INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY:-

Information technology (IT) is the use of any computers, storage, networking and other physical
devices, infrastructure and processes to create, process, store, secure and exchange all forms of electronic
data. Typically, IT is used in the context of enterprise operations as opposed to personal or entertainment
technologies. The commercial use of IT encompasses both computer technology and telephony.

ICT:-
Information and communications technology (ICT) refers to all the
technology used to handle telecommunications, broadcast media,
intelligent building management systems, audiovisual processing and
transmission systems, and network-based control and monitoring
functions.
Although ICT is often considered an extended synonym for
information technology (IT), its scope is more broad.
ICT has more recently been used to describe the convergence of
several technologies and the use of common transmission lines carrying very diverse data and
communication types and formats.

DATA AND INFORMATION:-

BASIS FOR
DATA INFORMATION
COMPARISON

Meaning Data means (unprocess fact )raw Information means process facts.Facts,
facts gathered about someone or concerning a particular event or subject,
 BASIS FOR
DATA INFORMATION
COMPARISON

something, which is bare and which are refined by processing is called

random. information.

What is it? It is just text and numbers. It is refined data.

Based on Records and Observations Analysis

Form Unorganized Organized

Useful May or may not be useful. Always

Specific No Yes

Dependency Does not depend on Without data, information cannot be

information. processed.
Example of Data:
Umbar,1235,XYZ,MG Road, Calcutta, 9111111111,84084
Example of information:
XYZ,1235,MG Road, Umbar 84084, Calcutta,91111111111

VARIOUS CONCEPT USED UNDER IT

1. Computer:
What is Computer : Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with Information. The
term computer is derived from the Latin term ‘computare’, this means to calculate or programmable
machine. Computer can not do anything without a Program. It is designed to execute applications
and provides a variety of solutions by combining integrated hardware and software components.
2. Computer system: A computer system is a basic, complete and functional computer, including all
the hardware and software required to make it functional for a user.
It should have the ability to receive user input, process data, and with the processed data, create
information for storage and/or output.
 .Every computer system has the following three basic components:-
1. Input Devices
2. Central processing Unit
3. Output Unit
numb

1 Input Unit:-
This unit helps users to enter data and commands into a computer system. Data can be in the
form of numbers,words, actions,commands,etc.
Input devices:-
Following are some of the important input devices which are used in a computer −
 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Joy Stick
 Light pen
 Track Ball
 Scanner
 Graphic Tablet
 Microphone
 Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)
 Optical Character Reader(OCR)
 Bar Code Reader
 Optical Mark Reader(OMR)
Keyboard
Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to the computer.
The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are some additional keys
provided for performing additional functions.

Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys are also
available for Windows and Internet.
The keys on the keyboard are as follows −
S.No Keys & Description

Typing Keys
1 These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (09) which generally give the same
layout as that of typewriters.

Numeric Keypad
It is used to enter the numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it consists of a set of
2
17 keys that are laid out in the same configuration used by most adding machines and
calculators.

Function Keys
The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which are arranged in a row at the
3
top of the keyboard. Each function key has a unique meaning and is used for some specific
purpose.
 Control keys
These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directional arrow keys.
4
Control keys also include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl),
Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).

Special Purpose Keys

Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num
5
Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.
Caps Lock, Nums Lock, Scroll Lock also known as Toggle Keys.
Mouse
Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a small palm
size box with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and sends corresponding
signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.
Generally, it has two buttons called the left and the right button and a wheel is present between the buttons.
A mouse can be used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, but it cannot be used to enter text
into the computer.

Advantages
 Easy to use
 Not very expensive
 Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of the keyboard.
Joystick
Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position on a monitor screen. It is a
stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a socket.
The joystick can be moved in all four directions.

The function of the joystick is similar to that of a mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing
(CAD) and playing computer games.
Light Pen
Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw pictures
on the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small tube.

When the tip of a light pen is moved over the monitor screen and the pen button is pressed, its photocell
sensing element detects the screen location and sends the corresponding signal to the CPU.
Track Ball
Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop computer, instead of a mouse. This is
a ball which is half inserted and by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be moved.

