The Effect of Road Damages in the flow of traffic in Iloilo City

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the effect of road damages in the flow of traffic in Iloilo

city.

This study was conducted in the area of Iloilo city. The experiment was conducted starting the

month of September 2019. There was a survey conducted on private and public transport groups

to determine the degree of comfort ability towards road damages and its effects. One hundred

survey forms were done on field surveys. Statistical computations were done manually. Results

shown that road damages have a great effect in the flow of traffic in Iloilo City and a nuisance in

sectors based on their degree comfort ability.

Introduction of the study

Chapter one is divided into five parts: (1) Background of the Study, (2) Objective of the Study,

(3) Significance of the Study, (4) Definition of Terms and (5) Scope and Limitation of the Study.

Part One, Background of the Study, presents the introduction of the study and discusses the

rationale and the reason why the study is conducted.

Part Two, Objective of the Study, describes the general goal of the study and specific questions

to be answered in the study.

Part Three, Significance of the Study, enumerates the beneficiaries and the corresponding

benefits that could be derived from the findings of the study.

Part Four, Definition of Terms, lists alphabetically the terms used in the study for the purpose of

clarity and understanding. These terms were defined conceptually and operationally.

Part Five, Scope and Limitation of the Study, identifies the scope and limitation encountered

during the conduct of the study. It identifies the variables, purpose, research design, statistical

used in the study, and time in the conduct of the study.

Background of the Study

Iloilo City, officially the City of Iloilo is a highly urbanized city on the southeastern tip

of Panay island in the Philippines. It is the capital city of the province of Iloilo where it is

geographically situated but, in terms of government and administration, it is politically

independent. In addition, it is the center of the Iloilo-Guimaras Metropolitan Area, as well as the

regional center and primate city of the Western Visayas region. In the 2015 census, Iloilo City

had a population of 447,992 inhabitants, with a 1.02% population annual growth rate. For the

metropolitan area, the total population is 946,146 inhabitants.

Iloilo City is served mostly by passenger jeepneys, white

metered taxis and tricycles within the city limits. The passad jeepneys of Iloilo are known for

their sleek and sedan-like design. These often serve fixed routes and mostly travel on the city's

major and secondary roads. Jeepneys are also the main mode of transportation to Metropolitan

Iloilo areas. Tricycles serve most secondary roads and city communities. Large passad jeepneys

and buses link Iloilo City to the rest of the province and the island of Panay. Buses bound

for MetroManila, Mindoro, Batangas, Cebu, Negros and Mindanao are also available via

the Roll-on, Roll-off ferry services of the Strong Republic Nautical Highway. Mini-

shuttle vans also serve major points in Panay Island.Iloilo is one of the few cities in the

Philippines that recently initiated to adopt the mini-bus like type modern PUJ or modern

Jeepneys in contrast to the President Rodrigo Duterte's administration to phase out the old

dilapidated jeepneys as the mode of mass public transportation in the Philippines.In March 2019,

the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board announced the opening of a

new Premium Point-to-Point Bus Service in Iloilo City with express bus services to the airports

in Cabatuan, Kalibo and Boracay (Caticlan).(Wikipedia, 2019)

 Traffic on roads consists of road users including pedestrians, ridden or herded animals,

vehicles, streetcars, buses and other conveyances, either singly or together, while using the

public way for purposes of travel. Traffic laws are the laws which govern traffic and regulate

vehicles, while rules of the road are both the laws and the informal rules that may have

developed over time to facilitate the orderly and timely flow of traffic. Traffic is formally

organized in many jurisdictions, with marked lanes, junctions, intersections, interchanges, traffic

signals, or signs. Traffic is often classified by type: heavy motor vehicle (e.g., car, truck), other

vehicle (e.g., moped, bicycle), and pedestrian. Different classes may share speed limits and

easement, or may be segregated. Some jurisdictions may have very detailed and complex rules of

the road while others rely more on drivers' common sense and willingness to cooperate.

(Wikipedia, 2019)

Road damage are one of the most common problem in our transportation. It causes delay

and sometimes can be a pain if it’s not fixed or maintain. There different type of road damage

which are cracking, distortion, disintegration, polished aggregate, bleeding or flushing and utility

depression.

Objective of the Study

General Objective

This study aimed to determine the effect of road damage on the flow of traffic in

Lapuz District.
Specific Objectives

1. To survey and determine the different areas having road damage.s in Lapuz District.
2. To determine the degree of comfort ability of both private and public sectors.
3. To determine the effect base on the economy especially the business sectors in

economic outcome or profit.

Significance of the Study

The results may be beneficial to the following:

Public and Private Sectors: It can give them the necessary information about the road

damage here in Iloilo City especially in Lapuz District.

Road Users : It can give them necessary information and knowledge about the road

damage and situation their experiencing.

Government specifically DPWH: It can give them information and feedback form the

people we conducted on how they feel about the situation.

Construction Company: It can help them making their work more efficient and effective

base on the feedbacks of the people and result of their work.

Future Researches: They can conduct studies about the experiment related to our study

and possible improve it in order to furthermore understand and the same time share it to the

general public.

