Source #1

1. MLA Works Cited entry

Haycock, Laurel A., et al. “Procrastination in College Students: The Role of Self-Efficacy and

Anxiety.” Journal of Counseling & Development, vol. 76, no. 3, Jan. 1998, pp. 317–24.

EBSCOhost,search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ573153&authtype=s

hib&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

2. Credibility/ethos of author/organization

Authors are Laurel A. Haycock, Patricia McCarthy, Carol L. Skay. Patricia McCarthy is a

professor of Educational Psychology at the University of Minnesota. Carol Skay is an

independent statistical consultant in Minnesota. Laurel Haycock is a psychologist. They all have

publications with the topic of counseling, psychology. The publication is Journal of Counseling

& Development, v76 n3 p317-24 Sum 1998. Journal of Counseling & Development is a peer

reviewed journal published on behalf of the American Counseling Association. Targeted for

people interested in counseling psychology and applied psychology. I found this source from the

ERIC database from Atkins Library.

3. Summary:

The source is based on a study of university students and how procrastination is related to

self-efficacy, anxiety, gender, age, race. Procrastination is more than poor study habits and bad

time management. The authors refer to other research, uses stats, research studies. They used

research reported by Bandura(1977, 1986) to illustrate a self-efficacy intervention. The behaviors

were rated based on confidence (0-100). The counselor could look at the weak self-efficacy

behaviors to find ways to minimize them.

 Logos is the main rhetorical appeal in this journal article. The article is based on

statistics, numbers, figures, regression analysis. It uses tables to show the summary of the study

variables and how they relate to procrastination. The study results claimed that procrastination

scores were related to self-efficacy and anxiety. The purpose of looking at self-efficacy was to

see if efficacy strength was related to procrastination when other variables were included. They

observed the different efficacy strengths to determine which could predict the strongest level of

procrastination.

4. Does this voice agree/disagree with others you have found? In what ways?

The voices and results from this research study agree with other sources. Procrastination can lead

to anxiety, irritation. Self-efficacy has a role in completing behaviors and behavior avoidance.

Self-efficacy was mentioned in other sources as I researched.

5. Two or three interesting quotes

“Internal consequences may include irritation, regret, despair, and self blame (Burka & Yen,

1983). External consequences may be costly and can include impaired academic and work

progress, lost opportunities, and strained relationships.” (page number 317, 2nd paragraph)

“As expected, the three measures of efficacy level and strength were significantly and positively

related, as were the state and trait anxiety variables. To examine the relationship between

procrastination and all of the predictor variables of interest, a simultaneous multiple linear

regression was conducted.” (page number 320, under results)

6. Your Analysis/thoughts - can be more casual. How might you use the source in your thesis?

I am interested in using the results from this research method in my thesis. Also, include what

happens when people procrastinate.

Source #2

1. MLA Works Cited entry

Lieberman, Charlotte. “Why You Procrastinate (It Has Nothing to Do With Self-Control).” The

New York Times, The New York Times, 25 Mar. 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/03/25/smarter-

living/why-you-procrastinate-it-has-nothing-to-do-with-self-control.html.

2. Credibility/ethos of author/organization

Charlotte Lieberman the author of the article. Her background includes writing about

psychology, mental health. Her articles have been in different publications like The New York

Times, The Harvard Business Review, Cosmopolitan. Lieberman received a bachelor’s degree

from Harvard, majoring in English. The New York Times has a more liberal bias. The New York

Times features all types of news, some being sports, movies, education, travel.

3. Summary

Procrastination is an emotional problem not a time management problem. We

procrastinate depending on the task or situation. Negative things associated with procrastination

include stress, anxiety, low self-esteem. The article mentions entire body of research only

focused on how people self-blame when procrastinating called “procrastinatory cognitions.”

Procrastination can be a cycle and can lead to a chronic habit.

You can manage procrastination by looking at emotions instead of time management and

strategies for self-control. It can be difficult to break an addiction to procrastination.

