln-Xy-¯nepw \ncq-]-W-¯n-epw, ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-
¯p-Ibpw {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX ]WvUnX hnaÀi-I-\mWv
tIkcn F _me-Ir-jvW-]n-Å. ]mÝmXy hnaÀi-\-§-fpsS
ssk²m-ńI ]£¯p \n¶psImv Fw.-]n.-t]mÄ e£-W-
imkv{X{KÙ-§Ä DÄs¸-sS-bpÅ I\-s¸« kw`m-h-\-IÄ ae-
bmf¯n\p \ÂIn. kwkvIrXþkmlnXyþkn²m-´-§-sfbpw
]mÝmXy kmln-Xy-kn-²m-´-§-sfbpw kuµ-cym-ß-I-ambn Iq«n-bn-
W-¡n-¡mv hnaÀi\ \ncq-]-W-km-ln-Xy-¯n\v ]pXnb `mhp-
IXzw \ÂInb hnaÀi-I-\mWv tPmk^v ap-tÈ-cn.
XmÀ¡n-I-bp-àn-bp-sSbpw hnNm-c-Iu-i-e-¯n-sâbpw
]pXnb `mj krjvSn¨p sImv ae-bmf \ncq-]-Ws¯ emh-Wym-
ßI A\p-`q-Xn-bn-te¡v DbÀ¯n ]pXnb `mhm-ß-IX \ÂInb
\ncq-]I{]Xn-`-bmWv Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ. [mÀanIk\m-X\ aqey-
§-fpsS ASn-¯-d-bnÂ ae-bm-f-¯n\v X\-Xmb {]uV-Kw-ò-c-amb
Nn´m-tKm-]pcw ]Sp-¯p-bÀ¯nb ZmÀi-\nI {]Xn-`-bmWv amcmÀ.
]mÝmXy ]uckvXy ImgvN-¸m-Sp-Isf ]pXnb `mh-¯nepw
]mI-¯nepw ka-\z-bn-¸n¨p sImv ae-bmf hnaÀi-\-\n-cq-]-W-km-
ln-Xys¯ hn]p-eo-I-cn¨ A¡m-Z-anIv hnaÀi-I·mcpsS Iq«-¯nÂ
FSp-¯p-]-d-tb--h-cmWv Fkv.-Kp-]vX³ \mbÀ, kpIp-amÀ Ago-
t¡m-Sv, Fw.-sI.-km-\p, Fw.-eo-em-h-Xn, Fw.-F³.-hn-P-b³, F³.-Ir-
jvW-¸n-Å, Ipän-¸pg IrjvW-¸n-Å, sI.-F³.-F-gp-¯-Ñ³, Xmbm«v
i¦-c³, F³.-hn.-Ir-jvW-hm-cn-bÀ, sI.-]n.-i-¦-c³, Fw.-]n.-i-¦p®n
\mbÀ, Fw.-Fw.-_-joÀ, Nm¯-\m¯v ANyp-X-\p®n apX-em-b-hÀ.
ChÀ ae-bmf hnaÀi-\-ta-J-e-bnÂ khn-ti-j-Øm\w Ae-¦-cn-
¡p-¶p.
ae-bm-f-¯nÂ B[p-\nI B[p-\n-Im-\-´-c-`m-hp-IXzw cq]-
s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\p ]n¶nÂ \ho-\-hn-aÀiIcpsS ]¦v {it²-b-am-Wv.
sI.-]n.-A-¸³, hn.-cm-P-Ir-jvW³, Bjm tat\m³, hn.-kn.-{io-P³,
Fw.-sI.-l-cn-Ip-amÀ, ]n.-sI.-cm-P-ti-J-c³, Pn a[p-kq-Z-\³ XpS§n
At\-IÀ Cu taJ-e-bnÂ X\-Xmb kw`m-h\ \ÂIn-b-h-cm-Wv.
ae-bmf kmlnXyhnaÀi\ \ncq-]W taJ-e-bnÂ C¶v \S-
¡p¶ NÀ¨-Ifpw CS-s]-SepIfpw \ho-\-kw-th-Z-\-§Ä¡pw
Nn´m-]-²-Xn-IÄ¡pw Bi-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯n\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p-
v.
kn.-]n. ANyp-X-ta-t\m³ (1862þ1937)

ae-bm-f-¯nÂ B[p-\nI \ncq-]-W-{]-Øm-\-¯n\v amÀ¤-
ZÀi\w \ÂIn-bXv 'hnZym-hn-t\m-Zn\n' ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp¶ kn.-]n.-
A-Nyp-X-ta-t\m-\m-Wv. 1862 sabv 5 \v XrÈq-cnÂ P\n-¨p. BZyw
A[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv sIm¨n kÀ¡m-cnÂ DbÀ¶ DtZym-
K-Ø-\m-bn. ae-bm-f-¯nÂ, kPo-hhpw kao-No\-hp-amb kmlnXy
hnaÀi-\-¯nsâ D]-Úm-Xm-hmbn BZ-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv ANyp-X-ta-
t\m-\m-Wv. 'hnZym-hn-t\m-Zn\n' bnÂ At±lw {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-cp¶
]pkvX-Im-`n-{]m-b-§Ä B[p-\nI kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi-\-¯n\v ASn-
¯d]mIn. kmln-Xys¯ Kuc-h-am¡n IW-¡m¡n AXn-\-\p-k-
c-W-ambn hnaÀi\w \n£v]-£-amb \nco-£-W-am¡n hfÀ¯n-sb-
Sp-¡m³ {ian¨ hyàn-bmWv kn.-]n.-ANypX-ta-t\m³. Imhy-
¯nsâ B´-cnI LS-\-bnÂ At±lw {i²-]-Xn-¸n-¨p. ae-bmf
kmln-Xy-¯nÂ G.-B-dn-s\-t¸mse Nn´m-]-c-amb kml-kn-I-
bm{X \S-¯n-b-h-cnÂ {]ap-J-\mWv ANyp-X-ta-t\m³. KXm-\p-K-
XnI Imhy-k-]-cy-bnÂ \n¶v ae-bmf Ihn-Xsb tamNn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ
Xo{h-]-cn-{i-a-amWv Xsâ hnaÀi-\-¯n-eqsS At±lw BZyw
sNbvXXv Ihn-X-bnÂ \h-ho-£Ww thW-sa¶ ANyp-X-ta-
t\msâ hmZ-¯n\v Ime-{I-a-¯nÂ {]k-àn-tb-dn. ]mÝmXy
kmln-Xy-ZÀi-\-§Ä DÄs¡m-Åm\pw AXn-\-\p-k-c-Wambn
\ho\[mc-IÄ ae-bm-f-¯nÂ krjvSn-s¨-Sp-¡m\pw X¿m-dmb
hyàn-bmWv At±-lw. sshtZ-inI {]`m-hs¯ DÄs¡m-Åm³
X¿m-dm-sb-¦nepw amXr-`m-j-tbm-SpÅ kvt\lamWv At±-l-¯nÂ
IqSp-XÂ {]I-S-am-bn-cp-¶-Xv. ]pkvX-I-\n-cq-]-W-cq-]-¯nÂ Fgp-X-
s¸« kn.-]n.-bpsS teJ-\-§-fmWv ae-bmf \ncq-]-W-cw-K¯v BZy-
ambn JWvU-\\n-cq-]Ww XpS-§n-h-¨-Xv. `mc-Xo-bhpw ]mÝm-Xy-hp-
amb \ncq-]-W-k-¦-ev]-§Ä ka-\z-bn-¡-s¸« \ncq-]W hyàn-Xz-
amWv A¨p-X-ta-t\msâ khn-ti-j-X.
IrXn-IÄ
 sIm¨n tkäväv am\p-hÂ
 emâv dh\yq am\p-hÂ
 imIp-´fw
 D¯-c-cm-a-N-cnXw
 `K-hZqXv
kc-kz-Xo-hn-Pbw (t\m-hÂkw-{K-lw)
t]mt¯-cn-Ip-©¼p (1857þ1920) BWv CXnsâ cN-bn-Xm-hv.
Hcp kap-Zmb tkh-I-\m-bn-cp¶p Ct±lw. 1892 P\p-hcn 1\v BWv
kc-kz-Xo-hn-P-bw {]kn-²o-Ir-X-am-b-Xv. hnZym-`ymkw sImv GXv
A[:ØnX\pw D¨-Øsâ \ne-bn-se-¯m-sa¶p kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-
\mWv t\mh-en\p kc-kz-Xo-hn-Pbw F¶ t]À \ÂInbncn¡p-¶-
Xv. D²-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. 'a\p-kvar-Xn-bnÂ \n¶p \¼q-Xn-cnsb sImv
{]amWw D²-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. A[ym-ß-cm-am-b-Ww, `mcXw, ]©-X{´w
F¶o Infn-¸m-«p-I-fnÂ \n¶p Xm³ Xs¶ Cuc-Sn-IÄ ]IÀ¯p-¶p.
CXp ]pkvX-I-¯nsâ ta·bv¡p lm\n-I-c-am-bn-«pv' F¶v DÅqÀ
A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ipª-¼p-hnsâ aäp IrXn-IÄ, XobÀ, cma-Ir-
jvW-kw-hm-Zw, cmam-b-W-km-c-]-cn-tim-[-\, ssa{Xn, `K-hÂ KotXm-
]-tZ-iw, cmam-b-W-km-c-tim-[\ lnµp-a-Xs¯ A]-e-]n-¡p¶
IrXn-bm-Wv.
"kc-kz-Xo-hn-P-b-Im-c-\mb t]mt¯cn Ip©-¼p-hnsâ
e£y-¯n\p cmjv{So-bhpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb ]cn-hÀ¯-t\-Ñ-
bpsS aqÀ¨-bp-m-bn-cp-¶p. t\mh-ensâ apJ-hp-c-bnÂ Ipªm¼p
FgpXn "ae-bm-f-¯nse ]pe-b-cpsS k¦-Sm-hØ HmÀ¯v Cu
]pkvXIw Fgp-Xm³ CS-h-¶-Xm-sW'¶pw Cu IY hmbn-¡p¶
GsXmcp ae-bm-fn¡pw taÂ{]-Im-c-apÅ Pohn-I-fpsS t\sc
BÀ{ZX tXm¶n B hI \ncm-{ib-·msc Ah-cpsS k¦-S-Øn-Xn-
bnÂ \n¶p am{X-sa-¦nepw D²-cn-¸m³ Fsâ Cu sNdp-Xmb
{]bXv\w CS-h-cp-¯p-¶p-sh-¦nÂ AXp Xs¶ Fsâ Cu ]cn-{i-a-
¯nsâ ê-kn-²n-bm-Ip¶p sh¶pw ]d-bp¶p.
Hcp t\mh-ens\ ]mcm-bW {]nb-am-¡p¶ LS-I-§fpw
emh-Wym-ßI LS-I-§fpw Xptemw Ipdª IrXn-bmWv kc-
kzXo hnP-bw. ]m«p-]m-Sn-b-Xn\v Ipt_-c³ \¼q-Xn-cn-bmÂ in£n-
¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw ]n¶oSv aXw amdn hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn \ymbm-[n-]-
\mbn¯ocp-Ibpw sNbvX ac-¯³ F¶ ]pebbphm-hnsâ IY-
bmWv Cu t\mhÂ. ac-¯³ tbip-Zm-k-\m-bn. ac-¯³ acn¨p
t]mbn F¶ [mc-W-bmÂ Dmb sIme-t¡-knÂ \n¶v ]nÂ¡m-
e¯v P·n-bmb Ipt_-c³ \¼q-Xn-cn-sbbpw `rXy³
cma³Ip«n\¼ym-scbpw in£n-¡msX hn«Xv tbip-Zm-k-\m-bn-cp-
¶p. kvamÀ¯-hn-Nm-chpw \¼q-Xn-cn-P-·n-Xz-¯nsâ Zpjv{]-`p-Xzhpw
PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS cq£-X-bpsaÃmw Bi-b-{]-Nm-cW hy{K-X-
tbmsS t\mhÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. {_n«ojv `c-W-¯n-sâbpw
{InkvXp-a-X-¯n-sâbpw al-¯zhpw t\mh-enÌv hnfw-_cw sN¿p-
¶p. Iem-]-c-ambn ITn-\-amb ]cm-P-b-amWv 'kc-kz-Xn-hn-Pbw'.
F¶mÂ FXnÀ¸nsâ [oc kzcwIeÀ¶ kmaq-lnIho£Ww
sImv AXp Pbw t\Sp-¶p. PmXnP·n-Xzm-[n-jvTn-X-amb tIc-fob
kaq-l-L-S-\-bnÂ Acn-In-te-s¡m-Xp-¡-s¸« ]pe-bsc kmln-Xy-
¯nsâ htcWy Øe-t¯¡v B\-bn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p 'kc-kz-Xo-
hn-Pbw'. Zen-Xvtam-N-\-¯n-\pÅ hgn {InkvXp-a-X-¯n-te-¡pÅ
]cn-hÀ¯-\hpw Cw¥ojv hnZym-`ym-k-hp-am-sW¶ Bibw Du«n-bp-
d-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p t\mh-en-Ìnsâ e£yw. 19þmw \qäm-nse
PmXn-k-aq-l-¯nÂ Zen-XÀ t\cn« ]oUn-Xm-hØbmWv Cu Bi-
bs¯ km[y-am-¡n-b-Xv. C¶v kPo-h-am-bn-«pÅ ZenXv kmln-Xy-
s¯¡pdn¨pÅ kwhm-Z-§-fnÂ XoÀ¨-bmbpw DbÀ¶p
htct]cmWv 'kc-kz-Xo-hn-Pbw'. tImf\n hmgvN-tbm-SpÅ
t\mh-ensâ kao-]\w {]iv\-`-cn-X-am-sW-¦nepw ta[m-hn-Xz-¯n\p
IognÂ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn DbÀ¶ \ntj[kzc-ambn Cu IrXnsb
ImtW--Xp-v.

kckzXo hnPbw ( kn.-]n.-A-Nyp-X-ta-t\msâ \ncq-]-W-§Ä) kn.-
]n.-A-Nyp-X-ta-t\m³
hnZym-hn-t\m-Zn-\n-bnÂ kn.-]n.-C-{]-Imcw Fgp-Xn, 'Xte-¯«n
apX-emb kmw{I-anI tcmK-§Ä A[n-I-ambn Hcp \m«nÂ Dm-Ip-
¶Xv B tcmK-§-fpsS _oP-§Ä hmbp-hnÂ [mcm-f-ambn hym]n-
¡p-¶-Xp-sIm-m-sW¶pw tbmKy-·m-cmb Nne sshZy-·mÀ A`n-
{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p-v. F¶mÂ Cu Ihn-Xz-an-Ãm¯ kmw{I-anI tcmK-
¯nsâ _oP-§Ä kly-a-e-b-]Àh-X-§-fp-tSbpw ]Ýn-a-k-ap-{Z-¯n-
sâbpw a[y-¯n-epÅ hmbp-hnÂ [mcmfw hym]n¨p ImWp¶p
F¶pw CXns\ CÃm-Xm-¡m³ DÅ sshZy³am-cm-bn-cn-t¡-Xv
]{Xm-[n-]-·m-cm-Wv. F¶mÂ Ah-cnÂ an¡-hcpw \nÀhn-ti-j-amb
{]iw-k-sImv B tcmKs¯ hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv.
'{KÙ-¯nsâ KpW-tZmjw HmÀ¡msX {KÙ-Im-c³ Bcm-sW-¶p-
am{Xw t\m¡p¶Xv henb sXäm-Wv. cmPm-¡-·mtcm henb DtZym-
KØ·mtcm AsÃ-¦nÂ thsd Imc-W-§-fmÂ X§Ä¡p _lp-am-
\tam CjvStam DÅ-htcm Dm-¡p¶ ]pkvX-I-§Ä \s¶¶p
]d-bp-hm\pw AXp sImp-t]mbn hmbn-¸m\pw k¶-²-·m-cm-bn-cn-
¡p¶hÀ hf-sc-bp-v. D¶X ØnXn-bn-em-bn-cn-¡p-¶-h-cpsS
{]oXn k¼m-Zn-¸m\pw KZy-co-Xn-bnÂ ]pkvX-I-§Ä A[n-I-an-Ãm-¯-
Xn-\mÂ BbXp hÀ²n-¸n-t¡--Xn\v Cu hI hnZzm-·msc
t{]mÂkm-ln-¸n-¡m\pw aäp-am-bn«p ]pkvX-I-§-fp-sS-Kp-W-tZm-j-hn-
Nmcw IqSmsX ]d-bp-¶Xp sImpw kmc-KÀ`-§-fmb {KÙ-§sf
shSnªp ]eXpw Cu Ir{Xn-a-tbm-Ky-§-fmbhsb hmbn-¸m³
Xp\n-bp-¶p. £p{Z-]p-kvX-I-§Ä hÀ²n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡-W-sa-¦nÂ
hnZzm-·m-À apJw t\m¡msX \njv]-£-]m-X-ambn Ah-sb-¡p-dn¨v
A`n-{]mbw ]d-tb-Xp hfsc Bh-iy-am-Wv. AÃmsX FÃm
]pXnb ]pkvX-I§tfbpw \nÀhn-ti-j-ambn KpW-tZmjn¡p-¶-Xp-
sImv {]tXy-In¨v AÀ°-sam-¶p-an-Ã. \nÀhn-ti-j-amb {]iwk
Imhy-¯nsâ Kuc-h-¯n\p lm\n-I-c-am-Ip¶p. AXp-sImp
]pkvX-I-§sf Dm-¡p-Ibpw Dm-¡p¶ ]pkvX-I-§sf
shdpsX {KÙ-IÀ¯m-hnsâ {]oXn¡pw DÕm-l-¯n\pw am{Xw
thn kvXpXn¨p If-bmsX KpWm-Kp-W-\nÀWbw sNbvXp ]d-
ªp-X-cp-¶-Xn\pw {]tXyIw Hcp hnZzÂk` GÀs¸-Sp-t¯-Xv
F{Xbpw Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
{KÙ-IÀ¯mhv 'Cw¥ojv t\mhÂ amXn-cn-bnÂ-F-gp-X-s¸-«n-
«pÅ'XmsW¶p ]d-bp¶ 'kc-kz-Xo-hn-Pbw' F¶ ]pkvXIw
Aev]-Zn-hkw ap¼v R§Ä¡pw Ab¨p X¶n-«p-m-bn-cp-¶p. CXv
hmbn¨p t\m¡n-bn«v CXn-s\-¸än bmsXmcp KpW-tZm-jhpw ]d-
bmsX Ign-¸m-\m-bn-cp¶p R§Ä BZyw hnNm-cn-¨-Xv. ]t£ B
]pkvX-I-s¯-¡p-dn¨v R§Ä¡pÅ A`n-{]mbw C¶-Xm-sW¶v
Adntb--Xn\p Ihn-bp-tSbpw thsd Nne kvt\ln-X³am-cp-sSbpw
{]tXyImt]-£-bpÅXpsImp R§Ä au\w-`wKw sNbvX-Xm-
Wv. F¶mÂ Cu ]pkvX-I-s¯-¸än {]kw-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ap-¼mbn
t\mhÂ F¶p ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xp-amb Imhy-¯n\p apJy-ambn
thp¶ KpW-§Ä C\n-¶-Xm-sW¶p ]d-bp-¶Xp bpà-am-sW-
¶p hnNm-cn-¡p-¶p.
DÂIr-jvS-amb Hcp t\mh-ensâ kq£-aamb Dt±iyw

temI-¯nÂ bYmÀYambn \S-¶p-h-cp¶ ]te kwK-Xn-I-tfbpw
IYm-cq-t]W a\-kn-em¡n P\-§Ä¡p IrXym-Ir-tXym-]-tZiw
sNbvXp KpW-tZm-j-Úm-\-ap-m-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦nepw AXp-I-fpsS
XÂ¡m-e-êw a\:kpJ-am-sW¶p {]tXyIw HmÀan-t¡--Xm-Wv.
CXn-te¡p apJy-am-bn«p thXv IY-bpsS cN-\m-`w-Kn-bm-Wv.
IYbv¡p bYmÀ°-amb NaÂ¡mcw thW-sa-¦nÂ km[m-c-W-kw-
`-hym-h-Ø-Isf sImp-Xs¶ Dm-¡-Ww. Hmtcmtcm L«-§Ä
hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ BËm-Zw, AZv`p-Xw, Icp-Ww, hyk-\w, t{Im[w,
apX-em-b -A-t\Ick-§Ä P\n-¸n¨pþsImn-cn-¡-Ww. t\mh-enÂ
Hcp-¯s\ ]cn-l-kn-¡p-Itbm AsÃ-¦nÂ Hcp PmXn-¡m-cpsS
No¯-bmb \S-]-Sn-I-sf-¸än {]kvXm-hn-¡p-Itbm atäm thn-h-
¶mÂ AXnÂ {KÙ-IÀ¯m-hn\v Hcp kn²m-´tam Akq-btbm
Ds¶p tXm¶m³ X¡-hn-[-sam¶pw Fgp-X-cp-Xv. t\mhÂ Hcp
CjvS`mcysb t]mse kc-k-hm-¡p-Isf sImpw at\m-l-c-k-
µÀ`-§-sf-s¡mpw Hmtcm IÀ¯-hy-§-fnÂ \ap¡v A`n-cp-Nnbpw
AIr-Xy-§-fnÂ hnapJXbpw P\n-¸n-t¡--Xm-Wv. IY-bnse \mb-
It\m \mbnIt¡m cp-t]À¡ptam Ah-cpsS Imcy-kn-²n¡v
Ahcpw hmbn-¡p-¶-hcpw Imte hnNm-cn-¡m-¯-Xp-amb ]e {]Xn-
_-Ô-§fpw ZpÀL-S-§fpw AXym-]-¯p-Ifpw kw`-hn-¡pI AXp-
I-fnÂ \n¶v tamN-\-¯n\v HSp-hnÂ AXp-t]mse Xs¶ Ahn-
XÀ¡n-X-amb amÀK-ap-m-hp-I, IY-bnÂ \S¶p F¶p ]d-bp¶

kwK-Xn-IÄ Akw-`-hy-§-f-Ãm-Xn-cn-¡p-I, CXp-Isfs¡mpw aäp-

amWv IYbv¡p NaÂ¡m-c-ap-m-Ip-¶-Xv.
Hcp t\mhÂ hmbn¨p Ign-ªmÂ hmb-\-¡m-cpsS a\-

knÂ \n¶v Hcn-¡epw amªp-t]m-Im-¯-Xmb Hcp a\pjy kz`m-
htam BIr-Xntbm AXn-ep-m-bn-cn-t¡--Xm-Wv. hnZym-`ymkw
sImpw aäpw _p²n¡p ZmÀVywþhcm¯ At\Iw P\-§Ä
hmbn-¡m-hp¶ IYm-]p-kvX-I-§-fnÂ Nne Imcy-§Ä hfsc shfn-
hmbn ]d-bp-¶{X KpW-I-c-am-bn-«p-Å-X-sÃ¶p {]tXy-In¨v HmÀa-sh-
t¡--Xm-Wv. AXpsImp km[m-c-W-bmbn t\mh-enepw aäpw
Cu hI tImS-Xn-Im-cy-§Â sImp-h-cm-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-XmWv A[nIw
\Ã-Xv. IY-bpsS cN-\m-`w-Kn-¡-\p-k-cn¨v AXnse hmIy-§Ä¡p
kv]jvS-Xbpw kc-f-Xbpw Hgp¡pw iànbpw IqSn th-Xm-Wv.
Hcp- t\m-hÂ hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ AXp hmbn-¡p-¶-hsâ a\-ÊnÂ
AXmXp {]Ir-X-¯n\v A\p-k-cn¨v ]e-kvtXm-`-§fpw Xms\-Xs¶
P\n-¸n-t¡--Xm-I-sImv FÃm-bvt¸mgpw Hcp a«nÂ Xs¶
FgpXnbmÂ t]mcm. Nne-Zn-¡nÂ ZoÀL-hm-N-I-§fpw hf-sc-h-
fsc kwkvIr-X-§fpw Bh-iy-am-bn-«p-h-cpw. asämcp kabw ]Sp-
`m-j-bnÂ Fgp-Xp-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw `wKn. Npcp-¡-¯nÂ ]d-bp-¶-
XmIbmÂ IhnX, "_em-Zm-IrjvS'bmhmsX 'kzb-ta-KX'bmbn-«p-
h-c-Ww. AXn\v Fgp-Xp-¶-bmÄ¡v kl-P-amb Hcp hmk-\bpw
a\p-jy-cp-tSbpw temI-¯n-epÅ At\-I-hn[ km[-\-§-fp-tSbpw
KpW-tZm-j-tN-jvS-Isf F{Xbpw kq£-a-ambpw IrXy-ambpw
AdntbXn-\pÅ Hcp iànbpw kzX-kn-²-amb Hcp ckn-I-Xbpw
kz`m-thm-àn¡v A\p-k-cn¨v kw`-hy-§-fmb kwK-Xn-Isf tNcp-
¶-]Sn tNÀ¯v kc-k-ambpw kc-f-ambpw Fgp-Xp-hm-\pÅ ssZhn-
I-amb Hcp hnti-j-km-aÀ°yhpw tbmKy-·m-cmÂ Fgp-X-s¸-«n-
«pÅ At\-I-a-t\Iw ]pkvX-I-§Ä hmbn-¨p-mb
AdnhpwF{Xbpw Bh-iy-am-bn-«p-Å-Xm-Wv kn.-]n. ]d-ªp-sh-¡p-
¶-Xv.

NaÂ¡m-c-¯n\p apJy-am-bn-«p-ÅXv A]qÀÆ-X-bm-Wv. ckn-
IXzw Ipsd Ipd-hm-bn-cp-¶mepw th-Xn-Ã. \qX-\-§-fmb `mh-§-
fpsS Hmtcm {]tbm-K-§Ä Dm-bmÂ am{Xta IYm-c-N-\bv¡pw
NmXp-cy-ap-s¶p ]d-ªp-Iq-Sq. C§s\ A]qÀÆ-ambn ]e-Pm-Xn-
bnÂ Hmtcm¶pw {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-km-c-kyhpw NaÂ¡mchpw
IÀW-kp-Jhpw thW-sa-¦nÂ hmk-\bpw ]cn-Nbw Hcp-t]me
Bhiy§fm-Wv. t\mh-ense ]e-hn-[-¡m-cmb ]m{X-§-fpsS
kz`m-h-Kp-W-§fpw aäpw Adntb-Xv AhÀ sN¿p¶ {]hr-¯n-I-
sfs¡mpw aäp-am-Wv. C¶n-¶-hÀ C¶n-¶-am-Xncn¡mcm-sW¶p
Ihn Xs¶ ]d-bp-¶Xp sImÃ AXv Adn-tb--Xv.
Ihn-bpsS ss\]pWyw ImWn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn AXnÂ X\n-
¡-dn-hpÅ kI-e-hn-Nm-c-s¯-¸-änbpw Ipd-sªm-s¶-¦nepw
{]kvXm-hn-¡-W-sa¶pw kn.-]n. ]d-ªp-sh-bv¡p-¶p. 'thZ-im-
kv{X-§-fnepw \m«p-\-S-¸p-I-fnepw Akm-am-\y-amb ]nSp-¯-apÅ
BVy-{_m-Ò-WÀ Hcp hb-enÂ ]WnsbSp¯p-sIm-n-cn-¡p¶
]pe-b³ ]mSn-bXp tI«-t¸mÄ B ]mSn-bXv A]vk-c-kv{Xo-Itfm
KÔÀÆ³amtcm Bbn-cn-¡m-sa¶p hnNm-cn¨v AXns\ H¶p
Im¬am³ IqSn `mKy-an-ÃmsX hyk-\n-¡p-I, t£{X-Im-cy-s¯-¸än
At\z-jn-¡m-\mbn hcp¯n \¼q-cn-tbmSp lnµp-a-X-{]-kw-K-s¯-¸-
änbpw aäp kwkm-cn-¡, Ime-hn-Nm-c-k-abw thsd Hcp ]ne-
bm«ns\¸än {]kw-Kn¨v AXn\pw Nne {]am-W-§Ä sNmÃpI
C§s\ ]e-hn-[-¯nepw Xm³ tI«n-«pÅ imkv{X-§fpw ]pcm-W-
§fpw [mcm-f-sa-Sp¯p shf-¼-Ww. kÀÆ-Ú-\m-sW¶p hcp-¯-
W-sa-¦n-temtcm {]Ir-X-¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨p IqSntb Ignbq F¶pÅ
\ne-bnÂ {]amWw sNmÃn-bmÂ t]mcm Adnbp¶p tÇmI-§Ä
F§-s\-sb-¦nepw Hcp hn[-¯nÂ {]I-Sn-¸n-t¡--Xn\p hgn
t\mt¡--Xp-am-Wv.
t\mh-enÂ km[m-cW Ip-h-cp¶ ]m{X-§sf aq¶p-hn-[-
am-bn-«mWp tbmKy-·mÀ hn`-Pn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. \mbn-Im-\m-b-I-·mÀ apX-
emb D¯-a-]m-{X-§Ä, a[y-a-]m-{Xw, \oN-]m{Xw F¶n-§-s\.
'ihw-hr-²-tâ-X-Ã. s]®n-tâ-Xp-a-Ã, apJw ImÂ Xncn-
¡m³ ]mSn-Ã. acWw F§s\ Dm-b-Xm-sW¶p Xncn-¨-dn-hm³
{].-bm-kw. tI« kw`-h-§Ä \S-¶-Xmbn BÀ¡pw Adn-hn-Ã.
F¶n«pw Ct¸m-gs¯ Hcp IÀ¯mhv 'ac-¯ns\ ASn¨p sIm¶-Xm-
sW¶p hniz-kn-¸m³ [mcmfw hgn-bps'¶pw ]dªp XS-hp-Im-
cs\ Poh-]-cy´w ITn-\-in£ A\p-`-hn-¡m³ hn[n-¨Xpw aäpw
Btem-Nn-¡p-t¼mÄ Ct¸m-gs¯ \oXn-\ym-b-t¡m-S-Xn-Isf¸-änbpw
{KÙ-IÀ¯m-hn\v A{X k½-X-an-sÃ¶v Duln-t¡n hcp-¶p.
BsI t\m¡p-t¼mÄ Cu ]pkvXIw {InkvXp-a-tXm-²m-c-W-¯n\p
thn Fgp-Xn-bm-sW¶v Duln-t¡-n-h-cp¶p F¶mWv kn ]n ]d-
bp-¶-Xv.
Cu ]pkvX-I-¯n\p kc-kzXohnPbw F¶p am{Xw t]sc-
gp-Xn-bn-cp¶p F¦nÂ C{X-sbm¶pw {]kvXm-hn-¡m³ CS-bn-Ãm-bn-cp-
¶p. 'Cw¥ojv t\mhÂ amXn-cn-bnÂ Fgp-X-s¸-«n-«pÅ Hcp IY'
F¶p ]d-ª-XmWv A_-²-am-b-Xv. Npcp-¡n-¸-d-ªmÂ 'kc-kz-Xo-
hn-Pbw' Fgp-Xnb Ipª-¼p-hnsâ Fgp-¯n-t\m-SpÅ FXnÀ¸v kn.-
]n. Xsâ Hmtcm hm¡n-eq-sSbpw {]I-S-am-¡p-¶p-s¶v ]d-bmw.
amXr-Im-tNm-Zy-§Ä
1. kn.-]n.-A-Nyp-X-ta-t\msâ kc-kz-Xo-hn-Pb \ncq-]-Ws¯
hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI.
2. kn.-]n.-bpsS \ncq-]-Wssien kc-kzXo hnP-bs¯
ap³\nÀ¯n hne-bncp-¯pI?.
Nn{X-tbm-K-\n-cq-]Ww þ Ipam-c-\m-im³
Ipam-c-\m-im³ (1873 þ 1924)
Nn´m_-Ôp-chpw e£ym-[n-jvTn-Xhpw Bb Imhy-§Ä
sImv ae-bmf kmln-Xys¯ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ]mX-bn-te¡p
\bn¨ A[y-jy-{]-`m-h-\mb Ihn-bmWv Ipam-c-\m-im³. B[p\nI
ae-bmf Ihn-X-bpsS Bß-k-¯-bpsS \nZÀi-\-ambn Icp-Xp-¶p,
Bim³ Ihn-X-Isf. sXfnªp sXfnªp hcp¶ Nn´-I-fp-sSbpw
Dudn-bq-dn-h-cp¶ Imhym-\p-`q-Xn-bp-sSbpw \ocp-d-h-I-fmWv Bim³
Ihn-X-IÄ. kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb ASn-a¯w \ne-
hn-en-cp¶ Hcp Ime-L-«-¯nÂ X\n¡v DÄs¡m-Åm³ Ignª
Pohn-X-t_m[w kzIm-hy-§-fn-eqsS Ne-\m-ß-I-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn¨v
am\-h-]p-tcm-K-Xn¡p t\XrXzw \ÂIm³ Bim³ k¶-²-\m-bn.
\½psS \mSn\pw kmln-Xy-¯n\pw F¡m-e¯pw A`n-am-\n-
¡m³ Ign-bp¶ hn¹-h-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp¶p Ipam-c-\m-im³. PmXn-
bpsS t]cnÂ a\p-jyXzw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶ hen-sbmcp

kaqlw A¶v tIc-f-¯n-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p. khÀW-ta-[m-hn-Xz-
¯nsâ IognÂ \ni-_vZ-am-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶ hen-sbmcp P\-k-aq-l-
¯nsâ i_vZ-ambn Bimsâ cN-\-IÄ amdn. \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-
hnsâ injyXzw AXn\v \nbm-a-I-am-bn-hÀ¯n-¨p. B[p-\nI Ihn-
{Xbw F¶v Adnb-s¸-«n-cp¶ Ihn-I-fnÂ DÅqcpw hÅ-t¯mfpw
alm-Im-hy-§Ä cNn-¨n-«p-v. F¶mÂ alm-Im-hy-sa-gp-XmsX alm-
I-hn-¸«w t\Snb Ihn-bmWv Bim³. Bi-b-Kmw-ò-cyw, Pohn-X-
ZÀi-\w, am\-hn-I-X, X¯z-Nn-´, kvt\l-¯n-epÅ ASn-bp-d-¨-hn-
izmkw F¶n-h-bp-sS-sbÃmw ià-amb Bhn-jvI-c-W-amWv
Bimsâ Ihn-X-IÄ.
IrXn-IÄ
 hoW-]qhv
 \fn\n
 eoe
 Nn´m-hn-jvS-bmb koX
 NWvUm-e-`n-£pIn
 {]tcm-Z\w
 {Kma-hr-j-¯nse IpbnÂ
 ZpcmhØ
 {io_p-²-N-cnXw
 IcpW
 aWn-ame
 h\-ame
 ]pjv]-hmSn
 \h-am-enI
hnNn-{X-hn-Pbw (\m-S-Iw) XpS-§n-bh apJy-Ir-Xn-IÄ.
i¦-c-i-X-Iw, kp{_-Ò-Wy-i-X-Iw, kuµ-cy-e-lcn (XÀP-a),
taL-k-tµiw (XÀP-a) XpS-§nb IrXn-Ifpw cNn-¨p. ssat{X-bn.,
\ncq-]-W-§Ä, cmP-tbm-Kw, a\-iàn F¶nhbmWv Bimsâ
KZy-Ir-Xn-IÄ. IqSmsX 13 kvtXm{X-Ir-Xn-Ifpw Bim³ cNn-¨n-«p-
v.
Nn{X-tbm-K-\n-cq-]Ww (Ip-am-c-\m-imsâ KZy-te-J-\-§Ä)
Bim³
CXv hÅ-t¯mÄ \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³ AhÀIÄ Fgp-Xnb
Hcp aWn-{]-hm-f-a-lm-Im-hy-am-Wv. kwkvIr-X-¯nse IYm-k-
cnXvkmK-c-¯n-epÅ Hcp IYsb ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bmWv Cu alm-
Imhyw \nÀ½n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. '\mK-cmÀ®-h-ssi-eÀ¯p' F¶p XpS-
§n-bpÅ kwkvIrX alm-Im-hy-§-fnÂ CXv A©m-a-t¯-Xm-
sW¶p tXm¶p-¶p. C¯cw Imhy-§-fpsS Bh-iy-I-X-tbbpw
kµÀ`-§sfbpw Ipdn¨v `n¶m-`n-{]m-b-amWv \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶-
Xv."cpÜmw-KZ NcnX't¯bpw 'Dam-tI-cf's¯bpw ]än hnaÀin¨
Ah-k-c-¯nÂ AXn-s\-¸än kqNn-¸n-¨n-«p-v. 'Cu hI Imhy§Ä
ImWp-t¼mÄ Nne ]gb t£{X-§-fnÂ Ct¸mgpw \S-¶p-h-cm-dpÅ
's\Sp-¦p-Xnc" sI«nsbSp-¸mWv HmÀ½-bnÂ hcp-¶-Xv. Cu s\Spw-
IpXn-cbv¡v \½psS alm-Im-hy-§-tfmSv {]tXy-In-¨Xn\v hfsc
kmZr-iy-ap-¶v Nnń¨p t\m¡n-bmÂ BÀ¡pw Adnbmhp¶-Xm-
Wv. \K-c-hÀ®\w, kap-{Z-hÀ®\w, ]ÀÆ-X-hÀ®\w, EXp-hÀ®-
\w, XpS-§nb GXm\pw hÀ®-\-IÄ¡mbn Hcp IYsb _en-sIm-
Sp¯p hmepw Xebpw A§p-an§pw ImWn¨v {_Òm-WvUm-Ir-Xn-
bnÂ Fgp-Xn-bp-m-¡p¶ Cu hI {KÙ-§Ä kmlnXyckn-I-·m-
cpsS lrZ-bm-hÀÖ-\-¯n\v ]cym-]vX-am-Iptam F¶p R§Ä _e-
ambn kwi-bn-¡p-¶p. hnti-jn¨pw kwkvIrX alm-Imhy kc-Wn-
bnÂ \n¶v kzcq-]-¯nepw kz`m-h-¯nepw bmsXmcp hyXym-k-hp-an-
Ãm¯ 'Nn{X-tbmKw' t]mepÅ \ho-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ Fgp-Xp-¶-Xn-s\-
¡mÄ kwkvIrX alm-Im-hy-§sf XÀÖ-a-sN-¿p-¶-XmWv A[nIw
\¶m-bn-cn-¡pI F¶pw Bim³ ]d-bp-¶p. ImcWw H¶m-aXv Cu
IY ]g-b-Xv. cm-aXv Cu Imhy-¯nÂ Ahn-S-hnsS ImWp¶ Bi-
b-hn-ti-j-§Ä FÃmw kwkvIrX {KÙ-§-fnÂ km[m-cW \mw
Ip-]-cn-N-bn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv.
]e-Ø-e¯pw cLp-hw-imZn kwkvIrX kmln-Xy-{K-Ù-§-
fn-epÅ `mK-§sf AXmXp kµÀ`-§-fnÂ ]Zw {]Xn-Xs¶
XÀÖna sNbvXp tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p¶p. Nne kwkvIrX Imhy-§sf
Ct¸mÄXs¶ aäp Ihn-IÄ XÀÖna sNbvXn-«p-Å-Xn-\mepw aäp
Nne {KÙ-§fpw IqSn Bsc-¦nepw XÀÖna sNbvXp ae-bm-f-¯nÂ
{]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯m³ CS-bp-Å-Xn-\mepw Nn{X-tbm-K-¯nÂ anÌÀ
tat\m³ sNbvXn-cn-¡p¶ {iaw an¡-hmdpw hn^-e-am-sW¶v Duln-
¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Ip-¶p. Npcp-¡-¯nÂ anÌÀ tat\m³ Hcp alm-Imhyw
Fgp-Xp-¶p F¶p tI«-t¸mÄ Dmb {]Xo£ ]pkvXIw hmbn-¸m-
\n-S-bm-bt¸mÄ CÑm-`w-K-¯n-emWp Iem-in-¨-Xv.
BÀ°n-I-amb KptWmÂ¡Àj hnj-b-¯nÂ am{X-a-Ã, tIhew
cN-\m-hn-j-b-¯nÂ Xs¶bpw Cu IhnX anÌÀ tat\msâ bi-
Êns\ hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶-X-sÃ-¶mWv tXm¶p-¶-Xv. \ncÀ°-Iw, A]p-
jvSmÀ°w, t\bmÀ°w apX-emb hÀPy-§-fmb Imhy-tZm-j-§Ä
'Nn{X-tbmK'¯nsâ ico-c-¯nÂ ]e hn[-¯nÂ sshcq]yw hcp-
¯n-¯oÀ¯n«p-v. tZmj-§-fp-sS Iq«-¯nÂ F{X-Xs¶ Zp-{i-h-am-
bn-cp-¶mepw bXn-`w-K-§sf anÌÀ tat\m³ Atijw hI-h-bv¡p-
¶-Xmbn ImWp-¶n-Ã. cp-]m-Z-§-fpsS a[y-¯n-em-bn-¯s¶ ]Z-
§-fpsS Igp-¯p-Isf \nÀ±-b-ambn ]ncn¨pw HSn¨pw PpKp-]vkm-h-
l-amb hn[-¯nÂ kÔn sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶Xp ImÂ `mjm-{]-W-
bn-IÄ¡p Zb am{X-aÃ Nne-t¸mÄ t{Im[hpw tXm¶pw.
`mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw X½n-ep-ff Xmc-X-ay-¯nÂ Bim³
\S-¯nb ]pXn-b-hm-b\ '\K-cmÀW-h-ssi-eÀ¯p' F¶p XpS-§n-
bpÅ kwkvIr-X-a-lm-Imhy hn[nsb tNmZyw sN¿p¶ Xe-¯n-em-
Wp-Å-Xv. alm-Imhy ]mc-¼-cy-sa¶ LS-\-bv¡p-ÅnÂ \n¶v
thW-sa-¦nÂ hÅ-t¯m-fnsâ 'Nn{X-tbmK' s¯ hmbn-¡p-Ibpw
alm-Im-hy-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ AXns\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-Ibpw sN¿mw.
alm-Imhy ]mc-¼-cy-sa¶ kqN-I-¯nsâ B´-cmÀ°-§-fnÂ Hcp
kmaq-ly-hy-h-Ø-bpsS \ymbo-I-c-W-ap-m-bn-cp¶p F¶ Xncn-¨-
dnhv Cu \ncq-]-W-¯nÂ Bim³ h¨p ]peÀ¯p-¶p-v. s\Sp-¦p-
Xn-c-sb¶ cq]Iw Cu hyh-Ø-tbm-SpÅ {]Xn-tcm-[-¯nÂ
\n¶mWv cq]w sImÅp-¶-Xv. \K-c-hÀ®-\, kap-{Z-hÀ®\ XpS-
§nb hÀ®-\-IÄ¡v kwth-Z-\-iàn \jvSs¸-Sp-¶Xv, Ah
kµÀt`m-Nn-X-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡m¯ bm{ńI cq]-§-fmbn amdn-
bXp sImm-Wv. Nn{X-tbmK \ncq-]-W-¯nsâ cmw-`m-K¯v
Bßm-hn-Ãm¯ IrXn-bm-Wn-sX¶v Bim³ sXfn¨p Xs¶ ]d-bp-
¶p-v. s\Sp-¦p-Xn-c-sb¶ {]tbm-K-¯nsâ kzmc-ky-¯nÂ
AXnsâ {]I-S-\m-ß-I-Xbpw A´-km-c-iq-\y-Xbpw BÄ¡q-«-
¯nsâ BI-¼-Sn-tbm-sS-bpÅ Fgp-¶-Ån¸pw AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
{]uV-]m-c-¼cyw ASª Øe-am-sW¶v Bim³ Xncn-¨-dn-ªp.
kwkvIrX ]mc-¼-cys¯ kaÀ°-ambn D]-tbm-Kn¨p Bim³
AXp-ambn X\n-¡pÅ hnaÀi\mßI-amb _Ô-¯n-emWv Du¶n-
b-Xv. alm-Im-hy-§Ä t]mepÅ kmln-Xy-cq-]-§-fn-eqsS \mSp-
hmgn P·n hyhØ F§s\ \ymbo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶psh¶v
Bim³ kq£-a-ambn Xncn-¨-dn-ªp. kmlnXy]c-X-sb-¶Xv `mj-
bv-¡I¯v \n_-Ôn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ AXo-{µ-amb KpW hnti-j-a-
sÃ¶pw IrXn kzoI-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ kmaqly kµÀ`-hp-ambn A-Xn-
\pÅ _Ô-am-sW¶pw Bimsâ 'Nn{X-tbmK' \ncq-]Ww hyà-
am-¡p-¶p. AXp-sIm-mWv ]g-abpw ]pXp-abpw thÀXn-cn-bp¶
kwLÀj-ta-Jesb AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ ]pXnb hmb-\-bmbn
Bimsâ Cu \ncq-]Ww \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶-Xv.
amXr-Im-tNm-Zy-§Ä
1. Cu hI Imhy-§Ä ImWp-t¼mÄ Nne ]gb t£{X-§-
fnÂ Ct¸mgpw \S-¶p-h-cm-dpÅ 's\Sp-¦p-Xnc' sI«mWv
HmÀ½-bnÂ hcp-¶-Xv. Nn{X-tbm-K-\n-cq-]-Ws¯
ap³\nÀ¯n ]cntim[n¡pI?
2. Bimsâ hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-Nn´ 'Nn{X-tbmK's¯
ap³\nÀ¯n hni-Z-am-¡p-I.
[À½cmP hnaÀi\w þ kztZ-im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-¸n-ff

kztZ-im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-¸nÅ (1878þ1916)
{]kn² ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I\pw kzX-{´-Nn-´-I\pw P\m-[n-]-
Xy-hm-Zn-bp-am-bn-cp¶ kztZ-im-`n-am\n sI.-cm-a-Ir-jvW-¸nÅ
kmlnXy \ncq-]-I³ F¶ \ne-bnepw {]ap-J-\m-Wv. 1978 sabv 25
\v s\¿m-än³I-c-bnÂ BWv Ct±-l-¯nsâ P\-\w. tIc-f-ZÀ¸-Ww,
kztZ-im-`n-am\n F¶o ]{X-§-fpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp-¶p. kztZ-i-
am-\n-bpsS apJ-{]-kw-K-§Ä DÖz-e-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. XqenI ]S-hm-
fm-¡nb At±lw Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Znhmsâ \S-]-Sn-Isf AXn-cq-£-
ambn hnaÀin-¨p. cmPy-t{Zm-l-Ipäw Npa¯n cma-Ir-jvW-¸n-Åsb

