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ES 15 Module 2 PDF
ES 15 Module 2 PDF
1
Scalar and Vector Quantities
Scalar quantity – quantity that can only be described by a
magnitude (value + unit)
Vector quantity – quantity that is both described by
magnitude (value + unit) and direction
Scalars: Vectors
Distance Displacement
Speed (magnitude of Velocity (magnitude and
velocity) direction!)
Temperature Acceleration
Energy Force
Mass Weight
Time Momentum
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Vector Notation
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Properties of Vectors
4. 𝑨 is a negative vector of 𝑩 (𝑨 = −𝑩) if they A
are antiparallel (opposite direction) but have
the same magnitude 𝑨 = 𝑩 B
5. 𝑐𝑨 is a multiple of 𝑨 by some factor of scalar A
c. cA
If c is positive, 𝑨 and 𝑐𝑨 are in the same cA
direction
If c is negative, 𝑨 and 𝑐𝑨 are in the A
opposite direction
cA
If |c|<1, 𝑐𝑨 < 𝑨 cA
If |c|>1, 𝑐𝑨 > 𝑨
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Vector Addition
In adding vectors, let 𝑹 be the result
𝑩
vector or the vector sum of 𝑨 and 𝑩. 𝑨
That is, 𝑹 = 𝑨 + 𝑩.
𝑹
(𝑹 is the resultant vector)
Note: Adding vectors is not the same or as easy as adding scalars.
Properties of Vector Addition
1) 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐵 + 𝐴 (Commutative)
2) 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 (Associative)
3) 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐴 + −𝐵
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Addition/Subtraction of
Vectors
A. Graphical Methods
B. Component Method
𝑹
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Tail-to-tip Method
(Triangle Method)
A
B A B ?
Solution:
1. Draw the first vector 𝑨 (with the
A B
B
appropriate length and direction).
2. Draw the next vector 𝑩 (with the
appropriate length and direction) from
the end of vector 𝑨.
A
3. The resultant 𝑹 is drawn from the
origin of 𝑨 to the end of 𝑩.
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Parallelogram Method
A
B A B ?
Solution:
1. Draw the first vector 𝑨 (with the appropriate
length and direction). B
2. Draw the next vector 𝑩 (with the appropriate A B
length and direction) from the origin of vector 𝑨.
3. From the segment of vectors 𝑨 and 𝑩, draw a
parallelogram (4 sided-polygon with parallel A
opposite sides of equal length.
4. The resultant 𝑹 is drawn as a diagonal from the
origin of 𝑨 and 𝑩.
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Polygon Method
In adding more than 2 vectors, use the Tail-to-tip
method or Triangle method.
= 𝑨+𝑩+𝑪+𝑫 = 𝑹 = ?
𝑨
+
𝑩
+ 𝑪 + 𝑫
𝑫 𝑫
𝑹 𝑪 𝑹 𝑪
𝑩 𝑩
𝑨 𝑨
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Vector Subtraction
Special case of vector addition:
Subtraction of Vectors.
𝑨+𝑩
Consider vectors 𝑨 and 𝑩. Recall the no. 3 𝑩
property of vector addition:
𝑨 − 𝑩 = 𝑨 + −𝑩 𝑨
𝑨−𝑩 −𝑩
𝑨 − 𝑩 is just the addition of vector 𝑨
and −𝑩 (equal in magnitude, opposite in
direction of 𝑩)
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Algebraic or Component
Method
Vectors: Described by the number, units and direction!
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Components of a Vector
𝑦 Recall the definition of sine and cosine
function:
𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 =
𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆
and
𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒂𝒅𝒋𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆
𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 =
𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆
𝑨𝒚 =?
If the angle θ of vector 𝑨 is measured
𝛉 Right angle
from the x-axis:
𝑥 cos 𝜃 = 𝐴𝐴𝑥 𝑨𝒙 = 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 (x-component of A)
𝑨𝒙 =? 𝐴𝑦
sin 𝜃 =
𝐴
𝑨𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 (y-component of A)
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Components of a Vector
𝑦 Recall the definition of sine and cosine
𝑨𝒙 =? function:
𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 =
𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆
Right angle
and
𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒂𝒅𝒋𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 =
𝑨𝒚 =? 𝒉𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆
𝑨
𝛉
If the angle θ of vector 𝑨 is measured
from the y-axis:
𝑥 sin 𝜃 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑨 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 (x-component of A)
𝐴 𝒙
𝐴𝑦
cos 𝜃 = 𝐴
𝑨𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 (y-component of A)
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Components of a Vector
The components can be positive or negative (depending on
where the vector is located on the xy-plane) and will have
the same units as the original vector.
