Analysis of a symmetric building and

plot its fragility curves using StaadPro

Submitted to:
Dr. Shilpa Pal
(Associate Professor)

Submitted by:
Ammar Ahmed Khan (2K16/CE/016)
Astha Bansal (2K16/CE/026)
Aviral Agrawal (2K16/CE/028)

Table of Contents

1. Abstract
2. Acknowledgment
3. Introduction
4. Fragility curves.
5. Types of Building
6. Types of irregularities.
7. Codal Provisions
8. References
9. Future work
 ABSTRACT

Seismic fragility functions are essential for performance-based seismic design

of structures. It is a common practice in the past to consider global demand
parameters, such as peak roof displacement or drift in a building to estimate its
seismic fragility. However, such global demand parameters may not suffice in
case of buildings with vertical irregularities, where maximum demand is mostly
concentrated at the level of irregularity. To investigate the matter, reinforced
concrete frames without vertical irregularity (soft storey) are considered in the
current study.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Setting an endeavor may not always be an easy task,obstacles are bound to
come in its way and when this happens, help is welcome and without the help
of those people whom we are mentioning here, this endeavor would not have
been successful.

I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Shilpa Pal, Associate Professor by

whom we received a substantial inspiration, encouragement and congenial
atmosphere necessary for academic accomplishment. With her due kindness of
giving us excellent details and experience, we are presenting this project
report.

I cordially thank Mr. Ankur Dubey for his invaluable guidance, support and
constant motivation. His wisdom, directions helped us throughout our training
project in a timely manner.
 INTRODUCTION

This project is based on the seismic analysis of the G+3 building and to further
plot the fragility curves and analysing the fragility curves of a symmetric
building
Buildings are potentially one of the most seismically vulnerable structures
during earthquake. Hence, it is necessary to be evaluated both physical and
functional aspects of building structures. The physical aspects of the seismic
performance of buildings are evaluated with the seismic fragility functions.A
fragility curve, represents the probability of structural damage due to various
ground shakings And more so they describe a relationship between ground
motion and level of damage. To exactly define such a ratio, the correct
choosing of the ground motion in the target area, is of great importance. The
index defining the intensity of the ground seismic motion properly for the
fragility analysis, are as follows-PGV(Position guided vision), PGA(Peak ground
acceleration), Sa(spectral acceleration), Sv(spectral velocity) and Sd(spectral
displacement).
These curves indicate the probable level of damage for a specific class, and by
identifying the most vulnerable bridges we can retrofit them. These curves are
also used in governmental management institutes and insurance companies to
assess the damage rate after earthquake
FRAGILITY CURVE
Fragility curves- are a statistical tool representing the probability of
exceeding a given damage state (or performance) as a function of an
engineering demand parameter that represents the ground motion (preferably
spectral displacement at a given frequency)

What is fragility curves used for?

○ The fragility curves are established to provide a prediction of potential
damage during an earthquake.
○ The fragility function is also directly used to reduce damage cost and loss
of life during a seismic event.
○ Apart from the mainshock, probability aftershock must also be
investigated to decide whether or when to permit re-occupancy of a
building.
○ Fragility curves are commonly used in civil engineering to assess the
vulnerability of structures to earthquakes. The probability of failure
associated with a prescribed criterion (e.g., the maximal inter-storey drift
of a building exceeding a certain threshold) is represented as a function
of the intensity of the earthquake ground motion (e.g., peak ground
acceleration or spectra)
 TYPES OF BUILDING

SYMMETRICAL
The centre of gravity is an important role because when constructing a
tower the line of symmetry helps locate the centre, creating balance
within the tower. Every structure has a centre of gravity to keep it stable,
symmetry helps make finding the centre easily to help the constructors
improve the balance or work around it. Although the centre of gravity
may vary, an example would be a house which is made of wood on the
left but made of brick on the right, the centre of gravity would no longer
be on the line of symmetry, it would be in the centre of the brick side
because it is heavier than the wood side, causing the balance to be
needed in the brick.
ASYMMETRICAL

The asymmetry of building can be due to asymmetric

construction of building about the horizontal or vertical plane.
( or by any arbitrary plane)
TYPES OF IRREGULARITY
1. Stiffness irregularity: Under stiffness irregularity the stiffness of the
members in a frame are not equal and they vary according to the floor
height, modulus of elasticity of concrete and moment of inertia of that
member.