\mSp-I-S-¯n. 1898 \pw 1916 \pw CS-bv¡mWv cma-Ir-jvW-¸n-Å-bpsS
kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi-\-§Ä {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨-Xv. ]ptcm-K-a\ kmlnXy
{]Øm\w DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn¨ kmln-Xy-ho-£-W-¯nsâ Nne ASn-
Øm-\mw-i-§Ä kztZ-im-`n-am-\n-bpsS \ncq-]-W-§-fnÂ ImWmw.
{]Xn-]m-Z-\-`w-Kn¡pw {]Xn-]m-Zy-h-kvXp-hn\pw At±lw Hcp t]mse
{]m[m\yw sImSp-¯p. AXm-bXv kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bpsS Nn´m-]-c-
amb DÄ¡-\-s¯bpw kuµcy LS-I-s¯bpw At±lw BZ-cn-¨p.
kmaq-loI {]Xn-Úm-_-²-X-bpÅ \ncq-]-I-\mWv kztZ-im-`n-am-\n.
Xsâ a\-ÊnÂ sXfnªp \n¶ PohnX aqey-§-fp-ambn s]mcp-¯
s-¸-Sm¯ IrXn-IÄ ]cp-j-ambn hnaÀin¨v amän-\nÀ¯m\pw
At±lw X¿m-dm-bn. Hcp Xcw hn{K-l-`-RvP-\-am-bn-cp¶p AXv.
AXn-\mÂ AXn-i-à-amb FXnÀ¸p-IÄ t\cn-tSn h¶p. kztZ-
im-`n-am-\n¡pw \nin-Xhpw IÀ¡-i-hp-amb \ncq-]W coXn-bm-bn-
cp¶p At±-l-¯n-tâ-Xv. ]mÝmXy hnaÀi-\-am-\-ZWvU-amWv {][m-
\-ambpw At±-l-¯n\v hgn-Im-«n-b-Xv. kztZ-im-`n-am-\n-bpsS {KÙ-
\n-cq-]-W-§Ä "kmln-Xy-te-J-\-§Ä' F¶ t]cnÂ 1991 Â tIcf
kmlnXy A¡m-Zan {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p.
[À½-cm-P-hn-aÀi\w ( kztZ-im-`n-am-\n-bpsS {KÙ \ncq-]-W-
§Ä) kztZ-im-`n-am\n
hf-sc-tbsd hnhmZw DbÀ¯nb \ncq-]-Ww,
kn.-hn.-cm-a³]nÅ Hcp C{µ-Pm-e-I-¡m-csâ X{´-amWv Cu IrXn-
bpsS cN-\-bnÂ ssIs¡m--sX¶v ]d-bp-¶p. `mj-bp-sSbpw
IYm-]m{X krjvSn-bp-sSbpw Ir{Xn-aXzw sImmWv Cu IrXn
\nÀhn-Im-c-amb Hcp òa³sI«v BsW¶v hnaÀin-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
CÃm-¯-Xns\ Dm-¡p-Ibpw DÅ-Xns\ CÃm-Xm-¡p-Ibpw sNbvI-
bm-bn-cp-¶nÃ sN¸-Sn-¡m-csâ hnZy-sb¶pw Ah³ Ahsc ab¡n
Xsâ ssIb-S¡w sImvv A§ns\ tXm¶n-¨-tX-bpÅq F¶pw
AhÀ¡v DÅnÂ sXfn-hp-m-hpw. A¯-c-samcp sN¸Sn hnZy-¡m-
c-\mWv kn.-hn. ]t£, km£mÂ sN¸pw ]´pw Ip«n-t¡mepw
Ip«n-¨m-¯\pw aäpw aäpw ssIh-i-an-sÃ-¶n-cp-¶mepw kmln-
Xykw_Ô-amb C{µ-Pm-e-¯n\p X¡-Xmb ]ZmÀ°-§fpw Fgp-
¯p-tImepw Nm¯-·mcpw I«n-Wm-¨nbpw amS³]n-Å-amcpw
ssIhiw sh¨p sImpw, ]ma-c-P-\-§sf ab¡n kmln-Xy-s¨-¸-
Sn¨p ImWn-¡p¶ Hcp ambm-hn-Zy-¡m-c-\mWv ‘[À½-cm-Pmhn’sâ
IÀ¯mhv F¶pw, Cu {KÙw hmbn-¨p-¯oÀ¶hÀ¡p IqSn
_p²nsXfn-bp¶ kabw k½-Xn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. Cu BJym-bn-I-

bnse A[ym-b-s¨-¸p-I-fm-h-s«, IYm-]m-{X-¸-´p-I-fm-h-s«, `mjm-
tIm-em-l-e-am-hs«, klm-b-¡p-«n-¨m-¯-·m-cpw, ]qX-¸mn-am-S³]n-
Å-amcpw I«n-Wm-¨nbpw aäp-am-h-s«, ‘[À½-cmP’s¨¸Sn hnZysb
ên-¸n-¸m³ tNÀ¶h Xs¶-bmWv. cma³]nÅ AhÀI-fpsS
ambm-hn-Zy-bnÂ ab-§n-t¸mb ]ma-c-·mÀ ]«pw ]Whpw hfbpw
\ne-bp-sams¡ k½m-\-am-bn-s¡m-Sp-¯p-t]m-hp-¶Xpw AÛq-X-a-Ã.
cmPy-N-cn-{X-I-Y-IÄsImv klr-Z-b-·msc BIÀjn-¸m³
t]mcp-¶-h-\m-sW¶v amÀ¯m-WvU-hÀ½hn\mÂ tXm¶n¨
cma³]nÅ AhÀIÄ, Ipdp-¸n-Ãm-¡-fcn sImv X\n¡p kap-Zm-b-
Im-cy-§sf acym-Z-hn-SmsX {]Xn-]m-Zn-¸m³ {]bm-k-sa¶pw sXfn-bn-
¨-Xp-t]mse Xs¶, Ncn-{X-kw-_-Ô-amb BJym-bn-Im-I-c-W-
¯nepw Xsâ ‘DS-bm³ ]nÅ N{´-¡m-c-s\m¸w _o`-Õ-Ip-Õn-X-
amb Hcp amwk-tKm-fs¯ \nÀ½n-¸m-\-ÃmsX AXn\p ssNX\yw
sImSp-¸m³ hi-a-sÃ¶v sXfn-bn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. C{Xbpw sImv,
cma³]nÅ AhÀIÄ¡v kzX-kn-²-ambn ‘amÀ¯m-WvU-hÀ½’
cNn-¸m³ km[y-am-bn-cp-¶pthm F¶v ktµlw Ah-Im-i-ap-m-bn-
cn-¡p-¶p. kmln-Xy-c-kn-I-·m-cmb Nne kvt\ln-X-·m-cpsS klm-
bw, cma³]nÅ AhÀIÄ¡p amÀ¯m-WvU-hÀ½ aqew IoÀ¯n
In«p-hm³ D]-I-cn¨p F¶v k½-Xn-¡msX Xc-an-Ã.
‘[À½-cmP’ {_Òm-hmb cma³]nÅ AhÀI-fpsS

‘"krjvSn'bmb CXnse IYm-Km{Xw’ sImÃ-hÀjw 929 XpS§n 943
hsc-bpÅ Ime-§-fnse Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ cmPy-I-em-]-N-cn-{X-am-Wv.
‘cmPm-tI-i-h-Zm-k³’ F¶p IoÀ¯n-s¸« tIi-h-¸nÅ _mey-Im-
e¯v þ ]¯mw-h-b-ÊnÂþ If-{]m-t¡ms« X¼n-bpsS `h-\-¯nÂ
\n¶p _ln-jv¡-cn-¡-s¸«p F¶ IY XpS-§n. 943 Â hen-b-sIm-
«mcw k{¼-Xn-bmbn \nb-an-¡-s¸«p F¶p-h-sc-bpÅ At±-l-
¯nsâ BZn-Z-isb ]pc-kvI-cn-¨n-«mWv Cu BJym-bnI Fgp-Xn-bn-
cn-¡p-¶-Xv. cmPym-]-lmcw sN¿m-\mbn ]s¯ F«p-ho-«nÂ
]nÅ-am-cnÂ adp-\m-«n-te¡p t]mbn Hfn-¨n-cp¶ Ig-¡q-«¯p ]nÅ-
bpsS hwi-P-\mb Hcp-h³ ‘lcn-]-©m-\-\³’F¶ t]cnÂ Hcp
‘kzman-bmÀ’ Bbn h¶p. \m«nÂ lcn-]-©m-\-\-aXw GÀs¸-Sp¯n
P\-§sf kzm[o-\n-I-cn¨v D]-Pm]w sNbvX-Xm-bpw, B DZyaw
AXnsâ ^tem-Z-b¯n\p ap¼nÂ hn^-es¸«Xmbpw Cu A]-
t·m-N-\-¯n\p tIi-h-¸n-Å-bpsS _p²nbpw bpànbpw `ànbpw

alm-cm-Pm-hn\p klm-b-I-am-bn-¯oÀ¶-Xm-bp-amWv IY-bpsS
t]m¡v.
Hcp \Ã kmln-Xy-Im-csâ ssIbnÂ \n¶p F{Xtbm at\m-
l-c-amb kzcq-]-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡s¸Smam-bn-cp-¶ Cu IY,
UmIvSÀ tPm¬k³ F¶ BwK-e-Ihn, Xm³ Hcn-¡Â `£n-t¡-
n-h¶ amwk-s¯-¸än Bt£]w sNbvX-hn-[-¯nÂ, cma³]nÅ
AhÀIÄ, tbmKhpw ]mIhpw hj-fm-¡n, hj-fmbn hnf-¼n-bn-cn-
¡p¶p F¶p ]d-tª-Xo-cq. Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯p {io]-ß-\m-`-kzm-
an-t£-{X-¯nÂ DÕ-h-am-hp-t¼mÄ, AhnsS ]ß-XoÀ°¡-sc,
aWn-am-fn-I-¯m-sg, ]©-]m-WvU-h-·m-cpsS {]Xn-a-IÄ sI«n-\n-dp-
¯p¶ ]Xn-hp-v. A¯cw {]Xn-a-IÄ tNÀ¯e ]qcw apX-emb
kµÀ`-§-fnÂ AXmXp Øe-§-fnepw 'òa³'amcmbn \nev¡p-
¶Xp ImWmw. C§n-s\-sbmcp òa³ sI«v BIp-¶p. cma³]nÅ
AhÀI-fpsS '[À½-cmP' ]ß-XoÀ°-¡sc \nev¡p¶
'òa³'amÀ¡p kvtXm`-ap-m-bn¡m-Wm-¯Xp Ah {_Ò-krjvSn
AÃm-bvI-bm-em-sW-¦nÂ cma³]nÅ AhÀI-fpsS '[À½-cmP' òa-
{]-Xn-abv¡p kvtXm`w Dmhm¯Xp AXp bYmÀ° Ihn-bmb
Hcp kmlnXy {_Òm-hns\ krjvSn AÃm-bvI-bmÂ BIp-¶p-
sh¶pw And-tb--Xm-Ip-¶p.
"[À½-cmPm'hnsâ AwK-§ÄXs¶ AXn\v "Ipi-h-
krjvSn'Xzw Dd-¸n¨p If-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. IYm-]m-{X-§-sf-s¡mv
Ah-c-h-cpsS IY A`n-\-bn-¸n-¨p. kzkz-`m-h-§-fpsS {]ZÀi-\-
¯mÂ Xs¶ kzcq-]-I-cWw sN¿n-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]I-cw, cma³]nÅ
AhÀIÄ, Ah-cpsS AwK-hn-Ir-Xn-I-sfbpw aäpw hnh-cn¨p
tIhew amwk-c-àm-Øn-aÖm \nÀ½nX§-fmb ]nWvU-§-fm-¡n-
¡m-Wn-¡-bmWv sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. hnti-jn-¨pw, Nne-¼n-t\¯p
DS-bm³ ]nÅ N{´-¡m-c³, a{Íq¯p Ip¸-ÈmÀ C§s\ Nne
IYm]m-{X-§-fpsS AwK-kr-jvSn-hÀ®\w t\m¡n-bmÂ, C{X-taÂ
_o`-Õ-amb a\p-jy-cq]w krjvSn-¡m³, cma³]nÅ AhÀIÄ¡-
ÃmsX {_Òm-hn\p _o`-Õ-c-kn-IXzw Ds¶v tXm¶p-¶n-Ã. Nne-
I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä {KÙ-IÀ¯m-hnsâ Xs¶ Hmtcm {]Ir-X-`m-h-§-
fpsS {]Xn-cq-]-§-fm-sW¶pw Ah-cpsS {]mIr-X-`mj cma³]nÅ
AhÀIÄ¡v Hcp c£m-amÀ¤-ambn¯oÀ¶n-«p-s¶pw \ncq-]-I³
hyà-am-¡p-¶p. hmkvX-h-¯nÂ, C§s\ {]mIr-X-ap-]-tbm-Kn-¸m-
\-Ãm-sX, kmln-Xo-c-k-t¯msS `mj-{]-tbm-Kn-¸m³ cma³]nÅ
AhÀIÄ¡v km[n-¡-bnÃ F¶p IqSn Cu {KÙ-¯nse `mjm-hn-
tijw sImp Xs¶ Duln-t¡n hcp¶p F¶pw ]d-ªpsh-
bv¡p-¶p. B«-¡-Y-Ifpw XpÅepw Infn-¸m«pw aäpw hmbn¨v Ah-
bn-epÅ Nne ]ZmÀ°-§sf FSp¯v Npcp«n hmbv¡pÅn-em¡n
Nh-¨p, Xp¸n-bn-cn-¡p¶ 'ImjvSw' BWv CXnse `mj. Cu
ImjvSw kmln-Xy-`m-j-bm-Ip-sa¶v Xe-Ip-ep¡n k½-Xn-¡m³ Hcp-
¡-ap-Å-hsc Cu kmlnXy Xmw_qe ImjvSw FSp¯v Nh¨v
sN¸Sn hnZy-¡m-csâ ambm-Pm-e-amWv kn hn Cu cN-\bv¡v D]-
tbm-Kn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-sX¶ hmZs¯ ASn-h-c-bn«pd¸n-¡p-Ibpw
sN¿p¶p. kmln-Xy-ckw tkhn-¸m³ IpXp-Infmbncn¡q F¶-
ÃmsX asäm¶pw ]d-bm-\n-Ã. hgn-hm-Wn-`-¡m-cpsS 'tKzmtKzm' hnfn-
t]m-se-bmWv kn hn bpsS `mj-sb-¶mWv cma-Ir-jvW-¸n-Å-bpsS
A`n-{]mbw.
amXr-Im-tNm-Zy-§Ä
1. `mj-bp-sSbpw IYm-]m-{X-kr-jvSn-bp-sSbpw Ir{Xn-aXzw
sImv Cu IrXn ([À½-cm-P) \nÀhn-Im-c-amb Hcp
'òa³sI«v' BsW¶ kztZ-im`nam\n-bpsS hmZs¯
hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.
2. "hgn-hm-Wn-`-¡m-cpsS tKzmtKzm hnfn-t]m-se-bmWv kn.hn.-
bpsS `mj kztZ-im-`n-am-\n-bpsS {]kvXm-h-\sb [À½-cm-
Psb ap³\nÀ¯n hne-bn-cp-¯p-I.

samUyp-Ä þ 2
\njv]-£-\n-cq-]Ww þ Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ
(1900þ1976)
Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ (1900þ1970)
1900 Pq¬ 14 \v Xncq-cn-\-Sp¯v Xr{]-t§m«v P\n-¨p.
kwkvIr-X-]-WvUn-X³, A[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p. XpSÀ¶v hÅ-t¯m-
fnsâ sk{I-«-dn-bm-bn. HSp-hnÂ 'amXr-`qan'bnÂ No^v {]qhv
doUÀ Bbn-cp-¶p. kwkvIrX ]mc-¼-cy-¯nÂ kmln-Xy-in-£Ww
t\Snb amcmÀ, hnaÀi-\-¯nÂ X\-Xmb amÀ¤w Is-¯n. ae-
bmf hnaÀi-\-cw-Ks¯ GIm-´-hn-kva-baambn-cp¶p At±-lw.
kq£vahpw \nin-X-hp-amb \nco-£W ]mS-h-¯n-eqsS Xsâ
thdn« i_vZw At±lw hmb-\-¡msc tIÄ¸n-¨p. hcn-IÄ¡n-S-bn-
eq-sSbpw hm¡p-IÄ¡n-S-bn-eq-sSbpw amcm-cpsS ZrjvSn-IÄ HgpIn
\S-¶Xv AXoh Pm{K-X-tbm-sS-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
]uckvXy Imhy-ao-amw-k-bm-bn-cp¶p amcm-cpsS hnaÀi-\-
Nn-´m-]-²-Xn-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-in-e. AXn-eq-¶n-s¡m-mWv
At±lw Xsâ \ne-]m-Sp-Xd kpi-àhpw kp`-{Z-hp-am-¡n-b-Xv.
auenI hnaÀi-\-§-fn-em-bmepw hnhÀ¯\ hymJym-\-§-fn-em-
bmepw Xtâ-Xmb \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ Dd-¸m-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn XnI¨pw
kzIo-b-amb k{¼-Zm-b-§Ä amcmÀ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¨p. At±-l-
¯nsâ A`n-{]m-b-§-tfmSv hmb-\-¡mÀ¡v tbmPn-¡p-Itbm
hntbm-Pn-¡p-Itbm Bhmw. ]t£, AXnÂ sXfnªp \nÂ¡p-
¶ bpàn-`-{Z-X-sbbpw IWn-i-X-sbbpw BÀ¡pw Ah-K-Wn-¡m³
Bhn-Ã.
]WvUn-XÀ, hnaÀi-I³, hymJym-Xm-hv, hnhÀ¯-I³,
aoamw-k-I³, sshbm-I-c-W³ F¶o \ne-I-fn-seÃmw \nÀ`-b-ambn
incÊv DbÀ¯n \S¶ Akm-am\y{]Xn-`-bm-bn-cp¶p amcmÀ. ap-
tÈ-cn AS-¡-apÅ hnaÀi-IÀ BwK-teb Nn´m-]-²-Xn-Isf
kzmwio-I-cn-¨-t¸mÄ `mc-Xo-b-amb Imhym-\p-io-e-s¯-bmWv amcmÀ
kzIr-Xn-I-fnÂ k¶n-th-in-¸n-¨-Xv. AXv XnI¨pw tIc-fo-b-amb
]cn-t{]-£y-¯n-te¡v amän {]Xn-jvTn-¡p-hm³ amcmÀ¡v Ignªp

F¶p-Å-XmWv {it²-b-amb Hcp hkvXp-X. B\-µ-hÀ²-\sâ
[z\n-kn-²m-´s¯ tIc-fo-b-amb A´-co-£-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-
¡m³ thn At±lw Xnc-sª-Sp-¯-Xv AXyp-¯c tIc-f-¯nse
ASn-Øm-\-hÀ¤-¯nÂs¸« kv{XoIÄ ]mSp¶ Irjn-¸m-«p-Isfbm-
Wv. amcmÀ F¶ hnaÀi-Isâ kuµ-cy-ZÀi\w Xs¶ cq]-s¸-«Xv
XnI¨pw ]uc-kvXyhpw tIc-fo-b-hpamb hmb-\m-\p-`-h-§-fnÂ
\n¶m-Wv. Xsâ IrXn-IÄ¡v ZmÀi-\nI kuµcyw \ÂIp-¶-tXm-
sSm¸w inÂ¸-`-{Z-amb kuµ-cy-t_m-[hpw \ÂIm³ At±-l-¯n\p
Ign-ªXpw C¯cw Hcp kao-]\w h¨p ]peÀ¯n-bXp sImm-
Wv.
{][m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ
 `mc-X-]-cy-S-\w
 Ie-Po-hnXw Xs¶
 cmPm-¦-Ww
 Z´-tKm-]p-cw
 ssIhn-f-¡v
 kmln-Xy-k-Ãm-]w
 ic-Wm-K-Xn
 kmln-Xy-hn-Zy
 kmln-Xy-`q-j-Ww
 ae-bm-f-ssi-en
 `mjm-]-cn-N-bw
 hr¯-in-ev]w
 `mjm-hr-¯-§Ä

XpS§n Ccp-]-Xn-tesd kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-v.
amcmÀ 'Iem-Po-hnXw Xs¶' F¶ IrXn¡v tI{µ-km-lnXy A¡m-
Z-an-bp-sSbpw 1966 se AhmÀUv e`n-¨p. 1976 G{]nÂ 6 \mWv
amcmÀ A´-cn-¨-Xv.
\njv]-£-\n-cq-]Ww (Ie PohnXw Xs¶) amcmÀ
Hcp ]pkvXIw hmbn-¨n«p \n§Ä¡v AXv AÊ-em-bn-«p-
st¶m tami-am-bn-«p-s-t¶m, Cu c-ä-¯n-\n-S-bnÂs¸«p aäp
hÃ-Xptam tXm¶p-I-bpw, \n§-fXp asäm-cm-tfmSp ]d-bp-Ibpw
sN¿p-¶Xp km[m-c-W-am-Wv. CXt{X kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-¯nsâ
{]mIr-Xn-I-amb, auen-I-amb cq]w, AXnsâ KÀ`-]n-WvU-¯nÂ
sXfnªp hcp¶ \s«-Ãv. {]kvXpX IrXn aäp-Å-h-cpsS ZrjvSn-
bnÂ F{X tami-am-bmepw \n§-sfm-cmsf ckn-¸n-¡-¯¡ Ft´m
KpWw AXn-\p-s-t¶m, F{X anI-¨-Xm-bmepw \n§Ä¡Xp ]än-
bn-«n-sÃt¶m BWv AXn-\À°w. A{Xtb DÅp-Xm-\pw. {KÙ-Im-
c-tâbpw \n§-fp-sSbpw Ign-hp-IÄ¡p X½n-epÅ s]mcp-¯hpw
s]mcp-¯-t¡-Sp-amWv AXnÂ kÀÆ-{]-[m-\w. At\Iw LS-I-§Ä
DÄt¨À¶pÅ B Ign-hp-IÄ¡v, {KÙ-Im-cs\ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-
t¯mfw hmk\ F¶pw \n§sf kw_Ôn¨n-S-t¯mfw klr-Z-b-
Xz-sa¶pw hyh-lm-c-ku-I-cy-¯n\p thn t]cn-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.
iànbpw \n]p-W-Xbpw \s¶-¡-jvSn-bmb Hcp km[m-c-
W³ t]mepw Xms\-gp-Xnb IrXn AÊ-em-bn-«p-s-¶mWp hnNm-cn-
¡p-¶-Xv. Abm-f-XnÂ Ipä-¡m-c-\-Ã. iàn-bpÅ asäm-cmÄ \n]p-
WX t\Sn Xs¶-¡-hnªp IqSp-XÂ IqSp-XÂ Bfp-Isf ckn-¸n-
¡p-t´mdpw AbmÄ A{Xbpw t]À¡n-S-bnÂ Ihn-bp-ambn KWn-¡-
s¸-Sp-¶p. AtXm ckn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Bfp-I-fpsS klr-Z-b-Xz-
t¯bpw \n]p-W-X-tbbpw At]-£n¨p am{Xw. Npcp¡n ]d-
ªmÂ Cu hgn-¡mWv Ihn-IÄ hniz-a-lm-I-hn-I-fmbn hcp-¶-Xv.
\ncq-]-Ws¯ kw_-Ôn¨ ASn-Øm-\-X¯zw cp-t]sc
B{i-bn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-I-bmÂ Hcp \ncq-]Ww tami-am-bn-«p-s¶p
]d-bp-t¼mÄ AXp \n§sf BIÀjn¨n-«n-sÃ¶ AÀ°w XoÀ¨bm-
bp-ap-v. adn¨p \ncq]Ww AÊ-em-bn-«p-s¶p ]d-bp-t¼mgpw
\ncq-]-I\v ]d-bp-¶-XnÂ ]IpXntb t\«-ap-m-Ip-¶p-Åq.
A§-s\, Xsâ klr-Z-b-Xzs¯ A`ymkwsImpw ]cn-
NbwsImpw hfÀ¯n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶ HcmÄ X\n¡p tXm¶nb

A`n-{]m-b-¯n-\v, Xsâ kwkvIm-c-a-WvU-e-t¯m-S-Sp¯p Bfp-Isf
IqSp-XÂ A\p-\-bn-¨-Sp-¸n-¡-¯-¡-h®w tkm]-]-¯n-Ihpw kpµ-
c-hp-amb cq]w sImSp¯psh¡p-¶-XmWv hmkvX-h-¯nÂ \ncq-]-
W-sa¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xv. D]-]¯n am{Xw t]mc, kuµ-cyhpw thWw,
kuµcyw am{Xw t]mc, D]-]-¯nbpw thWw F¶mÂ kuµ-cy-{]-
[m-\-am-bn«pw D]-]¯n {][m-\-am-bn«pw \ncq-]-W-am-hmw. cho-{µ-\m-
Y-Sm-tKmÀ Imfn-Zm-k-Ir-Xn-IÄ¡pw aäpw Fgp-Xnb Nne \ncq-]-W-
§Ä kuµ-cy-{]-[m-\-§-fm-Wv. \ncq-]-W-¯nepw At±lw Hcp
Ihn Xs¶-bm-sW-¶À°w. CXn³hn[w Ihn-bmÂ DÂt_m-[n-X-
§-fmb A\p-Iq-e-amtbm {]Xn-Iq-e-amtbm DWÀ¯n-hn« klr-Z-
bsâ kz´w A`n-{]m-b-cp-Nn-I-fpsS Bhn-jvI-c-W-at{X \ncq-]-Ww.
Ihn AhnsS \nan-¯-am-{X-ambn \nev¡p-¶-tX-bp-Åq.
IrXn-I-fpsS KpW-tZm-j-§sf \njvI-evaj _p²n-tbmsS
thÀXn-cn¨p ImWn-¨v, C¶Xp \Ã-Xv, C¶Xp No¯-F¶p hn[n¨p
kÂ{K-Ù-§sf {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw ZpÀ{K-Ù-§sf \ntj-[n-¡p-
Ibpw sN¿p-I-bmWv bYmÀ° \ncq-]-Isâ [À½w F¶ \ncq-]W
ImgvN-¸m-Sn-t\bpw amcmÀ hyà-am-¡p-¶p-v. kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf
hnNm-c-W sNbvXv A¸o-en-Ãm¯ hn[n-sb-gp-Xm³ t]m¶ \ncq-]-
I³ Fs¶mcp AÛp-X-krjvSn Ct¶mfw Dm-bn-«n-Ã. C\n Dm-
hp-sa¶pw tXm¶p-¶n-Ã. XtâS-apÅ bmsXmcp \ncq-]-I\pw B
hn[nIÀ¯rXzw sImXn¨v Fgp-Xm³ XpS-§-cp-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn
kn.-hn. IrXn-Ifpw Bim³ IrXn-Ifpw C¶pw Bcm-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
hopw \m\m-ap-tJ\ \ncq-]Ww sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ahsb Cu
cp {]kn² \ncq-]-I-·mÀ (kz-tZ-im-`n-am\n sI.-cm-a-Ir-jvW-¸n-Å-
bpw, kmlnXy ]©m-\³ ]n.-sI.-\m-cm-b-W-¸n-Å-bpw) F§s\
Bkz-Zn¨p F¶ \nebv¡p am{Xta Ch-cpsS \ncq-]-W-§Ä¡p
hÃ hnebpw Dm-hq.
\ncq-]-I³ \njvI-eva-j-h-Xn-bm-bn-cn-¡-W-sa¶ D]-tZiw
\¶v. \ncq-]-I³ am{X-a-Ã, a\p-jy-cmbn P\n-¨-h-scms¡ kzoI-cn-
t¡-p¶ Hcp-]-tZiw Xs¶-bm-Wv. CXp-t]mse a\p-jy-Xz-¯n\p
th-Xmbn KWn-¨n-«pÅ FÃm hninjvS KpW§fpw-\n-cq-]-I-
·mÀ¡pw D]-tZ-in¨p sImSp-¡m-hp-¶-h-X-s¶. \ncq-]-I-Xz-¯nsâ
Ah-iy-L-S-I-ambn Ft¸mgpw Dd-s¡-bp-ds¡ FSp-s¯-Sp¯p ]d-
bm-dpÅ Hcp KpWw \njv]-£-X-bm-Wv. hn[n-IÀ¯m-¡sf kw_-
Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw A§-s\-sbm¶p ]d-bp-¶Xv bpà-am-hmw.
F¶mÂ ap¼p-]-d-ª-t¸mse \ncq-]-I³ Hcn-¡epw hn[n-IÀ¯m-
hm-h-enÃ. AbmÄ Hc-`n-`m-j-I³ am{X-am-Wv. \ncq-]-Isâ kz´w
]£-]m-Xs¯ Bhn-jvI-cn-¡m-\-ÃmsX Iv Hcp \ncq-]-W-hp-an-Ã.
kmln-Xy-tem-I-¯nse ]£-t`-Z-§-fnÂ GXm\pw Nne-Xn-t\m-Sv,
AsÃ-¦nÂ Ahbv¡p {]Xn-\n-[o-`-hn-¡p¶ alm-hy-àn-I-tfm-Sv,
\n§Ä¡p-m-hp¶ Nmbvhp am{X-amWv kmÀÆ-Im-en-Ihpw kmÀÆ-
tZ-in-I-hp-amb Nne Iem-k-Xy-§-fp-sa¶ hmZ-¯n-te¡v \s½
sIms-¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. ]e-t¸mgpw B ]£-amWv Ie-bpsS imiz-
X-kXyw F¶p-t]mepw Icp-X-s¸-Sp-¶p. GXm-bmepw \n§-fpsS
a\-km£n ImWn-¡p¶ B shfn-¨-¯n-eqsS am{Xta \n§Ä¡p
atäXp ]c-a-e-£y-¯nepw F¯n-t¨-cm³ Ign-bq.
C§s\ kmln-Xy-¯nsâ \m\m-h-i§-sf-¸-än, At§-¯-
ebv¡Â \n¶v Ct§-¯-e-bv¡-tem-fw, hn`n-¶-§fpw hncp-²-§-fp-
amb ]e-]e ]£-]m-X-§-fp-Å-XnÂ H«p-ap-¡mepw ]c-a-amb Iem-
k-Xy-¯nÂ \n¶v Dd-sh-Sp-¯-h-bm-bn-cn-¡pw. AtXm-sSm¸w Xs¶
Ah-bnÂ Gsd-¡psd sshI-ey-§-fp-ap-m-bn-cn-¡pw. ]c-a-k-Xy-
sa¶Xv GXns\ kw_-Ôn-¨m-bmepw A\nÀh-N-\o-b-am-Wv.
A\nÀh-N-\-¯nsâ \nÀh-N\w Ft¸mgpw A]qÀ®amtb Ccn-¡q.
a\p-jy³ _p²n-bnepw Úm\-¯nepw Gsd-¡psd A]qÀ®-\m-bn-
cns¡ A]qÀ®§-fmb Cu \nÀÆ-N-\-§sf B{i-bn-¡msX
Ah\p ]ptcm-K-an-¡pI km²y-a-Ã, At¸mÄ GXp a\p-jy\pw
]£-]m-X-t¯mSp IqSntb {]hÀ¯n-¡m³ km[n-¡q. Nne-cXp
Xpd¶p k½-Xn¡pw NneÀ k½-Xn-¡n-Ã.
"temIs¯ Hc-Sn¡p \¶m-¡n-I-fbm' sa¶p sh¨v Bcpw
\njv]-£-X-¡p-¸m-b-hp-an«v \S-t¡-. \n§Ä¡v GtXXp Ihn-
bnepw Imhy-¯nepw Bi-b-kw-Lm-X-¯nepw KpWw ImWp-hm³
km[n-¡p-¶p-thm, B KpWw A\y-cpsS ZrjvSn-bnÂ tZmj-am-sW-
¦nÂ IqSn, Ah-bpsS ]£-¯n-te¡p Nmªp \n¶p-sIm-ÅpI!
B KpW-]-£-]m-Xs¯ Xpd¶p k½-Xn-¨p-sIm-Åp-I, AXn\p
thn ]S-sh-«n-s¡m-Åp-I. F¶n-cn-¡nepw NneÀ Nnesc hmgv¯m-
dp-Å-Xp-t]mse hyàn-]-c-amb \nÊw-K-Xz-t¯msS (Detachment)
hkvXpam{X \njvT-ambnNnń¨v \ncq-]Ww sNbvXp-Iq-tSsb¶pw
amcmÀ Xsâ A`n-{]m-bs¯ hyà-am-¡p-¶pv. AXv Akm-²y-
am-Wv. F´p-sIm-s-¶mÂ BÀ¡pw Xsâ hyàn-]-c-amb Ign-
hn\pw A`n-cp-Nn-¡p-sam-¯-h-®ta Hcp Iem-h-kvXp-hns\ ImWp-
hm\pw Bkz-Zn-¡m\pw km[n-¡q. AX-\p-k-cnt¨ Fgp-Xp-hm\pw
km[n¡q. F¦nepw HcmÄ B kz]-£-]m-Xs¯ Bhp-¶{X
HXp¡n hkvXp-kz-cq]w am{Xw hnh-cn-¡m³ t\m¡p-I-bm-sW-