Procrastination solutions need to be internal, forgive yourself for putting things off. Self-
compassion is another emotional way to help limit procrastination. More healthy ways to manage

triggers of procrastination are to cultivate curiosity, consider the next action, make temptations

more inconvenient. Pathos is used because it talks about specific emotions experienced when you

procrastinate and when you don’t procrastinate. The author uses views from doctors, other

authors. Pathos allows you to relate to the feelings discussed.

4. Does this voice agree/disagree with others you have found? In what ways?

This voice agreed with others because it spoke about the relation of procrastination and anxiety,

low self-esteem, stress. This article was a little different than others I have seen because the

solutions for procrastination were different.

5. Two or three interesting quotes

“When we procrastinate, we’re not only aware that we’re avoiding the task in question, but that

doing so is probably a bad idea. And yet, we do it anyway.”

“When faced with a task that makes us feel anxious or insecure, the amygdala — the “threat

detector” part of the brain — perceives that task as a genuine threat, in this case to our self-

esteem or well-being. Even if we intellectually recognize that putting off the task will create

more stress for ourselves in the future, our brains are still wired to be more concerned with

removing the threat in the present. Researchers call this “amygdala hijack.”

6. Your Analysis/thoughts

I really like how this article talked about why people procrastinate. I can add information about

procrastination becoming a cycle that can then lead to a chronic habit. Looking at the

perspectives from psychologist doctors added another view and was very interesting.
Source #3

1. MLA Works Cited entry

“At Last, Procrastination.” Wait: the Art and Science of Delay, by Frank Partnoy, PublicAffairs,

2012, pp. 147–171.

2. Credibility/ethos of author/organization

Frank Partnoy is a Professor of Law at UC Berkeley, before that he taught 21 years at the

University of San Diego. B.A./B.S from University of Kansas in 1989 and Juris Doctor degree

from Yale University in 1992. His writing background includes books, articles in various

journals.

3. Summary

This chapter in the book shows positive and negatives to procrastination. Frank Partnoy

used different views from historians, psychologists, economists, neuroscientists. Wrote about

George Akerlof and Joseph Stiglitz, two friends and economists that spent time in India. When

leaving Stiglitz was leaving India he had too many bags and was unable to take them all so

Akerlof sent a box with the stuff later. Akerlof didn’t send the box until 8 months later. The

procrastination wasn’t irrational because Stiglitz didn’t need the clothes instantly, Akerlof got

many more things done while he postponed sending the box. This event formed one of the most

important themes in behavioral economics.

When does putting something off become procrastination. Some say procrastination has

been going on forever, others say it is recent. Pathos is used when talking about procrastination

relating to stress, impatience. Learn how to procrastinate well, manage tasks, form priorities.
Procrastination cannot be done away with altogether. The chapter in the book also talks about a

study done on pigeons and relating procrastination to time inconsistency. FMRI helped scholars

map procrastination and related reactions to different regions of the brain. In this chapter many

different people and their views are mentioned, some include: Earl of Chesterfield; sermons from

Jonathan Edwards; Leonardo da Vinci and Agatha Christie were inveterate procrastinators.

Author Frank Partnoy brings in quotes from articles from the Wall Street Journal. Psychologist

mentioned were Jane Burka, Piers Steel, Joseph Ferrari.

4. Does this voice agree/disagree with others you have found? In what ways?

This source agrees and disagrees with others I found. It has some of the same positives and

negatives to procrastination. One person mentioned in this source was someone that wrote

another source I used.

5. Two or three interesting quotes

“Our society is obsessed with productivity and efficiency and we despise procrastination. The

early Americans imported the Earl of Chesterfield’s admonition: “No idleness, no laziness, no

procrastination: never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.” 2

“Studies find that although procrastination is problematic for some people, others can

procrastinate but still get plenty done without stress, coping problems, or low self esteem.”12

“Procrastination has become a hot subfield in economics, but if we asked three economists about

procrastination, we might get five different opinions.” 151

“Two of the skills that many students develop in college are the ability to manage their time

throughout a semester, and the ability to cram for an exam or quickly finish a term paper at the

semester’s end.” 165

6. Your Analysis/thoughts

I found great quotes. I am interested to find a way to use those in my thesis. This source was a

great source to summarize both sides of procrastination. One negative thing that people might

not find interesting was the economists side of procrastination because they talked about

procrastination in terms of paying off debt, interest rates. Procrastination being a coping strategy

was mentioned in another source.