y y
II I II I
Ax = Acos90 = 0
Ax > 0
Ay = Asin90 = A
Ay > 0
Ax < 0 Ax = Acos0 = A
Ay > 0 Ay = Asin0 = 0
x x
Ax > 0 Ax = Acos180 = -A
Ax < 0 Ay < 0 Ay = Asin180 = 0
Ay < 0 Ax = Acos270 = 0
Ay = Asin270 = -A
III IV III IV
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Components of a Vector
In case the vector 𝑨 is unknown but only its component
vectors are given, then we can solve for the magnitude and
the direction of the unknown vector.
𝑦
Using Pythagorean Theorem, the
magnitude of 𝑨 is
𝑨 =? 𝐴2 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑦 2 𝑨 = 𝑨𝒙 𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚 𝟐
𝑨𝒚 Using the tangent function, the
direction of 𝑨 is
𝛉 =? 𝐴𝑦 −𝟏 𝑨𝒚
tan 𝜃 = 𝐴 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨𝒙
𝑥 𝑥
𝑨𝒙
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Components of a Vector
Where should the θ be appropriately placed in the Cartesian
xy-plane?
N N
II I II I
θ°W of N
45°W of N Northeast (NE)
θ°E of N 45°E of N
Northwest (NW)
III IV III IV
S S
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Unit Vectors
Components of a vector are also vector
y quantities:
2D: 𝑨 = 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑨𝒚 3D: 𝑨 = 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑨𝒚 +
𝑨𝒛
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Example 2
A mule is pulled by a rope with a force 𝑭 of 100.0
N in the direction of 30° north of west.
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Example 3
The vectors are shown in the figure. Find the following
(a) 𝑨 + 𝑩
𝑦
(b)𝑨 − 𝑩
𝑩 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒎
𝜽 = 𝟑𝟕°
𝑥
𝑨 = 𝟕𝒎
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Example 4
Vector 𝐴 is 2.80 cm long and is 60° above the x-axis in
the first quadrant.
Vector 𝐵 is 1.90 cm long and is below the x-axis in the
fourth quadrant.
Find the resultant vector 𝑅
of 𝐴 and 𝐵.
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Example 5
Three forces when added produce a resultant force
that is 100 N directed 63° above the +x axis.
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Example 6
Given with the following four vectors:
𝑨 = 20 𝑘𝑚, 𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡
𝑩 = 56 𝑘𝑚, 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡
𝑪 = 11 𝑘𝑚, 22° 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡
𝑫 = 88 𝑘𝑚, 44° 𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑡
A. Sketch the graph of the resultant vector using polygon (tail-to-
tip) method. (2 points)
B. Find the x-component of the resultant vector. (3 points)
C. Find the y-component of the resultant vector. (3 points)
D. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant vector
𝑅. (2 points)
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Example 7
A man travels according to these series of location
𝑨 = 1.75 𝑘𝑚, 20° 𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝐸;
𝑩 = 2.00 𝑘𝑚, 15° 𝑊 𝑜𝑓 𝑁
𝑪 = 2.25 𝑘𝑚, 𝑆𝑊
(a) Draw this path of travel.
(b) Find his displacement from the origin.
(c) How far and what direction should he traverse if he
wants to have a final destination of
3.00 𝑘𝑚, 15° 𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝐸 from his original location?
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Example 8
A person walks 60 m at 47° north of east, turns and
walks 72 m at 15° south of east, and then turns and
walks 30 m, 30° west of north.
(a) How far and at what angle is the person's final position
from his/her initial position? (8 points)
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Example 9
Leila and Rodrigo decided to leave school and meet at
the plaza.
Leila directly walks 800 m east to reach the plaza.
Rodrigo, on the other hand, first went to a store to buy
food which is 300 m southeast of school.
Then he walks to a flower shop to buy flowers which is
900 m, 60° E of N of the store.
What should be the displacement of Rodrigo for him
to reach the plaza where Leila is waiting?
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Problem 2.3 (Page 20)
An explorer in a dense jungles of equatorial Africa
leaves his hut.
He takes 40 steps northeast, then 80 steps 60° north
of west, then 50 steps due south.