¦nÂ¯s¶, AXn\p hymJym-\-sa¶ t]cm-Wp-Nn-Xw. \ncq-]-W-sa-
¶-Ã. GsX-¦nepw Hcp IrXn-sb-Sp¯p ]gb coXn-bnÂ hn`-hm-\p-
`m-hm-Zn-IÄ C¶n-¶-h, kÔn-k-Ôyw-Km-Zn-IÄ C¶n-¶-h, coXn-i-
¿m-]m-Im-Zn-IÄ C¶n-¶h F¶n-§s\ ka-kvX-am-bpw, C¶n¶
]Zy-§-fnÂ C¶n-¶ Ae-¦m-c-§fpw hywKy-§fpw F¶n-§s\
hyXy-kvX-ambpw hnh-cn-¡p-¶Xpw ]pXnb coXn-bnÂ dnb-enkw
knwt_m-fn-kw, anÌn-kn-kw, eLzm-t£-]-lm-kw, D{Km-t£-]-lm-
kw, sU]vXv, hnIm-cmXvaIX apX-emb ]mÝm-Xy-k-t¦-X-§sf
hmcn-hn-Xdn hnh-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-saÃmw hymJym-sa¶ t]cn-s\-bmWv
AÀln-¡p-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ C¯-c-¯n-epÅ hmZ-§Äs¡m-¶p-aÃ
{]m[m\yw. Imcyw a\-Ên-em-¡p-I-bmWv kÀh-{]-[m-\w. Npcp-¡n-¸-
d-ªmÂ \njv]-£-X-bv¡I¯v ]e-t¸mgpw hyh-Ø-bp-am-bpÅ
kÔn-sN-¿-emWv IS-¶p-h-cp-¶-Xv. ]£-]m-X-an-ÃmsX \ncq-]-W-anÃ
F¶p ]d-bp¶ amcmÀ \njv]-£XhmZs¯ FXnÀhmZ-ap-J-ap-]-
tbm-Kn¨v JWvUn-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv.
amXr-Im-tNm-Zy-§Ä
1. Ihn-bmÂ DÂt_m-[n-X-§-fmb klr-Z-bsâ kz´w, A`n-
{]m-b-cp-Nn-I-fpsS Bhn-jvI-c-W-at{X \ncq-]Ww. NÀ¨
sN¿pI?.
2. "\njv]-£-X-bv¡-I¯v ]e-t¸mgpw hyh-Ø-bp-am-bpÅ
kÔn sN¿-emWv IS-¶p-h-cp-¶Xv' amcm-cpsS \ncq-]-W-Nn-
´sb ASn-Øm-\-am¡n hne-bn-cp-¯p-I.
Iebpw kuµ-cyhpw þ h¡w A_vZpÄ JmZÀ

h¡w A_vZpÄJm-ZÀ (1921þ1976)
\ho-\hpw kzX-{´hpw Bb Nn´-bpsS DS-a-bm-bn-cp-¶p
h¡w A_vZpÄJm-ZÀ. Pohn-X-t_m-[-amWv kmln-Xy-¯nsâ Poh-
s\¶ Bt±lw hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. Pohn-Xm-h-t_m[w Iem-ß-I-ambn
Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv, kmln-Xy-IrXn klr-Z-b-a-\-Êns\ Dt¯-
Pn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. ]mÝm-Xy-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯nÂ hnZym-`ymkw t\Snb

Ct±lw ]mÝm-Xy-km-ln-Xy-§-fp-ambn ASp-¯n-S-]-g-Inb \ncq-]-I-
\mWv. ¢mkn-kn-kw, sdmamân-knkw XpS-§nb kmlnXy kmt¦-
XnI kwÚ-IÄ At±lw ae-bm-f-¯nÂ [mcm-f-ambn {]tbm-Kn-
¨p. F¦nepw ]mÝm-Xy-km-ln-Xy-Nn-´-Isf Ah-ew-_-am-¡nsb-¶-
ÃmsX Ah-bpsS ASn-a-bm-bnÃ At±-lw. At±l¯nsâ \ncq-]-
tWm-]-\ym-k-§-fnÂ Cu hkvXpX {]I-S-ambn ImWmw. Pn.-i-¦-c-
Ip-dp-¸n-s\-¡p-dn¨v ae-bm-f-¯n-ep-mb BZys¯ ka-{K-]-T-\-
amWv "Pnbpw `mjm-I-hn-Ifpw' (1947) F¶ IrXn. Pnbnse anÌn-
¡ns\ ae-bm-fn-IÄ¡v BZyw ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXpw Ct±-l-am-Wv.
Iem-Im-csâ ]mc-X-{ýw, hnaÀi-\hpwHcp krjvSn-bm-Wv, Iebpw
kuµ-cyhpw X½n-epÅ _\v[w F¶n-hsb¸än NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶
"kmln-Xo-ZÀi\' F¶ IrXn-bnÂ. kztZ-io-bcpw hntZ-io-b-cp-amb
kmln-Xy-Im-c-·m-cpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-kw-_-Ôn-bmb GXm\pw IrXn-I-
fp-apv Ct±-l-¯n-tâ-Xm-bn. kmln-tXy-X-c-amb hnj-b-§fpw
At±-l-¯n\p ]Yy-am-bn-cp-¶p.
{][m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ
 Xqeo-Im-Nn-{X-§Ä
 Pn bpw `mjm-I-hn-I-fpw
 hnaÀi-\hpw hnaÀi-I-·m-cpw
 hnNm-c-thZn
 kmln-Xo-ZÀi\w ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw kmln-Xy-I-e-Ifpw {]Xn-

`m-im-en-IÄ.
Iebpw kuµ-cyhpw (h¡w A_vZpÄ JmZÀ)
\½psS kuµ-cy-t_m-[-¯n\p D±o-]\w \ÂIm¯
bmsXm¶pw Ie-b-Ã. kuµ-cym-\p-`q-Xn-bnÂ \n¶mWv Ie
kwÚm-X-am-hp-¶-Xv. kuµcyw Iem-Im-c-t\tbm Iem-Im-c³
kuµ-cy-t¯tbm BtWm krjvSn-¡p-¶Xv?. Cu {]iv\-¯n-\pÅ
D¯cw Is-¯p-hm³ kuµ-cy-s¯-¡p-dn¨v s]mXp-hmbn \mw a\-
Ên-em-¡-Ww. F´mWv hÀ®w, F´mWv am[p-cyw, F´mWv
kwKoXw Fs¶ms¡ tNmZn-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse F´mWv kuµcyw
F¶v tNmZn-¡p-¶Xv H«pw \ncÀ°I-a-Ã. ImcWw imkv{Xo-btam
bpàn-]qÀh-Itam Bb Hcp \nÀÆ-N-\-¯n\v ]qÀ®-ambn hg-
§p¶ H¶Ã kuµ-cyw. \½psS `mjm-]-c-amb ]canXnI-sf-
sbÃmw ]cn-l-kn-¡p¶ Gähpw bYmÀ°-amb Hc-\p-`-h-amWv
kuµ-cyw. Bkzm-Z-\-¯n-\-ÃmsX hni-I-e-\-¯n\pw hnh-c-W-
¯n\pw AXv hg-§p-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ hg-§m-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-
¶-Xv. kuµ-cys¯ kw_-Ôn¨v cp amXncn kn²m-´-§-fp-v.
H¶p ]ZmÀ°-\n-jvThpw (Objective) atäXp IÀ¯r-\n-jvThpw
(Subject) GsX-¦nepw H¶nsâ kuµcyw F¶p ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xpw.
AXnÂ AS-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶ KpW-am-Ip-¶p. kuµ-cy-s¯-¸än
dkvIn³ C§s\ Fgp-Xp-¶p "[nj-W-bpsS Ah-{Ihpw \nÝn-Xhpw
Bb Bbmkw IqSmsX Xs¶ Hcp ]mZmÀ°nIhkvXp AXnsâ
_mly-Kp-W-§sf kw_-Ôn¨ [ym\w sImv \½nÂ B\µw
P\n-¸n-¡m³ {]m]vX-am-sW-¦nÂ AXns\ Hcp hn[-¯nÂ AsÃ-
¦nÂ asämcp hn[-¯nÂ Rm³ kpµ-c-sa¶v hnfn-¡p-¶p.
Ie-ku-µ-cy-t_m-[-¯nÂ \n¶p P\n-¡p-Ibpw kuµ-
cys¯ e£y-am¡n {]bXv\w sN¿p-I-bpw-sN-¿p-¶p. hm{Kqt]W-
bpÅ Ie am{X-a-Ã, {]hr¯ncqt]-W-bpÅ Ie-Ifpw CXp Xs¶-
bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. Iem-Im-csâ kuµ-cym-\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS ka-Ú-
k-amb cq]-hÂ¡-c-Wtam Bhn-jv¡-c-Wtam BWv Ahsâ
Iem-kr-jvSn. kuµcys¯ {]IrXn Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¦nepw
Iesb krjvSn-¡p-¶Xp a\p-jy³ am{X-am-Ip-¶p. AXm-bXv
krjvSn-bnÂ kuµcyw Ds-¦nepw B kuµ-cys¯ \mw Ie-
sb¶v hnfn-¡p-¶n-Ã. DZm. \£-{X-§Ä \ndª BIm-iw, {]`m-
]qÀ®-amb ]peÀ¡m-ew, AkvX-abw C§s\ F{X-sb{X {]IrXn
hnem-k-§Ä! AhÀ®y-amb B\-µ-¯n-¶m-kv]-Z-§-fmbn BIm-
i-`q-an-I-fnÂ kuµ-cy-¯nsâ At\Iw Xcw-K-§Ä \mw ImWp-¶p.
Ahsb \mw Ie-sb¶p hnfn-¡n-Ã. a\p-jysâ A\p-`q-Xnbv¡pw
{]b-Xv\-¯n\pw am{Xta Iesb Dev]m-Zn¸n¡m³ Ign-bp-I-bp-Åq.
Iem-Im-csâ kÀ¤-_p²n (Creative Genius) bpsS hym]m-c-amWv
Iem-ku-µ-cy-¯nsâ kmcw. F{X-a-t\m-l-c-am-bn-cp-¶mepw Hcp
Ombm-Nn-{X-¯n\v DÂIr-jvS-amb Iem-kr-jvSn-bm-hm³ Ign-bm-
¯Xp AXnÂ kÀ¤-_p-²n-bpsS hym]mcw CÃm-¯-Xp-sIm-m-Wv.
{]Ir-Xn-bnse Gähpw kpµ-c-amb Hcp ImgvNsb Iymad sImp
]IÀ¯pI AsÃ-¦nÂ AXns\ AtXhn[-¯nÂ AtXhÀ®-§Ä
D]-tbm-Kn¨v hc-s¨-Sp-¡p-I, CXn-s\-sbm¶pw Iem-Ir-Xn-sb¶p
hnfn-¨p-Iq-Sm. ImcWw AXp Xo£-W-X-c-a-Ã,DÖz-e-X-c-a-Ã. AXp
kÀ¤-Nm-Xp-cnsb NmÀ¯p-¶n-Ã. AXp-sIm-mWv DÂIr-jvS-·m-
cmb Iem-Im-c-·mÀ tIhew {]Xn-Om-b-I-fnepw {]Xn-^-e-\-§-
fnepw ]IÀ¯ep-I-fnepw Akw-Xr-]vX-cm-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
H¶m-wXcw Nn{X-Im-c³ Xsâ \ni-_vZhpw \nÝ-ehpw Bb
hc-I-fnÂ \n¶p i_vZ-t¯bpw Ne-\-t¯bpw krjvSn-¡p-¶p.
H¶mw-Xcw kwKoXw cmK-ho-Nn-I-fnÂ IqSn cq]s¯ krjvSn-¡p-
¶p. kwKoXw Ie-I-fnse kuµ-cy-¯nsâ cl-kys¯ ZÀin-¡p-
hm³ \s½ {]m]vX-cm-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw Bh-c-W-§-fpsS ASn-bnÂ
DÅ-S¡w sN¿-s¸-«n-«pÅ B kuµcyw Gähpw kap-¶-X-amb Ie-
bnÂ sN¶p hogp¶p sh¶pw FÊv. Ae-Ivkm-À {]kvXm-hn-¡p-
¶p. Ie-bpsS kuµ-cym-h-t_m-[-]-c-amb kn²m-´-§Ä¡p Hmtcm
Ime-L-«-¯nepw amä-§-fp-m-bn-«p-v. B[p-\nI a\:imkv{X-
¯nsâbpw X¯z-Úm-\o-b-¯n-sâbpw XW-enÂ Ah A`q-X-
]qÀÆ-amb Hcp \nesb {]m]n-¨n-cn-¡-bm-Wv. {]mtbm-KnI Pohn-X-
¯n\p {]tbm-P-\-an-Ãm-¯Xpw Aù-Xn-Ihpw Bb Iem-kz-`m-
hs¯ ]cn-K-Wn¨p sImv t¹täm, jnÃÀ XpS§n sI.-emMv hsc-
bpÅ Fgp-¯p-ImÀ Iesb Hcp Ifn-bm-bn-«mWv hnh-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv.
Iem-X-¯z-s¯-¸-än-bÃ AXnsâ imkv{X-s¯-¡p-dn-¨mWv
]pcm-X-\-b-h-\-¡mcpw tdmam-¡mcpw {][m-\-ambn Nnń-¨-Xv. Ie-
tbbpw kuµ-cy-t¯bpw kw_-Ôn¨v ap³]v thÀs¸-«p-\n-¶n-cp¶
kn²m-´-§sf BZy-ambn X½nÂ CW-¡n-bXp t¹m«n-\-Êm-Ip-¶p.
_p²nbpw hnIm-chpw X½nÂ thÀ¯n-cn-¨-dn-b-s¸-«Xp Cäm-en-b³
\thm-°m-\-Z-i-bn-emWv. Imbn-I-i-ànsbIhnª Hcp iànsb
A[njvTnX-am-¡n-s¡m-mWv kqt¡msf Iesb hnaÀin-¨-Xv.
Iebpw kuµ-cyhpw X¯z-Nn-´m-]-c-amb kb³kn\v Hcp
{]tXyI ]cym-tem-N-\-¡pÅ hnjbw \ÂIp-¶p-sh¶v Imâvv
Ip-]n-Sn-¨p. kuµ-cym-h-t_m-[-¯nÂ Imân\v hfsc Zqcw
apt¶m«p t]mhm³ Ign-ªn-sÃ-¦nepw At±lw Dd-¸n¨ auenI
kn²m-´-§Ä C¶pw ]qÀ®-ambn De-bm-Xn-cn-¡-bm-Wv. Ie-X-¯z-
Nn-´tbm kuµ-cym-h-t_m-[-]-c-amb X¯z-Nn-´tbm (Aesthetic
Philosophy) BsW¶ Hcp hnizmkw 19þmw iX-I-¯nsâ {]Y-
amÀ²w hsc BZÀim-ß-Ihpw kuµ-cym-t_m-[-]-chpw Bb
X¯z-Nn-´-bnÂ {]Xn-^-en¨p sImncp-¶p. `mh-\m-]-c-amb
Nn´¡v s]mXp-hn-ep-mb ]p\-cp-°m\w Ccp-]Xmw iX-I-¯nsâ
BZy-L-«-¯nÂ kuµ-cym-h-t_m-[-¯nsâ Ncn{Xw (History of

Aesthetics) Cw¥ojv `mj-bnÂ Dm-bn-«pÅ GX-Zzn-j-b-I-amb

{KÙ-§-fnÂ Gähpw {][m\sa¶v KWn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
1896 Â tSmÄtÌm-bn-bpsS ‘What if Art” k´-b-

\bpsS‘Sense of Beauty’ F¶o {KÙ-§fpw 1900 Â s_ÀK-ksâ
‘"Le Rive’ Dw ]pd-¯p-h-¶-tXmsS Ie-tbbpw kuµ-cy-t_m-[-
t¯bpw kw_-Ôn¨v ]pXnb ho£-W-§Ä {]N-cn-¨p. Imhy-
¯nse hnj-b-t¯bpw AXnsâ {]Xn-]m-Z-\-t¯bpw A[n-I-cn¨v
F.-kn.-{_mUven HmIvkvt^mÀUnÂ sNbvX {]kw-K-§Ä ]pkvX-I-
cq-t]W ]pd¯p h¶-t¸mÄ Iem-]-c-amb hnaÀi-\-§fpw ]cn-Nn-
´-\-§fpw ]ptcm-K-an-¨p. t{ImtN-bp-tS-bpw en]vkn-sâbpw Iem-
hn-aÀi-\-§fpw Iem-kn-²m-´-§fpw Cu hnj-b-¯n-ep-m-bn-cp¶
Xev]-c-X-IÄ¡p ]qÀÆm-[nIw hnIm-khpw D±o]\hpw \evIn.
AtXmsS {_n«³, Ata-cn-¡, {^m³kv, PÀ½-\n, djy F¶n-hn-S-
§-fnse Iem-]-c-amb {]Øm\-§Ä Hcp \thm-°m-\s¯ A`n-ap-
Jo-I-cn-¨p. Ie-tbbpw kuµ-cy-t_m-[-t¯bpw Ah-bpsS X¯z-
hn-Nm-c-t¯bpw ]än Nnń¨ PÀ½³¡m-cpsS Iq«-¯nÂ KtY-jn-
ÃÀ, slÀsUÀ, sjÃn-Mv, jm¸³l-s¸À, slKÂ, \otj F¶n-
hcpsS t]cp-IÄ {]tXyIw HmÀ½n-¡-s¸-tS--h-bm-Wv. X¯z-Nn-
´m-]-c-amb Ah-tem-I-\-¯nepw hnaÀi-\-¯nepw IqSn Ie-tbbpw
kuµ-cy-t¯bpw kao-]n¨ Cw¥o-jp-Im-cnÂ {][m-\n-IÄ aqÀ, Ae-
Ivkm-À, sImfn-Mvhp-Uv, sNdn, tUhn, tdmkv F¶n-h-cm-Wv.
Iem-]-chpw kuµ-cy-t_m-[-]-chpw Bb-kn-²m-´-§sf
kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw \mw Hcp \h-bp-K-¯nÂ {]th-in¨v Ign-ªn-
cn-¡p-¶p.
amXr-Im-tNm-Zy-§Ä
1. Iem-ku-µ-cys¯ kw_-Ôn¨ Imgv¨-¸mSv hni-Z-am-¡pI?
2. \½psS kuµcy-t_m-[-¯n\v D±o-]\w \ÂIm¯
bmsXm¶pw Ie-b-Ã, F¶ {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-
sa´v?

tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-¸nÅ (1889þ 1960)

]mÝm-Xy-km-lnXy kn²m-´-§Ä ASn-Øm-\-am¡n ae-
bmf kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi\w ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-sSbpw \h-ho-£-W-¯n-
sâbpw ]mX-bn-te-¡p-\-bn-¨Xv tIkcn G. _me-Ir-jvW-¸n-Å-bm-
Wv. At±lw 1889 G{]nÂ 13 \v Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v P\n-¨p. BZyw
tImtf-P-[ym-]-I-\pw ]n¶oSv h¡oepw Bbn-cp-¶p. XpSÀ¶v ka-
ZÀin, {]t_m-[n-\n, tIkcn F¶n-h-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-cmbn. tIkcn
]{Xm-[n-]-sc¶ \ne-bnÂ At±-l-¯nsâ tkh-\-§Ä ]{X-{]-
hÀ¯-\-¯nepw kmln-Xy-¯nepw ]pXp-¸n-d-hn¡p Imc-W-am-bn.
\nÀ`-b-\mb P\-ln-X-hÀ¯nbpw cmPy-kvt\-ln-bp-amb Bb ]{Xm-
[n-]À, ]ptcm-K-a\ ImgvN-¸m-tSm-Sp-IqSn hniz-km-ln-Xy-¯nse
\ho\{]h-W-X-IÄ ae-bm-fn-IÄ¡v ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-¯¶ Dev]-
Xn-jvWphpw hypev]-¶\pw Bb hnaÀi-I³ Xtâ-Xmb Kth-jW
]²-Xn-bn-eqsS Ncn-{X-¯n\v ]pXnb am\w \ÂInb Ncn-{X-Im-c³
F¶o \ne-I-fnÂ kam-cm-[y-\mWv tIk-cn. kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi-\-
¯nsâbpw kÀKm-ßIkmln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw \thm-°m\ {]{In-
b¡v t\XrXzw sImSp¯ _me-Ir-jvW-¸nff ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-
Xy-{]-Øm-\-¯nsâ {][m\ hàm-hm-bn-cp-¶p. bmYm-Øn-Xn-I-X-
bnÂ thcq-¶nb km{¼-Zm-bnI hnaÀi\ coXn-I-tfmSv A`n-apJyw
]peÀ¯n-bn-Ã, At±-lw.
bqtdm-]y³ kmln-Xy-¯nÂ At¶-hsc Dcp-¯n-cnªp
h¶ kmln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-§-tfm-tcm¶pw tIc-f-¯nse Fgp-¯p-
ImÀ¡pw hmb-\-¡mÀ¡pw At±lw ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-Sp-¯p.
\thm-°m\ kmln-Xy-¯nsâ amÀ¤-ZÀin F¶m-Z-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶
tIk-cnsb tI{µ-am¡n Hcp "tIkcn kvIqÄ' cq]-s¸-«p. Cu
kvIqfnÂ \S¶ A\u-]-Nm-cnI NÀ¨-Ifpw hnaÀi-\-§fpw
]nÂ¡m-e¯v ae-bmf kmln-Xy-¯n\v apXÂ¡q-«mbn `hn-¨p.
amÀIvkn-b³ Iem-ZÀi\w AwKo-I-cn¨p sImpÅ kmaq-lnI
]ptcm-K-Xn-bmbncn¡Ww kmln-Xy-¯nsâ BXy-ńI e£-sa¶
Bi-b-¯nÂ tIkcn Dd¨p \n¶p. ]mÝmXy kmln-Xy-¯nsâ
Nph-Sp-]n-Sn¨p Nen-¨mte ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ XpSÀ¶pÅ
]ptcm-KXn AÀ°-h¯pw Xzcn-Xhpw BIp-I-bpÅq F¶v At±lw
{]Jym-]n-¨p. IrXn-I-fpsS kmt¦-Xn-Imw-i-¯n\v IqSp-XÂ
{]m[m\yw \ÂIn. tIk-cn-bpsS Nn´m-]-²Xn {]Imcw kmln-Xy-
¯nÂ {]N-c-Wmw-i-¯n-\mWv ap³Xq-¡w. CXpw hnhÀi-\-hn-t[-
b-am-bn. F¶mÂ tIk-cn-bpsS kphy-à-amb A`n-{]mbw Hcp
Iem-{]-Øm\w Hcp Pohn-X-ho-£-W-¯nsâ ê-amWv F¶m-Wv.
Imev]-\nI {]Øm-\hpw bYm-X-Y-{]-km-Ym-\hpw aäpw DZm-l-c-W-
ambn FSp¯p ImWn-¡mw. Iem-kr-jvSn¡p th-Xn-t\-¡mÄ
DbÀ¶ {]Xn-`m-iàn Hcp Iem(-Im-hy) {]Øm-\-¯nsâ D]-Úm-
Xm-hn\v IqSntb Xocq. A§-s\-bp-Å-h-cmWv bYmÀ° alm-I-hn-
IÄ.
kap-Zm-b-¯nse hnjwXo\n-I-fmbn ]ptcm-K-a\kmln-Xy-
Im-c-·msc hnti-jn-¸n¨ tIk-cn, {]Xn-`-bpsS asämcp D¶-X-`mhw
hnfw-_cw sN¿p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AXm-bXv a\p-jy-hÀ¤-¯nsâ
]ptcm-K-Xn-¡mbn \·bpw Xn·bpw IeÀ¶ PohnXw A\p-`-hn-¡p-
¶-h-cmWv ]ptcm-K-a\kmln-Xy-Im-c-·mÀ. bYm-Øn-Xn-I-X-bpsS
N§-e-bnÂ XfÀ¶p InS¶ kaq-ls¯ Dt¯-Pn-¸n¨v ]ptcm-K-Xn-
bn-te¡v B\-bn-¡m³ Ie-sbbpw kmln-Xy-s¯bpw ê-{]-Z-amb
D]-I-c-W-§-fm-¡m³ t\XrXzw sImSp¯p F¶-Xn-emWv tIk-cn-
bpsS DÄ¡m-gvNbpw ZoÀL-ho-£-W-hpw. ISp-¯p-h-©n, aWn-\m-
Zw, kv]µn-¡p¶ AØn-am-Sw, \nanjw apX-emb IrXn-IÄ¡v
tIkcn Fgp-Xnb Ah-Xm-cn-I-IÄ F¡m-ehpw kmln-Xy-kw-_-Ô-
amb B[n-Im-cnI ]T-\-§-fm-Ip-¶p. kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi-\-§Ä, cq]-
a-RvP-cn, t\mhÂ {]Øm-\-§Ä, kmt¦-XnI \ncq-]-Ww, \h-
temIw F¶nh-bmWv tIk-cn-bpsS hnJym-X-amb hnaÀi\ {KÙ-
§Ä.
tIc-f-I-e-Ifpw ^yq¨-dn-khw (\-htem-Iw) tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-
¸nÅ
cmjv{Sob Imcy-§-fn-sem-gn¨v Pohn-¯nsâ asä-Ãm-h-i-§-
fnepw B²ym-ßn-IXzw DÄs¡m-Ån-¨n-cp¶ `mc-Xo-bÀ alm-ßm-
KmÔn tIm¬{K-Ênsâ Np¡m³ ]nSn-¡p-hm³ XpS-§n-b-tXmsS
cmjv{Sob Imcy-§-fnepw AXns\ DÄs¡m-Ån-¡p-I-bp-m-bn.
`mc-Xo-b-cpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-Ãm-bva¡p Imc-W-ambn tIkcn Nqn-
¡m-«p-¶Xv Cu B²ym-ßnI t_m[-¯nsâ B[n-Iy-am-Wv.
bmYmÀ°y-§sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ssha-\-kyw,
Ignª Imes¯¸än-bpÅ AXn-bmb _lp-am\w hÀ¯-am-\-Im-
e-t¯m-Sp-ff shdp-¸v, BZÀi-{`m-´v, A{]-hr-¯n-tbm-SpÅ A\p-
`mhw F¶nh Cu B²ym-ßn-I-Xz-¯nsâ B[nIyw aqew tIc-
fob Ie DÄs¸-sS-bpÅ FÃm kpµc Ie-I-tfbpw _m[n-¨n-«p-v.
X·qew \t-tem-I-¯nsâ krjvSn-bnÂ Chn-Sps¯ kpµ-c-I-e-IÄ
CXccmPy-§-fnse Ie-IÄt]mse klm-b-I-c-ambn¯ocp-¶n-Ã.
Chsb and-I-S-¡-W-sa-¦nÂ bqtdm-¸nÂ A¡m-e¯v kPo-h-am-bn-
cp¶ ^yq¨-dnkw F¶ {]Øm-\-t¯mSv kmZr-iy-apÅ GsX-
¦nepw Hcp {]Øm-\w DS-se-Sp-¡-W-sa¶v At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-
Sp-¶p. ^yq¨-dn-k-¯n\v `qX-Ime sshcp²yhmZ-sa-¶mWv tIkcn
ae-bmfw t]cv \ÂIp-¶-Xv.
^yq¨-dnkw F¶ kmln-Xy-{]-Øm-\s¯ a\Ênem-¡p-¶-
Xn\v ap³]v AXn\p ap³]pÅ Nne Øm\-§sf ]cn-N-b-s¸-tS--
Xp-s¶v tIkcn ]d-bp-¶p. XpSÀ¶v sdmamân-kw, dnb-en-kw,
¢mkn-kn-kw, C{¼-j-W-en-kw, t]mÌv C{¼-j-W-enkw XpS-§n-b-
hsb sNdn-b-tXm-XnÂ hni-Zo-I-cn¨v Ah-sb-Ãmw imkv{Xob a\:-
ØnXn P\n-¸n-¨n-«pÅ hn¹-h-io-e-¯nsâ ê-§-fmWv F¶-`n-{]m-
b-s¸-Sp-Ibpw ]n¶oSv ^yq¨-dn-k-¯n-te¡v IS-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
imkv{Xob a\:ØnXn bqtdm-¸nse kpµ-c-I-e-I-fnepw
{]th-in-¨n-cp-¶p. amaq-en-s\-Xn-cm-bpÅ Cu hn¹-h-amWv auenI-
amb hyXym-k-§-fp-ff sdmamân-knkw (Romanticism) AYhm
sshNn-{Xy-hÀ®-\m-co-Xn, dnb-enkw (Realism) AY-hm, kmZr-iym-
ßI coXn, AYhm bYmÀ° hÀ®-\m-coXn F¶o Iem-{]-Øm-\-
§-fnÂ s]mXp-hmbn ImWm-hp¶ kz`m-hw. embpw N«hpw A\p-
k-cn-¨pÅ Iem-\nÀ½m-W-co-Xnsb ¢mkn-knkw (Classicism) Cu
cp {]Øm-\-§Ä¡pw hncp-²-ambn \nÂ¡p-¶p. ]gb ]Xnhpw
am\y-Xbpw ¢mÊn-knkw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p. sdmamânIv Iem-Im-c-\m-
Is« Xsâ kz´w hnIm-c-§-sf-bmWv hniz-kn¨v B{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xv.
Cu AÀ°-¯nÂ AbmÄ¡p ¢mknIv Iem-Im-c-s\-¡mÄ
BßmÀ°X IqSn-bn-cn-¡p-sa¶p ]d-bmw. Xsâ Ime¯p \S-¸n-en-
cn-¡p-¶ Iem-`n-cpNn A\p-k-cn¨v Bkz-Zn¨p ckn-¡p¶p F¶p
\Sn-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]Icw Hcp sdmamânIv kmln-Xy-Im-c³ Xsâ
kz´w `mh-\sb X\n-¡n-jvS-ap-ÅXp \nÀ½n-¡p-hm³ hn\n-tbm-Kn-
¡p-¶p. C§s\ sdmamân-knkw hn¹-h-I-chpw hn{K-l-[zw-k-
Ihpw Bb Hcp {]Øm-\-am-bn-¯o-cp-¶p. dnb-en-khpw CXp-
t]mse Xs¶ hn¹-h-]-chpw hn{K-l-[zw-k-I-hp-am-Wv. ]t£ AXp
asämcp hgn-¡mWpNcn-¡p-¶Xv. Xt¶mSp Xs¶ kXy-am-bn,
BßmÀ°-am-bn, Hcp sdmamânIv Iem-Im-c³ s]cp-am-dp-¶Xp
t]mse, Hcp dnb-enÌv Iem-Im-c³ temI-¯nÂ Xm³ ImWp¶
kw`-h-§-tfmSpw km[-\-§-tfmSpw kXy-am-bn, BßmÀ°-ambn

s]cp-am-dp-¶p. Hcp t^mt«m-{Km-^-dpsS kq£-a-X-bÃ Hcp dnb-enÌv
Iem-Im-c-\p-th--Xv.
Cu aq¶p kmlnXy {]Øm-\-§Ä¡pw X½n-epÅ
hyXymkw an. tPmÀÖv ImÂUn-tdm¬ hyà-am-¡p-¶p. FÃm-
Xcw Iem-Im-c-·mcpw bYmÀ° Pohn-X-¯nÂ \n¶mWv X§-fpsS
hnjbw FSp-¡p-¶-Xv. AXnsâ Ipg-§nb Øn-Xn-bnÂ \n¶v
AhÀ Hcp Bibw {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. dnb-en-kvddv Iem-Im-
c\pw CXc Iem-Im-c\pw X½n-epÅ hyXymkw ØnXn sN¿p-¶-Xv,
AbmÄ ¢mknIv Iem-Im-c-\-t¸mse Pohn-X-¯nÂ\n-s¶-Sp¯
k¯ns\ AY-hm, aqe-h-kvXp-hns\ ]ns¶bpw hmäp-I-tbm,
sdmamânIv Iem-Im-c-s\-t¸mse Kl-\-amb ]cn-a-f-§Äs¡mv
AXnsâ hmk\sb ad-bv¡p-Itbm sN¿m-sX, AXns\
bmYmÀ°y-¯nsâ cpNn Xncn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-hm³ {ian-¡p¶p F¶p-
Å-Xn-em-Ip¶p AbmÄ kz´w Pohn-X-¯nsâ kz´w s\bv¯pw
ambm-`m-hhpw Xs¶ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm³ {ian-¡p-I-bm-Wv
sN¿p-¶-Xv. 'B[p-\nI bqtdm-¸nse Ie-I-fnÂ Dm-bn-«pÅ C{¼-
j-Wnkw (Impressionism) (AXm-bXv t\{X§fnÂ ]Xn-bp¶
Omb-bmWp Ie-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-sa-¶pÅ Nn{X-sa-gp-¯nse Hcp
Xcw dnb-en-ÌnIv hmZw) t]mÌv C{¼-j-W-enkw (Post
Impressionism)(A-Xm-bXv a\-ÊnÂ ]Xn-bp¶ Omb-bmWp Ie-
bpsS ASn-Øm-\-sa-¶pÅ Nn{Xsagp-¯nse Hcp Xcw sdmamânIv
hmZw, Iyq_nkw (Cubism) (Nn{X§fnÂ km[-\-§-fpsS \ofhpw
hoXnbpw am{Xw t]mcm h®hpw IqSn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-W-sa-¶pÅ
hmZw) ^yq¨-dnkw (`q-X-Im-es¯ kI-e-Xn-t\bpw XIÀ¡-W-sa-
¶pÅ hmZw) apX-emb FÃm Iem-{]-Øm-\-§fpw imkv{Xob
a\:ØnXn P\n-¸n-¨n-«pÅ hn¹-h-io-e-¯nsâ ê-§-fm-Ip-¶p.
1908 HmsS-bmWv ^yq¨-dnkw Cä-en-bnÂ Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv.
‘Pittura, Scultura Futuriste’ F¶ {KÙ-amWv Cu {]Øm-\-
¯nsâ am\n-s^tÌm Bbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. s_m¨n-
tbmWn BWv CXnsâ IÀ¯m-hv. CXnsâ \mb-I\pw {][m-\-I-
hnbpw \mS-I-Ir¯pw {^m³skkv tIm amcn-s\än BWv. s_m¨n-
tbm-Wn-bpsS {KÙ-¯nÂ \ndsb `qX-Im-e-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pff A[n-I-
Tn-\-amb A[n-t£-]-§fpw hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e-s¯-¸-än-bp-ff kvXpXn-
Ko-X-§fpw ImWmw.

ka-Im-eo\ Pohn-X-¯nse kwK-Xn-Isf am{Xta ^yq¨-
dnkväp Iem-Im-c-·mÀ DÂtLm-jn-¡p-¶p-Åq. `qX-Im-e-t¯m-SpÅ
sshcp-[y-¯n\p ]pdta ^yq¨-dnÌv Iem-Im-c-·m-cpsS asämcp auen-
I-X-Xzw, Ie-IÄ hÀ®n-t¡-Xp km[-\-§-sftbm kw`-h-§-
tftbm AÃ, Ah-bnÂ A´À`-hn-¨n-«pÅXpw Ahsb `cn-¡p-¶-
Xp-amb iàn-I-sf-bm-sW-¶m-Ip-¶p. _mly-`m-hs¯ am{Xw
hÀ®n-¡p-¶-XnÂ {i² ]Xn-¸n-¨n-cp¶ AXn\p ap¼pÅ dnb-en-
ÌnIv XXzs¯ {]Xn-tj-[n-¡p¶ Hcp XXz-am-Wn-Xv. ùXn-I-hkvXp
(Matter), iàn (energy) bpsS Hcp hI-t`-Z-am-sW-¶pÅ \ho\
imkv{X-kn-²m-´s¯ Bkv]-Z-am-¡n-bmWv ^yq¨-dnÌp Iem-Im-c-
·mÀ Cu hmZw ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. Hcp ^yq¨-dnÌv Iem-Im-c³
Hcp sdbnÂth F©nsâ Nn{Xw hc-bv¡p-t¼mÄ F©ns\ AÃ,
AXnsâ iàn-sb, AXnsâ Ne-\-s¯-bmWv AbmÄ hc-bv¡m³
{ian-¡p-¶-Xv. ^yq¨-dnkw Ne-\-¯n\p ZnhyXzw IÂ¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-
\mÂ AXp Nn´m-]-c-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. _p²n-Nn-´m-P-\-I-amb
\nÝ-eX {]I-Sn-¸n¡phm³ klm-bn-¡p-I-bpw- P·hmk-\-IÄ
(instincts) hnImcP\-I-amb Ne-\s¯ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-hm³ DX-Ip-
Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xn-\mÂ ^yq¨-dnkw _p²nsb A]-e-]n-¡p-Ibpw
P·-hm-k-\-Isf hmgv¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. {^qUnsâ (Freud) a\:-
im-kv{X-]camb Ip-]n-Sp-¯-§-fpsS t{]c-W-bmWp \mw Cu
hmZ-¯nÂ ImWp-¶-Xv.
‘kmlnXyw CXp-hsc Nn´m-]-chpw \nÝ-e-hp-amb AXym-