Source #4

1. MLA Works Cited entry

Nic Voge. “Self Worth Theory: The Key to Understanding & Overcoming

Procrastination | Nic Voge | TEDxPrincetonU.” YouTube, uploaded by TEDx Talks, 20

December 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1027&v=52lZmIafep4

2. Credibility/ethos of author/organization

Nic Voge is a senior associate director at Princeton University. He directs McGraw Center

Learning Programs. He is a member of Princeton Perspective Project, Principedia, Academic

Resilience Consortium. Interested in self-worth theory. Used to work at Berkeley. He co-

authored Life Beyond Grades: Designing College Courses to Promote Intrinsic Motivation.
Intended audience in this specific video is people attending the TEDx Talk which looks to be

students and faculty from Princenton, and also people watching the video online. The x in TEDx

means independently organized TED event.

3. Summary

Nic Voge’s talk is based on a personal experience with procrastination. Didn’t work on

an assignment, earlier. Things get in the way conversations, other classes, lunch. Deep and

motivation roots of procrastination. Nic says procrastination isn’t a flaw, not lazy. College is a

competitive environment, in those circumstances, people will protect themselves for self-worth.

You feel bad about yourself for being behind and not working on something. Not getting

something done is worse than not writing the best paper is what some people think.

Nic uses self-worth theory to look at procrastination. Self-worth theory of achievement

motivation, we need to be capable, able, competent. Because that is a primary need we will

sacrifice some needs to meet the overall need. People who are fearful of failure think P-A-W,

this stands for performance equals ability which equals worth. The P-A-W equation is flawed.

Procrastination isn’t just a habit. Pathos is used because he uses a personal experience so you can

truly relate to him and understand what he is saying. Logos is used because he shows models,

graphs. One model shows high&low fear of failure, high&low success orientation. Stuck point

image shows driven by success but motivated to avoid failure. Tip balance from avoidance

motives to approach motives is also a use of logos.

4. Does this voice agree/disagree with others you have found? In what ways?

Different understanding of procrastination. I haven’t found a video about personal experiences

with procrastination.
5. Two or three interesting quotes

“Every person “should strive to learn before they die what they are running from, and to, and

why.” James Thurber

“Think of procrastination as a protective strategy for coping with conflicting motivations.”

-If we procrastinate something we care about and we fail we have excuses. I only had two hours

I couldn’t do that good.

“If I don’t start now I won’t get this done. The fear of not getting it done exceeds the fear of

doing less than perfectly or to an exceptional standard or to as good as I did it last time because

those of us who are perfectionists and procrastinate we have often excelled at high levels in the

past we could begin to internalize those standards and feel we must meet them each time.” Nic

Voge

“Motivation can only operate on us if we’re thinking of it or feeling it because that’s the nature

of motivation.”

“Think of all the reasons why I want to do this task” Predominate over reasons you avoid.

“May your choices reflect your hopes, not your fears.” - Nelson Mandela

Approach avoidance motivation theory. Can we be motivated by things we aspire despite the

fears?

6. Your Analysis/thoughts

I like how Nic talked about the relationship between self-worth and procrastination. This source

provided personal experiences that were easy to connect with. I can also use his views on how to

stop procrastination. He expressed that the 3 broad categories for overcoming competing

motivations are to develop awareness, tip the balance, challenge P-A-W beliefs. Make something
small to make it feel manageable. Use his tips to make progress in avoiding procrastination. It is

important to understand procrastination before you can take steps to avoid it.

Source #5

1. MLA Works Cited entry (article title in quotation marks, books/websites/videos in

italics-when in doubt check at Purdue OWL).

Perry, John. “How to Procrastinate and Still Get Things Done .” The Chronicle, 23 Feb.

1996, www.chronicle.com/article/How-to-ProcrastinateStill/93959.