Assume his steps all have equal length. Save him from
becoming hopelessly lost in the jungle by giving him
the displacement, calculated using the method of
components, that will return him to his hut.
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enables us to describe motion.
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Motion change in position of an object
with respect to time.
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Rectilinear Motion
Motion of an object along a straight line.
Simplest kind of motion: One (1) dimensional motion.
A component of a more complex motion: two (2) or three
dimensional motion.
4 Basic Quantities of Kinematics
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Position of an Object
Position in one dimension: variable x (x-axis), y (y-axis), or z (z-axis)
How to describe the position on an object:
Defines a starting point: origin (x = 0),
The position of object is x relative to origin
Direction: positive (right or up), negative (left or down)
It depends on time.
SI Unit: meters (m). y (m)
4
2
x = + 2.5 m 3
1
x=-3m
2
0
-11
-20
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Displacement
o is a change of position over a
time interval. x (m)
o Displacement: ∆𝒙
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x1 = + 1.0 m
∆𝒙 = 𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊 x2 = + 7.2 m
Δx = + 7.2 m - 1.0 m = +6.2 m
x1 = + 2.5 m
o f stands for final and i x2 = - 2.0 m
stands for initial. Δx = -2.0 m - 2.5 m = -4.5 m
x1 = - 3.0 m
x2 = + 1.0 m
o It has both magnitude and Δx = +1.0 m + 3.0 m = +4.0 m
direction: + or – sign.
o SI Unit: meters (m).
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Distance versus Displacement
Distance – total length of path travelled.
Displacement – shortest path travelled (straight line joining the
starting point to the destination).
∆𝐱
𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒆 =
∆𝐭
SI Unit: meters per second [m/s].
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Average Velocity, 𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒆
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Rules in Determining the Sign
for Velocity
Sign of
Initial and Final Positions Motion Velocity
Initial (+ or –) Final (+ or –) > Initial
Object is
moving the + Positive
direction
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Acceleration
The rate at which the velocity changes during time
interval.
𝒗 − 𝒗𝟎 ∆𝒗
𝒂𝒂𝒗𝒆 = =
∆𝒕 ∆𝒕
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Problem 1
A man walks 25 m due north. He turns and continues
walking 30 m due east.
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Problem 2
A group of five students decided to have an
educational tour in the industrial plants of the city.
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Problem 3
A bicycle accelerates to a velocity 0.5 m/s in 5.0s.
The average acceleration over this time interval is
0.5 m/s2.
What was the initial velocity of the bike?
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Problem 4
A car’s speedometer reads 35.0 km/hr at one instant.
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Problem 5
A ball rolls down a ramp fro 15 seconds.
If the initial velocity of the ball was 0.8 m/s and the
final velocity was 7 m/sec, what was the acceleration
of the ball?
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Motion with Constant
Acceleration
The motion of a body undergoing a constant acceleration is
defined by the following equations:
Equation 1: 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡
1
Equation 2: 𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
2
1
Equation 3: 𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 𝑡
2
Equation 4: 𝑣𝑥 2 −𝑣0𝑥 2 = 2𝑎𝑥 (𝑥 − 𝑥0)
4 Kinematic Equations
Note: For a uniform (constant) acceleration, the instantaneous
accelerations are equal to the average acceleration.
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Problem 6
An airplane accelerates down a runway at 3.20
m/s2 for 32.8 s until is finally lifts off the ground.
Determine the distance travelled before take off.
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Problem 7
A car starts from rest heading due east. It first
accelerates at 3.00 m/s2 for 5.0 s and then continuous
without further acceleration for 20.0 s
It then brakes for 8.0 s in coming to rest.
(a) What is the car’s velocity after the first 5.0 sec?
(b) What is the car’s acceleration over the last 8.0 s
interval?
(c) What is the total displacement?
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Problem 8
A bus moving along a straight road at 25 m/s is
increasing its speed at the rate of 1.0 m/s each
second.
(a) Find the distance covered in 5s.
(b) If its speed is decreasing at the rate of 2 m/s, find the
distance traversed in 6 sec and
(c) The time it takes the bus to come to rest.
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Problem 9
A car starts from rest and accelerates in a straight
line at 1.6 m/s2 for 10 seconds.
(a) What is its final speed?
(b) How far has it travelled in this time?
(c) If the brakes are then applied and it travels a
further 20 m before stopping, what is the
deceleration?