\-µ-s¯bpw \n{Zm-ep-Xz-t¯bpw IoÀ¯n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. A{I-a-]-c-
amb Ne-\-§fpw Pzc-{K-kvX-amb D¶n-{Z-Xz-hp-am-Wv R§Ä
hmgv¯p-hm³ t]mIp-¶Xv F¶mWv ^yq¨-dnÌv Iem-Im-c-·m-cpsS
t\Xm-hmb amcn-s\-än-bpsS A`n-{]m-bw.
^yq¨-dnÌv \mSIw {Uma-bpsS kmt¦-XnI amÀ¤-§-tfmSpw
bpàn-tbmSpw DZm-ko-\X ImWn-¡p-¶Xpw Ne-\-]-c-am-bXpw GI-
Im-en-I-am-bXpw Ab-YmÀ°-am-bXpw Bbncn¡p-sa¶v amcn-s\än
]d-ªn-«p-v. \mS-I-§-fnÂ ZoÀL A¦-§tfm , cwK-§tfm ]mSn-
Ã. kn\n-am-cw-K-§sf A\pI-cn¨v Ah {lkzhpw AÀ°-h-¯p-am-
bn-cn-¡-W-sa¶pw amcn-s\än hmZn-¡p-¶p. tkmhn-bäv djy-bnse
Hcp \mSIIÀ¯m-hmb Fhvdn-t\m-hnsâ \mS-I-§Ä ^yq¨-dnÌv
\mS-I-¯n\v D¯a ZrjvSm-´-§-fmWv. {Uma-bpsS kmt¦-
XnIamÀ¤-§-tfm-SpÅ DZm-ko-\X eqbn-]n-cm³sU-tÃmsb t]mse-
bpÅ bqtdm-]y³ \mS-I-Ir-¯p-¡sf kzm[o-\n-¨n-«p-v.
^yq¨-dnÌv Ihn Xsâ at\m-hn-Im-c-§Ä¡p-X-Ip¶ `mj
Is-¯p-¶p. Hmtcm `mh-¯n-tâbpw Hmtcm \nan-j¯ntâbpw
Cu hnti-jw, AØn-c-amb tXm¶-ep-I-fpsS Cu {]hmlw {]m]-
©n-I-i-àn-I-fp-tSbpw Imew apX-emb {]m]-©nI I£yI-fp-
tSbpw H¶p tNÀ¶pÅ Cu hnf-bm«w BIp¶ a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xw.
C{X-am{Xw AØn-c-amb a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xs¯ t\cn-«pÅ \nÀ½m-W-
amÀ¤-§-fnÂ H¶n-\mepw hyRvPn-¸n-¡p-hm³ {]bm-k-am-Wv. a\p-
jy-kz-`m-h-¯nepw am\p-jnI A\p-`-h-§-fnepw imiz-Xhpw ]cn-
hÀ¯n-¡m-¯-Xp-amb H¶pw Xs¶ CsÃ-¶pw, s]mXphpw kmam-\y-
hp-amb kz`m-hhpw A\p-`-hhpw hÀ®n-¡p-¶-h-cpsS \nco-£-W-i-
àn¡p IqÀ½-X-Ip-d-bp-sa-¶pw, Hcm-fpsS Pohn-X-t_m[w ap¼p
Pohn-¨n-cp¶ asäm-cm-fpsS Pohn-X-t_m-[s¯ hnh-cn-¡p¶
hm¡pIfmÂ hÀ®n-¡p-hm³ km²y-a-sÃ¶pw X¶n-an¯w Hcp
]pXnb kmt¦-XnI amÀ¤w, Xsâ A\-\y-cq-]-amb A\p-`-hs¯
hÀ®n-¡p-hm³ HcmÄ¡p krjvSn-t¡-n-h-cp-sa¶pw ChÀ ]d-bp-
¶p.
Hcp Ihn Xsâ kz´w A\p-`-h-§-fp-tSbpw Ah-bpsS
{]I-S-\-¯n-tâbpw \mY-\m-bn-cp-¶mÂ am{Xw aXn. Abm-fpsS
`mj s]mXp-hm-bpÅ `mj-b-Ã. Abm-fpsS kz´w `mj-bm-Wv.
AXnÂ A£-c-s¯-äp-I-tfm, hymI-c-W-¸n-g-Itfm Oµ-Êns\
kw_-Ôn-¨pÅ ]ng-hp-Itfm Dm-Ip-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ AbmÄ¡v
{]iv\-a-Ã. ImcWw AbmÄ AbmÄ¡p thnbmWv Fgp-Xp-¶-
Xv.
hmb-\-¡m-c-\p-s-¶pw F¶mÂ Abmsf Xm\-h-K-Wn-
¡p¶p F¶pÅ Hcp ^yq¨-dnÌv Ihn-bpsS Cu hnNn{X \ne
amIvkv CuÌvam³ Xsâ ‘kmln-Xy-a\:ØnXn’(The literary mind)
F¶ {KÙ-¯nÂ hni-Zo-I-cn-¨n-«p-v. 'Hcp Iem-Im-c³ Pohn-
¯nse hne-bpÅ A\p-`-h-§-tfmSp kzoI-cn-¡p¶ \ne Hcp inip-
hn-tâ-Xm-Wv. Hmtcm-cp-¯\pw Ah-\-hsâ Bi-bs¯ apdp-sI-¸n-
Sn-¡p-Ibpw AXp-sImp Xr]vXn AS-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. asäm-
cmÄ Xm³ ]d-bp-¶Xv tIÄ¡p-¶p-s¶v AbmÄ¡-dn-bmw. AXp
am{Xw aXn AbmÄ¡v. AbmÄXsâ t{imXm¡-tfm-S-Ã- kw-km-cn-
¡p-¶Xv F¶p-Å-Xp-sImv Ah-sc tIÄ¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v
AbmÄ¡p km[n-¡p-¶n-Ã. A\y-cpsS ap¼nÂ h¨v AbmÄ
Xt¶mSp Xs¶ kwkm-cn-¡p-I-bmWp sN¿p-¶-Xv. Ip«n-I-fpsS
hymJym-\-§Ä Al-¯nÂ tI{µo-Ir-X-ambhbm-sW-¶p-f-fXp
Øm]n-¡p¶ Hcp apJy-kw-K-Xn, ]e-t¸mgpw AhÀ hymJym-\n-
¡p¶ km[-\-¯nsâ t]cp ]d-bm³ AhÀ adp¶p t]mIp-¶-Xm-
Wv.
^yq¨-dnkw AXnsâ P·-`q-an-bmb Cä-en-bnÂ \n¶v
bqtdm¸v Bk-Iew hym]n-¨n-cp-¶p. Cw¥-nÂ AXn\p
thmÀ«nknkw F¶ {]tXyI t]cmWv e`n-¨-Xv. hn³Uvlmw-eq-
bnkv (Wynthan Lewis) Bbn-cp¶p thmÀ«n-kn-k-¯nsâ {][m\
\mb-I³. tkmhn-bäv djy-bnse {][m-\-^yq-¨-dnÌv kmln-Xy-Im-c-
·m-cpsS Iq«-¯nÂ Fhvdn-t\mh F¶ \mS-I-Ir¯pw ab-
t¡mhvkv¡n F¶ Ihnbpw DÄs¸-Sp-¶-Xm-Wv.
^yq¨-dn-k-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hnh-cWw Ah-km-\n-¸n¨
tijw tIk-cn C{]-Im-c-sa-gp-Xp-¶p. ^yq¨-dn-k-¯nsâ Cu hnh-
c-W-¯nÂ \n¶v AXn\p ]e Zqjy-§fpw Nne KpW-§fpw
Ds¶p \ap¡p {]Xy-£-¯nÂ ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. B {]Øm-
\-¡mÀ¡v Ah-cpsS coXn A\p-k-cn¨v t{ijvT-amb Hcp IrXnbpw
CXp-hsc \nÀ½n-¡p-hm³ km[n-¨n-«n-Ã. F¦nepw Hcp ]pXnb Iem-
tem-Is¯ {Ita-W-bpÅ ]cn-Wmaw sImÃ DS-\-Sn-bpÅ
hn¹hw sImt krjvSn-¡m-\mhq F¶-hÀ hniz-kn-¡p¶p F¶
Imcyw tIkcn ASn-h-c-bn«p Dd-¸n-¡p-¶p-v. Iebv¡p kPo-h-
amb t{]c-I-iàn P\-k-aq-l-¯nsâ taÂ thW-sa-¦nÂ Ime-¯n-
\-\p-k-cn¨p Iem-co-Xn-IÄ amtäXmsW-¶pÅ Bim-ky-amb
X¯zs¯ A]qÀ®-ambpw Ahy-à-ambpw Hcp ]t£ sXäm-bpff
coXn-bnÂ ChÀ {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p. `mc-X-¯nÂ hyh-Øm-]n-X-amb
Iem-\p-io-e-\-¯nÂ \ns¶mcp `n¶-amÀ¤w krjvSn-¡m³ ^yq¨-
dnÌv {]Øm\w t]msem¶v DS-se-Sp-t¡--Xp-s¶v At±lw
A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. F¶mÂ B {]Øm\w B´-c-`mh hÀ®-\-
bnepw _mly `mh-hÀ®-\-bnepw Hcp t]mse {i²n-¡-Ww.
tIcf Ie-I-fpÄs¸-sS-bpÅ `mc-Xob kpµ-c-I-e-I-fnÂ
XpS-t§--Xmb ^yq¨-dnÌv {]Øm\w bqtdm-¸nse ^yq¨-dnÌv
{]Øm-\-¯nÂ \n¶p Nne auen-Iamb hi-§-fnÂ hn`n-¶-am-bn-cn-
t¡--Xm-Wv. `qX-Im-e-t¯mSpw ]g-b-Xn-t\m-Sp-apÅ shdp-¸v, ka-
Im-eo\ Pohn-X-¯nse kwK-Xn-Isf am{Xta IebpsS hnj-b-am-
¡p-I-bpÅq F¶ \njvT hn¹-h-a\:ØnXn F¶n-h-bnÂ am{Xta
`mc-Xob ^yq¨-dn-k-¯n\v kmay-ap-m-bn-cn-¡pIbp-Åq.
Cý-bnse ¢mÊnIv {]Øm-\-¯nepw sdmamânIv {]Øm-
\-¯nepw anÌnIv {]Øm-\-¯nepw H¶p t]mse B´-cn-Im-h-Ø-
bpsS hÀ®-\-sb-bmWv _e-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv. _mly-hÀ®-\, ]cn-X-
Øn-Xn-bpsS hÀ®-\ F¶nh `mc-Xob Ie-I-fnÂ thn-S-
t¯mfw CXp-hsc Dm-bn-«n-Ã. AXn-\mÂ Cu _mly-`m-h-hÀ®-
\-bpsS Bh-iys¯ AXn-i-tbm-àn-]qÀÆw Nqn-¡m-Wn-¡p-I-
bmWv `mc-X-¯nse ^yq¨-dnÌv {]Øm-\-¡mÀ sNt¿--Xv.
_mly-`m-hhpw B´-cn-I-`m-hhpw H¶p-t]mse _e-s¸-Sp¯n
hÀ®n-¡p¶ Hcp Iem-kr-jvSn-bm-bn-cn¡pw D¯-a-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv.
_mlyhpw XmÂ¡m-en-I-hp-amb `mh-§sf ]pcm-X-\-Imew
apXÂ¡v CÃm-Xm-¡nb `mc-Xo-bÀ¡p ^yq¨-dnÌv {]Øm-\-¡m-
cpsS _mly-`m-hm-cm-[\ sImv CXnsâ {]m[m\yw \Ã-t]mse
a\-Ên-em-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. AXn-eqsS B´-cn-I-`m-h-hÀ®-\bpw _mly-
`m-h-hÀ®bpw th-hn-[-¯nÂ IeÀ¯n-bn-«pÅ Hcp Ipä-aä Iem-
{]-Øm\w `mhn-bnÂ `mc-Xo-bÀ¡p XpS-§p-¶-Xn\v km[n-¡p-
sa¶pw CXn-te-¡pÅ Hcp XmÂ¡m-enI amÀ¤-am-bn-cn-¡Ww tIc-
f-¯n-tebpw `mc-X-¯n-tebpw ^yq¨-dnÌv {]Øm-\w.
Ah-km-\-ambn ^yq¨-dnÌv {]Øm\w tIc-f-I-e-Isf
F§s\ _m[n-¡p-sa-¶mWv tIkcn Npn-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶-Xv. tIc-
f-¯nse ^yq¨-dnÌv Ihn-IÄ anÌn-¡mb SmKq-dn-s\-tbm, \me-¸m-S-
t\-tbm, sdmamân-¡p-Im-c-\mb hÅ-t¯m-fn-t\tbm A\p-I-cn-
¡msX IÀ½-k-tµ-i-hm-l-I-\mb CIv_m-en-t\bpw ka-Im-enI
{]iv\-§sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn¨ Bim-t\bpw hmÄ]n-ävam-t\bpw (]m-
ÝmXy dnb-en-ÌnIv Ihn) amXr-I-bm-¡n-tb-¡mw. ^yq¨dnÌv \mSI
Ir¯p-¡Ä kwKo-X-\m-S-Ihpw Ncn-{X-\m-S-Ihpw Dt]-£n¨v KZy-\m-
S-I-§-fn-te¡v IS-¶p-h-cpw. B \S-I-§-fnÂ kv{XoI-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä
kv{XoIÄ Xs¶ Bbn-cn-¡pw. B \mS-·mÀ¡p kzmX{ýw e`n-
¡pw. t\mh-se-gp-¯p-ImÀ ^vfm_mÀ«nt\bpw tam¸-km-§n-t\bpw
amXr-I-bm-¡n-tb-¡mw. tIc-f-¯nÂ ^yq¨-dnÌp {]Øm-\-¯nsâ
Ipähpw Ipdhpw Adnªv AXv XpS-§m³ k¶-²-X-bp-ff bph-
km-ln-Xy-¡m-c-·msc kzmKXw sNbvXp sImv tIkcn Ah-km-
\n-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv. F¶mÂ ^yq¨-dn-k-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bm-\m-cw-`n¨v
tIkcn dnb-en-k-¯nÂ Xs¶-bmWv F¯n-t¨À¶Xv F¶p \ap¡v
ImWmw. kmt¦-XnIXtbmSpw kmaq-ly-hn-¹-h-t¯mSpw DÅ B`n-
ap-Jy-amhmw tIk-cnsb C¯-c-samcp sshcp-²y-¯nÂ sImp
sNs¶-¯n-¨Xv.
amXr-Im-tNm-Zy-§Ä
1. ^yq¨-dnÌv Ihn-I-fpsS \ne-]mSv Fs´¶v hyà-am-¡pI?
2. "tIc-f-I-e-Ifpw ^yq¨-dnÌv {]Øm-\hpw X½n-epÅ
_Ôs¯ tIkcn hne-bn-cp-¶Xv F{]-Im-c-am-Wv. hni-Zo-
I-cn-¡pI?
tUm. sI. `mkv¡-c³ \mbÀ (1913þ1982)

{]i-kvX-\mb imkv{X ]WvUn-X\pw imkv{Xm-[ym-]-I\pw
tImtfPv hnZym-`ymk Ub-d-IvS-dp-am-bn-cp¶ tUm.-sI.-`mkvIc³
\mbÀ kmlnXy¯nse [mÀ½nI aqey-§Ä hne-bn-cp-¯m³
{]tXyIw \n]p-WX {]ZÀin-¸n¨ \ncq-]-I-\m-Wv. kn.-hn.-cm-a³]n-
Å-bpsS kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ Ah-bpsS Ncn-{X-]-chpw Iem-k-¦-ev]-
\n-jvT-hp-amb ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ hne-bn-cp-¯n-bn-«p-v At±-lw.
`mkvI-c³\m-b-cpsS kmln-Xy-ho-£Ww ip²-I-em-hm-Z-¯nÂ
HXp§p-¶p. kmln-Xy-¯nsâ kuµ-cym-ßI LS-I-¯nÂ a\-kq-
¶nb A¡m-Z-aob kao-]-\-amWv At±-l-¯n-tâ-Xv. ssZh-\o-Xn¡p
Zm£n-Wya-n-Ã, Nn´m-XoÀ°w, [\y-hm-Zw, kwkvIm-c-tem-N\w XpS-
§n-b-h-bmWv At±-l-¯nsâ {][m-\-\n-cq-]W {KÙ-§Ä 'D]-lm-
c'-¯n\v 1971 se kmlnXy A¡m-Zan AhmÀUv e`n-¨p.
{][m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ
 am\-¯p-I-®n
 imkv{X-¯nsâ KXn
 ]pXp-a-bpsS temIw
 Ip«n-IÄ¡m-bpÅ {]mWn-tem-Iw
 imkv{X-Zo-]n-I
 {]IrXn ]mT-§Ä XpS-§n-b-h {][m-\-Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv.

hnjm-Ztam {]km-Ztam (I-ebpw Ime-hpw) tUm.-sI.-`m-kvI-c³
\mbÀ
C¡m-dn³\nc NqSn-Spw ae-bnepw XÕm-\p-hnÊm{µ-ambv
ap¡mepw Zfn-tX-{µ-\o-e-\n-d-am-bv¡mWpw h\wX¶nepw
F¶ hcn-I-fn-eqsS A\p-{K-loX Ihn-bmb {ioam³. Ip-än-
¸p-d¯v tIi-h³\m-bÀ tIc-f-¯nsâ DÄ¡m-¼ns\ Ing-¡³ ae-
I-fpsS t\À¡p ZWvU-\-\-a-kv¡mcw sN¿n-¡p-¶p. tIc-fo-b-cpsS
AI-f-¦n-X-amb "Nn·-b-I-em-kw-kvImc'amWv Ah-bnÂ {]Xn-_nw-
_n-¡p-¶-Xv. ae-I-tfmSpw ag-¡m-dn-t\mSpw alm-h-\-§-tfmSpw \ap-
¡pÅ ss\kÀ¤n-I-amb Cu {]Xn-]¯n IS-ep-I-S¶p h¶ ]mÝm-
Xy-kw-kvIm-c-¯nsâ {]Nm-c-¯n\p tij-amWv a§n-¯p-S-§n-b-Xv.
A¶p apXÂ¡mWv Bßo-bm-\p-`q-Xn-IÄ¡p thn \mw ]Sn-
ªm«p t\m¡n-¯p-S-§n-b-Xv. kap-{Z-¯nsâ hnim-e-Xbpw \oen-
abpw Xcw-K-]-c-¼-c-I-fpsS Xmfhpw Xc-f-Xbpw Nc-a-k-Ôy-bpsS
IZ\w Xpfp-¼p¶ I\-I-c-ivan-Ifpw H¶pw AXn\p ap¼p \s½
A{X-sbm¶pw BIÀjn-¨n-«n-Ã. Fs´-¶mÂ IS-ensâ aSn-bnÂIn-
S-¶n«pw \½psS amXr-`qan 'ae'\mSm-Wv, Ahn-Sps¯ `mj
"ae'bm×-bpw. GXm-bmepw tIc-fo-bÀ¡p kap-{Z-t¯mSv
sFXnlyw aptJ-\-bpÅ (]-c-ip-cm-a³ agp-sh-dnªv krjvSn¨
tIcfw F¶-Xv) adp_Ôw am{Xta DÅq-sh¶v ]d-tb-n-bn-cn-¡p-
¶p. \½psS ùXn-Ihpw Bßo-b-hp-amb Pohn-X-¯n\v AXv ]d-
b-¯¡ {]tNm-Z-\-sam¶pw \ÂIn-bn-«n-Ã. hmkvX-h-¯nÂ aebpw
ISepw Bßo-b-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâbpw kuµ-cy-ZÀi-\-¯n-sâbpw ]c-
kv]-c-`n-¶-§-fmb cp `mh-§-fpsS NnÓ-§-fm-Ip-¶p. H¶v
Btcm-Ky-s¯bpw atäXv tcmK-s¯bp-amWv DZm-l-cn-bv¡p-¶-Xv.
cnepw Bßo-b-k-¯-Ifpw kuµ-cy-hp-ap-v. ]t£ cn-ep-
apÅ DÅS¡w Htc PmXn-b-Ã. CXp-t]mse Xs¶-bmWv Ihn-X
Fgp-¯nsâ Imcyhpw. hr¯-§-fpsS hyXymkw sImv Htc
AÀ°s¯ DÄs¡m-Åp-¶h hyXn-cn-à-ambn \nÂ¡p-¶p. Ihn-

bpsS kzmX-{ý-¯n-\mWv {]m[m-\yw. C§-s\-bpÅ hyXym-k-
¯nsâ Imc-Ww Bßob iàn-bpsS IqSp-Xe - mWv F¶p ]d-bp-
¶p.
Bßo-b-amb cp `mh-§-fnÂ kzoI-cn-t¡--Xns\
kw_-Ôn¨v Hcp kwibw ht¶-¡mw. AXm-bXv kzmX-{ýmwiw
Ds-¶-Xnsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ \ap-¡-Xn\v XoÀ¸p IÂ¸n-¡m-hp-
¶-Xm-Wv. a\p-jysâ Bßm-hn\v Hcp kzbw-hc kmX{ýw
Ds¶v Xs¶-bmWv ImW-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. CsXm¶p am{X-amWv a\p-
jys\ a\p-jy-\m-¡p-¶-Xv. Xncy-¡p-I-fnÂ \n¶v DbÀ¯n \nÀ¯p-
¶-Xv. \mw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS ASn-a-b-sÃ¶pw Ah \½n-ep-f-hm-¡p¶
{]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä GsX-¶p-\n-Ý-bn-¡m-\pÅ Ignhv \ap-¡p-s¶pw
teJ-I³ ]d-bp-¶p. \½psS ]mc-¼-cyhpw ]cn-X-Øn-Xn-Ifpw C¯-
c-¯n-ep-Å-Xm-sW-¦nepw Ah-bpsS Ak-µn-Kv[-amb amÀ¤-\nÀt±-
is¯ CÃm-Xm¡n sImpÅ Hcp bm{X-bn-emWv \mw Hmtcm-cp-¯-
cp-sa¶p ]dªp sh¡p-¶p. CXnsâ sXfn-hmbn Imhy-tem-I-Po-
hn-X-amWv DZm-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Bim³ IhnX a\pjy lrZ-b-§-fnÂ
hnjm-Z-¯nsâ Icn-\oe XSm-I-§Ä Xpd-¡p-¶p sh¶m-bn-cp¶p
hnaÀi-\w. AXm-bXv hnjm-Zs¯ tZjy-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-
bmWv Chn-sS.
hoW-]q-hnsâ Ihn-Xm-i-I-e-¯nÂ I®o-scs\t¸mepw
hyÀ°-am-¡p¶ hnjmZw Pohn-X-¯n\pw Ihn-Xbv¡pw H¶p-
t]mse A]-IÀjw hcp-¯p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-sX¶pw Bimsâ
Cu Zp:tJm]m-k-\ At±-l-¯nsâ Ihn-X-bpsS amäp Ipd-bv¡p-
Ibpw Zpjn-¸n-¡p-I-bp-amWv sN¿p-¶-sX¶pw ]d-bp-¶p. hnjm-
Zhpw {]Xym-ibpw X½n-epÅ Hcp aÕcw Bimsâ IrXn-I-fnÂ
s\Sp-\osf ImWp-hm³ Ignbpw 'eoe'bpsS Ah-km-\-`m-K¯v
\ncm-iXp-fp-¼p-¶ At\Iw {]kvXm-h-\-IÄ Ds¶pw (hn-[n-
bn¶p Xr]vX-\m-bv, A\n-i-a-h-\n-KÀ`-amÀ¶p-Zn¸q', ]p\-c-\niw
hyY-bmÀ¶p t]mbve-bn-¸q) ]t£ AtXm-sSm¸w Xs¶ km´z-
\hpw At±lw \evIp-¶-Xmbn (hn-Zn-X-an-X-Yhm Nem-N-e-tXzw)
ImWpw. kwkm-c-N{Iw hnc-X-K-Xn-bm-bn-sÃ¶v At±lw tXmgnsb
kam-[m-\n-¸n-bv¡p-¶Xv kz]v\-¯n-emWv. AXn-\p-tijw 'GXp-tam-
cm-¯-t]mse' hnf-§nb IÀ½-km-£n-sb-¡p-dn¨pw Nqn-¡m-Wn-
¡p-¶p. F¦nepw hoW-]q-hnse t]mse {]]©w Zp:Jw sImp
\nd-ª-Xm-sW-¶-Ã, AXp bmsXm-¶p-a-dn-bp-¶n-sÃ¶pw Zp:Jhpw
hnjm-Z-hp-saÃmw \½p-tSXv am{X-am-sW¶p ]dªp sh¡p-¶p.

Bim³ XpS§n sh¨ Cu {]Øm-\s¯ ]n¶oSv h¶
Ihn-IÄ Hcp-Õ-h-ambn BtLm-jn-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.
Zp:Jhpw thZ-\bpw Hgn-hm-t¡--h-bm-sW¶pw kpJhpw
imńbpw B{K-ln-¡p-¶-XnÂ ]£m-´-c-¯n\v hI-bn-sÃ¶p ]d-
bmw. AXp-sIm-mWv Zp:Js¯-sImv DÕhw Ign-bv¡p¶
Ihn-IÄ icn-bmb amÀ¤-¯n-eÃ k©-cn-¡p-¶-sX¶v ]d-bp-¶Xv.
\Ã PohnXw \bn-¡p-¶-Xn\p kZm-Nm-c-hn-th-Iw. AXy-´m-t]-£n-
X-am-sW¶pw CXv Iem-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ Imcy-¯nepw ]c-amÀ°-am-
sW¶p ImWmw. ]t£AhnsS Cu hnthIw B²ym-ßn-I-amb
Hcp [À½-am-Ip-¶p. hmk-\-tbm-sSm¸w Cu hnth-I-i-ànbpw
]pjvSn-s¸-Sm-¯Xp sImmWv \½psS B[p-\n-I-bp-h-I-hn-IÄ
I®oÀ¡-SÂ krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ah-cpsS IrXn-IÄ klr-Z-bsâ
lrZ-bs¯ BIÀjn-bv¡s¶-¦nepw AXn\v kpJtam imńtbm
\ÂIp-¶n-Ã.
ae-bm-f-I-hn-X-bpsS hnjm-Z-ß-I-Xz-¯n-te-bv¡pÅ Cu
{]bmWw aäp-Å-h-cpsS ZrjvSn-bnÂ \nÊm-c-sa¶p tXm¶n-tb-¡m-
hp-¶-Xm-sW-¦nepw F\n¡v ZpÊ-l-am-bn-«mWv A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶-
sX¶v `mkvI-c³\m-bÀ hyà-am-¡p-¶p. `mjm-km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ
Cu `mKy-tZmjw Hs«m-¶p{i-an¨p XpS-§n-b-t¸m-gmWv CXp-t]m-se-
X-s¶tbm CXnÂ IqSp-Xtem hnI-eX IeÀ¶ asämcp {]Øm\w
(amÀIvkn-kw) cwK-{]-th-i\w sNbvX-Xv. CXnsâ ]pd-¸mSv KZy-
¯n-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Ihn-Xm-{]-Øm\w Bßo-b-amb Zmcn-{Zy-s¯bpw
Zo\-X-sb-bp-amWv Bhn-jvI-cn-¨-sX-¦nÂ CXv ùXn-Ihpw imco-cn-I-
hp-amb IjvS-¸m-Sp-I-sfbpw hr¯n-tI-Sp-I-sf-bp-amWv Fgp-¶-Ån-
bv¡p-¶-Xv. Rm\o kn²m-´s¯ FXnÀ¡p-I-bÃ F¶pw a\p-jy-
Xz-s¯bpw tIc-f-¯nsâ ]cn-X-Øn-Xn-I-sfbpw Ipdn¨v BIp-e-X-
s¸-Sp-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-sX¶pw teJ-I³ ]d-ªp-sh-bv¡p-¶p.
\½psS Zp:J§Ä ùXn-I-§-fm-Wv, kpJ-§Ä Bßo-b-§-
fpw, BZÀi-¯n\p thn-bÃ Blm-c-¯n\p thn-bmWv \mw
]mSp-s]-tS-n-bn-cn-bv¡p-¶-Xv. AXp-sImv kmlnXyw hnjm-Zm-ß-
I-X-bn-te-¡mtWm \s½ \bn-t¡--Xv. ae-\m-Snsâ am\k
km{amPyw atlm-¶X ]ucp-j-§-fmb ae-\n-c-I-fpsS alna {]`m-
h-¯mÂ \nd-bs« F¶pw Bßo-tbmÂ¡Àj-¯nsâ iywK-`w-Kn-
IÄ \½psS {]k-¶-X-Isf DWÀ¯pam-dm-I-s«. a¡Ä¡v hgn
sXfn-bv¡p-hm³ amXr-`qan sImfp¯n ]nSn-bv¡p¶ IqÀ¯ ]´-
¯nÂ \½psS Zpcn-X-k-©bw s]mSn-s]m-Sn-bmbn Fcn-ªn-Ãm-Xm-I-
s«.
Npcp-¡-¯nÂ hnjm-Zm-ß-I-amb temI-¯n\v \½psS Pohn-
X-¯nÂ Øm\-an-sÃ¶ ImgvN-¸m-Sns\ kmlnXyw sImv Dd-¸n¨v
\nÀ¯p-I-bmWv `mkvI-c³ \mbÀ.
amXr-Im-tNm-Zy-§Ä
1. a\p-jy-Xz-s¯bpw tIc-f-¯nsâ ]cn-XØn-Xn-I-sfbpw
Ipdn¨v DÂI-WvT-s¸-Sp-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. Cu ]cm-
aÀis¯ `mkvI-c³ \mb-cpsS teJ-\-¯nsâ shfn-¨-
¯nÂ hni-I-e\w sN¿pI?
2. Bim³ IhnX a\pjylr-Z-b-§-fnÂ hnjm-Z-¯nsâ
temIw Xpd¶p sh¡p¶p F¶ Is-¯-ense HuNn-Xy-
A\uNn-Xy-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI?.
tPmk^v ap-tÈcn (1903þ1977)

ae-bmf \ncq-]-W-¯nsâ cmw ]mZs¯ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-
¡p¶ Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\mWv tPmk^v ap-tÈ-cn. kmln-Xy-]-©m-
\\sâ IcpWm \ncq-]-Ws¯ hnaÀin¨p sImv 1938 Â Fgp-
Xnb ‘IcpWm \ncq-]-W-t¯m-sS-bmWv ap-tÈcn \ncq-]-W-cw-K-
t¯¡v {]th-in-¡p-¶Xv. cmjv{Sob Nn´-I³, \nb-a-k-`m-k-am-Pn-
I³ F¶n-§s\ Adn-b-s¸« ap-tÈcn BZys¯ tIc-f-a-{ń-k-`-
bnse hnZym-`ymk a{ń-bm-bn-cp-¶p. sIm¨n kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bpsS
sshkvNm³k-e-dm-bn-cp¶ Ct±lw {]ikvX hnZym-`ym-k-Nn-´-I³
IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. IrXn-I-fnse kmt¦-XnI LS-I-§Ä¡Ã adn¨v
Ah-bnÂ DÄt¨À¶n-cn-¡p¶ Pohn-X-aq-ey-§Ä¡mWv ap-tÈcn
{]m[m\yw \ÂIn-b-Xv. AXn-eqsS kmln-Xy-Im-csâ kmwkvIm-cnI
ZuXy-¯n\v Du¶Â sImSp-¯p-sImv kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi-\-¯nsâ
KXnsb kmaq-l-\n-jvT-am-¡n-¯oÀ¯p ap-tÈ-cn.
{][m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ
 am\-Z-WvUw
 amsäm-en
 Imhy-]o-Tn-I
 \mS-Im-´w
 Ihn-Xzw
 cq]`{Z-X
 hmb-\-imebnÂ (3 `mK§Ä)
 {]bmWw A´-co-£w
 cmP-cm-Psâ amsämen
 a\p-jy-I-Ym-\p-Km-bn-IÄ
 Bim³ Ihn-X
 hÅ-t¯mÄ Ihn-X
 Icn-ńcn ssI\-\-bmsX ao³ ]nSn-¡mtam
F¶nh apJy-Ir-Xn-IÄ.
Imfn-Zm-k\pw Ime-¯nsâ Zmk³ (Im-e-¯nsâ I®m-Sn)
ap-tÈcn
Imew F§-s\-bmWv kmln-Xy-t¯-bpw, Fgp-¯n-t\bpw
kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶-sX¶ Nn´-bmWv {][m-\-ambpw Imfn-Zm-k\pw
Ime-¯nsâ Zmk³ F¶ teJ-\-¯n-eqsS ap-tÈcn hyà-am-¡p-
¶-Xv. Ihn kmaq-ly-Po-hn-bmWv AsÃ-¦nÂ kmln-Xy-Im-c³ kmaq-
ly-Po-hn-bm-Wv, Fs¶m-s¡-¸-d-bp-t¼mÄ ]ecpw t£m`n-¡m-dp-v.
C¶p-hsc kmln-Xy-¯nsâ A[n-Im-cn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶-hÀ hnti-jn-
¨pw. Ah-cpsS kz`mhw C¶p-hsc Dm-bn-«pÅ Ihn-I-fn-emcpw
Xs¶ A§-s\-bm-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ-¶m-Wv. \½psS kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-
fnÂ Gähpw {][m-\-s¸-«-sX¶v ]d-bm-hp¶ IrXn-I-sfÃmw Xs¶
]gb Ime-¯n-tâ-Xm-Wv. Fgp-X-s¸« Ime-¯nsâ kmaq-ly-kw-
kvIm-c-§Ä Ah-bnÂ kzm[o\w sNep-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. kmaq-ly-
kw-kvIm-c-§Ä¡v Fgp¯p-Im-cpsS hnizm-k-§fpw A`n-{]m-b-§-
fnepw IS¶p sNÃm³ Ign-ªn-«ptm F¶pff At\z-j-W-¯n-
emWv Ime-¯nsâ ZmÀi-\n-IX sXfnªp ImWp-¶-Xv. AXm-bXv
Hmtcm cN-bn-Xm-¡fpw X§Ä Pohn¨ Ime-¯nsâ kmaq-ly-kw-

kvIm-c-¯n\v ASn-a-I-fm-bn-¯oÀ¶n-cn¡mw F¶ Imcy-¯nÂ kwi-
b-an-Ã. temtIm-¯-c-Ir-Xn-Ifn-sem-¶mb Imfn-Zm-ksâ imIp-´fw
IYsb BWv ChnsS ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶-Xv.
]pI-aq-Snb Imev]-\nI temI-¯nse Aam-\p-j-I-§-fmb
Pohn-X-aq-ey-§-sf-¡m-fp-a-[nIw \Ã shfn-¨¯p ]mc-
amÀ°nItemI-¯nse am\p-jn-I-§-fmb Pohn-X-aq-ey-§sf
Nn«s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bmWv iIp-´-tfm-]m-Jym\ IÀ¯m-hnsâ {][m-\-e-
£yw. ]pcp-jsâ tkzÑm-Nm-cn-Xzhpw A[n-\m-b-I-Xz-Imw-£bpw
km[q-I-cn-¡mt\m kv{XobpsS kzX-kn-²-amb Xtâ-Shpw Ah-Im-
i-t_m-[hpw Akm-[p-hm¡n Ahsf shdp-samcp ImgvN-¸--am-¡p-
hmt\m B Ihn Iq«m-¡n-bn-Ã. A¯-c-samcp \ne-]m-SnÂ \n¶v
Fgp-Xm³ k½-Xn-¡m-s¯mcp ]cn-X-ØnXn A¶p-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ãm-
bn-cn-¡mw.
DZm-¯-amb t{]a-¯nsâ AsÃ-¦nÂ XymK-¯nsâ krjvSn
F¶ \ne-bnÂ And-b-s¸-Sp¶ IrXn-bmWv Imfn-Zm-ksâ imIp-´-
fw. KotY sXm«v SmtKmÀ hsc-bpÅ ]ecpw Imfn-Zm-k-Ir-Xn-sb-
¡p-dn¨v A`n-{]mbw hyà-am-¡n-bn-«p-f-f-h-cm-Wv. De-bnÂsh-¨q-Xn-
sb-Sp¯ X\n-s¸m-¶mb {]W-b-amWv CXnse {]Xn-]m-Zy-sa¶v ]d-
bp-¶Xv icn-bÃ F¶pw hymk-`m-cX iIp-´-tfm-]m-Jym-\-¯nse
iIp-´-f-bÃ Imfn-Zm-ksâ iIp-´f F¶pw ap-tÈcn ]dªp
shbv¡p-¶p. hymk-a-lm-`m-c-X-I-Ybpw Imfn-Zm-ksâ cN-\bpw
F§s\ hyXym-k-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p F¶pw AXv Ime-L-«¯nse
Fgp-¯nsâ amä-§sf F§-s\-bmWv DÄs¡mv apt¶-td--
sX¶pw hyà-am-¡p¶p ap-tÈcn Xsâ ]T-\-¯n-eqsS.
F®w ]dª alm-Im-hy-§-fnepw \mS-I-§-fnepw Ah-
bpsS {]Xn-]m-Zy-ambn hcp¶ aqey-§sf H¯p-t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ
Imen-I-amb ZÀi-\-§Ä Ah-bn-se-Ãm-ap-v F¶v ]d-ªp-sIm-
mWv ap-tÈcn Cu hnaÀi-\-¯n-te¡v IS-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu
IYsb AXnsâ auen-tIm-t±-iy-§sf Ah-K-Wn¨p sImv F¶p-
Xs¶ ]d-bs« Imfn-Zm-k³ X\n-¡-`n-a-X-amb Hcp {]W-bm-ZÀi-¯n-
¶p-X-Ip¶ a«nÂ kwkvI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. kwkm-cn-IXzw
AYhm KmÀl-Øyw, {]kw-Kn¨ Hcp Ihn-bm-WtÃm Imfn-Zm-k³.
B KmÀl-Øym-ZÀi-¯nsâ Gähpw anI¨ {]I-S-\-]-{Xn-I-bm-bn-
«mhmw At±lw imIp-´f IYsb C§s\ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨-Xv. Imfn-
Zm-k³ ka-\n-e-bnÂ \n¶n-cp¶ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ {XmÊnÂ
]pcp-j-tâbpw kv{Xobp-tSbpw X«p-IÄ-taepw Iogp-am¡n¡fªp.
AXn\p Imc-W-am-¡n-btXm ZpÀhm-km-hnsâ im]-t¯-bpw.
ZpÀhm-kmhv i]n-¡p-¶Xv Zpjy-´-s\-bÃ iIp-´-f-bv¡v. F¶n-«-
Xnsâ {]Xym-Lm-X-ambn ]qÀÆ-I-Y-IÄ \ntÈjw hnkva-cn¨p
t]mhp-I-bmÂ Zpjy-´\p iIp-´-fsb A[À½òXn \nan¯w \nc-
kn-t¡--Xmbn h¶-Xmbn Iev]n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. \nc-k\w Gähpw
Zb-\o-b-am-Wv. CXnÂ¸cw Hcp bpàn hntcm[w Fhn-sS ImWpw?.
cmPm-hns\ \Ã-h-\m-¡n-¯oÀ¡m-\pÅ {ia-amWv Imfn-Zm-k³
ChnsS \S-¯p-¶-Xv. t\sc adn-s¨mcp Nn{Xw hc-bv¡m³ \ne-hn-
en-cp¶ cmP-\oXn \nÝ-b-ambpw At±ls¯ A\p-h-Zn-¨n-cn-¡-bn-Ã.
CXnsâ AÀ°w £{Xn-bm-[n-jvTn-X-amb A¶s¯ kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-
bmWv Imfn-Zm-ksâ XqenIbnÂ ajn-sbm-gn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv F¶m-Wv.
t`mP-cm-Pm-hnsâ kZ-knse tIÄhn-t¡« Ihnbv¡v C{]-Im-cta
Fgp-Xm³ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p-Åq.
kv{Xo]-£-¯n-te¡p IS-¡p-t¼m-gmWv Imfn-Zm-ks\ \nb-
{ń¨ kmaq-ly-i-àn-bpsS hniz-cq]w ImWm-dm-hp-¶-Xv. ZpÀÆm-km-
hnsâ im]w sXm«v FÃm sISp-Xn-Ifpw Ihn iIp-´fbv¡mbn
\o¡n shbv¡p-¶p. IY-bn-e-t§m-f-an-t§mfw Cu ]X-\-¯n-te-
¡n-d-¡n-s¡-«-s¸-«-Xp-sImv iIp-´f Imfn-Zm-ksâ IYm-]m-{X-§-
fnÂ sh¨v Gähpw klm-\p-`q-Xn-bÀln-¡p¶ H¶mbn¯oÀ¶n-cn-
¡p-¶p. ]pcp-jsâ ap¼nÂ Xe-bp-bÀ¯n-¸n-Sn¨p Xpey-amb
hyànXzw Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sm³ aXn-bmb alm-`m-c-¯nse iIp-´f
Imfn-Zmksâ I¿nÂ IWzm-{i-a-¯nse am³t]-S-tb-¡mÄ IqSp-
XÂ A_-e-bpw \nÊ-lmbbpam-bn-t¸m-bn. Cuiz-c-s\-t¸mepw
]pÃnw-K-¯n-em-¡n-bn-«pÅ ]pcp-j-s\s¡mp kv{Xosb Xsâ D]-
t`mKy hn`h§-fnÂ H¶mbn sh«n-¡p-d-¸n¨ B kmaqly\oXn-
bpsS krjvSn-bmWv Imfn-Zm-ksâ iIp-´-f.
Ccp-I-Ym-K-Xn-I-fnepw {it²-b-ambn asäm-¶p-v. alm-`m-c-
¯nse Zpjy-´³ iIp-´-fsb \nc-kn-¡p-¶Xv P\-§sf t]Sn-¨m-
Wv. alm-`m-c-¯nse Zpjy-´³ \m«p-Im-tcm-Sp-¯-c-hm-Z-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-
t¼mÄ Imfn-Zm-ksâ Zpjy-´³ Xt¶mSpXs¶ D¯-c-hm-Z-s¸-«n-cn-
¡p-¶p. Npcp¡n¸d-ªmÂ {]mNo\ Ihn-Ifpw Ah-c-h-cpsS Ime-
¯nsâ ssIbnÂ Gsd-Ipsd Ifn-¸-´p-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. ka-Im-enI
kmaq-ly-a-cym-Z-I-fpsS ]nSn-bnÂ \n¶p IpX-dn-¨m-Sp-hm³ A{X-
sbm¶pw AhÀ¡p km[n-¨n-«n-Ã.
Imfn-Zm-k³ F§-s\-bmWv Xsâ Ime-L-«-¯nsâ Zmk-\m-
bn-¯oÀ¶Xv F¶mWv ap-tÈcn Cu hnaÀi-\-¯n-eqsS hyà-
am-¡p-¶-Xv. Ihn kmaq-ly-Po-hn-bmWv F¶ hmIyw D²-cn¨p
sImm-W-Xns\ hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv. Ime-¯nsâ apt¶m-«pÅ
{]bm-W-¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨v AXnsâ Awi-§-sf-sbÃmw Xs¶ Fgp-
¯p-Im-c³ kzoI-cn-¡p-¶Xv kzm`m-hn-I-am-sW¶pw aptÈcn ]d-
bp-¶p. Ime-¯nsâ kzm[o\w kmln-Xy-Im-cs\ F{]Imc-am-Wv
kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶Xv F¶-Xn\v anI¨ DZm-l-c-W-amWv Imfn-Zm-ksâ
iIp-´f F¶v A]-{K-Y-\-amWv Imfn-Zm-k³ Ime-¯nsâ Zmk³
F¶ ]T-\-¯n-eqsS a-tÈcn \S-¯p-¶-Xv.
amXr-Im-tNm-Zy-§Ä
1. Imfn-Zm-k³ Ime-¯nsâ Zmk³ F¶ \nco-£-Ws¯
hnaÀi-\m-ß-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-¯pI
2. kv{Xo ]pcpj kmaq-ly-Øn-Xnsb Imfn-Zm-k³ Ah-X-cn-¸n-
¡p-¶-sX-§s\?

samUyp-Ä þ 3
sI.-F³.-F-gp-¯-Ñ³ (1911þ1981)
1911 sabv 21 \v sI. \mcm-b-W³ Fgp-¯-Ñ³ sNÀ¸p-Å-tÈ-
cn-bnÂ P\n-¨p. BZyw kvIqÄ A[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p. XpSÀ¶v aZn-
cmin kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bnÂ ae-bmfw hn`m-K-¯nÂ A[ym-]-I-\m-bn.
AKm-[-]m-WvUn-Xyhpw DÖz-e-{]-Xn-`bpw ]ptcm-K-a\ Nn´bpw
sImv ae-bmf kmln-Xys¯ {]Zo-]vX-am-¡nb kuay-\mb [nj-
Wm-im-en-bmWv tUm.-sI.-F³.-F-gp-¯-Ñ³. kmln-Xys¯ kmaq-
lnI ]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ hne-bn-cp-¯-W-sa¶ imkv{Xob ho£Ww
]n³Xp-SÀ¶ hnaÀi-I-\mWv At±-lw. ip²-I-em-hm-Zs¯ AwKo-
I-cn-¡m¯ Fgp-¯-Ñ³ kmln-Xy-¯nsâ kmaq-ln-Ihpw
kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb e£y-§Ä Ft¸mgpw DbÀ¯n-¡m-«p-¶p.
amÀIvknÌv kmln-Xy-ZÀi-\-¯nsâ Bg-§-fnÂ IS¶p sN¶
At±lw AXnÂ \n¶mÀPn¨ {]mtbm-KnI Úm\w ]ptcm-K-a\
kmln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-¯nsâ hfÀ¨-bv¡mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-¨p. `mc-
Xob Imhy-imkv{X kn²m-´-§Ä amÀIvkn-b³ Iem-kn-²m-´-
§Ä amÀIvknb³ Iem-kn-²m-´-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n kmln-
Xy-hn-aÀi-\-¯n\v ]pXnb Nmep-Xp-d-¡m³ At\zjWXn-c-X-\mb
Fgp-¯-Ñ³ k¶-²-\m-bn. kwkvIr-X-]-WvUn-X-\mb At±lw
sshZnI kmln-Xy-¯nsâ A´:k¯ I-dn-bp-Ibpw AXnsâ
am\-hn-I-a-lXzw kaq-l-\n-jvT-amb ImgvN-¸m-SnÂ ]p\À\nÀ®-bn-
¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1981 HIvtSm-_À 28 \v tImgn-t¡mSv kÀÆ-I-em-
ime sk\äv lmfnÂ sNdp-ImSv ]pc-kvImcw k½m-\n¨ tijw
{]kw-Kn-¡-th, thZn-bnÂ A´-cn-¨p.
{][m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ
 IXnÀ¡p-e
 Inc-W-§Ä
 Cebpw thcpw
 Dgp-X-\n-e-§Ä