2. Credibility/ethos of author/organization

John Perry wrote a book titled “The Art of Procrastination: A Guide to Effective Dawdling,

Lollygagging, Postponing.” He taught at UCLA from 1968-1974 but is now a professor of

Philosophy at Stanford. His education includes a B.A. from Doane College in 1964 and a Ph.D.

from Cornell University in 1968. The founding date of the Chronicle of Higher Education was

1966. The Chronicle of Higher Education includes news, information geared toward university

faculty members, administrators, and even students. You do have to make an account to see

some news but it is free. So the intended audience would be those who have an account or

subscription with the Chronicle of Higher Education.

3. Summary

Structured procrastination is a strategy that “converts procrastinators into effective human

beings.” Procrastinators sometimes accomplish other tasks and think of them as a way of not
doing something more important. Structure your tasks as a hierarchy having the most urgent

thing you need to do first, worthwhile things towards the bottom. Procrastinators can be

encouraged to accomplish difficult tasks.

Perry talks about a personal experience for structured procrastination. Perry would go

play Ping-Pong with the residents at Stanford instead of grading papers, preparing lectures.

While spending time with the students Perry got to know them and build a reputation. Make sure

the things at the top of your list are those that have deadlines and are important. Perry

incorporates one of the things at the top of his list which is finishing an essay that was supposed

to be done 11 months ago. He also wrote about how many things he accomplishes while not

doing the main and important thing.

4. Does this voice agree/disagree with others you have found? In what ways?

This source adds another way to look at procrastination. I read about John Perry’s structured

procrastination while looking at a different source. I have never really thought about how much I

accomplish that isn’t the most important or “at the top of my list.”

5. Two or three interesting quotes

“Procrastinators seldom do absolutely nothing; they do marginally useful things, such as

gardening or sharpening pencils or making a diagram of how they will reorganize their files

when they find the time. Why does the procrastinator do these things? Because accomplishing

these tasks is a way of not doing something more important.”

“I am working on this essay as a way of not doing all of those things. This is the essence of what

I call structured procrastination, an amazing strategy I have discovered that converts

procrastinators into effective human beings, respected and admired for all that they can

accomplish and the good use they make of time.”

6. Your Analysis/thoughts

I can really relate to what Perry is saying about doing “difficult, timely, and important tasks, as

long as these tasks are a way of not doing something more important.” I have finished all my

math homework up until next week and will probably get my chemistry homework done soon

too. Yet I sit working on my inquiry assignments the night they are due.

Source #6

1. MLA Works Cited entry

Schouwenburg, Henri C. “Procrastination in Academic Settings: General Introduction.”

Counseling the Procrastinator in Academic Settings, American Psychological Association, 2004,

pp. 3–17.

2. Credibility/ethos of author/organization

Schouwenburg is the main author of this chapter. The book was edited by Schouwenburg, Clarry

H. Lay, Timothy A. Pychyl, and Joseph R. Ferrari. Schouwenburg has written, co-authored

multiple books. Multiple involve procrastination, one is titled “Do It Now: Do Not Leave It for

Tomorrow.” The book “Counseling the Procrastinator in Academic Settings” was published by

the American Psychological Association so it may be geared toward people interested in science

and psychology, educators, students.

3. Summary

Procrastination is defined as “to put off intentionally”, “the act of continuing to delay

something that must be done, because it is unpleasant and boring”, “leaving it until later.” Those

definitions are part of how procrastination is defined in the Cambridge dictionary, Collins
Cobuild dictionary, Merriam-Webster’s dictionary. Procrastination can be interpreted as a

behavior or a habit, trait. Behavioral procrastination has to do with lack of time and task

management. Traits are tendencies that result in patterns of behavior in different situations.

Traits can be grouped in the “Big Five model” “(1urgency, or Extraversion-Introversion; (2)

Agreeableness; (3) Conscientiousness’ (4) Emotional Stability; and (5) Intellect or Openness to

Experience.” The trait procrastination is associated with low emotional stability and neuroticism.

