CONNECTORS, CONJUNTIONS AND SEQUENCERS

we can link the sentences and the discourse using CONNECTORS (and, or, but, because) and SEQUENCERS (then, before/after breakfast,
...) which sounds a lot more natural, don't you think so?

I like Sundays because I don't work. I wake up at 8.30 but I get up at 10.00 and I have a big breakfast. Then I sometimes read the
newspaper or work in the garden. Before lunch I go out for a walk. Then I have lunch with my family. After lunch we watch TV and
talk. We don't work or study.

Connector Chart

COORDINATING CORRELATIVE SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS /

CONJUNCTIONS CONJUNCTIONS CONJUNCTIONS TRANSITION WORDS

These join two words,
phrases or independent
clause. They mostly occur
mid-sentence with a comma
placed before the
conjunction. They may also
occur at the beginning of a
sentence –
These join equivalent
sentence elements such as
one noun phrase with
another noun phrase. These
occur as paired words. (Also
see Focusing Adverbs.)
These join a dependent
clause to an independent
clause. They occur at the
beginning of sentences with a
comma separating the clause
mid-sentence or they occur
mid-sentence with no
comma.
These join two independent
clauses or sentences. They
can be used at the beginning
of a sentence or mid-
sentence (with punctuation).
They transition the reader
from the thought of one
sentence to the thought in
the next.

He talked and listened. (same
subject)
He talked, and I listened
(different subjects)
She was tired, so we left.
Both his project and hers ended. Though it rained, we went. We wanted to go. However, it
rained.
Neither he nor she knows how We went though it rained.
to ski. We wanted to go; however, it
Besides being cold, we were rained.
You car uses more gas than this hungry.
one. We wanted to go; it rained,
We were hungry besides being however.
This computer is as fast as that cold.
one. In addition, it was windy and
cold.

ADDITION ADDITION ADDITION ADDITION

and, also, and also both...and, not only ...also, not besides, in addition to in addition, furthermore,
only ... but also, and...too, and so moreover, additionally, besides

ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE

or, nor either...or, neither...nor rather than instead, as an alternative,

otherwise, rather

CAUSE-EFFECT CAUSE-EFFECT CAUSE-EFFECT CAUSE-EFFECT

so, for so...that, such...that because, since, now that, as, in
order, as long as, inasmuch,
because of, due to, owing to, so
that, in order that, if only
because
therefore, consequently, as a
consequence, as a result, thus,
hence, accordingly

COMPARISON COMPARISON COMPARISON COMPARISON

as . . . as, more...than, less...than as (like), as if, as though In the same way, Similarly, In
contrast, Unlike X, Y
CONDITION CONDITION CONDITION CONDITION

or else whether.. or not if, only if, unless, even if, otherwise, in the event (that),
whether, whether or not, anyway, anyhow
provided (that), in case, in the
event (that)

CONTRAST CONTRAST CONTRAST CONTRAST

but, yet, but still, but anyway neither... nor although, even though, though, nevertheless, nonetheless,
while, whereas, despite, in spite however, on the one hand, on
of, regardless of the other hand, in contrast to, in
contrast, on the contrary

EMPHASIS EMPHASIS EMPHASIS EMPHASIS

indeed, in fact, of course,

certainly

PLACE PLACE PLACE PLACE

where, wherever

TIME TIME TIME TIME

after, before, when, while, since, first, second, next, then, finally,
as, until, as soon as, by the time, previously, now, presently, next,
once still, meanwhile, subsequently,
afterward

EXERCISES

1. COMPLETE WITH SIMPLE PAST OR PRESENT PERFECT:

Malaria? In Canada?

Have you ever had malaria? If you have, the chances are that you (get) the disease in a hot country.
Malaria is most common in tropical countries, especially those with wet and humid climates, where the mosquitos

which carry the disease can flourish. However, recently, malaria (become) more common in Canada.
contracted
According to a recent report, over 1000 people (contract) the disease in Canada in 1997, and the

number (rise) every year since 1994. This is an alarming trend.

Why is the incidence of malaria rising here? The answer is travel. More and more Canadians travel abroad every year, and some of them

catch malaria. However, when a Toronto woman (become) sick last year, her doctor (discover) that she (never

travel) abroad in her life. She must have been bitten by a mosquito which (get) the disease from
another sick Canadian.
 Going to or will

When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true about the future, we use 'will'.

 The President will serve for four years.

 The boss won't be very happy.
 I'm sure you'll like her.
 I'm certain he'll do a good job.

If we are not so certain about the future, we use 'will' with expressions such as 'probably', 'possibly', 'I think', 'I hope'.

 I hope you'll visit me in my home one day.

 She'll probably be a great success.
 I'll possibly come but I may not get back in time.
 I think we'll get on well.

If you are making a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation, use 'going to'.

 Not a cloud in the sky. It's going to be another warm day.

 Look at the queue. We're not going to get in for hours.
 The traffic is terrible. We're going to miss our flight.
 Be careful! You're going to spill your coffee.

At the moment of making a decision, use 'will'. Once you have made the decision, talk about it using 'going to'.

 I'll call Jenny to let her know. Sarah, I need Jenny's number. I'm going to call her about the meeting.
 I'll come and have a drink with you but I must let Harry know. Harry, I'm going to have a drink with
Simon.

2. Complete with will or be going to

1) Philipp 15 next Wednesday. (to be)

2) They a new computer. (to get)

3) I think, my mother this CD. (to like)

7) In 2020 people more hybrid cars. (to buy)

8) Marvin a party next week. (to throw)

9) We to Venice in June. (to fly)

10) Look at the clouds! It soon. (to rain)