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3. SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Dispersion test: This test is useful for making a rough estimate of sand, silt and clay present in a
material. The procedure consists in dispersing a small quantity of the soil in water taken in a Soil
Phase Relationships, Index Properties and Soil Classification 69 glass cylinder and allowing the
particles to settle. The coarser particles settle first followed by finer ones. Ordinarily sand particles
settle within 30 seconds if the depth of water is about 10 cm. Silt particles settle in about 1/2 to 240
minutes, whereas particles of clay size remain in suspension for at least several hours and
sometimes several days.
Organic soils: Organic material in soil is usually derived from plant or root growth and consists of
almost completely disintegrated matter, such as muck or more fibrous material, such as peat. The
soils with organic matter are weaker and more compressible than soils having the same mineral
composition but lacking in organic matter. The presence of an appreciable quantity of organic
material can usually be recognized by the dark-grey to black color and the odor of decaying
vegetation which it lends to the soil.
b. Toughness None Medium Low None Medium Low Low to High Low to
medium medium
c. Dry strength None Medium Low Low Medium Low to Low to High Medium
of low to high medium medium to very to high
Hign
Textural classification
Soil Classification
The visual appearance of the soil is called texture. The texture depends upon particle size,
shape of the particles and gradation of particles. The textural classification incorporates
only the particle size, as it is difficult to incorporate the other two parameters.
The triangular classification system suggested by U.S. Bureau of Public Roads in
commonly known as the textural classification system.
The Unified Soil Classification System was first developed by Casagrande in 1948. It is based on
the recognition of the type and predominance of the constituents considering grain-size, gradation,
plasticity and compressibility. It divides soil into three major divisions: coarse-grained soils, fine
grained soils, and highly organic (peaty) soils.
Table 3-2. Symbols used in USCS
Division Symbols Description Division Symbols Description
Coarse-grained soils: The coarse-grained soils are designated as gravel (G) if 50% or more of coarse
fraction is retained on No.4 (4.75 mm) sieve otherwise it is termed as sand (S).
If the coarse-grained soils contains less than 5% fines and are well-graded(W), they are given symbols
GW and SW, and if poorly graded (P), symbols GP and SP. If the coarse-grained soils contain more tan
12% fines, these are designated as GM, GC, SM or SC, as per criteria given. If the percentage of fines
is between 5-12% dual symbols such as GW-GM, SP-SM, are used.
Fine grained Soils: Fine grained soils are classified on the basis of plasticity index (PI) and liquid limit
(LL). If liquid limit is less or equal to 50% then soil of low compressibility (L), these are given the
symbols ML, CL and OL. If liquid limit is more than 50% then denoted by symbols MH, CH and OH
(Fig. 3.1 )
If soils are grouped on the basis of certain definite principles and rated according to their performance,
the properties of a given soil can be understood to a certain extent, on the basis of some simple tests.