 Zo]-am-e
 kao-£
 Ggn-ew-]m-e
 ap¯pw ]hn-ghpw
XpS-§n-bh \ncq-]-W-{K-Ù-§Ä. Fgp-¯p-Ñsâ teJ\§Ä kam-
l-cn¨v 2 hmey-§-fmbn tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Zan {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-
«p-v.
]pc-t£-]W Ie þ sI.-F³. Fgp-¯-Ñ³
ca-Wo-bmÀ°-§-fmb i_vZmÀ°-§-fpsS IqSn-t¨-c-en-s\-
bmWv kmln-Xy-]Zw sImv \mw AÀ°-am-¡p-¶-Xv. hym]-I-amb
AÀ°-¯nÂ kmln-Xy-]Zw F¶Xv kI-e-hn[ i_vZmÀ°-§-
tfbpw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. th coXn-bnÂ D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp¶
i_vZw Bßm-hnÂ a[p-c-§-fmb hnIm-c-hn-Im-c-§sf krjvSn-s¨-
Sp-¡p-¶p. C§s\ kmln-Xy-¯nÂ Ihn-lrZw kzIo-b-hn-Im-c-hn-
Nm-c-§-fmÂ {]I-S-amb B\-µs¯ DÄs¡m-Åp-¶p. {]]-©-
¯nÂ Aenªv B\µab-am-bn-¯o-cp¶ Ihn-lr-Zbw kzIob
hnNm-c-§sf i_vZ-§Ä hgn¡v ]pd-¯p-hn-Sp-¶p. Ie-I-sfÃmw
Xs¶ \ndªXn\p tij-apff Hcp Hgp-¡m-sW¶v almIhn
SmtKmÀ ]d-bp-¶p.A§s\ Ie-Ifpw kmln-Xyhpw `mjsb kuµ-
cy-{]-Im-i-I-§-fmb Xe-¯n-te¡v sImp hcp-¶p. slKÂ apX-
emb ]mÝm-Xy-Nn-´-I-·mÀ Ie-Isf aqÀ¯-sa¶pw AaqÀ¯-
sa¶pw cmbn Xncn-¡p-¶p. [z\ym-ß-Ihpw AtXm-sSm¸w hÀ®m-
ß-I-hp-amb kmlnXyw Htc-k-a-b¯p Xs¶ aqÀ¯hpw AaqÀ¯-
hp-ambn Xocp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. {]IvX-\Xzw sImv t\m¡n-bmÂ
[z\n-{]-[m-\-amb kwKo-X-I-e-bmWv AÀ°-{]-[m-\-amb kmlnXy
Ie-tb-¡mÄ {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶-Xv. kmlnXyw Hcp Ie-bm-sW-
¶pÅ hmZw ]mÝm-Xy-ho-£-W-K-Xnsb Ah-ew-_n-¨p-f-f-Xm-Wv.
]mÝm-Xyhpw ]uc-kvXy-hp-amb Iem-km-ln-Xy-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n-
¡p¶ ho£WKXn hyXym-k-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. AXm-bXv ]mÝm-
XyÀ kpJZp:J§-sfbpw kzÀ¤-\-c-I-§-tfbpw hc-¨n«pw apdn¨pw
\nÀ¯p-t¼mÄ `mc-Xo-bÀ Ah cpw \nXy-§-sf-sÃ¶pw tIh-e-
amb Hcp k¯tb imiz-X-am-bn-«p-Åq-sh¶v kn²mń-¡p-¶p.

kmln-Xy-¯nsâ Dev]-¯n-Øm\w A\p-`-hn-¨-Xns\ ]pd-
¯-dn-bn-¸m-\pÅ a\p-jysâ P·-kn-²-amb hmk-\-bm-Ip-¶p. Iem-
k-l-P-amb Ir{Xn-a-Xzw, A\p-`-h-§sf ]pd¯p {]Im-in-¸n-¡m³
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ i_vZ-k-aq-ls¯ Ah-ew-_n-¡p-t¼m-gmWv AXn-
\pmIp-¶-Xv. A\p-`-hm-ß-Ihpw {]Im-i-\m-ß-Ihpw Bb cmw
`mh-§Ä kmln-Xy-¯n-\p-Å-XnÂ kq£-cq-]-amb BZy-t¯-Xn-eÃ
Øqe-cq-]-amb cm-a-t¯-Xn-emWv IemXzw ØnXn sN¿p-¶-Xv.
Ihn-IÄ hyàn-Xzs¯ ad¶v temI-¯nsâ I®p-sImv ImWp-
Ibpw temI-¯nsâ lrZbw sImv Nnń-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p
F¶v Fta-gvk³ ]d-bp-¶p-v. C{]-Imcw hnti-jmw-is¯ hn«v
kmam-\ymw-is¯ km£m-XvI-cn-¡m-\pÅ iàn-bmWv `mh-\.
]mÝm-Xy-a\: imkv{X-¯nÂ `mh-\sb s]mXp-hnÂ krjvSn-]-c-
sa¶pw A\p-I-c-W-]-c-sa¶pw (Prodactive and Reproductive
Imagination) cmbn Xncn-¡p-¶p. CXnÂ BZy-t¯Xv `mh-\m-
]Zw sImpw cmat¯Xns\ kvarXn-]Zw sImpw hyh-l-cn¨p
hcp-¶p. A\p-`q-X-]-ZmÀ°s¯ F{Xtbm aS§v hep-Xm-¡nbpw
cq]w amänbpw sImp hcp¶ a\:iàn-hn-ti-j-amWv `mh-\.
kvarXn-sb-¶Xv tIhew A\p-`-hn-¨-Xns\ apgp-h-\mbn ]IÀ¯n-Im-
Wn-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. Bi-b-§fpw BZÀi-§fpw `mh-\m-
tem-I-¯n-emWv DÛ-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. imkv{X-Im-c-·mÀ¡v `mh\ Bh-
iy-am-sW-¦nepw Ah-cpsS {]hÀ¯\ Øew AXy´w Pm{K-X-tb-
dnb H¶mWv. \á-§-fmb bmYmÀ°y-§-tfm-SmWv AhÀ¡-[nIw
CS-s]-tSn hcp-¶-Xv. Iem-Im-csâ kpµ-c-temIw Hcp Ne-¨n-{X-
ime t]mse kz]v\-a-b-am-Ip-¶p. `mh-\m-iàn Chn-sS-bmWv
A[nIw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. Iem-Im-csâ `mh-\-tI-hew DOyw-
JeKXn-bm-Wv. AXv aWÂ¯-cn-bnepw IqSn kzÀ¤w \nÀ½n-¡p-
¶p. aªp-Xp-Ån-bnÂ cXv\w ImWp-¶p. Imhy-I-esb \nb-Xn-
IrX \nbaclnXam¡n-¯oÀ¡p-¶Xv Cu `mh-\m-i-àn-b-ÃmsX
asäm-¶p-aÃ CXnsâ klm-b-t¯mSp IqSn Hcp \ho\ kpµ-c-
temIw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶p.
kmln-Xy-I-e-bpsS Bßmhv {]i-kvX-§-fmb kq£-am-\p-
`-h-§-fm-sW-¦nÂ AXnsâ icocw a[p-c-apÅ i_vZmÀ°-§-fm-Ip-
¶p. AXn-eqsS KpW-kmayw IqSn tNÀ¶mÂ a[p-c-i_vZw tZymX-
I-ambn Xs¶ Ccn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. Bib {]Im-i-I-amb `mj-bpsS
Bibw Ae-¦m-c-§-fpsS B[n-Iy-a-Ã, kao-No-\-Xz-amWv Imhy-`w-
Knsb t]mjn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. \oc-k-Ir-Xn-bnÂ DÄt¨À¶ i_vZm-e-
¦m-c-§Ä hkv{Xmw-Uw-_-c-§-fm-Ip-¶p. Hcp bYmÀ° Iem-
krjvSn bmsXmcp bpàn-]-c-amb am\-Z-WvU-¯n\pw hnt[-b-aÃ
F¶ X¯zw Ae-¦mc-¯n-\pthn-bÃ IhnX F¶ hmkvX-
hs¯ {]Imin-¸n-¡p-¶p. \ho-\-Xzhpw sshNn-{Xyhpw kzmX-
{ýhpw aäpw kmln-Xy-I-e-I-fpsS A`n-hr-²n¡v D¯-a-§-fm-Wv,
kXy-]-Im-i-§-fmb Ie-I-fnÂ A{K-Øm-\o-b-amWv kmlnXyw.
C§s\ ]d-bp-t¼mÄ Iem-]-c-amb kXy-¯nsâ kmt¦-Xn-
ImÀ°w hyà-am-t¡-Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv. imkv{Xo-b-amb
kXyhpw Iem-]-c-amb kXyhpw X½nÂ Iptd hyXym-k-ap-
s¶pw BZy-t¯Xv {]m[mt\y\ Bt]-£n-Ihpw atäXv tIh-e-
hp-am-Wv. Npcp-¡-¯nÂ Hcp hkvXp At\z-jn-¡p-t¼mÄ B
hkvXp X\n¡v F§s\ lrZy-am-bn-¯o-cp¶psh¶mWv Iem-Im-
csâ At\z-j-Ww. HcmÄ amwk-¯nÂ \n¶v AØn-bn-te¡v
{]th-in-¡p-¶p. atä-bmÄ AØn-¡-j-W-§-fnÂ amwkw sh¨p
]nSn-¸n¨v Hcp kpµ-c-cq]w krjvSn-¡p-¶p. hmkvX-h-¯nÂ Úm\-
aÃ A\p-`q-Xn-bmWv kpJ-¯n\v Imc-Ww. {]]©w F§s\
krjvSn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p F¶-Xn\v adp]Sn ImWp-¶-Xn-eÃ AXv
km[m-c-W-cmb a\p-jysc (\-½-sf) F§-s\-sbÃmw BIÀjn-¡p-
¶p-sh¶v t\m¡p-¶-Xn-emWv a\p-jy-cpsS {i²-tI-{µo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
Ie-bpsS Dt±-iys¯ kw_-Ôn¨v hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-§Ä \ne-
\nÂ¡p-¶p-v. B[p-\nI \ncq-]-I-cnÂ aq¶p Xcw A`n-{]m-b-§-
fmWv \ne-hn-ep-f-f-Xv. Ie Ie-bv¡p thn¯s¶-sb-¶pw-A-Xn-\-
¸pdw AXn\v bmsXm¶pw sNt¿--Xn-sÃ¶pw Hcp Iq«À hmZn-¡p-
¶p. asämcp Iq«À sXmgn-em-fn-tbbpw apX-em-fn-tbbpw ]«n-Wn-
tbbpw ]mc-X-{ý-t¯bpw Nqn-Im-Wn¨v Ie kmap-Zm-bn-Ihpw
cmjv{So-b-hp-amb ]cn-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡p-]-tbm-K-s¸-S-W-sa¶v ]d-bp-
¶p. aq¶m-as¯ Iq«À Bßob kwkvIm-c-t¯bpw a\p-jy-Xz-
t¯bpw ap³\nÀ¯n hmZw \S-¯p-¶-h-cmWv bYmÀ°-¯nÂ Cu
aq¶v A`n-{]m-b-¡m-cpw. hyàn-]-cw, kmap-Zm-bn-Iw, Bßobw
F¶v aq¶v D]m-[n-I-fn-eqsS Cu X¯z-¯nsâ aq¶-hkvYIsf
Nqn-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p. Dev]-¯nsb Ah-ew-_n¨v Ie Iebv¡p
thn Xs¶ F¶ hmZs¯ AwKo-I-cn-¡mw. Ie Iebv¡p
thn DÛ-hn-¨p. AXn\p thn Xs¶ Pohn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
a\p-jysâ Bßo-b-kw-kvIm-cs¯ {]Im-in-¸n-¡p¶ kmln-Xy-
amWv \in-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bpÅq F¶pw AXv Imhy-¯nse
Nn´bv¡v al-\ob Øm\w hcp-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. \ho-\-Im-
e-¯nse BZÀi-hm-Zn-I-fmb Iem-hn-aÀi-I-·m-cnÂ A{K-K-Wy-
\mb tSmÄtÌmbv Hcp Imhy-¯nsâ lrZ-bm-hÀÖ-I-amb
kmaÀ°yw \nÂIp-¶Xv {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ at\m-`-h-¯nsâ
ip²n, Bi-b§fpsS kv]jv-S-X, Ihn-bpsS lrZ-b-ss\Àaeyw
F¶o aq¶p X¯z-§-fnÂta-emWv F¶v kn²m-ń-I-s¸-Sp-¶p.
kpkw-kvIr-X-amb Ihn-lr-Z-b-¯nÂ \n¶v ]pd-s¸-Sp¶ ktN-X-\-
amb kwkvIm-c-{]-hmlw Ime-tZ-i-§sf AXn-ew-Ln¨v hn`n-¶-Pm-
Xn-I-tfbpw hn`n¶ aX-§-tfbpw Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶p. hniz-¯nsâ
{]Im-i-]qÀ®amb Pohn-X-hp-ambn km£mÂ¡mcw k¼m-Zn-¡p-
hm³ bmsXm¶p]I-cn-¡p-¶pthm AXmWv AXypÂIr-jvS-amb
Ihn-X F¶v tPm¬takvôÂUpw kXy-¯nsâ Ømbn-bm-bn-«p-
ff cq]w ImWp-hm³ km[n-¡p¶ Xc-¯n-epÅ Pohn-X-¯nsâ
hmkvX-h-Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-amWv IhnX F¶v sjÃnbpw ]d-bp-¶p.
Npcp-¡-¯nÂ kwkv¡mc hnI-kz-c-amb a\p-jy-Xz-¯nsâ k\m-X-
\-ku-µcyw a\p-jy-{]-]-©-¯nÂ IqSn F§s\ {]Xn-^-en-¡p-¶p-
sh¶v t\m¡p-hn³ F¶Xv alm-I-hn-I-fpsS kpµ-c-k-tµ-i-§-fm-
Ip-¶p.
amXrIm tNmZy-§Ä
1. kXy-{]-Im-i-§-fmb Ie-I-fnÂ A{K-Ø-Wo-b-amWv
kmln-Xyw. sI.-F³.-F-gp-¯-Ñsâ "]pc-t£-]-W-Ie'sb
ap³\nÀ¯n hne-bn-cp-¯p-I.
2. Ie Ie-bv¡p-thn F¶ hmZs¯ GXp coXn-bn-emWv
Cu teJ-\-¯nÂ hyà-am-¡p-¶Xv?
Fw eoem-hXn (1929 þ
Ip«n-Ir-jvW-am-cmÀ hnI-kn-¸n-s¨Sp¯ Imhy\ncq-]W
kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ A´:ssNX\yw Gäp-hm§n kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-
¯nÂ bpàn-]qÀÆ-amb A]-{K-Y-\-¯nsâ ]mX Xpd¶p X¶
{]ikvX \ncq-]-I-bmWv tUm.-Fw.-eo-em-h-Xn. tImtfPv A[ym-]-I-
bm-bn-cp-¶p. 1929 sk]väw-_À 16 \v Kpcp-hm-bq-cnÂ BWv P\-\w.
]mÝmXy ]uckvXy Imhy-ao-amw-k-I-fpsS Df-f-dnª \ncq-]-I-bm-
bn-cp-¶p. \ho-\-]m-ÝmXy kmlnXy ZÀi-\-§-tfmSv IqSp-XÂ B`n-
apJyw {]ZÀin-¸n-¨p. at\m-hn-Úm-\ob X¯z-§Ä Ah-ew-_-
am¡n kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-IÄ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶-XnÂ {]tXyIw {i²n-¡p-
¶p-v. Bi-b-sshZKv²y-¯n\p thn-bmhmw ]c-¯n-¸-d-bp¶
ssien-bmWv tUm.-eo-em-h-Xn-bv¡p-f-f-Xv. ae-bm-f-¯nse {]apJ

Ihn-Isf hne-bn-cp-¯p¶ ‘hÀ®-cmPn’¡v kmlnXy A¡m-Zan

]pc-kvImcw e`n-¨p. (1980).
{][m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ
 Ihn-Xm-[z-\n
 Pn.-bpsS Imhy-Po-hn-Xw
 sân-\nkw : Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Hc-t\z-j-Ww
 \h-X-cw-Kw
 aqey-k-¦-ev]-§Ä
 Aar-ß-iv\p-tX
 Ihn-Xbpw imkv{X-hpw
 BZn-{]-cq-]-§Ä
 kXyw inhw kpµ-cw
 kv{Xok-¦ev]w sNdp-Im-Snsâ t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ
 Ihn-Xm-c-Xn
 kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-¯nse Znim-t_m-[w
 A¸p-hnsâ At\zj-Ww
 hÀ®-cm-Pn
 ae-bm-f-I-hnXm kmlnXy Ncn-{Xw
 D®n-¡p-«sâ temIw

 `mc-X kv{Xo
F¶n-h. ‘"Ihn-Xm-[zm\n'¡v tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Zan ]pc-

kv¡mcw e`n¨p (1986). tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Zan hnin-jvSmw-
KXzw \evIn eoem-h-Xnsb BZ-cn-¨p. hÅ-t¯mÄ ]pc-kvIm-chpw
e`n-¨p.
kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi-\hpw a\:imkv{Xhpw þ Fw.-eo-em-hXn
Ipi-h³ a®p-sImv IpS-ap-m-¡p-¶p. Bimcn acw
sImvv tai-bp-m-¡p-¶p, tIhe\c³ temIkn²-amb hn`-h-
§-sf-s¡mv Xsâ PohnXw cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. a®n-s\bpw Xsâ
Iui-e-s¯bpw sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯p-t´mdpw IpSs¯ A[n-I-a-[nIw
\¶m-¡m³ Ipi-h\p Ign-bpw. Ac-s¯bpw Xsâ sshZ-Kv[y-
s¯bpw sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯p-t´mdpw Bim-cn¡v taisb sa¨-s¸-Sp-
¯m³ Ignbpw. hn`-h-§sf sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯p-t´mdpw Pohn-Xs¯
A[n-I-a-[nIw kpJ-a-am-¡m³ a\p-jy\p Ign-bpw. a®p-sImv
IpS-¯n\p ]Icw Hcp {]Xn-a-tbm, acw sImv taibv¡p ]Icw
Hcp kmlnXy IrXn-sbtbm cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ {kjvSm-hn-\m-I-s«,
ssIbnÂ In«p¶ D]m-Zm\ Imc-W-§Ä¡p ]pdta kz´-amb Hcp
ZÀi\w IqSn thWw. GXp {kjvSmhpw kuµ-cys¯ krjvSn-¡p-
¶Xv a\Êv sImp Xs¶-bm-Wv. Imfn-Zm-k³ iIp-´-f-sb-¸än
hn`m-h\w sNbvXXv A£-cmÀ°-¯nÂ icn-bm-Wv. kz´w Bßm-
hnÂ \n¶v Hcp ZÀi-\s¯ ]pd-s¯-Sp¯v hbv¡p-I-bmWv {kjvSm-
¡Ä sN¿p-¶-Xv. Bkz-Zn-¡pI F¶-Xn-\À°w B ZÀi-\-t¯mSp
kw-hZn-¡pI F¶p IqSn-bm-Wv. \ncq-]-W-am-Is« Bkz-Zn-¡epw
AtXm-sSm¸w kwhm-Z-¯n-\m-h-iy-amb LS-I-§sf hni-Zo-I-cn-
¡epw Ah-bpsS aqeyw \nÀ®-bn-¡epw IqSn-bm-Wv. hni-Zo-I-c-
Whpw aqey-\nÀW-bhpw tNÀ¶n-W-§n-bmte \ncq-]Ww
kmÀ°hpw kêhpw k¼-¶-hp-am-Ip-I-bp-Åq.
kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-¯nÂ a\:imkv{X-¯nsâ kzm[o-\s¯
At\z-jn-¡p-¶-Xn\v kq£va-amb \nco-£-W-]m-Shw teJnI
hyà-am-¡p-¶p-v. kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-¯nsâ Df-f-d-bn-te-¡pÅ
At\z-jW]²-Xn-I-fnÂ {it²-b-amb H¶mWv a\:imkv{Xw.
asäÃm And-hp-IÄ¡p-sa-¶-t¸mse hfsc ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ CXn-\p-
ap-v. ]t£ ]cn-an-Xn-I-fpsS temI-¯mWv \man¶v Pohn-¡p-¶-Xv.
B ]cn-an-Xn-Isf \½Ä XÅn-¡-f-bp-I-bÃ adn¨v AXnÂ \n¶v

IqSp-XÂ hymJym-\-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. a\p-
jysâ ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ¡pÅnÂ \n¶v cq]w sImÅp-¶-sXt´m AXv
Pohn-X-¯nse ]e {]Xym-Lm-X-§-tfbpw adn-I-S¶v apt¶m«v
t]mhm-\pÅ Adnhv cq]-s¸-Sp¯nsbSp-¡p-¶p. Pohn-Xs¯ D]m-
Zm-\-ambn kzoI-cn-¡p¶ kmlnXy¯nepw A-§-s\-bmWv. AXp-
t]mse Ignª \qäm-nÂ P\n¨v ]pXnb \qäm-nsâ `mK-ambn
amdnb hfÀ¶p hnI-kn¨ a\:imkv{Xhpw kmln-Xys¯ IqSp-
XÂ \¶mbn a\-Ên-em-¡m\pw kaÀ°-ambn hymJym-\n-¡m\pw
klm-bn-¡p-¶p. a\:imkv{X-¯nsâ ]e ]²-Xn-I-tfbpw hyà-am-
¡nb t{^mbvUv, bp§v, BUveÀ, ]mhvtemhv XpS-§n-b-hcpw Ah-
cpsS A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw sh«n-Xp-d¶ \qX-\-amÀ¤-§Ä ]pXnb
AÀ°-X-e-§-fn-te¡v \s½ sImp sNs¶-¯n-¡p-¶p. {]nb-s¸-
«-hsc B I\n Xn¶-cp-Xv. AXv \n§sf AÚ-X-bpsS kzÀ¤-
¯nÂ \n¶v ]pd-t¯¡v FSp-s¯-dnbpw F¶v ]d-bp-¶-hcpw \ap-
¡n-S-bn-ep-v. Adnhnsâ hnti-j-_p-²n-bpsS DZ-b-amWv Úm\-
^-emwi-sa¶ BZn-I-Y-bpsS B´-c-k-Xy-sa¶v bp§v ]d-bp-¶p.
Rms\¶ t_m[hpw AXn-eqsS hnI-kn¨p h¶ Adnhpw a\p-
jy\v Ft¶-¡p-ambn kzÀ¤w \jvS-s¸-Sp-¯n. ]Icw Ah\v In«n-
b-XmWv Cu `qanbpw AXn-epff Pohn-X-hpw. Adn-hnsâ IqsS
F¯n-t¨-cp¶ Cu Pohn-X-ZÀi-\-¯nÂ a\p-jy³ [oc-\mbn Xs¶
apt¶m«v \o§p-¶p. kz´w am\-knI {]h-W-X-IÄ¡-\p-k-cn¨v
sXc-sª-Sp-¡p¶ ]²-Xn-I-fn-eqsS apt¶m«p t]mIp-¶-hÀ AXn-\-
\p-kr-X-amb kXy-§sf Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶p. kmlnXys¯
hn`n¶ a\:imkv{X-]-²XnIfn-eqsS kao-]n¨v hymJym-\n-¡p-
¶hcpsS Is¯-ep-IÄ¡v sshhn[yw Dm-hmw. B sshhn-
[y-§-fn-eqsS AhÀ apt¶m«p \o§p-¶p.
tjIvkv]n-b-dpsS lmwsseäv F¶ \mSIw hymJym-\n-
¡m\pw hne-bn-cp-¯m\pw a\:imkv{X-¯nÂ \n¶p In«nb
shfn¨w D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-v. Ht«sd \ncq-]-I-scbpw hymJym-
Xm-¡-sfbpw Ipg-¡n-bn-«pÅ Hcp IrXn-bm-Wn-Xv. lmwsse-äns\
Hcp at\m-tcm-Kn-sb¶ \nebv¡v t\m¡nbmÂ am{Xta icn-¡pÅ
hymJym\w \S-¸nÂ Bhp-I-bp-Åq. A_vt\mÀaÂ a\:imkv{X
ZÀi-\-§-fn-eqsS lmwsse-äns\ a\-Ên-em-¡p-Ibpw A§s\
hyXy-kvX-amb hymJym-\-§fpw \ncq-]-W-§fpw hyà-am-¡p-
Ibpw sN¿p¶p. lmwsse-änsâ hn{`m-ń-sb-¡p-dn¨v \mSI-¯nse
aäp Nne IYm-]m-{X-§Ä Kuc-h-am-b- Xocp-am\w FSp-¡p-¶n-sÃ¶p
ImWmw. hmkvX-h-¯nÂ AXmWv hymJym-Xm-¡Ä sNt¿-n-bn-
cp-¶-sX¶v F^v.-FÂ.-eq-¡mkv ]d-bp-¶p. tUmIvSÀ GWÌv
tPm¬kv CXnÂ \ns¶Ãmw hyXy-kvX-ambn A]-{K-Y\w \S-¯p-
¶p. lmwse-änsâ tcmKw CuUn-¸kv tImw¹Ivkv BWv.
F^v.-FÂ.-eq-¡mkv a\:imkv{Xs¯ Ah-ew-_n¨v sImv
hyXy-kvX-am-sbmcp kao-]\w kzoI-cn-¨n-«p-v. lmwsse-än\v A½-
tbm-Sp-m-bn-cp¶ Xo{h-a-a-X-sb¶ kXys¯ At±lw AwKo-I-cn-
¡p-¶p. ]pXnb ZÀi-\-§Ä ]pXnb hymJym-\-§-sfbpw ]pXnb
am\-§-sfbpw B\-bn-¡pw. Hmtcm Is-¯Â kXy-¯n-te¡v
Hmtcm ASn ASp-¸n-¡p-¶p. IqSp-XÂ hnizm-ky-ambn \ap¡v A\p-
`-h-s¸-Sp-¶Xv \ap¡v kzoI-cn-¡mw. ]uc-kvXy-cpsS ckkn²m´w
XnI¨pw a\:imkv{X-]-c-amb Hcp ZÀi-\-am-Wv. A\p-am-\-hmZw,
Dev]-¯n-hm-Zw, `pàn-hmZw A`n-hy-àn-hmZw Nn´-bpsS temI-
¯n\pw \nc-´-c-amb ]cn-Wm-a-X¯zw {]k-à-am-Wv. tPm¬kv
Gsd-tbsd t_m[ys¸-Sp-¯p¶ hyJym\w X¶p. AXns\ H¶p
IqSn ]cn-jv¡-cn¨v hnizm-k-tbm-Ky-am-¡n-¯oÀ¡p-I-bmWv eq¡m-
kv.
lmwsseäv IY-bnÂ EXp-]-cn-Wm-a-I-Y-bpsS \q¢n-bkv
Is-¯p-Ibpw B \nebv¡v hymJym-\n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-«pÅ
BÀ¡n-ssS-¸Â \ncq-]Ww {]kn-²-am-Wv. Hsd-Ì-kv, CuUn-¸-kv,
lmwsseäv apX-emb IYm-]m-{X-§-sfÃmw {]Ir-Xn-bnÂ A\p-kq-
à-ambn kw`-hn-¡p¶ amä-§sf DÄs¡m-Åp-¶-h-cm-sW¶v Nn´-
IÀ kaÀ°n-¡p-¶p. ]mÝmXy cmPy-§-fnse hnâdpw k½dpw
t]mse amdn-amdn ]cn-W-bn-¡p¶ hÀjw tXmdp-apÅ \mSIw {]Ir-
Xn-bnÂ Ac-t§-dp-t¼mÄ AXn\v {]XoImXva-I-amb a\p-jym-Imcw
\ÂIn hnh-cn-¡p¶ an¯v cq]w sImp-sh¶pw B an¯mWv
]n¶oSv CXn-lmk ]pcm-Wm-Zn-I-fn-eqsS hfÀ¶v ]cn-W-an¨v X\n
a\p-jy-I-Y-I-fm-bn-¯oÀ¶-sX¶v ]d-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. CXv tjIvkv]n-b-
dnsâ lmwsse-äns\b-Ã, AXnsâ {]m{Kq-]-amb a\p-jy-hÀ¤-
¯nsâ `mh-\m-kr-jvSn-bm-b, ss\XnI Iev]-\-bmWv A\m-h-cWw
sN¿p-¶-Xv.
DZm : \½psS \m«nse kam\ Iev]-\-IÄ cmam-b-W-¯nse
cma-cm-hW k¦-e-]-¯nepw _men-kp-{Koh k¦Â¸-¯nepw Fgp-
¯n-t¨À¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. C¯cw BÀ¡n-ssS-¸Â \ncq-]Ww
\½psS At\z-jW N{I-hm-fs¯ hn]p-e-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw ]pXnb
shfn-¨-§Ä Is-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. `mc-Xob kmln-Xy-¯nÂ
C¯cw BZn-{]-Xo-I-§Ä¡pÅ {]m[m\yw Cu \ncq-]-W-imJ
ChnsS hnI-kz-c-ambn XoÀ¶-Xns\ ImWn-¡p-¶p. Cw¥o-jnÂ
tamUv t_mkv¡nsâ Archetypal Patterns In English poetry Cu

hIp-¸n-epÅ {][m\ {KÙ-am-Wv.
\½psS thtZm-]-\n-jXv ]pcm-tW-Xn-lmk Imhym-Zn-I-fn-
seÃmw \nXy-\q-X-\-§-fmb cq]-`m-h-§-tfmsS hopw hopw
Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-«pÅ {]IrXn ]pcp-j-þ-Zzµzw C½m-Xn-cn-bpÅ At\z-
jWw Bh-iy-s¸-Sp¶ BZn-{]-Xo-I-§-fm-Wv. a\:imkv{X hnÚm-
\-¯n-eqsS hymJym-\n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ IYm-]m-{X-§Ä \½psS
kmln-Xy-¯n-epv F¶v ]dªp sImmWv kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-
¯nse a\:imkv{X X¯z-§sf hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv. DZm: Ddq-_nsâ
D½m-¨p, ae-bm-äq-cnsâ b£n, b{´w, Jkm-¡nse chn.
ae-bm-f-¯nÂ lmwsse-äp-t]mse B´-c-Ku-c-h-apÅ Hcp
HdnPn-\Â IrXn-bp-m-bn-«p-s-¦nÂ AXp Jkm-¡n-sâ CXn-lm-
k-am-Wv.
amXrIm tNmZy-§Ä
1. kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-¯nse At\z-jW {]{In-b-I-fnÂ
{it²-b-amb H¶mWv a\:imkv{Xw. hni-Z-am-¡pI?
2. \ncq-]Ww kmÀ°hpw k¼-¶-hp-am-Ip-¶-Xn\v ]d-bp¶
Imc-W-§Ä GsXÃmw?.
Fw.-]n. i¦p®n \mbÀ (1917 þ 2006)

ae-bmf kmlnXy hnaÀi-\-¯nÂ auen-I-amb ImgvN-¸m-
SpÅ [nj-Wm-im-en-bmWv Fw.-]n. i¦p-®n-\m-bÀ. 1917 amÀ¨v 4 \v
tag-¯q-cmWv At±-l-¯nsâ P\-\w. a{Zm-knÂ ]¨-b¸mkv
tImtf-PnÂ ae-bmfw s{]m^-k-dm-bn-cp-¶p. kmln-Xy-kw-_-Ô-
ambn X\-Xmb ZÀi-\-apÅ {]kn-²-\mb kwkvIrX ]WvUn-X-
\mWv. {]Xn-]m-Z-\-¯nse A\-\y-e-_v[-amb sshZvK-[yhpw `mc-
Xob kwkvImc Ncn-{Xm-h-t_m-[hpw `mc-Xob kwkvImc Ncn-{Xm-
h-t_m-[hpw kzm`n-{]mb kaÀ°\-¯nse Bi-b-ZmÀVyhpw
kmlnXy IrXn-I-fpsS `mhmÀ°-X-e-§-fnÂ \S¯p¶ Imhy-t{]-
cn-Xhpw Kth-j-W-]-chpw Bb At\z-j-Whpw i¦p-®n-\m-b-cpsS
hnaÀi-\-¯nsâ ASn-Øm\ LS-I-§-fm-Ip-¶p. `qX-hÀ¯am-\-