Logos is used throughout this chapter by showing graphs. A graph relating subjective

value and number of days left is shown on page 9, as the number of days decreases the subjective

value increases. This shows the sense of urgency something has as a due date approaches. There

are 3 components of intervention; increase in reward value of long term goal, blocking access to

short-term temptations, increase in motivation. Procrastinators need to self-reflect. Academic

procrastinators have concerns with doing homework, writing papers, preparing for exams.

Procrastinators need to have willpower.

4. Does this voice agree/disagree with others you have found? In what ways?

A part from this source that disagrees with others is the relation of procrastination and anxiety.

5. Two or three interesting quotes

“It is a rational assumption that the activity or project that will win out will depend on the project

that is judged the most important.” (8)

“These related processes include the student’s ability to concentrate, to protect their study

intentions from other temptations, and to persist at the task, as well as their overall satisfaction

with their understanding of subject matter.” (9)

6. Your Analysis/thoughts
This source has great graphs, tables to use. Some other chapters in the book might also be useful

to use when writing my thesis. One particularly interesting figure to me in the book was showing

the relation between fear of failure and the lack of work discipline.

Source #7

1. MLA Works Cited entry (article title in quotation marks, books/websites/videos in italics-

when in doubt check at Purdue OWL).

Schouwenburg, Henri C. “Academic Procrastination Theoretical Notions, Measurement,

and Research.” Procrastination and Task Avoidance: Theory, Research, and Treatment, by

Joseph R. Ferrari et al., Springer-Verlag New York, 2013, pp. 71–96.

2. Credibility/ethos

Schouwenburg has written, co-authored multiple books. Schouwenburg is from University of

Groningen, the Netherlands. Joseph R. Ferrari is from DePaul University in Chicago.

3. Summar:Fear of failure and task aversiveness are associated with procrastination. 3

behavioral postponing of tasks are lack of promptness, intention-behavior discrepancy,

competing activities. Fear of failure isn’t the main problem for people that procrastinate. Low in

conscientiousness means your more likely to procrastinate and give up when frustrated. Big Five

includes conscientiousness, neuroticism. Logos is used when tables, sets of variables, analysis

are used in the book. Another interesting use of logos is a graph showing how procrastination,

motivation, hours studied, hours planned relates to weeks until exam.Competitive nature impacts

self worth. Ethos is used to Covington, Lay’s General Procrastination Scale is in the book.
 Student groups are labeled as overstriving, success oriented, failure avoiding, failure

accepting. Overstriving people have high hopes for success, high failure, don’t procrastinate.

Success oriented people have high hopes for success, low fear of failure, don’t procrastinate.

Failure avoiding people have low hopes for success, high fear of failure, do procrastinate. Failure

accepting people have low hopes for success, low fear failure, “pure” academic procrastinators.

Some people are more likely to procrastinate than others. Treatment of procrastination is also

mentioned. “Procrastinating knowingly does not necessarily imply emotional disturbance.”

Procrastination checklist study tasks are comparable for all students. Single actions of study

behavior were used for the checklist.

4. Does this voice agree/disagree with others you have found? In what ways?

This source agrees with the other sources. It shows a graph how students study more as the exam

approaches, I found a graph like that in another source. The fear of failure, and

conscientiousness, neuroticism were in other sources.

5. Two or three interesting quotes (make a note of page or paragraph for future reference) you

might use later in your thesis.

“Among university students in an introductory psychology course, 46% of students reported

procrastination when writing a term paper, 30% when reading weekly assignments, 28% when

studying for exams, 23% on attendance tasks, and 11% on administrative tasks.” (71)

Procrastinators Code “I must be perfect. Everything I do should go easy and without effort. It’s

safer to do nothing than to take a risk and fail.” (73)

6. Your Analysis/thoughts - can be more casual. How might you use the source in your thesis?
I really like the “Procrastinators Code” and the other quote I chose. The quote with the

percentages shows how procrastination varies when doing different tasks.

Source #8

1. MLA Works Cited entry (article title in quotation marks, books/websites/videos in italics-

when in doubt check at Purdue OWL).

Hu, Yue et al. “The Neural Substrates of Procrastination: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study.”

Brain and Cognition 121 (2018): n. pag. Web.