Definition of Terms
For clarity and understanding, the following terms were defined conceptually and operationally.

Traffic refers to all the vehicles that are moving along the roads in a particular area.

(CollinsDictionary, 2019)

In this study, traffic is one of the main factors of road damage

Pavement or Road Surface is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended

to sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as a road or walkway. In the past, gravel

road surfaces, cobblestone and granite setts were extensively used, but these surfaces have

mostly been replaced by asphalt or concrete laid on a compacted base course (Wikipedia, 2019).

In this study, Pavement is where the road damage will be located or present.

Asphalt or Bitumen is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form

of petroleum (Wikipedia, 2019).

In this study, Asphalt or Bitumen is one of the mixture that is to be formed in to a pavement or

road surface

Concrete is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together

with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens over time—most frequently in the past a lime-

based cement binder, such as lime putty, but sometimes with other hydraulic cements, such as

a calcium aluminate cement or Portland cement (Wikipedia, 2019).

In this study, Concrete is one of the mixture that is to be formed in to a pavement or road surface

Subgrade is the native material underneath a constructed road, pavement or railway (US:

railroad) track (Wikipedia, 2019).

In this study, subgrade is one of the basis of the cause of road damage.
 Road Damage refers to all damage on the road. It has many types which are cracking,

distortion, disintegration, polished aggregate, bleeding or flushing and utility depression.

In this study, road damage is the main reason and subject of our experiment.

Cracking is the damage occurs in the surface layer of the road, divided into 9 (nine) types

of cracks are: hair cracking, alligator cracks, edge cracks, edge joint cracks, lane joint cracks,

widening cracks, reflection cracks, shrinkage cracks and slippage cracks.(IOSR-JESTFT, 2015)

In this study, cracking is used to identify the type of road damage we observed.

Distortion is deformation caused by the carrying capacity of the foundation soil is not

good and compaction layer or foundation that is not good, resulting in additional compaction by

traffic load. Types and causes of distortion must be known to determine the appropriate type of

repair. (IOSR-JESTFT, 2015)

In this study, distortion is used to identify the type of road damage we observed.

Polish Aggregate is causing slippery roads and dangerous for vehicle and driver through

the lane. The cause of this damage is not a wear-resistant aggregate material to the wheels of

vehicles, aggregates that are round or cubical shaped not slick. (IOSR-JESTFT, 2015)

In this study, polish aggregate is used to identify the type of road damage we observed.

Disintegration is a defect on the surface of the pavement in the form of damage to roads

perkersan layer mechanically and chemically. Forms of damage can be Potholes, raveling,

stripping. The causes can vary because the drainage system is not good, weather influences,

material that does not comply with the specification. (IOSR-JESTFT, 2015)

In this study, disintegration is used to identify the type of road damage we observed.
 Bleeding or Flushing is caused by the use of high content of asphalt in the asphalt mix,

asphalt excessive use on the job tack coat and prime coat. (IOSR-JESTFT, 2015)

In this study, bleeding or flushing is used to identify the type of road damage we observed.

Utility Cut Depression is in the former planting done compaction utilities that do not

qualify so a decline throughout the section. (IOSR-JESTFT, 2015)

In this study, utility cut depression is used to identify the type of road damage we observed.

Scope and Limitation

This study aimed to determine the effect of road damages on the flow of traffic in Iloilo City

especially in Lapuz District. This study also wanted to determine the degree of comfort ability of

public and private transport regarding to road damages. This study enables them to gather

information in order to give knowledge to the general public.

The materials were used are survey papers and writing tools. The computations were conducted

manually.

The researchers were limited in the effects of road damages on the flow of traffic in Lapuz

District here Iloilo City and road users along Lapuz District.

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature

Related Study Entitled: Types of Road Pavement Damage for Road on Peatland, A Study Case in

Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract

Palangka Raya has some problems about road pavement failure. The failure problems is

caused several factors such as the water problems, traffic, the condition of the subgrade, climate,

the material is not good and problems of compaction. The aims of this study is to classified the

type of road pavement damages for road on peatland especially in Palangka Raya. The type of

road damages in Palangka Raya are depressions, hair cracks, edge cracks, raveling, alligator

cracks, potholes. With the variety of the damage caused inconvenience for road users. Road

repairs have been done but the damage is almost as still occur because of the rain that falls on the

surface of road pavement does not flow into the drainage channel in the vicinity due to the

elevation of the road and the land next to the road that do not allow rainwater to flow into

drainage channels lead to water flooded the edge of the road and entrance through the cracks are

beginning to occur and the more severe because it is not addressed immediately. Keywords:

depressions, edge cracking, potholes, peatlands, ravelling.

Introduction

Peatlands is not a suitable location for any roads but the needs make the roads are built on

the peatland. This case has some problems to the road conditions. Some soil stabilization had

done to overcome the problems but it showed some failure in the road. In general, the highway

damage can be caused by the water flow, pavement construction material, climate, unstable soil

conditions and poor compaction process on layer above the subgrade. Central Kalimantan is
located at 00 45’ North Latitude to 3 0 30’South Latitude and 1110 to 1160 Eastern Longitude

with the area is 153,567 km2 . As one of several province in Indonesia which have tropical

peatlands, several roads in this province is built on the peatlands. Palangka Raya is the capital of

this province. The road condition is in Table 1.1.