Ime Imhy-kw-kvIm-c-¯nsâ Bg-§-fnÂ apf-s]m«n hnI-kn-¨-h-
bmWv At±lw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ D]-ZÀi-§Ä. `mc-Xob
kmlnXy ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ AP¿ iàn-bmbn hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p,
i¦p®n \mbÀ. `mj-bpsS iucyhpw aqÀ¨-bpw, At±-l-¯nsâ
teJ-\-§Ä¡v Akm-[m-c-W-amb DÄ¡\w {]Zm\w sN¿p-¶p.
{][m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ
 \mSy-a-WvU-]w
 O{Xhpw Nma-c-hpw
 Imhy-hp-ev]-¯n
 I¯p¶ N{Iw
 \mS-Io-bm-\p-`hw O{Xhpw Nma-chpw
F¶ IrXn¡v tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Zan ]pc-kv¡mcw e`n-¨p.
tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Zan hnin-jvSmw-KXzw \ÂIn At±-ls¯
BZ-cn-¨p.
]qX-¸m«v þ Fw. ]n. i¦p®n \mbÀ
\c-hw-i-im-kv{X-¯nsâ hnÚm-\-ta-J-e-Isf hnaÀi\
kmln-Xy-¯n-te¡v Iq«n-s¡m-p-h¶ \ncq-]-I-\mWv Fw.-]n.
i¦p®n \mbÀ. _lp-hn-j-bm-[n-jvTn-X-amb kao-]-\-¯n-eqsS
kmwkvIm-cnI ]T-\-¯nsâ BZy-Ime ]mT-§Ä At±lw krjvSn-
¡p-I-bp-m-bn. ]qX-¸m-«n-s\-¸-än-bpÅ ]T\w C¯-c-¯nÂ Gsd
{it²-b-am-bn-cp-¶p.
]e-\q-em-am-e-I-fpsS Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-Isf IYm-\m-S-Im-Zn-IÄ
It¿-dn-b-tXm-Sp-IqSn B`n-Pm-Xy-¡m-cn-bmb IhnX Ct¸mÄ
ssItim-c-`m-hw, {]mIr-X-Po-hn-Xw, ]pcm-hr¯w apX-emb ]pd-
t¼m¡p `qan-bnÂ ]À®-ime sI«n \ne-\n-ev¡m³ {ian-¡-bm-Wv.
B`n-Pm-Xy-{iaw hn«p ]pXnb thj-h«w ssIs¡m-Åm-\p-apÅ {ia-
hp-ap-v. F¶mÂ ChnsS ]qX-¸m-«nÂ Ihn-_m-ey-Ip-Xq-l-e-§-fn-
te¡p \o§p-IbmWv ]mÌ-dÂ Ihn-X-bn-se¶ t]mse.
bYmÀ°t_m[-t¯msS a®m\sImpw aäpw Ifn-¡p¶ _me-I-
cpsS kzbw\nÀ½n-X-amb B\-µ-¯n\v kZr-iy-am-Wv Imhym-kzm-Z-
\-sa¶p [\-RvP-b³. Npcp--¡n¸d-ªmÂ kzbw cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-sb-
Sp-¡p-¶-h-bmWv Ihn-X-bnse Bkzm-Z-\w. _mey-§-fn-te¡v
Xncn¨p \S-¡m³ Ignhpw CjvS-hp-apÅ hyàn-sb-bmWv CS-tÈ-cn-
bnÂ \mw ZÀin-¡p-¶-Xv. IpXql-e-X-c-f-amb _mey-`m-hs¯
emf\w sN¿p¶ Hcp Imhy-amWv ]qX-¸m-«v.
]qX¸m-«nse IY\ coXnsb¸än Ihn Xs¶ C{]-Imcw ]d-
bp-¶p. Rm³ ZpÈmTyw ]nSn¨p Ic-bp-¶Xp Xs¶ {i²n¨v a¨n-\-
I¯v NpI¶ NI-emÊp aqSn-¸p-X-¨n-cn-¡p¶ aq¸À, apäs¯ ]nÏ
hf-fn-¸-SÀ¸v th\-e-dp-Xn-bnÂ Xq\nem-hnÂ \nd-sb-¸q¡p-t¼mÄ
AhnsS Npän-¸än \nÂ¡p¶ XqshÅ hkv{X-¡m-c-\mb c£-Êv.
X®o-cm-ar-Xt¯mSp IqSn G«³ ]Xnª kzc-¯nÂ kvtXm{Xw
sNmÃn aWn-In-ep¡n ]pP-sIm-Sp-¡p¶ `qh-t\-iz-cn, CSbv¡p
cm{Xn ]Xn-hnepw sshIn AÀ²-t_m-[m-h-Ø-bnÂ Ibdn h¶p
Xmgs¯ tImem-bnÂ Ipd-¨nS aeÀ¶p InS¶p ]ns¶ Hcp Inn
shÅw IpSn-¨-tijw Fsâ amsäm-tc-«³ Xm³ adn-I-S¶p t]m¶-
Xmbn hnh-cn¨p tI« tXcp-Im-gvN-bnse apÃ¸q aW-¡m-cn-bmb
b£n, IY ]d-b-enÂ anSp-¡-¯n-bmb sNdn-tb-S¯n Dd-§m³ InS-
¡p-t¼mÄ Xpd-¶n« hSt¡ Nmtcm-Sn-bnÂ¡qSn Zqc¯v Hgnª
Ip¶n³ sNcn-hnÂ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw s]m«n-¨q-s«¶ t]cnÂ
Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶XpwAÛp-X-I-c-hp-amb shfn-¨-§Ä Im«n-¯¶v B
{]Im-c-]q-RvP-§-fpsS \mbn-I-bmb s]m«n-¸n-im-Nn-s\-¡p-dn¨p
]dªp X¶ BJym-\-§Ä, C¯cw tZh-X-I-fpsS AkvXnXzw
Hcnfw a\-Ên\v t_m[y-s¸-Sp-amdv {Kojvam-cw-`-t¯m-Sp-IqSn FÃm
hoSp-I-fnepw XpSn-sIm«pw IpgÂhn-fn-bp-ambn Ib-dn-h-cp¶ hnhn[
thj-¡m-cmb ]qX-§Ä, t\cp-]-d-b-s«, Ch-tcm-sSÃmw C¶pw
Fsâ a\-kn\pff aa-Xbpw thgvNbpw aäm-tcm-Sp-an-Ã. Cu ]e-
Xmb km¦-ev]nI tXP-Êp-IÄ Rm³ I s]m«n-¨q«p t]mse
s]m«n¸n-cnªpw sI«n-¸n-Wªpw Dmb Hcp tZhXm k¦-ev]-
amWv Cu Ihn-X-bnse ]qXw. BJym-\-coXn Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xm¯
sNdn-tb-S-¯n-bpsS IYm-I-Y-\-co-Xnsb A\p-kva-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xpw.
]qX-¸m-«nse ssiih temI-¯n-te¡v t{imXm-¡sf \bn-
¡p-¶Xv Hcp s]§Ä At{X. Cu s]§-fm-§f _Ôw CS-tÈ-cn-
bpsS IY-I-fnÂ ]e-hpcp {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp¶ Hcp `mh-{K-Ùn-bm-Wv.
C_vk-s\-t¸mepw inip B¡m³ t]m¶ hnhm-l-k-½m-\-sa¶
IY-bnÂ tkmZ-cn-bpsS `mh-{]-Im-i-¯n\p t{imXmhpw
km£nbpambn A\p-P³ \nÂ¡p-¶p."s\Ãp-Ip-¯p-Imcn ]mdp-
hnsâ IY', "X¯z-im-kv{X-§Ä Dd-§p-t¼mÄ', "]Ån-¡q-S-¯n-
te¡v hopw' C§s\ ]e cN-\-I-fnÂ Ipt«y-«¯n hnSmsX ]nSn-
ap-dp-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ihn-bpsS am\-knI Pohn-Xs¯ hyh-tÑ-Zn-¸n-
¡p¶ Hcp _Ô-hn-ti-j-ambn s]§Ä B§sf _Ôw Xdªp
\nev¡p-¶p. IYm-]m-{X-§Ä aptJ\ Ihn-bpsS PohnXw Xs¶
Ihn-X-bn-eqsS Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶p. CS-tÈ-cn-bpsS ]e cN-\-Ifpw
IYm-Im-hy-§-fm-Wv. IÀ¯r-Ø-`m-h-I-§-fmb Km\-Im-hy-§-f-Ã.
AXm-bXv IYm-]m-{X-§-tf-¡mÄ Øm\w IYbv¡p \ÂIp-¶p.
kz´w a\-km-£n-tbm-SpÅ Ie-l-amWv Ihn-Xbv¡v hnjbw
Fs¶m-cp-`n-{]m-b-ap-v. F¶mÂ CS-tÈ-cn-bpsS cN-\-IÄ¡pÅ
{]tXy-IX Ah tIh-e-a-\p-jysâ Xo{h-amb A´À½pJX-bn-
se¶Xntesd kmaq-ly-a-\p-jysâ _Ô-ssh-Nn-{Xy-§-fnÂ A`n-c-
an-¡p-¶p-sh-¶-Xm-Wv.Ihn AsÃ-¦nÂ Fgp-¯p-Im-c³ F¶p ]d-bp-
¶Xv Hcp henb kaq-l-¯nsâ {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-Wv. kaq-l-¯nsâ
hyY-Ifpw aäpamWv Ihn-Xbv¡v hnj-bw.
IY\ coXn-sb-¡p-dn-¨mWv ]n¶oSv ]d-ªp-sh-¡p-¶-Xv.
Ib-ähpw Cd-¡-hp-an-ÃmsX (K-Zy-]-Zy-an-{i-Ww) hmbvsam-gn-bpsS
kzm`m-hn-I-amb Xmf-t¯msS Hgp-In-sb-¯p¶ \mZ-amWv ]qX-¸m-
«nse `mj. {Kojva-Im-e¯v Xnd, sX¿w, apX-em-bh ]e-Xcw thj-
N-a-b-§-tfmsS hoSp-IÄ Ibdn Cd-§p-¶p. {Kma-¯nsâ imeo-\-
amb A´-co-£-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv CXnsâ t]m¡v. AXp-t]mse
Xs¶-bmWv Imhy-¯nsâ coXn-bpw. Hcp IhnX \½Ä hmbn-¡p-
t¼mÄ cp Xc-¯nÂ AXv \½psS t_m[-a-WvU-e-¯n-te¡v
Ibdn hcp-¶p. 1. Ihn-X-bnse hnj-bw, 2. Bhn-jv¡-cW `wKn.
CXnÂ tdUntbm coXn-bnÂ cNn-¡-s¸« Ihn-X-bnÂ CS-bnÂ
XSÊw hcn-Ibpw Bkzm-Z-\s¯ CÃm-Xm-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
Abª Km\-co-Xn-bn-epÅ P\-{]nb Km\-§-fp-tS-Xmb `mj-bnÂ
Imhyw cNn-¡p-t¼mÄ bmsXmcp Xc-¯n-epÅ hn`-P-\hpw hcmsX
Hä¡v \nÂ¡p-¶p. `mh-\m-ß-I-amb {]Ir-Xn¡v CSw \ÂImsX
{Kma-ku-`mKyw \ndªp \nÂ¡p¶ IY\ coXn-bnÂ tim`n-¡p¶
CS-tÈcn Ihn-X-IÄ.
CS-tÈ-cn-bpsS Ihn-X-I-fnÂ ]c-kv]c hncp-²-§-fmb cp
`mh-§-fpsS kt½-f\w ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. AXm-bXv ]qXw BZyw
D{K-cq-]n-WnbmbmWv{]Xy-£-s¸-«-Xv. ]n¶oSv A½-bpsS AsÃ-
¦nÂ amXr-Xz-¯nsâ _en-jvT-X-bpsS ap¶nÂ ]qXw ]cn-£o-W-
bmbn amdn. hmÕ-ey-¯mÂ arZp-ehpw BÀ{Z-hp-amb amXrXzw
Nne kµÀ`-§-fnÂ iàn-tI{µambn-¯o-cp-¶-Xnsâ Hcp Nn{Xw,
_en-jvThpw kzmÀ°m-tÇ-jn-bp-amb hÔyXzw hmÕ-ey-¯mÂ
s\t·\nhmI-¸q-hm-bn-¯o-cp-¶-Xnsâ asämcp Nn{Xw. A§s\
cp Nn{Xw DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn¨ Ah-bpsS kmayssh-j-ay-§-fnÂ
\n¶pw AhØm amä-¯nÂ \n¶pw P\n-¡p¶ `mh-kw-LÀj-
amWv apgp-h-\mbpw Cu Ihn-X-bnse Ne\ P\-I-amb DuÀÖw.
h{ItamEPpthm Bb Hä-tc-J-bpsS hninjvS ssIh-ey-a-Ã, cp
h{I-tc-J-I-fpsS kwtÇ-j-amWv ]qX-¸m-«nsâ cN-\m-hyq-l-¯n-\-Sn-
Øm-\w. {Iqc-X-bp-tSbpw kzbw ]cym-]vXn-bp-tSbpw apJw-aqSn
amän, alm-`m-c-¯nse Pcbv¡p Xpey-amb ]qX-¯nsâ
hmÕeyhpw kua-\-kyhpw hyà-am-¡p-I-sb-¶-XmWv ]qX-¸m-
«nse {][m-\-e-£yw. Ahn-sS-bmWv shfn-¨w. XZzn-]-co-X-amb
\t§-en-bpsS Nn{X-am-Is« aptJym-]-kvam-c-I-ambn \ne-sIm-Åp-
¶p.
F¶mÂ \t§-enbpw ]qXhpw kwLÀjw asäm-¶nsâ
apJm-h-cWw am{X-am-sW¶pw a\pjy tNX\ AhbpsS X\n-\ndw
amän-sh¨v ]e-Øm-\-hy-Xn-bm-\-§Ä¡pw Iogvs¸«v hne-£-W-co-Xn-
bnÂ {]Xn-^-en-¡p-¶p. _me-a-\Êpw(]q-Xw) \ho-\-a-\Êpw (A-½)
X½n-epÅ kwkvIm-c-temIw AXn\v sXfnhp \ÂIp-¶p. ]n¶oSv
Ihn-X-bnÂ \ndªp \nÂ¡p¶ {]Xo-I-§-fmWv hnj-b-am-Ip-¶-Xv.
_mey-Im-em-\p-`-h-§sf ]p\-cp-Öo-hn-¸n-¡p-hm³ ]cym-]vX-amb
{]XoI§Ä Cu Ihn-X-bnÂ [mcm-f-ap-v. X¿Âth-e, ]qam-e,
Ac-a-Wn, ]pÅn-e-¡-c-apv XpS-§nb tIc-fob Pohn-Xs¯ Bhn-
jv¡-cn-¡p¶ _nw_-§Ä CXnÂ \ndªp \nÂ¡p-¶p. ae-bmf
kwkvImcw DÄs¡m Ihn, Xsâ kwkvIm-cs¯ kXy-k-
Ôambn Ihn-X-I-fnÂ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¨p. C¯-c-¯n-epÅ {KmaoW
[À½-¯nÂ {][m-\-s¸-«-Xv Ihn-bpsS \À½-t_m-[-am-Ip-¶p. Pohn-
X-¯nsâ {]Xn-k-Ôn-Isf t\cn-Sm³ CS-tÈcnsb klm-bn-¡p-¶-
XmWv At±-l-¯nsâ a\-Ênse \À½t_m[w AXp-t]mse kuµ-
cyhpw PohnX Nn{X-Whpw ]qX-¸m-«nse FÃm Xe-§-fnepw Is-
¯m³ Ign-bp-¶-Xm-Wv.
amXrIm tNmZy-§Ä
1. ae-bmf Ihn-X-bpsS {]mtZ-in-I-amb kuµcyw ]qX-¸m-
«nse `mj-bnepw AÀ°-¯nepw ImWmw þ hni-Zo-I-cn-
¡pI?
2. IpXq-l-e-X-c-f-amb _mey-`m-hs¯ emf\w sN¿p¶ Hcp
Imhy-amWv ]qX-¸m«v þ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡pI?
samUyp-Ä þ 4
\tc-{µ-{]-kmZv (1946þ2003)
kmln-Xy-¯nse \ho\ {]h-W-X-Isf AwKo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw
Ahbv¡v Xntbm-amÀIvkn-b³ ssk²m-ńI ASn-¯d \ÂIm³
{ian-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX hnaÀi-I-\mWv \tc{µ {]km-Zv. hyàn-]-c-
Xbpw kmaq-ln-I-amb DÄ¡m-gvNbpw ka-\z-bn¨ kao-]-\-amWv
At±-l-¯n-tâ-Xv. \ho-\-km-lnXyw PoÀW-X-bp-tS-Xm-sW¶
bmYm-Øn-XnI amÀIvknÌv hnaÀi-\-§sf XÅn-¡-fª
At±lw ]pXnb {]h-W-X-IÄ¡v bpàn-]-c-amb km[pXzw
\ÂIm³ {ian-¨p. ]e-t¸mgpw \ho-\-X-bpsS aqey-\n-tj-[m-ß-I-
amb {]h-W-X-Isft¸mepw At±lw BZÀi-h-XvI-cn-¨p. ]n¶oSv
\mS-I-c-N-\-bnepw Ah-X-c-W-¯nepw {i²m-ep-hm-bn. ]ns¶ I¨-
hS kn\n-a-bnse A`n-\-b-¯n-eqsS hnaÀi-\-¯nÂ Xm\-h-X-cn-¸n¨
Iem-X-¯z-§sf kzbw \ntj-[n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
{][m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ : `mhp-IXzw amdp-¶p, \ntj-[n-Isf a\-Ên-
em-¡p-I, B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS a[ym-Ów. Fsâ kmln-Xy-\n-cq-]-W-
§Ä.
B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Np¶-hmÂ þ \tc-{µ-{]-kmZv
ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯nse IYbpw Ihn-Xbpw FÃmw B[p-
\n-I-X-bpsS `n¶m-i-b-§Ä DÄs¡m-mWv apt¶-dn-b-Xv. \K-c-ò-
Xn-Ifpw kwLÀj-§-fpw, AkvXnXz hyY-I-fp-ambn apt¶m«p
\o§nb B[p-\nI Ihn-X-bnÂ {]I-S-amb cmjv{Sob Nn´ IS¶p
Ib-dp-¶Xv Fgp-]-Xp-I-tfm-sS-bm-Wv. k¨n-Zm-\-µ³, sI.-Pn.-i-¦-c-¸n-
ff XpS§n ]e-cn-eq-sSbpw AXv apt¶m«p \o§n. Cu B[p-\n-I-
X-bmWv ]n¶oSv D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS B[m-c-ambn hÀ¯n-¨-
sX¶p ]d-bmw. Zfn-Xv, kv{Xo, ]cn-ØnXn Nn´-IÄ C¯-c-¯n-
epÅ Nn´-I-fpsS ê-am-bn-«mWv cq]w sIm-Xv. BZy-Ime B[p-
\n-I-X-bp-tS-Xmb cq]-¯nÂ \n¶p hyXy-kvX-ambn Nph¶ Zi-I-
¯nsâ `mhp-IXzw Ht«sd {]Xn-k-Ôn-Isf hne-bn-cp-¯p-I-bp-m-
bn. aqSn-h-¨n-cp¶ ka-Im-enI sshcp-²y-§Ä Cf-¡n-hn-Sm-s\m-cp-
s¼«p F¶-XmWv B[p-\n-IX \½psS kmln-Xy-¯n\p \ÂInb
Gähpw henb kw`m-h-\. B[p-\n-IX hÀ¤-]-c-amb FÃm H¸n¨p
amä-en\pw FXp-cm-bn-cp-¶p. a[y-hÀ¤ kZm-Nm-c-¯nsâ taÂ
Ibdn \n¶v sshcp-²y-§-fn-eqsS B[p-\nI Iem-Im-c³ kwkm-cn-
¨p. A´Àap-J-amb A¯-c-samcp kXy-t_m-[-¯nÂ \n¶v Hcp
]pXnb Imhy-k-¦-ev]hpw ssieo-hn-ti-jhpw \½psS \m«nÂ
cq]w sImp. F¶mÂ Hcp ssieo-hn-ti-j-s¯bpw Nmbw ap¡n
asäm-¶m-¡m³ Ign-bn-Ã. B[p-\n-I-X-bp-tS-Xmb ssieo-hn-ti-
jhpw kwth-Z-\-co-Xnbpw Ip¦p-a-¨m-dnÂ ap¡n hn¹h Ihn-X-bpsS
`mj Dm-¡m-sa¶v Icp-Xp-¶Xv A_-²-am-Wv. kmln-Xyhpw
thWw hn¹-hhpw thWw F¶ Xe-¯n-em-Wv- C-Xnsâ \ne-\nÂ¸v.
kmln-Xy-¯nse Hcp ]cn-jv¡-cW hmZw am{X-am-Wn-Xv. ae-bmf
kmln-Xys¯ kw_-Ôn¨ Hcm-hÀ¯\w am{Xw, ae-bmf Ihn-X-
bnse Imev]\nI L«-¯nÂ \S¶ C¯cw {iaw ]ptcm-K-a\
kmln-Xy-s¯-bmsI ]pXn-sbmcp Xe-¯nÂ sImp sNs¶-¯n-
¨p. ]n. `mkvI-c³, hb-emÀ, H.-F³.hn F¶o Ihn-IÄ¡v
cmjv{Sobw Hcp Zqc-¡m-gvN-bm-bn-cp-¶p. {]tXy-In¨pw 1950 \ptijw
cmjv{So-b-t¯m-SpÅ {]Xn-_-²-X, Ahsc kw_-Ôn¨v ]nÂ¡m-
e¯v AhÀ¡p Xs¶ {]tbm-Kn-¡m-\p-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. _mly-X-e-
kv]Àin-bm-bn-cp-¶p.GXp ho£-Whpw Bhnjv¡cn-¡m-hp¶
coXn-bnÂ Iev]-\nI ]Z-§fpw aäpw D]-tbm-Kn¨v kzbw Hcp ]c-
ky-¸-e-I-bmbn amdnb Ah-cpsS Imhy-coXn Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS
hmem-bn-cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv k¨n-Zm-\-µ³, sI.-Pn.-i-¦-c-¸nÅ XpS-§n-b-
h-cn-eq-sS-bpÅ BhÀ¯\w AÀ°-k-¼-¶-am-bn-Ã.
A\p-`-h-§-fnÂ \n¶pÅ D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-amWv ]n¶oSv
IS¶p hcp-¶-Xv. hn¹-h-I-c-amb Pohn-X-t_m-[-¯nÂ ]pcp InS-
¡p¶ Hcp kuµcy k¦-ev]w Ahn-S-hn-sS-bmbn {]Xy-£-s¸-«n-«p-
v. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS XpS-¡-¯nÂ Xs¶ CXp ImWmw. IS-½-
\n-«-bp-sSbpw Bäq-cn-tâbpw IrXn-I-fnÂ Adp-]-Xp-I-fpsS Ah-km-
\-L-«-¯nÂ ImWp¶ cmjv{So-bm-\p-`-h-t_m[w C¶s¯ hn¹-h-I-
hn-I-fpsS cN-\-bnÂ ImWp-¶n-Ã. B[p-\n-I-X-bnse \ntj-[-ZÀi-
\-¯nsâ hnI-kz-c-cq-]-amWv Ch-cpsS hn¹-h-k-¦-ev]w. IS-½-\n-«-
bp-sSbpw Bäq-cn-sâbpw Ihn-X-I-fnÂ kwK-Xn-IÄ efn-X-aÃ. Ah
B[p-\nI kuµ-cy-ho-£-W-¯nsâ k¦oÀ®X-IÄ DÄs¡m-Åp-
¶p. chn-hÀ½-bpsS 'kw{I-aWw' "]nXr-K-a\w' IS-½-\n« cma-Ir-
jvWsâ "a¯§' "im´' "Ipdp¯n' F¶o Ihn-X-I-fmWv \½psS
Ime-¯p-mb Gähpw henb cmjv{Sob Ihn-X-IÄ. Ah-bmWv
Hcp hn¹-h-ku-µ-cy-k-¦-ev]-¯nsâ tcJ-IÄ Nqn-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶-
Xv. AaqÀ¯-hÂ¡-cWw Gähpw Ipd-bp-t¼m-gmWv asäÃm Ihn-
X-I-fp-sa-¶-t¸mse cmjv{Sob Ihn-X-Ifpw kmÀ°-I-am-hp¶Xv.
A\p-`-h-§-tfm-SpÅ D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-amWv Ihn-Xsb aqÀ¯-am-¡p-¶-
Xv. ap{Zm-hm-Iy-I-hn-IÄ A\p-`-h-§-tfmSv D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw {]I-Sn-¸n-
¡p-¶n-Ã. AXp-sImv Ah-cpsS Bi-b-§Ä a\p-jy-{In-b-bp-
ambn _Ôs¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. IS-½-\n-«-bpsS IhnX a\pjy {Inb-bpsS
Ihn-X-bm-Wv.
ka-Im-enI kaq-ls¯ `cn-¡p¶ am\yaqey-§-fnÂ \n¶p
c£-s¸-Sm\pw Hcp ]pXnb \oXn-hy-h-Ø-bnÂ kzbw Is-¯m-
\p-apÅ {ia-¯nsâ `mK-am-bmWv IS-½-\n-«bpw Bäqcpw Ihn-X-
IÄ Fgp-Xp-¶-Xv. A§s\ Pohn-X-¯n-sâbpw Ihn-X-bp-sSbpw
X\-Xmb kuµ-cy-k-¦-ev]-§Ä hncn-bn¨p sImv Ch-cpsS Ihn-X-
IÄ ]pd¯p hcp-¶-Xv. Xsâ AWp-{]-]©s¯ amän-a-dn-¡p-¶-Xn-
emWv Ihn-bpsS hn¹hw IpSn-s¡m-Åp-¶-Xv. hn¹-h-t_m[w Ihn-
Xm-in-ev]-¯n\p taepÅ hn¹h {]{In-b-bmbn amdp-¶p. Ihn-X-
bnÂ Bhm-ln-¡-s¸-Sp¶ hkvXp-¡Ä hn¹-ho-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶p
AXm-bXv ip²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ihnbpw temIhpw X½n-epÅ
{Inbm-ßI _Ô-¯nsâ Ah-Ø-bm-WnXv hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu
hn¹-h-Im-hy-]m-c-¼-cy-t¯mSv Ct¸mgpw ASp¯p \nÂ¡p¶ Ihn,
k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ Xs¶-bm-Wv. Imhy-_nw-_-§-fpsS ss\kÀKn-I-amb
{]hm-l-amWv Ct±-l-¯nsâ iàn-tI-{µw. "]\n' "ag-bpsS
\m\mÀ°w' "amÀ¨v 31' F¶o Ihn-X-I-fnÂ Xsâ ]cn-k-c-§-tfm-
SpÅ Bg-amb _Ôw Ihn-¡p-s¶v a\-Ên-em-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
C¯cw Ihn-X-Isf hopw hopw A\p-I-cn¨v k¨n-Zm-\-µsâ
Ihn-X-IÄ kµÀ` Ihn-X-IÄ am{X-ambn amdn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶p.
hn`m-Ko-b-amb hn¹-hm-i-b-§Ä Hcp ]mÀ«v ssSw at\m-`m-h-ambn
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw cmjv{Sob {]hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ `mK-ambn kzbw
\ne-\n-dp-t¯n hcn-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Hcp a²y-hÀ¤ _p²n-Po-hn-
bpsS {]I-S-\-amWv C¯cw Ihn-X-I-fnÂ ImWp-¶-Xv.
kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-bpsS _mlyhpw B`y-´-c-hp-amb \ho-\-
amb Is-¯-ep-IÄ \S-¯p-Itbm kmlnXy hnaÀi-\-¯nÂ
hyXy-kvX-amb `mjm-ssien {]tbm-Kn-¡p-Itbm sNbvX BfÃ
\tc-{µ-{]-km-Zv. ae-bmf kmln-Xy-¯nsâ ipjv¡-amb Ncn-{Xs¯
hyà-am-¡p-I-bÃ At±-lw. ae-bmf kmln-Xy-¯nsâ ]gb Ah-
Øbpw AXnÂ \n¶p `n¶-ambn C¶p-m-tI AhØ F´m-
sW¶v hyà-am-¡n. AXn\p thn B[p-\nI kmln-Xy-¯nsâ
GXm\pw apJ-§sf DZm-l-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

amXrIm tNmZy-§Ä
1. B[p\n-I-X-bpsS bmYmÀ°y-§Ä GXp coXn-bn-emWv
\tc-{µ-{]-kmZv Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. teJ-\s¯
ap³\nÀ¯n hni-Z-am-¡p-I.
2. IS-½-\n-«-bpsS IhnX a\p-jy-{In-b-bpsS Ihn-X-bmWv þ
hniZ-am-¡pI?.
sI.-]n.-A-¸³ (1936 þ 2008)

\nb-Xhpw km{¼-Zm-bn-I-hp-amb hnaÀi\ ssien-IÄ Xnc-
kvI-cn¨v kmln-Xy-hn-Nm-c-¯nÂ ]pXnb kc-Wn¡p XpS-¡-an-«-h-
cnÂ {]mam-Wn-I-\mWv sI.-]n.-A-¸³. hyàn-kn-²m-´hpw {]Xo-Xn-
hm-Zhpw AwKo-I-cn¨p sImv \h-`m-hp-I-Xz-¯nsâ `qanI Hcp-¡p-
I-bm-bn-cp¶p At±-lw. _mly-i-àn-I-fp-ambn ka-c-k-s¸-SmsX
kz´w hnizm-k-§-fnÂ Dd¨p \n¶v Ie-bnÂ Iem-]-¯nsâ
i_vZ[z\n apg-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p A¸³. Ccp-«nsâ kuµcyw
Bßm-hnsâ shfn-¨-am-¡p¶ At±lw t£m`n-¡p¶ a\-Êp-I-
fpsS kphn-ti-j-I-\mbn amdn. hnaÀi\w C{µn-bm-\p-`qXn {][m-\-
amb Iem-kr-jvSn-bm-¡n-¯oÀ¡m\mWv Xm\pÄs¡m Imhy-
temIw A¸s\ t{]cn-¸n-¨Xv. Xsâ i_vZw thdn«p \nÂ¡p¶p
F¶pw Xsâ hyànXzw Hä-s¸-«-Xm-sW¶pw t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯m-
\pÅ DÂ¡-S-amb B{Klw BZy-Ime \ncq-]-W-§-fnÂ ImWmw.
{]mtbm-KnI PohnX ka-ky-I-f-Ã. {KÙ-]-cn-N-b-amWv At±-l-
¯nsâ ho£-W-¯n\v ASn-¯-d-]m-In-bXv ]p¯³{]-h-W-X-Ibpw
A¸sâ kmln-Xy-Nn-´-IÄ km{¼-Zm-bnI hnaÀi-\-]-²-Xn-I-sf De-
bv¡p-Ibpw \ho\ hnaÀi-\-¯nsâ ZmÀi-\n-Ihpw kuµ-cym-[n-
jvTn-X-hp-amb hgn hnim-e-am-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
{][m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ
 t£m`n-¡p-¶-h-cpsS kphn-ti-jw
 Ie-lhpw hnizmkhpw
 hc-Ifpw hÀ®-§-fpw

 ae-bmf `mh\ aqey-§epw kwLÀj-§-fpw

 Xnc-kvIm-cw
 amdp¶ ae-bmf t\mhÂ
 Iem]w hnhmZw hne-bn-cp-¯Â
 t]\-bpsS ka-c-ap-J-§Ä
 ka-b-{]-hm-lhpw kmln-Xy-I-e-bpw
 IY
 BJym-\hpw A\p-`-h-k-¯-bpw
 C¶-seIfnse At\z-jW ]cn-tim-[-\-IÄ
 D¯-cm-[p-\n-IXv Ncn-{Xhpw hwim-h-enbpw (1998 se tIcf
kmlnXy A¡m-Zan ]pc-kv¡mcw t\Sn) F¶nh \ncq-]-W-
Ir-Xn-IÄ.
B[p-\nI t\mh-ense cmw {]Xn-kÔn þ sI.-]n.-A-¸³
sI.-]n. A¸sâ {]bp-à-\-ho\ hnaÀi-\-{KÙw (Book of

applied New Criticism) F¶p hnti-jn-¸n-¡m-hp¶ \mb-Im-in-ev]-
amWv amdp¶ ae-bmf t\mhÂ. ]pXnb t\mh-ep-IÄ¡pw B[p-
\n-I-X-bpsS t\mh-ep-IÄ¡pw Hcp \ho\ hnaÀi-\-Is\gpXn-b,
BZys¯ ka-{Khpw Kuc-h-ta-dn-b-Xp-amb hnaÀi-\-{K-Ù-bm-Wn-Xv.
]pXnb t\mh-ep-IÄ¡v Hcm-ap-J-amWv Cu {KÙ-¯nsâ Bcw-`-
¯nÂ. kzbw Fcn-ªp-sImv tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-¸nÅ
\ÂInb _p²n-]-c-amb Ir]m-h-c-amWv \½psS t\mhÂ kmln-Xy-
¯nse H¶m-as¯ ]co-£-W-L«w t\cn-Sm-\pÅ Icp¯v XI-gn-
bpsS Xe-ap-dbv¡v t\SnsImSp-¯-Xv. CXv \½psS t\mhÂ hnaÀi-
\-¯nse Hcp kp{]-[m\ tcJ-Xs¶bmWv.
XI-gn-bpsSbpw tZhn-sâbpw Xe-ap-d-bpsS Ncn{X]c-amb
{]m[m\yw amä-§Ä¡v hnt[b-am-sW-¦nepw apt¶m«v t]mIpI
Xs¶ sN¿pw. ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-h-cpsS {]bm-k-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ
kXy-k-Ô-amb Nn{X-§Ä tIc-f-¯nse cmjv{So-b-Nn-´-Icpw
Ncn{XImc-·m-cp-aÃ \ap¡v \ÂIn-b-Xv. XI-gnbpw tZhp-am-bn-cp¶p,
"tXm«n-bpsS aI\n'epw cn-S-§gn'bnepw "I®mSn'bnepw aäpw
a\p-jys\ sXmgn-ep-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶p.
sXmgn-emWv a\p-jys\ \nÀÆ-Nn-¡p-¶-sX¶pw a\p-jys\ a\p-jy-
\m-¡n-¯oÀ¡p-I-sb¶ amÀIvkn-b³ lyqa-\n-k-¯nsâ `mK-ambn
Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. AtXm-sSm¸w kmaq-lnI Ncn-{Xhpw kwL-S-\-
I-fpsS P\-\hpw Ah-cpsS Ie-bpsS hnj-b-am-bn. Ah-cpsS
Bthiw \ndª t\m«w hyàn-bn-e-Ã. "kwLm-X-hyàn'bn-emWv
]Xn-ª-Xv. A§s\ AhÀ a\p-jys\ ]qÀ®-ambpw _mly-h-XvI-
cn-¨p. hyànsb hÀ¤-¯nÂ ebn-¸n-¨p. a\p-jysâ B´-cn-I-
Xsb \ncm-I-cn¨p sImv krjvSn \S-¯n. Xsâ Ime-L-«-¯nse
X¯z-Nn-´-bnse Gähpw henb sISpXn AkvXn-Xzs¯¡pdn-
¨pÅ ad-hn-bm-bn-cp-¶p F¶v sslUv¤À tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-v.
AkvXn-Xz-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Cu ad-hn-X-s¶-bmWv kao-]-`qXIme-
¯nse t\mh-ep-IÄ¡v ]cm-P-b-¯nsâ ac-W-KÔw \ÂIp-¶-Xv.
IcpXn¡q«n sNbvX òIc {]hÀ¯-\-a-sÃ-¦nepw a\p-jys\
_mly-h-XvI-cn¨p \nÀhyàn (No person) bm¡p-Ibpw Ahsâ
B´-cn-I-Xsb \ntj-[n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX IrXn-I-fmWv kao-]-`q-X-
Im-e-¯nÂ {]Xy-£-s¸-«-Xv. CtXm-sSm¸w cmw {]Xn-k-Ôn-L«w
Bcw-`n-¡p-¶p. a\p-jys\ _mly-h-XvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]Icw
B´-cn-I-X-bn-te-¡pÅ {i²bmWv {][m-\-sa¶p tXm¶n-b-Xnsâ
ê-ambn ka-Im-enI t\mhÂ hfÀ¶p. Adp-]-Xp-I-fpsS Gähpw
henb ]co-£-W-L-«-am-bn-cp¶p CXv. t\mhÂ F¶ kmlnXy
cq]w asäm-¶mbn ]cn-W-an-¡m³ t]mIp-¶-Xnsâ kqN-\-bm-bn-
cp¶p Cu {]Xn-k-Ôn-L-«w. hnkvXr-X-amb AIÂ¨ {]ZÀin-¸n¨p
sImv ka-Im-enI kmln-Xy-¯nÂ cp Xcw t\mh-ep-IÄ {]Xy-
£-s¸-Sm³ XpS-§n. kao]`qX-Im-e-¯nsâ ap¼nÂ ZoÀL-\-a-
kvImcw sN¿p¶ IrXn-Ifpw t\mhÂ F¶ kmln-Xy-cq-]s¯
At\z-j-W-¯nsâ Xe-¯n-te¡p Iq«n-s¡m-p-t]m-Im³ DZy-an-
¡p¶ IrXn-Ifpw Htc kabw Dm-hp-Ibpw kz´w {Iaw
krjvSn¨v kz´w ]pcm-hr¯w Is-¯m³ {ian-¡p-I-bpw
sNbvXp. C¯cw Iem-kr-jvSn-I-fpsS BhnÀ`m-h-t¯msS a\p-jy-
s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ZÀi\w hn]p-e-s¸-«p. X¯z-Nn-´¡v Hcp _ZÂ
F¶ \ne-bnÂ AÃ Ie \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. C{µo-b-§-fn-eqsS
A\p-`-hn-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xs¯ Xs¶ AhX-cn-¸n¨p
sImv kaq-l-¯n\p ]pd-t¯¡v Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ Iem-{]-Xn`
bm{X Bcw-`n-¨p.

DZm : Jkm-¡nsâ CXn-lm-kw, BÄ¡q«w
a\p-jysâ Zp:J§Ä cmjv{Sob ssZhw ]cn-l-cn-¡p-sa¶v
XIgnbpw tZhpw hniz-kn-¨p. ]t£ ssZhw ]cm-P-b-s¸«p XpS-§n-
b-t¸mÄ Ah-cpsS hnizm-khpw XIÀ¶p. ]cm-P-b-s¸« ssZh-
¯nsâ IY X¯z-Nn-´m-]-c-amb Xe-§-fnÂ \n¶p sImv A]-{K-
Yn-¡m-\pÅ Hu¶Xyw AhÀ¡p-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AXp sImv
X{´-]-c-amb Hcp ]em-b-\-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ AhÀ aäp hgn-I-fnÂ
k©-cn-¨p. A§s\ AhÀ hyàn Pohn-X-¯nse kzImcy \mS-
I-§sf kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]cn-Wm-a-§-fp-
ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {ian-¨p. CXnsâ ê-amWv XI-gn-bpsS
GWn-¸-Sn-Ifpw tZhnsâ AbÂ¡m-cpw. C¯-c-¯n-epÅ and-I-S-
¡m-\p-ff {ia-amWv Fgp-¯p-ImÀ \S-¯p-¶-sX¶v ]d-bmw. FÃm
]pXnb {]h-W-X-Ifpw AXn\p sXm«p ]pd-In-ep-Å-Xns\ XInSw
adn-¡m-dp-v. C¯-c-¯nÂ Cu BZÀi-I-Ym-]m-{X-§-tfmSv
tXm¶nb AI-e-amWv ]pXnb coXn-bn-ep-Å- BânlotdmIsf
krjvSn-¡m³ t{]cW \ÂIn-b-Xv.
t\mh-en-Ìnsâ Gähpw {][m-\-s¸« {]iv\-§-fn-sem-¶mWv
Imew. XI-gn-bpsS Xe-ap-dbv¡v Ime-samcp {]iv\-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
Imew Hsc-gp-¯p-Im-csâ kmØyw sISp-¯nÃ F¶Xv Abm-fpsS
ZÀi-\-¯nsâ ]cnan-Xnsb-bmWv hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv. Fgp-¯p-Im-
csâ ZÀi-\-¯nsâ Xs¶ `mK-amb Ime-t_m-[s¯Ipdn-¨mWv
kqN-\. kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ `mK-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ Imet_m-[s¯
]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶p. DZm. Fw.-Sn. bpsS Imew, B\-µnsâ acW kÀ«n-
^n-¡-äv, H.-hn.-hn-P-b³ Jkm-¡nsâ CXn-lm-kw. ]n¶oSv
bmYmÀ°y-tem-I-¯n-te-¡mWv Fgp-¯p-Im-c³ Xncn-bp-¶-Xv.
IpSpw_w F¶ bmYmÀ°yw LS-I-§-fmbn thÀXn-cnªv Fw.Sn
bpsS Iem-kr-jvSn-I-fnÂ {]Xn-^-en-¡p-¶p. bmYmÀ°ys¯ Ipdn-
¨pÅ [mc-W-IÄ amdn-bXv `mjm-]-c-amb {]Xn-k-Ôn¡v Imc-W-am-
bn-¯oÀ¶p. XI-gn-bpsS Xe-ap-dbv¡v `mj bmYmÀ°yw {]Xn-^-
en-¸n-¡m-\pÅ hkvXp-hm-Wv. AXo-{µo-b-t_m-[hpw bmYmÀ°yw
Xs¶ F¶p hniz-kn-¡p¶ H hn hnP-b-s\-t¸m-epÅ Fgp-¯p-Im-
c\v `mj bmYmÀ°yw Is-¯m-\pÅ hkvXp-hm-Wv. C¶s¯
t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ¡m-Wp¶ hm¡p-I-fpsS kwhn-[m\w \msf hmb-\-
¡m-cpsS AwKo-Imcw t\S-W-sa-¶n-Ã. hyXn-bm-\-§-fpsS Cu
{]bm-W-amWv `mjsb AXnsâ PoÀ®-X-bnÂ \n¶p c£n-¡p-¶-
Xv.