Since the whole device is not moved, a track ball requires less space than a mouse. A track ball comes in
various shapes like a ball, a button, or a square.
Scanner
Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some information
is available on paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disk of the computer for further manipulation.

Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into a digital form that can be stored on
the disk. These images can be edited before they are printed.
Microphone
Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in a digital form.

The microphone is used for various applications such as adding sound to a multimedia presentation or for
mixing music.
Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)
MICR input device is generally used in banks as there are large number of cheques to be processed every
day. The bank's code number and cheque number are printed on the cheques with a special type of ink that
contains particles of magnetic material that are machine readable.

This reading process is called Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR). The main advantages of MICR
is that it is fast and less error prone.
Optical Character Reader (OCR)
OCR is an input device used to read a printed text.
OCR scans the text optically, character by character, converts them into a machine readable code, and
stores the text on the system memory.
Bar Code Readers
Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in the form of light and dark lines). Bar
coded data is generally used in labelling goods, numbering the books, etc. It may be a handheld scanner or
may be embedded in a stationary scanner.

Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image, converts it into an alphanumeric value, which is then fed to the
computer that the bar code reader is connected to.
Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of mark made by pen or pencil. It is
used where one out of a few alternatives is to be selected and marked.

It is specially used for checking the answer sheets of examinations having multiple choice questions.
II. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists of the following features −

 CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.
 CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
 It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program).
 It controls the operation of all parts of the computer.
CPU itself has following three components.
 Memory or Storage Unit
 Control Unit
 ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)

MEMORY OR STORAGE UNIT

This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results. This unit supplies information to other units
of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal storage unit or the main memory or the primary
storage or Random Access Memory (RAM).
Its size affects speed, power, and capability. Primary memory and secondary memory are two types of
memories in the computer. Functions of the memory unit are −
 It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
 It stores intermediate results of processing.
 It stores the final results of processing before these results are released to an output device.
 All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main memory.

Control Unit
This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry out any actual data
processing operations.
Functions of this unit are −
 It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of a computer.
 It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
 It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the operation of the
computer.
 It communicates with Input/Output devices for transfer of data or results from storage.
 It does not process or store data.
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
This unit consists of two subsections namely,
  Arithmetic Section
 Logic Section
Arithmetic Section
Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division. All complex operations are done by making repetitive use of the above operations.
Logic Section
Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting, matching, and
merging of data.
Computer Memory
A. Primary Memory :
i) RAM:-

RAM (Random Access Memory) is the hardware in a computing device where the operating system
(OS), application programs and data in current use are kept so they can be quickly reached by the
device's processor. RAM is the main memory in a computer, and it is much faster to read from and
write to than other kinds of storage, such as a hard disk drive (HDD), solid-state drive (SSD) or
optical drive.
Random Access Memory is volatile. That means data is retained in RAM as long as the computer is
on, but it is lost when the computer is turned off. When the computer is rebooted, the OS and other
files are reloaded into RAM, usually from an HDD or SSD.
RAM is of two types −
 Static RAM (SRAM)
 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Static RAM (SRAM)
The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power is being supplied. However,
data is lost when the power gets down due to volatile nature. SRAM chips use a matrix of 6-transistors and
no capacitors. Transistors do not require power to prevent leakage, so SRAM need not be refreshed on a
regular basis.
There is extra space in the matrix, hence SRAM uses more chips than DRAM for the same amount of
storage space, making the manufacturing costs higher. SRAM is thus used as cache memory and has very
fast access.
Characteristic of Static RAM
 Long life
 No need to refresh
 Faster
 Used as cache memory
 Large size
 Expensive
 High power consumption
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be continually refreshed in order to maintain the data. This is done by placing
the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times per second. DRAM is used for
most system memory as it is cheap and small. All DRAMs are made up of memory cells, which are
composed of one capacitor and one transistor.
Characteristics of Dynamic RAM
 Short data lifetime
 Needs to be refreshed continuously
 Slower as compared to SRAM
 Used as RAM
 Smaller in size
 Less expensive
 Less power consumption
II. ROM

Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of storage medium that permanently stores data on personal computers
(PCs) and other electronic devices. It contains the programming needed to start a PC, which is essential for
boot-up; it performs major input/output tasks and holds programs or software instructions.
Because ROM is read-only, it cannot be changed; it is permanent and non-volatile, meaning it also holds its
memory even when power is removed. By contrast, random access memory (RAM) is volatile; it is lost
when power is removed.
There are numerous ROM chips located on the motherboard and a few on expansion boards. The chips are
essential for the basic input/output system (BIOS), boot up, load operating system ,reading and writing to
peripheral devices, basic data management and the software for basic processes for certain utilities.
II. Secondary Memory
A secondary storage device refers to any non-volatile storage device that is internal or external to the
computer. It can be any storage device beyond the primary storage that enables permanent data storage.
A secondary storage device is also known as an auxiliary storage device or external storage.
Example:-
Hard disk,pendrive, cd, dvd,etc
III. Output Devices
Following are some of the important output devices used in a computer.
 Monitors
 Graphic Plotter
 Printer
Monitors
Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a computer. It
forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness of the
image depends upon the number of pixels.
There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.
  Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)
 Flat-Panel Display
Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor
The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels. The smaller the pixels, the better the
image clarity or resolution. It takes more than one illuminated pixel to form a whole character, such as the
letter ‘e’ in the word help.

A finite number of characters can be displayed on a screen at once. The screen can be divided into a series
of character boxes - fixed location on the screen where a standard character can be placed. Most screens are
capable of displaying 80 characters of data horizontally and 25 lines vertically.
There are some disadvantages of CRT −
 Large in Size
 High power consumption
Flat-Panel Display Monitor
The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight and power
requirement in comparison to the CRT. You can hang them on walls or wear them on your wrists. Current
uses of flat-panel displays include calculators, video games, monitors, laptop computer, and graphics
display.

The flat-panel display is divided into two categories −

 Emissive Displays − Emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy into light. For
example, plasma panel and LED (Light-Emitting Diodes).
 Non-Emissive Displays − Non-emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight or light
from some other source into graphics patterns. For example, LCD (Liquid-Crystal Device).
PRINTERS
Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.
There are two types of printers −
 Impact Printers
 Non-Impact Printers
Impact Printers
Impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon, which is then pressed on the paper.
Non-impact Printers
Non-impact printers print the characters without using the ribbon. These printers print a complete page at a
time, thus they are also called as Page Printers.
These printers are of two types −
 Laser Printers
 Inkjet Printers

UNITS OF MEMORY

HARDWARE
The term hardware refers to mechanical device that makes up computer. Computer hardware consists of
interconnected electronic devices that we can use to control computer’s operation, input and output.
Examples of hardware are CPU, keyboard, mouse, hard disk, etc.

HARDWARE COMPONENTS
Computer hardware is a collection of several components working together. Some parts are essential and
others are added advantages. Computer hardware is made up of CPU and peripherals as shown in image
below.
SOFTWARE

A set of instructions that drives computer to do stipulated tasks is called a program. Software instructions
are programmed in a computer language, translated into machine language, and executed by computer.
Software can be categorized into two types −
 System software
 Application software
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
System software operates directly on hardware devices of computer. It provides a platform to run an
application. It provides and supports user functionality. Examples of system software include operating
systems such as Windows, Linux, Unix, etc.
Operating Systems
The operating system is the software that allows you to operate the hardware. The programs that we want to
execute, the applications that we want to use all require a platform on which to execute. That platform is
provided by the operating system.
One role of the operating system is to provide a virtual machine. This refers to the way that, by clicking on
icons and menus, or by typing in commands at a prompt, we get to interact with the computer hardware
without having to understand its complexity. By hiding the true complexity of the system from the user, the
operating system makes it easier for ordinary people to make computers perform useful tasks.
Utility Programs
Some utility programs are bundled in with operating system software these days. Others you buy or source
in some other way.
Utility programs tend to perform specific tasks related to the management of hardware. Examples of utility
programs include compression programs, formatters, defragmenters and other disk management tools.
Language Translators
Whatever language or type of language we use to write our programs, they need to be in machine code in
order to be executed by the computer.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE
An application software is designed for benefit of users to perform one or more tasks. Examples of
application software include Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Oracle, etc.