According to the Road Maintenance Manual DGH No: 03 / MN / B / 1983, the road pavement

damage is classified into: 1) Cracking; 2) Distortion; 3) Disintegration; 4) Polished aggregate; 5)

Bleeding or flushing; 6). Utility cut depression.

The type of damage such as cracks in Table 3 as follows:
Distortion damage types can be distinguished in Table 4 below:

Type of disintegration damage can be distinguished in Table 5 below:

Types of Road Pavement Damage for Road on Peatland, A Study Case in Palangka Raya…

Source : Manual (1983) The road damage can be divided into two categories as structural

damage and functional damage. The B.C. Ministry of Transportation (2007) has identified there

are 12 (twelve) types of damages in the road failure. Then the 12 (twelve) damages is being

grouped into 3 (three) types of damages, such as: a) cracking, including: longitudinal wheel path

cracking, longitudinal joint cracking, pavement edge cracking, transverse cracking, meandering

longitudinal cracking, and alligator cracking; b) type of surface deformation such as: rutting,

shoving and distorsion; and c) type of surface defects such as: bleeding, potholes and ravelling.

Besides that Ditjen Bina Marga (2006a) has grouped the road damage into 3 (three) types, such

as: potholes type, rutting type and deformation type. Others researcher stated several kind of

classification of road damage. Firstly, Gedafa (2006) classified 3 (tiga) type of structural
damages such as: potholing, rutting and texture depth. Secondly, Drakos (2007) concluded that 3

(type) of road damages that often occurred such as: a) type of rutting, including consolidation

rutting and instability rutting; the damaged is began with the form of cracking; b) type of

potholes, this one is began in the form of ravelling; and c) type of depression, it is began with the

deformation. Thirdly, Watanatada et al. (1987) has grouped the kind of road damages into 4

(four) types, such as: a) rutting and cracking; b) potholes; c) distortion and deformation; and d)

ravelling and corrugation. Fourthly, Sjahdanulirwan and Nono (2005b) has stated the 3 (three)

group of road damages such as: a) group of cracks, it is dominated of alligator crack; b) group of

disintegration, it is dominated of the holes in the surface; and c) group of deformation. Fiftly,

Bennett (2004) and Bennett (2007a,b) concluded that there are 8 (eight) kind of the road

damages that often occurred, such as: a) alligator cracking; b) longitudinal and transverse

cracking; c) rut depth; d) shoving; e) potholes; f) scabbing; g) flushing; and h) edge break.

Extreme weather is the important factor that cause road damage such as flooding after a heavy

rain. Also unstable soil conditions can be found at the road on the peatland. It was known that the

peat have the low shear strength, high compressibility and high water content. According to

Onuoha and Onwuka (2014), the soil geotechnical characteristic is a causative factor of the road

failure. The other researcher, Mahmoud et al (2012) concluded that road pavement failure along

Gombi-Biu, Hughway, Nigeria is caused by the poor geotechnical properties of soil. Suswandi et

al (2008) reported the result of study at South Ring Road, Yogyakarta, Indonesia that the types of

road distress included alligator cracking, depression, block cracking, longitudinal and tranverse

cracking, polished aggregate, patching, slippage cracking, shoving and weathering or gravelling.

The damages at the road is found only on some parts of segments. The suggestion that it was

better make some adjustments of treatment for the damages of road.

Results and Discussion

Data of road pavement damaged that occurred on Jalan Bukit Keminting based on

observations in the field of visual and measurement of damages as well as the photo-

documentation in the field, obtained the results as shown in Table 8.

The type of road damages in Palangka Raya are depressions, hair cracks, edge cracks, raveling,

alligator cracks, potholes. With the variety of the damage caused inconvenience for road users.

Road repairs have been done but the damage is almost as still occur because of the rain that falls

on the surface of road pavement does not flow into the drainage channel in the vicinity due to the

elevation of the road and the land next to the road that do not allow rainwater to flow into

drainage channels lead to water flooded the edge of the road and entrance through the cracks are

beginning to occur and the more severe because it is not addressed immediately. There are

several factors that cause the damages. Among the other factor that factors causing these

damages are a factor of environmental conditions (regional factor) around such local factors

concerning the state of the pitch and climatic influences the state of load carrying capacity of the
land and also the weather in that location.The documentation was taken from the street. There

were several type of damage has been documented to describe the kind of road damage in

Palangka Raya.

Conclusion

The type of road damages in Palangka Raya can be grouped by 3 (three) types of

damages such as: a) type of cracks; b) type of disintegration, dominated by potholes, this one is

began in the form of ravelling; and c) type of depression, it is began with the deformation.

Several maintenance project has been done to improve the road condition. In the future it is

important to design the road which consider the factors that affect the road damages and to

consider the overloading of vehicles.

Reference: Retrieved from http://iosrjournals.org/iosr-jestft/papers/vol9-issue12/Version-

3/G091235359.pdf, retrieved on 10-13-19