]pXnb t\mh-ep-IÄ hyàn-bpsS B´-cnI Pohn-X-s¯-
¡p-dn¨v BJym\w sN¿p-¶p. AXm-bXv ]pXnb t\mh-ep-I-fnse
bmYmÀ°yw AaqÀ¯-am-Wv. AXv Iem-Im-csâ krjvSn-bmbn
\ne sImÅp-¶p. `mjbv¡pw Ime-¯n\pw FÃmw ssIh¶ amä-
§Ä \qX-\-amb Hcm-ib temI¯n-te¡v \s½ sImp sN¶-
¯n-¡p-¶p. CXmWv t\mh-ensâ cmw {]Xn-k-Ôn-bnse khn-
ti-j-X-I-fmbn \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶-Xv.
amXrIm tNmZy-§Ä
1. ae-bmf t\mh-ense cw {]Xn-k-Ôn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-
IÄ DZm-l-cW klnXw Fgp-XpI?
2. ]mc-¼-cys¯ km[y-amb kÀ¤m-ß-I-cw-K-§-fnÂ sIm-
¯n-¡p-I-bmWv ]pXnb Fgp-¯p-ImÀ sN¿p-¶-Xv. hni-Zo-
I-cn-¡p-I.?
_n. cmPo-h³ (1946 þ

{]apJ ae-bmf kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi-I\pw amÀIvkn-b³ Iem-
X¯z Nn´-I-\p-amb _n. cmPo-h³ AXym-[p-\nI ]mÝm-Xy-I-em-
ZÀi-\-§Ä `mc-Xob kuµ-cy-im-kv{X-hp-ambn Ignbp-¶{X Xmc-X-
ay-s¸-Sm-\pff {iaw At±-l-¯nsâ cN-\-bnÂ ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
1980 Â P\-Iob kmwkvIm-cnI thZn-bpsS kwØm\ I½-än-bnÂ
{]hÀ¯n¨p hcp-¶p. 1969 apXÂ X¯z-im-kv{Xw, kuµ-cy-im-
kv{Xw, Ncn-{Xw, cmjv{So-b-Nn-´, kn\n-a, IhnX XpS-§nb hnj-b-
§-sf-¡p-dn¨v {]_-Ô-§Ä Fgp-Xp-¶p. "hm¡p-Ifpw hkvXp-
¡fpw' F¶ IrXn¡v tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Zan ]pc-kvImcw
e`n¨p (2011).
{][m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ
 kzmX-{ý-¯nsâ ka-{K-X
 ssPh-cm-jv{So-bhpw P\-k-©-b-hpw
 amÀIvkn-khpw imkv{X-hpw

 A\y-h-Xv¡-c-Whpw tbmK-hpw
 P\-\n-_n-U-amb Z´-tKm-]p-cw
 hÀ¯-am-\-¯nsâ Ncn{Xw
 hm¡p-Ifpw hkvXp-¡-fpw
 C.-Fw.-F-knsâ kz]v\w.
B[p-\n-I-hm-Zhpw \ho\ CS-Xp-]-£hpw þ _n. cmPo-h³
kzÀKw XoÀ¶p-t]m-Ip¶p \cIw \ne-\nÂ¡p¶p’ F¶

t]cnÂ sI.-]n. A¸³ amXr-`qan BgvN-]-Xn-¸nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n¨
{]_-Ô-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ NÀ¨-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯p-sIm-v Fgp-Xnb
teJ-\-amWv “B[p-\n-I-hm-Zhpw \ho\ CS-Xp-]-£hpw’ F¶-Xv.
kmln-Xys¯ kmwkvIm-cnI ZÀi-\-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ hne-bn-cp-¯p-
¶-XnÂ ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp¶ kmlnXy Nn´-I-cpsS A-[mÀan-IX
krjvSn-¡p¶ \c-Is¯ Ipdn-t¨mÀ¯v sI.-]n.A¸³ hnjmZw
sImÅp-¶p. AXm-bXv A¸sâ kmln-Xy-t_m[w At±-ls¯
hnjm-Z-¯n-te¡p \bn-¡p¶p F¦nepw hmb-\-¡msc kt´m-jn-
¸n-¡p-¶p.
H¶m-a-Xmbn Cu teJ\w kn hn bnepw Bim-\nepw XpS-
§p¶ B[p-\n-I-a-e-bmf kmln-Xys¯ kmwkvImcnI kw`-h-§-
sf-¶ \ne-bnÂ F§s\ kao-]n¡mw F¶-Xn\v amXr-I-bm-hm³
{ian-¡p-¶p-v. asäm¶v kmln-Xys¯ a\p-jy-cpsS [mÀan-I-Po-hn-
Xm-\p-`-h-§-tfmSp _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n a\-Ên-em-¡m³ {ian-¡m-¯Xv
Ncn-{X-\n-tj-[-am-sW¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xn-eqsS kmln-Xym-\p-`-h-¯nsâ
Ncn-{X-]-c-Xsb At±lw AwKo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. A§s\ Hcp Ime¯v
kmln-Xy-¯nsâ aqeyw Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ tIhe kzmX{ýw F¶
k¦-ev]-¯ntem B´-cn-I-k¯ F¶ Bi-b-¯ntem am{X-ambn
HXp¡n ImWm³ {ian-¨n-cp¶ sI.]n A¸³ kmlnXy hnaÀi-
\s¯ A\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS Xe-¯nse Nn{X-c-N-\-bmbn ImWp¶ ka-
Im-eo\ kmlnXy Nn´-tbmSv ASp¯p hcp-¶p. At±lw Imev]-
\nI kmlnXyw F¶p hnfn-¡p¶ cN-\-IÄ B[p-\n-I-a-e-bm-fn-
bpsS [mÀan-I-Po-hn-¯nsâ \nÀan-Xn-bnÂ Xs¶ {]hÀ¯n¨ kw`-
h-§-fm-Wv. Bim-\nÂ XpS-§p¶ B[p-\nI ae-bm-f-I-hnX
]pXnb Hcp `mhp-I-Xz-a-WvU-e-s¯-¡qSn krjvSn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

B[p-\n-I-a-e-bm-fn-bpsS D¬asb \nÀan-¡p¶ a{´-am-XrII-fmbn
{]hÀ¯n¨ Bim³ Ihn-X-bpsS iàn-IÄ¡p hym]-cn-¡m³
AXnsâ ]pXnb `mhp-IXzw Hcp s]mXp-a-WvU-e-¯nsâ `mK-ambn
A¶p amtd-n-bn-cp-¶p. Bimsâ Ihn-Xsb i_v-Z-{]Wbn-I-
fpsS temI-¯p-\n¶v A\p-`q-Xn-I-fpsS Bg-ta-dnb {]tZ-i-§-fn-
te¡pw cq]-\n-_-Ô-\-¯nsâ Ønc kmt¦-Xn-I-X-bnÂ \n¶v `mh-
kvt^m-S-\-¯nsâ bmZr-Ñn-I-X-I-fn-te¡pw A£-c-tÇm-I-¯n-
sâbpw shSn-sh-«-§-fp-sSbpw CS-\mgnbnÂ \n¶v a\p-jyÀ
\ndª henb kZ-Êp-I-fn-te¡pw sImp hcp-¶-Xn-eqsS
AXnsâ `mhp-I-Xzs¯ ae-bm-fn-bpsS \ne-\n-ev]nsâ s]mXp
aWvU-e-¯nÂ hn\y-kn-¡m-\mWv tPmk^v ap-tÈ-cn-sb-t¸m-
epff ]ptcm-K-a-\-hm-Zn-IÄ {ian-¨-Xv. ico-c-§-fpsS PmXn-]-c-amb
hn\ym-k-{I-a-§-fnÂ \n¶pw kzXz-t_m-[-apÅ a\p-jy-cpsS
kmaqlnI{I-a-¯n-te-¡pÅ Pohn-X-¯nsâ ]cn-hÀ¯\w tIc-f-
¯nÂ km[y-am-¡nb LS-I-§-fn-sem¶v `mhp-I-Xz-kw-_-Ô-amb
Cu hn¹-h-am-Wv.
CXp-t]mse Xs¶-bmWv N§-¼pg Ihn-X-I-fpsS
kmwkvIm-cnI hn¹-h-hpw. PmXn-i-co-c-§-fmbn hn\y-kn-¡-s¸-«n-
cp¶ ae-bmfn kaq-l-¯nsâ Gähpw ASn-bn-epÅ ico-c-§-sf-
t¸mepw ]pXnb Nn´-bpsS Ne-\-cq-]-§-fn-te¡pw Ne-\-th-K-§-fn-
te¡pw FSp-s¯-dnª Hcp iàn-bmWv N§-¼p-g-¡-hn-X-IÄ.
A§s\ ]pXnb a\p-jysâ ImgvNbpw tIÄhnbpw kv]Àihpw
Øe-Im-em-\p-`-h-§fpw AS-§p¶ ]pXnb Hc-kvXn-Xz-
hmkvXpinev]-am-Xr-I-bn-te¡p IqSn-bmWv N§-¼p-g-¡-hnX ae-bm-
fnsb sImp h¶-Xv. hr¯hpw tImWpw NXp-c-hp-a-Ãm¯ Nmf-
I-fnÂ \n¶v ]pXnb Øe-L-S-\-I-fn-te¡pw Ime-t_m-[-§-fn-te-
¡p-apÅ Hcp P\-X-bp-sS amä-am-W-Xv. ¢mkn-¡Â Ihn-X-bnse
N{µmÀt¡m-Z-b-§-fÃ N§-¼p-g-¡-hn-X-bnÂ ae-bmfn A\p-`-hn¨
]q\n-emhpw ]pe-scm-fn-I-fpw. ac-§Ä ]pw ]q¯n«ps¦nepw
]£n-IÄ ]mSn-bn-«p-s-¦nepw ]q¯-acw Hcp ]pXnb ImgvN-bm-Ip-
¶-Xv, ]£n-I-fpsS If-Ifw ]pXnb tIÄhn-bm-Ip¶ PohnXw
]pXnb B{K-l-§-fmÂ ]pXp-¡-s¸-Sp-t¼m-gm-Wv. B{K-l-§Ä
iàn-I-fm-Wv. Gähpw ZpÀ_-e³ F¶p Icp-X-s¸-Sp¶ Cu Ihn
ae-bm-f-¯nse Gähpw ià-\mb Ihn-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. N§-¼p-g-¡-
hnX Xpd¶p hn« XrjvW-I-fpsS iàn ae-bm-fnsb B\-µm-\p-`-h-
¯nsâ ]e ]S-hp-I-fn-eq-sSbpw DbÀ¯ns¡m-p-t]m-bn-«p-v.
N§-¼p-g-¡-hnX B[p-\nI ae-bm-fn-bpsS Akm-[m-c-W-amb Hcm-

ßo-bm-\p-`-h-am-Wv. ae-bm-fn-bpsS [mÀanI temI-¯nsâ ]pXnb
LS-\sb XInSw adn¨ Hcp Bßo-bm-\p-`-hw.
B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-¯nsâ hym]vXnbpw {]k-ànbpw
]mÝmXy {]_p-²X F¶p hnfn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ bpàn-bp-
sSbpw hyàn-bp-sSbpw ]uc-kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâbpw {]Øm-\-¯n³
\n¶p XpS-§p¶ B[p-\n-IX Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-nsâ Bcw-`-
t¯msS ]mÝmXy kaq-l-§-fnÂ tNmZyw sN¿-s¸-Sm³ XpS-§n.
Ie-bnepw kmln-Xy-¯n-ep-amWv Cu Cf¡w BZyw kw`-hn-¡p-¶-
Xv. bqtdm-]y³ Ie-bn-sebpw kmln-Xy-¯n-sebpw Ahm-MvKmÀZv
{]Øm-\-§Ä, B[p-\nI ]mÝmXy ]uc-k-aq-l-§-fpsS kmam\y
_p²n k¦-ev]-§sf Dd-¸n-¨p-\nÀ¯m³ klm-bn¨ Øm]-\-h-XvI-
cn-¡-s¸« Iem-þ-k-¦-ev]-§Äs¡-Xnsc `mh-\-bpsS aqÀ¯-i-àn-
IÄ \S-¯nb Iem-cq]§fm-bn-cp-¶p. B \ne-bv¡mWv A¡m-Z-
anIv Iem-km-ln-Xy-Nn-´-bv¡p-ÅnÂ \n¶p sImvp hne-bn-cp-¯m-
\m-hm¯ Hcp {]Xn-`m-k-ambn AXp-am-dp-¶-Xv.
]mÝm-Xy-km-lnXy Iem-Øm-]-\-§Ä `mh-\-bpsS iàn-
Isf {]m´-h-XvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\p ssIs¡m-Åp¶ {]tXyI coXn-
bpsS êw AN-©-e-amb Hcp hkvXp-\n-jvT-X-sbbpw Bß-\n-jvT-
X-sbbpw Ipdn-¨pÅ kmam-\y-_p²n Úm\s¯ AXp ]n´p-W-
bv¡p¶p F¶-Xm-Wv. AXn-\mÂ `mh-\-bpsS {]m´-h-XvI-c-W-¯n-
s\-Xn-cmb Iem]w Bß/hkvXp-Zz-µz-¯nÂ A[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp
Nn´m-co-Xn-s¡-Xn-cmb Iem-]-am-Wv. A§s\ temIs¯ apgp-h³
Bß-\n-jvT-X-bp-sSbpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-X-bp-sSbpw hncp-²-ta-J-e-I-
fn-te¡v cm¡n am{Xw apdn-¡p¶ ]mÝmXy AXn-ù-Xn-IbpsS
Iqä³ Nn´m-b-{´¯ns\Xn-sc-bpÅ Iem-]-ambn B[p-\n-IX
{]Øm\w (Modernism) amdp-¶p. bqtdm-]y³ B[p-\n-I-X-
bpsSbpw AXnsâ ]uc-k-aq-l-¯nsâbpw aqey-k-¦-ev]-§Ä¡pw
Øm]-\-§Ä¡p-sa-Xnsc kmln-Xy-¯nepw Ie-bnepw B[p-\n-
IXm {]Øm-\-ambn Bcw-`n¨ kmwkvIm-cnI hn¹hw temI-
sa§pw Pohn-X-¯nsâ FÃmw Xe-§-fn-te¡pw hym]n-¡p-¶-XmWv
\mw I-Xv. ae-bmf kmln-Xy-¯nse B[p\nIXm {]Øm\w
CXn-t\m-sSm¶pw _Ô-an-ÃmsX Hä-s¸«p kw`-hn¨ Hcp hn¹-h-a-Ã.
Ignª \qäm-nsâ Adp-]-Xp-I-fpsS a[y-t¯msS tIc-f-¯nÂ
Ihn-X-bnepw IY-bnepw cmjv{So-b-¯nepw B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS
hn¹hw {]Xy-£-s¸-«p.

ae-bm-f-I-Y-bnse B[p-\n-IXm {]Øm-\-¯nsâ {]Xn-\n-[n-
I-sfÃmw (hn.-sI.-F³., H.-F³.-hn., k¡-dn-b, B\-µv, apIp-µ³,
Im¡-\m-S³) Hcp A[n-\n-th-im-ć kmwkvIm-cnI Iem-]-¯nsâ
`mK-am-sW¶p kzbw sXfn-bn-¨-h-cm-Wv. ]e \nÀWm-bI kµÀ`-
§-fnepw kz´w `mhp-I-Xz-¯nsâ cmjv{Sob \nÀ`bw {]Im-in-¸n-¨-
h-cm-Wv. ASn-b-´-cm-hØ t]mepÅ ]co-£-W-L-«-§-fnepw P\-
Iob kmwkvIm-cnI thZn `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ ISp¯ FXnÀ¸p-Isf
t\cn« kµÀ`-§-fnepw CXv Gähpw hyà-ambn \ap-¡-\p-`-h-s¸-
«p. bp.]n Pb-cm-Pv, Fw.-kp-Ip-am-c³, kn.-BÀ.-]-c-ta-iz-c³ XpS-§n-
b-hÀ C¡q-«-¯nÂs¸-Sp-¶-h-cm-Wv. IY-bnepw t\mh-en-ep-sa¶
t]mse tIc-f-¯nÂ Ihn-X-bnepw \mS-I-¯nepw kn\n-a-bnepw
Nn{X--I-em-cw-K-§-fnepw B[p-\n-I-Xm-{]-Øm\w ià-am-bn-cp-¶p.
\mS-I-¯nÂ sI.-]n.-F-kn-bp-sSbpw ae-_mÀ tI{µ-I-em-k-an-Xn-bp-
sSbpw t\Xr-Xz-¯nepw kmwkvIm-cnI thZn-bpsS \mS-I-§-fn-
eqsSbpw B[p-\n-IX cwK¯p h¶p. sI.-sP.-t_-_n, cma-N-{µ³
samtI-cn, ]n.-Fw.-Bâ-Wn, kpcm-kp, tPmbvamXyp XpS-§n-b-hÀ
\mS-I-cw-K¯v B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Iem]w sImp-h-¶-h-cm-Wv.
kn\n-a-bnÂ ASqcpw Pn.-A-c-hn-µ\pw DÄs¸-sS-bp-Å-h-cpsS Iem-
kr-jvSn-I-fn-eqsS B[p-\n-IX AS-bm-f-s¸«p XpS-§n. tPm¬-F-{_-
lmw, Sn hn N{µ³, cho-{µ³, ]hn-{X³ XpS-§nb kwhn-[m-b-I-cn-
eqsS CXv hfÀ¶p. Nn{X-I-e-I-fnepw B[p-\n-I-Xm-{]-Øm\w
ià-am-bn-cp-¶p. F.-kn.-sI.-cm-P, IrjvW-Ip-amÀ, {]`m-I-c³, Ae-
Ivkvam-Xyp, taml³Zm-kv, Ae-Ivkm-À, j_p XpS-§n-b-hÀ
{]kn² inev]n-Ifpw Nn{X-Im-c-·m-cp-am-Wv. ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnÂ
kmwkvIm-cnI cwKs¯ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Iem-]-¯nsâ kam-´-c-
am-bmWv B[p-\n-IXm {]Øm\w ià-am-b-Xv. BäqÀ, chn-hÀ½,
IS-½-\n-«, k¨n-Zm-\-µ³, sI.-Pn.-i-¦-c-¸nÅ XpS-§n-b-hÀ CXn\v
kÀ¤m-ßI t\XrXzw \ÂIn-b-h-cm-Wv. CXnÂ \n-s¶Ãmw aebm--
f-¯nÂ B[p-\n-IXm{]Øm\w IY-bntem t\mh-entem am{Xw
HXp-§nb Hcp kmlnXy {]Xn-`m-k-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ F¶pw, AXv ae-
bm-fn-bpsS `mh-\m-tem-Is¯ H¶msI DÄs¡m `mhp-IXz
kw_-Ôn-bmb Hcp hn¹-h-am-bn-cp¶p F¶pw B hn¹-h-¯nsâ
Iem-]-§-fnÂ tIc-f-¯nse ]p¯³ CSXp ]£hpw B[p-\n-IXm
{]Øm-\hpw H¯p tNÀ¶mWv {]hÀ¯n-¨-sX-¶p-apÅ Ncn{X
hkvXp-X-I-fmWv shfn-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

amXr-Im-tNm-Zy-§Ä
1. ae-bmf kmln-Xy-¯nse B[p-\n-I-{]-Øm\w IY-bntem
t\mh-entem am{Xw HXp§n \n¶ kmlnXy {]Xn-`m-k-am-
bn-cp-¶nÃ þ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡pI
2. B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-¯nsâ hym]vXnbpw {]k-ànbpw hyà-
am-¡p-I.
C.-hn.-cm-a-Ir-jvW³ (1951 þ
A£-c-§sf sshNm-cn-Ihpw sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb A\p-`-h-
§-fmbn sImm-Sp¶ \ncq-]-I-\mWv C.-hn.-cm-a-Ir-jvW³.
]mÝmXy kmln-Xy-ZÀi-\-§Ä ]Tn¨v ]Xw h¶ B a\-Ên\v ae-
bmf kmln-Xy-¯nsâ AIw s]mcpÄ Is-¯m-\pÅ Zml-ap-v.
AXn-\mÂ hm¡p-I-fpsS _lp-kz-c-X-bnÂ Db-cp¶ Bi-b-§-
fpsS sshhn[y ]qÀ®-amb A\p-`-h-§-fmbn Xocp-¶p. At±-l-
¯nsâ hnaÀi-\-§Ä. kmln-Xy-¯nse hm¡pw kaq-l-¯nse
hm¡pw At±lw Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. `mj-bpsS \nKq-V-hÂ¡-c-
Whpw kmln-Xy-¯nse AanX emh-Wy-hÂ¡-c-Whpw icn-
bsÃ¶p hmZn-¡p¶ At±lw kaq-l-¯nse A´:kwLÀj-§Ä
Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ BibJ\n-bm-sW¶v hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. "A£-
chpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw' 1996 se tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Zan ]pc-
kvImcw t\Sn.
{][m-\-IrXn
 A£-chpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw
 hm¡nse kaq-lw
 tZio-b-X-Ifpw kmln-Xy-hpw
 A\p-`-h-§sf BÀ¡mWp t]Sn.

A£-chpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw þ C hn cma-Ir-jvW³
Hcp kaq-l-¯nsâ s]mXp-kz-¯mb Adn-hp-Ifpw Ah-
bpsS hn\n-abw km-²y-am-¡p¶ Bi-b-{]-Im-i-\-amÀ¤-§-fp-amWv
kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ \ne-\nÂ¸v km²y-am-¡p-¶-Xv, hopw hopw
ImWp-¶-Xn-eq-sSbpw tIÄ¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bp-amWv Hcp kaqlw
AXnsâ kwkvImcw ]mT-§sf (Cultural texts) lrZn-Ø-am-¡p-
¶Xv F¶À°w. Fgp-¯n-sâbpw hmb-\-bp-sSbpw \osmcp
Ncn{Xw tIc-f-¯n\v Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sm-sa-¦nepw AXv kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-am-
hp-¶Xv Ccp-]Xmw \qd-dm-n-em-Wv. (Anandawood Fgp-Xnb
Knowledge before printing Affer F¶ ]pkvXI¯nÂ \ne-\n-¶n-
cp¶ hmsamgn kwkvIm-c-s¯-¸-än-bpÅ ]T-\-§-fp-v). Ccp-]Xmw
\qäm-nsâ BZy ]Ip-Xn-bn-emWv ]pkvXI tI{µo-X-amb ]pXnb
kwkvImcw tIc-f-¯n-epS-se-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. A¨-Sn-bpsS Ip-]n-Sp-
¯-s¯-¯p-SÀ¶v ]mÝm-Xy-tZ-i§fnÂ A©p \qäm-p-IÄ¡p-
ÅnÂ kw`-hn¨ kmaqly]cn-hÀ¯-\-§Ä CýbnÂ Hcp \qäm-
n-\p-Ånepw tIc-f-¯nÂ AXnepw Ipd-sªmcp Ime-b-f-hn-ep-am-
Wp-m-b-Xv. hmsamgn kwkvIm-c-¯nÂ \n¶v ]pkvX-I-tI-{µn-X-
amb kwkvIm-c-¯n-te¡p amdp¶ kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ DÂ¡-WvT-
Ifpw BImw-£-Ifpw Gähpw IqSp-XÂ NÀ¨ sN¿-s¸-«Xv B[p-
\n-IX Adn-hnsâ DÂ]m-Z-\-¯nepw hnX-c-W-¯n-ep-ap-mb {]Xn-
k-Ôn-bpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-am-Wv. B[p-\n-I-cmb Fgp-¯p-ImÀ Kpcp-
ap-J-¯p-\n¶v hnZy A`y-kn-¨-h-c-Ã. A\m-Yhpw BÄ¯nct¡dn-
b-Xp-amb ¢mkvap-dn-I-fnÂ \n¶v Andhpw A\p-`-hhpw At\z-jn¨v
]pd-¯n-d-§nb ]ecpw ]pkvX-I-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv temIs¯ Is-
¯n-b-Xv. hmb-\-¡m-cpsS ]pXn-sbmcp Xe-apd Dm-bXp
sImmWv Fgp-¯p-Im-cp-sS, B[p-\n-IXeapd Dm-b-sX¶v
'Fgp-¯p-Imcpw hmb-\-¡mcpw' F¶ teJ-\-¯nÂ Fw.-tKm-hn-µ³
]d-bp-¶p. Cu temIs¯ hen-sbmcp sse{_-dn-bmbn k¦-ev]n¨
t_mÀl-knsâ ZÀi-\-¯nsâ Bß-t_m[w (Self Consciousness)
B[p-\n-I-cmb Fgp-¯p-ImÀ temIw ImWp¶ coXnsb DZm-l-cn-
¡p-¶p. Adnhn-s\bpw A£-c-s¯bpw sNmÃn-bp-ff Bß-h-
t_m[w F§s\ hnP-bsâ Jkm-¡nsâ CXn-lmk'¯nepw k¡-
dn-b-bpsS "tbip-]pcw ]»nIv sse{_-dn-sb-¸än Hcp ]cmXn' F¶
IY-bnepw ià-amb A´À²m-c-bm-hp-¶p-sh¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I-
bmWv Cu teJ-\-¯n-eq-sS.

Jkm-¡nÂ ]pkvX-I-§-fn-sÃ¶p \mw HmÀt¡--Xm-Wv.
Jkm-¡nsâ "{]IrXamb PoÀ®X' ]pkvX-I-tI-{µn-X-amb
kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ tcJo-b-amb ss\c-´-cy-¯nÂ \n¶v AXn-\pÅ
AI-e-am-Wv. ]pkvX-I-§-fn-Ãm¯ Hcp kaq-l-¯nÂ kzXz-§Ä
\nÀ½n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv sFXn-ly-§fpw kmaq-lym-\p-`-h-§epw \nXy-
Po-hn-X-¯nse km£mÂ¡m-c-§fpw IqSn¡-eÀ¶ {]mXn-`m-kn-I-
amb (Phenomenological) bmYmÀ°y-¯nsâ Xe-¯n-em-Wv. Ime-
\n-c-t]-£-amb k¯-I-fpv F¶ hnizm-k-amWv Fgp-¯nsâ
kwkvIm-cs¯ \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xv. Cý³ tZio-bX
]s¯m³]Xmw \qäm-nsâ Ah-km-\-Imew apXÂ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-
b-XnÂ A¨Sn kwkvIm-c-¯n\v hen-sbmcp ]¦p-v. C¯cw tZio-
b-X-IÄ¡p ]pd¯v Xg¨p hf-cp¶ {]mtZ-in-I-X-Isf cmjv{So-b-
¯nsâ apJy-[m-c-bn-te¡p ]cn-hÀ¯\w sN¿pI F¶ ZuXyw
hnZym-`ymk ]²-Xn-I-fn-eqsSbmWv \nÀÆ-ln-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. cmjv{S-
¯nsâ \b-§Ä¡p t\sc-bpÅ hen-sbmcp shÃp-hn-fn-bmWv \nc-
£-c-\mb hyàn. Jkm-¡n-s\-t¸m-epÅ {]mtZ-inI hyàn-Xz-
§sf a\-Ên-em-¡m-\-Ã, Ahsb kzmwio-I-cn-¡m-\mWv A[n-Im-c-
tI-{µ-§-fpsS ]pXnb `mjm-hy-h-lm-c-§Ä {ian-¡p-¶-Xv.
A[n-ImctI{µ-§-fpsS ]pXnb `mjm hyh-lm-c-§Ä {ian-
¡p-¶-Xv. Øe-t]-cp-I-fp-sSbpw BÄ¡m-cpsS \ma-t[-b-§-fp-
sSbpw hmsam-gn-I-fpsSbpw {ipXn-e-b-§-fn-eqsS hnP-b³ t\mhÂ
Hcp Ip¼-km-c-Ir-Xn-b-Ã. AkvXn-Xz-¯nsâ km²y-X-I-fmWv t\mh-
ensâ am²y-a-¯n-eqsS hnP-b³ Is-¯m³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. A\p-
`-h-§-epsS k¦oÀ®-X-Isf \ncm-I-cn-¡m-¯, hntcm-[m-`m-k-§-
sfbpw sshhn-[y-§-sfbpw AwKo-I-cn-¡p¶ Cu temI ho£-W-
amWv Jkm-¡v. Jkm-¡nÂ kwkm-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ tZiy-`m-j-I-fpsS
sshhn²yw Ahn-Ss¯ kaq-l-¯n\v kzmb-¯-amb PohnX
km²y-X-I-fpsS ssh]p-eys¯ Ipdn-¡p-¶p. B[p-\n-I-X-tbmSv
X\n-¡pÅ _Ôw Xs¶-bmWv chn-bn-eqsS hnP-b³ hnaÀi\
hnt[-b-am-¡p-¶-Xv. \mw Pohn-¡p¶ kmwkvIm-cnI kµÀ`-¯nÂ
kzXz-¯n\p thn-bp-ff GXv At\z-j-Whpw hntcm-[m-`m-k-
§fpw Akw-_-Ô-`m-h-§fpw IeÀ¶ Akw-Xr-]vXn-bnte Ah-
km-\n-¡p-I-bpÅq F¶v hnP-b³ Is-¯p-¶p.
\½psS Adn-hp-IÄ \mw Xnc-sª-Sp-¡p-¶-h-b-Ã,
Adnhnsâ ]mTy-]-²-Xn-IÄ \nÀ½n¡p-¶-h-cmWv \½psS IÀ¯y-
Xz-§sf cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-sX¶ Is-¯Â Hcp DÂI-WvT-bmbn

kÀ¤m-ß-I-Nn-´sb {Kkn-¡p¶ Ime-¯mWv "tbip-]pcw ]»nIv
sse{_-dn-sb-¸än Hcp ]cmXn'amXncnbpÅ IY-IÄ Fgp-X-s¸-Sp-¶-
Xv.
Jkm-¡n-s\-¸än ae-bm-f-¯n-ep-mb ]T-\-§Ä chnsb
tI{µ-I-Ym-]m-{X-ambn Ip-sIm-p-Å-Xm-Wv. am\-knI
bmYmÀ°y-§sf {]Xn-_nw-_n-¡p¶ ]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS iywJ-e-
bmWv IYm-]m-{X-§Ä. hnP-bsâ t\mhÂ k¦-ev]s¯ AkvXn-
Xz-s¯-¸-än-bpff Imhym-ß-I-amb [ym\w F¶p hnti-jn-¸n-¡mw.
a\:imkv{X]c-amb hmb-\sb hnP-b³ {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-¶Xv ]cn-
lm-k-¯n-eq-sSbpw _nw_-§-fpsS {]Xn-²z-\n-I-fn-epsS BJym-\-
¯n\p kw`-hn-¡p¶ {àm-ß-I-X-bn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv. Jkm-¡nsâ
inev]w _lp-kz-cX (Polyphony)bptS-Xm-Wv. Jkm-¡nsâ
]pkvX-I-§-fn-sÃ¶p \mtamÀ½n-t¡--Xp-v. Jkm-¡nsâ "{]Ir-
X-amb PoÀ®X' ]pkvX-I-tI-{µn-X-amb kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ tcJo-b-
amb ss\c-´-cy-¯nÂ \n¶v AXn-\pÅ AI-e-amWv. ]pkvX-I-
§Ä CÃm-s¯mcp kaq-l-¯nÂ kzXz-§Ä \nÀ½n-X-s¸-Sp-¶Xv
sFXn-ly-§fpw kmaq-lym-\p-`-h-§fpw \nXy-Po-hn-X-¯nse
km£mÂ¡mc-§fpw IqSn¡eÀ¶ {]mXn-`m-kn-I-ambn
(Phenomenological) bmYmÀ°y-¯nsâ Xe-¯n-em-Wv. Ime-\n-c-
t]-£-amb k¯-I-fpv F¶ hniz-k-amWv Fgp-¯nsâ kwkvIm-
cs¯ \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xv. Cý³ tZio-bX ]s¯m³]Xmw \qäm-
nsâ Ah-km-\-Imew apXÂ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-XnÂ A¨Sn
kwkvIm-c-¯n\v hensbmcp ]¦p-v. C¯cw tZio-b-X-IÄ¡p
]pd¯p Xg¨p hf-cp¶ {]mtZ-in-I-X-Isf cmjv{S-¯nsâ apJy-[m-
c-bn-te¡v ]cn-hÀ¯\w sN¿pI F¶ ZuXyw hnZym-`ymk ]²-Xn-
I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv \nÀÆ-ln-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. Jkm-¡n-s\-t¸m-epÅ
{]mtZ-inI hyàn-Xz-§sf a\-Ên-em-¡msX Ahsb kzmwio-I-cn-
¡m-\mWv (Assimilate)CXp-t]msebpÅ IY-IÄ Fgp-¯-s¸-Sp-
¶Xv. tbip-]pcw ]»nIv sse{_-dn-bpsS Bbp-jvIm-emw-K-amb
Hcm-sf-gpXp¶ Fgp-¯nsâ cq]-¯n-emWv Cu IY-bpsS inev]w.
sse{_-dn-bp-ambn ]p¡nÄ¯p sIms-¶-t]mse CbmÄ
_Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. CXnse AwK-§Ä Bbp-jv¡m-emw-K-§Ä
kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ `mhn-sb-¸än DXvI-WvTm-Ip-e-cm-Ip¶ Fgp-¯p-
ImÀ Xs¶-bm-Wv.
]pkvX-I-§-fn-Ãm¯ Jkm¡pw \mw Pohn-¡p¶
temIs¯ Xs¶ {]Xn-_nw-_n-¡p¶ tbip-]pcw ]»nIv sse{_-
dnbpw A£-c-tem-I-¯nsâ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-§Ä¡p-ÅnÂ \nÀ½n-
¡-s¸-Sp¶ \½psS Bß-kz-cq-]-§-fpsS Ir{Xn-a-Xz-s¯-¸än
\t½mSp ]eXpw ]d-bp-¶p-v. \njvI-f-¦hpw A\m-Zn-bp-amsbmcp
a\p-jy-k-¯-bn-te¡v kzX-{´-\mbn Xncn-¨p-t]m-hpI Akm-[y-am-
Wv. \½psS Ah-Ø-bnse kwLÀj-§Ä \½psS kzXz-¯nsâ
`mK-am-Wv. \mw Pohn-¡p¶ {]Xn-k-Ôn-IÄ \s½ Xncp-¯n-sb-gp-
Xp-¶p. \½psS [mc-W-I-fnÂ kXyhpw anYybpw IqSn-¡-e-cp-¶-
sX-§s\ F¶p ImWn-¡m³ DX-Ip¶ _lp-kz-c-X-bpsS `mj
cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv ka-Im-enI Pohn-X-k-a-ky-Isf hnP-
b\pw k¡-dn-bbpw DÄs¡m-Xv. \½psS kzXz-§Ä \nÀ½n-¡p-
¶-Xnepw \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xnepw `mj hln-¡p¶ ]¦n-s\-¸än Cu
Fgp-¯p-ImÀ t_m[-hm-·m-cmWv. Cu Fgp-¯-Im-cpsS B[p-\n-IX
\ninXamb \ncq-]W _p²n-bm-Wv. `mjsb {]Xy-b-imkv{X]c-
amb Bbp-[-ambn D]-tbm-Kn¨p sImv AÀ°-k-¦-ev]-§-fmbn
\mw kzoI-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-B-Nm-c-§-tfbpw `{Z-amb `mjy-§-fmbn
\mw Xmtem-en-¡p¶ anYy-I-tfbpw ChÀ t`Zn-¡p-¶p.
amXr-Im-tNm-Zy-§Ä
1. B[p-\n-I-X-km-ln-Xy-¯nÂ hcp-¯nb amä-§sf Cu teJ-
\s¯ ap³\nÀ¯n hni-Z-am-¡p-I.
2. A[n-Im-chpw Adnhpw X½n-epÅ ]pXnb hn\n-ab \nc-¡p-
IÄ kzXz-¯n\p thn-bpÅ At\z-j-W-§sf k¦oÀ®-
am-¡p-¶p. teJ-Isâ Cu {]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-I.

samUyp-Ä þ 5
sP. tZhnI (1968

Ncn-{X-]-WvUn-X, kmaq-ly-hn-aÀi-I, kv{XohmZ Fgp-¯p-
Im-cn, A²ym-]nI F¶o \ne-I-fnÂ {it²-b-bmb hyàn-bmWv
sP.-tZ-hn-I. tIc-f-¯nse kv{Xok-aq-l-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw enwK-cm-
jv{So-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw khn-ti-j-ambn ]T\w \S-¯p-¶-h-cnÂ
{]apJbmWn-hÀ. kmaq-ln-Ihpw kv{XotI-{µo-IrXhpamb hnj-b-
§-sf-¡p-dn¨v \nc-h[n D]-\ym-k-§fpw ]T-\-§fpw {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-
«p-v. "Ipe-kv{Xobpw N´-s¸®pw Dm-b-sX-§s\ F¶ IrXn-
bn-eqsS kzX{´]IÀ¸-h-Imi{]Im-i-\-¯n-eqsS ka-Im-eo\ ae-
bm-f-¯nÂ ]IÀ¸-h-Imihnap-à-amb {]kn-²o-I-cW kwkvIm-c-
¯n\v {]mtbm-KnI amXrI XpS§n sh¨p.
IrXn-IÄ
 AW-c-ip-\m-«nse ImgvN-IÄ : tIcfw kv{Xo]£ Kth-j-

W-¯nÂ
 Ipe-kv{Xobpw N´-s¸®pw Dm-b-sX-§-s\.

Ipe-Sbv¡pw Ipeo-\-bv¡p-a-¸pdw þ sP.tZ-hnI
AXoh k¦oÀ®-amb Hcp Nn´m-{]-]-©s¯ tIhew D]-
cn-X-e-kv]Àin-Ifpw ap³hn-[n-I-fmÂ aqS-s¸-«-h-bp-amb hnti-j-W-
§-fmÂ izmkw ap«n¨p If-ª-Xnsâ Ncn-{X-amWv kc-kzXn A½-
bpsS IrXn-I-fp-tS-Xv. a\p-jysc PmXn-I-fm-bn-¯n-cn¨v [À½-IÀ½-
§Ä \nÝ-bn¨v D¨-\o-N-Xz-t{i-Wn-I-fnÂ \nc-¯p¶ "P·-t`Z'
hyhØbvs¡-Xnsc 19þmw \qäm-nsâ Ah-km-\-Z-i-I-§-fnse
tIc-fob kaq-l-¯nÂ ISp¯ hnaÀi-\hpw shÃp-hn-fnbpw
DbÀ¶p XpS-§n-bn-cp-¶p. CtXm-sSm¸w Xs¶ B[p-\n-Ihpw
]ptcm-K-a\]chpw kzmX-{ým-[n-jvTn-X-hp-amb Hcp-]p-Xp-k-aq-l-
¯nsâ \nÀ½m-W-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hnNn-´-\-§Ä¡pw {]Nm-c-ta-dn.

enwK-t`-Z-amWv P·-t`Zs¯¡mÄ Dd-¸pÅ kmaq-ln-Im-Sn-¯d
F¶ Bi-b-¯n\v C¡m-e¯v hÀ²n¨ k½Xn t\Sm-\m-bn.
kv{XoXzw, ]pcp-jXzw F¶nh tIhew e£Ww XnIª ico-c-
§Ä am{X-a-sÃ¶pw enwK-{]-tXy-I-X-I-fp-ff a\-Êp-IÄ IqSn-bm-
sW¶pw hmZn-¡-s¸-«p. `mhn-bnse B[p-\nI kaq-l-s¯-¡p-dn-
¨pÅ Nn´-I-fnÂ ]pXn-sbmcp "enwK-t`-Z-am-XrI' ka-ql¯nsâ
BWn-¡-Ãmbn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«p. kaq-ls¯ "]pdw-tem-I-
sa¶pw' "Krl'sa¶pw thÀ¯n-cn¨v Ahsb ]pcp-jsâbpw
kv{Xobp-sSbpw kzm`m-hnI "CS'§fmbn ImWp-Ibpw
sNbvXpsImv A[n-Imc cq]-§-fpsS ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-I-¯n-eqsS
apt¶m«v \o§p¶ kaq-l-¯nÂ Cu Bi-b-§Ä NÀÏÄ¡v
Imc-W-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p. 19þmw \qäm-nÂ tIc-f-¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n¨p
h¶ s{]m«-Ìâv anj-W-dn-am-cpsS Bi-b-§-fnepw ]n¶oSpw B
\qäm-nsâ Aý-Z-i-I-§-fnÂ DbÀ¶p-h¶ B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-
`ymkw t\Snb a²y-hÀ¤-¯nsâ _u²nI ]cn-{i-a-§-fnepw CXn\v
khn-ti-j-amb {]m[m-\y-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p.
19þmw \qäm-nsâ Aý-Z-i-I-§Ä apXÂ 20þmw \qäm-
nsâ a²y-Z-i-I-§Äh-sc-bp-ff Ime-b-f-hnÂ enwK-t`Z hnNmcw
tIc-f-¯nÂ kPo-h-am-bn-cp-¶p. tIc-f-¯nÂ DbÀ¶p h¶ an¡-
km-aqly kmwkvIm-cnI Øm]-\-§-fnepw enwK-t`Zw Kuc-h-ambn
NÀ¨ sN¿-s¸-«p. kv{Xok-am-P-§Ä, ]{X-am-kn-I-IÄ, hmb-\m-im-
e-IÄ, NÀ¨m-kw-L-§Ä, tZio-b-{]-Øm-\w, B[p-\n-I-km-ln-Xyw,
\nb-a-\nÀ½mW k`-IÄ, aX-\-ho-I-cW {]Øm-\-§Ä, hnZymÀ°n
kam-P-§Ä XpS-§nb \nc-h[n hn`n-¶-§-fmb CS-§-fn-eqsS enwK-
t`Zw NÀ¨ sN¿-s¸-«p. kv{XoI-fpsS kPo-h-km-¶n²yw CXnsâ
apJy-k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fnÂ H¶m-bn-cp-¶p kc-kzXn A½-bpsS
kÀ¤m-ß-I-Po-hnXw Bcw-`n-¨Xv 1930 Ifn-emWv. BZy-Imekmln-
Xy-Im-cn-I-fpsS cN-\m-k-©-bs¯ Ah-cpsS Nn´-hn-Imkw
{]m]n¨ _u²nI temI-t¯mSv tNÀ¯p hmbn-¡p¶ coXn
tIcf¯nÂ Akm-[m-c-W-a-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu Imes¯ IrXn-I-
fpsS Ncn{X {]kàn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ÅXv apJy-ambpw cp
coXn-I-fn-em-Wv. "kmln-Xy-aqey'sa¶ am\-ZvV-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨v Hcp
Ime-K-W\m {Ia-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ kmln-Xy-c-N-bn-Xm-¡-fpsS Øm\-
§Ä \nÀ®-bn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-¯nsâ coXn-bmWv BZy-
t¯-Xv. tIc-f-¯nse {]_e kap-Zmb ]cn-jvI-cW {]Øm-\-§-
fpsS ho£-W-¯n-eqsS \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ 'kmaq-ly-bm-
YmÀ°y't¯mSp Iqdp-]p-eÀ¯p-¶-Xnsâ tXmX-\p-k-cn¨v cN-bn-Xm-
¡sf Ime-¯nÂI-®n-tNÀ¡p¶ "kmaqly ]cn-jvI-c-W-hm-Z-N-
cn{X'amWv cm-a-t¯-Xv. Cu ]Xn-hp-Isf Dt]-£n¨p sImv kc-
kzXn A½-bpsS IrXn-Isf "B[p-\nI enwK-t`-Z-hn-Nmc'¯nsâ
Ncn-{X-¯nÂ {]Xn-jvTn-¡m-\mWv ChnsS {ian-¡p-¶-Xv. "tIc-fob
kv{XoN-cn{X't¯mSÃ tIc-f-¯nse B[p-\nI enwKhnj-bn-Xz-§-
fpsS "\nÀ½mWNcn{X' t¯mSmWv CXn\v _Ôw. "tIc-fo-b-kv{Xo-
IÄ'¡p thn ]pcp-jm-[n-Im-cs¯ Xsâ Xqen-I-bmÂ XIÀs¯-
dnª hoc-\m-bn-I-bmbn kc-kzXn A½sb _nw_-h-XvI-cn-¡p-I-
bÃ CXnsâ e£yw. adn¨v, hyh-Øm-]nX enwK-hy-h-lm-c-
§Ä¡p-ÅnÂ \n¶p sImv CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ \S-¯p-Ibpw DÄ¡m-
gvN-IÄ krjvSn-s¨-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX a²y-hÀ¤-kv{Xo-_p-²n-Po-
hnsb am{Xsa Cu ]T-\-¯n-eqsS ImWm-\m-Iq. ]pcp-jm-[n-Im-
cs¯ \J-in-Jm´w FXnÀ¡p-¶-h-bmWv kc-kz-Xn-b-½-bpsS
IrXn-IÄ. F¦nepw "]pcp-j-hn-tZzjn'bmbn Ahsc Xcw-Xm-gv¯p-
t¼mÄ \jvSamIp-¶Xv \ho\ IpSpw-_-§-fnse A[n-Imc_Ô-§-
sf-¡p-dn¨v AhÀ \S-¯p¶ auenIhpw Xo£-W-hp-amb \nco-£-
W-§-fm-Wv.
kmaq-ly-bm-YmÀ°ys¯ t\cn«v {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-¶-tXm,
{]Xy-b-im-kv{X-§-fpsS NnÃp-I-fn-eqsS AXns\ h{Io-I-cn-¡p-
¶tXm Bb am[y-a-ambn kmln-Xys¯ Cu ]T-\-¯nÂ Icp-Xp-
¶n-Ã. kmaq-lnI bmYmÀ°y-hp-ambn "hne-t]-im\pw' AXns\
hymh-lmcn-ambn ]p\À\nÀ½n-¡m-\pÅ _u²nI CS-am-bn-«mWv
kmlnXyw ChnsS k¦-ev]n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Cu ]T-\-¯n\v aq¶v
`mK-§Ä Dv. BZy-t¯-XnÂ kckzXn A½-bpsS Nn´¡v enwK-
t`-Z-hn-Nm-c-¯nse cp {]_-e-[m-c-I-tfm-Sp-ff _Ô-amWv hni-I-
e\w sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. \¼q-Xncn kap-Zmb ]cn-jvI-c-W-¯nsâ
Xo{h-hn-`m-K-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¨-Xn\p tijw IqSp-XÂ hnime taJ-
e-I-fn-te¡p hfÀ¶ hn.-Sn.-bpsS ]cn-jvI-c-W-hm-Z-amWv Ch-bnÂ
H¶m-a-t¯-Xv. cm-a-t¯-Xv, apJy-ambpw h\n-Xm-_p-²n-Po-hn-I-
fpsS ap³ssIbnÂ kv{XoI-fpsS kmaqly CS-¯nsâ
]canXnIsf hnkvXr-X-am-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-¸än \S¶ NÀÏ-fm-Wv.
cmw-`m-K-¯nÂ Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-nsâ a[y-Z-i-I-§-fnÂ tIc-f-
¯n-se§pw hym]-I-am-bn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶ hnhm-l-A-Wp-Ip-Spw_
k{¼-Zm-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨v kc-kzXn A½-bpsS IrXn-I-fnÂ cq]w
sImÅp¶ AXy´w kq£va-amb \nco-£-W-§-fmWv {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡-
s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. ]cn-jvI-cW hmZ-§-fn-eqsS hmÀs¯-Sp¯ hnaÀiI
ZrjvSn-bpsS ]n³_-e-apv Ch-cpsS {ia-¯n\p ]n¶nÂ. aq¶m-
as¯ `mK-¯nÂ Xsâ Nne cN-\-I-fn-eqsS kc-kzXn A½ sa\-
sª-Sp-¡m³ {ian-¡p¶ \ho\ kv{XoXzm-ZÀis¯ hnh-cn-¡p-¶p.
tIc-fob kv{Xo]£ Nn´-bnÂ AXn-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp \mgnI¡Ãp
Xs¶-bmWv CXv. "Ipe-Sbpw Ipeo-\-bp-a-Ãm-¯-hÄ' F¶v thW-
sa-¦nÂ Cu BZÀis¯ hnti-jn-¸n-¡mw. 1930 IfnÂ tIc-f-¯n-
ep-S-\ofw DbÀ¶p h¶ ]cn-jvI-c-W-hm-Z-§-fnÂ \n¶mWv kc-
kzXn A½-bpsS Nn´ _u²n-tImÀÖw kzoIcn-¨-Xv. \¼q-Xncn
kap-Zmb ]cn-jv¡-c-W-hm-Z-¯nsâ Xo{h-]-£-¡mÀ IpSpw-_-s¯-
¡p-dn¨pw hnhml-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw apt¶m«p h¨ Bi-b-§fpw ]mc-
¼-cy-¯n-s\-Xnsc AhÀ Agn-¨p-hn« hnaÀi\-§fpw apJy-t{km-X-
ÊmWv. kc-kzXn A½ {]Xy-£-am-b-ÃmsX ]tcm-£-ambn Cu
Bi-b-tem-Is¯ ]¦n-«p. kc-kzXn A½-bpsS cN-\-IÄ AXn\v
sXfnhp \ÂIp-¶p. "]pcp-j-·m-cn-Ãm¯ temIw' "kzmX-{ý-hm-Z-
¡m-cn', "tNme-a-c-§Ä' XpS-§n-bh CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-§-fm-Wv.
]pcp-j-Kp-W-§-fnÂ hnaÀi-\mÀl-ambh kwc-£n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw
]pcp-j-s\ a\p-jy-hÀ¤-¯nsâ GI{]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn IW-¡m-
¡p¶ coXn-bpsS XpSÀ¨ Dd-¸m-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sImv
kv{Xoi-co-c-¯ns\ ]qÀ®-ambpw Xnc-kvI-cn-¡p-¶Xp sImpw
kc-kzXn A½-bpsS amXrI "hyXy-kvX-hm-Z-§Ä'¡v kzoIm-cy-a-
Ãm-Xm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. tIc-f-¯nÂ {ItaW {]Nmcw t\Sn-h¶ AWp-
Ip-Spw-_-s¯-¡p-dn¨v kv{Xo_p²n Pohn-IÄ¡p-m-bn-cp¶ ip`m-
]vXn-hn-izm-k-¯n\v ap¸-Xp-I-fnÂ Xs¶ a§-te-äp. Cu hnizm-k-\-
jvS-§-fnÂ \n¶p-mb hyXy-kvX-§-fmb {Inbm-ßI {]Xn-I-c-W-
§-fmWv kc-kzXn A½-bpsSbpw efn-Xmw-_nI A´ÀÖ-\-¯n-
sâbpw Nn´m-{]-]-©-§Ä. B[p-\nI enwK-t`-Zm-ZÀi-¯nÂ
BZÀi-h-XvI-cn-¡-s¸« hyàn k¦-ev]t¯mSpXs¶ Ie-ln¨p
sImmWv A´ÀÖ\w _ZÂ amXrI XoÀ¡p-¶-Xv. kc-kzXn
A½ BZyIme kv{Xo]£ teJn-I-amÀ kv{XoXzm-ZÀi-¯nÂ \S-
¯nb Xncp-¯-ep-Isf AwKo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS ]canXnIÄ
shfn-hm-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXp-hgn kv{XoI-fpsS CSs¯ Ah-
bv¡p-¸p-d-t¯¡v hnI-kn-¸n-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bpw sNbvXp. \ne-hn-
epÅ kmaq-ly-km-¼-¯nI kml-N-cy-§-fnÂ DbÀ¶p-h¶
AWpIpSpw_w A¯cw kv{XoXzm-ZÀis¯ AaÀ¯n-¡-f-bp¶
Øm]-\-am-sW¶ Xncn-¨-dnhpw ià-am-Wv. B[p-\nI enwKmZÀi-
¯nsâ BZÀi-¯nsâ hyàn-k-¦-ev]-t¯mSv AhÀ Ie-ln-¡p-
¶n-Ã. AXns\ IqSp-XÂ iàn-bmbn Dd-¸n-¡p¶ _ZÂ amXr-I-
IÄ Na-bv¡pIbmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv.