Categories of Software

Open source software (OSS) refers to the software which uses the code freely available on the Internet.
The code can be copied, modified or deleted by other users and organizations. As the software is open to the
public, the result is that it constantly updates, improves and expands as more people can work on its
improvement.

Closed source software (CSS) is opposite to OSS and means the software which uses the proprietary and
closely guarded code. Only the original authors of software can access, copy, and alter that software. In a
case with closed source software, you are not purchasing the software, but only pay to use it.
CLASSIFICATION OF OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating systems can be classified as follows:
Multi-user: is the one that concede two or more users to use their programs at the same time. Some of O.S
permits hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously.
Single-User: just allows one user to use the programs at one time.
Multiprocessor: Supports opening the same program more than just in one CPU.
Multitasking: Allows multiple programs running at the same time.
Single-tasking: Allows different parts of a single program running at any one time.
Real time: Responds to input instantly. Operating systems such as DOS and UNIX, do not work in real
time.
GUI AND COMMAND LINE OPERATING SYSTEM
GUI, CLI, Operating System

What is GUI
GUI stands for Graphical User Interface. It takes the advantage of computer graphics. It allows the user to
interact with the computer using components such as windows, icons, labels, text boxes, and radio buttons.
It is easy for the user to perform tasks using GUI as it does not require remembering commands. He can
easily click on icons, drag and drop objects using the mouse.
 Figure 1: Windows GUI
There are various GUI components. The window is the complete visible screen to the user. It has a
rectangular shape and it can overlap with the area of other windows. A text box is a component for the user
to enter input data. A menu provides a list of options for the user to select an option. A button allows
selecting one particular option. A radio button appears as a group and the user can select one option at a
time. Moreover, checkbox is a graphical element that allows the user to select an option out of multiple
alternatives.
Operating Systems such as Windows and Linux provide GUI. They contain windows, icons, search boxes,
menus, drop down lists and many graphical elements. There is also application software designed for
specific business requirements such as Human Resource Management systems, Library Management
Systems, etc. They consist of GUIs to accomplish necessary tasks. Overall, a GUI is a user-friendly
mechanism to interact with the system.
What is CLI
CLI stands for Command Line Interface. CLI is also called Command Language Interpreter, Console
User Interface or Character User Interface. It allows the users to enter commands to the terminal to
perform the task. When the user enters a command and presses “enter” key, the terminal or the shell will
interpret that command and will display the response back to the terminal. Likewise, the user can
communicate with the operating system.
 Figure 2: Linux Command Line Interface
The user should have a good understanding to use the CLI. He should thoroughly know the correct syntax to
issue effective commands. Operating systems such as UNIX contains a CLI while OS such as Windows and
Linux contains both CLI and GUI. Overall, CLI is memory efficient and faster in execution than the GUI.
Operating System For Personal Computers
1. DOS :- DOS. Stands for "Disk Operating System." DOS was the first operating system used by
IBM-compatible computers. ... DOS uses a command line, or text-based interface, that allows the
user to type commands.
2. WINDOWS:- Windows OS, computer operating system (OS) developed by Microsoft Corporation
to run personal computers (PCs). Featuring the first graphical user interface (GUI) for IBM-
compatible PCs, the Windows OS soon dominated the PC market. Approximately 90 percent of PCs
run some version of Windows.

