Table of Contents

1. 1.INPUT DEVICES: ........................................................................................................2

2. • modality of input (e.g. mechanical motion, audio, visual, etc.) ..................................2
1.1 KEYBOARD: ......................................................................................................................................................3
1.2 MOUSE:............................................................................................................................................................4
1.3 JOYSTICK: .........................................................................................................................................................5

3. 2.OUTPUT DEVICES: .....................................................................................................6

2.1 MONITORS: ......................................................................................................................................................7
2.2 PROJECTORS: ....................................................................................................................................................8
2.3 PRINTERS:.........................................................................................................................................................9

4. CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSIN UNIT): ..............................................................................11

 1. INPUT DEVICES:
In computing, an input device is a piece of computer hardware
equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information
processing system such as a computer or information appliance.
Examples of input devices include keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital
cameras, joysticks, and microphones.
Input devices can be categorized based on:

• modality of input (e.g. mechanical motion, audio, visual, etc.)

• whether the input is discrete (e.g. pressing of key) or continuous
(e.g. a mouse's position, though digitized into a discrete
quantity, is fast enough to be considered continuous)
• the number of degrees of freedom involved (e.g.
twodimensional traditional mice, or three-dimensional
navigators designed for CAD applications)
1.1 KEYBOARD:
Keyboards are a human interface device which is represented as a layout of
buttons. Each button, or key, can be used to either input a linguistic character
to a computer, or to call upon a particular function of the computer. They act
as the main text entry interface for most users. Traditional keyboards use
springbased buttons, though newer variations employ virtual keys, or even
projected keyboards. It is type writer like device composed of a matrix of
switches. There also happens to be another keyboard that is like an input
device for musical instrument which helps to produce sound.
1.2 MOUSE:
Pointing devices are the most commonly used input devices today. A pointing
device is any human interface device that allows a user to input spatial data to
a computer. In the case of mouse and touchpads, this is usually achieved by
detecting movement across a physical surface. Analog devices, such as 3D
mice, joysticks, or pointing sticks, function by reporting their angle of
deflection.
Movements of the pointing device are echoed on the screen by movements of
the pointer, creating a simple, intuitive way to navigate a computer's
graphical user interface (GUI).
1.3 JOYSTICK:
A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and
reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. A joystick, also
known as the control column, is the principal control device in the cockpit of
many civilian and military aircraft, either as a center stick or side-stick. It
often has supplementary switches to control various aspects of the aircraft's
flight. Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one
or more push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer. A
popular variation of the joystick used on modern video game consoles is the
analog stick.
 2. OUTPUT DEVICES:
An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which
converts information into human-readable form. It can be text, graphics,
tactile, audio, and video.
Some of the output devices are Visual Display Units (VDU) i.e. a Monitor,
Printer, Graphic Output devices [1], Plotters, Speakers etc. A new type of Output
device is been developed these days, known as Speech synthesizer, [2] a mechanism
attached

to the computer which produces verbal output sounding almost like human speeches.

2.1 MONITORS:
A display device is the most common form of output device. It
presents output visually on computer screen. The output appears
temporarily on the screen and can easily altered or erased, it is
sometimes referred to as soft copy also. The display device for a
desktop PC is called monitor.
With all-in-one PCs, notebook computers, hand held PCs and other
devices; the term display screen is used for the display device. The
display devices are also used in home entertainment systems, mobile
systems, cameras and video games.
Display devices form images by lighting up the proper configurations
of pixels. In short the display devices are organized in the form of
Pixels, & pixels are
arranged in the form of Matrix, [3] a 2-dimensional matrix which is organized as rows & columns.

2.2 PROJECTORS:
A projector is an output device that can take images
generated by a computer or Blu-ray player and reproduce
them by projection onto a screen, wall, or another
surface. In most cases, the surface projected onto is
large, flat, and lightly colored. For example, you could use
a projector to show a presentation on a large screen so
that everyone in the room can see it. Projectors can
produce either still (slides) or moving images (videos). A
projector is often about the size of a toaster and weighs
only a few pounds.

2.3 PRINTERS:
A printer is an external hardware output device that takes the
electronic data stored on a computer or other device and generates a
hard copy of it. For example, if you created a report on your
computer, you could print several copies to hand out at a staff
meeting. Printers are one of the most popular computer peripherals
and are commonly used to print text and photos. The picture is an
example of an inkjet computer printer, the Lexmark Z605.
 CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSIN UNIT):
A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor or main
processor, is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the
instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logic,
controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions.
The computer industry has used the term "central processing unit" at least
since the early 1960s.[1] Traditionally, the term "CPU" refers to a processor, more specifically
to its processing unit and control unit (CU), distinguishing these core elements
of a computer from external components such as main memory and I/O
circuitry.[2]
The form, design, and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course
of their history, but their fundamental operation remains almost unchanged.
Principal components of a CPU include the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that
performs arithmetic and logic operations, processor registers that supply
operands to the ALU and store the results of ALU operations, and a control
unit that orchestrates the fetching (from memory) and execution of
instructions by directing the coordinated operations of the ALU, registers and
other components.
Most modern CPUs are microprocessors, where the CPU is contained on a
single metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip. An IC
that contains a CPU may also contain memory, peripheral interfaces, and
other components of a computer; such integrated devices are variously called
microcontrollers or systems on a chip (SoC). Some computers employ a
multicore processor, which is a single chip containing two or more CPUs called
"cores"; in that context, one can speak of such single chips as "sockets". [3]
Array processors or vector processors have multiple processors that operate
in parallel, with no unit considerered central. There also exists the concept of
virtual CPUs which are an abstraction of dynamical aggregated computational
resources.[4]
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