2. Credibility/ethos of author/organization in terms of degree, experience, publications, and

reasonableness of their work. Rhetorical situation including intended audience (ie. tell us about

this publication). This may require research into the publication/platform.

Author Yue Hu involved in Research Center of Psychology and Social Development at

Southwest University in China. “The study was supported by the National Natural Science

Foundation of China and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.”

3. Summary

Sample 1 of study was done on 151 participants some male and some female, ages ranged

from 17-25 from Southwest University in China. The second sample only included 108

participants. Self-control and emotion regulation have important roles in procrastination. Some

studies linked procrastination is associated to negative life events, health problems. Meta-

analysis connects self-control to procrastination. Self-control and limiting distractions are some

ways to take immediate action toward procrastination. Mood and emotion associated with a task

has an effect on whether or not someone will procrastinate. Neuroimaging studies were used to
show strong association between trait procrastination and parts of the brain that deal with

cognitive control. Voxel-based morphometry (VMO) method used in the study to look at

procrastination in relation to the nervous system.

The measurement of procrastination was done by using the General Procrastination Scale

designed by C.H. Lay. The scale contained 20 items and the participants ranked themselves as

extremely characteristic or extremely uncharacteristic. Higher scores means more likelihood of

procrastinating. Previous studies have used this scale so that shows credibility. MRI data and

different processing technologies were used. Logos is used by showing figures and data. Figure 1

shows different parts of the brain and if they had a positive or negative correlation with

procrastination. Self-control and emotion plays a role in procrastination. The author included a

long list of references so they gathered a lot of information while looking to compare and

contrast their findings. “It was found that the procrastinators had reduced GM volume in the

MFG which was known to support the ability of self-control. Whereas, the procrastinators tended

to have increased GM volume in the OFC that was involved in negative emotional regulation.”

Middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and orbital frontal cortex (OFC) are regions of the brain that could

be an important role in procrastination.

4. Does this voice agree/disagree with others you have found? In what ways?

This source focuses on the neurological aspects of procrastination. Mentions short term, long

term goals, self-control like some other sources. Ferrari’s thoughts were used in this source and I

have seen his views in many other sources.

5. Two or three interesting quotes

“It was indicated that subcomponents of executive functioning (such as self-monitor, working

memory, and planning) were significant predictors of academic procrastination by investigating

the effect of executive functioning on academic procrastination among college students.”

“It was found that the procrastinators had reduced GM volume in the MFG which was known to

support the ability of self-control. Whereas, the procrastinators tended to have increased GM

volume in the OFC that was involved in negative emotional regulation.”

6. Your Analysis/thoughts - can be more casual. How might you use the source in your thesis?

The figure of the different regions of the brain could be really interesting to include in the thesis.

Self-control and emotions are related to procrastination.

Source #9

1. MLA Works Cited entry

https://www.bbc.com/news/health-45295392

2. Credibility/ethos of author/organization

Nazima Pathan writes for BBC mainly about health and science. Couldn’t find much information

about Pathan. BBC stands for British Broadcasting Corporation, and write about news not only

about the UK but also about the U.S. and Canada. The article was written based on a study.

3. Summary:

The amygdala is in the temporal side lobe of the brain. The amygdala controls motivation

and was larger in procrastinators. Those who procrastinate had worse connections between
amygdala and DACC. The DACC is the part of the brain and stands for dorsal anterior cingulate

cortex. DACC keeps people focused and on track by blocking out things that may be distracting.

Procrastination is more about emotions rather than time. Procrastinators struggle to filter out

emotions and distractions because of the poor connection.

Ethos is used when the author brought in views from Moyra Scott (a productivity expert)

. Tips from Moyra Scott for procrastination are to use a timer, break tasks down, minimize phone

interruptions, be busy. You need to make sure you have time to do tasks because even though

you think you are too busy you can make time. Views from Professor Tim Pychyl, Carleton

University in Ottawa are used in the article. Pychyl studies procrastination. Dr Caroline Schluter

who was a lead author of a study done on procrastination and the brain said: “The brain is very

responsive and can change throughout the lifespan.” The study was about 264 people’s brains to

see how proactive they were.