3. MAC OS:- The Macintosh Operating System (Mac OS) is an operating system (OS) designed by
Apple Inc. to be installed and operated on the Apple Macintosh series of computers. Introduced in
1984, it is a graphical user interface (GUI) based OS that has since been released as multiple
different versions.
4. CHROME OS:-Chrome OS is a Linux kernel-based operating system designed by Google. It is
derived from the free software Chromium OS and uses the Google Chromeweb browser as its
principal user interface. As a result,Chrome OS primarily supports web applications.
5. UNIX:- hrome OS is a Linux kernel-based operating system designed by Google. It is derived from
the free software Chromium OS and uses the Google Chromeweb browser as its principal user
interface. As a result,Chrome OS primarily supports web applications.
 6. LINUX:-The Linux open source operating system, or Linux OS, is a freely distributable, cross-
platform operating system based on Unix that can be installed on PCs, laptops, netbooks, mobile
and tablet devices, video game consoles, servers, supercomputers and more.
MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEM
1. ANDROID:- Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google. It is based on a modified
version of the Linux kernel and other open source software, and is designed primarily
for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.
2. ASHA:- The Nokia Asha platform is a mobile operating system (OS) and computing platform
designed for low-end borderline smartphones, based on software from Smarterphone which was
acquired by Nokia.
3. BLACKBERRY:- BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by
Canadian company BlackBerry Limited for its BlackBerry line of smartphone handheld devices. ...
Updates to the operating system may be automatically available from wireless carriers that support
the BlackBerry over the air software loading (OTASL) service.
4. IOS:- iOS is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its
hardware. It is the operating system that presently powers many of the company's mobile devices,
including the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. It is the second most popular mobile operating system
globally after Android.
5. WINDOWS PHONE:- Windows Phone. Windows Phone (WP) is a family of
discontinued mobile operating systems developed by Microsoft for smartphones as the replacement
successor to Windows Mobile and Zune. ... Windows Phone 8.1 is the latest public release of
the operating system, released to manufacturing on April 14, 2014.
COMPUTER NETWORKS
A computer network is a set of connected computers. Computers on a network are called nodes. The
connection between computers can be done via cabling, most commonly the Ethernet cable, or wirelessly
through radio waves. Connected computers can share resources, like access to the Internet, printers, file
servers, and others. A network is a multipurpose connection, which allows a single computer to do more.
LAN(Local Area Network)
o Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small area such as
building, office.
o LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a communication medium such
as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
o It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network adapters, and ethernet
cables.
o The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.
o Local Area Network provides higher security.
PAN(Personal Area Network)
o Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person, typically within a range of
10 meters.
o Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of personal use is known as
Personal Area Network.
o Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to bring the idea of the Personal Area Network.
o Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
o Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area network are the laptop, mobile
phones, media player and play stations.

MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

o A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area by interconnecting a
different LAN to form a larger network.
o Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries.
o In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone exchange line.
o The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, etc.
o It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).
Uses Of Metropolitan Area Network:
o MAN is used in communication between the banks in a city.
o It can be used in an Airline Reservation.
o It can be used in a college within a city.
o It can also be used for communication in the military.

WAN(Wide Area Network)

o A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as states or
countries.
o A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.
o A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large geographical area
through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.
o The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
o A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and education.
 o

Examples Of Wide Area Network:

o Mobile Broadband: A 4G network is widely used across a region or country.
o Last mile: A telecom company is used to provide the internet services to the customers in hundreds
of cities by connecting their home with fiber.
o Private network: A bank provides a private network that connects the 44 offices. This network is
made by using the telephone leased line provided by the telecom company.
INTERNET
Internet is a network of network where millions of computer connected to each other for data sharing
& resource sharing purpose.
A need was realized to connect the top universities of the United States so that they can share all the
research data without having too much of a time lag. This attempt was a result of Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA) which was formed at the end of 1950s just after the Russians had climbed the
space era with the launch of Sputnik. After the ARPA got success in 1969, it didn’t take the experts long to
understand that how much potential can this interconnection tool have. In 1971 Ray Tomlinson made a
system to send electronic maill. This was a big step in the making as this opened gateways for remote
computer accessing i.e. telnet.