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Problem 10
A subway train starts from rest at a station and
accelerates at a rate of 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 for 𝟏𝟒. 𝟎 𝒔.
It runs at a constant speed for 𝟕𝟎. 𝟎 𝒔 and slows
down at a rate of 𝟑. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 until it stops at the
next station.
Find the total distance
covered.
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Problem 11
At the instant the traffic light turns green, a car that
has been waiting at an intersection starts ahead
with a constant acceleration of 3.20 𝑚/𝑠 2 .
(a) How far beyond its starting point does the car
overtake the truck?
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Problem 12
• A car and a bus are traveling along the same straight
road in neighbouring lanes.
• The car has a constant velocity of +25.0 𝑚/𝑠, and at
𝑡 = 0 it is located 21.0 𝑚 ahead of the bus.
• At time 𝑡 = 0, the bus has a velocity of +5.0 𝑚/𝑠 and
an acceleration of +2.0 𝑚/𝑠 2 .
(a) When does the bus pass the car?
(b) How far beyond its starting point does the bus
overtake the car?
(c) What is the velocity of the bus at this point (in letter b)?
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Problem 13
• An object’s velocity is measured to be
𝒗𝒙 𝒕 = 𝜶 − 𝜷𝒕𝟐 ,
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Free Fall Motion
Q: If you dropped two objects of different
masses from a certain height from the
ground at the same time, which object
would arrive/hit the ground first?
The heavier object?
The lighter object?
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Free Fall Motion
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Free Fall Motion Equations
Since free fall motion is a case of motion with constant acceleration
(𝒂𝒚 = −𝒈), then the 4 Kinematic Equations also apply to free fall.
Equation 1: 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 − 𝑔𝑡
1 2 1 2
Equation 2: 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2 2
1 1
Equation 3: 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 𝑣0𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑣0𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦 𝑡
2 2
2 − 𝑣 2 = 2𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥 )
Equation 4: 𝑣𝑥 0𝑥 0 𝑣𝑦2 = 𝑣0𝑦 2 −2𝑔 (𝑦 − 𝑦0 )
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Problem 14
A steel ball dropped from a tower strikes a
ground in 4.0 s. Find:
(a) the velocity 𝒗𝒚 with which the ball strikes
the ground, and
(b) the height of the tower.
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Problem 15
A large boulder is ejected
vertically upward from a volcano
with an initial speed of 40.0 m/s.
Air resistance may be ignored.
(a) At what time after being ejected is the boulder moving
at 20.0 m/s upward?
(b) At what time is it moving at 20 m/s downward?
(c) When is the displacement of the boulder from its initial
position zero?
(d) When is the velocity of the boulder zero?
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Problem 16
A student throws a water balloon vertically
downward from the top of a building.
The balloon leaves the thrower's hand
with a speed of 6.00 m/s .
Air resistance may be ignored, so the
water balloon is in free fall after it leaves
the thrower's hand.
(a) What is its speed after falling for a time
2.00 s ?
(b) How far does it fall in 2.00 s ?
(c) What is the magnitude of the velocity after
falling 10.0 m?
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Problem 17
A hot-air balloonist, rising
vertically with a constant velocity
of magnitude 5.00 m/s, releases a
sandbag at an instant when the
balloon is 40.0 m above the
ground.
After it is released, the sandbag is
in free fall.
(a) Compute the position and velocity
of the sandbag at 0.250 s and 1.00 s
after its release.
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Problem 17
(b) How many seconds after its release will the bag strike
the ground?
(c) With what magnitude of velocity does it strike the
ground?
(d) What is the greatest height above the ground that the
sandbag reaches?
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Problem 18
You are on the roof of the physics building, 46.0 m
above the ground. Your physics professor, who is 1.80
m tall, is walking alongside the building at a constant
speed of 1.20 m/s.
If you wish to drop an
egg on your professor’s
head, where should the
professor be when you
release the egg? Assume
that the egg is in free fall.
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Problem 19
A certain freely falling object requires 1.50 s to
travel the last 30.0 m before it hits the ground.
From what height above the ground did it fall?
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Problem 20
Sam heaves a 16-lb shot straight upward, giving it a
constant upward acceleration from rest of for 64.0 cm.
He releases it 2.20 m above the ground. You may
ignore air resistance.
(a) What is the speed of the shot when Sam releases it?
(b) How high above the ground does it go?
(c) How much time does he have to get out of its way
before it returns to the height of the top of his head, 1.83
m above the ground?
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