2. Mass Irregularity :- Mass irregularity shall be considered to exist

where the seismic weight of any storey is more than 200 percent of that
of its adjacent storeys. In case of roof irregularity need not be
considered.
In buildings with mass irregularity and located in Seismic Zones III, IV
and V, the earthquake effects shall be estimated by Dynamic Analysis
Method

3. Vertical Geometric Irregular :- A structure is considered to be vertical

geometric irregular when the horizontal dimension of the lateral force
resisting system in any storey is more than 200 percent of that in its
adjacent storey. In case of roofs irregularity need not be considered.
In buildings with vertical geometric irregularity and located in Seismic
Zones III, IV and V, the earthquake effects shall be estimated by
Dynamic Analysis Method

4. In-plane discontinuity in vertical lateral force-resisting element: An

in-plane offset of the lateral load-resisting elements greater than the
length of those elements.
In buildings with in-plane discontinuity and located in Seismic Zones II,
the lateral drift of the building under the design lateral force shall be
limited to 0.2 percent of the building height; in Seismic Zones III, IV and
V, buildings with in-plane discontinuity shall not be permitted.

5. Discontinuity in capacity (Weak storey): A weak storey is one in

which the storey strength is less than 80 % of that in the storey above.
In such a case, buildings in Seismic Zones III, IV and V shall be designed
such that the safety of the building is not jeopardized; also, provisions of
7.10 shall be followed.
1. Torsional irregularity- Usually,a well proportioned building does
not twist about its axis , when
a. The stiffness distributions of the vertical elements resisting lateral
loads are balanced in plan according to the distributions of mass
in plan according to the distributions of mass in plan (at each story
level); and
b. The floor slabs are stiff in their own plane ( this happens when its
plan aspect ratio is less than 3)

2. A building is said to be torsionally irregular when,

a. The maximum horizontal displacement of any floor in the
b. direction of the lateral force at one end of the floor is more than
1.5 times its minimum horizontal displacement at the far end of
the same floor in that direction ; and
c. The natural period corresponding to the fundamental torsional
mode of oscillations is more than those of the first two
translational modes of oscillations along each principal plan
directions
 2. Re-entrant Corners

A building is said to have a re-entrant corner in any plan direction,

when its structural configuration in plan has a projection of size greater
than 15 percent of its overall plan dimension in that direction
In buildings with re-entrant corners, three-dimensional dynamic
analysis method shall be adopted.

3. Floor Slabs having Excessive Cut-Outs or Openings

Openings in slabs result in flexible diaphragm behaviour, and hence the
lateral shear force is not shared by the frames and/or vertical members
in proportion to their lateral translational stiffness. The problem is
particularly accentuated when the opening is close to the edge of the
slab. A building is said to have discontinuity in their in-plane stiffness,
when floor slabs have cut-outs or openings of area more than 50
percent of the full area of the floor slab
In buildings with discontinuity in their in-plane stiffness, if the area of
the geometric cut-out is,
a) less than or equal to 50 percent, the floor slab shall be taken as rigid or
flexible depending on the location and size of openings; and
b) more than 50 percent, the floor slab shall be taken as flexible.

4. Out-of-Plane Offsets in Vertical Elements

Out-of-plane offsets in vertical elements resisting lateral loads cause

discontinuities and detours in the load path, which is known to be
detrimental to the earthquake safety of the building. A building is said
to have out-of-plane offset in vertical elements, when structural walls
or frames are moved out of the plane in any storey along the height of
the building.

In a building with out-of-plane offsets in vertical elements,

a) specialist literature shall be referred for design of such a building, if the
building is located in Seismic Zone II; and
b) the following two conditions shall be satisfied, if the building is located in
Seismic Zones III, IV and V
1) Lateral drift shall be less than 0.2 percent in the storey having the offset
and in the storeys below; and
2) Specialist literature shall be referred for removing the irregularity arising
due to out- of-plane offsets in vertical elements.