How the Internet works

Physically, the Internet uses a portion of the total resources of the currently existing
public telecommunication networks. Technically, what distinguishes the Internet is its use of a set of
protocols called Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Two recent adaptations of
Internet technology, the intranetand the extranet, also make use of the TCP/IP protocol.
The Internet can be seen as having two major components: network protocols and hardware. The protocols,
such as the TCP/IP suite, present sets of rules that devices must follow in order to complete tasks. Without
this common collection of rules, machines would not be able to communicate.
The protocols are also responsible for translating the alphabetic text of a message into electronic signals that
can be transmitted over the Internet, and then back again into legible, alphabetic text.
World Wide Web came into existence. Discovered by Tim Berners-Lee, World Wide Web was seen as a
service to connect documents in websites using hyperlinks.
PROTOCOLS
Protocol. A protocol is a standard set of rules that allow electronic devices to communicate with each other.
These rules include what type of data may be transmitted, what commands are used to send and receive data,
and how data transfers are confirmed. You can think of a protocol as a spoken language.
1. TCP/IP :- Short for transmission control protocol/Internet protocol, TCP/IP is a set of
rules (protocols) governing communications among all computers on the Internet. More
specifically, TCP/IP dictates how information should be packaged (turned into bundles of
information called packets), sent, and received, as well as how to get to its destination.
TCP/IP was developed in 1978 and driven by Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf.
2. DNS: omain Name Servers (DNS) are the Internet's equivalent of a phone book. They
maintain a directory of domain names and translate them to Internet Protocol (IP) addresses.

This is necessary because, although domain names are easy for people to remember,
computers or machines, access websites based on IP addresses.

When you type in a web address, e.g., www.jimsbikes.com, your Internet Service Provider
views the DNS associated with the domain name, translates it into a machine friendly IP
address (for example 216.168.224.70 is the IP for jimsbikes.com) and directs your Internet
connection to the correct website.
3. DHCP:- DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL- it can automatically assign
internet address to computers and users
4. FTP-File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a client/server protocol used for transferring files to or
exchanging files with a host computer. It may be authenticated with user names and
passwords. Anonymous FTP allows users to access files, programs and other data from the
Internet without the need for a user ID or password. File Transfer Protocol is also known as
RFC 959.
5. HTTP:- Hypertext Transfer Protocol (often abbreviated to HTTP) is a communications
protocol. It is used to send and receive webpages and files on the internet. It was developed
by Tim Berners-Lee and is now coordinated by the W3C. HTTP version 1.1 is the most
common used version today.
6. IMAP-IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) is a standard email protocol that stores
email messages on a mail server, but allows the end user to view and manipulate the
messages as though they were stored locally on the end user's computing device(s).
7. POP3:- POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) is the most recent version of a standard protocol for
receiving e-mail.POP3 is a client/server protocol in which e-mail is received and held for you
by your Internet server.
8. SMTP:- A protocol for sending e-mail messages between servers. Most email systems that
use the Internet use SMTP to send messages from one server to another.
9. IRC-nternet Relay Chat (IRC) is an open protocol that allows users with an IRC client to
exchange text messages in real time over the Internet. Created by Jarkko Oikarinen in 1988,
IRC was one of the first chat systems to allow more than two participants to join in a
discussion.
IT ENABLED SERVICES
Information Technology Enabled Services (ITeS)
IT enabled Services (ITeS), also called web enabled services or remote services or Tele-working, covers the
entire gamut of operations which exploit information technology for improving efficiency of an
organization. These services provide a wide range of career options that include opportunities in call Centre,
medical transcription, medical billing and coding, back office operations, revenue claims processing, legal
databases, content development, payrolls, logistics management, GIS (Geographical Information System),
HR services, web services etc.[1]

Information Technology that enables the business by improving the quality of service is IT enabled services.
The most important aspect is the Value addition of IT enabled service. The value addition could be in the
form of - Customer relationship management ,improverd database, improved look and feel, etc. The
outcome of an IT enabled service is in the two forms:
 Direct Improved Service
 Indirect Benefits.[2]
Whereas direct benefits can be realized immediately, indirect benefits can accrue over a period of time, and
can be harnessed very effectively, if planned well upfront.

PREPARE YOURSERF
1. APPLICATION OF IT(IT IN BUSINESS, HOME,
EDUCATION,ENTERTAINMENT,INDUSTRY,DEFENSE)
2. CAREERS IN IT(WEB DESIGNER,WEB DEVELOPER,SOFTWARE DEVELOPER,DATABASE
MANAGER, INFORMATION SECURITY ANALYST,ACCOUNTANT,FINANCIAL ADVISOR,
CYBER ADVISOR,ANIMATOR,GAMES DEVELOPER, AUDIO/VIDEO DEVELOPER)
3. GNU/LINUX :- XEROX
4. RECENT TRENDS IN IT-PPT