amXr-Im-tNm-Zy-§Ä
1. ]pcp-j\pw kv{Xobpw Htc kmwkvIm-cnI \ne, km¼-¯nI
kzm{i-bXzw F¶nh t\Sp-¶-Xn-eqsS am{Xta \ho\ IpSpw-_-
¯nÂ Aenªp tNÀ¶n-cn-¡p¶ Ak-a-Xz-§se \o¡w sN¿m-
\mIq þ F¶ kc-kzXn A½-bpsS ImgvN-¸mSv hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.
2. tIc-fob kv{Xo]-£-Nn-´-bnÂ kc-kzXn A½-bpsS cN-\-
I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-IÄ Fs´-Ãmw hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.
Fw.-Sn. A³kmcn
ae-bmf kmln-Xy-¯nsâ hmb\m hyh-lm-c-¯nÂ \yq\-
]£ CSs¯ Abm-f-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {ian¨ hnaÀi-I-\mWv Fw.-Sn.
A³km-cn. 1990 IfnÂ F³.-F-kv.-am-[-hsâ 'lnKzn-äbv¡v' Fgp-
Xnb hnaÀi\w Gsd kwhm-Z-§Ä DbÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶p.
{][m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ
 ae-_mÀ tZio-b-X-bpsS CS-]m-Sp-IÄ
 CÉmw apÉow hmb-\-IÄ B[p-\n-I-X¡pw sk¡p-e-dn-k-

¯n\pw tijw.
kmbz-hÀIÄ Xncp-¯nb Cµp-te-J-bpsS kz]v\w þ Fw
A³kmcn
Hcp-tZ-i-sa-¶mÂ `mh-\m-Z-¯-amb kap-Zmb (Imaginet

community) amWv. AXv Hcm-fpsS kwtbm-P-\-¯nsâ \nc-´-c-
amb ZrV-{]-kvXm-hy-§Ä DÄs¡mÅp-¶p. Hcp-tZ-i¯n-sâbpw
BJym-bn-I-fpsSbpw Iq«n-ap-«epw Ah-bpsS AS-¨p-sI-«epw
"kmwkv¡mcnI \nÀ®b¯n\pw kwhm-Zm-ßI A`n-kw-t_m-[-\-
bv¡p-am-bpÅ k¦oÀ® X{´-§Ä, Ah "P\X'bpsS AsÃ-¦nÂ
"tZi'¯nsâ t]cn-emWv {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xpw Ahsc Hcp henb
Afhv kmaqly kmln-Xy-]c BJym-bn-I-I-fpsS Bk-¶-amb
{]P-Ifpw hkvXp-¡-fp-am¡n amäp-¶Xpw'. A\y-¯n\p thn Icp-
Xn-sh-¡-s¸« thj-§-fmWv kzbw \nÀW-b-\¯n (Self
determination) sâbpw BJym-bn-I-I-fpsS ImWvU-ambn hÀ¯n-

¡p-¶-Xv. C¯-c-samcp ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-emWv Cµp-te-Jsb ]Tn-
¡m³ XpS-§p-¶-Xv. Cµp-te-J-bnÂ apÉow A\y-am-bpÅ IqSp-XÂ
k¦oÀ®-amb Hcp {]Xn-\n-[m\w \ap¡v Is-¯m-\m-Ipw. Cu
t\mh-ensâ BJym\w kmwkv¡m-cnI kzXz-§-fpsS Hcp {]mà\
þ tZiob (Proto- national) Xbv¡p-Ån-te¡v IS-¡p¶ H¶m-Wv.
{]Xn-\n-[m-\-s¯bpw \½psS kmaq-ly-kw-tbm-P-\-§-sfbpw Hcp
kmwkv¡m-cnI hnhÀ¯-\-¯n-teÀs¸-Sp¯n \½psS kwkvImcw
AsÃ-¦nÂ tZiobkap-Zm-bw, hn`m-h\w sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶Xv asämcp
CX-c-kw-kv¡m-c-s¯, AsÃ-¦nÂ kap-Zm-bs¯ hn`m-h\w
sNbvXp sImm-Wv.
1889þÂ BZyw {]kn-²o-Ir-X-am-bXpw 1890 þ Â W.Uyq-aÀ¤v
Cw¥o-jn-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sNbvX-Xp-amb H.-N-´pta-t\msâ Cµp-
teJ ae-bm-f-¯nse BZys¯ e£-W-sam¯ t\mh-embn IW-
¡m-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. t\mh-ensâ hwim-h-enbpw {i²-bÀln-¡p-¶-Xm-
Wv. Cw¥ojv hnhÀ¯-\-¯nÂ sImSp-¯n-«pÅ N´p-ta-t\msâ
UyqaÀ¤n-\pÅ I¯nÂ C§s\ Du¶n-¸-d-bp-¶p. Rms\-gp-Xnb
Hcp ]pkvX-I-¯nsâ KpW-hn-ti-j-§-sf´pXs¶-bm-bmepw CsX-
gp-Xp-¶-Xn\v Fs¶ t{]cn-¸n¨ GI LSIw Fsâ \m«p-Im-cmb
kv{XoI-fpsS Øm\-hpw, ]Z-hnbpw DbÀ¯p-hm-\pff B{K-l-am-
sW¶v GsXm-cp-h\pw XoÀ¨-bmbpw Xncn-¨-dn-bm-\m-hpw’. Fgp-¯p-
Im-csâ kzcw “kv{XoIÄ¡v ]pcp-j-·m-c-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶-Xn\p Xpey-
amb hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-amb hnti-jm-[n-Im-c-§Ä e`n-¡p-I-bm-sW-
¦nÂ, AXn³ê-ambpmIp¶ {]tbm-P-\-§sf¸än XpSsc ]d-
bp-¶p-ap-v. kv{XoIÄ¡m-bpÅ kmaq-ly-]cn-jv¡-cW \S-]-Sn-
¡Ä¡mbn hmZn-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]pdta dnb-en-k-¯n\p thnbpw
At±lw hmZ-ap-bÀ¯p-¶p. ChnsS ae-bmfn kv{Xosb ]cn-`m-j-s¸-
Sp-¯p-I-bm-Wv. AsÃ-¦nÂ ]cn-W-an-¡p-I-bm-Wv. AhÀ F§s\
Bbn-cn-¡-Wtam A§s\ hmÀs¯Sp¡p-I. Cw¥ojv hnZym-`ym-k-
¯nsâ DbÀ¯p-hm-\pÅ KpW-hn-ti-j-§-fnÂ ]c-a amb hnizm-
k-apm-bn-cp-¶p. Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ e£yw DbÀ¶p-h-cp¶
_qÀjzm-]p-cp-j\v A\p-tbm-Pyhpw Imcy-ti-jn-bpÅ Hcp klm-bn-
bm-Im³ Ign-bp¶ Hcp kv{Xosb hÀs¯-Sp-¡pI F¶-Xp-am-bn-cp-
¶p.
UyqsaÀ¤nsâ Cµp-te-J-bpsS kz]v\-¯n-\p-ta-epÅ A\m-
bmk t`Z-K-Xn-bmÂ sXfn-bn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ aS-¡-bm{X sImtfm-Wn-
b³ hyXy-kvX-X-Isf Xs¶-bmWv ]pd¯p sImp-h-cp-¶-Xv. ae-
_mÀ {]tZ-is¯ bYmÀ° Pohn-X-s¯bpw `mj-sbbpw Bhn-
jv¡-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶v Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp¶ t\mh-enÂ (C-µp-te-J)
am¸n-f-am-cpsS A`m-hhpw Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡m-cpsS hnc-f-Xbpw
AÀ°-h-¯mWv t\mh-ense GI apÉow IYm-]m{Xw Xoh-n-bm-
{Xbv¡nS-bnÂ, am[-h-t\mSv N§m¯w \Sn¨v I_-fn-¸n-¡p¶ D¯-
tc-ý-¡m-c-\m-Wv. Cu apÉow IYm-]m-{X-¯n-eqsS IYm-]m-{X-
¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI `qan-imkv{Xw \ne-hnÂ hcp-¶p. kzbw
]qÀW-amb Hcp IrXn-bm-sW-¶- C-µpteJbpsS \mSys¯ Znhm-kz-
]v\-s¯, XIÀ¡p¶ {]cq-]-ambn (Figural) {]Xn-\n-[m-\-¯nsâ
Hcp Bßm-ÔXbpsS kµÀàmbn Cµp-te-J-bpsS kz]v\w
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p-v. LS-\m-]-c-ambn Ah-fpsS kz]v\w hfsc
{]k-à-amb Hcp `mKw ssIs¡mffp¶p, Ah-fpsS kz]v\w Hcp
apÉo-am-bn-cp¶p am[-hs\ NXn-¨-sX¶ a§m¯ ap{Z Ah-ti-jn-
¸n-¡p-¶p-v. Ah-fpsS kz]v\w GXp coXn-bn-emtWm IrXn-I-¡-
I¯v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv AXp t]mse \½psS kmln-Xy-
]c/kmwkv¡m-cnI `mh-\m-ß-I-X-bv¡p-taÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶pv.
Cý-bpsS B[p-\n-I-X-bn-te-¡pÅ {]bmWw A`n-ap-Jo-I-
cn¨ shÃp-hn-fn-I-fpsS DZm-¯-h-XvI-c-W-¯n-t\m, hntÇ-j-W-
¯nt\m km[m-c-W-am-bn kv{XobpsS taÂ Npa-¯p¶ {]h-W-X-sb-
¸än ]e hnaÀi-Icpw Nqn-¡m-«n-bn-«p-v. CXn\pw tase C¯cw
t{ijvT-Ir-Xy-§Ä ]e-t¸mgpw hnP-b-I-c-ambn \nÀÆ-ln-¡-s¸-«Xv
tZiob B[p-\n-I-Xbv¡v Hcp òj-Wn-bmbn apÉoans\ hn\y-kn-
¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bm-sW-¶Xv Nqn-¡m-«-s¸-«n-«p-v. Cµp-teJ
t]tdn-h-cp¶ tZiob B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS sshcp-²y-§Ä Ah-
fpsS Cc-«-t¸-cn-\mÂ Xs¶ kphy-à-ambn shfn-hm-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
Ah-fpsS bYmÀ° \maw am[-hn-sb-¶m-bn-cns¡ N´p-ta-t\m³
AS¡w FÃm-hcpw Cµp-te-J-sb¶ hnfn-t¸cv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
am[-h³ am{Xw am[hn F¶ bYmÀ°yw sXfnªp XpS-§p-t¼mÄ
Cµp-te-J-bpsS kz]v\-¯nÂ apÉow hnÃ-s\¶ ]Xn-s\«mw AShv
{]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. `b-N-In-X-bmb Cµp-teJ kz]v\w Iv
\ne-hn-fn-¨p-W-cp-t¼mÄ am[hn F¶-t¶-¡p-ambn ab-¡-¯nÂ B-
p-t]m-Ip-¶p.
amXr-Im-tNm-Zy-§Ä
1. apÉow A\y-am-bpÅ k¦oÀ®-amb Hcp {]Xn-\n-[m\w
Cµp-te-J-bnÂ \ap¡v Is-¯m-\mIpw þ hyà-am-¡pI?
2. kmbv-hÀIÄ kz]v\w I Cµp-te-Jsbs¡mv \ne-hn-
fn-¡p-¶-Xn-§-s\-bmWv þ Cu Bi-b-¯nsâ km[q-I-cWw
teJ-\s¯ ap³\nÀ¯n hyà-am-¡pI?
sI.-Fw. \tc-{µ³
XnI¨pw thdn« ImgvN-¸m-Sp-I-tfmsS kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf
kao-]n-¡p¶ hyàn-bm-Wv sI.-Fw.-\-tc-{µ³. tImgn-t¡mSv BIm-
i-hm-Wn-bnÂ t{]m{Kmw FIvkn-Iyq-«o-hmbn tPmen sN¿p-¶p.
kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi-\w, ssk²m-ńI ]T-\-§Ä, P\-{]nb kwkvIm-
c-]-T-\-§Ä F¶n-h-bnÂ XmÂ]-cy-ap-v. kwhmZw Fs¶mcp
teJ-\-k-am-lmcw {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-«p-v.
Ihn-Xbpw Ncn-{Xhpw þ sI.-Fw. \tc-{µ³
a\p-jy-Ipew F{X alm-{]-hm-k-§Ä XcWw sNbvXn-cn-
¡p-¶p. BZn-a-Imew sXm«v B[p-\nI Imew hsc, F{X \qäm-p-
I-fnÂ a\p-jyÀ {]hm-kn-I-fmbn amdn-bn-«p-v. a\p-jy-Ipew BI-
am\w ]¦n-Sp¶ Cu A\p-`hw \½psS kma-Imen-Ihmb\m -t_m-
[-¯nse BZn cq]-§-fn-sem-¶m-Wv. kz]v\-§-fn-eq-sS, Ie-bn-eq-
sS, kmln-Xy-¯n-eqsS {]hm-k-¯nsâ HmÀ½-IÄ Xncn¨p hcp-
t¼mÄ \mw Htc kabw B\-µhpw òXnbpw A\p-`-hn-¡p-¶p.
alm-{]-hm-k-¯nsâ aps¶m-cp-¡-§Ä a\-Ên-sem¶v hc-bv¡m³
{ian-¡p-t¼m-tg¡pw a\Êv hnim-e-amb Im³hm-kmbn amdp-Ibpw
A\-h[n Nn{X-§Ä hc-bv¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ]oVm-\p-`-h-
§-fpsS {IqcX Xs¶-bm-hWw Ahsc P·-\m-Sp-am-bpÅ _Ôw
apdn¨v ]pXnb ta¨nÂ¸p-d-§Ä tXSn-b-e-bm³ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-cm-¡n-b-
Xv. Fgp-X-s¸« Ncn{Xw {]hm-ks¯ ]pXnb Xe-§-fn-te¡v F¯n-
¡p-¶p. A§s\ cNn-¡-s¸« Ncn-{X-t_m-[-¯nÂ ASn-¨-aÀ¯nb
Imcy-§-fmWv IqSp-XÂ IS-¶p-h-cp-¶-Xv. Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-Isf D]-
tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mgpw B[n-Im-cnI Ncn-{X-]m-T-§-sfbpw AXnsâ
coXnimkv{X-s¯bpw [oc-ambn FXnÀ¡p-Ibpw Ncn-{X-¯nsâ ad-
hn-Isf Imhy-ZÀi-\-¯nsâ e£y-¯nÂ sImp-h-cn-Ibpw sN¿p-
t¼mÄ anI¨ P\-Iob Imhy-§Ä Dm-Ip-¶p. alm-P-\-X-bpsS
IY-]-d-bm-s\m-cp-§p¶ A¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡-cpsS ‘tKm{X-bm\w’ hmb-\-
¡m-cpsS ]pXnb N{I-hm-fs¯ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.

cN-bv¡mbn A©phÀj-§-sf-¦n-ep-sa-Sp¯ (1985 þ 89)
Bbn-c-¯n-tesd hcn-I-fp-ff ‘tKm{X-bm\w’ {]hm-k-¯n-s\m-cp-
§p¶ P\-X-bpsS at\m-hn-Nm-c-§sf Imhy-hn-j-b-am-¡p-¶p. Hcp
henb tKm{X-¯nsâ sXt¡m-«pÅ bm{X-bpsS Xte-¶p-ff Nn´-
I-fmWv \ma-XnÂ tIÄ¡p-¶-Xv.
‘KuX-a·mÀ, Imiy-]-·mÀ
hkn-jvT-·mÀ, ]cm-i-cÀ
hnizm-an-{XÀ, `c-Zzm-PÀ,
`mhn-tKm{X {]hÀ¯IÀ”
\nc-h[n Bcy-þ-Ejn tKm{X-§-fpsS kwLm-X-amb alm-
tKm-{X-am-Wn-Xv. hyh-Øm-]nX Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bpsS ]mT-§sf A\p-
k-Ôm\w sN¿p-¶-Xn-\mÂ, Cu IhnX P\-X-bpsS DÄ¯p-Sn-¸n-
t\bpw Ah-cpsS AÚmX Ncn-{X-§-tfbpw \ni-_vZ-am-¡p-¶p.
A§s\ Cu Ihn-Xbv¡v hyh-Øn-Xn-bp-sSbpw A[n-Im-c-¯n-
sâbpw ]mT-s¯-am{Xw ]p\-cp-ev]m-Zn-¸n-t¡n hcp-¶p. tKm{X-
bm\w hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ a\-ÊnÂ Db-cp¶ kp{]-[m-\-amb tNmZyw
CXnse tKm{X-P-\X Fhn-sS-t¸mbn F¶-XmWv. P\-§-fpsS
i_vZw tIÄ¡p-t¶-bn-Ã. ]Icw tIÄ¡p-¶-tXm, FÃm-hÀ¡pw
thn-bm-sW¶ \mSy-¯nÂ kwkm-cn-¡p¶ Hcp hàm-hnsâ
i_vZw. B hàr i_vZ-¯nsâ \ni-_vZ-cmb tIÄhn-¡mÀ am{X-
amWv tKm{X-P-\-X. C¶Xv sN¿Ww C¶Xv sN¿-cp-Xv, C¶Xv
Nnń-¡Ww F¶ a«nÂ hàmhv IqsS-bp-Å-hÀ¡v \nÀ¯msX
\nÀt±-i-§Ä \evIp-¶p. hàm-hnsâ i_vZ-¯nÂ DS-\ofw [z\n-
¡p¶ sshcp²yw Ihn-X-bnÂ {]I-S-am-Ip¶ PohnX ho£-W-
t¯mSv _Ô-s¸-«mWv ImWp-¶-Xv. `wKn-hm-s¡t¶m hmN-I-a-Sn-
sbt¶m ]d-bp¶ `mK-§Ä Ihn-X-bnÂ [mcm-f-ap-v. X§Ä
A{I-an-Itfm `qan {Ib-hn-{Ibw sN¿p¶htcm AÃ adn¨v.
‘kmÀ°hm-l-I-c-tÃm\mw / imkv{X-ÚÀ XoÀ°-bm-{Xn-

IÀ F¶p ]dªv XoÀ¯pw ùXn-I-amb Dt±-i-§Ä¡qSn hyà-
am-¡p-¶p. hàmhv ]pcp-j-{]-Xn-\n-[n-bmbn CXnÂ \nÂ¡p-¶p.
AbmÄ XnIª {]tbm-P-\-hmZn (Utilitarian) bpam-Wv. Cu
ho£-W-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv {]Ir-Xn-tbbpw kv{Xotbbpw ImWp-¶-Xv.
\ap¡v `mhn Xe-ap-d-bp-m-h-W-sa-¦nÂ kv{XoIÄ A\n-hm-cy-am-
sW¶pw AXn-\mÂ A½-amcpw \½psS IqsS hc-W-sa¶pw
AhÀs¡Ãmw awK-f-Øm\w \ÂI-W-sa¶pw ]d-bp-¶-Xnse
BZÀi-]-c-X-bn-Ãmbva CXv hyà-am-¡n-X-cp-¶p.
alm-{]-Øm-\-¯n-s\m-cp-§m³ tKm{X-t¯mSv Dds¡ ]d-
bp¶ hàm-hn\v AXnsâ {]mtbm-Kn-I {]tbm-P-\-§sf hmZ-
§sf¸än HmÀ¡m³ CjvS-an-Ã. Xsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯n\v s]mXp-P-\-
k-½Xn e`n-¡m³ {ian-¡p¶ hàm-hn\v tKm{X-\-·-Isf
hmt\mfw ]pI-gv¯p-Ibpw, F¶mÂ Cu \·bv¡v t\À hn]-co-X-
amb \ne-]m-Sn-te¡v Ahsc X{´-]qÀÆw \bn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p.
A[n-Im-c-i-àn-IÄ FÃm-Im-e¯pw A\p-hÀ¯n¨p t]m¶ NmW-
Iy-X-{´-am-Wn-Xv.
alm-{]-hm-k-¯n-s\m-cp-§p¶ tKm{X-P-\-X-bpsS kaq-l-a-\-
ÊnÂ {]mtbm-Kn-a-Xn-Xzhpw ImÀ¡-iy-hp-sams¡ Hc-f-thmfw Dm-
hpw. AsÃ-¦nÂ AhÀs¡-§s\ Xmbvthcp apdn¨v bm{Xbv¡v
Hcp-§m³ Ignbpw?. F¶mÂ AtX a\-ÊnÂ Xs¶ I\nhpw Ihn-
Xbpw Krlm-Xp-c-Xbpw ktµ-l-hp-saÃmw DÅ-S-§p-¶p. Cu hncp-
²-`m-h-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ BSn-bp-e-bp¶ kaq-l-a-\-Êns\ AXnsâ
X\-Xmb _lp-kz-c-X-tbmsS Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]Icw
HtcIZn-im-hm-Z-¯nsâ \ni_vZ tIÄhn-¡m-cm-¡p¶ tKm{X-bm\w
Ncn-{X-¯n-tebpw `mj-bn-tebpw P\m-[n-]Xy hncp-²-amb A[n-Im-
c-tI-{µ-§Ä¡v ]qPm-{Z-hy-sam-cp-¡p-¶p.
tNmZy-§Ä
1. ‘{]hm-k-¯n-s\m-cp-§p¶ P\XbpsS at\m-hn-Nm-c-§sf

Imhy-hn-j-b-am-¡p-¶p’. A¿-¸-¸-Wn-¡-cpsS tKm{X-bm\w
þ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡pI?
2. ‘Ihn-Xbpw Ncn-{Xhpw ‘X½nÂ FXp coXn-bnÂ _Ô-s¸«p

InS-¡p¶p ‘tKm{X-bm-\’s¯ ap³\nÀ¯n hni-Z-am-¡pI?

kp\nÂ ]n Cf-bnSw (1968

tIc-f-¯nse bph-kmw-kvImcn hnaÀi-I-cnÂ {it²-b-
\mb hyàn-bmWv kp\nÂ ]n Cf-bn-Sw. alm-`m-c-¯nsâ
kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-{Xs¯ kw_-Ôn¨v kp\nÂ ]n Cf-bnSw \S-
¯nb {]`m-jW ]c-¼c {it²-b-amb H¶m-bn-cp-¶p. amÀIvkn-
kw, D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X, Nn{X-I-em, Ncn{Xw XpS§nb hnj-b-§-fnÂ
\nc-h[n ]T-\-§Ä Fgp-Xp-I-bp-m-bn.
{][m-\-Ir-Xn-IÄ
 A[n-\n-th-ihpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw
 Ncn{Xw ]mT-cq-]-hhpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-hpw
 Zan-Xw
 AÚm-X-hp-am-bpÅ A`n-ap-J-§Ä
 Cým-N-cn-{X-hn-Úm-\w
 Bßw A]cw A[n-\n-th-iw
 hos-Sp-¸p-IÄ þ amÀIvkn-khpw B[p-\n-IXm hnaÀi-\-

hpw.
{]uV-tZ-io-b-X-bpsS Ømbo-cq-]Iw þ kp\nÂ ]n CfbnSw
chn-hÀ½ Nn{X-§-fnse {]Ir-Xnsb {]uV-tZ-io-b-X-bpsS
Øe-cq-]-I-ambn Is-¯p-¶-Xn-eqsS A[n-\n-th-im-\-ć
(Postcolinial) \ncq-]-W-¯nsâ {]Xn-tcm[ amXr-I-sb-bmWv teJ-
I³ Dcp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. chn-hÀ½-bpsS Ie {]Ir-Xn-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ
IY-b-Ã. 19þmw \qäm-nsâ Ah-km\ Zi-I-§-fnÂ AJne `mc-
Xo-b-amb Hcp Nn{X-`m-jsb AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-mWv AXv
]nd-hn-sb-Sp-¯-Xv. AXnÂ {]IrXn apJy {]ta-b-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
sImtf-Wn-bÂ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS _e-X-{´-§-fmÂ \nÀ®-bn-¡-
s¸« chn-hÀ½-bpsS Nn{X-`m-j-bnÂ {]IrXn am\p-jn-I-X-bpsS
A]cw (Other) F¶ ]Zhn ssIh-cn-¡p-I-bp-m-bn-Ã. am\p-jn-I-
amb Pohn-X-a-WvU-e-¯nsâ ]Ým-¯-e-hpw, Nne-t¸m-sgms¡
XpSÀ¨bpw Bbn \ne-sIm-Åp¶ H¶mWv chn-hÀaNn-{X-§-fnse
{]IrXn F¶v kmam-\y-ambn ]d-bmw. Hcp ùXnI ]cn-k-c-sa¶
\ne-bnÂ {]IrXn am\p-jn-I-X-bpsS A\p-_Ôw BIp-I-bm-Wn-hn-
sS. iIp-´-f, lwk-Z-a-b-ń, ]nń-cnªp t\m¡p¶ iIp-´-f,
hnizm-an-{X\pw ta\-Ibpw \f-Z-a-bń F¶o Nn{X-§-fnÂ a\pjy
PohnX ]cn-k-c-sa¶ {]mY-anI {]XoXn DWÀ¯p¶ ]Ým-¯e
{]IrXn ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶p. lwk-Z-a-bń, hnizm-an-{X\pw ta\-
Ibpw, sslZ-cm-_mZv ss\kmw F¶o Nn{X-§sf ap³\nÀ¯n
CXnÂ {]IrXn ssIh-cn-¡p¶ tZio-bm-Im-cs¯ hyà-am-¡p-¶p.
sImtfmWnÂ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS _e-X-{´-¯mÂ \nÀW-bn-¡-s¸«
Hcp emhWy ]²-Xn-bmWv Nn{X-{]-X-e-¯nse Øe hnX-c-W-¯n\v
hgn-sbm-cp-¡p-¶-Xv. \ho-\-X-sbbpw ]mc-¼-cy-s¯bpw Hcp-t]mse
DÄt¨À¡m³ {ian¨ hkv{X-`mj F¶ \ne-bnÂ chn-hÀ½ Za-b-
ń¡v D]-tbm-Kn¨ kmcnsb hne-bn-cp-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. ]cn-jvIr-
Xn, \mK-cn-IX F¶o LS-I-§Ä tZiob B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS {]am-
W-hm-Iy-§-fm-Wv. "lwk-Z-a-bń'bnse {]IrXn C¯-c-samcp
`mh-_-²-X-bpsS AS-bm-f-am-Wv. \mK-cn-Ihpw \ho-\-hp-amb Hcp
Zriy-J-WvUs¯ ]ucm-Wn-Ihpw {]IrXn cmPm-hp-am-¡p¶ tPmen-
bmWv ChnsS ImWp-¶-Xv. sIm«mc Zriy-¯n\v B{i-a-`w-Knbpw
ka-Im-en-I-Xbv¡v ]pcmW tim`-bpw \ÂIp-¶-XnÂ Cu {]IrXn
]Ým-¯-e-¯n-\v- A-Xn-{]m-[m\ ]¦mWv Df-f-Xv. {]IrXnbpsS
{]uV-tZ-io-bm-Imcw (Elite and national appearance of nature)
Nn{XLS-\-bv¡p-ÅnÂ tZi-t_m-[-¯nsâ {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn \ne-
sIm-f-fp-¶p.
sslZ-cm-_mZv ss\km-ansâ Ombm-Nn{Xw Øqehpw
kq£-hp-amb Bhn-jvIm-c-am-Wv. lwk-Z-a-b-ń-bnÂ \n¶v hyXy-
kvX-ambn ChnsS B[p-\nI \mK-I-cn-IX {]I-Shpw {]Xy-£-hp-am-
Wv. ss\km-ansâ 2cq-]-§-fp-v. tkmt±-i-]-chpw am\p-jn-I-hp-
amb Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯-en-eqsS kpµ-c-am-bn-¯oÀ¶ {]IrXn tImtfm-Wn-
b³ B[p-\n-I-X-bnÂ thtcmSn \nÂ¡p¶ D`-b-`m-h-\-bmWv Cu
Nn{X-¯n-tâ-Xv. "lwk-Z-a-bń' "hnizm-an-{X\pw ta\-Ibpw' XpS-§n-
b-h-bnÂ kwkvIrX ]mc-¼-cy-¯nÂ sXfn-bp¶ sFXn-lm-knI
`qX-Im-e-s¯bpw (mythical past) AXn-eqsS Xs¶ shfn-hm-Ip¶
Øe-t_m-[-s¯bpw ka-\z-bn-¸n-¡p¶ tZiob {]Ir-Xn-bmWv IS-
¶p-h-cp-¶-Xv.

chn-hÀ½ Nn{X-§-fnÂ {]Xy-£-s¸«v "tZio-b-{]-IrXn'
\½psS Ie-bnÂ ]n¶oSv AtX \ne-bnÂ BhÀ¯n-¡-s¸-«n-Ã.
_wKmÄ kvIqfp-ImÀ {]Xo-Im-ß-I-X-bpsS `mj-bn-te¡v \o§n-
s¡m-n-cp-¶-t¸mÄ am[-h-ta-t\m\pw, tUm.-F.-BÀ s]mXp-hmfpw
ae-bm-f-{]-Ir-Xnsb IqSp-XÂ bYmÀY-ambn hc-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
am\p-jn-I-X-bpsS A\p-_-Ô-]-Z-hn-bnÂ \n¶pw kzIo-bmÀ°-§-fn-
te¡v hnI-kn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p am[-h-ta-t\msâ Nn{X-§-fnse
{]Ir-Xn-ap-{Z-IÄ. F cma-N-{µsâ Ie-bnÂ Zzµz-§Ä X½n-en-S-bp-
¶-Xn-sâbpw AXn-cp-IÄ ambp-¶-Xn-sâbpw sXfn-hp-IÄ ImWmw.
{]Ir-Xnbpw kwkvIr-Xnbpw, BWpw s]®pw, arKhpw a\p-jy\pw
X½nÂ IeÀ¶p-mb ]pXn-sbmcp kwbp-à-ambn cma-N-{µsâ
Ie amdp-¶p. tZio-bhpw {]mtZ-in-I-hp-amb {]Ir-X-nsb AS-bm-f-
s¸-Sp-¯p-I-b-Ã, {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kzcq-]s¯ kwi-bn-¡pIbmWv
Ah sN¿p-¶-Xv. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Nn{X-Im-c\Ãmbn-cp-s¶-¦nepw chn-
hÀ½-bpsS Ie-bpsS ]n¶m-¼p-d-§-fnÂ {]IrXn khn-ti-j-amb
AÀ°-{]-Xo-Xn-IÄ DÂ¸m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ emh-Wy-L-S-I-ambn \ne-sIm-
Åp-¶p-v. B[p-\n-I-X, tZio-b-X, kzIm-cy-X, sshIm-cn-I-X,
sshb-àn-IX F¶n-hsb sFXn-lm-knI ]mc-¼-cy-t¯mSv I®n-
t¨À¡p¶ LS-I-sa¶ \ne-bn-emWv AX-hn-sS-bp-Å-Xv. Ipeo-
\hpw AIr-{Xn-a-hp-amb Hcp km¦-ev]nI tZiob `qX-Im-e-¯nsâ
lcnX tim`-I-fn-te¡v B cN-\-IÄ `mc-Xo-bsc £Wn¨p sImn-
cn-¡p-¶p.
amXr-Im-tNm-Zy-§Ä
1. chn-hÀ½ Nn{X-§-fnse {]Ir-Xnsb {]uV-tZ-io-b-X-bpsS
Øe-cq-]-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xnse HuNn-Xy-sa´v?
hne-bn-cp-¯p-I.
2. chn-hÀ½ Nn{X-§-fnse "tZi-{]-IrXn' GsXÃmw Xe-¯n-
emWv Ie-bnÂ \ne-\n-¶-sX¶v hyà-am-¡p-I.

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam

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Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam

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aebmf kmlnXy

aebmf kmlnXy hnaÀi\w

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 2

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 3

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 4

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 5

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 6

{ioI-WvtT-izcw ]ß-\m-`-¸nÅ i_vZ-Xm-cm-h-en-bnÂ

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 7

1. \nb-ma-I hnaÀi\w (Legislative Criticism)

2. ssk²m-´nI hnaÀi\w (Theoretical Criticism)

3. hnh-c-Wm-ßI hnaÀi\w (Descriptive Criticism)

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 8

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 9

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 11

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 12

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 13

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 14

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 15

kn.-]n. ANyp-X-ta-t\m³ (1862þ1937)

 sIm¨n tkäväv am\p-hÂ

 emâv dh\yq am\p-hÂ

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 20

DÂIr-jvS-amb Hcp t\mh-ensâ kq£-aamb Dt±iyw

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 22

kwK-Xn-IÄ Akw-`-hy-§-f-Ãm-Xn-cn-¡p-I, CXp-Isfs¡m­pw aäp-

Hcp t\mhÂ hmbn¨p Ign-ªmÂ hmb-\-¡m-cpsS a\-

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 23

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 25

[À½cmP hnaÀi\w þ kztZ-im-`n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-¸n-ff

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 29

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 30

‘[À½-cmP’ {_Òm-hmb cma³]nÅ AhÀI-fpsS

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 31

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 33

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 34

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 35

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 36

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 38

Iebpw kuµ-cyhpw þ h¡w A_vZpÄ JmZÀ

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 39

 kmln-Xo-ZÀi\w ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw kmln-Xy-I-e-Ifpw {]Xn-

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 42

Aesthetics) Cw¥ojv `mj-bnÂ D­m-bn-«pÅ GX-Zzn-j-b-I-amb

1896 Â tSmÄtÌm-bn-bpsS ‘What if Art” k´-b-

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 43

tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-¸nÅ (1889þ 1960)

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 46

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 47

‘kmlnXyw CXp-hsc Nn´m-]-chpw \nÝ-e-hp-amb AXym-

tUm. sI. `mkv¡-c³ \mbÀ (1913þ1982)

 {]IrXn ]mT-§Ä XpS-§n-b-h {][m-\-Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv.

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 53

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 54

tPmk^v ap­-tÈcn (1903þ1977)

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 57

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 60

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 61

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 62

Malayala Sahithya Vimarsanam 65

Ihn-Isf hne-bn-cp-¯p¶ ‘hÀ®-cmPn’¡v kmlnXy A¡m-Zan

 s^an-\nkw : Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Hc-t\z-j-Ww

 kXyw inhw kpµ-cw

 kv{Xok-¦ev]w sNdp-Im-Snsâ t\mh-ep-I-fnÂ

kwK-Xn-IÄ Akw-`-hy-§-f-Ãm-Xn-cn-¡p-I, CXp-Isfs¡mpw aäp-

Aesthetics) Cw¥ojv `mj-bnÂ Dm-bn-«pÅ GX-Zzn-j-b-I-amb

tPmk^v ap-tÈcn (1903þ1977)

 Ipe-kv{Xobpw N´-s¸®pw Dm-b-sX-§-s\.

 hos-Sp-¸p-IÄ þ amÀIvkn-khpw B[p-\n-IXm hnaÀi-\-