5. Non-Parallel Lateral Force System

Buildings undergo complex earthquake behaviour and hence damage, when

they do not have lateral force resisting systems oriented along two plan
directions that are orthogonal to each other. A building is said to have non-
parallel system when the vertically oriented structural systems resisting lateral
forces are not oriented along the two principal orthogonal axes in plan
Buildings with non-parallel lateral force resisting system shall be analyzed for
load combinations mentioned in 6.3.2.2 or 6.3.4.1.

CODAL PROVISION

Assumptions in design
● Earthquake ground motions are complex and irregular, consisting of
several frequencies and of varying amplitudes each lasting for a small
duration. Therefore, usually, resonance of the type as visualized under
steady-state sinusoidal excitations will not occur, as it would need time
to build up such amplitudes. But, there are exceptions where resonance-
like conditions have been seen to occur between long distance waves
and tall structures founded on deep soft soils.
 ● Earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with high wind,
maximum flood or maximum sea waves.

● The values of the elastic modulus of materials, wherever required,

will be taken as for static analysis, unless more definite values are
available for use in dynamic conditions [see IS 456, IS 800, IS 1343,
IS 1905 and IS 2974 (Parts 1 to 5)].

Responses from three EQ component

When responses from the three earthquake components are to be considered,
the responses due to each component may be combined using the assumption
that when the maximum response from one component occurs, the responses
from the other two components are 30 percent each of their maximum.
All possible combinations of three components (ELX, ELY and ELZ) including
variations in sign (plus or minus) shall be considered. Thus, the structure
should be designed for the following sets of combinations of earthquake load
effects:

1) 1.2 [DL + IL ± (ELX ± 0.3 ELY ± 0.3 ELZ)] and

1.2 [DL + IL ± (ELY ± 0.3 ELX ± 0.3 ELZ)];
2) 1.5 [DL ± (ELX ± 0.3 ELY ± 0.3 ELZ) and
1.5 [DL + IL ± (ELY ± 0.3 ELX ± 0.3 ELZ)];
3) 0.9 DL ± 1.5 (ELX ± 0.3 ELY ± 0.3 ELZ) and
0.9 DL ± 1.5 (ELY ± 0.3 ELX ± 0.3 ELZ).
As an alternative the net response (EL) due to combined effect can be
taken as:
Caution may be exercised on loss of sign especially of the axial force,
shear force and bending moment quantities, when this procedure is
used; it can lead to grossly uneconomical design of structures.

Different Earthquake zone in India

India has been divided into 4 EQ zones namely:

ZONE II, ZONE III , ZONE IV, ZONE V.

 REFERENCES
• IS : 1893 –part -4 – 2016: Criteria For Earthquake Design Of Structures

• IS : 4326 – 1976: Code Of Practice For Earthquake Resistant Design And

Construction Of Buildings

• IS : 13920 – 1993: Code Of Practice For Ductile Detailing Of Reinforced

Concrete Structures Subjected To Seismic Forces
• SP: 22 – Explanatory Handbook On Codes For Earthquake Engineering

● T.Choudhary and H.B kaushik(2018),Seimic fragility function for without

vertical irregularity reinforced concrete frames.
● Trishna choudhary and Hemant B. KAushik (2018): component level fragility
estimation for vertical irregular Reinforced concrete frames,Journal of
Earthquake engineering, DOI:10.1080/13632469.2018.1453413

FUTURE WORK

● Modelling of G+3 building using Staad Pro

 STAAD or is a structural analysis and design software application
originally developed by Research Engineers International in 1997.
In late 2005, Research Engineers International was bought by
Bentley Systems. STAAD.Pro is one of the most widely used
structural analysis and design software products worldwide.

Modelling of a G+3 symmetric building using staad pro and further

checking its stability.

● Developing and analysing fragility curves for different earthquake

accelerations.
● Static analysis
● Response spectrum analysis
● Time history analysis