4. Does this voice agree/disagree with others you have found? In what ways?

This source agrees with others I found. The ways it agrees is by mentioning self-regulation, tips

for deadlines, breaking tasks down. It was focused on a view of procrastination from looking at

the brain which was very interesting and related to the previous source. This source focused

more on the emotional issues with procrastination rather than the aspects of managing time.

5. Two or three interesting quotes (make a note of page or paragraph for future reference) you

might use later in your thesis.

"Individuals with a larger amygdala may be more anxious about the negative consequences of an

action - they tend to hesitate and put off things," says Erhan Genç, one of the study authors,

based at Ruhr University Bochum.

“Dr Pychyl is optimistic about the potential for change. He said: "Research has already shown

that mindfulness meditation is related to amygdala shrinkage, expansion of the prefrontal cortex

and a weakening of the connection between these two areas".

6. Your Analysis/thoughts - can be more casual. How might you use the source in your thesis?

In my thesis I can explain what the brain is like for people that procrastinate. The tips I

mentioned in the summary also seem helpful and are mentioned in some other sources so they

would be useful in my thesis.

Source #10

1. MLA Works Cited entry

Gustavson, Daniel E, and Akira Miyake. “Academic Procrastination and Goal Accomplishment:

A Combined Experimental and Individual Differences Investigation.” Learning and Individual

Differences, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Feb. 2017,

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608091/.

2. Credibility/ethos of author/organization in terms of degree, experience, publications, and

reasonableness of their work. Rhetorical situation including intended audience (ie. tell us about

this publication). This may require research into the publication/platform.

Gustavson, Miyake have written many other articles about procrastination. Gustavson is a

professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California in San Diego. Akira

Miyake is a professor in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience at the University of

Colorado in Boulder. Source is from U.S. The National Library of Medicine, more specifically

the National Institutes of Health. The NIH is the medical research agency for the nation.
3. Summary:

A study was done to examine the relationship between academic procrastination and goal

accomplishment. Two session laboratory study done. The first session students took a test of

academic procrastination, did goal exercises of assignments they wanted to complete in a certain

amount of time. When creating those goals they also looked at possible things that would be

distracting. The students went back to the lab 3 weeks later to provide information like how

much they procrastinated and if they accomplished the goals they had set. Many students who

procrastinate want to find ways to reduce it. Setting goals and reducing procrastination doesn’t

have a clear connection. This article references many other studies done about procrastination

and what other people have found. One study led to acceptance based intervention being

effective for students.

SMART goals stands for specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time-defined. This

specific study examined SMART goals and reducing academic procrastination. The result of the

second intervention was “potential benefits of implementation intentions for reducing

procrastination is highly limited.” Motivational factors are internal academic motivation and

external academic motivation. An intervention procedure they did was modeled after the

“Personal Project Analysis approach.” The writer used logos by including summaries and graphs

of what they found in their studies. Personality domains used in the study were impulsivity,

perfectionism, fixed vs. growth mindset.

4. Does this voice agree/disagree with others you have found? In what ways?

I really like how this source brought in information about SMART goals, this wasn’t a main

thing mentioned in other sources. This source relates to others when it talks about there not being

a clear connection between goal setting and procrastination.

5. Two or three interesting quotes

“Academic procrastination—the voluntarily delay of action on academic tasks despite expecting

to be worse off for that delay—is so pervasive that, according to some estimates, 50–80% of

college students procrastinate moderately or severely (Day, Mensink, & O'Sullivan, 2000;

Gallagher, Golin, & Kelleher, 1992).”

“Although we obtained further correlational evidence for the relationship between academic

procrastination and goal accomplishment, we were not able to obtain any evidence for the causal

influence of the two goal-related interventions (SMART goals and implementation intentions) on

reducing academic procrastination.”

6. Your Analysis/thoughts

The quotes I found were interesting and can be used in my thesis. Especially the quote about the

percentage of academic procrastinators.Impulsive individuals are more likely to give into

distracting temptations and avoid work.